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8131788492664222516 | My Big Fat Greek Wedding | My Big Fat Greek Wedding - wikipedia My Big Fat Greek Wedding Jump to : navigation , search My Big Fat Greek Wedding Theatrical release poster Directed by Joel Zwick Produced by Gary Goetzman Tom Hanks Rita Wilson Written by Nia Vardalos Starring Nia Vardalos John Corbett Lainie Kazan Michael Constantine Andrea Martin Joey Fatone Music by Alexander Janko Chris Wilson Cinematography Jeffrey Jur Edited by Mia Goldman Production company Gold Circle Films HBO Films MPH Entertainment Playtone Distributed by IFC Films Release date April 19 , 2002 ( 2002 - 04 - 19 ) ( United States ) August 16 , 2002 ( 2002 - 08 - 16 ) ( Canada ) Running time 95 minutes Country Canada United States Language English Budget $5 million Box office $368.7 million My Big Fat Greek Wedding is a 2002 romantic comedy film directed by Joel Zwick and written by Nia Vardalos , who also stars in the film as Fotoula `` Toula '' Portokalos , a middle class Greek American woman who falls in love with non-Greek upper middle class White Anglo - Saxon Protestant Ian Miller . The film received generally positive reviews from critics and , at the 75th Academy Awards , it was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay . A sleeper hit , the film became the highest - grossing romantic comedy of all time , and grossed $241.4 million in North America , despite never reaching number one at the box office during its release . It was the highest - grossing film to accomplish this feat for 14 years until the animated film Sing grossed $268 million in 2016 . The film spawned a franchise , which inspired the short - lived 2003 TV series My Big Fat Greek Life and a film sequel titled My Big Fat Greek Wedding 2 , was released on March 25 , 2016 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Filming 4 Release 4.1 Box office performance 4.2 Critical reception 4.3 Accolades 4.4 10th - anniversary edition 5 Lawsuit 6 Legacy 6.1 Television series 6.2 Sequel 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) Being 30 - years - old and single , Fotoula `` Toula '' Portokalos is her family 's anomaly . The daughter of staunchly proud Greek immigrants , she was raised to follow her cultural tradition of marriage and motherhood . Her golden - child sister Athena met her family 's expectations by marrying young to another Greek and becoming , in Toula 's words , `` a Greek baby - breeding machine '' . Toula still lives with her parents and works at Dancing Zorba 's , her family 's restaurant in Chicago . Toula longs for her own life away from the restaurant and her intrusive family . Frumpy and cynical , she fears her life will never change . One day at the restaurant , Toula notices a handsome young customer -- Ian Miller , a school teacher . She tries to speak to him , only to embarrass herself with her social awkwardness . Ian is bewildered by her behavior , and Toula figures she 's lost her chance to get to know him . Toula 's idea for independence is taking computer classes at a community college . When Toula approaches her father Gus about the classes , he forbids it , thinking she wants to leave her family . He insists she 's `` smart enough for a girl '' and it is too dangerous for her to be out in the city alone . After some crafty persuasion by his wife , Maria , Gus reluctantly permits Toula to attend classes . As her classes progress , Toula gains self - confidence . She trades her thick glasses for contact lenses and her baggy , drab clothes for flattering , colorful outfits . She updates her hairdo and learns to apply makeup . With her new computer skills and polished image , Toula asks her mother and her Aunt Voula to convince Gus that Toula should work at Voula 's travel agency instead of the restaurant . Toula thrives in her new job , and one day she sees Ian walking by the travel agency . He notices Toula , not recognizing that she is the same woman who tried to talk to him at Dancing Zorba 's . Despite Toula 's lingering shyness , they introduce themselves and begin dating . When Ian realizes Toula was the woman at the restaurant , Toula is sure Ian will lose interest . Instead , he loves her even more for who she is , and they become a couple . Because Ian is not Greek , Toula keeps the relationship secret from her family , but her parents find out when a family friend sees them kissing in a parking lot . As she feared , Gus is angry because Ian is not an ethnic Greek -- referring to Ian as a `` Xeno '' -- and both Gus and Maria tell Toula to end the relationship . Toula insists she loves Ian . Her parents try to dissuade her by bringing various Greek bachelors home to meet her , all to no avail . When Ian proposes to Toula , she happily accepts , but Gus is upset that Ian did not ask him for permission to date Toula , let alone marry her . Ian tries to adapt to the family 's Greek customs and mannerisms . Ian and Toula can not marry in the Greek Orthodox Church unless Ian coverts , and Toula is already worried the wedding will be a fiasco . She suggests to Ian that they elope instead . He refuses , saying it 's important to her family to marry in their religion , then he will be baptized Greek Orthodox . Ian 's willingness to do this encourages Gus and Maria to gradually accept Ian into the family . As Toula feared , her numerous well - meaning female relatives take over much of the wedding plans , while the men keep testing Ian . Her cousin Nikki selects tacky bridesmaids dresses without Toula 's permission ; her brother Nick semi-jokingly threatens Ian that he 'll kill him if he ever hurts Toula . Other cousins trick Ian into saying inappropriate things in Greek . When Toula invites Ian 's quiet , reserved parents to meet her parents at their home , she insists that it be a simple dinner with just the six of them . Toula and Ian arrive to find all of Toula 's extended family at the dinner , where they dance and drink for hours . Ian 's parents are unaware of Greek culture and are shocked by the family 's rambunctiousness . On the wedding day , Toula is nervous and surrounded by relatives , but the traditional Greek wedding goes perfectly . At the reception , Gus gives a speech accepting Ian and his parents as family . He then presents the newlyweds with a deed to a house . Both Ian and Toula are deeply touched by Gus 's generosity . Following the reception , Toula and Ian leave for a honeymoon in Greece , both appreciating the craziness of their Greek family . An epilogue shows the couple 's life six years later . Toula got pregnant `` a minute later '' after their honeymoon with their daughter Paris . As Ian and Toula are walking Paris from their house to Greek school , Paris asks why she has to go to Greek school . Toula replies that she had to go to Greek school as a child , so Paris will too . But she assures her that when the time comes , she can marry whomever she wants . As they walk , it is revealed that their home is next door to Toula 's parents . Cast ( edit ) Nia Vardalos as Fotoula `` Toula '' Portokalos - Miller John Corbett as Ian Miller Lainie Kazan as Maria Portokalos Michael Constantine as Costas `` Gus '' Portokalos Andrea Martin as Aunt Voula Louis Mandylor as Nick Portokalos Gia Carides as Cousin Nikki Gerry Mendicino as Uncle Taki Joey Fatone as Cousin Angelo Bess Meisler as Yiayia ( Grandma ) Stavroula Logothettis as Athena Portokalos Ian Gomez as Mike , Ian 's best man ; he is Vardalos ' real - life husband Bruce Gray as Rodney Miller Fiona Reid as Harriet Miller Jayne Eastwood as Mrs. White Arielle Sugarman as Paris Miller Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) My Big Fat Greek Wedding started as a one - woman play written by and starring Vardalos , performed for six weeks at the Hudson Backstage Theatre in Los Angeles in the summer of 1997 . Vardalos later jokingly stated that she only wrote the play `` to get a better agent . '' The play was based on Vardalos 's own family in Winnipeg in Canada and on her experience marrying a non-Greek man ( actor Ian Gomez ) . The play was popular , and was sold out for much of its run , in part due to Vardalos 's marketing it across Greek Orthodox churches in the area . A number of Hollywood executives and celebrities saw it , including actress Rita Wilson , who is herself of Greek origin ; Wilson convinced her husband , actor Tom Hanks , to see it as well . Vardalos began meeting various executives about making a film version of the play and began writing a screenplay as well . However , the meetings proved fruitless because the executives insisted on making changes that they felt would make the film more marketable , which Vardalos objected to : these included changing the plot , getting a known actress in the lead role ( Marisa Tomei was one name mentioned ) , and changing the family 's ethnicity to Hispanic . Two months after the play 's initial run ended , Hanks 's production company , Playtone , contacted Vardalos about producing a film based on her vision for it ; they also agreed to remount the play in early 1998 , this time at LA 's Globe Theatre . Hanks later said that casting Vardalos in the lead role `` brings a huge amount of integrity to the piece , because it 's Nia 's version of her own life and her own experience . I think that shows through on the screen and people recognize it . '' In 2000 , while in Toronto doing pre-production for the film , Vardalos and Playtone producer Gary Goetzman overheard actor John Corbett ( who was in town shooting the film Serendipity ) at a bar , telling a friend of his about having read the script for My Big Fat Greek Wedding , and being upset that he could n't make the auditions . Vardalos and Goetzman approached Corbett and offered him the part of Ian Miller on the spot , which he accepted . Filming ( edit ) Parts of the film were shot in Greektown , Toronto Despite being based on life in the Greek community of Winnipeg , the film was set in Chicago and shot in both Toronto and Chicago . Toronto 's Ryerson University and Greektown neighborhood feature prominently in the film . The home used to depict Gus and Maria Portokalos ' residence ( as well as the home bought next door at the end of the film for Toula and Ian ) is located on Glenwood Crescent just off O'Connor Drive in East York . The real home representing the Portokalos ' residence actually has most of the external ornamentation that was shown in the film . Also , some minor parts of the movie were shot in Jarvis High School in Toronto . Release ( edit ) After a February 2002 premiere , it was initially released in the United States via a limited release on April 19 , 2002 before receiving a wider release worldwide over the summer , including a wide release in the United States on August 2 . Box Office performance ( edit ) My Big Fat Greek Wedding became a sleeper hit and grew steadily from its limited release . Despite never hitting the number one spot and being an independent film with a $5 million budget , it ultimately grossed over $368.7 million worldwide , becoming one of the top romantic films of the 21st century according to Echo Bridge Entertainment . It was the fifth highest - grossing film of 2002 in the United States and Canada , with USD $241,438,208 , and the highest - grossing romantic comedy in history . Domestically , it also held the record for the highest - grossing film never having been number one on the weekly North American box office charts , until the release of the 2016 animated film , Sing , 14 years later . The film is among the most profitable of all time , with a 6150 % return on a ( inflation adjusted ) cost of $6 million to produce . Critical reception ( edit ) On Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating 76 % based on 121 reviews , with an average rating of 6.7 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Though it sometimes feels like a television sitcom , My Big Fat Greek Wedding is good - hearted , lovable , and delightfully eccentric , with a sharp script and lead performance from Nia Vardalos . '' On Metacritic , which assigns a rating out to reviews , the film has an average score of 62 out of 100 , based on 29 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Accolades ( edit ) 2008 : AFI 's 10 Top 10 : Nominated Romantic Comedy Film 10th - anniversary edition ( edit ) In 2012 , a 10th anniversary edition of the film was released via DVD and Blu - ray . The edition contains a digital copy of the film and features deleted scenes as well as a 30 - minute retrospective with Vardalos and Corbett . Lawsuit ( edit ) The cast ( with the exception of Vardalos , who had a separate deal ) , as well as Hanks ' production company , Playtone , later sued the studio for their part of the profits , charging that Gold Circle Films was engaging in so - called `` Hollywood accounting '' practices . Legacy ( edit ) Television series ( edit ) Main article : My Big Fat Greek Life The film inspired the brief 2003 TV series My Big Fat Greek Life , with most of the major characters played by the same actors , with the exception of Steven Eckholdt replacing Corbett as the husband . Corbett had already signed on to the TV series Lucky . He was scheduled to appear as the best friend of his replacement 's character , but the show was cancelled before he appeared . The show received poor reviews from critics noting the random character entrances and serious plot `` adjustments '' that did not match the film . The seven episodes from the series are available on DVD from Sony Pictures Home Entertainment , whose TV studio division produced the show . Sequel ( edit ) Main article : My Big Fat Greek Wedding 2 In a 2009 interview for her film My Life in Ruins , asked about a possible sequel for My Big Fat Greek Wedding , Vardalos stated that she had an idea for a sequel and had started writing it , hinting that , like Ruins , the film would be set in Greece . Asked about a sequel again in a November 2012 interview , she stated : `` Well , actually , yes . And it 's only now that I 've really become open to the idea . Over the years , I 've heard from everybody about what the sequel should be . People next to me at Starbucks would say , ' Hey , let me tell you my idea , ' and I 'd be like , ' Hey , I 'm just trying to get a cup of coffee . ' I never thought much about it . But then when John ( Corbett ) and I recently sat down to do that interview ( for the 10th anniversary edition ) , we laughed so hard through the whole thing . It made me think that it 's time . He said , `` Come on , write something , will you ? '' And I now think I will . We have such an easy chemistry together . And we have chemistry because we never ' did it . ' That 's the surefire way to kill chemistry in a scene . You have to make sure your actors do n't ' do it ' off - screen . If they do n't ' do it , ' then they 'll have chemistry on camera . '' On May 27 , 2014 , various news and media outlets reported that a sequel was in the works . Nia Vardalos later confirmed this via Twitter , and she also has written a script for the film . The first trailer for My Big Fat Greek Wedding 2 was aired on NBC 's The Today Show on November 11 , 2015 and it was released on March 25 , 2016 , to generally negative reviews from critics and modest box office success . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` MY BIG FAT GREEK WEDDING ( PG ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . July 17 , 2002 . Retrieved April 1 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` My Big Fat Greek Wedding ( 2002 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` TV Review - My Big Fat Greek Life '' . Entertainment Weekly . 2003 - 04 - 07 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Top Grossing Movies that never hit # 1 '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : My Big Fat Greek Wedding Headed for L.A. 's Globe Jan. 15 -- and Film , Willard Manus , Playbill , January 15 , 1998 ^ Jump up to : My Big Fat Greek Wedding : About the Production , Hollywood Jesus , 2002 Jump up ^ `` Rick Siegel '' . Wikipedia . 2017 - 04 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : Nia Vardalos interview , Robin Rea , Screenmancer.com Jump up ^ `` My Life in Ruins '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 10 , 2011 . Echo Bridge Entertainment . Retrieved on May 12 , 2008 Jump up ^ `` 2002 Yearly Box Office Results - Box Office Mojo '' . Retrieved August 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top Grossing Movies that never hit # 1 '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 26 . Jump up ^ Staff ( September 15 , 2010 ) . `` The 15 Most Profitable Movies of All Time '' . CNBC . Retrieved September 15 , 2010 . The rankings cited in this article have been disputed as some movies were not included . Jump up ^ `` My Big Fat Greek Wedding Movie Reviews , Pictures '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` My Big Fat Greek Wedding reviews at Metacritic.com '' . Metacritic . CBS . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 10 Top 10 Nominees '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2011 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 19 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Munoz , Lorenza ( August 8 , 2007 ) . `` Hanks sues over profit on ' Greek Wedding ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ `` Is a ' Big Fat Greek Wedding ' Sequel in the Works ? '' . Retrieved August 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Editor , Shelley Emling Senior ; Post , The Huffington ( November 12 , 2012 ) . `` ' My Big Fat Greek Wedding ' Star Talks Chemistry , Motherhood And Plans For A Sequel '' . Retrieved August 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' My Big Fat Greek Wedding ' gets big fat sequel '' . Retrieved August 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Universal reveals March 2016 release for ' My Big Fat Greek Wedding 2 ' '' . Retrieved August 25 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : My Big Fat Greek Wedding My Big Fat Greek Wedding on IMDb My Big Fat Greek Wedding at Box Office Mojo My Big Fat Greek Wedding at Rotten Tomatoes My Big Fat Greek Wedding at Metacritic Films directed by Joel Zwick Second Sight ( 1989 ) My Big Fat Greek Wedding ( 2002 ) Elvis Has Left the Building ( 2004 ) Fat Albert ( 2004 ) Satellite Award for Best Film Musical or Comedy ( 1996 -- 2009 , retired ) Evita ( 1996 ) As Good as It Gets ( 1997 ) Shakespeare in Love ( 1998 ) Being John Malkovich ( 1999 ) Nurse Betty ( 2000 ) Moulin Rouge ! 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( 1996 ) Larry Crowne ( 2011 ) Producer Cast Away ( 2000 ) My Big Fat Greek Wedding ( 2002 ) Connie and Carla ( 2004 ) Magnificent Desolation : Walking on the Moon 3D ( 2005 ) Neil Young : Heart of Gold ( 2006 ) The Ant Bully ( 2006 ) Starter for 10 ( 2006 ) Charlie Wilson 's War ( 2007 ) The Great Buck Howard ( 2008 ) City of Ember ( 2008 ) Where the Wild Things Are ( 2009 ) My Big Fat Greek Wedding 2 ( 2016 ) The Circle ( 2017 ) Television From the Earth to the Moon ( 1998 ) Band of Brothers ( 2001 ) Game Change ( 2012 ) Related Filmography Playtone Awards and nominations Colin Hanks Rita Wilson Jim Hanks David S. Pumpkins Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=My_Big_Fat_Greek_Wedding&oldid=826747574 '' Categories : 2002 films English - language films American films Canadian films 2000s romantic comedy films American independent films American romantic comedy films Canadian independent films Eastern Orthodox ecumenical and interfaith relations Fictional American people of Greek descent Films about Greek - American culture Films about weddings Films adapted into television programs Films based on plays Films directed by Joel Zwick Films produced by Gary Goetzman Films produced by Tom Hanks Films set in Chicago Films shot in Toronto Interfaith romance films Screenplays by Nia Vardalos Gold Circle Films films HBO Films films Playtone films Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Use mdy dates from April 2016 Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Íslenska Italiano עברית Latina Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Українська 中文 22 more Edit links This page was last edited on 20 February 2018 , at 20 : 10 . 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129625858882162411 | Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana | Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana - Wikipedia Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana ( PMJDY ) PM Modi launches the `` Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana '' Country India Prime Minister ( s ) Narendra Modi Ministry Finance Key people Arun Jaitley Launched 28 August 2014 ; 3 years ago ( 2014 - 08 - 28 ) Status Active Website www.pmjdy.gov.in Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana ( PMJDY ) , Prime Minister 's Peoples ' Wealth Scheme , is a government scheme that aims to expand and make affordable access to financial services such as bank accounts , remittances , credit , insurance and pensions . This financial inclusion campaign was launched by the Prime Minister of India Narendra Modi on 15 August 2014 . He had announced this scheme on his first Independence Day speech on 15 August 2014 . Run by Department of Financial Services , Ministry of Finance , under this scheme 1.5 Crore ( 15 million ) bank accounts were opened on inauguration day . The Guinness Book of World Records recognised this achievement , stating : `` The most bank accounts opened in one week as a part of the financial inclusion campaign is 18,096,130 and was achieved by the Government of India from August 23 to 29 , 2014 '' . By 27 June 2018 , over 31 crore ( 318 million ) bank accounts were opened and over ₹ 792 billion ( US $12 billion ) were deposited under the scheme . Contents 1 History 2 Investments 3 Purpose 4 Performance 5 Criticism 6 See also 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) The scheme was launched by PM Narendra Modi on 15 August 2014 . Slogan of the Scheme is `` Mera Khatha , Bhagya Vidhatha ( meaning `` My account brings me good fortune '' ) Investments ( edit ) Pradhan Mantri Jan - Dhan Yojana statistics as on 1 August 2018 ( All figures in crores ) Bank Type Number of Accounts Balance in Accounts Number of RuPay Cards Rural Urban Total Female Public Sector Banks 14.02 12.03 26.05 13.52 ₹ 64,388.62 19.64 Regional Rural Banks 4.39 0.81 5.20 2.85 ₹ 14,072.06 3.70 Private Banks 0.60 0.40 1.00 0.53 ₹ 2,214.15 0.93 Total 19.02 13.23 32.25 16.90 ₹ 80,674.82 crore ( US $12 billion ) 24.27 Purpose ( edit ) In the run up to the formal launch of this scheme , the Prime Minister personally wrote to Chairpersons of all PSU banks to gear up for the gigantic task of enrolling over 7.5 crore ( 75 million ) households . In this email he categorically declared that a bank account for each household was a `` national priority '' . The scheme has been started with a target to provide ' universal and clear access to banking facilities ' starting with `` Basic Banking Accounts '' with overdraft facility of ₹ 5,000 ( US $73 ) after six months and RuPay Debit card with inbuilt accident insurance cover of ₹ 1 lakh ( US $1,500 ) and RuPay Kisan Card . As many as 1,767 claims were settled toward accidental insurance to RuPay Card holders under the government 's flagship financial inclusion programme Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana ( PMJDY ) as said by PM on 15 August 2017 . In next phase , micro insurance & pension etc. will also be added . Under the scheme : Account holders will be provided bank accounts with no minimum balance . RuPay debit cards will be issued . Accidental insurance cover of ₹ 1 lakh ( US $1,500 ) . After six months of opening of the bank account , holders will be eligible for ₹ 5,000 ( US $73 ) overdraft from the bank . With the introduction of new technology introduced by National Payments Corporation of India ( NPCI ) , a person can transfer funds , check balance through a normal phone which was earlier limited only to smart phones . Mobile banking for the poor would be available through National Unified USSD Platform ( NUUP ) for which all banks and mobile companies have come together . Performance ( edit ) Due to the preparations done in the run - up , as mentioned above , on the inauguration day , 1.5 Crore ( 15 million ) bank accounts were opened . The Prime Minister said on this occasion - `` Let us celebrate today as the day of financial freedom . '' By September 2014 , 3.02 crore accounts were opened under the scheme , amongst Public sector banks , SBI had opened 30 lakh ( 3 million ) accounts , followed by Punjab National Bank with 20.24 lakh ( 2 million ) accounts , Canara Bank 16.21 lakh ( 1.62 million ) accounts , Central Bank of India 15.98 lakh ( 1.59 million ) accounts and Bank of Baroda with 14.22 lakh ( 1.42 million ) accounts . On 20 January 2015 , the scheme entered into Guinness book of world records setting new record for ' The most bank accounts opened in one week ' . The balance in Jan Dhan accounts rose by more than ₹ 270 billion ( US $3.9 billion ) between 9 November 2016 and 23 November 2016 . 19 lakh householders have availed the overdraft facility of ₹ 2.56 billion ( US $37 million ) by May 2016 . Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal have got 29 % of the total deposits under the scheme , whereas Kerala and Goa became the first states in the country to provide one basic bank account to every household . The total number of account holders stood at 294.8 million , including 176.1 million account holders from rural and semi-urban branches . A total of 227 million RuPay cards have been issued by National Payments Corporation of India ( NPCI ) till August 2017 . The amount of deposits rose to ₹ 656.97 billion ( US $9.6 billion ) by August 2017 . According to an analysis of various studies , `` Beyond enabling account ownership and the use of financial services , the PMJDY also facilitated financial inclusion for a variety of demographics . While the programme has made significant headway towards genuine financial inclusion , it is clear that improving policy communication , widening and deepening progress in low - income states , and ironing out the kinks in the bank - agent model will be crucial if these hard - fought gains are to prove sustainable . '' At least 30 crore new families have got Jan Dhan accounts in which almost Rs 65,000 crore have been deposited , Prime Minister Narendra Modi said on 28 August 2017 , on the eve of third anniversary of the scheme aimed at financial inclusion . Criticism ( edit ) The scheme has been criticized by opposition as an effort to please voters that has created unnecessary work - burden on the public - sector banks . It has been claimed that the poor deserve food more than bank accounts and financial security . Further , these accounts have not yet added considerable profits to PSU banks . According to the experts , offers like zero balance , free insurance and overdraft facility would result in duplication . Many individuals who already have bank accounts may have had accounts created for themselves , lured by the insurance covers and overdraft facilities . As per the scheme , a very few people are eligible to get the life insurance worth ₹ 30,000 ( US $440 ) with a validity of just five years . The claimed overdraft facility has been completely left upon the banks . As per the government notice , only those people would get the overdraft facility whose transaction record has satisfactory operations in their account for some time . In addition , while the Indian Government was actively attempting to promote financial inclusion through this scheme , the Reserve Bank of India , then headed by Raghuram Rajan , permitted banks to charge customers for conducting ATM transactions beyond a certain number of times per month . This effectively prevented people from easily accessing their own savings and discouraged them from using formal banking channels . See also ( edit ) Make in India Indian 500 and 1000 rupee currency demonetisation References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Prime Minister to Launch Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana Tomorrow , Press Information Bureau , Govt. of India , 27 August 2014 ^ Jump up to : ET Bureau ( 28 August 2014 ) , PM ' Jan Dhan ' Yojana launched ; aims to open 1.5 crore bank accounts on first day , The Economic Times Jump up ^ `` Modi : Banking for all to end `` financial untouchability '' `` . Reuters. 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jan Dhan Yojana features in Guinness Book of World Records with 11.5 cr bank accounts '' . The Indian Express . 21 Jan 2015 . Retrieved 26 May 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pradhan Mantri Jan - Dhan Yojana '' , pmjdy.gov.in ^ Jump up to : `` Jan Dhan scheme : Going strong 3 years on '' , The Hindu Business Line , 14 August 2017 Jump up ^ PM 's email to all bank officers , Press Information Bureau , Govt. of India , 25 August 2014 Jump up ^ JanDhanYojana.Net ( 28 August 2014 ) , PM ' Jan Dhan ' Yojana , JanDhanYojana.Net ^ Jump up to : `` Why Jan - Dhan Yojana is gaining currency in Uttar Pradesh & West Bengal '' , Business Standard , 26 May 2016 ^ Jump up to : `` Financial inclusion gets a boost with Jan Dhan Yojana '' , The Economic Times , 11 May 2016 Jump up ^ `` SBI takes lead in opening bank accounts under Jan Dhan Yojana '' , The Economic Times , 11 September 2014 Jump up ^ `` India makes financial world record as millions open new bank accounts '' , Guinness World Records , 20 January 2015 Jump up ^ `` Keep the black money deposited in your account : PM to Jan Dhan holders '' , The Economic Times , 3 December 2016 Jump up ^ `` Over 26k Jan Dhan bank accounts in Goa have zero balance '' , The Times of India , 2 June 2016 Jump up ^ `` The admirable success of the Jan Dhan Yojana '' . Retrieved 29 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Prashanth Perumal . `` Jan Dhan Yojana : populism gone berserk '' . Live Mint . Jump up ^ `` Jan Dhan Yojana did n't add to PSU banks ' profits : Union '' . The Times of India . Jump up ^ `` ' Bharatiya Jhoot Party ' taking credit for UPA 's schemes , alleges Singhvi '' , ANI News Jump up ^ `` Is there anything new at all in PM Modi 's much - touted Jan Dhan Yojana ? '' . Sify . Jump up ^ `` Critics attack ' wasteful , ineffective ' PM Jan Dhan Yojana '' . Moneycontrol.com . Jump up ^ `` PMJDY Guidelines & Features '' ( PDF ) . LIC India . Jump up ^ `` Facilities Available to Account Holders Under Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana ( PMJDY ) to be Extended to the Existing Account Holders as Well '' , PIB Jump up ^ `` Making ATM transactions expensive : Is RBI contradicting its own stance ? - Firstpost '' . www.firstpost.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ Rebello , Joel ( 2014 - 09 - 15 ) . `` Rajan defends RBI stand ATM fees , two - factor authentication '' . livemint.com/ . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ Shetty , Mayur ( 2017 - 07 - 04 ) . `` Vague RBI guidelines see banks cap PM 's Jan Dhan Yojana accounts '' . The Economic Times . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 19 . External links ( edit ) Official Website Government schemes in India Active Schemes Antyodaya Anna Yojana Atal Pension Yojana Beti Bachao , Beti Padhao Yojana CGHS DAY DBT DDUGJY DDU - GKY HRIDAY Housing for All ICDS Income declaration scheme , 2016 JAM Yojana KVPY MPLADS Midday Meal Scheme NPS NSAP NSS POPSK PMAGY PMGAY PMGSY PMJDY Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Yojana PMKSY Pradhan Mantri Bhartiya Jan Aushadhi Yojana Kendra PMMVY Pradhan Mantri Jeevan Jyoti Bima Yojana Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana Pradhan Mantri Suraksha Bima Yojana Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana SAGY SGSY Soil Health Card Scheme UDAY UDAN UJALA Missions AMRUT Mission Indradhanush NICRA National Mission for Manuscripts NRHM ASHA National Translation Mission Providing Urban Amenities to Rural Areas Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan Rashtriya Uchchatar Shiksha Abhiyan Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan National Solar Mission Smart Cities Mission TB - Mission 2020 Projects Bharatmala Indian Rivers Inter-link Sagar Mala project Setu Bharatam Urja Ganga Gas Pipeline Project Campaigns Accessible India Campaign Digital India Make in India Skill India Standup India Startup India Swachh Bharat Abhiyan Unnat Bharat Abhiyan IDs Aadhaar Business identification number Indian passport Permanent account number Ration card ( India ) Unorganised Workers ' Identification Number Voter ID ( India ) State Ahar Yojana Bhamashah Yojana Biju Krushak Kalyan Yojana Invest Madhya Pradesh Invest Odisha Jyotigram Yojana Madhu Babu Pension Yojana Make in Odisha Swasth Jeevan Sewa Guarantee Yojana Rajiv Gandhi Jeevandayee Arogya Yojana Vibrant Gujarat Closed Schemes Bharat Nirman JSY JnNURM Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidyalaya NLM NRLM Pooled Finance Development Fund Scheme RNTCP RSBY Rural Landless Employment Guarantee Programme Saakshar Bharat Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana Swabhimaan ( campaign ) Voluntary Disclosure of Income Scheme Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pradhan_Mantri_Jan_Dhan_Yojana&oldid=854072314 '' Categories : Banking in India Projects established in 2014 Government schemes in India Microfinance in India Ministry of Finance ( India ) Modi administration initiatives 2014 in Indian economy Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from January 2016 Use Indian English from January 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia हिन्दी ಕನ್ನಡ മലയാളം ଓଡ଼ିଆ ਪੰਜਾਬੀ संस्कृतम् தமிழ் Edit links This page was last edited on 8 August 2018 , at 19 : 38 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is pradhan mantri jan dhan yojana in hindi | [
"Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY), Prime Minister's Peoples' Wealth Scheme, is a government scheme that aims to expand and make affordable access to financial services such as bank accounts, remittances, credit, insurance and pensions. This financial inclusion campaign was launched by the Prime Minister of India Narendra Modi on 15 August 2014.[1] He had announced this scheme on his first Independence Day speech on 15 August 2014.\n"
] | [
"Prime Minister's Peoples' Wealth Scheme"
] |
-1648468713507559370 | List of Subaru engines | List of Subaru engines - wikipedia List of Subaru engines Jump to : navigation , search Subaru uses a four or five character code to identify all of their engines . The first letter is always E standing for engine ( before the introduction of FB engine series ) The second letter is the engine 's family . Next come two digits indicating the engine 's displacement ( or revision before 1989 ) The optional fifth character is an identifier to mark revisions , ( ex : turbo , DOHC , Fuel Injection , etc . ) Contents ( hide ) 1 Two Cylinder 1.1 EK 1.1. 1 Two - strokes 1.1. 2 Four - strokes 2 Three Cylinder 2.1 Subaru EF engine 3 Four Cylinder 3.1 Subaru EA engine 3.2 Subaru EE engine ( diesel ) 3.3 Subaru EJ engine 3.4 Subaru EL engine 3.5 Subaru EN engine 3.6 Subaru FA engine 3.6. 1 FA20D 3.6. 2 FA20F 3.7 Subaru FB engine 3.7. 1 FB16 3.7. 2 FB16 DIT 3.7. 3 FB20B 3.7. 4 FB20D 3.7. 5 FB20X 3.7. 6 FB25B 4 Six Cylinder 4.1 Subaru ER engine 4.2 Subaru EG engine 4.3 Subaru EZ engine 4.3. 1 EZ30D 4.3. 2 EZ30D 4.3. 3 EZ36D 5 See also 6 Notes 7 External links Two cylinder ( edit ) EK ( edit ) The EK series is a straight twin two - stroke cycle with early air - cooled versions later replaced with water - cooled configurations in 1971 . The engine was upgraded to a four - stroke SOHC in 1973 to meet Japanese Government emission regulations . The ( Japanese : Subaru EK series ) was used from 1958 until 1989 in most Kei car models . Two - strokes ( edit ) Air Cooled two - stroke EK31 EK31 : 356 cc Bore & Stroke = 61.5 x 60 mm maximum output 16 PS ( 12 kW ; 16 hp ) at 4,500 rpm ( 1958.05 - 1960.02 ) maximum output 18 PS ( 13 kW ; 18 hp ) at 4,700 rpm ( 1960.02 - 1964.07 ) maximum output 20 PS ( 15 kW ; 20 hp ) at 5,000 rpm ( 1964.07 - 1968.08 ) compression ratio = 6.5 : 1 Used in the Subaru 360 ( 1958 -- 1968 ) and Sambar ( 1961 -- 1970 ) . EK51 : 423 cc Bore & Stroke = 67.0 x 60.0 mm maximum output 23 PS ( 17 kW ; 23 hp ) at 5,000 rpm compression ratio = 6.5 : 1 Used in the Subaru 450 ( MAIA ) Japan & North America ( 1960 -- 66 ) EK32 : 356 cc Bore & Stroke = 61.5 x 60 mm maximum output 25 PS ( 18 kW ; 25 hp ) at 5,500 rpm ( 1968.08 - 1970 ) maximum output 36 PS ( 26 kW ; 36 hp ) at 7,000 rpm ( 1968.11 - 1970 ) compression ratio = 7.5 : 1 Used in the Subaru 360 and 360 Young SS , 1968 - 70 . EK33 : 356 cc Bore & Stroke = 61.5 x 60 mm compression ratio = 6.5 : 1 ( standard ) 7.5 : 1 ( Young SS & Sport Edition ) maximum output 26 PS ( 19 kW ; 26 hp ) at 5,800 rpm ( R - 2 Van K41 , Sambar K55 / K64 ) maximum output 30 PS ( 22 kW ; 30 hp ) at 6,500 rpm ( R - 2 ) maximum output 36 PS ( 26 kW ; 36 hp ) at 7,000 rpm ( R - 2 SS ) maximum output 32 PS ( 24 kW ; 32 hp ) at 6,500 rpm ( R - 2 Sport Edition ) Used in the Subaru R - 2 1969 -- 1971 and Subaru Sambar 1970 -- 1973 Water Cooled Two - stroke cycle EK34 : 356 cc Bore & Stroke = 61.5 x 60.0 mm compression ratio = 6.5 : 1 maximum output 28 PS ( 21 kW ; 28 hp ) at 5,500 rpm ( Sambar K71 / K72 / K81 ) maximum output 32 PS ( 24 kW ; 32 hp ) at 6,000 rpm ( R - 2 , Rex ) maximum output 35 PS ( 26 kW ; 35 hp ) at 6,500 rpm ( Rex TS ) maximum output 36 PS ( 26 kW ; 36 hp ) at 7,000 rpm ( R - 2 GSS ) maximum output 37 PS ( 27 kW ; 36 hp ) at 6,500 rpm ( Rex GSR ) Used in the Subaru R - 2 1971.10 - 1972.07 , Subaru Rex 1972.07 - 1973.10 , Subaru Sambar 1973.02 - 1976.02 Four - strokes ( edit ) Water Cooled four - stroke SOHC with SEEC emissions system ( later SEEC - T ) , alloy block and head . EK21 : Bore x Stroke mm = 66.0 x 52.4 Piston displacement = 358 cc Compression ratio = 9.5 : 1 maximum output 28 PS ( 21 kW ; 28 hp ) at 7,500 rpm ( Rex Van K42 , Wagon K26 , Rex sedan 75.12 - 76.05 ) maximum output 31 PS ( 23 kW ; 31 hp ) at 8,000 rpm ( 73.10 - 75.12 Rex ) Used in the Subaru Rex K22 from 1973.10 -- 1976.05 , Subaru Sambar February 1976 - May 1976 EK22 : Bore x Stroke mm = 74.0 x 57.0 , SEEC - T emissions system Piston displacement = 490 cc Compression ratio = 9.0 : 1 maximum output 28 PS ( 21 kW ; 28 hp ) ( Rex 5 Van K43 , Sambar 5 K75 / 76 / 85 ) maximum output 31 PS ( 23 kW ; 31 hp ) at 6,500 rpm ( Rex 5 K23 ) Used in the Subaru Rex 1976.05 -- 1977.05 , Subaru Sambar 5 from May 1976 until March 1977 EK23 : Bore x Stroke mm = 76.0 x 60.0 Piston displacement = 544 cc Compression ratio = 8.5 : 1 Two valves per cylinder maximum output 31 PS ( 23 kW ; 31 hp ) at 6,200 rpm ( Rex ) maximum output 28 PS ( 21 kW ; 28 hp ) at 6,200 rpm ( Rex Van , Sambar ) maximum output 31 PS ( 23 kW ; 31 hp ) at 6,000 rpm ( Rex 2nd gen & Rex Combi ) maximum output 30 PS ( 22 kW ; 30 hp ) at 6,000 rpm ( Rex 3rd gen ) Used in the Subaru Rex from 1977.05 -- 1989 , Subaru Sambar 1977 -- 1990 EK23 ThreeValve : Bore x Stroke mm = 76.0 x 60.0 Piston displacement = 544 cc Compression ratio = 9.0 : 1 Two valves per cylinder maximum output 34 PS ( 25 kW ; 34 hp ) at 6,000 rpm ( Sambar ) maximum output 36 PS ( 26 kW ; 36 hp ) at 7,000 rpm ( Rex ) Used in the Subaru Rex Viki from 1986 to 1989 , Subaru Sambar 1989 -- 1990 EK23 Turbo Bore x Stroke mm = 76.0 x 60.0 Piston displacement = 544 cc Compression ratio = 8.5 : 1 Two valves per cylinder Hitachi - made 36 mm turbines maximum output 41 PS ( 30 kW ; 40 hp ) at 6,000 rpm Used in the Subaru Rex Combi ( 1983 -- 1986 ) EK23 ThreeValve Turbo Bore x Stroke mm = 76.0 x 60.0 Piston displacement = 544 cc Compression ratio = 9.0 : 1 Three valves per cylinder ( two intake , one exhaust ) Hitachi - made 36 mm turbines maximum output 36 PS ( 26 kW ; 36 hp ) at 7000 rpm Used in the Subaru Rex VX ( 1986 -- 1989 ) EK23 ThreeValve Supercharger Bore x Stroke mm = 76.0 x 60.0 Piston displacement = 544 cc Compression ratio = 9.0 : 1 Three valves per cylinder ( two intake , one exhaust ) Water - cooled intercooler maximum output 55 PS ( 40 kW ; 54 hp ) at 6400 rpm Used in the Subaru Rex Supercharger ( 1988 -- 1989 ) EK42 Bore x Stroke mm = 78.0 x 69.6 Piston displacement = 665 cc Compression ratio = 9.5 : 1 Two valves per cylinder maximum output 31 PS ( 23 kW ; 31 hp ) ( Subaru 700 ) maximum output 37 PS ( 27 kW ; 36 hp ) at 6400 rpm , low octane version maximum output 35 PS ( 26 kW ; 35 hp ) at 6400 rpm ( M70 , Mini Jumbo , Sherpa ) , high octane version Used in the Subaru Rex and Sambar / 700 ( export only , 1982 -- 1989 ) Three cylinder ( edit ) The EF series engine is a liquid - cooled three - cylinder , four - stroke , with SOHC . It is not compliant with Japanese Government regulations concerning displacement of kei cars with a current maximum limit of 660 cc . The EF appeared while the EK was being replaced by the EN05 . Subaru EF - 12 Engine Subaru EF engine ( edit ) EF10 : Bore x Stroke mm = 78.0 x 69.6 Piston displacement = 997 cc Compression ratio = 9.5 : 1 Two valves per cylinder SOHC 2V , 55 hp at 5,200 rpm 1984 -- 1987 Subaru Justy EF12 : Bore x Stroke mm = 78.0 x 83.0 Piston displacement = 1189 cc Compression ratio = 9.1 : 1 Three valves per cylinder SOHC 3V , 66 - 73 hp 1987 -- 1994 Subaru Justy Four cylinder ( edit ) All of Subaru 's four - cylinder engines ( except the EN series ) are liquid - cooled , horizontally opposed boxer four - strokes . Subaru EA engine ( edit ) The EA was used from 1966 until 1994 in most models . It is a basic two - valve - per - cylinder design with siamese ports and three main crankshaft bearings . Engines with overhead camshafts were installed with two timing belts , whereas vehicles with overhead valves used timing gears exclusively . Subaru EA82 Engine EA52 : 977 cc OHV , 55 hp at 6,000 rpm used in the 1966 -- 1971 Subaru 1000 EA61 : 1088.8 cc OHV , 62 hp at 6,400 rpm used in the 1970 -- 1972 Subaru FF - 1 Star and Subaru G EA62 : 1267.5 cc OHV , 80 hp at 6,400 rpm used in the 1971 -- 1972 Subaru G EA63 : 1362 cc OHV , 58 hp at 5,200 rpm used in the 1973 -- 1976 Subaru Leone EA71 : 1595 cc OHV , 67 hp at 5,200 rpm or 68@4800 rpm used in the 1976 -- 1987 Subaru Leone and 1978 -- 1980 Subaru BRAT / brumby EA81 : 1781 cc OHV , 73 hp at 4,800 rpm used in the 1980 -- 1984 Subaru Leone and 1981 -- 1993 Subaru BRAT / brumby EA81T : 1781 cc OHV Turbo , 95 hp at 4,200 rpm used in the 1983 -- 1984 Subaru Leone and Subaru BRAT / brumby EA82 : 1791 cc SOHC , 84 - 97 hp used in the Subaru Leone and Subaru XT EA82T : 1791 cc SOHC , 115 hp at 5200 rpm used in the Subaru Leone and Subaru XT Subaru EE engine ( diesel ) ( edit ) Subaru unveiled the world 's first boxer diesel engine to be fitted in a passenger car at the Geneva autoshow in 2007 . This 2.0 L DOHC engine , called the EE20 , has 147 HP and 350Nm ( 258 lb - ft ) of torque , five main bearings and was released in Europe in 2008 . Engine was originally Euro - 4 certified , updated to Euro - 5 in 2008 and Euro - 6 in 2015 . 1998 ccm , Bore 86mm , Stroke 86mm Subaru EJ engine ( edit ) The EJ engine was introduced in the 1989 Subaru Legacy to replace the EA engines . It was designed from scratch with five main crankshaft bearings and four valves per cylinder and can be either SOHC or DOHC and one timing belt . The fifth digit is the only way to tell without seeing the engine . Subaru EJ20H twin turbo EJ15 : 1483.4 cc SOHC , 1990 -- 2003 JDM Subaru Impreza EJ16 : 90 hp at 5,600 rpm used in the 1993 -- 2006 Subaru Impreza EJ18 : 1820 cc SOHC 110 hp at 5,600 rpm used in the 1993 -- 1996 Subaru Impreza and Euro and JDM Subaru Legacy EJ20 : 1994.3 cc , available in Europe and Japan naturally aspirated at 115 -- 190 hp and with a Turbo 220 -- 280 hp used on Most Models , ( 2002 -- 2005 WRX in the United States ) EJ22 : 2212 cc , 135 -- 280 hp used in the 1989 -- 2001 Subaru Impreza and Subaru Legacy EJ25 : 2457 cc , 165 -- 320 hp found in Most Models 1995 -- Present EJ30 : Special limited engine . Four were built by Subaru , but only 3 remain in working condition . There is no readily available technical or power information on these engines . Generally the EJ - series can be divided into two versions : the Phase I engines ( 1989 -- 1998 ) and the Phase II engines ( 1999 -- 2010 ) . The Phase II engines featured new cylinder heads and crankshafts with the thrust bearing located at crank bearing # 5 instead of # 3 . The designation also changed from Phase I to Phase II . All Phase I engines have an alphanumerical suffix behind the standard EJXX designation , all Phase II engines have a numerical suffix behind the EJXX designation . Example : Phase I : EJ15E , EJ15J , EJ16E , EJ18E , EJ20D , EJ20E , EJ20G , EJ20H , EJ20J , EJ20R , EJ20K , EJ22E , EJ221 , EJ25D Phase II : EJ151 , EJ161 , EJ181 , EJ201 , EJ202 , EJ203 , EJ204 , EJ205 , EJ206 , EJ207 , EJ208 , EJ222 , EJ251 , EJ252 , EJ253 , EJ254 , EJ255 , EJ257 There 's at least 1 exception from this rule - MY'07 EJ20F engine . Most likely F stands for bi-Fuel ( engines prepared for LPG ) . This is unconfirmed info , based only on users ' experience and observations . Subaru EL engine ( edit ) The ( Japanese : Subaru EL engine ) replaced the EJ15 and is used in the JDM Subaru Impreza 1.5 R ( series GD , GG , GE , GH ) starting with model year 2006 . It is based on the EJ engine and shares many components , like the crankshaft from the EJ25 . It has DOHC cylinder heads with AVCS variable valve timing on the intake . Displacement : 1,498 cc bore x stroke : 77.7 x 79 mm compression ratio : 10.1 maximum horsepower : 110ps ( 81 kW ) @ 6400 RPM maximum torque : 14.7 kgm ( 144Nm ) at 3,200 rpm AVCS Subaru EN engine ( edit ) The Subaru EN inline - four engine was introduced in 1988 to replace the straight - two EK series engine that was originally engineered as an air - cooled engine and then was modified as a water - cooled engine used in the 1969 -- 1972 Subaru R - 2 . The EN is used in all kei cars and kei trucks currently in production by Subaru . Subaru FA engine ( edit ) ( Japanese : Subaru FA engine ) The FA was developed from the FB engine , however , efforts to reduce weight while maintaining durability were the main goals of the FA engine . While the FA and FB engines share a common platform , the FA shares very little in dedicated parts with the FB engine , with a different block , head , connecting rods , and pistons . FA20D ( edit ) Subaru FA20D The FA20D features both direct and port injection ( Toyota 's D - 4S injection system ) and Subaru AVCS variable valve timing system . It is used in the Subaru BRZ , and is identified by a Toyota engine family code known as the 4U - GSE , which is installed in the Toyota 86 and the Scion FR - S. According to Subaru , 0W - 20 oil is recommended . Bore : 86 mm Stroke : 86 mm Displacement : 1,998 cc Compression Ratio : 12.5 : 1 Power : 200 PS ( 147 kW ; 197 hp ) at 7,000 RPM Torque : 20.9 kg m ( 205 N m ; 151 lb ft ) at 6,400 - 6,600 RPM Fa20f ( edit ) Subaru FA20F A version with Subaru 's own direct fuel injection and twin - scroll turbocharger was introduced in 2012 . Displacement : 1,998 cc Bore : 86 mm Stroke : 86 mm Compression Ratio : 10.6 : 1 2012 + JDM Subaru Legacy 2.0 GT DIT and 2014 + Subaru Levorg Power : 300 PS ( 221 kW ; 296 hp ) at 5,600 RPM Torque : 40.8 kg m ( 400 N m ; 295 lb ft ) at 2,000 - 4,800 RPM 2014 + USDM Subaru Forester XT : Power : 250 hp ( 186 kW ; 253 PS ) at 5,600 RPM Torque : 258 lb ft ( 350 N m ; 36 kg m ) at 2,000 - 4,800 RPM 2014 + JDM Subaru Forester XT : Power : 276 hp ( 206 kW ; 280 PS ) at 5,600 RPM Torque : 258 lb ft ( 350 N m ; 36 kg m ) at 2,000 - 5,200 rpm 2015 + USDM Subaru WRX : Power : 268 hp ( 200 kW ; 272 PS ) at 5,600 RPM Torque : 258 lb ft ( 350 N m ; 36 kg m ) at 2,000 - 5,200 RPM Subaru FB engine ( edit ) Subaru FB16 DIT ( Japanese : Subaru FB engine ) An entirely new generation of boxer engine announced on 23 September 2010 . By increasing piston stroke and decreasing piston bore , Subaru aimed to reduce emissions and improve fuel economy , while increasing and broadening torque output over the previous generation engine . The FB has an all new block and head featuring dual overhead cams with intake and exhaust variable valve timing ( AVCS - Active Valve Control System ) , and a timing chain that replaced the timing belt . Moving to chain - driven cams is said to allow the valves to be placed at a more narrow angle to each other and shrink the bore of cylinder from 99.5 mm to 94 . It results in less unburned fuel during cold start , thereby reducing emissions . Subaru is able to maintain the exterior dimension substantially unchanged by asymmetrical connecting rods like those in EZ36 . The FB is only marginally heavier . In Jan 2011 , Car and Driver was told direct injection would be added soon . Subaru claims a 28 - percent reduction in friction losses , mainly due to lighter pistons and connecting rods . The FB has a 10 % improvement in fuel economy with the power coming on sooner and the torque band being broader . FB16 ( edit ) Subaru FB16 Displacement : 1,597 cc DOHC Bore : 78.8 mm Stroke : 82 mm Compression : 11.0 : 1 Power : 84 kW ( 114 PS ; 113 hp ) at 5,600 rpm Torque : 150 N m ( 15 kg m ; 111 lb ft ) at 4,000 rpm Application : 2012 + EUDM Subaru Impreza XV 1.6 i FB16 DIT ( edit ) Displacement : 1,599 cc Bore : 78.8 mm Stroke : 82 mm Compression : 11 : 1 Power : 170 PS ( 125 kW ; 168 hp ) at 4,800 - 5600 RPM Torque : 25.5 kg m ( 250 N m ; 184 lb ft ) at 1,800 - 4,800 RPM 2014 + Subaru Levorg Fb20b ( edit ) Subaru FB20B Displacement : 1,995 cc DOHC Bore : 84 mm Stroke : 90 mm Compression : 10.5 : 1 2011 + JDM Subaru Forester : Power : 109 kW ( 148 PS ; 146 hp ) at 6,000 rpm Torque : 196 N m ( 20 kg m ; 145 lb ft ) at 4,200 rpm 2012 - 2016 Subaru Impreza and 2012 + Subaru XV : Power : 148 hp ( 150 PS ; 110 kW ) at 6,200 rpm Torque : 145 lb ft ( 197 N m ; 20 kg m ) at 4,200 rpm Fb20d ( edit ) Used in the fifth generation Impreza sedan and hatchback . Bore : 84 mm Stroke : 90 mm Compression : 12.5 : 1 Power : 152 PS ( 112 kW ; 150 hp ) at 6,000 RPM Torque : 20.4 kg m ( 200 N m ; 148 lb ft ) at 4,000 RPM 2016 + Subaru Impreza FB20X ( edit ) Subaru FB20X Displacement : 1,995 cc DOHC Bore : 84 mm Stroke : 90 mm Compression : 10.5 : 1 Power : 160 hp ( 162 PS ; 119 kW ) at 6,000 rpm Torque : 163 lb ft ( 221 N m ; 23 kg m ) at 2,000 rpm Application : 2014 + Subaru XV Hybrid Fb25b ( edit ) Subaru FB25B Displacement : 2,498 cc DOHC Bore : 94 mm Stroke : 90 mm Compression : 10.0 : 1 Power : 170 hp ( 172 PS ; 127 kW ) at 5,800 rpm Torque : 174 lb ft ( 236 N m ; 24 kg m ) at 4,100 rpm Application : 2011 + North American Subaru Forester 2012 + North American Subaru Legacy Six cylinder ( edit ) All of Subaru 's six - cylinder engines are of a liquid - cooled , Flat - 6 four - stroke design . Subaru er engine ( edit ) ( Japanese : Subaru ER27 ) Subaru introduced its first six - cylinder engine in its Subaru XT sports car . This SOHC engine was based on the EA82 , with two cylinders added to the back . ER27 : 2672 cc SOHC , 145 hp@5200 found in the 1987 -- 1991 Subaru XT Subaru EG engine ( edit ) The ( Japanese : Subaru EG33 ) engine was a direct replacement for the ER engine . The ER had been used only in the Subaru XT6 , which was being replaced by the Subaru Alcyone SVX , and the company took the opportunity to create a new engine based on the more modern EJ rather than the EA engine series . As the ER27 was to the EA82 , Subaru took the EJ22 design and created a six - cylinder version to make the new EG33 . However , this four - valves - per - cylinder engine was DOHC , and valvetrain parts came from the not yet released EJ25D . Bore : 96.9 mm Stroke : 75 mm EG33 : 3318 cc DOHC , 230 hp@5400 used in the 1992 -- 1997 Subaru Alcyone SVX Subaru EZ engine ( edit ) Subaru EZ36 The ( Japanese : Subaru EZ series ) was introduced in 1999 in the Japanese market , in the Subaru Outback , and in 2000 in the United States market , also in the Outback . It is a flat - six , 24 - valve , quad - cam engine with an aluminium block and heads . It is available in EZ30 and EZ36 variants . Though the second iteration of the EZ30D used from 2003 to 2009 was heavily updated from the early EZ30D used from 2001 to 2003 , Subaru continued to identify it as EZ30D . `` EZ30R '' is a false engine code often used on the Internet for the later EZ30 , but Subaru has never used it as an official engine code . All EZ - series engines use dual timing chains and feature coil - on - plug ignition . EZ30D ( edit ) This version uses one exhaust port per head , a cable - actuated throttle , variable intake geometry , and a cast aluminium intake manifold . It was only available with an automatic transmission . Displacement : 2999 cc DOHC Bore : 89.2 mm Stroke : 80 mm Compression : 10.7 : 1 Power : 220 PS ( 162 kW ; 217 hp ) at 6000 rpm Torque : 289 N m ( 29 kg m ; 213 lb ft ) at 4400 rpm Application : 2000 -- 2004 Subaru Outback H6 2000 -- 2002 Subaru Legacy GT30 2000 -- 2002 Subaru Legacy Lancaster 6 EZ30D ( edit ) This version received new cylinder heads with 3 exhaust ports per head , AVLS , AVCS on the intake cams only , a drive - by - wire throttle , and a plastic intake manifold . It was available in manual and automatic unlike the old EZ30D . Displacement : 2999 cc DOHC Bore : 89.2 mm Stroke : 80 mm Compression : 10.7 : 1 Power : 245 PS ( 180 kW ; 242 hp ) at 6600 rpm Torque : 297 N m ( 30 kg m ; 219 lb ft ) at 4200 rpm Application : 2003 -- 2009 Subaru Legacy 3.0 R 2005 -- 2009 Subaru Outback 3.0 R 2006 -- 2007 Tribeca EZ36D ( edit ) The EZ36D retains the plastic intake manifold , 3 exhaust ports per head , and drive - by - wire throttle of the later EZ30D , but loses AVLS while gaining AVCS for both intake and exhaust cams . The EZ36D also incorporates an asymmetrical connecting rod design shared with the FB series of engines and the EE20 diesel engine . Displacement : 3629 cc DOHC Bore : 92 mm Stroke : 91 mm Compression : 10.5 : 1 Power : 260 PS ( 191 kW ; 256 hp ) at 6000 rpm Torque : 335 N m ( 34 kg m ; 247 lb ft ) at 4400 rpm Application : 2010 - current Subaru Legacy 2010 - current Subaru Outback 2008 - 2014 Subaru Tribeca See also ( edit ) Subaru 1235 List of Subaru transmissions Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Michael Knowling ( April 2 , 2004 ) . `` 2004 Engine Epic - Subaru Engines '' . AutoSpeed Magazine . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 30 . Jump up ^ Braunschweig , Robert ; et al. , eds . ( March 14 , 1974 ) . `` Automobil Revue ' 74 '' . 69 . Berne , Switzerland : Hallwag SA : 483 . Jump up ^ `` The New Subaru EE20 Boxer Turbo Diesel , In Detail '' . Jalopnik. 2008 - 04 - 23 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` EE20 Engine Info '' . Subaru Diesel Crew . Jump up ^ Subaru Technical Journal , No. 34 published in June 2007 Jump up ^ Subaru Technical Journal , No. 33 issue published in June , 2006 Jump up ^ Mark Vaughn . `` Subaru shows production version of the BRZ '' . Autoweek.com . Jump up ^ `` FHI Develops a New - generation Subaru Boxer Engine '' ( PDF ) . Fuji Heavy Industries . 23 September 2010 . Retrieved 3 October 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Colwell , K.C. ( January 2011 ) . `` Examining Subaru 's New FB - series Flat - Four '' . Car and Driver . Hearst Corporation . Retrieved 15 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Bremner , Richard ( 17 January 2011 ) . `` Subaru Forester 2.0 XS review '' . Autocar . Haymarket Media Group . Retrieved 15 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Subaru Boxer Punches Harder '' . Subaru Australia . 23 September 2010 . Retrieved 3 October 2010 . Jump up ^ 2011 Subaru Forester & Impreza Owner 's Manual Jump up ^ Hinchliffe , Mark ( 28 September 2010 ) . `` Subaru reveals new boxer engine '' . CarsGuide.com.au . Retrieved 3 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Official Subaru online parts catalogue '' . External links ( edit ) Subaru `` previous -- Subaru , a division of Fuji Heavy Industries , vehicle timeline , 1990s -- present Type 1990s 2000s 2010s 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 Kei car Rex Vivio Pleo I Pleo II ( rebadged Daihatsu Mira ) R1 R2 Lucra ( rebadged Daihatsu Tanto Ex ) Stella I Stella II ( rebadged Daihatsu Move ) Microvan Sambar / Domingo Sambar Dias Wagon Subcompact Justy I Justy II Justy III Justy IV Trezia Justy V Dex Compact Leone III Leone IV Leone V Impreza I Impreza II Impreza III Impreza IV Legacy I Mid-size Legacy II Legacy III Legacy IV Legacy V Legacy VI Levorg Sports coupé Alcyone XT Alcyone SVX BRZ Compact MPV Traviq Exiga Crossover / SUV XV Outback I Outback II Outback III Outback IV Outback V Bighorn Bighorn Forester I Forester II Forester III Forester IV Tribeca Coupé utility BRAT Baja Current Exiga Forester Impreza ( XV , WRX , STI ) Legacy Levorg Lucra Outback Pleo Sambar Stella TransCare Trezia Engines EA EE EF EG EJ EK EL EN EZ AVCS i - AVLS FA FB Historic 1500 360 1000 Alcyone XT Alcyone SVX Baja Bighorn BRAT Dex Domingo FF - 1 G FF - 1 Star Justy Leone Sumo R - 2 R1 R2 ( Modern ) Rex Traviq Tribeca Vivio Concept SRD - 1 ( 1990 ) Fleet - X ( 1999 ) B11S ( 2003 ) B9 Scrambler ( 2003 ) R1e ( 2003 ) B5 TPH ( 2005 ) G4e ( 2007 ) Hybrid & Advanced Tourer ( 2009 , 2011 ) Viziv ( 2013 -- 15 ) Related Fuji Heavy Industries Subaru World Rally Team Subaru Rally Team USA Subaru of America Subaru of Indiana Automotive Subaru Industrial Power Products Subaru Tecnica International Wish Upon the Pleiades Wikimedia Commons has media related to Subaru engines . 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-1145734423051628775 | The Rifleman | The Rifleman - wikipedia The Rifleman Jump to : navigation , search The Rifleman Logo of The Rifleman , 1958 Genre Western Created by Arnold Laven Starring Chuck Connors Johnny Crawford Paul Fix Composer ( s ) Herschel Burke Gilbert Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 5 No. of episodes 168 ( list of episodes ) Production Producer ( s ) Levy - Gardner - Laven Arthur H. Nadel ( associate ) Running time 25 minutes Production company ( s ) Four Star Productions Distributor Peter Rodgers Organization Release Original network ABC Picture format Black - and - white Audio format Monaural Original release September 30 , 1958 -- April 8 , 1963 Chronology Related shows Law of the Plainsman External links Website The Rifleman is an American Western television program starring Chuck Connors as rancher Lucas McCain and Johnny Crawford as his son Mark McCain . It was set in the 1870s and 1880s in the fictional town of North Fork , New Mexico Territory . The show was filmed in black and white , in half - hour episodes . The Rifleman aired on ABC from September 30 , 1958 , to April 8 , 1963 , as a production of Four Star Television . It was one of the first prime time series on American television to show a widowed parent raising a child . The program was titled to reflect McCain 's use of a Winchester rifle , customized to allow repeated firing by cycling its lever action . He demonstrated this technique in the opening credits of every episode , as well as a second modification that allowed him to cycle the action with one hand . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Cast 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 2.3 Guest stars 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Opening credits 3.3 Rifle 3.4 Directing and writing 4 Reception 4.1 U.S. Nielsen ratings 5 Home media 6 Spin - offs and remakes 6.1 Law of the Plainsman ( 1959 ) 6.2 The Gambler Returns ( 1991 ) 6.3 2011 attempted remake 7 Merchandising 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Overview ( edit ) Main article : List of The Rifleman episodes Sammy Davis Jr. , Johnny Crawford , and Chuck Connors in 1962 . The series centers on Lucas McCain , a Union Civil War veteran and widower . McCain had been a lieutenant in the 11th Indiana Infantry Regiment , and he had received a battlefield commission at the Battle of Five Forks just before the end of the war . Having previously been a homesteader , McCain buys a ranch outside the fictitious town of North Fork , New Mexico Territory , in the pilot episode . He and his son Mark had come from Enid , Oklahoma , following the death of his wife when his son was six years old . Beverly Englander and Chuck Connors in the 1961 episode `` Lariat '' . The series was set during the 1880s ; a wooden plaque next to the McCain home states that the home was rebuilt by Lucas McCain and his son Mark in August 1881 . A common thread in the series is that people deserve a second chance ; Marshal Micah Torrance is a recovering alcoholic , and McCain gives a convict a job on his ranch in `` The Marshal '' . Royal Dano appeared in `` The Sheridan Story '' as a former Confederate soldier who is given a job on the McCain ranch and encounters General Philip Sheridan , the man who cost him his arm in battle . Learning why the man wants him dead , Sheridan arranges for medical care for his wounded former foe , quoting Abraham Lincoln 's last orders to `` ... bind up the nation 's wounds '' . McCain has human foibles . In `` Death Trap '' , an episode with Philip Carey as former gunman ( and old adversary ) Simon Battles , he is unwilling to believe the man has changed and become a doctor . It takes a gunfight ( with Battles fighting alongside him ) to make him admit he is wrong . In `` Two Ounces Of Tin '' , with Sammy Davis Jr. as Tip Corey ( a former circus trick - shot artist turned gunman ) , McCain angrily orders him off the ranch when he finds him demonstrating his skills to Mark . Corey suggests he is a hypocrite , because McCain has an equally deadly reputation in the Indian Territory of Oklahoma , where he first acquired the nickname `` the Rifleman '' , and where his wife had died in a smallpox epidemic . Cast ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Chuck Connors as Lucas McCain , a rancher , a Union Army veteran of the American Civil War , father , and widower Johnny Crawford as Mark McCain , Lucas 's son Paul Fix as Micah Torrance , marshal of North Fork , New Mexico Recurring ( edit ) Bill Quinn as Frank Sweeney , the North Fork Saloon bartender Patricia Blair as Mallory House hotel owner Lou Mallory Joe Higgins as blacksmith Nels Swenson Harlan Warde as banker John Hamilton Joan Taylor as general store owner Milly Scott Hope Summers as general store owner Hattie Denton John Harmon as hotel clerk Eddie Halstead Seven actors played the town doctor during the series ( usually known as `` Doc Burrage '' ) : Edgar Buchanan , Fay Roope , Rhys Williams , Jack Kruschen , Robert Burton , Ralph Moody and Bert Stevens . Several actors also played blacksmith Nels Swenson . Guest Stars ( edit ) More than 500 actors made guest appearances in more than 970 credited roles during the five - year run of the series . Guest stars included veteran actors : John Anderson , Richard Anderson , Whit Bissell , John Carradine , Lon Chaney , Jr. , Ellen Corby , Sammy Davis , Jr. , John Dehner , Jack Elam , Med Flory , Dabbs Greer , Rodolfo Hoyos , Jr. , L.Q. Jones , John Milford , Rex Holman , Agnes Moorehead , Denver Pyle , Lee Van Cleef , and Adam West , most appearing multiple times in different roles . Several then - newcomers also appeared in the series , including Claude Akins , James Coburn ( credited as `` Jim '' ) Mark Goddard , Dan Blocker , Dennis Hopper , Michael Landon , Warren Oates , Harry Dean Stanton , Robert Vaughn , Robert Culp , Martin Landau , and Richard Kiel . Notable people in other fields also made cameo appearances such as future baseball Hall of Famers Duke Snider and Don Drysdale , comedian Buddy Hackett and writer , director and producer Paul Mazursky . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) The series was created by Arnold Laven and developed by Sam Peckinpah , who would become a director of Western movies . Peckinpah , who wrote and directed many early episodes , based many characters and plots on his own childhood on a ranch . His insistence on violent realism and complex characterizations , as well as his refusal to sugarcoat the lessons he felt the Rifleman 's son needed to learn about life , put him at odds with the show 's producers at Four Star . Peckinpah left the show and created a short - lived series , The Westerner , with Brian Keith . Opening credits ( edit ) The opening theme at the beginning of each episode depicted McCain walking down the street of a town while rapid - firing his Winchester 44 - 40 1892 model rifle that had been modified at the trigger and lever . The rifle 's modification allowed McCain to fire the rifle only by hand pumping the lever , which had a pin imbedded in it to trip the weapon 's trigger . At various points during the series , episodes would show McCain deftly handling and shooting the rifle ambidextrously . Rifle ( edit ) Westerns were popular when The Rifleman premiered , and producers tried to find gimmicks to distinguish one show from another . The Rifleman 's gimmick was a modified Winchester Model 1892 rifle , with a large ring lever drilled and tapped for a set screw . The lever design allowed him to cock the rifle by spinning it around his hand . In addition , the screw could be positioned to depress the trigger every time he worked the lever , allowing for rapid fire , emptying the magazine in under five seconds during the opening credits on North Fork 's main street . The # 8 - 32 UNC trigger - trip screw pin was used in two configurations : with the screw head turned inside ( close to the trigger ) or , more often , outside the trigger guard with a locknut on the outside ( to secure its position ) . In some episodes , the screw was removed , when rapid - fire action was not required . When properly adjusted , the screw `` squeezed '' the trigger when the lever was fully closed . The rapid - fire mechanism was originally designed to keep Connors from puncturing his finger with the trigger as he quickly cycled the action of the rifle . With this modification , it was not necessary for Connors to pull the trigger for each shot and therefore he did not have to place his finger in harm 's way . The rifle may have appeared in every episode , but it was not always fired ; some plots did not require violent solutions ( for example , one involving Mark 's rigid new teacher ) . McCain attempts to solve as many problems as possible without resorting to shooting , yet still manages to kill 120 villains over the show 's five - year run . It is notable that McCain almost never carried a pistol . The rifle was an anachronism , as the show was set 12 years before John Browning designed any such rifle . The rifle used on the set of The Rifleman , an 1892 Winchester caliber . 44 - 40 carbine with a standard 20 - inch barrel , appeared with two different types of lever . The backwards , round - D - style loop was used in the early episodes . Sometimes the rifle McCain uses has a saddle ring ( the purpose of this ring is to allow the rider to tie the gun with a lanyard , to secure it in the scabbard ) . The lever style later changed to a flatter lever ( instead of the large loop ) with no saddle ring . McCain fires 12 shots from his rifle during the opening credits : seven shots in the first close - up and five more as the camera switches to another view . The blank cartridges are shorter than standard cartridges , so the magazine will hold more of the blanks . The soundtrack contained a dubbed 13th shot , to allow the firing to end with a section of the theme music . The rifle was chambered for the . 44 / 40 W.C.F. ( Winchester Center Fire ) cartridge , which was used in both revolvers and rifles . He could supposedly fire off his first round in three - tenths of a second , which certainly helped in a showdown . Rifle replica Gunsmith James S. Stembridge modified two Model 1892s for use in regular and close - up filming . In addition , a Spanish - made Gárate y Anitúa `` El Tigre '' lever action , a near - copy of the Model 1892 , was modified for use as a knockabout gun . The El Tigre is seen in scenes where the rifle is in a saddle scabbard and is not drawn ; and in stunts where the rifle was thrown to the ground , used as a club , or in any stunt where there was the possibility of damage to the original Winchester 1892s . These three rifles were the only ones used by Connors during the run of the series . The now - defunct Stembridge Gunsmiths provided the rifles and ammunition . Ammunition was quarter - load 5 - in - 1 blank cartridges containing smokeless powder , which did not produce the thick clouds of smoke the genuine black powder cartridges of the 1880s did . Most ( if not all ) of the sound effects for the rifle shots were dubbed , which is why the rifle sounded so different from the other gunshots on the show . The 1892 Winchester is a top - eject rifle ( opening the action by pushing the finger - lever forward moves the bolt rearward and thereby opens the top of the receiver ) . Loaded rounds or empty cases from the chamber eject straight up when the lever is pushed fully open ( forward ) . When Connors cycled the action by spinning the rifle to his side , the cartridge in the action could fall out . Therefore , the rifle was modified with a plunger , which would hold the round in place . The Winchester Model 1892 rifle was designed by John Moses Browning and , other than general appearance , it has nothing in common with earlier lever - action rifles using the same class of cartridges . The significant improvement was the addition of vertical lugs that securely lock the bolt and receiver when the gun fires . Winchester originally produced this gun from 1892 to 1941 ; total production was slightly over 1,000,000. 27 variations in five chamberings were made over the course of production , but the basic design was largely unaltered . As with the earlier Model 1873 , the light and handy Model 1892 was chambered for handgun cartridges , favored by many Westerners to simplify ammunition supply problems by using the same cartridge in both a handgun and a rifle . The Model 1892 was replaced by the Browning - designed Model 1894 , which also had an impressive manufacturing history , with over 7,000,000 produced ; it is still being produced to this day by a successor to Winchester . The Model 94 's popularity and long production history may be related to its being the first Winchester to be designed for the then - new `` smokeless '' powder . Directing and writing ( edit ) The pilot episode , `` The Sharpshooter '' , was originally telecast on CBS as part of Dick Powell 's Zane Grey Theatre on March 7 , 1958 ; it was repeated ( in edited form ) as the first episode of the series on ABC . The episode was written by Sam Peckinpah , and guest starred Dennis Hopper . Regulars on the program included Marshal Micah Torrance ( R.G. Armstrong was the original marshal for two episodes , the first and the fourth ) , Sweeney the bartender ( Bill Quinn ) , and a half - dozen other residents of North Fork ( played by Hope Summers , Joan Taylor , Patricia Blair , John Harmon , and Harlan Warde ) . Fifty - one episodes of the series were directed by Joseph H. Lewis ( director of 1950s Gun Crazy and known for his film noir style ) . Ida Lupino directed one episode , `` The Assault '' . Connors wrote several episodes . Robert Culp ( of CBS 's Trackdown , another Four Star - produced series ) , wrote one two - part episode , and Frank Gilroy wrote `` End of a Young Gun '' . Reception ( edit ) U.S. Nielsen ratings ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired Rank Rating Season premiere Season finale 40 September 30 , 1958 ( 1958 - 09 - 30 ) June 30 , 1959 ( 1959 - 06 - 30 ) 33.1 36 September 29 , 1959 ( 1959 - 09 - 29 ) May 31 , 1960 ( 1960 - 05 - 31 ) 13 27.5 34 September 27 , 1960 ( 1960 - 09 - 27 ) May 16 , 1961 ( 1961 - 05 - 16 ) 27 22.1 32 October 2 , 1961 ( 1961 - 10 - 02 ) May 7 , 1962 ( 1962 - 05 - 07 ) 28 22.3 5 26 October 1 , 1962 ( 1962 - 10 - 01 ) April 8 , 1963 ( 1963 - 04 - 08 ) Not in the Top 30 Home media ( edit ) MPI Home Video has released The Rifleman on DVD in Region 1 in a number of versions . It has released single - disc DVDs with five episodes ; from 2002 -- 2006 it released six sets , each with 20 episodes . The releases are random collections of episodes , rather than the original broadcast order . These releases are out of print , since MPI Home Video no longer owns the rights to the series . Levy - Gardner - Laven Productions , the original producer , is again the sole copyright owner of The Rifleman series . In late 2013 , Levy - Gardner - Laven Productions , Inc. announced it would be the only authorized outlet to offer for the very first time all 168 episodes of The Rifleman , the original series , newly restored and assembled in DVD box sets . The episodes will be released in sequential order , by season , in high quality boxed sets with exclusive special features . The first boxed set of all Season 1 episodes were made available on December 4 , 2013 for $69.95 . The second season was released on November 28 , 2014 . Season 3 was released on December 2 , 2015 . Season 4 was released on December 4 , 2016 . Season 5 was released on November 27 , 2017 . DVD Name Ep # Release Date The Complete First Season 40 December 4 , 2013 The Complete Second Season 36 November 28 , 2014 The Complete Third Season 34 December 2 , 2015 The Complete Fourth Season 32 December 4 , 2016 The Complete Fifth Season 26 November 27 , 2017 Spin - offs and remakes ( edit ) Law of the Plainsman ( 1959 ) ( edit ) The February 17 , 1959 episode of The Rifleman was a pilot for an NBC series , Law of the Plainsman , starring Michael Ansara as Marshal Sam Buckhart . In the episode `` The Indian '' , Buckhart comes to North Fork to look for Indians suspected of murdering a Texas Ranger and his family . He subsequently reappeared in `` The Raid '' . The Gambler Returns ( 1991 ) ( edit ) Chuck Connors briefly played the same character again in 1991 's The Gambler Returns : The Luck of the Draw , which featured a number of 1950s and 1960s television Western series leads reprising their roles in quick cameo appearances ( Gene Barry as Bat Masterson , Hugh O'Brian as Wyatt Earp , Jack Kelly as Bart Maverick , Clint Walker as Cheyenne Bodie , David Carradine as Kung Fu 's Caine ) . 2011 attempted remake ( edit ) In late 2011 , CBS announced plans to remake the original Rifleman series . Chris Columbus was slated to be the executive producer and direct , with Robert Levy , Steven Gardner , and Arthur Gardner ( related to original producers Levy - Gardner - Laven ) as executive producers . The remake project was canceled a few months later , without a pilot episode being made . Merchandising ( edit ) The TV show was also adapted into a comic book by Dan Spiegle , distributed by Dell Comics . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ In those episodes which Laven received director credit , the producers are credited as Levy and Gardner , only , as simultaneous producer and director credit was not then allowed . Jump up ^ Hume , Cyril . The Rifleman , Episode 1 / 16 , first aired January 13 , 1959 Jump up ^ The Wyoming Story part 1 & 2 ( season 3 ) Jump up ^ Sheridan is quoting Lincoln 's Second Inaugural Address , specifically the final paragraph : `` With malice toward none , with charity for all , with firmness in the right as God gives us to see the right , let us strive on to finish the work we are in , to bind up the nation 's wounds , to care for him who shall have borne the battle and for his widow and his orphan , to do all which may achieve and cherish a just and lasting peace among ourselves and with all nations . '' ^ Jump up to : Thoresen , Lisbet . `` The Rifleman - Guest Stars '' . therifleman.net . Retrieved August 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Michael Piccione ( July 12 , 2012 ) . `` The Rifleman 's Winchester and Little Joe Cartwright 's Colt go up for auction '' . Daily Caller . Retrieved March 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mike DiMuzio ( April 22 , 2008 ) . `` The Rifleman 's Rifle '' . tv.com . Retrieved March 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ The Legendary Rifle : A Closer Look Jump up ^ http://www.northforkproduction.com/theriflemanchuckconnors/ Jump up ^ http://www.riflemanconnors.com/Rifle/Ed/ed3.html ^ Jump up to : Thoresen . `` The Rifleman - Program History '' . therifleman.net . Retrieved August 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ http://www.therifleman.net/general-merchandise/ Jump up ^ Official ' Season 1 ' AVAILABLE TODAY ! Cost , Extras , Packaging Jump up ^ Release Date for ' The Official Season 2 : Episodes 41 -- 76 ' on DVD Jump up ^ New Date , Cost , Details , Cover Art for ' The Official Season 3 : Episodes 77 - 110 ' Jump up ^ Chuck Connors Stars in the Next - to - Last Season ... on DVD Soon ! Jump up ^ The Rifleman - ' Season 4 ' Pre-Orders TOMORROW ... Ship Date Announced ! The next - to - last season of the legendary Chuck Connors show ships in 2 weeks ! Jump up ^ The Rifleman - Release Date Announced for ' The Official Season 5 : Episodes 143 - 168 ' ... The Final Season ! Available for pre-order on Thanksgiving day , and shipping on Cyber Monday ... exclusively from TheRifleman.net ! Jump up ^ The Rifleman Episode Guide List Jump up ^ Littleton , Cynthia ( November 8 , 2011 ) . `` CBS developing ' Rifleman ' remake '' . Variety . Retrieved August 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hank , Melissa ( November 10 , 2011 ) . `` ' The Rifleman ' remake on the way '' . TV Guide . Retrieved August 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( August 21 , 2012 ) . `` David Mamet to Reboot ' Have Gun - Will Travel ' for CBS '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved April 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ https://www.lambiek.net/artists/s/spiegle_d.htm Further reading ( edit ) Christopher Sharrett , The Rifleman ( TV Milestones Series ) , Wayne State University Press , 2005 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Rifleman . Official website The Rifleman on IMDb The Rifleman at TV.com The Rifleman at epguides.com The Rifleman 's Rifle The Rifleman 's Rifle demonstration on YouTube.com Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Rifleman&oldid=831046322 '' Categories : 1958 American television series debuts 1963 American television series endings 1950s American television series 1960s American television series American Broadcasting Company network shows Black - and - white television programs Television series by Four Star Television Television shows set in New Mexico Western ( genre ) television series English - language television programs Television programs adapted into comics Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from June 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Italiano 日本 語 Português Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Edit links This page was last edited on 18 March 2018 , at 12 : 16 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what kind of rifle did the rifleman carry | [
"The program was titled to reflect McCain's use of a Winchester rifle, customized to allow repeated firing by cycling its lever action. He demonstrated this technique in the opening credits of every episode, as well as a second modification that allowed him to cycle the action with one hand."
] | [
"a Winchester rifle"
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-2353029178083370761 | Virginia gubernatorial election, 2017 | Virginia gubernatorial election , 2017 - wikipedia Virginia gubernatorial election , 2017 Jump to : navigation , search Virginia gubernatorial election , 2017 ← 2013 November 7 , 2017 2021 → Turnout 47 % ( voting eligible ) Nominee Ralph Northam Ed Gillespie Party Democratic Republican Popular vote 1,409,175 1,175,731 Percentage 53.9 % 45.0 % Virginia gubernatorial election results map . Blue denotes counties / independent cities won by Northam . Red denotes those won by Gillespie . Northam 40 - 50 % 50 - 60 % 60 - 70 % 70 - 80 % 80 - 90 % Gillespie 40 - 50 % 50 - 60 % 60 - 70 % 70 - 80 % 80 - 90 % Governor before election Terry McAuliffe Democratic Elected Governor Ralph Northam Democratic Elections in Virginia Federal government ( show ) Presidential elections 1788 - 89 1792 1796 1800 1804 1808 1812 1816 1820 1824 1828 1832 1836 1840 1844 1848 1852 1856 1860 1872 1876 1880 1884 1888 1892 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1916 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1940 1944 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 Presidential primaries Democratic 2008 Republican 2008 2012 U.S. Senate elections 1922 1924 1928 1930 1934 1936 1940 1942 1946 1948 1952 1954 1958 1960 1964 1966 1970 1972 1976 1978 1982 1984 1988 1990 1994 2000 2002 2006 2008 2012 2014 2018 U.S. House elections 1920 1922 1924 1926 1928 1930 1932 1934 1936 1938 1940 1942 1944 1946 1948 1950 1952 1954 1956 1958 1960 1962 1964 1966 1968 1970 1972 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1998 2000 2002 2006 2008 2012 2014 2016 2018 Special elections U.S. Senate , 1920 U.S. Senate , 1933 U.S. Senate , 1946 U.S. Senate , 1966 1st congressional district , 2007 State government ( show ) Gubernatorial elections 1851 1855 1859 1863 ( Confederate ) 1863 ( Union ) 1869 1873 1877 1881 1885 1889 1893 1897 1901 1905 1909 1913 1917 1921 1925 1929 1933 1937 1941 1945 1949 1953 1957 1961 1965 1969 1973 1977 1981 1985 1989 2005 2009 2013 2017 Lieutenant Governor elections 2013 2017 Attorney General elections 2005 2013 2017 House of Delegates elections 2009 2017 Other elections 1989 1999 2003 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 Ballot measures ( show ) 1970 1972 1976 1977 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1998 2000 2002 2006 2012 2014 2016 2016 Fairfax County Meals Tax Referendum Richmond ( show ) Mayoral elections 2016 City Council elections 2016 The Virginia gubernatorial election of 2017 was held on November 7 , 2017 . The incumbent governor , Democrat Terry McAuliffe , was not eligible to run for re-election due to term limits established by the Virginia Constitution . Virginia is the only state that prohibits its governor from serving consecutive terms . Primary elections took place on June 13 , 2017 . Virginia utilizes an open primary , in which registered voters are allowed to vote in either party 's primary election . The Democratic Party nominated Ralph Northam and the Republican Party nominated Ed Gillespie . The Libertarian Party nominated Clifford Hyra by convention on May 6 , 2017 . In the general election on November 7 , 2017 , Democratic nominee Ralph Northam defeated Republican nominee Ed Gillespie , winning by the largest margin for a Democrat since 1985 . Northam will become the 73rd governor of Virginia , and take office on January 13 , 2018 . The election had the highest voter turnout percentage in a Virginia gubernatorial election in twenty years with 47 % of the state 's constituency casting their ballot . Contents ( hide ) 1 Democratic primary 1.1 Declared 1.2 Declined 1.3 Endorsements 1.4 Polling 1.5 Results 2 Republican primary 2.1 Declared 2.2 Failed to qualify 2.3 Withdrawn 2.4 Declined 2.5 Endorsements 2.6 Polling 2.7 Results 3 Libertarian convention 3.1 Candidates 3.1. 1 Nominee 3.1. 2 Withdrew 4 General election 4.1 Debates 4.2 Endorsements 4.3 Polling 4.3. 1 Polls 4.4 Fundraising 4.5 Results 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Democratic primary ( edit ) Declared ( edit ) Ralph Northam , Lieutenant Governor of Virginia Tom Perriello , former U.S. Representative Declined ( edit ) Gerry Connolly , U.S. Representative Mark Herring , Attorney General of Virginia ( running for re-election ) Brian Moran , Virginia Secretary of Public Safety , former State Delegate and candidate for governor in 2009 Endorsements ( edit ) ( show ) Tom Perriello Federal elected officials Bernie Sanders , U.S. Senator from Vermont Elizabeth Warren , U.S. Senator from Massachusetts Rosa DeLauro , U.S. Representative from Connecticut Local elected officials Ryan Sawyers , Chairman of the Prince William County School Board , Candidate for Virginia 's 1st congressional district in 2018 Individuals Khizr and Ghazala Khan , gold star family John Podesta , Columnist and former chairman of 2016 Hillary Clinton presidential campaign Neera Tanden , American domestic policy adviser and the president of the Center for American Progress Daniel Pfeiffer , former Senior Advisor to U.S. President Barack Obama for Strategy and Communications and co-host of progressive political podcast Pod Save America . David Plouffe , President Barack Obama 's 2008 campaign manager . Nancy - Ann DeParle , former White House Deputy Chief of Staff to U.S. President Barack Obama Jennifer Palmieri , former White House Director of Communications to U.S. President Barack Obama . Julianna Smoot , former White House Social Secretary to U.S. President Barack Obama . Cecilia Muñoz , former White House Director of the Domestic Policy Council to U.S. President Barack Obama . Patrick Gaspard , former United States Ambassador to South Africa and former White House Director of Political Affairs to U.S. President Barack Obama . Tina Tchen , former Chief of Staff to First Lady of the United States Michelle Obama . Amy Rosenbaum , former White House Director of Legislative Affairs to U.S. President Barack Obama . Jon Carson , former White House Director of the Office of Public Engagement to U.S. President Barack Obama . Christina Reynolds , former White House Director of Media Affairs to U.S. President Barack Obama . Teddy Goff , former Obama campaign Digital Director . Larry Grisolano , former Obama campaign Director of Paid Media . Valerie Jarrett , former Senior Advisor to the President and former Director of White House Office of Public Engagement and Intergovernmental Affairs to U.S. President Barack Obama . LuAnn Bennett , Democratic candidate for Virginia 's 10th congressional district in the 2016 election . Jon Lovett , Former speechwriter for Hillary Clinton and President Barack Obama and co-host of progressive political podcast Pod Save America Bill McKibben , environmental activist and founder of 350.org Mark Ruffalo , actor Dave Matthews , Musician John W. Boyd Jr. , President of the National Black Farmers Association Hannah Hart , internet personality Organizations Our Revolution , a progressive political action group spun off of the Bernie Sanders presidential campaign , 2016 People 's Action , a progressive group that advocates for the representation of everybody Progressive Change Campaign Committee , a PAC which focuses on building progressive power through advocacy campaigns for ' big ideas ' and campaigning for ' bold progressive ' candidates for office Climate Hawks Vote , a super-PAC that supports candidates who set climate change as a top priority on their agenda Friends of the Earth , an international network of environmental organizations in 74 countries . Newspapers Bristol Herald Courier The Roanoke Times Polling ( edit ) Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Ralph Northam Tom Perriello Other Undecided CSP Polling June 8 -- 11 , 2017 1642 ± 2.1 % 41 % 46 % -- 13 % Change Research June 8 -- 10 , 2017 919 ± 3.1 % 46 % 54 % -- -- Hampton University June 1 -- 6 , 2017 750 ± 4.2 % 21 % 29 % -- 50 % HaystaqDNA ( Internal Perriello Poll ) June 1 -- 6 , 2017 455 -- 36 % 37 % -- 29 % Garin - Hart - Yang ( Internal Northam Poll ) May 15 -- 17 , 2017 601 ± 4.0 % 50 % 33 % -- 17 % Washington Post-Schar School May 9 -- 14 , 2017 351 ± 6.0 % 38 % 40 % -- 18 % Virginia Education Association / Public Policy Polling May 9 -- 10 , 2017 745 ± 3.6 % 45 % 35 % -- 21 % Virginia Education Association / Public Policy Polling April 13 -- 14 , 2017 586 ± 4.1 % 42 % 28 % -- 30 % Quinnipiac University April 6 -- 10 , 2017 483 ± 4.5 % 20 % 25 % 1 % 51 % Christopher Newport University March 16 -- 26 , 2017 391 ± 5.4 % 26 % 26 % 3 % 45 % Quinnipiac University February 10 -- 15 , 2017 462 ± 4.6 % 19 % 19 % 3 % 61 % Christopher Newport University January 15 -- 28 , 2017 464 ± 4.8 % 15 % 26 % 1 % 58 % Hypothetical polling Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Mark Herring Ralph Northam Other Undecided Public Policy Polling July 13 -- 15 , 2015 409 ± 4.9 % 33 % 9 % -- 58 % Results ( edit ) Results by county : Ralph Northam Tom Perriello Democratic primary results Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Ralph Northam 303,846 55.92 % Democratic Tom Perriello 239,505 44.08 % Total votes 543,351 100.00 % Republican primary ( edit ) Declared ( edit ) Ed Gillespie , former chairman of the Republican National Committee and nominee for the U.S. Senate in 2014 Corey Stewart , chairman of the Prince William Board of County Supervisors and candidate for lieutenant governor in 2013 Frank Wagner , State Senator Failed to qualify ( edit ) Emmanuel Peter , bishop Withdrawn ( edit ) Denver Riggleman , businessman Rob Wittman , U.S. Representative Declined ( edit ) Bill Bolling , former Lieutenant Governor of Virginia Eric Cantor , former Majority Leader of the United States House of Representatives Ken Cuccinelli , former Attorney General of Virginia and nominee for governor in 2013 Randy Forbes , former U.S. Representative Tom Garrett Jr. , U.S. Representative Shak Hill , financial consultant and candidate for the U.S. Senate in 2014 Jeff McWaters , former State Senator Mark Obenshain , State Senator and nominee for attorney general in 2013 Pete Snyder , technology executive and candidate for lieutenant governor in 2013 Endorsements ( edit ) ( show ) Corey Stewart National Figures Bay Buchanan , former United States Treasurer Military Figures LTC Louis E Dorfman , III , Purple Heart Recipient State Figures Cynthia Dunbar , Committeewoman of the Republican National Committee for Virginia Organization Virginia Citizens Defense League , pro-gun organization Tea Party Nation , conservative group ( show ) Frank Wagner Newspapers The Washington Post Notable People John Watkins , former State Senator Elwood Sanders , attorney , contributor to Virginia Right ! Polling ( edit ) Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Ed Gillespie Corey Stewart Frank Wagner Rob Wittman Other Undecided Change Research June 8 -- 10 , 2017 919 ± 3.1 % 41 % 42 % 16 % -- -- -- Washington Post-Schar School May 9 -- 14 , 2017 264 ± 7.0 % 38 % 18 % 15 % -- -- 24 % Quinnipiac University April 6 -- 10 , 2017 435 ± 4.7 % 28 % 12 % 7 % -- 2 % 51 % Christopher Newport University March 16 -- 26 , 2017 349 ± 5.7 % 38 % 11 % 10 % -- 3 % 38 % Quinnipiac University February 10 -- 15 , 2017 419 ± 4.8 % 24 % 7 % 2 % -- 6 % 59 % Christopher Newport University January 15 -- 28 , 2017 418 ± 5.0 % 33 % 7 % 9 % -- 3 % 48 % Quinnipiac University December 6 -- 11 , 2016 451 ± 4.6 % 24 % 4 % 4 % 10 % -- 57 % Public Opinion Strategies September 18 -- 21 , 2016 800 ± 3.5 % 38 % 5 % 4 % 12 % -- 40 % Public Policy Polling June 13 -- 15 , 2016 1,032 ± 3.1 % 29 % 13 % -- 16 % -- 41 % Hypothetical polling Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Bill Bolling Eric Cantor Ken Cuccinelli Ed Gillespie Mark Obenshain Pete Snyder Undecided Public Policy Polling July 13 -- 15 , 2015 502 4.4 % 8 % 16 % 37 % 8 % 7 % 1 % 23 % Results ( edit ) Results by county : Ed Gillespie Corey Stewart Republican primary results Party Candidate Votes % Republican Ed Gillespie 160,100 43.7 % Republican Corey Stewart 155,780 42.5 % Republican Frank Wagner 50,394 13.8 % Total votes 366,274 100.0 % Libertarian convention ( edit ) Candidates ( edit ) Nominee ( edit ) Cliff Hyra , the Libertarian nominee Cliff Hyra , attorney Withdrew ( edit ) Jason Carrier General election ( edit ) The race had been closely watched by national observers . For Republicans , National Review wrote that Gillespie 's campaign was an important example of whether and how mainstream Republican politics can produce victories in a purple state in the `` era of Trumpism '' , and said that the outcome would affect Republican strategies in future races . Democrats have stated a view that the election is a test of whether the party can find its way after losing the 2016 presidential election and several subsequent special elections . NBC News reported that Northam was the `` hand - picked '' choice of outgoing Governor Terry McAuliffe , and that McAuliffe 's legacy and potential 2020 presidential aspirations depended on Northam winning the election . Debates ( edit ) After the primaries , Gillespie challenged Northam to ten debates , but only three were held . The first debate was hosted by the Virginia Bar Association on July 22 in Hot Springs , Virginia . The second was held on September 19 , hosted by the Northern Virginia Chamber of Commerce in Tysons Corner , Virginia , and televised statewide by NBC - affiliated TV stations . The third and final debate was held on October 9 at University of Virginia 's College at Wise in Wise , Virginia . Complete video of second debate , September 19 , 2017 . Complete video of third debate , October 9 , 2017 . Endorsements ( edit ) ( show ) Ed Gillespie Presidents of the United States George W. Bush , 43rd President of The United States Donald Trump , 45th President of The United States Vice Presidents of the United States Mike Pence , 48th Vice President of the United States U.S. Cabinet and U.S. Cabinet - level Officials Steve Bannon , former White House Chief Strategist Nikki Haley , 29th U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations and former Governor of South Carolina Condoleezza Rice , 66th United States Secretary of State and former National Security Advisor U.S. Senators George Allen , former Governor of Virginia and former U.S. Senator ( R - VA ) Tom Cotton , U.S. Senator ( R - AR ) Ted Cruz , U.S. Senator ( R - TX ) Rob Portman , U.S. Senator ( R - OH ) Marco Rubio , U.S. Senator ( R - FL ) Tim Scott , U.S. Senator ( R - SC ) John Warner , former U.S. Senator ( R - VA ) U.S. Representatives Barbara Comstock , U.S. Representative ( R - VA ) Bob Goodlatte , U.S. Representative ( R - VA ) Morgan Griffith , U.S. Representative ( R - VA ) Randy Forbes , former U.S. Representative ( R - VA ) Robert Hurt , former U.S. Representative Frank Wolf , former U.S. Representative ( R - VA ) Newt Gingrich ( R - GA ) , former Speaker of the United States House of Representatives U.S. Governors Matt Bevin , Governor of Kentucky Doug Ducey , Governor of Arizona Jim Gilmore , former Governor of Virginia Eric Greitens , Governor of Missouri Larry Hogan , Governor of Maryland Susana Martinez , Governor of New Mexico Bob McDonnell , former Governor of Virginia Mitt Romney , former Governor of Massachusetts and Republican nominee for President of the United States in 2012 Chris Sununu , Governor of New Hampshire Scott Walker , Governor of Wisconsin Statewide politicians John H. Hager , former Lieutenant Governor of Virginia Jerry Kilgore , former Attorney General and nominee for governor in 2005 Virginia State Senators Dick Black , State Senator Bill Carrico , State Senator Ben Chafin , State Senator Amanda Chase , State Senator John Cosgrove , State Senator Bill DeSteph , State Senator Siobhan Dunnavant , State Senator Emmett Hanger , State Senator Ryan McDougle , State Senator Jeff McWaters , State Senator Stephen Newman , State Senator Tommy Norment , Majority Leader of the Virginia Senate Mark Obenshain , State Senator and nominee for Attorney General in 2013 Mark Peake , State Senator Bryce Reeves , State Senator Frank Ruff , State Senator Ralph Smith , former State Senator Bill Stanley , State Senator Richard Stuart , State Senator Glen Sturtevant , State Senator David Suetterlein , State Senator Jill Vogel , State Senator , and 2017 Republican nominee for Lieutenant Governor Frank Wagner , State Senator Virginia State Delegates Les Adams , State Delegate Dave Albo , State Delegate Rich Anderson , State Delegate Terry Austin , State Delegate Richard Bell , State Delegate Kathy Byron , State Delegate Jeff Campbell , State Delegate Ben Cline , State Delegate Mark Cole , State Delegate Chris Collins , State Delegate Kirk Cox , Majority Leader of the Virginia House of Delegates Glenn Davis , State Delegate Mark Dudenhefer , State Delegate James Edmunds , State Delegate Matt Fariss , State Delegate Peter Farrell , State Delegate Buddy Fowler , State Delegate Scott Garrett , State Delegate Todd Gilbert , State Delegate Tag Greason , State Delegate Chris Head , State Delegate Gordon Helsel , State Delegate Keith Hodges , State Delegate William Howell , Speaker of the Virginia House of Delegates Tim Hugo , State Delegate Riley Ingram , State Delegate Chris Jones , State Delegate Terry Kilgore , State Delegate Barry Knight , State Delegate Steve Landes , State Delegate Dave LaRock , State Delegate James LeMunyon , State Delegate Jay Leftwich , State Delegate Scott Lingamfelter , State Delegate and candidate for lieutenant governor in 2013 Manoli Loupassi , State Delegate Danny Marshall , State Delegate Jimmie Massie , State Delegate Jackson Miller , State Delegate Randy Minchew , State Delegate Jason Miyares , State Delegate Will Morefield , State Delegate John O'Bannon , State Delegate Israel O'Quinn , State Delegate Bobby Orrock , State Delegate Todd Pillion , State Delegate Brenda Pogge , State Delegate Charles Poindexter , State Delegate David Ramadan , former State Delegate Margaret Ransone , State Delegate Roxann Robinson , State Delegate Chris Stolle , State Delegate Ron Villanueva , State Delegate Lee Ware , State Delegate Michael Webert , State Delegate Tony Wilt , State Delegate Joseph Yost , State Delegate Local officeholders Jessica Abbott , Virginia Beach Councilwoman Preston Banks , Manassas Park City Councilmember Sheryl Bass , Manassas City Councilmember Sam Boone , Chesapeake School Board Member Tony Buffington , Loudoun County Supervisor David Bushey , Middlesex County Sheriff Scott Cameron , Director of the Northern Virginia Soil and Water Conservation Board Thomas Cannella , Poquoson Councilman Mike Chapman , Loudoun County Sheriff Bill Cleveland , former Alexandria City Mayor John Cook , Fairfax County Supervisor Trevor Craddock , Craig County Sheriff Christie Craig , Chesapeake School Board Member Lonnie Craig , Chesapeake Councilman David Decatur , Stafford County Sheriff Robert Deeds , Sheriff of Williamsburg & James City County Willie Deutsch , Prince William County School Board Member Danny Diggs , Sheriff of Poquoson & York County Bobby Dyer , Virginia Beach Councilman Frank Fannon , former Alexandria City Councilmember Jim Fisher , Fauquier County Commonwealth 's Attorney Dave Foster , former Arlington County School Board Member John Frey , Fairfax County Clerk of Court Michael Frey , former Fairfax County Supervisor Chip Harding , Albemarle County Sheriff Roger Harris , Spotsylvania County Sheriff Pat Herrity , Fairfax County Supervisor Geary Higgins , Loudoun County Supervisor Glendell Hill , Prince William County Sheriff David Hines , Hanover County Sheriff Jeanette Hough , Fairfax County School Board Member Robert Ike , Chesapeake Councilman Milton John , former Prince William County School Board Chairman Frank Jones , former Manassas Park City Mayor Alan Krasnoff , Mayor of Chesapeake Colleen Leary , Chesapeake School Board Member Karl Leonard , Chesterfield County Sheriff Matthew Letourneau , Loudoun County Supervisor Ian Lovejoy , Manassas City Councilmember Wendy Maurer , Stafford County Supervisor Ron Meyer , Loudoun County Supervisor Bob Mosier , Fauquier County Sheriff John Moss , Virginia Beach Councilman Jim O'Sullivan , Chesapeake City Sheriff Hal Parrish , Mayor of Manassas Jim Plowman , Loudoun County Commonwealth 's Attorney Victoria Proffitt , Chesapeake School Board Member Patty Reed , Former Fairfax County School Board Member Debbie Ritter , Chesapeake Councilwoman Sue Sadler , James City County Supervisor Elizabeth Schultz , Fairfax County School Board Member Will Sessoms , Mayor of Virginia Beach Suzanne Sloane , Fauquier County School Board Member Gary Snellings , Stafford County Supervisor Colin Stolle , Virginia Beach Commonwealth 's Attorney Ken Stolle , Virginia Beach City Sheriff Steve Stombres , former Fairfax City Mayor Louis Tayon , Chesapeake School Board Bob Thomas , Stafford County Supervisor Mike Wade , Henrico County Sheriff Jonathan Way , former Manassas City Vice Mayor Rick West , Vice Mayor of Chesapeake Tom Wilson , Fairfax County School Board Member Patrice Winter , former Fairfax City Councilmember Pat Woodbury , Newport News Councilwoman Sandra Young , James City County School Board Member Benny Zhang , Williamsburg Councilman Party officials and individuals Donald Trump Jr. , businessman and television personality Eric Trump , businessman and television personality Ronna Romney McDaniel , Chair of the Republican National Committee Susan Allen , former First Lady of Virginia Ward Burton , conservation advocate and Daytona 500 winner Carly Fiorina , former CEO of Hewlett - Packard and Republican nominee in United States Senate election in California , 2010 Hugh Hewitt , radio talk show host Avery Pereira , entrepreneur Pete Snyder , entrepreneur Sean Spicer , former White House Press Secretary Jo Thoburn , Chair of the Virginia 10th Congressional District Republican Committee Corey Stewart , chairman of the Prince William Board of County Supervisors Paris Dennard , politician strategist Organizations Associated Builders and Contractors Bikers for Trump Citizens for Responsible Energy Solutions Michigan Republican Party National Federation of Independent Businesses National Right to Life Committee Northern Virginia Chamber of Commerce Virginia Police Benevolent Association Virginia Farm Bureau Federation Virginia Fraternal Order of Police Virginia Retailers and Merchants Association Newspapers Bluefield Daily Telegraph The Daily Progress The Free Lance -- Star National Review Richmond Times - Dispatch Sun Gazette The Winchester Star ( show ) Cliff Hyra Organizations Constitution Party of Virginia ( withdrawn ) Notable People Wes Benedict , Libertarian Party activist and official , author of Introduction to the Libertarian Party Robert Sarvis , attorney , Libertarian nominee for governor in 2013 , Libertarian nominee for United States Senate in 2014 Bob Shannon , founder of the King William Tea Party ( show ) Ralph Northam Presidents of The United States Barack Obama , 44th President of The United States Vice Presidents of the United States Joe Biden , 47th Vice President of the United States U.S. Cabinet and U.S. Cabinet - level Officials Hillary Clinton , former United States Secretary of State and Democratic nominee for President of the United States in 2016 Chris Lu , former United States Deputy Secretary of Labor U.S. Senators Tim Kaine , U.S. Senator ( D - VA ) , former governor , and Democratic nominee for Vice President of the United States in 2016 Mark Warner , U.S. Senator ( D - VA ) and former governor Cory Booker , U.S. Senator ( D - NJ ) Kamala Harris , U.S. Senator ( D - CA ) Catherine Cortez Masto , U.S. Senator ( D - NV ) Al Franken , U.S. Senator ( D - MN ) U.S. Representatives Don Beyer , U.S. Representative ( D - VA ) and former Lieutenant Governor Keith Ellison , U.S. Representative ( D - MN ) and Deputy Chair of the Democratic National Committee Donald McEachin , U.S. Representative ( D - VA ) Bobby Scott , U.S. Representative ( D - VA ) Gabrielle Giffords , former U.S. Representative ( D - AZ ) U.S. Governors Terry McAuliffe , Governor of Virginia Howard Dean , former Governor of Vermont Statewide officeholders Mark Herring , Attorney General of Virginia Alison Lundergan Grimes , Secretary of State of Kentucky Virginia State Senators George Barker , State Senator Rosalyn Dance , State Senator Creigh Deeds , State Senator , nominee for attorney general in 2005 and nominee for governor in 2009 Adam Ebbin , State Senator John Edwards , State Senator Barbara Favola , State Senator Janet Howell , State Senator Lynwood Lewis , State Senator Mamie Locke , State Senator Louise Lucas , State Senator Dave Marsden , State Senator Monty Mason , State Senator Jennifer McClellan , State Senator Granger MacFarlane , former State Senator Jeremy McPike , State Senator Chap Petersen , State Senator Lionell Spruill , State Senator Scott Surovell , State Senator Jennifer Wexton , State Senator Mary Margaret Whipple , former State Senator Virginia State Delegates Lashrecse Aird , State Delegate Lamont Bagby , State Delegate John Bell , State Delegate Jennifer Boysko , State Delegate David Bulova , State Delegate Betsy Carr , State Delegate Richard Cranwell , former Majority Leader of the Virginia House of Delegates and former Chair of the Democratic Party of Virginia Eileen Filler - Corn , State Delegate Cliff Hayes Jr , State Delegate Steve Heretick , State Delegate Charniele Herring , State Delegate Daun Hester , State Delegate Patrick Hope , State Delegate Matthew James , State Delegate Mark Keam , State Delegate Kaye Kory , State Delegate Paul Krizek , State Delegate Rob Krupicka , former State Delegate Mark Levine , State Delegate Joseph Lindsey , State Delegate Alfonso Lopez , State Delegate Delores McQuinn , State Delegate Mike Mullin , State Delegate Kathleen Murphy , State Delegate Ken Plum , State Delegate Marcia Price , State Delegate Sam Rasoul , State Delegate Dick Saslaw , Minority Leader of the Virginia Senate Mark Sickles , State Delegate Marcus Simon , State Delegate David Speck , former State Delegate and former Alexandria City Councilman Rip Sullivan , State Delegate Luke Torian , State Delegate David Toscano , Minority Leader of the Virginia House of Delegates Roslyn Tyler , State Delegate Jeion Ward , State Delegate Vivian Watts , State Delegate Local officeholders Muriel Bowser , Mayor of Washington D.C. Wendy Davis , former Texas state senator and nominee for Governor of Texas in 2014 Tim Allen , Roanoke Sheriff Willie Bailey , Sr. , Alexandria City Councilman Wes Bellamy , Vice-Mayor of Charlottesville James Brown , Charlottesville Sheriff John Chapman , Alexandria City Councilman Jane Dittmar , former chair of the Albemarle County Board of Supervisors and nominee for VA - 05 in 2016 Todd Divers , Charlottesville Commissioner of Revenue Kerry Donley , former Mayor of Alexandria and former Chair of the Democratic Party of Virginia Bill Euille , former Mayor of Alexandria Karen Graf , Alexandria School Board member Nancy Horn , Roanoke County Commissioner of Revenue Dana Lawhorne , Alexandria Sheriff Sherman Lea , Mayor of Roanoke Tim Lovain , Alexandria City Councilman Andria McClellan , Norfolk City Councilwoman Steve McGraw , Roanoke County Clerk of Court Del Pepper , Alexandria City Councilwoman Bryan Porter , Alexandria Commonwealth Attorney Anita Price , Vice Mayor of Roanoke Lonnie Rich , former Alexandria City Councilman and former Chair of the Alexandria Democratic Committee Ed Semonian , Alexandria Clerk of the Court Allison Silberberg , Mayor of Alexandria Mike Signer , Mayor of Charlottesville Paul Smedberg , Alexandria City Councilman and former Chair of the Alexandria Democratic Committee Levar Stoney , Mayor of Richmond and former Secretary of the Commonwealth of Virginia Kristin Szakos , Charlottesville City Councilwoman David Trinkle , Roanoke City Councilman Justin Wilson , Vice Mayor of Alexandria Andrew Gillum , Mayor of Tallahassee Party officials and individuals Mark Ruffalo , actor Patton Oswalt , actor Piper Perabo , actress Alyssa Milano , actress and activist Greg Louganis , former Olympic swimmer and activist Susan Cloeter , chair of the Roanoke County Democratic Committee Stephanie Schriock , President of EMILY 's List John W. Douglass , retired Air Force Brigadier General , former Assistant Secretary of the Navy and nominee for VA - 05 in 2012 Joe Fitzgerald , former chair of the Virginia 6th Congressional District Democratic Committee Lori Haas , Virginia State Director of the Coalition to Stop Gun Violence Mike Hamlar , political activist and 2015 State Senate candidate Dak Hardwick , former chair of the Alexandria Democratic Committee Lisa Hystad , chairwoman of the Virginia 5th Congressional District Democratic Committee Susan Kellom , former Chair of the Alexandria Democratic Committee Derek Kitts , nominee for VA - 09 in 2016 Clark Mercer , former Chair of the Alexandria Democratic Committee Pat Mulloy , Democratic Party of Virginia Central Committee member Bill Ney , Chair of the Virginia 6th Congressional District Democratic Committee Charles Price , Executive Director of the Harrison Museum of African American History Adam Parkhomenko , political strategist Isaac Sarver , Chair of the Virginia 9th Congressional District Democratic Committee Jaime Harrison , Chair of the South Carolina Democratic Party Organizations American Federation of Teachers Americans for Responsible Solutions American Muslim Women PAC Brady Campaign to Prevent Gun Violence CASA in Action Coalition to Stop Gun Violence Clean Water Action Equality Virginia EmgagePAC Human Rights Campaign Humane Dominion Laborers ' International Union of North America LGBT Democrats of Virginia NARAL Pro-Choice America NARAL Pro-Choice Virginia National Black Farmers Association NPE Action Newton Action Alliance VoteVets.org Planned Parenthood Advocates of Virginia Pride Fund to End Gun Violence Virginia AFL - CIO Virginia Credit Union League Virginia House Democratic Caucus Virginia Education Association Virginia League of Conservation Voters Virginia National Organization for Women Virginia Professional Fire Fighters Virginia Senate Democratic Caucus Virginia Sierra Club Virginia Transportation Construction Alliance Newspapers Daily Press Falls Church News - Press Richmond Free Press The Virginian - Pilot The Washington Post ( show ) Declined to endorse Elected officials Bernie Sanders , U.S. Senator from Vermont Douglas Wilder , former Governor of Virginia Organizations Our Revolution Newspapers Bristol Herald Courier Polling ( edit ) Polls for the general election have varied significantly , ranging from a 17 - point lead for Ralph Northam on one end to an 8 - point lead for Ed Gillespie on the other end , with most polls showing the race within or close to the margin of error . Politico reported that the wide variation in polling numbers was likely due to differences in methodology among the polls . Polls tightened significantly in the last two weeks of the campaign , with several showing the race tied or within the margin of error . Polls ( edit ) Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Ralph Northam ( D ) Ed Gillespie ( R ) Cliff Hyra ( L ) Other Undecided FOX News November 2 -- 5 , 2017 1,239 LV ± 2.5 % 48 % 43 % 3 % 1 % 7 % 1,450 RV 45 % 41 % 3 % 1 % 9 % The Polling Company ( R ) November 2 -- 5 , 2017 800 ± 3.5 % 45 % 44 % 3 % -- 4 % 47 % 46 % -- -- 4 % Monmouth University November 2 -- 5 , 2017 713 ± 3.7 % 47 % 45 % 3 % 1 % 5 % IMGE Insights ( R ) November 1 -- 5 , 2017 800 ± 3.5 % 48 % 47 % -- -- -- Change Research November 1 -- 5 , 2017 3,648 ± 2.8 % 52 % 46 % 2 % -- 0 % Quinnipiac University October 30 -- November 5 , 2017 1,056 ± 3.9 % 51 % 42 % 3 % -- 4 % Emerson College November 2 -- 4 , 2017 810 ± 3.4 % 49 % 46 % 1 % -- 4 % Christopher Newport University October 29 -- November 4 , 2017 839 ± 3.5 % 51 % 45 % 2 % -- 2 % Rasmussen Reports October 31 -- November 3 , 2017 875 ± 3.5 % 45 % 45 % 2 % 2 % 6 % Gravis Marketing October 30 -- November 3 , 2017 1,143 ± 2.9 % 48 % 43 % 3 % -- 6 % 0ptimus ( R ) November 1 -- 2 , 2017 1,600 ± 2.4 % 37 % 40 % -- -- 23 % Trafalgar Group ( R ) October 31 -- November 2 , 2017 1,200 ± 3.3 % 49 % 48 % 1 % -- 2 % The Polling Company ( R ) October 30 -- November 2 , 2017 800 ± 3.5 % 43 % 45 % 2 % -- 7 % 43 % 46 % -- -- 7 % Upshot / Siena College October 29 -- November 2 , 2017 985 ± 3.0 % 43 % 40 % 2 % -- 14 % Roanoke College October 29 -- November 2 , 2017 781 ± 3.5 % 47 % 47 % 3 % -- 3 % Suffolk University October 30 -- November 1 , 2017 500 ± 4.4 % 47 % 43 % 2 % -- 6 % Washington Post / Schar School October 26 -- 29 , 2017 921 LV ± 4.0 % 49 % 44 % 4 % -- 3 % 1,000 RV ± 3.5 % 46 % 39 % 5 % -- 5 % Quinnipiac University October 25 -- 29 , 2017 916 ± 4.2 % 53 % 36 % 3 % -- 7 % The Polling Company ( R ) October 24 -- 26 , 2017 600 LV ± 4.0 % 44 % 44 % 3 % -- 7 % October 23 -- 26 , 2017 800 LV ± 3.5 % 43 % 45 % -- -- 9 % Christopher Newport University October 20 -- 25 , 2017 812 ± 3.8 % 50 % 43 % 3 % -- 4 % Plural Vote October 15 -- 25 , 2017 397 ± 4.9 % 49 % 46 % 5 % -- -- Hampton University October 18 -- 22 , 2017 750 ± 4.2 % 33 % 41 % -- -- 27 % FOX News October 15 -- 17 , 2017 697 LV ± 3.5 % 49 % 42 % 1 % 2 % 5 % 815 RV ± 3.0 % 45 % 42 % 2 % 2 % 6 % Quinnipiac University October 12 -- 17 , 2017 1,088 ± 3.7 % 53 % 39 % 2 % -- 5 % Monmouth University October 12 -- 16 , 2017 408 ± 4.9 % 47 % 48 % 3 % -- 3 % Christopher Newport University October 9 -- 13 , 2017 642 ± 4.2 % 48 % 44 % 3 % -- 5 % Roanoke College October 8 -- 13 , 2017 607 ± 4.0 % 50 % 44 % 2 % -- 4 % Emerson College October 5 -- 7 , 2017 318 ± 5.5 % 49 % 44 % 2 % -- 5 % Christopher Newport University October 2 -- 6 , 2017 928 ± 4.3 % 49 % 42 % 3 % -- 6 % Washington Post / Schar School September 28 -- October 2 , 2017 720 LV ± 4.5 % 53 % 40 % 4 % -- 2 % 1,000 RV ± 3.5 % 48 % 38 % 5 % -- 5 % Victoria Research ( D ) September 24 -- 28 , 2017 631 ± 4.2 % 46 % 44 % 3 % -- -- Monmouth University September 21 -- 25 , 2017 499 ± 4.4 % 49 % 44 % 2 % < 1 % 4 % Public Policy Polling September 21 -- 23 , 2017 849 ± 3.8 % 43 % 40 % 4 % -- 13 % Roanoke College September 16 -- 23 , 2017 596 ± 4.0 % 47 % 43 % 5 % -- 5 % Christopher Newport University September 12 -- 22 , 2017 776 ± 3.7 % 47 % 41 % 4 % -- 8 % FOX News September 17 -- 18 , 2017 500 LV ± 4.5 % 42 % 41 % 2 % 2 % 12 % 507 RV ± 4.0 % 42 % 38 % 2 % 2 % 13 % Quinnipiac University September 14 -- 18 , 2017 850 ± 4.2 % 51 % 41 % 3 % -- 5 % IMGE Insights ( R ) September 12 -- 18 , 2017 1,000 ± 3.8 % 45 % 41 % 4 % -- 10 % Suffolk University September 13 -- 17 , 2017 500 ± 4.4 % 42 % 42 % 3 % -- 12 % Mason - Dixon September 10 -- 15 , 2017 625 ± 4 % 44 % 43 % 2 % -- 11 % University of Mary Washington September 5 -- 12 , 2017 562 LV ± 5.2 % 44 % 39 % 3 % 1 % 11 % 867 RV ± 4.1 % 40 % 35 % 5 % -- 16 % Roanoke College August 12 -- 19 , 2017 599 ± 4.0 % 43 % 36 % 4 % -- 17 % Quinnipiac University August 3 -- 8 , 2017 1,082 ± 3.8 % 44 % 38 % 4 % 1 % 11 % Virginia Commonwealth University July 17 -- 25 , 2017 538 LV ± 5.1 % 42 % 37 % 6 % -- 13 % 707 RV ± 4.5 % 39 % 33 % 8 % -- 16 % Monmouth University July 20 -- 23 , 2017 502 ± 4.4 % 44 % 44 % 3 % < 1 % 9 % Quinnipiac University June 15 -- 20 , 2017 1,145 ± 3.8 % 47 % 39 % -- 2 % 9 % Harper Polling June 14 -- 16 , 2017 500 ± 4.4 % 46 % 46 % -- -- 8 % Public Opinion Strategies ( R ) June 6 -- 8 , 2017 600 ± 4.0 % 45 % 46 % -- -- 9 % Washington Post / Schar School May 9 -- 14 , 2017 1,602 ± 3.0 % 49 % 38 % -- -- 9 % Quinnipiac University April 6 -- 10 , 2017 1,115 ± 2.9 % 44 % 33 % -- 1 % 19 % Christopher Newport University March 16 -- 26 , 2017 831 ± 3.7 % 39 % 40 % -- 2 % 19 % Gravis Marketing March 14 -- 19 , 2017 3,097 ± 1.6 % 40 % 42 % -- -- 18 % Quinnipiac University February 10 -- 15 , 2017 989 ± 3.1 % 41 % 35 % -- 3 % 22 % Mason - Dixon January 5 -- 10 , 2017 625 ± 4.0 % 41 % 44 % -- -- 15 % Public Opinion Strategies ( R ) December 11 -- 13 , 2016 500 ± 4.4 % 43 % 38 % -- -- 17 % Quinnipiac University December 6 -- 11 , 2016 1,098 ± 3.0 % 38 % 34 % -- 1 % 26 % University of Mary Washington September 6 -- 12 , 2016 685 LV ± 4.4 % 36 % 43 % -- 1 % 16 % 852 RV ± 3.9 % 36 % 41 % -- 1 % 18 % Public Policy Polling September 9 -- 11 , 2016 878 ± 3.3 % 37 % 37 % -- -- 26 % Public Policy Polling June 13 -- 15 , 2016 1,032 ± 3.1 % 36 % 37 % -- -- 28 % Gravis Marketing May 24 , 2016 1,728 ± 2.0 % 38 % 40 % -- -- 22 % University of Mary Washington November 4 -- 9 , 2015 656 LV ± 4.3 % 32 % 44 % -- 1 % 16 % 814 RV ± 3.9 % 33 % 40 % -- 1 % 18 % Public Policy Polling July 13 -- 15 , 2015 1,170 ± 2.9 % 30 % 40 % -- -- 32 % Hypothetical polling Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Tom Perriello ( D ) Ed Gillespie ( R ) Other Undecided Washington Post / Schar School May 9 -- 14 , 2017 1,602 ± 3.0 % 50 % 37 % -- 9 % Quinnipiac University April 6 -- 10 , 2017 1,115 ± 2.9 % 46 % 33 % 1 % 18 % Christopher Newport University March 16 -- 26 , 2017 831 ± 3.7 % 39 % 39 % 2 % 20 % Gravis Marketing March 14 -- 19 , 2017 3,097 ± 1.6 % 42 % 41 % -- 18 % Quinnipiac University February 10 -- 15 , 2017 989 ± 3.1 % 43 % 36 % 1 % 20 % Mason - Dixon January 5 -- 10 , 2017 625 ± 4.0 % 36 % 45 % -- 19 % with Corey Stewart Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Ralph Northam ( D ) Corey Stewart ( R ) Other Undecided Quinnipiac University April 6 -- 10 , 2017 1,115 ± 2.9 % 43 % 30 % 1 % 23 % Christopher Newport University March 16 -- 26 , 2017 831 ± 3.7 % 41 % 33 % 2 % 24 % Quinnipiac University February 10 -- 15 , 2017 989 ± 3.1 % 42 % 31 % 2 % 24 % Mason - Dixon January 5 -- 10 , 2017 625 ± 4.0 % 45 % 37 % -- 18 % Public Opinion Strategies ( R ) December 11 -- 13 , 2016 500 ± 4.4 % 42 % 35 % -- 22 % Quinnipiac University December 6 -- 11 , 2016 1,098 ± 3.0 % 38 % 29 % 1 % 30 % University of Mary Washington September 6 -- 12 , 2016 685 LV ± 4.4 % 39 % 39 % 1 % 18 % 852 RV ± 3.9 % 39 % 37 % 1 % 19 % Public Policy Polling September 9 -- 11 , 2016 878 ± 3.3 % 39 % 31 % -- 30 % Public Policy Polling June 13 -- 15 , 2016 1,032 ± 3.1 % 34 % 32 % -- 34 % Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Tom Perriello ( D ) Corey Stewart ( R ) Other Undecided Quinnipiac University April 6 -- 10 , 2017 1,115 ± 2.9 % 45 % 31 % 1 % 20 % Christopher Newport University March 16 -- 26 , 2017 831 ± 3.7 % 40 % 34 % 2 % 25 % Quinnipiac University February 10 -- 15 , 2017 989 ± 3.1 % 44 % 31 % 3 % 22 % Mason - Dixon January 5 -- 10 , 2017 625 ± 4.0 % 40 % 38 % -- 22 % with Frank Wagner Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Ralph Northam ( D ) Frank Wagner ( R ) Other Undecided Quinnipiac University April 6 -- 10 , 2017 1,115 ± 2.9 % 43 % 30 % 1 % 24 % Christopher Newport University March 16 -- 26 , 2017 831 ± 3.7 % 40 % 34 % 2 % 25 % Quinnipiac University February 10 -- 15 , 2017 989 ± 3.1 % 41 % 33 % 3 % 24 % Public Opinion Strategies ( R ) December 11 -- 13 , 2016 500 ± 4.4 % 43 % 37 % -- 19 % Quinnipiac University December 6 -- 11 , 2016 1,098 ± 3.0 % 39 % 30 % 1 % 28 % University of Mary Washington September 6 -- 12 , 2016 685 LV ± 4.4 % 39 % 40 % 1 % 17 % 852 RV ± 3.9 % 39 % 39 % 1 % 18 % Public Policy Polling September 9 -- 11 , 2016 878 ± 3.3 % 37 % 32 % -- 32 % Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Tom Perriello ( D ) Frank Wagner ( R ) Other Undecided Quinnipiac University April 6 -- 10 , 2017 1,115 ± 2.9 % 43 % 32 % 1 % 21 % Christopher Newport University March 16 -- 26 , 2017 831 ± 3.7 % 38 % 35 % 2 % 25 % Quinnipiac University February 10 -- 15 , 2017 989 ± 3.1 % 43 % 32 % 2 % 23 % with Denver Riggleman Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Ralph Northam ( D ) Denver Riggleman ( R ) Other Undecided Quinnipiac University February 10 -- 15 , 2017 989 ± 3.1 % 42 % 31 % 2 % 25 % Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Tom Perriello ( D ) Denver Riggleman ( R ) Other Undecided Quinnipiac University February 10 -- 15 , 2017 989 ± 3.1 % 43 % 30 % 2 % 24 % with Rob Wittman Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Ralph Northam ( D ) Rob Wittman ( R ) Other Undecided Quinnipiac University December 6 -- 11 , 2016 1,098 ± 3.0 % 39 % 30 % 1 % 29 % University of Mary Washington September 6 -- 12 , 2016 685 LV ± 4.4 % 38 % 38 % 1 % 18 % 852 RV ± 3.9 % 39 % 37 % 1 % 19 % Public Policy Polling September 9 -- 11 , 2016 878 ± 3.3 % 38 % 33 % -- 29 % Public Policy Polling June 13 -- 15 , 2016 1,032 ± 3.1 % 34 % 34 % -- 32 % with Ken Cuccinelli Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Ralph Northam ( D ) Ken Cuccinelli ( R ) Other Undecided Public Policy Polling July 13 -- 15 , 2015 1,170 ± 2.9 % 35 % 37 % -- 28 % with Eric Cantor Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Ralph Northam ( D ) Eric Cantor ( R ) Other Undecided Public Policy Polling July 13 -- 15 , 2015 1,170 ± 2.9 % 33 % 35 % -- 32 % with Mark Herring Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Mark Herring ( D ) Eric Cantor ( R ) Other Undecided Public Policy Polling July 13 -- 15 , 2015 1,170 ± 2.9 % 36 % 33 % -- 31 % Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Mark Herring ( D ) Ken Cuccinelli ( R ) Other Undecided Public Policy Polling July 13 -- 15 , 2015 1,170 ± 2.9 % 38 % 38 % -- 24 % Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Mark Herring ( D ) Ed Gillespie ( R ) Other Undecided Public Policy Polling July 13 -- 15 , 2015 1,170 ± 2.9 % 34 % 38 % -- 28 % Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Mark Herring ( D ) Mark Obenshain ( R ) Other Undecided Public Policy Polling July 13 -- 15 , 2015 1,170 ± 2.9 % 34 % 34 % -- 31 % with Ralph Northam Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Ralph Northam ( D ) Mark Obenshain ( R ) Other Undecided Public Policy Polling July 13 -- 15 , 2015 1,170 ± 2.9 % 32 % 36 % -- 32 % Fundraising ( edit ) Campaign finance reports as of November 30 , 2017 Candidate Amount raised Ralph Northam $36,708,929 Ed Gillespie $29,344,226 Cliff Hyra $77,370 Source : Virginia Public Access Project Virginia election laws allow for unlimited campaign contributions in state and local elections . According to the Virginia Public Access Project , Northam 's top five donors are the Democratic Governors Association 's super PAC DGA Action ; Michael Bloomberg 's Everytown for Gun Safety group ; the Virginia League of Conservation Voters ; Michael D. Bills ; and the Laborers ' International Union of North America . Gillespie 's top five donors are the Republican Governors Association ; A Stronger Virginia ; Let 's Grow Virginia ; Marlene Ricketts ; and Dwight Schar . Hyra 's top five donors are Michael Chastain ; Hyra himself ; the Libertarian Party of Virginia ; Paradise Indian Restaurant ; and nine donors who have given the same amount . Results ( edit ) Even though polls in the weeks before the election showed a nail - biter of a race , some even showing Gillespie ahead , Northam won by a larger margin than expected , about nine percent , and more than 200,000 votes . Gillespie was unable to come back from the large margins in the suburbs of Washington , D.C. and Virginia Beach , and he conceded to Northam at 8 : 56 PM EST . Virginia gubernatorial election , 2017 Party Candidate Votes % ± Democratic Ralph Northam 1,409,175 53.90 % + 6.15 % Republican Ed Gillespie 1,175,731 44.97 % − 0.26 % Libertarian Cliff Hyra 27,987 1.07 % − 5.45 % Write - ins 1,389 0.05 % − 0.44 % Majority 233,444 8.93 % + 6.41 % Turnout 2,614,282 Democratic hold Swing See also ( edit ) United States gubernatorial elections , 2017 Governors of Virginia Virginia lieutenant gubernatorial election , 2017 Virginia Attorney General election , 2017 Virginia House of Delegates elections , 2017 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Houp , Will . `` Northam - Gillespie race had the highest turnout in 2 decades for Virginia governor election '' . The Virginian - Pilot . Norfolk , Va . Retrieved November 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Virginia gubernatorial election , 2017 '' . Ballotpedia.org . Retrieved September 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` LP nominates Cliff Hyra for Virginia governor - Libertarian Party '' . LP.org . May 9 , 2017 . Retrieved September 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bloch , Matthew ( November 7 , 2017 ) . `` Live Election Results and Estimates : Virginia Governor Race '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Vozzella , Laura ( February 24 , 2016 ) . `` Ralph Northam confirms he 's running to become next Va. governor '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Martin , Jonathan ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` Ed Gillespie and Ralph Northam Beat Upstarts in Virginia Governor Primaries '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hellmann , Jessie ( January 4 , 2017 ) . `` Former Democratic rep to run for Virginia governor : report '' . The Hill . Retrieved September 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Vozzella , Laura ( November 17 , 2015 ) . `` Virginia 's lieutenant governor makes it official : He 's seeking state 's top job '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved December 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Portnoy , Jenna ; Vozzella , Laura ( September 2 , 2015 ) . `` Va. attorney general to seek reelection , wo n't run for governor in 2017 '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved December 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Schmidt , Markus ( September 2 , 2015 ) . `` AG Mark Herring to run for re-election instead of governor '' . Richmond Times - Dispatch . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hoeft , J.R. ( April 22 , 2016 ) . `` Moran Back at Wakefield '' . Bearing Drift . Retrieved June 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sanders , Bernie . `` Now more than ever we need people in elected office who will fight for working families . That 's why I 'm pleased to endorse @ tomperriello '' . Twitter . Retrieved September 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Elizabeth Warren endorses populist underdog in Virginia governor 's race '' . The Boston Globe . April 24 , 2017 . Retrieved September 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Congresswoman Rosa DeLauro Endorses Tom Perriello - Tom For Virginia '' . Tomforvirginia.com . May 27 , 2017 . Retrieved September 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Feld , Lowell ( March 14 , 2017 ) . `` Tom Perriello 's First Endorsement From a Virginia Elected Official ? '' . Blue Virginia . Retrieved March 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nirappil , Fenit ( April 19 , 2017 ) . `` Gold Star Khan family endorses Tom Perriello to be Virginia 's governor '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved September 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Podesta , John ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` The governor 's race that could define the Democratic Party 's future ? '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schneider , Gregory ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` Virginia 's June primary poses the first major test for Democrats in Trump era '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Debenedetti , Gabriel ; Robillard , Kevin ( March 22 , 2017 ) . `` Obama team lines up behind Perriello '' . Politico . Arlington County , Virginia . Retrieved June 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Butler , Ryan ( April 19 , 2017 ) . `` Back in Loudoun , Bennett Looks to Help Next Wave of Democrats '' . Loudoun Tribune . Loudoun County , Virginia . Retrieved June 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lovett , Jon . `` Great time at canvass launch with @ tomperriello ( seen here jumping into frame ) and I hope people come out to support him on June 13 '' . Twitter . Retrieved September 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 350.org Founder and Environmentalist Bill McKibben Endorses Tom Perriello for Virginia Governor - Tom For Virginia '' . Tomforvirginia.com . May 31 , 2017 . Retrieved September 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ruffalo , Mark . `` I 'm backing Tom Perriello in the Virginia gubernatorial race '' . Twitter . ( TheHill link : 337331 ) . Retrieved September 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dave 's Wheelhouse -- I support Tom 's progressive stance on workers ... '' Dave 's Wheelhouse . Retrieved September 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Monday News : Macron 's Party Wins Landslide ; Trump Gives Priebus Until July 4 ; Tom Perriello 's Last Facebook Live Town Hall of Primary - Blue Virginia '' . Bluevirginia.us . Retrieved September 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hart , Hannah . ``. @ tomperriello will stand against Trump & fight for progress . @ susanplattva is still in race even after death threats , show them some love ! '' . Twitter . Retrieved September 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` People 's Action Endorses Tom Perriello in Virginia Governor 's Race '' . Peoplesaction.org . May 19 , 2017 . Retrieved September 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hagen , Lisa ( April 20 , 2017 ) . `` Progressive group endorses Sanders - backed candidate in Va. governors race '' . The Hill . Retrieved April 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CAMPAIGN 2017 : Climate Hawks Vote endorses Perriello for Va. governor '' . Eenews.net . Retrieved September 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Friends of the Earth Action Endorses Tom Perriello for Virginia Governor '' . Friends of the Earth Action . June 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A quick - and - dirty cheat sheet for the Va . primaries '' . Bristol Herald Courier . Retrieved September 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Donley : Perriello is bolder than Northam '' . The Roanoke Times . Retrieved September 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Virginia Primary Results : Northam Will Face Gillespie in Governor 's Race '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Vozzella , Laura ( October 2 , 2015 ) . `` Gillespie confirms he is running for Va. governor '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Baker , Michelle ( May 4 , 2016 ) . `` Stewart Launches Bid '' . Prince William Times . Retrieved May 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Patrick ( August 29 , 2016 ) . `` Sen. Frank Wagner from Virginia Beach announces run for GOP nomination for governor of Virginia '' . The Virginian - Pilot . Norfolk , Va . Retrieved August 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Emmanuel Peter joins GOP 'S race for Virginia 's Governor '' . International Guardian News . February 16 , 2017 . Retrieved May 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jenna Portnoy ( December 28 , 2016 ) . `` A fourth Republican enters the race for Virginia governor '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ Moomaw , Graham ( March 16 , 2017 ) . `` Republican Denver Riggleman suspends campaign for Virginia governor '' . Richmond Times - Dispatch . Retrieved March 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Portnoy , Jenna ( December 12 , 2015 ) . `` GOP Congressman Rob Wittman readies to jump into Va. governor 's race '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved December 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fain , Travis ( December 8 , 2016 ) . `` Wittman leaves governor 's race '' . Daily Press . Retrieved January 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cain , Andrew ( November 10 , 2014 ) . `` Gillespie says he 's not interested in running for governor '' . Richmond Times - Dispatch . Retrieved March 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wong , Scott ( September 2 , 2014 ) . `` Cantor 's next act : GOP power broker ? '' . The Hill . Retrieved March 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Steinberg , David ( January 23 , 2015 ) . `` Was Strange Cantor Event Prelude to ' Cantor for Virginia Governor 2017 ′ ? '' . PJ Media . Retrieved March 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Peter ( January 29 , 2015 ) . `` Cantor heads to Harvard '' . The Hill . Retrieved March 3 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Portnoy , Jenna ( April 30 , 2016 ) . `` Ken Cuccinelli will not run for Virginia governor in 2017 , he says '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved May 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fredericks , John ( January 21 , 2014 ) . `` Forbes Eyes 2017 Gov. Bid '' . The John Fredericks Show . Archived from the original on January 29 , 2014 . Retrieved April 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Pershing , Ben ( October 29 , 2014 ) . `` What Is Ed Gillespie 's Backup Plan ? '' . National Journal . Retrieved March 3 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Butler , Ryan ( January 13 , 2017 ) . `` Gillespie Touts Comstock Endorsement , New Polling '' . The Loudoun Tribune . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rohr , Alex ( May 6 , 2016 ) . `` Despite owning website name , Garrett rules out run for governor '' . The News & Advance . Retrieved May 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Vozzella , Laura ; Portnoy , Jenna ( October 3 , 2015 ) . `` In a year of outsider politics , Gillespie faces GOP skeptics '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Patrick ( February 26 , 2015 ) . `` Virginia Beach Sen. Jeff McWaters wo n't seek re-election '' . The Virginian - Pilot . Norfolk , Va . Retrieved March 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Patrick ( September 14 , 2015 ) . `` Jeff McWaters considers political future after Virginia Senate '' . The Virginian - Pilot . Norfolk , Va . Retrieved October 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Portnoy , Jenna ( September 28 , 2015 ) . `` Obenshain will not run for Virginia governor ; Gillespie will enter race '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved September 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Martin , Jeanine ( December 17 , 2014 ) . `` Morning Line Odds on Virginia State Wide Races -- 2017 by Guest Poster John Fredericks '' . The Bull Elephant . Retrieved March 3 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Vozzella , Laura ( September 29 , 2016 ) . `` Republican Pete Snyder will not run in 2017 , endorses Gillespie for Va. governor '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved September 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bay Buchanan Endorses Corey Stewart for Governor in Virginia '' . Corey Stewart for Governor . Retrieved June 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Purple Heart Recipient Endorses Corey Stewart For Governor '' . Stewart for Governor . Jump up ^ `` Dunbar Endorses Corey Stewart for Governor '' . Fairfax Free Citizen . January 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` VCDL - PAC Endorses Corey Stewart for Governor in the Republican Primary '' . AmmoLand.com . March 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Corey Stewart for Virginia '' . Tea Party Nation. April 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Post 's endorsements in Virginia 's gubernatorial primaries '' . The Washington Post . June 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Just tuning in to Virginia governor 's race ? We 'll help you do your homework '' . The Washington Post . June 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sandy 's Endorsement for Governor : Senator Frank Wagner '' . Virginia Right ! . June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` '' Libertarian Party Nominates Cliff Hyra for Virginia Governor `` '' . Jump up ^ Geraghty , Jim ( October 16 , 2017 ) . `` The Normal One '' . National Review . Jump up ^ DNC Desperately Needs a Win in Virginia Governor Race ( NBC ) Jump up ^ Gillespie calls for 10 debates with Northam in Virginia governor 's race ( Richmond Times - Dispatch ) Jump up ^ In first debate , Gillespie and Northam tangle over Trump and other issues The Washington Post Jump up ^ Five key moments from Virginia 's first televised gubernatorial debate The Washington Post Jump up ^ Virginia governor candidates trade blows in final debate ( Politico ) Jump up ^ Delk , Josh ( September 30 , 2017 ) . `` Bush to fundraise for Virginia GOP gubernatorial canddidate '' . The Hill . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nirappil , Fenit ( September 29 , 2017 ) . `` George W. Bush coming to Virginia to raise money for Ed Gillespie '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Burlij , Terence . `` George W. Bush to raise money for Ed Gillespie in Virginia '' . CNN . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Trump , Donald J. `` Ralph Northam , who is running for Governor of Virginia , is fighting for the violent MS - 13 killer gangs & sanctuary cities . Vote Ed Gillespie ! '' . Twitter . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Trump , Donald J. `` The Democrats in the Southwest part of Virginia have been abandoned by their Party . Republican Ed Gillespie will never let you down ! '' . Twitter . Retrieved October 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Trump says Virginia Democrat is ' fighting for ' violent gangs '' . Politico . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nirappil , Fenit ( October 6 , 2017 ) . `` Trump backs Republican for Va. governor , accuses the Democrat of enabling ' violent MS - 13 killer gangs ' '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Trump , Donald J. ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` Ed Gillespie will turn the really bad Virginia economy # 's around , and fast . Strong on crime , he might even save our great statues / heritage ! '' . Twitter . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Trump , Donald J. ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` Ed Gillespie will be a great Governor of Virginia . His opponent does n't even show up to meetings / work , and will be VERY weak on crime ! '' . Twitter . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pence to campaign for Gillespie in Virginia '' . Politico . Retrieved October 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Beavers , Olivia ( October 8 , 2017 ) . `` Pence to stump for Gillespie in Virginia '' . The Hill . Retrieved October 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Griffith , Olivia Bailey , Jessica ( October 9 , 2017 ) . `` Mike Pence to visit Abingdon for Gillespie campaign '' . WCYB . Retrieved October 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mike Pence to appear with Ed Gillespie in Abingdon '' . Bristol Herald Courier . Retrieved October 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Endorsements -- Ed Gillespie '' . Edforvirginia.com . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Savransky , Rebecca ( September 2 , 2017 ) . `` Condoleezza Rice headlines fundraiser for Va . gov candidate Gillespie '' . The Hill . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Endorsements '' . Ed Gillespie for Governor . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rob , Portman . `` Great piece . Proud to support my friend @ EdWGillespie for VA Governor '' . Twitter . Jump up ^ Gillespie , Ed ( November 4 , 2017 ) . `` Thank you to our special guest South Carolina Senator @ votetimscott for joining me on the campaign trail this afternoon in Richmond ! '' . Twitter . Jump up ^ Moomaw , Graham ( September 19 , 2017 ) . `` Former U.S. Sen. John Warner endorses Gillespie after backing Democrats in recent contests '' . Richmond Times - Dispatch . Jump up ^ Forman , Carmen ( December 13 , 2016 ) . `` Blue Ridge Caucus : Morgan Griffith endorses Gillespie for governor '' . Martinsville Bulletin . Retrieved January 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Baratko , Trevor ( December 8 , 2016 ) . `` Sen. Black , Frank Wolf endorse Gillespie 's gubernatorial bid '' . Loudoun Times - Mirror . Retrieved January 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Vozzella , Laura ( February 28 , 2017 ) . `` Gingrich urges GOP to thwart newly engaged Democrats by backing Gillespie in Va '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved June 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bevin to Campaign With Gillespie '' . Fairfax Free Citizen . February 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Endorsements -- Ed Gillespie '' . EdForVirginia.com . Retrieved October 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Missouri 's Greitens campaigns for fellow Republicans '' . The Seattle Times . October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hogan , calling Gillespie a ' great leader ' will headline a rally in Va. on Saturday '' . The Washington Post . November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nirappil , Fenit ( October 24 , 2017 ) . `` Marco Rubio , Susana Martinez to rally for Ed Gillespie in northern Virginia '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Romney , Mitt . `` Congratulations to my friend @ EdWGillespie on his # VAgov primary win . Here 's to electing strong , conservative leaders in November '' . Twitter . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chris Sununu . `` Having lived in the Commonwealth for 4 years , I know Virginia will be well served with @ EdWGillespie as their Governor ! # VAGov '' . Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Kenney , Shaun ( January 15 , 2016 ) . `` Gillespie Rolls Out Massive Endorsement List '' . Bearing Drift . Retrieved June 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Governor Bob McDonnell and 35 Hampton Roads Leaders Endorse Ed Gillespie for Governor '' . Ed Gillespie for Governor . March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` DELEGATE BEN CLINE ENDORSES ED GILLESPIE '' . Ed Gillespie for Governor . April 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Majority of Virginia Sheriffs Endorse Ed Gillespie '' . Ed Gillespie for Virginia Governor 2017 . September 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Middlesex County Sheriff Bushey Pulls Support From Northam , Endorses Gillespie for Governor -- Ed Gillespie '' . EdForVirginia.com . September 28 , 2017 . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Gillespie Endorsed by over 60 Northern Virginia Republican Leaders '' . Ed Gillespie for Virginia Governor 2017 . April 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` IN THE NEWS : Sheriff Craddock endorses Gillespie -- Ed Gillespie '' . EdForVirginia.com . October 4 , 2017 . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Endorsements -- Ed Gillespie '' . Edforvirginia.com . Retrieved September 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Virginia Beach Mayor Sessoms endorses gubernatorial hopeful Ed Gillespie '' . Southside Daily . October 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter '' . Mobile.twitter.com . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter '' . Mobile.twitter.com . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter '' . Mobile.twitter.com . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Conservation Activist , Daytona 500 Winner Ward Burton Endorses Ed Gillespie for Governor '' . Edforvirginia.com . October 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` GOP buzzing about Fiorina as RNC head '' . Politico . August 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hewitt , Hugh . `` Just cast first vote as a Virginian since 1988 : for @ EdForVirginia Ed Gillespie will be a great , common sense governor for the Commonwealth '' . Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Avery Pereira '' . Averypereira.com . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Spicer , Sean . `` Just voted early for @ EdWGillespie for Virginia Governor @ JillHVogel for LG and @ JohnAdamsforVApic.twitter.com/auMnNVGQfa '' . Twitter . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bikers for Trump and Corey Stewart Rally for Republicans on Sunday '' . Thebullelephant.com . October 28 , 2017 . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter '' . Mobile.twitter.com . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gillespie picks up new endorsement during Chesapeake visit '' . 13newsnow.com . August 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CRES Endorses Gillespie , Vogel in Virginia '' . CRES . October 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ GOP , Michigan . `` We are cheering for you @ EdWGillespie ! Good luck tomorrow ! https://twitter.com/GOPChairwoman/status/927602423367168002 ... '' . Twitter . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NFIB Endorses Ed Gillespie for Governor -- Ed Gillespie '' . Edforvirginia.com . August 18 , 2017 . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` National Right to Life Endorses Ed Gillespie for Governor -- Ed Gillespie '' . Edforvirginia.com . June 7 , 2017 . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BREAKING : Gillespie Wins Northern Virginia Chamber of Commerce Endorsement '' . The Republican Standard . September 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nancy Dye . `` LETTER : Gillespie 's history , plan and endorsements show his worth '' . Bristol Herald Courier . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Virginia Farm Bureau Federation AgPAC Endorses Ed Gillespie For Governor -- Ed Gillespie '' . Edforvirginia.com . August 17 , 2017 . Retrieved September 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` VIRGINIA FRATERNAL ORDER OF POLICE ENDORSES GILLESPIE FOR GOVERNOR '' . edforvirginia.com . October 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Virginia Retailers and Merchants Association Endorses Gillespie for Governor '' . Ed Gillespie for Governor . October 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Endorsement : Republican Ed Gillespie , governor of Virginia '' . Bluefield Daily Telegraph . Jump up ^ `` Opinion / Editorial : Gillespie has admirable plan for economy '' . The Daily Progress . Jump up ^ `` EDITORIAL : Ed Gillespie for governor '' . The Free Lance -- Star . Jump up ^ `` Gillespie for Governor '' . National Review . October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Editorial : The Richmond Times - Dispatch endorses Ed Gillespie for governor '' . Richmond Times - Dispatch . October 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sun Gazette endorsement : Gillespie will get Va. moving again '' . Insidenova.com . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Our Views : For all Virginians '' . The Winchester Star . October 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Constitution Party of Virginia Endorses Hyra & Adams '' . Virginiaconservative.net . July 3 , 2017 . Retrieved September 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Say thanks to Cliff Hyra for governor ! - Libertarian Party '' . LP.org . September 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pope , Michael . `` Meet Your Libertarian Candidate for Governor , Cliff Hyra '' . WVTF.org . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Letters '' . KWTeaParty.com . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nirappil , Fenit ( June 24 , 2017 ) . `` Obama returning to campaign trail to stump for Northam in Virginia governor 's race '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hagen , Lisa ( June 22 , 2017 ) . `` Obama plans to campaign for Va . Dem gov nominee '' . The Hill . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Obama to campaign for Northam '' . Politico . Retrieved October 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Press , Associated ( October 10 , 2017 ) . `` Joe Biden to campaign for Northam in northern Virginia '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Moomaw , Graham . `` Former VP Joe Biden to campaign with Ralph Northam in Northern Virginia '' . Richmond Times - Dispatch . Retrieved October 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Joe Biden to Campaign for Ralph Northam in Virginia '' . NBCWashington.com . Retrieved October 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Clinton returns to campaign trail , for Virginia gov candidate '' . Fox News . October 4 , 2017 . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schneider , Gregory S. ( September 27 , 2017 ) . `` Hillary Clinton to raise money for Northam in Va. governor 's race '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Clinton to raise money for Northam in Va. governor race '' . Politico . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter '' . twitter . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` McAuliffe and statewide Democrats endorse Northam for governor '' . The Washington Post . June 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Nirappil , Fenit ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` Cory Booker , Keith Ellison come to northern Virginia to campaign for Democratic ticket '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ Schneider , Gregory ( October 27 , 2017 ) . `` Northam widens lead over Gillespie in new CNU tracking poll '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ `` VA - Gov : Sen. Catherine Cortez Masto ( D. NV ) Goes All In To Defeat The Trump - Gillespie ( R ) Agenda '' . Dailykos . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter '' . Mobile.twitter.com . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Portnoy , Jenna ( January 7 , 2017 ) . `` Northern Virginia Rep. Gerald E. Connolly withholds endorsement for governor '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved January 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nirappil , Fenit ( September 28 , 2017 ) . `` Gabrielle Giffords to campaign for Ralph Northam in Virginia governor 's race '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ `` Twitter '' . Twitter . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter '' . Twitter . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Feld , Lowell ( January 5 , 2017 ) . `` Video : Tom Perriello Releases Kickoff Video , Goes Up with 2017 Website for Gov. of Virginia '' . Blue Virginia . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Northam rolls out endorsements from Charlottesville - area figures '' . The Daily Progress . January 10 , 2017 . Retrieved January 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : McAffrey , Scott ; Trompeter , Brian ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : Arlington legislative delegation likely to stick with Northam '' . Inside NoVA . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Trompeter , Brian ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` Local legislators remain lined up in Northam camp '' . Inside NoVA . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Roanoke Leaders Endorse Ralph Northam for Governor '' . Ralph Northam for Governor . January 27 , 2017 . Retrieved February 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Alexandria Leaders Endorse Ralph Northam for Governor '' . Ralph Northam for Governor . January 24 , 2017 . Retrieved February 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter '' . Twitter . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Northam , Pam . ``. @ wendydavis reminds us @ RalphNortham will be a brick wall against attacks on women 's health , but he needs strong Delegates backing him up ! pic.twitter.com/cCuVX5BB6h '' . Twitter . Retrieved October 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McClellan , Andria ( February 22 , 2017 ) . `` One of the good guys '' . Medium . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Northam , Ralph . `` Thanks , @ LevarStoney , for joining us on the trail in # RVA ! Polls are open for 5 more hours -- go vote ! '' . Twitter . Retrieved September 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gillum , Andrew . `` Bring it home @ RalphNortham & @ FairfaxJustin ! Be an inspiration & example for the country today '' . Twitter . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter '' . Twitter . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Oswalt , Patton . `` Come on , Virginia ! Get out and DO THIS tomorrow ! I know you can ! https://twitter.com/thehill/status/927517437234417666 ... '' . Twitter . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter '' . Twitter . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter '' . Twitter . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter '' . Twitter . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter '' . Twitter . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Haas , Lori ( January 13 , 2017 ) . `` Northam stands for safety '' . The Roanoke Times . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Parkhomenko , Adam . `` 22 / We need a new path and vision for all our state can be and a governor who can make it happen . Phil Murphy will have New Jersey 's back '' . Twitter . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter '' . Twitter . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ralph Northam 's Ratings and Endorsements '' . Vote Smart . ^ Jump up to : `` Category Endorsements '' . ralphnortham.com . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ralph Northam is Right Choice for Governor '' . CSGV . May 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Clean Water Action Endorses Ralph Northam for Virginia Governor '' . October 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Human Rights Campaign Endorses Ralph Northam for Governor of Virginia '' . Human Rights Campaign . July 28 , 2017 . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Humane Dominion endorses Ralph Northam for governor '' . October 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Nirappil , Fenit ( March 13 , 2017 ) . `` Abortion rights group NARAL endorses Northam in Virginia Democratic primary '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NPE Action endorses Lt. Gov. Ralph Northam for Governor of Virginia : Ravitch calls Northam `` the real deal . '' `` . June 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` VoteVets Endorses Northam for Governor '' . VoteVets.org . January 26 , 2017 . Retrieved February 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Va. arm of Planned Parenthood to spend $3 million backing Northam for governor '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ `` Balancing act for Virginia '' . October 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Editorial : Nov. 7 Election Endorsements '' . November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top of the ticket '' . November 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Northam for Governor '' . October 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Post 's endorsements in Virginia '' . October 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` In Blow To Dem Unity , Bernie Sanders Refuses To Back Virginia Dem Gov Nominee Ralph Northam '' . Rga.org . October 24 , 2017 . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` VInside a Bellwether : Virginia Governor 's Race Tightens '' . NBC News . November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Barns , Gary ( October 24 , 2017 ) . Morning Joe : Bernie Sanders Group Will Not Endorse Ralph Northam For Virginia Governor . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` No one 's got our vote in Virginia '' . Bristol Herald Courier . October 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Polling techniques may account for erratic predictions in Virginia ( Politico ) Jump up ^ A week before Election Day , new poll finds tightening race for Va. governor The Washington Post ' Jump up ^ The Takeaway : N.J. , Va . Races Near the Finish Line ( RealClearPolitics ) Jump up ^ Poll shows Virginia governor 's race tied ( The Hill ) Jump up ^ `` Governor '' . VPAP . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ `` Top Donors to Hyra , Cliff '' . VPAP . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.nbcnews.com/card/sources-ed-gillespie-has-called-ralph-northam-concede-n818781 Jump up ^ `` 2017 November General '' . Results.elections.virginia.gov . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Ed Gillespie ( R ) for Governor Cliff Hyra ( L ) for Governor Ralph Northam ( D ) for Governor ( 2016 ← ) 2017 United States elections ( → 2018 ) U.S. Senate Alabama U.S. House California 's 34th Georgia 's 6th Kansas 's 4th Montana 's at - large South Carolina 's 5th Utah 's 3rd Governors New Jersey Virginia Mayors Albuquerque , NM Atlanta , GA Atlantic City , NJ Boston , MA Buffalo , NY Charlotte , NC Cincinnati , OH Cleveland , OH Detroit , MI El Paso , TX Frederick , MD Hoboken , NJ Jackson , MS Jersey City , NJ Los Angeles , CA Miami , FL Minneapolis , MN New Orleans , LA New York , NY North Miami , FL Omaha , NE Pittsburgh , PA Raleigh , NC Rochester , NY St. Louis , MO St. Paul , MN St. Petersburg , FL San Antonio , TX Seattle , WA City Houston , TX Minneapolis , MN State New Jersey Virginia Territories Puerto Rican status referendum Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Virginia_gubernatorial_election,_2017&oldid=815960829 '' Categories : United States gubernatorial elections , 2017 Virginia elections , 2017 Virginia gubernatorial elections November 2017 events in the United States Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2017 Use mdy dates from October 2017 Pages using deprecated image syntax All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2017 Articles needing more detailed references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 18 December 2017 , at 09 : 44 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who is running in the virginia election 2017 | [
"Primary elections took place on June 13, 2017. Virginia utilizes an open primary, in which registered voters are allowed to vote in either party's primary election.[2] The Democratic Party nominated Ralph Northam and the Republican Party nominated Ed Gillespie. The Libertarian Party nominated Clifford Hyra by convention on May 6, 2017.[3]",
"Primary elections took place on June 13, 2017. Virginia utilizes an open primary, in which registered voters are allowed to vote in either party's primary election.[2] The Democratic Party nominated Ralph Northam and the Republican Party nominated Ed Gillespie. The Libertarian Party nominated Clifford Hyra by convention on May 6, 2017.[3]",
"Primary elections took place on June 13, 2017. Virginia utilizes an open primary, in which registered voters are allowed to vote in either party's primary election.[2] The Democratic Party nominated Ralph Northam and the Republican Party nominated Ed Gillespie. The Libertarian Party nominated Clifford Hyra by convention on May 6, 2017.[3]"
] | [
"Ralph Northam",
"Ed Gillespie",
"Clifford Hyra"
] |
-2938799327309905289 | Raymond Allen (television actor) | Raymond Allen ( television actor ) - Wikipedia Raymond Allen ( television actor ) This article includes a list of references , related reading or external links , but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( February 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Raymond Allen Raymond Gilmore Allen ( 1929 - 03 - 05 ) March 5 , 1929 ( age 89 ) Kansas City , Missouri , U.S. Nationality American Occupation Actor Years active 1946 -- 1985 Known for Woodrow `` Woody '' Anderson -- Sanford and Son Ned `` The Wino '' -- Good Times Spouse ( s ) Barbara Williams ( m . 1963 -- 1977 ) Children 3 ; including Ta - Ronce Allen Raymond Gilmore Allen ( born March 5 , 1929 ) is an American actor . He is best known for his appearances on television during the 1970s . He had recurring roles as Ned the Wino on Good Times , as Aunt Esther 's husband , Woodrow `` Woody '' Anderson on the NBC sitcom series Sanford and Son , and as mechanic Merle the Earl on Starsky and Hutch . He reprised his role as Uncle Woody Anderson in the Sanford and Son spin - off , The Sanford Arms . Allen also made guest appearances on The Jeffersons , What 's Happening ! ! , The Love Boat and the film Wattstax . Personal life ( edit ) Allen has not appeared in any acting roles since 1985 , but still makes public appearances , where he speaks to people and signs autographs . According to his MySpace page , Allen was forced to retire from acting due to illness . Allen was married to Barbara Williams from 1963 to 1977 ; they have three children . Currently , Allen lives with his daughter , former child actress Ta - Ronce Allen in Lancaster , California . He visits the Los Angeles area to visit his daughter Brenda Allen . Also , had a son , Raymond Gilmore Allen Jr. ( deceased ) . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Raymond Allen '' . IMDb . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Raymond Allen ( raymondgallen ) on Myspace '' . Myspace . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 29 . External links ( edit ) Raymond Allen on IMDb Official MySpace page African American portal This article about an American television actor born in the 1920s is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raymond_Allen_(television_actor)&oldid=854671235 '' Categories : 1929 births Living people Male actors from Kansas City , Missouri African - American male actors American male television actors American television actor , 1920s birth stubs Hidden categories : Articles lacking in - text citations from February 2008 All articles lacking in - text citations Articles with hCards All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 13 August 2018 , at 00 : 59 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | who played uncle woody on sanford and son | [
"Raymond Gilmore Allen (born March 5, 1929) is an American actor. He is best known for his appearances on television during the 1970s. He had recurring roles as Ned the Wino on Good Times, as Aunt Esther's husband, Woodrow \"Woody\" Anderson on the NBC sitcom series Sanford and Son, and as mechanic Merle the Earl on Starsky and Hutch. He reprised his role as Uncle Woody Anderson in the Sanford and Son spin-off, The Sanford Arms. Allen also made guest appearances on The Jeffersons, What's Happening!!, The Love Boat and the film Wattstax.[1]\n"
] | [
"Raymond Gilmore Allen"
] |
1497249541348847800 | List of FIFA World Cup finals | List of FIFA World Cup finals - wikipedia List of FIFA World Cup finals For a list of FIFA Women 's World Cup finals , see List of FIFA Women 's World Cup finals . List of FIFA World Cup finals France celebrating after their win against Croatia in the 2018 FIFA World Cup Final Founded 1930 Region International ( FIFA ) Number of teams 204 ( qualifiers ) 32 ( finals ) Current champions France ( 2nd title ) Most successful team ( s ) Brazil ( 5 titles ) The FIFA World Cup is an international association football competition established in 1930 . It is contested by the men 's national teams of the members of the Fédération Internationale de Football Association ( FIFA ) , the sport 's global governing body . The tournament has taken place every four years , except in 1942 and 1946 , when the competition was cancelled due to World War II . The most recent World Cup , hosted by Russia in 2018 , was won by France , who beat Croatia 4 -- 2 in regulation time . The World Cup final match is the last of the competition , and the result determines which country is declared world champions . If after 90 minutes of regular play the score is a draw , an additional 30 - minute period of play , called extra time , is added . If such a game is still tied after extra time , it is then decided by a penalty shoot - out . The team winning the penalty shoot - out are then declared champions . The tournament has been decided by a one - off match on every occasion except 1950 , when the tournament winner was decided by a final round - robin group contested by four teams ( Uruguay , Brazil , Sweden , and Spain ) . Uruguay 's 2 -- 1 victory over Brazil was the decisive match ( and one of the last two matches of the tournament ) which put them ahead on points and ensured that they finished top of the group as world champions . Therefore , this match is regarded by FIFA as the de facto final of the 1950 World Cup . In the 21 tournaments held , 79 nations have appeared at least once . Of these , 13 have made it to the final match , and eight have won . With five titles , Brazil is the most successful World Cup team and also the only nation to have participated in every World Cup finals tournament . Italy and Germany have four titles . Current champion France , along with past champions Uruguay and Argentina , have two titles each , while England and Spain have one each . The team that wins the finals receive the FIFA World Cup Trophy , and their name is engraved on the bottom side of the trophy . The 1970 and 1994 , along with the 1986 , 1990 and 2014 games are to date the only matches competed by the same teams ( Brazil -- Italy and Argentina -- Germany respectively ) . As of 2018 , the 1934 final remains the latest final to have been between two teams playing their first final . The final match of the most recent tournament in Russia took place at the country 's biggest sports complex , the Luzhniki Stadium in Moscow . The 1930 and the 1966 games are the only ones that did not take place on a Sunday . The former did on a Wednesday and the latter on a Saturday . As of 2018 , only nations from Europe and South America have competed in a World Cup final . Six nations have won the final as host : Uruguay , Italy , England , Germany , Argentina and France . Two nations have lost the final as host : Brazil and Sweden . Contents 1 List of finals 2 Results 3 Footnotes 4 See also 5 References 6 External links List of finals ( edit ) 1930 1978 1950 , 2014 1962 1966 1938 , 1998 2006 1934 , 1990 2002 1970 , 1986 1982 1958 1954 1994 2018 2022 Locations of FIFA World Cup finals Key to the list of finals Match was won during extra time Match was won on a penalty shoot - out The `` Year '' column refers to the year the World Cup was held , and wikilinks to the article about that tournament . The wikilinks in the `` Final score '' column point to the article about that tournament 's final game . Links in the `` Winners '' and `` Runners - up '' columns point to the articles for the national football teams of the countries , not the articles for the countries . List of finals matches , their venues and locations , the finalists , and final scores Year Winners Final score Runners - up Venue Location Attendance References 1930 Uruguay 4 -- 2 Argentina Estadio Centenario Montevideo , Uruguay 80,000 1934 Italy 2 -- 1 Czechoslovakia Stadio Nazionale PNF Rome , Italy 50,000 1938 Italy 4 -- 2 Hungary Stade Olympique de Colombes Paris , France 45,000 1950 Uruguay 2 -- 1 Brazil Estádio do Maracanã Rio de Janeiro , Brazil 199,854 1954 West Germany 3 -- 2 Hungary Wankdorf Stadium Bern , Switzerland 60,000 1958 Brazil 5 -- 2 Sweden Råsunda Stadium Solna , Sweden 51,800 1962 Brazil 3 -- 1 Czechoslovakia Estadio Nacional Santiago , Chile 69,000 1966 England 4 -- 2 West Germany Wembley Stadium London , England 93,000 1970 Brazil 4 -- 1 Italy Estadio Azteca Mexico City , Mexico 107,412 West Germany 2 -- 1 Netherlands Olympiastadion Munich , West Germany 75,200 1978 Argentina 3 -- 1 Netherlands Estadio Monumental Buenos Aires , Argentina 71,483 1982 Italy 3 -- 1 West Germany Santiago Bernabéu Madrid , Spain 90,000 1986 Argentina 3 -- 2 West Germany Estadio Azteca Mexico City , Mexico 114,600 1990 West Germany 1 -- 0 Argentina Stadio Olimpico Rome , Italy 73,603 1994 Brazil 0 -- 0 Italy Rose Bowl Pasadena , United States 94,194 1998 France 3 -- 0 Brazil Stade de France Saint - Denis , France 80,000 2002 Brazil 2 -- 0 Germany International Stadium Yokohama , Japan 69,029 2006 Italy 1 -- 1 France Olympiastadion Berlin , Germany 69,000 Spain 1 -- 0 Netherlands Soccer City Johannesburg , South Africa 84,490 2014 Germany 1 -- 0 Argentina Estádio do Maracanã Rio de Janeiro , Brazil 74,738 2018 France 4 -- 2 Croatia Luzhniki Stadium Moscow , Russia 78,011 Upcoming finals Year Team 1 Team 2 Venue Location Attendance References 2022 Lusail Iconic Stadium Lusail , Qatar 2026 TBD United States Results ( edit ) Map of winning countries Results by nation National team Wins Runners - up Total finals Years won Years runners - up Brazil 5 7 1958 , 1962 , 1970 , 1994 , 2002 1950 , 1998 Germany 8 1954 , 1974 , 1990 , 2014 1966 , 1982 , 1986 , 2002 Italy 6 1934 , 1938 , 1982 , 2006 1970 , 1994 Argentina 5 1978 , 1986 1930 , 1990 , 2014 France 1998 , 2018 2006 Uruguay 0 1930 , 1950 -- England 0 1966 -- Spain 0 -- Netherlands 0 -- 1974 , 1978 , 2010 Czechoslovakia 0 -- 1934 , 1962 Hungary 0 -- 1938 , 1954 Sweden 0 -- 1958 Croatia 0 -- 2018 Results by confederation Confederation Appearances Winners Runners - up UEFA 28 12 16 CONMEBOL 14 9 5 Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ This follows FIFA 's consideration that the national teams of West Germany / Germany , Czechoslovakia / Czech Republic , Yugoslavia / Serbia and Montenegro / Serbia , and USSR / Russia are combined respectively for record - keeping . Jump up ^ Technically the 1958 final was also between two first timers , but Brazil 's 1950 group game defeat is generally counted as a previous `` final '' appearance for the team . Jump up ^ Score was 1 -- 1 after 90 minutes . Jump up ^ The 1950 FIFA World Cup did not have a final , rather , the tournament was decided by a 4 - team round robin phase . Jump up ^ Not the final but the decisive match of the final group stage . Jump up ^ Score was 2 -- 2 after 90 minutes . Jump up ^ Score was 1 -- 1 after 90 minutes . Jump up ^ Score was 0 -- 0 after 120 minutes . Brazil won 3 -- 2 on penalties . Jump up ^ Score was 1 -- 1 after 120 minutes . Italy won 5 -- 3 on penalties . Jump up ^ Score was 0 -- 0 after 90 minutes . Jump up ^ Score was 0 -- 0 after 90 minutes . See also ( edit ) List of FIFA World Cup opening matches FIFA World Cup referees References ( edit ) Book : FIFA World Cup General `` World Cup 1930 -- 2014 '' . Rec . Sport . Soccer Statistics Foundation ( RSSSF ) . 17 July 2014 . Retrieved 24 July 2014 . Specific Jump up ^ `` Laws of the Game '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Retrieved 9 February 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` FIFA World Cup Finals since 1930 '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Retrieved 3 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` All - time FIFA World Cup Ranking 1930 - 2010 '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Retrieved 30 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup Spotlight on Brazil '' . CNN . Retrieved 29 January 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Taça da Copa do Mundo chega ao Brasil ( World Cup trophy arrives in Brazil ) '' . Globo TV . 21 April 2014 . Retrieved 22 April 2014 . Jump up ^ https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/11174070/Russias-Luzhniki-Stadium-ahead-of-schedule-for-2018-World-Cup-Final.html Jump up ^ `` 1930 FIFA World Cup Uruguay '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 20 October 2007 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- Uruguay 1930 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1934 FIFA World Cup Italy '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 23 March 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Cup history -- Italy 1934 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1938 FIFA World Cup France '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 21 January 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- France 1938 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ Janela , Mike ( June 12 , 2018 ) . `` World Cup Rewind : Largest attendance at a match in the 1950 Brazil final '' . Guinness World Records . Retrieved June 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1950 FIFA World Cup Brazil '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- Brazil 1950 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1954 FIFA World Cup Switzerland '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 20 July 2012 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- Switzerland 1954 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1958 FIFA World Cup Sweden '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 17 February 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- Sweden 1958 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1962 FIFA World Cup Chile '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 17 February 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- Chile 1962 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1966 FIFA World Cup England '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 25 March 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Cup history -- England 1966 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1970 FIFA World Cup Mexico '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 25 January 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- Mexico 1970 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1974 FIFA World Cup Germany '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 26 January 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- West Germany 1974 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1978 FIFA World Cup Argentina '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 12 February 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Cup history -- Argentina 1978 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1982 FIFA World Cup Spain '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 30 January 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- Spain 1982 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1986 FIFA World Cup Mexico '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 29 January 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- Mexico 1986 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1990 FIFA World Cup Italy '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 15 November 2013 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- Italy 1990 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1994 FIFA World Cup USA '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 2 February 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Cup history -- USA 1994 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1998 FIFA World Cup France '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 21 July 2011 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- France 1998 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2002 FIFA World Cup Korea / Japan '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 30 January 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- Japan & South Korea 2002 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2006 FIFA World Cup Germany '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Zidane off as Italy win World Cup '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2010 FIFA World Cup South Africa '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Retrieved 12 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Netherlands 0 -- 1 Spain ( aet ) '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . Retrieved 12 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Estadio Do Maracana , Rio de Janeiro '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . 18 January 2012 . Retrieved 4 June 2014 . ^ Jump up to : McNulty , Phil ( 13 July 2014 ) . `` Germany 1 -- 0 Argentina '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 19 July 2014 . External links ( edit ) Official website FIFA World Cup champions 1930 : Uruguay 1934 : Italy 1938 : Italy 1950 : Uruguay 1954 : West Germany 1958 : Brazil 1962 : Brazil 1966 : England 1970 : Brazil 1974 : West Germany 1978 : Argentina 1982 : Italy 1986 : Argentina 1990 : West Germany 1994 : Brazil 1998 : France 2002 : Brazil 2006 : Italy 2010 : Spain 2014 : Germany 2018 : France FIFA World Cup Tournaments Uruguay 1930 Italy 1934 France 1938 Brazil 1950 Switzerland 1954 Sweden 1958 Chile 1962 England 1966 Mexico 1970 West Germany 1974 Argentina 1978 Spain 1982 Mexico 1986 Italy 1990 United States 1994 France 1998 South Korea -- Japan 2002 Germany 2006 South Africa 2010 Brazil 2014 Russia 2018 Qatar 2022 Canada -- Mexico -- United States 2026 2030 2034 Qualification 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Finals 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Squads 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Seedings 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Broadcasters 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Bids 2014 2018 and 2022 2026 2030 Statistics 2002 2006 2014 2018 Disciplinary record 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Team appearances AFC CAF CONCACAF CONMEBOL OFC UEFA Teams with no appearances Overall records All - time table Goalscorers top goalscorers finals goalscorers hat - tricks own goals Penalty shoot - outs Player appearances Red cards Referees Winners Miscellaneous Openings Stadiums Awards Balls Economics Final draw History Hosts Mascots Official films Official anthems & songs Organisers Trophy Video games Notes : There was no qualification for the 1930 World Cup as places were given by invitation only . In 1950 , there was no final ; the article is about the decisive match of the final group stage . FIFA World Cup Final venues Estadio Centenario ( 1930 ) Stadio Nazionale PNF ( 1934 ) Stade Olympique Yves - du - Manoir ( 1938 ) Maracanã Stadium ( 1950 ) Wankdorf Stadium ( 1954 ) Råsunda Stadium ( 1958 ) Estadio Nacional Julio Martínez Prádanos ( 1962 ) Wembley Stadium ( 1966 ) Estadio Azteca ( 1970 ) Olympiastadion ( 1974 ) Estadio Monumental Antonio Vespucio Liberti ( 1978 ) Santiago Bernabéu Stadium ( 1982 ) Estadio Azteca ( 1986 ) Stadio Olimpico ( 1990 ) Rose Bowl ( 1994 ) Stade de France ( 1998 ) International Stadium Yokohama ( 2002 ) Olympiastadion ( 2006 ) FNB Stadium ( 2010 ) Maracanã Stadium ( 2014 ) Luzhniki Stadium ( 2018 ) Lusail Iconic Stadium ( 2022 ) TBA ( 2026 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_FIFA_World_Cup_finals&oldid=854075621 '' Categories : FIFA World Cup finals FIFA World Cup - related lists FIFA World Cup - winning countries Lists of FIFA World Cup matches Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from November 2012 Pages using deprecated image syntax Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Беларуская Eesti Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Bahasa Melayu Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Suomi Tagalog Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 15 more Edit links This page was last edited on 8 August 2018 , at 20 : 08 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did england last reach workd cup final | [
"\nList of finals matches, their venues and locations, the finalists, and final scores\n\n\nYear\n\nWinners\n\nFinal score[2]\n\nRunners-up\n\nVenue\n\nLocation\n\nAttendance\n\nReferences\n\n\n1930\n\nUruguay \n\n4–2\n\n Argentina\n\nEstadio Centenario\n\nMontevideo, Uruguay\n\n80,000\n\n[7][8]\n\n\n1934\n\nItaly \n\n 2–1[n 3]\n\n Czechoslovakia\n\nStadio Nazionale PNF\n\nRome, Italy\n\n50,000\n\n[9][10]\n\n\n1938\n\nItaly \n\n4–2\n\n Hungary\n\nStade Olympique de Colombes\n\nParis, France\n\n45,000\n\n[11][12]\n\n\n1950[n 4]\n\nUruguay \n\n2–1[n 5]\n\n Brazil\n\nEstádio do Maracanã\n\nRio de Janeiro, Brazil\n\n199,854[13]\n\n[14][15]\n\n\n1954\n\nWest Germany \n\n3–2\n\n Hungary\n\nWankdorf Stadium\n\nBern, Switzerland\n\n60,000\n\n[16][17]\n\n\n1958\n\nBrazil \n\n5–2\n\n Sweden\n\nRåsunda Stadium\n\nSolna, Sweden\n\n51,800\n\n[18][19]\n\n\n1962\n\nBrazil \n\n3–1\n\n Czechoslovakia\n\nEstadio Nacional\n\nSantiago, Chile\n\n69,000\n\n[20][21]\n\n\n1966\n\nEngland \n\n 4–2[n 6]\n\n West Germany\n\nWembley Stadium\n\nLondon, England\n\n93,000\n\n[22][23]\n\n\n1970\n\nBrazil \n\n4–1\n\n Italy\n\nEstadio Azteca\n\nMexico City, Mexico\n\n107,412\n\n[24][25]\n\n\n1974\n\nWest Germany \n\n2–1\n\n Netherlands\n\nOlympiastadion\n\nMunich, West Germany\n\n75,200\n\n[26][27]\n\n\n1978\n\nArgentina \n\n 3–1[n 7]\n\n Netherlands\n\nEstadio Monumental\n\nBuenos Aires, Argentina\n\n71,483\n\n[28][29]\n\n\n1982\n\nItaly \n\n3–1\n\n West Germany\n\nSantiago Bernabéu\n\nMadrid, Spain\n\n90,000\n\n[30][31]\n\n\n1986\n\nArgentina \n\n3–2\n\n West Germany\n\nEstadio Azteca\n\nMexico City, Mexico\n\n114,600\n\n[32][33]\n\n\n1990\n\nWest Germany \n\n1–0\n\n Argentina\n\nStadio Olimpico\n\nRome, Italy\n\n73,603\n\n[34][35]\n\n\n1994\n\nBrazil \n\n 0–0[n 8]\n\n Italy\n\nRose Bowl\n\nPasadena, United States\n\n94,194\n\n[36][37]\n\n\n1998\n\nFrance \n\n3–0\n\n Brazil\n\nStade de France\n\nSaint-Denis, France\n\n80,000\n\n[38][39]\n\n\n2002\n\nBrazil \n\n2–0\n\n Germany\n\nInternational Stadium\n\nYokohama, Japan\n\n69,029\n\n[40][41]\n\n\n2006\n\nItaly \n\n 1–1[n 9]\n\n France\n\nOlympiastadion\n\nBerlin, Germany\n\n69,000\n\n[42][43]\n\n\n2010\n\nSpain \n\n 1–0[n 10]\n\n Netherlands\n\nSoccer City\n\nJohannesburg, South Africa\n\n84,490\n\n[44][45]\n\n\n2014\n\nGermany \n\n 1–0[n 11]\n\n Argentina\n\nEstádio do Maracanã\n\nRio de Janeiro, Brazil\n\n74,738\n\n[46][47]\n\n\n2018\n\nFrance \n\n4–2\n\n Croatia\n\nLuzhniki Stadium\n\nMoscow, Russia\n\n78,011\n\n\n\n\nUpcoming finals\n\n\nYear\n\nTeam 1\n\nv\n\nTeam 2\n\nVenue\n\nLocation\n\nAttendance\n\nReferences\n\n\n2022\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nLusail Iconic Stadium\n\nLusail, Qatar\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2026\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nTBD\n\nUnited States\n\n\n\n\n"
] | [
"1966"
] |
4635863956114012344 | NBA Rookie of the Year Award | NBA rookie of the Year award - wikipedia NBA rookie of the Year award hide National Basketball Association awards and honors Championship O'Brien Trophy Brown Trophy ( defunct ) Individual awards All - Star Game MVP Bill Russell Finals MVP Coach of the Year Defensive Player of the Year Executive of the Year J. Walter Kennedy Citizenship Community Assist Award Most Improved Player Most Valuable Player Rookie of the Year Sixth Man of the Year Sportsmanship Award Twyman -- Stokes Teammate of the Year Lifetime Achievement Award Honors All - NBA Team All - Rookie Team All - Defensive Team The National Basketball Association 's Rookie of the Year Award is an annual National Basketball Association ( NBA ) award given to the top rookie ( s ) of the regular season . Initiated following the 1952 -- 53 NBA season , it confers the Eddie Gottlieb Trophy , named after the former Philadelphia Warriors head coach . The winner is selected by a panel of United States and Canadian sportswriters and broadcasters , each casting first , second , and third place votes ( worth five points , three points , and one point respectively ) . The player ( s ) with the highest point total , regardless of the number of first - place votes , wins the award . The most recent Rookie of the Year winner is Malcolm Brogdon . Twenty - one winners were drafted first overall . Sixteen winners have also won the NBA Most Valuable Player ( MVP ) award in their careers ; Wilt Chamberlain and Wes Unseld earning both honors the same season . Nineteen of the forty two non-active winners have been elected to the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame . Three seasons had joint winners -- Dave Cowens and Geoff Petrie in the 1970 -- 71 season , Grant Hill and Jason Kidd in the 1994 -- 95 season , and Elton Brand and Steve Francis in the 1999 -- 2000 season . Five players won the award unanimously ( by capturing all of the first - place votes ) -- Ralph Sampson , David Robinson , Blake Griffin , Damian Lillard , and Karl - Anthony Towns . Patrick Ewing of Jamaica , Pau Gasol of Spain , Kyrie Irving of Australia and Andrew Wiggins of Canada are the only winners not born in the United States . Ewing immigrated to the Boston area at age 11 , Irving moved to the United States at age 2 , and Wiggins moved to the U.S. as a junior in high school ; Gasol is the only winner trained totally outside the U.S. Contents ( hide ) 1 Winners 2 Unofficial winners 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References Winners Wilt Chamberlain won the award in the 1959 -- 60 NBA season . Kareem Abdul - Jabbar won the award in the 1969 -- 70 NBA season . Larry Bird won the award in the 1979 -- 80 NBA season . Michael Jordan won the award in the 1984 -- 85 NBA season . Allen Iverson won the award in the 1996 -- 97 NBA season . Pau Gasol won the award in the 2001 -- 02 NBA season . LeBron James won the award in the 2003 -- 04 NBA season . Kevin Durant won the award in the 2007 -- 08 NBA season . Derrick Rose won the award in the 2008 -- 09 NBA season . Key Denotes player who is still active in the NBA * Elected to the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame Denotes unanimous winners DP # Draft pick number DY Draft year Territorial pick Rookie of the Year Season Player Position Nationality Team DP # DY 1952 -- 53 Meineke , Don Don Meineke Forward / Center United States Fort Wayne Pistons 12 ! 12 1952 1953 -- 54 Felix , Ray Ray Felix Center United States Baltimore Bullets 01 ! 1 1953 1954 -- 55 Pettit , Bob Bob Pettit * Forward / Center United States Milwaukee Hawks 02 ! 2 1954 1955 -- 56 Stokes , Maurice Maurice Stokes * Forward / Center United States Rochester Royals 02 ! 2 1955 1956 -- 57 Heinsohn , Tom Tom Heinsohn * Forward United States Boston Celtics 99 ! T 1956 1957 -- 58 Sauldsberry , Woody Woody Sauldsberry Forward / Center United States Philadelphia Warriors 60 ! 60 1957 1958 -- 59 Baylor , Elgin Elgin Baylor * Forward United States Minneapolis Lakers 01 ! 1 1958 1959 -- 60 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * Center United States Philadelphia Warriors 99 ! T 1959 1960 -- 61 Robertson , Oscar Oscar Robertson * Guard United States Cincinnati Royals 01 ! 1 / T 1960 1961 -- 62 Bellamy , Walt Walt Bellamy * Center United States Chicago Packers 01 ! 1 1961 1962 -- 63 Dischinger , Terry Terry Dischinger Forward / Guard United States Chicago Zephyrs 08 ! 8 1962 1963 -- 64 Lucas , Jerry Jerry Lucas * Forward / Center United States Cincinnati Royals 99 ! T 1962 1964 -- 65 Reed , Willis Willis Reed * Center / Forward United States New York Knicks 08 ! 8 1964 1965 -- 66 Barry , Rick Rick Barry * Forward United States San Francisco Warriors 02 ! 2 1965 1966 -- 67 Bing , Dave Dave Bing * Guard United States Detroit Pistons 02 ! 2 1966 1967 -- 68 Monroe , Earl Earl Monroe * Guard United States Baltimore Bullets 02 ! 2 1967 1968 -- 69 Unseld , Wes Wes Unseld * Center / Forward United States Baltimore Bullets 02 ! 2 1968 1969 -- 70 Alcindor , Lew Lew Alcindor * Center United States Milwaukee Bucks 01 ! 1 1969 1970 -- 71 Cowens , Dave Dave Cowens * Center / Forward United States Boston Celtics 04 ! 4 1970 1970 -- 71 Petrie , Geoff Geoff Petrie Guard United States Portland Trail Blazers 08 ! 8 1970 1971 -- 72 Wicks , Sidney Sidney Wicks Forward / Center United States Portland Trail Blazers 02 ! 2 1971 1972 -- 73 McAdoo , Bob Bob McAdoo * Center / Forward United States Buffalo Braves 02 ! 2 1972 1973 -- 74 DiGregorio , Ernie Ernie DiGregorio Guard United States Buffalo Braves 03 ! 3 1973 1974 -- 75 Wilkes , Jamaal Jamaal Wilkes * Forward / Guard United States Golden State Warriors 11 ! 11 1975 -- 76 Adams , Alvan Alvan Adams Center / Forward United States Phoenix Suns 04 ! 4 1976 -- 77 Dantley , Adrian Adrian Dantley * Forward / Guard United States Buffalo Braves 06 ! 6 1976 1977 -- 78 Davis , Walter Walter Davis Guard / Forward United States Phoenix Suns 05 ! 5 1977 1978 -- 79 Ford , Phil Phil Ford Guard United States Kansas City Kings 02 ! 2 1978 1979 -- 80 Bird , Larry Larry Bird * Forward United States Boston Celtics 06 ! 6 1978 1980 -- 81 Griffith , Darrell Darrell Griffith Guard United States Utah Jazz 02 ! 2 1980 1981 -- 82 Williams , Buck Buck Williams Forward / Center United States New Jersey Nets 03 ! 3 1981 1982 -- 83 Cummings , Terry Terry Cummings Forward United States San Diego Clippers 02 ! 2 1982 1983 -- 84 Sampson , Ralph Ralph Sampson * Center / Forward United States Houston Rockets 01 ! 1 1984 -- 85 Jordan , Michael Michael Jordan * Guard United States Chicago Bulls 03 ! 3 1984 1985 -- 86 Ewing , Patrick Patrick Ewing * Center United States New York Knicks 01 ! 1 1985 1986 -- 87 Person , Chuck Chuck Person Forward United States Indiana Pacers 04 ! 4 1986 1987 -- 88 Jackson , Mark Mark Jackson Guard United States New York Knicks 18 ! 18 1988 -- 89 Richmond , Mitch Mitch Richmond * Guard United States Golden State Warriors 05 ! 5 1989 -- 90 Robinson , David David Robinson * Center United States San Antonio Spurs 01 ! 1 1990 -- 91 Coleman , Derrick Derrick Coleman Forward United States New Jersey Nets 01 ! 1 1991 -- 92 Johnson , Larry Larry Johnson Forward United States Charlotte Hornets 01 ! 1 1991 1992 -- 93 O'Neal , Shaquille Shaquille O'Neal * Center United States Orlando Magic 01 ! 1 1993 -- 94 Webber , Chris Chris Webber Forward / Center United States Golden State Warriors 01 ! 1 1994 -- 95 Hill , Grant Grant Hill * Forward / Guard United States Detroit Pistons 03 ! 3 1994 1994 -- 95 Kidd , Jason Jason Kidd * Guard United States Dallas Mavericks 02 ! 2 1994 1995 -- 96 Stoudamire , Damon Damon Stoudamire Guard United States Toronto Raptors 07 ! 7 1995 1996 -- 97 Iverson , Allen Allen Iverson * Guard United States Philadelphia 76ers 01 ! 1 1997 -- 98 Duncan , Tim Tim Duncan Forward / Center United States San Antonio Spurs 01 ! 1 1998 -- 99 Carter , Vince Vince Carter ^ Guard / Forward United States Toronto Raptors 05 ! 5 1998 1999 -- 00 Brand , Elton Elton Brand Forward United States Chicago Bulls 01 ! 1 1999 1999 -- 00 Francis , Steve Steve Francis Guard United States Houston Rockets 02 ! 2 1999 2000 -- 01 Miller , Mike Mike Miller Forward / Guard United States Orlando Magic 05 ! 5 2000 2001 -- 02 Gasol , Pau Pau Gasol ^ Forward / Center Spain Memphis Grizzlies 03 ! 3 2002 -- 03 Stoudemire , Amar'eAmar'e Stoudemire Forward / Center United States Phoenix Suns 09 ! 9 2002 2003 -- 04 James , LeBron LeBron James ^ Forward United States Cleveland Cavaliers 01 ! 1 2003 2004 -- 05 Okafor , Emeka Emeka Okafor ^ Center / Forward United States Charlotte Bobcats 02 ! 2 2005 -- 06 Paul , Chris Chris Paul ^ Guard United States New Orleans / Oklahoma City Hornets 04 ! 4 2005 2006 -- 07 Roy , Brandon Brandon Roy Guard United States Portland Trail Blazers 06 ! 6 2006 2007 -- 08 Durant , Kevin Kevin Durant ^ Forward United States Seattle SuperSonics 02 ! 2 2007 2008 -- 09 Rose , Derrick Derrick Rose ^ Guard United States Chicago Bulls 01 ! 1 2008 2009 -- 10 Evans , Tyreke Tyreke Evans ^ Guard / Forward United States Sacramento Kings 04 ! 4 2009 2010 -- 11 Griffin , Blake Blake Griffin ^ Forward United States Los Angeles Clippers 01 ! 1 2009 2011 -- 12 Irving , Kyrie Kyrie Irving ^ Guard United States Cleveland Cavaliers 01 ! 1 2011 2012 -- 13 Lillard , Damian Damian Lillard ^ Guard United States Portland Trail Blazers 06 ! 6 2012 2013 -- 14 Carter - Williams , Michael Michael Carter - Williams ^ Guard United States Philadelphia 76ers 11 ! 11 2013 2014 -- 15 Wiggins , Andrew Andrew Wiggins ^ Forward / Guard Canada Minnesota Timberwolves 01 ! 1 2014 2015 -- 16 Towns , Karl - Anthony Karl - Anthony Towns ^ Center United States Minnesota Timberwolves 01 ! 1 2015 2016 -- 17 Brogdon , Malcolm Malcolm Brogdon ^ Guard United States Milwaukee Bucks 36 ! 36 2016 Unofficial winners Prior to the 1952 -- 53 season , the Rookie of the Year was selected by newspaper writers ; however , the NBA does not officially recognize those players as winners . The league did publish the pre-1953 winners in their 1994 -- 95 edition of the Official NBA Guide and the 1994 Official NBA Basketball Encyclopedia , but those winners have not been listed in subsequent publications . Season Player Position Nationality Team DP # DY 1947 -- 48 Hoffman , Paul Paul Hoffman Guard / Forward United States Baltimore Bullets 70 1947 1948 -- 49 Shannon , Howie Howie Shannon Guard / Forward United States Providence Steamrollers 01 ! 1 1949 1949 -- 50 Groza , Alex Alex Groza Center United States Indianapolis Olympians 02 ! 2 1949 1950 -- 51 Arizin , Paul Paul Arizin * Forward / Guard United States Philadelphia Warriors 99 ! T 1950 1951 -- 52 Tosheff , Bill Bill Tosheff Guard United States Indianapolis Olympians 32 ! 32 1951 1951 -- 52 Hutchins , Mel Mel Hutchins Forward / Center United States Milwaukee Hawks 02 ! 2 1951 See also National Basketball Association portal NBA Development League Rookie of the Year Award NBA Rookie of the Month Award Notes ^ Jump up to : Won the NBA Most Valuable Player Award in same year . ^ Jump up to : Though drafted in 1962 by the Cincinnati Royals , Jerry Lucas did not sign with the team until 1963 when he tried to sign with the Cleveland Pipers of the American Basketball League instead . He ended up sitting out the year when the deal fell through . His rookie season with the Royals began in the 1963 -- 64 season . ^ Jump up to : Denotes seasons in which joint winners were named ^ Jump up to : Though drafted in 1978 by the Boston Celtics , Larry Bird , opted to stay in college for his senior year , did not play in the NBA until 1979 . His rookie season with the Celtics began in the 1979 -- 80 season . Jump up ^ Patrick Ewing was born in Jamaica , but had become a naturalized United States citizen while playing college basketball at Georgetown . He represented the United States at the 1984 Summer Olympics . ^ Jump up to : Though drafted in 1987 by the San Antonio Spurs , David Robinson did not play in the NBA until 1989 due to commitments to the United States Navy . His rookie season with the Spurs began in the 1989 -- 90 season . Jump up ^ Because Tim Duncan is a United States citizen by birth , as are all natives of the U.S. Virgin Islands , he was able to play for the U.S. internationally . He represented the United States at the 2004 Summer Olympics ^ Jump up to : Though drafted in 2009 by the Los Angeles Clippers , Blake Griffin missed the entire 2009 -- 10 season due to a knee injury . His rookie season with the Clippers was the 2010 -- 11 season . Jump up ^ Karl - Anthony Towns was born and raised in the United States to an American father and a Dominican mother . He has represented the Dominican Republic internationally since 2012 . References General `` Rookie of the Year Award '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved April 27 , 2007 . `` Rookie of the Year Award Winners '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 7 , 2008 . Specific Jump up ^ `` Wolves ' Towns named 2015 - 16 Kia Rookie of the Year '' . NBA.com . May 16 , 2016 . Retrieved November 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Trail Blazers ' Brandon Roy Named 2006 - 07 T - Mobile NBA Rookie of the Year '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . May 3 , 2007 . Retrieved July 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Brand , Francis named NBA co-rookies of the year '' . CBC Sports . November 10 , 2000 . Retrieved July 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` It 's unanimous : Karl - Anthony Towns gets every first - place vote for Rookie of the Year '' . StarTribune.com . Minneapolis Star Tribune . May 16 , 2016 . Retrieved May 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bargnani becomes first European top NBA draft pick '' . People 's Daily Online . June 29 , 2006 . Retrieved June 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Jerry Lucas Bio '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved July 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Larry Bird Bio '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved July 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Ralph Wiley ( January 7 , 1985 ) . `` The Master Of The Key : After years of relying on others to unlock doors for him , Georgetown 's center Patrick Ewing will soon go off on his own '' . Sports Illustrated . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2008 . Retrieved June 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` All - Time USA Basketball Men 's Roster : E '' . USA Basketball . Archived from the original on August 4 , 2008 . Retrieved July 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Dave Anderson ( May 18 , 1987 ) . `` Sports of the Times ; The Robinson Plot Thickens '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` David Robinson '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved June 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Virgin Islands '' . CIA World Factbook . Retrieved August 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` All - Time USA Basketball Men 's Roster : D '' . USA Basketball . Archived from the original on August 28 , 2009 . Retrieved June 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Griffin 's rookie season lost to injury '' . ESPN.com . January 13 , 2010 . Retrieved January 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Zgoda , Jerry ( June 26 , 2015 ) . `` Karl - Anthony Towns taken No. 1 by Wolves ; Tyus Jones acquired in trade with Cavaliers '' . Star Tribune . Retrieved June 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Calipari makes Dominican team roster cuts '' . WKYT . June 16 , 2012 . Retrieved June 26 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Friedman , David ( March 2 , 2009 ) . `` Bill Tosheff : NBA Co-Rookie of the Year and Tireless Advocate for the `` Pre-1965ers '' . 20 Second Timeout . Retrieved September 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Goldstein , Allan ( October 30 , 1994 ) . `` NBA forgot it honored Hoffman '' . The Baltimore Sun . Retrieved September 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Sachare , Alex ( 1994 ) . The Official NBA Basketball Encyclopedia . New York : Villard Books . p. 371 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 679 - 43293 - 7 . hide NBA Rookie of the Year Award 1953 : Meineke 1954 : Felix 1955 : Pettit 1956 : Stokes 1957 : Heinsohn 1958 : Sauldsberry 1959 : Baylor 1960 : Chamberlain 1961 : Robertson 1962 : Bellamy 1963 : Dischinger 1964 : Lucas 1965 : Reed 1966 : Barry 1967 : Bing 1968 : Monroe 1969 : Unseld 1970 : Alcindor 1971 : Cowens & Petrie 1972 : Wicks 1973 : McAdoo 1974 : DiGregorio 1975 : Wilkes 1976 : Adams 1977 : Dantley 1978 : Davis 1979 : Ford 1980 : Bird 1981 : Griffith 1982 : Williams 1983 : Cummings 1984 : Sampson 1985 : Jordan 1986 : Ewing 1987 : Person 1988 : Jackson 1989 : Richmond 1990 : Robinson 1991 : Coleman 1992 : Johnson 1993 : O'Neal 1994 : Webber 1995 : Hill & Kidd 1996 : Stoudamire 1997 : Iverson 1998 : Duncan 1999 : Carter 2000 : Brand & Francis 2001 : Miller 2002 : Gasol 2003 : Stoudemire 2004 : James 2005 : Okafor 2006 : Paul 2007 : Roy 2008 : Durant 2009 : Rose 2010 : Evans 2011 : Griffin 2012 : Irving 2013 : Lillard 2014 : Carter - Williams 2015 : Wiggins 2016 : Towns 2017 : Brogdon Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NBA_Rookie_of_the_Year_Award&oldid=845863708 '' Categories : National Basketball Association awards National Basketball Association lists Awards established in 1953 Rookie player awards Hidden categories : Wikipedia semi-protected pages Articles with hCards Featured lists Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Bosanski Català Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latviešu Lietuvių 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Sicilianu Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 21 more Edit links This page was last edited on 14 June 2018 , at 17 : 23 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who won rookie of the year last year in nba | [
"The most recent Rookie of the Year winner is Malcolm Brogdon. Twenty-one winners were drafted first overall. Sixteen winners have also won the NBA Most Valuable Player (MVP) award in their careers; Wilt Chamberlain and Wes Unseld earning both honors the same season. Nineteen of the forty two non-active winners have been elected to the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame. Three seasons had joint winners—Dave Cowens and Geoff Petrie in the 1970–71 season, Grant Hill and Jason Kidd in the 1994–95 season, and Elton Brand and Steve Francis in the 1999–2000 season.[3] Five players won the award unanimously (by capturing all of the first-place votes) – Ralph Sampson, David Robinson, Blake Griffin, Damian Lillard, and Karl-Anthony Towns.[4]"
] | [
"Malcolm Brogdon"
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9103608796991453039 | List of Chief Ministers of Maharashtra | List of chief ministers of Maharashtra - Wikipedia List of chief ministers of Maharashtra Chief Minister of Maharashtra Seal of the Government of Maharashtra Incumbent Devendra Fadnavis since 31 October 2014 Style The Honourable Status Head of Government Abbreviation CM Member of Maharashtra Legislature ( Assembly / Council ) Cabinet Residence Varsha bungalow , Malabar Hill , Mumbai Seat Mantralaya , Mumbai Appointer Governor of Maharashtra constitutionally ; based on the appointee 's ability to command confidence in the House Term length Five years Precursor Chief Minister of Bombay State Inaugural holder Yashwantrao Chavan ( 1960 - 1962 ) Formation 1 May 1960 ; 58 years ago ( 1960 - 05 - 01 ) Deputy Deputy Chief Minister of Maharashtra Website CMO Maharashtra The Chief Minister ( CM ) of Maharashtra is the head of the Government of the western Indian state of Maharashtra . Following elections to the Legislative Assembly , the Governor invites the party ( or coalition ) with a majority of seats to form the government and appoints the CM . If the appointee is not a member of either the Legislative Assembly or the Legislative Council of Maharashtra , then the Constitution stipulates that they need to be elected within six months of being sworn - in . The office of the CM is coterminous with the concurrent Assembly provided the CM commands confidence in the house and hence does not exceed five years . However , it is subject to no term limits . The state of Maharashtra was formed by dissolution of the Bombay State on 1 May 1960 . Yashwantrao Chavan , who was serving as the third CM of Bombay State since 1956 , became the first CM of Maharashtra . He belonged to the Indian National Congress and held the office until the 1962 Assembly elections . Marotrao Kannanwar succeeded him and was the only CM to die while in office . Vasantrao Naik , who was in office from December 1963 to February 1975 for more than 11 years , has by far been the longest serving CM . He also was the first and only CM to complete his full term of five years ( 1967 - 1972 ) . With the exceptions of Manohar Joshi ( Shiv Sena ) , Narayan Rane ( Shiv Sena ) and Devendra Fadnavis ( Bharatiya Janata Party ) , all other CMs have been from the Congress or its breakaway parties . So far , President 's rule has been imposed twice in the state : first from February to June 1980 and again from September to October 2014 . Devendra Fadnavis is the incumbent CM since 31 October 2014 , the first from the BJP . Contents 1 Colour key for political parties 2 Chief Ministers of Bombay State 3 Chief Ministers of Maharashtra 4 Explanatory notes 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Colour key for political parties ( edit ) Indian National Congress Indian National Congress ( Urs ) Indian National Congress ( Socialist ) Shiv Sena Bharatiya Janata Party N / A ( President 's rule ) Chief Ministers of Bombay State ( edit ) No Name ( birth - death ) Portrait Party Term of office Assembly constituency Took office Left office Duration Chief Ministers of Bombay State B.G. Kher ( 1888 - 1957 ) - Indian National Congress 15 August 1947 21 April 1952 4 years , 250 days Morarji Desai ( 1896 - 1995 ) 21 April 1952 31 October 1956 4 years , 193 days Bulsar Chikhli Chief Ministers of Bombay State ( after the States Reorganisation Act , 1956 ) Yashwantrao Chavan ( 1913 - 1984 ) Indian National Congress 1 November 1956 5 April 1957 3 years , 181 days Karad North 5 April 1957 30 April 1960 Chief Ministers of Maharashtra ( edit ) No Name ( birth - death ) Portrait Party ( Alliance ) Term of office Assembly constituency Assembly Took office Left office Duration Yashwantrao Chavan ( 1913 - 1984 ) Indian National Congress 1 May 1960 19 November 1962 2 years , 202 days Karad North 1st Marotrao Kannamwar ( 1900 - 1963 ) - 20 November 1962 24 November 1963 1 year , 4 days Saoli 2nd P.K. Sawant - 25 November 1963 4 December 1963 9 days Chiplun Vasantrao Naik ( 1913 - 1979 ) - 5 December 1963 1 March 1967 11 years , 77 days Pusad 1 March 1967 13 March 1972 3rd 13 March 1972 20 February 1975 4th 5 Shankarrao Chavan ( 1920 - 2004 ) - 21 February 1975 16 May 1977 2 years , 84 days ( of 4 years , 190 days ) Bhokar 6 Vasantdada Patil ( 1917 - 1989 ) 17 May 1977 5 March 1978 1 year , 62 days ( of 3 years , 181 day ) Member of the Maharashtra Legislative Council Indian National Congress ( Urs ) ( Congress ( I ) - Congress ( U ) ) 5 March 1978 18 July 1978 Sangli 5th 7 Sharad Pawar ( born 1940 ) Indian National Congress ( Socialist ) ( Progressive Democratic Front ) 18 July 1978 17 February 1980 1 year , 214 days ( of 6 years , 221 days ) Baramati -- Vacant ( President 's rule ) - N / A 17 February 1980 8 June 1980 112 days N / A Dissolved 8 Abdul Rehman Antulay ( 1929 - 2014 ) - Indian National Congress 9 June 1980 12 January 1982 1 year , 217 days Shrivardhan 6th 9 Babasaheb Bhosale ( 1921 - 2007 ) - 21 January 1982 1 February 1983 1 year , 11 days Nehrunagar ( 6 ) Vasantdada Patil ( 3 ) ( 1917 - 1989 ) 2 February 1983 1 June 1985 2 years , 119 days ( of 3 years , 181 day ) Sangli ( After winning the by - elections on 3 July 1983 ) 10 Shivajirao Patil Nilangekar ( born 1931 ) - 3 June 1985 6 March 1986 276 days Nilanga 7th ( 5 ) Shankarrao Chavan ( 2 ) ( 1920 - 2004 ) - 12 March 1986 26 June 1988 2 years , 106 days ( of 4 years , 190 days ) Member of the Maharashtra Legislative Council ( 7 ) Sharad Pawar ( 2 ) ( born 1940 ) 26 June 1988 3 March 1990 2 years , 364 days ( of 6 years , 221 days ) Baramati 4 March 1990 25 June 1991 8th 11 Sudhakarrao Naik ( 1934 - 2001 ) - 25 June 1991 22 February 1993 1 year , 242 days Pusad ( 7 ) Sharad Pawar ( 3 ) ( born 1940 ) 6 March 1993 14 March 1995 2 years , 8 days ( of 6 years , 221 days ) Baramati 12 Manohar Joshi ( born 1937 ) Shiv Sena ( Sena - BJP ) 14 March 1995 31 January 1999 3 years , 323 days Dadar 9th 13 Narayan Rane ( born 1952 ) 1 February 1999 17 October 1999 258 days Malvan 14 Vilasrao Deshmukh ( 1945 - 2012 ) Indian National Congress ( Congress - NCP ) 18 October 1999 16 January 2003 3 years , 90 days ( of 7 years , 123 days ) Latur City 10th 15 Sushilkumar Shinde ( born 1941 ) 18 January 2003 30 October 2004 1 year , 286 days Solapur South ( After winning the by - elections on 24 May 2003 ) ( 14 ) Vilasrao Deshmukh ( 2 ) ( 1945 - 2012 ) 1 November 2004 4 December 2008 4 years , 33 days ( of 7 years , 123 days ) Latur City 11th 16 Ashok Chavan ( born 1958 ) 8 December 2008 15 October 2009 1 year , 336 days Bhokar 7 November 2009 9 November 2010 12th 17 Prithviraj Chavan ( born 1946 ) 11 November 2010 26 September 2014 3 years , 319 days Member of the Maharashtra Legislative Council -- Vacant ( President 's rule ) - N / A 28 September 2014 30 October 2014 32 days N / A 18 Devendra Fadnavis ( born 1970 ) Bharatiya Janata Party ( NDA ) 31 October 2014 Incumbent 3 years , 269 days Nagpur South West 13th Explanatory notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ After India 's Independence , Bombay State was created and its territory underwent constant change in the following years . It comprised Bombay Presidency ( roughly equating to the present - day Indian state of Maharashtra , excluding South Maharashtra and Vidarbha ) , the princely states of the Baroda , Western India and Gujarat ( the present - day Indian state of Gujarat ) and Deccan States ( which included parts of the present - day Indian states of Maharashtra and Karnataka ) . Jump up ^ States Reorganisation Act , 1956 : Bombay State was enlarged by the addition of Saurashtra State and Kutch State , the Marathi - speaking districts of Nagpur Division of Madhya Pradesh and Marathwada region of Hyderabad State . The southernmost districts of the Bombay Presidency were transferred to Mysore State . Jump up ^ Bombay state was dissolved to form the present - day states of Maharashtra and Gujarat by the Bombay Reorganisation Act , 1960 , which was enacted by the Parliament of India on 25 April 1960 and came into effect on 1 May 1960 . ^ Jump up to : Under Article 356 of the Constitution of India , in the event that a state government is unable to function according to constitutional provisions , the Central government can take direct control of the state machinery through the Governor . When President 's rule is in force in a state , its council of ministers stands dissolved . The office of chief minister thus lies vacant . At times , the legislative assembly also stands dissolved . See also ( edit ) Deputy Chief Minister of Maharashtra List of Governors of Maharashtra References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Chavan elected to Legislative Council '' . @ businessline . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ Durga Das Basu . Introduction to the Constitution of India . 1960 . 20th Edition , 2011 Reprint . pp. 241 , 245 . LexisNexis Butterworths Wadhwa Nagpur . ISBN 978 - 81 - 8038 - 559 - 9 . Note : although the text talks about Indian state governments in general , it applies for the specific case of Maharashtra as well . ^ Jump up to : `` The Bombay Reorganisation Act , 1960 '' ( PDF ) . India Code - Digital Repository of Legislation. 1960 - 04 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Before Jayalalithaa , 16 chief ministers who died in office '' . The Indian Express . 2016 - 12 - 07 . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Jayalalithaa is dead : Here are other chief ministers who died while still in office - Firstpost '' . www.firstpost.com . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Down but not out '' . The Telegraph India . 2011 - 07 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : Palshikar , Suhas ; Birmal , Nitin ; Ghotale , Vivek ( 2010 ) . `` Coalitions in Maharashtra Political fragmentation or Social Reconfiguration ? '' ( PDF ) . Savitribai Phule Pune University . Jump up ^ `` Indira Gandhi installed as president of break - away faction of Congress Party '' . India Today . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Use of President 's Rule peaked on February 17 , 1980 : Some facts '' . India Today . 17 February 2016 . Retrieved 1 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` President 's rule : ' Unprecedented but logical ' '' . @ businessline . Retrieved 1 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Ananth , Venkat ( 28 October 2014 ) . `` A brief history of Maharashtra 's chief ministers '' . livemint.com/ . Retrieved 9 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Desai , S.H. ( 1972 ) . A critical study of the development of secondary education for girls in Gujarat its history and present day problems ( PhD Thesis ) . Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda : Shodhganga : a reservoir of Indian theses @ INFLIBNET . pp. 411 -- 420 . Jump up ^ `` The States Reorganisation Act , 1956 '' ( PDF ) . India Code - Digital Repository of Legislations. 1956 - 08 - 31 . Jump up ^ Shinde , A.S. ( 1985 ) . `` Chapter 5 Executive - Legislature relationship '' . Working of the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly ( 1960 - 1975 ) - PhD Thesis . Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University : Shodhganga : a reservoir of Indian theses @ INFLIBNET . pp. 153 -- 154 . Jump up ^ `` I am just running my own state as best as possible : Devraj Urs '' . India Today . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Statistical Report 1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Elections '' ( PDF ) . Election Commission of India . 1978 . p. 354 . Jump up ^ `` Why Sharad Pawar will never ever go back to the Congress '' . www.dailyo.in . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Sharad Pawar Indian politician '' . Encyclopedia Britannica . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ Amberish K. Diwanji . `` A dummy 's guide to President 's rule '' . Rediff.com. 15 March 2005 . Retrieved on 3 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Information sought under RTI Act , 2005 '' ( PDF ) . Ministry of Home Affairs ( Government of India ) . 2014 - 06 - 27 . p. 7 of 14 . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Documentation Monthly July 1983 ( Research and Reference Election Commission of India ) '' ( PDF ) . Election Commission of India . pp. 78 -- 79 . Jump up ^ `` SB Chavan : Headmaster of Indian politics - Times of India '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Sushilkumar Shinde is sworn in - Times of India '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Maha CM elected unopposed to Legislative Council - Rediff.com India News '' . www.rediff.com . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Chavan elected to Legislative Council '' . @ businessline . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Proclamation of President 's Rule '' ( PDF ) . Government of Maharashtra. 2014 - 09 - 28 . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Proclamation to revoke President 's rule '' ( PDF ) . Government of Maharashtra. 2014 - 10 - 30 . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 23 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chief ministers of Maharashtra . Legislative bodies in India Chief Ministers of Maharashtra Yashwantrao Chavan Marotrao Kannamwar P.K. Sawant Vasantrao Naik Shankarrao Chavan Vasantdada Patil Sharad Pawar A.R. Antulay Babasaheb Bhosale Shivajirao Patil Nilangekar Sudhakarrao Naik Manohar Joshi Narayan Rane Vilasrao Deshmukh Sushilkumar Shinde Ashok Chavan Prithviraj Chavan Devendra Fadnavis Lists of chief ministers of Indian states ( and current incumbents ) Andhra Pradesh N. Chandrababu Naidu Arunachal Pradesh Pema Khandu Assam Sarbananda Sonowal Bihar Nitish Kumar Chhattisgarh Raman Singh Delhi Arvind Kejriwal Goa Manohar Parrikar Gujarat Vijay Rupani Haryana Manohar Lal Khattar Himachal Pradesh Jai Ram Thakur Jammu and Kashmir Vacant Jharkhand Raghubar Das Karnataka H.D. Kumaraswamy Kerala Pinarayi Vijayan Madhya Pradesh Shivraj Singh Chouhan Maharashtra Devendra Fadnavis Manipur N. Biren Singh Meghalaya Conrad Sangma Mizoram Lal Thanhawla Nagaland Neiphiu Rio Odisha Naveen Patnaik Puducherry V. Narayanasamy Punjab Amarinder Singh Rajasthan Vasundhara Raje Sikkim Pawan Kumar Chamling Tamil Nadu Edappadi K. Palaniswami Telangana K. Chandrashekhar Rao Tripura Biplab Kumar Deb Uttar Pradesh Yogi Adityanath Uttarakhand Trivendra Singh Rawat West Bengal Mamata Banerjee Women chief ministers From the Bharatiya Janata Party From the Communist Party of India ( Marxist ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Chief_Ministers_of_Maharashtra&oldid=851897794 '' Categories : Government of Maharashtra Lists of Chief Ministers of Indian states Chief Ministers of Maharashtra Maharashtra - related lists Hidden categories : Use Indian English from August 2013 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from July 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Deutsch ગુજરાતી हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia मराठी संस्कृतम् Svenska தமிழ் Edit links This page was last edited on 25 July 2018 , at 08 : 40 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is the name of chief minister of maharashtra | [
"The state of Maharashtra was formed by dissolution of the Bombay State on 1 May 1960.[3] Yashwantrao Chavan, who was serving as the third CM of Bombay State since 1956, became the first CM of Maharashtra. He belonged to the Indian National Congress and held the office until the 1962 Assembly elections. Marotrao Kannanwar succeeded him and was the only CM to die while in office.[4][5] Vasantrao Naik, who was in office from December 1963 to February 1975 for more than 11 years, has by far been the longest serving CM. He also was the first and only CM to complete his full term of five years (1967-1972). With the exceptions of Manohar Joshi (Shiv Sena), Narayan Rane (Shiv Sena) and Devendra Fadnavis (Bharatiya Janata Party), all other CMs have been from the Congress or its breakaway parties.[6][7][8] So far, President's rule has been imposed twice in the state: first from February to June 1980 and again from September to October 2014.[9][10] Devendra Fadnavis is the incumbent CM since 31 October 2014, the first from the BJP.[11]\n"
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"Devendra Fadnavis"
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3737124664319893056 | The White Tiger | The White Tiger - Wikipedia The White Tiger Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the 2008 novel by Aravind Adiga . For the 1987 novel by Robert Stuart Nathan , see The White Tiger ( Nathan novel ) . For other uses of White Tiger , see White tiger ( disambiguation ) . ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( July 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The White Tiger Author Aravind Adiga Country India Language English Genre Picaresque novel Published 2008 Atlantic Books ( UK ) 2008 HarperCollins ( India ) Media type Print ( hardback ) Pages 318 ISBN 1 - 4165 - 6259 - 1 OCLC 166373034 Dewey Decimal 823 /. 92 22 LC Class PR9619. 4. A35 W47 2008 The White Tiger is the debut novel by Indian author Aravind Adiga . It was first published in 2008 and won the 40th Man Booker Prize in the same year . The novel provides a darkly humorous perspective of India 's class struggle in a globalized world as told through a retrospective narration from Balram Halwai , a village boy . In detailing Balram 's journey first to Delhi , where he works as a chauffeur to a rich landlord , and then to Bangalore , the place to which he flees after killing his master and stealing his money , the novel examines issues of religion , caste , loyalty , corruption and poverty in India . Ultimately , Balram transcends his sweet - maker caste and becomes a successful entrepreneur , establishing his own taxi service . In a nation proudly shedding a history of poverty and underdevelopment , he represents , as he himself says , `` tomorrow . '' The novel has been well - received , making the New York Times bestseller list in addition to winning the Man Booker Prize . Aravind Adiga , 33 at the time , was the second youngest writer as well as the fourth debut writer to win the prize in 2008 . Adiga says his novel `` attempt ( s ) to catch the voice of the men you meet as you travel through India -- the voice of the colossal underclass . '' According to Adiga , the exigence for The White Tiger was to capture the unspoken voice of people from `` the Darkness '' -- the impoverished areas of rural India , and he `` wanted to do so without sentimentality or portraying them as mirthless humorless weaklings as they are usually . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot summary 2 Themes 2.1 Globalization 2.2 Individualism 2.3 Freedom 2.4 Social class / caste 2.5 Critical Analysis 3 References 4 External links Plot summary ( edit ) Balram Halwai narrates his life in a letter , written in seven consecutive nights and addressed to the Chinese Premier , Wen Jiabao . In his letter , Balram explains how he , the son of a rickshaw puller , escaped a life of servitude to become a successful businessman , describing himself as an entrepreneur . Balram was born in the rural village of Laxmangarh , where he lived with his grandmother , parents , brother and extended family . He is a smart child but is forced to leave school in order to help pay for his cousin 's dowry and begins to work in a teashop with his brother in Dhanbad . While working there he begins to learn about India 's government and economy from the customers ' conversations . Balram describes himself as a bad servant but a good listener and decides to become a driver . After learning how to drive , Balram finds a job driving Ashok , the son of one of Laxmangarh 's landlords . He takes over the job of the main driver , from a small car to a heavy - luxury described Honda City . He stops sending money back to his family and disrespects his grandmother during a trip back to his village . Balram moves to New Delhi with Ashok and his wife Pinky Madam . Throughout their time in Delhi , Balram is exposed to extensive corruption , especially in the government . In Delhi , the contrast between the poor and the wealthy is made even more evident by their proximity to one another . One night Pinky Madam takes the wheel from Balram , while drunk , hits something in the road and drives away ; we are left to assume that she has killed a child . Ashok 's family puts pressure on Balram to confess that he had been driving alone . Ashok becomes increasingly involved in bribing government officials for the benefit of the family coal business . Balram then decides that killing Ashok will be the only way to escape India 's Rooster Coop . After bludgeoning Ashok with a bottle and stealing a large bribe , Balram moves to Bangalore , where he bribes the police in order to help start his own taxi business . Interestingly , Ashok too is portrayed to be trapped in the metaphorical Rooster Coop : his family controls what he does and society dictates how he acts . Just like Ashok , Balram pays off a family whose son one of his taxi drivers hit and killed . Balram explains that his own family was almost certainly killed by Ashok 's relatives as retribution for his murder . At the end of the novel , Balram rationalizes his actions and considers that his freedom is worth the lives of his family and of Ashok . And thus ends the letter to Jiabao , letting the reader think of the dark humour of the tale , as well as the idea of life as a trap introduced by the writer . Themes ( edit ) Globalization ( edit ) The White Tiger takes place in a time in which increased technology has led to world globalization , and India is no exception . In the past decade , India has had one of the fastest booming economies . Specifically Americanization in India has played its role in the plot , since it provides an outlet for Balram to alter his caste . To satisfy Pinky 's want for American culture , Ashok , Pinky , and Balram simply move to Gurgaon instead of back to America . Globalization has assisted in the creation of an American atmosphere in India . Ashok justifies this move by explaining `` Today it 's the modernest suburb of Delhi . American Express , Microsoft , all the big American companies have offices there . The main road is full of shopping malls -- each mall has a cinema inside ! So if Pinky Madam missed America , this was the best place to bring her '' . By blackmailing Ram Persad , the other driver , Balram is promoted and drives Ashok and Pinky to their new home . Ashok is even convinced India is surpassing the USA , `` There are so many more things I could do here than in New York now ... The way things are changing in India now , this place is going to be like America in ten years '' . Balram is noticing the rapid growth as well . From the beginning of his story he knows that in order to rise above his caste he should become an entrepreneur . Although his taxi service is not an international business , Balram plans to keep up with the pace of globalization and change his trade when need be . `` I 'm always a man who sees ' tomorrow ' when others see ' today . ' '' Balram 's recognition of the increasing competition resulting from globalization contributes to his corruption . Individualism ( edit ) Throughout the book , there are references to how Balram is very different from those back in his home environment . He is referred to as the `` white tiger '' ( which also happens to be the title of the book ) . A white tiger symbolizes power in East Asian cultures , such as in Vietnam . It is also a symbol for freedom and individuality . Balram is seen as different from those he grew up with . He is the one who got out of the `` Darkness '' and found his way into the `` Light '' . Freedom ( edit ) In an interview with Aravind Adiga , he talked about how `` The White Tiger '' was a book about a man 's quest for freedom . Balram , the protagonist in the novel , worked his way out of his low social caste ( often referred to as `` the Darkness '' ) and overcame the social obstacles that limited his family in the past . Climbing up the social ladder , Balram sheds the weights and limits of his past and overcomes the social obstacles that keep him from living life to the fullest that he can . In the book , Balram talks about how he was in a rooster coop and how he broke free from his coop . The novel is somewhat of a memoir of his journey to finding his freedom in India 's modern day capitalist society . Towards the beginning of the novel , Balram cites a poem from the Muslim poet Iqbal where he talks about slaves and says `` They remain slaves because they ca n't see what is beautiful in this world . '' Balram sees himself embodying the poem and being the one who sees the world and takes it as he rises through the ranks of society , and in doing so finding his freedom . Social class / caste ( edit ) The book shows a modern day , capitalist Indian society with free market and free business . It also shows how it can create economic division . In India there are not social classes , there are social castes . The novel portrays India 's society as very negative towards the lower social caste . The novel is based on the disparities of two worlds : darkness , inhabited by poor and underprivileged who can not even meet their bare minimums ; and the lighted world , inhabited by zamindars , politicians , businessmen etc. who shamelessly exploits the ones from darkness , making them even more poor and grows their own grandeur . Balram refers to it as the `` Darkness '' . When Balram was asked which caste he was from , he knew that it could ultimately cause a biased stance in his employer and determine the future of his employment . There is definitely a big difference seen in Balram 's lower caste from back home and his current higher caste in their lifestyles , habits , and standards of living . This novel is showing how our economic system today creates socioeconomic gaps that create a big division in society . It limits opportunity , social mobility , health , and other rights and pleasures that should be given to all . There is a big difference in the amount of money spread around in society today and this book is alluding to that fact . Critical analysis ( edit ) Aravind Adiga 's White Tiger tells the story of Balram Halwei . Born in India 's overarching darkness of perpetual servanthood and poverty , Balram seeks a life in the light -- a life of freedom and financial prosperity . Balram , a man of many names and of strong conviction , is one of the few who are able to escape the Darkness . Unlike the majority of the poor in India , eternally pent up in the Coop , he is willing to sacrifice his family for his own self gain . His ambition and inner drive propels him to commit murder to achieve freedom . To be one 's own man , one must break free from the darkness and live life being able to choose his own path . When Balram says , `` All I wanted was the chance to be a man -- and for that , one murder was enough , '' he is technically correct . While murdering Ashok will result in the resultant murder of his family , the one murder alone is enough to break free from the Darkness . By murdering Ashok , therefore , Balram becomes his own man , free of the chains of servitude and finally able to control his own destiny . According to Balram , there are two different types of people in India . There are those in the light -- politicians , businessmen , entrepreneurs , to name a few , who prosper financially and sit at the top of society -- and there are those in the Darkness , trapped in lives of poverty and subservience . He explains , `` Please understand , Your Excellency , that India is two countries in one : an India of Light , and an India of Darkness '' ( 12 ) . To explain this division he uses the metaphor of the Coop : `` Go to Old Delhi ... Hundred of pale hens and brightly colored roosters , stuffed tightly into wire - mesh cages ... They know they are next , yet they can not rebel . They do not try to get out of the coop . The very same thing is done with humans in this country '' ( 147 ) . The Coop represents life in the Darkness : a life where the `` roosters , '' or people , can not choose their own fate , where they live in poverty , where they see their family decimated around them and are unable to intervene , and in which they inevitably will live and die without ever the possibility of escape . Balram 's family is in the Darkness . While they are supposed to be sweetmakers , or Halweis , they live in poverty . His father works tenuously as a rickshaw puller , and his brother works in the local tea shop . Balram 's father implants in him early on this idea of breaking away from the Darkness , and of becoming his own man . He instates in Balram the goal of becoming one of those men who are in the light . He says , `` My whole life , I have been treated like a donkey . All I want is that one son of mine -- at least one -- should live like a man '' ( 26 ) . In the eyes of Balram 's father , a man should live in the light , free from the grueling life of manual labor and servitude . Balram adopts this goal , and devotes his life towards attaining it . Later , Balram uses the metaphor : `` There are just two castes : Men with Big Bellies , and Men with Small Bellies . And only two destinies : eat -- or get eaten up '' ( 54 ) . Balram has a big belly , filled with the lust of freedom and of riches -- the same belly which will eventually propel him to murder Ashok and give up his family for the sake of becoming a man . In his childhood , Balram recognizes that he is special . When an official comes to evaluate his school , he singles out Balram because he is the only one who can read and write . He sees great potential in the boy : `` You , young man , are an intelligent , honest , vivacious fellow in this crowd of thugs and idiots ... You need to go to a real school '' ( 30 ) . The rest of the students are cast into the lowly group of `` thugs and idiots , because they will forever remain in the darkness . They do not have the ambition , drive or intelligence that is needed to escape -- the same characteristics which the inspector sees in Balram . The inspector knows that Balram exceeds everyone else within the `` jungle '' of his lowly school and town . He says , `` In any jungle , what is the rarest of animals -- the creature that comes along only once in a generation ? The white tiger '' ( 30 ) . Balram calls himself White Tiger permanently after this event . He fully takes on and embodies the life of a white tiger . In Balram 's opinion , `` ( Slaves ) remain slaves because they ca n't see what is beautiful in this world '' ( 34 ) . A `` white tiger '' can never be a slave , because it can see and pursue beauty . `` Beauty , '' in this case , is the life of financial prosperity and freedom of choice that Balram yearns for . Amidst the other animals in the darkness , amidst the other children in his school and the rest of India trapped in lives of Darkness , all who are unable to see beauty , and who carry with them small bellies , Balram , the `` White Tiger , '' knows that he must escape any means possible . Balram only faints twice in his life . Each time he faints it is because he realizes that the Darkness is inescapable without some form of resistance . He first faints when he sees his mother 's dead body around the Ganges : `` Soon she would become part of the black mound ... And then I understood : this was the real god of Benaras -- this black mud of the Ganga into which everything died , and decomposed , and was reborn from , and died into again . The same would happen to me when I died and they brought me here . Nothing would get liberated here '' ( 15 ) . Balram can not fathom the prospect of forever remaining in the Darkness . He sees the overwhelming power that being in the Darkness has on the ones in it : that when surrounded by others marked by a lack of ambition , leading lives of destitute servitude , unable to choose the paths of their own lives , one inevitably surrenders to that same life . Balram faints thinking that this could happen to him . Balram faints for a second time when he goes to the zoo . He sees the White Tiger trapped in the cage and realizes that he sees himself : `` ( The tiger ) was hypnotizing himself by walking like this - that was the way he could tolerate this cage '' ( 237 ) . Balram 's current predicament of servitude serves as his own cage . Balram was `` hypnotizing himself '' by buying into his life of servitude . He wholeheartedly embraced his master , with whom he treated with great love , to distract himself from the fact that he was living in a life that he and his father wanted so desperately for him to break free of . `` All at once , the tiger vanished '' ( 237 ) . When Balram sees himself in that cage , he has an epiphany . Up to this point , he had never seriously considered rebelling against or killing Ashok . But the tiger vanishes from the cage because , at that moment , the caged version of Balram ceased to exist . A changed man , he realizes that he must kill Ashok to become his own man and enter into a life of Light . After this epiphany , Balram quickly and deliberately frees himself from the Darkness by killing Ashok . Despite the fact that his family may be murdered , Balram commits this act because it will transport him to the life he has dreamed of and therefore make him a man . Balram has so much disdain for him family , since he sees the harsh ways by which they drain the life out of his father , that they no longer remain a relevant part of his life . Therefore , he is justified in sacrificing them , at least in his eyes . His epiphany at the zoo puts in context that life is not worth living if it is lived in the Darkness . After killing Ashok with the glass shards of a broken liquor bottle , he says , `` I 've made it ! I 've broken out of the coop ! '' ( 275 ) . In this India of Light and Darkness , Balram is now in the light . By resisting the life of Darkness and by killing Ashok , he now leads a life in which he can choose his own fate . The difference between `` this India , '' Laxmangarh , and `` that India , '' Bangalore , is that in `` this India '' Balram is a free independent man who can finally control his own destiny ( 262 ) . The chandelier embodies Balram 's transformation into a man . Literally , it represents the materialistic success which he has encountered in his entrepreneurial ventures as an independent businessman . Figuratively , it sheds light on him , amidst the Darkness still prevalent in the everyday life of India . It represents Balram 's escape from the presence of Darkness which used to dominate his life . By killing Ashok , Balram becomes his own man , freeing himself from servitude and entering a life of independence . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Amitav Ghosh , Aravind Adiga in Booker shortlist '' . Rediff.com. 2008 - 09 - 09 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 09 . Jump up ^ Robins , Peter ( 2008 - 08 - 09 ) . `` Review : The White Tiger by Aravind Adiga '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ The White Tiger : A Novel ( Deckle Edge ) ( Hardcover ) . amazon . Amazon.com , Inc. or its affiliates . ASIN 1416562591 . Jump up ^ `` Aravind Adiga becomes the fourth debut novelist to win the coveted prize '' . The Man Booker Prize . Retrieved 8 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Young , Victoria . `` Novel About India Wins Man Booker Prize '' . Retrieved 8 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Adiga , Aravind ( 2008 ) . The White Tiger . Free Press . p. 101 . Jump up ^ Adiga , Aravind ( 2008 ) . The White Tiger . Free Press . p. 77 . Jump up ^ Adiga , Aravind ( 2008 ) . The White Tiger . Free Press . p. 274 . Jump up ^ The White Tiger . p. 30 . Jump up ^ `` Animal Symbolism '' . Jump up ^ `` YouTube '' . Jump up ^ The White Tiger . p. 34 . Jump up ^ `` BOOK REVIEW : THE WHITE TIGER BY ARAVIND ADIGA ( WINNER OF THE MAN BOOKER PRIZE 2008 ) '' . Stories In Moments . Retrieved 22 March 2014 . External links ( edit ) Aravind Adiga Official website Adam Lively , Review in The Sunday Times David Mattin , Review in The Independent Sanjay Subrahmanyam , Review in the London Review of Books Interview with Aravind Adiga in Rediff Analysis of the novel at Let 's talk about Bollywood The White Tiger -- uRead.com Roy , Pinaki . `` Inside Tiger 's Jaws : Rereading Aravind Adiga 's The White Tiger '' . Booker Prize Winner Indian English Novels : A Kaleidoscopic Study . Eds . Nawale , A. , and V. Bite . Jaipur : Aavishkar Publishers and Distributors , 2011 . Pp. 164 -- 78 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7910 - 341 - 8 . http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=90452769 Awards Preceded by The Gathering Man Booker Prize recipient 2008 Succeeded by Wolf Hall Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_White_Tiger&oldid=820811076 '' Categories : 2008 Indian novels Man Booker Prize - winning works Books by Aravind Adiga Epistolary novels Picaresque novels Debut novels Novels set in India Free Press ( publisher ) books Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from July 2013 Use Indian English from July 2013 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Articles that may contain original research from July 2012 All articles that may contain original research Articles needing additional references from October 2012 All articles needing additional references Articles with multiple maintenance issues Pages to import images to Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Italiano ಕನ್ನಡ മലയാളം नेपाली Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Русский Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 16 January 2018 , at 19 : 12 . About Wikipedia | the novel the white tiger which won the man booker prize 2008 is authored by | [
"The White Tiger is the debut novel by Indian author Aravind Adiga. It was first published in 2008 and won the 40th Man Booker Prize in the same year.[1] The novel provides a darkly humorous perspective of India’s class struggle in a globalized world as told through a retrospective narration from Balram Halwai, a village boy. In detailing Balram's journey first to Delhi, where he works as a chauffeur to a rich landlord, and then to Bangalore, the place to which he flees after killing his master and stealing his money, the novel examines issues of religion, caste, loyalty, corruption and poverty in India.[2] Ultimately, Balram transcends his sweet-maker caste and becomes a successful entrepreneur, establishing his own taxi service. In a nation proudly shedding a history of poverty and underdevelopment, he represents, as he himself says, \"tomorrow.\""
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"Aravind Adiga"
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8552228374710148027 | Ken Curtis | Ken Curtis - wikipedia Ken Curtis Jump to : navigation , search For other people with the same name , see Kenneth Curtis ( disambiguation ) . ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( September 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( September 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article relies largely or entirely on a single source . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources . ( September 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Ken Curtis Curtis in 1964 Curtis Wain Gates ( 1916 - 07 - 02 ) July 2 , 1916 Lamar , Colorado , U.S. April 28 , 1991 ( 1991 - 04 - 28 ) ( aged 74 ) Fresno , California , U.S. Cause of death Heart Attack Occupation Actor , singer Years active 1941 -- 1991 Height 6 ft 0 in ( 183 cm ) Spouse ( s ) Lorraine Page ( 1943 - ? ; div . ) Barbara Ford ( 1952 -- 1964 ; div . ) Torrie Ahern Connelly ( 1966 -- 1991 ; his death ) Children The old Bent County jail in Las Animas in southeastern Colorado , where Ken Curtis lived as a boy Ken Curtis ( July 2 , 1916 -- April 28 , 1991 ) was an American singer and actor best known for his role as Festus Haggen on the long - running CBS western television series Gunsmoke . Although he appeared on Gunsmoke in other earlier roles , he was first cast in his iconic role in season 8 episode 13 , `` Us Haggens '' . His next appearance was with his mule , Ruth , in `` Prairie Wolfer '' in season 9 episode 16 , which also featured Noah Beery Jr. , as a villain . Contents ( hide ) 1 Biography 1.1 Early years 1.2 Career 1.2. 1 Gunsmoke 1.3 Last years 2 Death 3 Selected filmography 4 Television 5 References 6 External links Biography ( edit ) Early years ( edit ) Though born Curtis Wain Gates in Lamar in Prowers County in southeastern Colorado , he lived his first ten years on a ranch on Muddy Creek in eastern Bent County . The family moved in 1926 to Las Animas , the county seat of Bent County , so that his father , Dan Sullivan Gates , could run for sheriff . The campaign was successful , and Gates served from 1927 to 1931 as Bent County sheriff . The family lived below the jail , since the jail was the whole second floor and his mother , Nellie Sneed Gates , cooked for the prisoners . The jail is located for historical preservation purposes on the grounds of the Bent County Courthouse in Las Animas . Curtis was the quarterback of his Bent County High School football team and played clarinet in the school band . He graduated in 1935 . During World War II , Curtis served in the United States Army from 1943 to 1945 . He attended Colorado College to study medicine but left after a short time in order to pursue his musical career . Career ( edit ) Ken Curtis as Festus Haggin and James Arness as Matt Dillon , 1968 Curtis was a singer before moving into acting and combined both careers once he entered films . Curtis was with the Tommy Dorsey band in 1941 , and succeeded Frank Sinatra as vocalist until Dick Haymes contractually replaced Sinatra in 1942 . Curtis may have served simply as insurance against Sinatra 's likely defection , and it was Dorsey who suggested that Gates change his name to Ken Curtis . Curtis then joined Shep Fields and His New Music , an all - reeds band that dispensed with a brass section . Columbia Pictures signed Curtis to a contract in 1945 . He starred in a series of musical Westerns with The Hoosier Hot Shots , playing singing - cowboy romantic leads . Curtis met his first wife , Lorraine Page , at Universal Studios , and they were married in 1943 . For much of 1948 , Curtis was a featured singer and host of the long - running country music radio program WWVA Jamboree . Ken Curtis joined the Sons of the Pioneers ( the foremost Western vocal group in history ) as a lead singer from 1949 to 1952 . His big hits with the group included `` Room Full of Roses '' and `` ( Ghost ) Riders in the Sky '' . Through his second marriage , Curtis was a son - in - law of director John Ford . Curtis teamed with Ford and John Wayne in Rio Grande , The Quiet Man , The Wings of Eagles , The Searchers , The Horse Soldiers , The Alamo and How The West Was Won . Curtis also joined Ford , along with Henry Fonda , James Cagney , William Powell , and Jack Lemmon in the comedy Navy classic Mister Roberts . He was featured in all three of the only films produced by Cornelius Vanderbilt Whitney 's C.V. Whitney Pictures : The Searchers ( 1956 ) ; The Missouri Traveler ( 1958 ) with Brandon deWilde and Lee Marvin ; and The Young Land ( 1959 ) with Patrick Wayne and Dennis Hopper . In 5 Steps to Danger ( 1957 film ) he is uncredited as FBI Agent Jim Anderson . Curtis also produced two extremely low - budget monster films , The Killer Shrews and The Giant Gila Monster . Curtis guest - starred five times on the Western television series Have Gun Will Travel with Richard Boone . In 1959 he appeared as cowhand Phil Jakes on the Gunsmoke season four episode , `` Jayhawkers '' . He also guest - starred as circus performer Tim Durant on an episode of Perry Mason , `` The Case of the Clumsy Clown '' , which originally aired on November 5 , 1960 . He appeared in Ripcord , a show about a company providing skydiving services , along with Larry Pennell . The show ran from 1961 to 1963 . Curtis played the role of Jim Buckley and Pennell was his young disciple Ted McKeever . This television program helped generate interest in sport parachuting . In 1964 , Curtis appeared as muleskinner Graydon in the episode `` Graydon 's Charge '' of the syndicated Western television series , Death Valley Days , also guest starring Denver Pyle and Cathy Lewis . Gunsmoke ( edit ) ( hide ) This section has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This section possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( April 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) James Arness , Ken Curtis , Amanda Blake , and Milburn Stone Curtis remains best known for his role as Festus , the scruffy , cantankerous and illiterate deputy in Gunsmoke . While Marshal Matt Dillon had a total of five deputies over two decades , Festus held the role the longest ( 11 years ) , in 304 episodes , and was the most colorful . Festus was patterned after `` Cedar Jack '' ( Frederick Munden ) , a man from Curtis ' Las Animas childhood . Cedar Jack , who lived 15 miles south of town , made a living cutting cedar fence posts . Curtis observed many times that Jack came to Las Animas , where he would often end up drunk and in Curtis ' father 's jail . Festus ' character was known , in part , for the nasally , twangy , rural accent which Curtis developed for the role , but which did not reflect Curtis ' actual voice . Besides engaging in the usual personal appearances most television stars undertake to promote their program , Curtis also traveled around the country performing a Western - themed stage show at fairs , rodeos , and other venues when Gunsmoke was not in production , and even for some years after the show was canceled . Curtis also campaigned for Ronald Reagan in 1976 , during the future President 's attempt to secure the Republican nomination from incumbent Gerald Ford . In two episodes of Gunsmoke , Carroll O'Connor was a guest - star ; years later , Curtis guest - starred as a retired police detective on O'Connor's NBC program In the Heat of the Night . He voiced Nutsy the vulture in Disney 's 1973 animated film Robin Hood . A decade later , he returned to television in the short - lived Western series The Yellow Rose , in which he performed most of his scenes with Noah Beery , Jr ... Last years ( edit ) In 1981 , Curtis was inducted into the Western Performers Hall of Fame at the National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum in Oklahoma City , Oklahoma . Curtis ' last acting role was as the aging cattle rancher `` Seaborn Tay '' in the television production Conagher ( 1991 ) , by western author Louis L'Amour . Sam Elliott starred in the lead role , and Curtis ' Gunsmoke co-star Buck Taylor ( Newly O'Brien ) played a bad man in the same film . Buck Taylor 's father , Dub Taylor , had a minor role in it . He joined the Gunsmoke cast in 1967 , superseding the previous deputy , Thaddeus `` Thad '' Greenwood , played by Roger Ewing . Curtis married Torrie Connelly in 1966 . They were married until his death in 1991 and he had two step - children . A statue of Ken Curtis as Festus can be found at 430 Pollasky Avenue in Clovis , California , in Fresno County in front of the Educational Employees Credit Union . In his later years , Curtis resided in Clovis . Curtis was a Republican . Death ( edit ) Curtis died on April 28 , 1991 , in his sleep of a heart attack in Fresno , California . He was cremated , and his ashes were scattered in the Colorado flatlands . Selected filmography ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Santa Fe Trail ( 1940 ) - Officer singing at celebration ( uncredited ) Rhythm Round - Up ( 1945 ) - Jimmy Benson Song of the Prairie ( 1945 ) - Dan Tyler Out of the Depths ( 1945 ) - Buck Clayton Throw a Saddle on a Star ( 1946 ) - Curt Walker That Texas Jamboree ( 1946 ) -- Curt Chambers Cowboy Blues ( 1946 ) - Curt Durant Singing on the Trail ( 1946 ) - Curt Stanton Lone Star Moonlight ( 1946 ) - Curt Norton Over the Santa Fe Trail ( 1947 ) - Curt Mason Riders of the Pony Express ( 1949 ) - Tom Blake Stallion Canyon ( 1949 ) - Curt Benson Call of the Forest ( 1949 ) - Bob Brand Everybody 's Dancin ' ( 1950 ) - Ken - Member Sons of the Pioneers Rio Grande ( 1950 ) - Donnelly - Regimental Singer ( uncredited ) Don Daredevil Rides Again ( 1951 ) - Lee Hadley aka Don Daredevil Fighting Coast Guard ( 1951 ) - Ken - Member Sons of the Pioneers The Quiet Man ( 1952 ) - Dermot Fahy ( uncredited ) The Long Gray Line ( 1955 ) - Specialty ( uncredited ) Mr. Roberts ( 1955 ) - Yeoman 3rd Class Dolan The Searchers ( 1956 ) - Charlie McCorry 5 Steps to Danger ( 1956 ) - FBI Agent Jim Anderson ( uncredited ) The Wings of Eagles ( 1957 ) - John Dale Price Spring Reunion ( 1957 ) - Al The Missouri Traveler ( 1958 ) - Fred Mueller The Last Hurrah ( 1958 ) - Monsignor Killian Escort West ( 1958 ) - Trooper Burch The Young Land ( 1959 ) - Lee Hearn The Horse Soldiers ( 1959 ) - Cpl . Wilkie The Killer Shrews ( 1959 ) - Jerry Farrell My Dog , Buddy ( 1960 ) - Dr. Lusk Freckles ( 1960 ) - Wessner The Alamo ( 1960 ) - Capt . Almeron Dickinson Two Rode Together ( 1961 ) - Greeley Clegg How the West Was Won ( 1962 ) - Cpl . Ben ( uncredited ) Cheyenne Autumn ( 1964 ) - Joe Robin Hood ( 1973 ) - Nutsy - A Vulture ( voice ) Pony Express Rider ( 1976 ) - Jed Richardson Legend of the Wild ( 1981 ) Lost ( 1983 ) Once Upon a Texas Train ( 1988 ) - Kelly Sutton ( John Henry 's Gang ) Conagher ( 1991 , TV movie - Seaborn Tay , Cattle Rancher ( Last appearance ) Television ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Life and Legend of Wyatt Earp ( 1957 ) - episode - Warpath - Major Hendericks ( uncredited ) Have Gun Will Travel ( 1959 - 1960 ) - Monk Wagon Train ( 1960 ) - episode - The Horace Best Story - Pappy Lightfoot Wagon Train ( 1960 ) - episode - The Colter Craven Story - Kyle Cleatus Perry Mason ( 1960 ) - Tim Durant Sea Hunt ( 1961 ) - episode - The Octopus Story - Professor Dean Austin Ripcord ( 1961 -- 1963 ) - Skydiver James ( Jim ) Buckley The Aquanauts ( 1961 ) - two episodes - Horton / head waiter Gunsmoke ( 1963 -- 1975 ) - Festus Death Valley Days ( 1964 ) - Graydon 's Charge - Graydon The Life and Times of Grizzly Adams ( 1978 ) - episode - Once Upon a Starry Night - Uncle Ned Vega $ ( 1979 ) - Digger Dennison How the West Was Won ( 1979 ) - Sheriff Orville Gant The Yellow Rose ( 1983 -- 1984 ) - Hoyt Coryell Airwolf ( 1986 ) - Cecil Carnes Sr . In the Heat of the Night ( 1990 ) - Tom McCauley References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Gunsmoke : GunsmokeNet.com '' . gunsmokenet.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Gunsmoke : GunsmokeNet.com '' . gunsmokenet.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : Ap ( 1991 - 05 - 01 ) . `` Ken Curtis , Actor , 74 , Festus on ' Gunsmoke ' '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Gunsmoke : GunsmokeNet.com '' . gunsmokenet.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) `` Ken Curtis appeared in a number of cheesy movies , '' GunsmokeNet.com . Jump up ^ `` Death : Torrie Ahern Connelly Curtis '' . 1997 - 11 - 13 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) `` Ken Curtis statue , '' GunsmokeNet.com Jump up ^ https://books.google.com/books?id=QfHXAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA173&dq=Martha+Tilton+Republican&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwir-8ivuLDTAhUM8IMKHU_XAPUQ6AEILjAC#v=onepage&q=Ken%20Curtis&f=false Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Ken Curtis Obituary , LA Times , GunsmokeNet.com External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ken Curtis . Ken Curtis at Find a Grave Ken Curtis on IMDb Michael Breid shares memories of being part of Ken Curtis ' backup band for his stage show during the 1970s Chuck Anderson ( November 22 , 2007 ) . `` Ken Curtis '' . The Old Corral . Retrieved December 30 , 2008 . Teresa Murray ( August 10 , 2008 ) . `` Ken Curtis Biography '' . Evil Twin . Retrieved December 30 , 2008 . VIAF : 34666809 LCCN : n91104951 BNF : cb14167817r ( data ) IATH : w67q2r03 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ken_Curtis&oldid=801412298 '' Categories : 1916 births 1991 deaths High school football players in the United States American country singers American male film actors American male singers Singing cowboys People from Lamar , Colorado People from Las Animas , Colorado Male actors from Fresno , California Male actors from Colorado Male Western ( genre ) film actors Liberty Records artists 20th - century American male actors Singers from Colorado 20th - century American singers Musicians from Fresno , California Western ( genre ) television actors California Republicans Hidden categories : Articles that may contain original research from September 2016 All articles that may contain original research Articles lacking in - text citations from September 2016 All articles lacking in - text citations Articles needing additional references from September 2016 All articles needing additional references Use mdy dates from April 2014 Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2012 Articles needing additional references from April 2015 Articles that may contain original research from April 2015 Find a Grave template with ID same as Wikidata Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Deutsch Español فارسی Français Հայերեն Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Română Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 19 September 2017 , at 14 : 27 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who was the actor that played festus in gunsmoke | [
"Ken Curtis (July 2, 1916 – April 28, 1991) was an American singer and actor best known for his role as Festus Haggen on the long-running CBS western television series Gunsmoke. Although he appeared on Gunsmoke in other earlier roles, he was first cast in his iconic role in season 8 episode 13, \"Us Haggens\". His next appearance was with his mule, Ruth, in \"Prairie Wolfer\" in season 9 episode 16, which also featured Noah Beery Jr., as a villain."
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"Ken Curtis"
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-3158659545950867830 | Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe | Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe - wikipedia Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe `` OSCE '' redirects here . For the examination model , see Objective structured clinical examination . Organization for Security and Co ‐ operation in Europe Logo Secretariat Vienna , Austria Official languages English , French , German , Italian , Russian , Spanish Type Intergovernmental organization Membership 57 participating states 11 partners for co ‐ operation Leaders Secretary ‐ General Thomas Greminger Chairman - in - Office Enzo Moavero Milanesi Officer for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights Ingibjörg Sólrún Gísladóttir Representative on Freedom of the Media Harlem Désir High Commissioner on National Minorities Lamberto Zannier Establishment As the Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe July 1973 Helsinki Accords 30 July -- 1 August 1975 Paris Charter 21 November 1990 Renamed OSCE 1 January 1995 Area Total 50,119,801 km ( 19,351,363 sq mi ) Population 2010 estimate 1,229,503,230 ( 2nd ) Density 24.53 / km ( 63.5 / sq mi ) GDP ( PPP ) 2017 estimate Total $40.378 trillion Per capita $31,797 Website www.osce.org The Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe ( OSCE ) is the world 's largest security - oriented intergovernmental organization . Its mandate includes issues such as arms control , promotion of human rights , freedom of the press , and fair elections . It employs around 3,460 people , mostly in its field operations but also in its secretariat in Vienna , Austria and its institutions . It has its origins in the 1975 Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe ( CSCE ) held in Helsinki , Finland . The OSCE is concerned with early warning , conflict prevention , crisis management , and post-conflict rehabilitation . Its 57 participating states are located in Europe , northern and central Asia , and North America . The participating states cover much of the land area of the Northern Hemisphere . It was created during the Cold War era as an East -- West forum . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Languages 1.2 Participating states 1.3 Partners for co-operation 2 Legal status 3 Structure and institutions 4 Secretary General 5 Chairmanship 5.1 Summits of heads of State and Government 5.2 Ministerial Council Meetings ( ordinary ) 5.3 Chairmanship history 5.4 Fiscal history 6 Relations with the United Nations 7 The three dimensions 7.1 Politico - military dimension ( first dimension ) 7.2 Economic and environmental dimension ( second dimension ) 7.3 Human dimension ( third dimension ) 8 OSCE Democracy Defender Award 9 Criticism 9.1 OSCE Parliamentary Assembly 9.2 2012 Texas controversy 9.3 War in Donbass 9.4 Turkey 10 See also 11 References 12 External links History ( edit ) Helmut Schmidt , Erich Honecker , Gerald Ford and Bruno Kreisky at the 1975 CSCE summit in Helsinki , Finland . The Organization has its roots in the 1973 Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe ( CSCE ) . Talks had been mooted about a European security grouping since the 1950s but the Cold War prevented any substantial progress until the talks at Dipoli in Espoo began in November 1972 . These talks were held at the suggestion of the Soviet Union which wished to use the talks to maintain its control over the communist countries in Eastern Europe , and President of Finland Urho Kekkonen hosted them in order to bolster his policy of neutrality . Western Europe , however , saw these talks as a way to reduce the tension in the region , furthering economic cooperation and obtaining humanitarian improvements for the populations of the Communist bloc . The recommendations of the talks , in the form of `` The Blue Book '' , gave the practical foundations for a three - stage conference called the `` Helsinki process '' . The CSCE opened in Helsinki on 3 July 1973 with 35 states sending representatives . Stage I only took five days to agree to follow the Blue Book . Stage II was the main working phase and was conducted in Geneva from 18 September 1973 until 21 July 1975 . The result of Stage II was the Helsinki Final Act which was signed by the 35 participating states during Stage III , which took place in Finlandia Hall from 30 July -- 1 August 1975 . It was opened by Holy See 's diplomat Cardinal Agostino Casaroli , who was chairman of the conference . The concepts of improving relations and implementing the act were developed over a series of follow - up meetings , with major gatherings in Belgrade ( 4 October 1977 -- 8 March 1978 ) , Madrid ( 11 November 1980 -- 9 September 1983 ) and Vienna ( 4 November 1986 -- 19 January 1989 ) . The collapse of the Soviet Union required a change of role for the CSCE . The Charter of Paris for a New Europe , signed on 21 November 1990 , marked the beginning of this change . With the changes capped by the renaming of the CSCE to the OSCE on 1 January 1995 , in accord with the results of the conference held in Budapest , Hungary , in 1994 . The OSCE now had a formal secretariat , Senior Council , Parliamentary Assembly , Conflict Prevention Centre , and Office for Free Elections ( later becoming the Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights ) . In December 1996 , the `` Lisbon Declaration on a Common and Comprehensive Security Model for Europe for the Twenty - First Century '' affirmed the universal and indivisible nature of security on the European continent . In Istanbul on 19 November 1999 , the OSCE ended a two - day summit by calling for a political settlement in Chechnya and adopting a Charter for European Security . According to then Minister of Foreign Affairs Igor Ivanov , this summit marked a turning point in Russian perception of the OSCE , from an organization that expressed Europe 's collective will , to an organization that serves as a Western tool for `` forced democratization '' . Through its Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights ( ODIHR ) , the OSCE observes and assesses elections in its member states , in order to support fair and transparent democratic processes , in keeping with the mutual standards to which the organization is committed ; between 1994 and 2004 the OSCE sent teams of observers to monitor more than 150 elections , typically focusing on elections in emerging democracies . In 2004 , at the invitation of the United States Government , the ODIHR deployed an assessment mission , made up of participants from six OSCE member states , which observed that year 's US presidential election and produced a report . It was the first time that a US presidential election was the subject of OSCE monitoring , although the organization had previously monitored state - level American elections in Florida and California , in 2002 and 2003 . The 2004 assessment took place against the backdrop of the controversial recount effort in the 2000 US presidential election , and came about largely through the initiative of 13 Democratic members of the United States House of Representatives . That group , which included Barbara Lee , of California , and Eddie Bernice Johnson , of Texas , initially addressed a request for election observers to the United Nations , in a letter to Kofi Annan , the UN Secretary - General , but the request was declined . Subsequently , the administration of President George W. Bush , through the State Department , headed by Secretary of State Colin Powell , responded to the lawmakers ' concerns by inviting the OSCE election - monitoring mission . Languages ( edit ) The six official languages of the OSCE are English , French , German , Italian , Russian and Spanish . Participating states ( edit ) OSCE signatories as of 2012 signed Helsinki Final Act and Paris Charter signed Helsinki Final Act only non-signatory partner for cooperation State Admission Signed the Helsinki Final Act Signed the Charter of Paris Language Currency Capital Albania 19 June 1991 16 September 1991 17 September 1991 Albanian Albanian lek Tirana Andorra 25 April 1996 10 November 1999 17 February 1998 Catalan Euro Andorra la Vella Armenia 30 January 1992 8 July 1992 17 April 1992 Armenian Armenian dram Yerevan Austria 25 June 1973 1 August 1975 21 November 1990 German Euro Vienna Azerbaijan 30 January 1992 8 July 1992 20 December 1993 Azerbaijani Azerbaijani manat Baku Belarus 30 January 1992 26 February 1992 8 April 1993 Belarusian , Russian Belarusian ruble Minsk Belgium 25 June 1973 1 August 1975 21 November 1990 Dutch , French , German Euro Brussels Bosnia and Herzegovina 30 April 1992 8 July 1992 Bosnian , Croatian , Serbian Bosnia and Herzegovina convertible mark Sarajevo Bulgaria 25 June 1973 1 August 1975 21 November 1990 Bulgarian Bulgarian lev Sofia Canada 25 June 1973 1 August 1975 21 November 1990 English , French Canadian dollar Ottawa Croatia 24 March 1992 8 July 1992 Croatian Croatian kuna Zagreb Cyprus 25 June 1973 1 August 1975 21 November 1990 Greek , Turkish Euro Nicosia Czech Republic 1 January 1993 Czech Czech koruna Prague Denmark 25 June 1973 1 August 1975 21 November 1990 Danish Danish krone Copenhagen Estonia 10 September 1991 14 October 1991 6 December 1991 Estonian Euro Tallinn Finland 25 June 1973 1 August 1975 21 November 1990 Finnish , Swedish Euro Helsinki France 25 June 1973 1 August 1975 21 November 1990 French Euro Paris Georgia 24 March 1992 8 July 1992 21 January 1994 Georgian Georgian lari Tbilisi Germany - as West Germany - as East Germany 25 June 1973 1 August 1975 21 November 1990 German Euro Berlin Greece 25 June 1973 1 August 1975 21 November 1990 Greek Euro Athens Holy See 25 June 1973 1 August 1975 21 November 1990 Italian , Latin Euro Vatican City Hungary 25 June 1973 1 August 1975 21 November 1990 Hungarian Hungarian forint Budapest Iceland 25 June 1973 1 August 1975 21 November 1990 Icelandic Icelandic krona Reykjavik Ireland 25 June 1973 1 August 1975 21 November 1990 Irish , English Euro Dublin Italy 25 June 1973 1 August 1975 21 November 1990 Italian Euro Rome Kazakhstan 30 January 1992 8 July 1992 23 September 1992 Kazakh , Russian Kazakhstani tenge Astana Kyrgyzstan 30 January 1992 8 July 1992 3 June 1994 Kyrgyz , Russian Kyrgyzstani som Bishkek Latvia 10 September 1991 14 October 1991 6 December 1991 Latvian Euro Riga Liechtenstein 25 June 1973 1 August 1975 21 November 1990 German Swiss franc Vaduz Lithuania 10 September 1991 14 October 1991 6 December 1991 Lithuanian Euro Vilnius Luxembourg 25 June 1973 1 August 1975 21 November 1990 French , German , Luxembourgish Euro Luxembourg Macedonia 12 October 1995 Macedonian Macedonian denar Skopje Malta 25 June 1973 1 August 1975 21 November 1990 English , Maltese Euro Valletta Moldova 30 January 1992 26 February 1992 29 January 1993 Romanian Moldovan leu Chișinău Monaco 25 June 1973 1 August 1975 21 November 1990 French Euro Monaco Mongolia 21 November 2012 Mongolian Mongolian tögrög Ulaanbaatar Montenegro 22 June 2006 1 September 2006 Montenegrin Euro Podgorica Netherlands 25 June 1973 1 August 1975 21 November 1990 Dutch Euro Amsterdam Norway 25 June 1973 1 August 1975 21 November 1990 Norwegian Norwegian krone Oslo Poland 25 June 1973 1 August 1975 21 November 1990 Polish Polish złoty Warsaw Portugal 25 June 1973 1 August 1975 21 November 1990 Portuguese Euro Lisbon Romania 25 June 1973 1 August 1975 21 November 1990 Romanian Romanian leu Bucharest Russia ( as Soviet Union ) 25 June 1973 1 August 1975 21 November 1990 Russian Russian ruble Moscow San Marino 25 June 1973 1 August 1975 21 November 1990 Italian Euro City of San Marino Serbia ( as FR Yugoslavia ) 10 November 2000 27 November 2000 27 November 2000 Serbian Serbian dinar Belgrade Slovakia 1 January 1993 Slovak Euro Bratislava Slovenia 24 March 1992 8 July 1992 8 March 1993 Slovene Euro Ljubljana Spain 25 June 1973 1 August 1975 21 November 1990 Spanish Euro Madrid Sweden 25 June 1973 1 August 1975 21 November 1990 Swedish Swedish krona Stockholm Switzerland 25 June 1973 1 August 1975 21 November 1990 German , French , Italian , Romansh Swiss franc Bern Tajikistan 30 January 1992 26 February 1992 Tajik Tajikistani somoni Dushanbe Turkey 25 June 1973 1 August 1975 21 November 1990 Turkish Turkish lira Ankara Turkmenistan 30 January 1992 8 July 1992 Turkmen Turkmenistan manat Ashgabat Ukraine 30 January 1992 26 February 1992 16 June 1992 Ukrainian Ukrainian hryvnia Kiev United Kingdom 25 June 1973 1 August 1975 21 November 1990 English Pound sterling London United States 25 June 1973 1 August 1975 21 November 1990 English US dollar Washington D.C. Uzbekistan 30 January 1992 26 February 1992 27 October 1993 Uzbek Uzbekistani som Tashkent ^ Jump up to : Czechoslovakia was an original signatory Jump up ^ Referred to by the OSCE as the `` Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia '' Jump up ^ Asia partner for co-operation 2004 - 2012 . Partners for co-operation ( edit ) Mediterranean States Algeria Egypt Israel Jordan Morocco Tunisia Asia 1992 Japan 1994 South Korea 2000 Thailand 2003 Afghanistan Oceania 2009 Australia Legal status ( edit ) A unique aspect of the OSCE is the non-binding status of its constitutive charter . Rather than being a formal treaty ratified by national legislatures , the Helsinki Final Act represents a political commitment by the heads of government of all signatories to build security and cooperation in Europe on the basis of its provisions . This allows the OSCE to remain a flexible process for the evolution of improved cooperation , which avoids disputes and / or sanctions over implementation . By agreeing to these commitments , signatories for the first time accepted that treatment of citizens within their borders was also a matter of legitimate international concern . This open process of the OSCE is often given credit for helping build democracy in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe , thus leading to the end of the Cold War . Unlike most international intergovernmental organizations , however , the OSCE does not have international legal personality on account of the lack of legal effect of its charter . As a result , its headquarters ' host , Austria , had to confer legal personality on the organization in order to be able to sign a legal agreement regarding its presence in Vienna . Structure and institutions ( edit ) Political direction to the organization is given by heads of state or government during summits . Summits are not regular or scheduled but held as needed . The last summit took place in Astana ( Kazakhstan ) , on 1 and 2 December 2010 . The high - level decision - making body of the organization is the Ministerial Council , which meets at the end of every year . At ambassadorial level the Permanent Council convenes weekly in Vienna and serves as the regular negotiating and decision - making body . The chairperson of the Permanent Council is the ambassador to the Organization of the participating State which holds the chairmanship . From 1 January 2017 to 31 December 2017 the Chairperson - in - Office is Austrian Foreign Minister , Sebastian Kurz , who succeeded German Foreign Minister Frank - Walter Steinmeier . In addition to the Ministerial Council and Permanent Council , the Forum for Security Co-operation is also an OSCE decision - making body . It deals predominantly with matters of military co-operation , such as modalities for inspections according to the Vienna Document of 1999 . The OSCE 's Secretariat is located in Vienna , Austria . The current Secretary General is Lamberto Zannier of Italy , who took over from Marc Perrin de Brichambaut of France . The organization also has offices in Copenhagen , Geneva , The Hague , Prague and Warsaw . A meeting of the OSCE Permanent Council at the Hofburg in Vienna , Austria . As of March 2016 , the OSCE employed 3,462 staff , including 513 in its secretariat and institutions and 2,949 in its 17 field operations . The Parliamentary Assembly of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe is made up of 323 parliamentarians from 57 member states . The Parliamentary Assembly performs its functions mainly via the Standing Committee , the Bureau , and 3 General Committees ( Committee on Political Affairs and Security , Committee on Economic Affairs , Science , Technology and Environment , and Committee on Democracy , Human Rights and Humanitarian Questions ) . The Parliamentary Assembly passes resolutions on matters such as political and security affairs , economic and environmental issues , and democracy and human rights . Representing the collective voice of OSCE parliamentarians , these resolutions and recommendations are meant to ensure that all participating states live up to their OSCE commitments . The Parliamentary Assembly also engages in parliamentary diplomacy , and has an extensive election observation program . The oldest OSCE institution is the Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights ( ODIHR ) , established in 1991 following a decision made at the 1990 Summit of Paris . It is based in Warsaw , Poland , and is active throughout the OSCE area in the fields of election observation , democratic development , human rights , tolerance and non-discrimination , rule of law , and Roma and Sinti issues . The ODIHR has observed over 300 elections and referendums since 1995 , sending more than 50,000 observers . It has operated outside its own area twice , sending a team that offered technical support to the 9 October 2004 presidential elections in Afghanistan , an OSCE Partner for Co-operation , and an election support team to assist with parliamentary and provincial council elections on 18 September 2005 . ODIHR is headed by Michael Georg Link . The Office of the OSCE Representative on Freedom of the Media , established in December 1997 , acts as a watchdog to provide early warning on violations of freedom of expression in OSCE participating States . The representative also assists participating States by advocating and promoting full compliance with OSCE norms , principles and commitments regarding freedom of expression and free media . As of 2011 , the current representative is expert in media law from Bosnia and Herzegovina Dunja Mijatovic . The High Commissioner on National Minorities was created on July 8 , 1992 by the Helsinki Summit Meeting of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe . It is charged with identifying and seeking early resolution of ethnic tension that might endanger peace , stability or friendly relations between participating states . Each year the OSCE holds an OSCE Asian Conference with partner nations like Australia , Thailand , South Korea , Kazakhstan and Afghanistan . Secretary General ( edit ) The incumbent of this post acts as the representative of the Chairperson - in - Office , and as the OSCE 's chief administrative officer . Since the post was created in 1992 , Secretaries - General of the OSCE have been : Wilhelm Höynck ( de ) ( 1993 -- 1996 ) Giancarlo Aragona ( 1996 -- 1999 ) Ján Kubiš ( 1999 -- 2005 ) Marc Perrin de Brichambaut ( 2005 -- 2011 ) Lamberto Zannier ( 2011 -- 2017 ) Thomas Greminger ( 2017 -- ) Chairmanship ( edit ) OSCE Permanent Council venue at the Hofburg , Vienna . The responsibilities of the Chairman - in - Office ( CiO ) include co-ordination of the work of OSCE institutions ; representing the Organization ; supervising activities related to conflict prevention , crisis management and post-conflict rehabilitation . The chairmanship rotates annually , and the post of the chairman - in - office is held by the foreign minister of the participating State which holds the chairmanship . The CiO is assisted by the previous and incoming chairman - in - office ; the three of them together constitute the Troika . The origin of the institution lies with the Charter of Paris for a New Europe ( 1990 ) , the Helsinki Document 1992 formally institutionalized this function . Summits of heads of State and government ( edit ) Summit Date Location Country Decisions 30 July -- 1 August 1975 Helsinki Finland Closing of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe ( CSCE ) . Signing of the Final Act ( Helsinki Act ) . II 19 -- 21 November 1990 Paris France ( Second CSCE Summit ) . Signing of the Charter of Paris for a New Europe ( Paris Charter ) , the Vienna Confidence and Security Building Measures ( CSBM ) Document and the CFE Treaty . III 9 -- 10 July 1992 Helsinki Finland Final Document : The Challenges of Change . Creation of the High Commissioner on National Minorities , the Forum for Security Co-operation and the Economic Forum . Suspension of FR Yugoslavia from membership . IV 5 -- 6 December 1994 Budapest Hungary Final Document : Towards a Genuine Partnership in a New Era . Approval of a multi-national peace - keeping force to Nagorno - Karabakh . Endorsement of the Code of Conduct on politico - military aspects of security . V 2 -- 3 December 1996 Lisbon Portugal ( First OSCE Summit ) . Lisbon Declaration on a Common and Comprehensive Security Model for Europe for the Twenty - First Century . Adoption of a Framework for Arms Control . VI 18 -- 19 November 1999 Istanbul Turkey Signing of the Istanbul Document and the Charter for European Security . VII 1 -- 2 December 2010 Astana Kazakhstan Adoption of the Astana Commemorative Declaration , which reconfirms the Organization 's comprehensive approach to security based on trust and transparency . Ministerial Council meetings ( ordinary ) ( edit ) Council Date Location Country Decisions 1st 19 -- 20 June 1991 Berlin Germany Admission of Albania 2nd 30 -- 31 January 1992 Prague Czechoslovakia Admission of ten former Soviet republics . 3rd 14 -- 15 December 1992 Stockholm Sweden Creation of the post of Secretary General and appointment of Max van der Stoel as first High Commissioner on National Minorities . 4th 30 November -- 1 December 1993 Rome Italy Establishment of the Mission to Tajikistan . 5th 7 -- 8 December 1995 Budapest Hungary Establishment of the Mission in Bosnia and Herzegovina to carry out the tasks assigned to the OSCE in the Dayton Peace Agreements . 6th 18 -- 19 December 1997 Copenhagen Denmark Creation of the Co-ordinator of OSCE Economic and Environmental Activities and the Representative on Freedom of the Media . 7th 2 -- 3 December 1998 Oslo Norway 8th 27 -- 28 November 2000 Vienna Austria Vienna Declaration on the OSCE 's activities in South - Eastern Europe . Re-admission of FR Yugoslavia. Teija Egan Evans 9th 3 -- 4 December 2001 Bucharest Romania Bucharest Declaration . Bucharest Plan of Action for Combating Terrorism . Creation of the Strategic Police Matters Unit and a Senior Police Adviser in the OSCE Secretariat . 10th 6 -- 7 December 2002 Porto Portugal Porto Declaration : Responding to Change . OSCE Charter on Preventing and Combating Terrorism . 11th 1 -- 2 December 2003 Maastricht Netherlands Strategy to Address Threats to Security and Stability in the Twenty - First Century . Strategy Document for the Economic and Environmental Dimension . 12th 6 -- 7 December 2004 Sofia Bulgaria 13th 5 -- 6 December 2005 Ljubljana Slovenia Statement on the International Convention for the Suppression of Acts of Nuclear Terrorism . Approval of the Border Security and Management Concept . 14th 4 -- 5 December 2006 Brussels Belgium Brussels Declaration on Criminal Justice Systems . Ministerial Statement on Supporting and Promoting the International Legal Framework against Terrorism . 15th 29 -- 30 November 2007 Madrid Spain Madrid Declaration on Environment and Security . Ministerial Statement on Supporting the United Nations Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy . 16th 4 -- 5 December 2008 Helsinki Finland 17th 1 -- 2 December 2009 Athens Greece Ministerial Declarations on Non-Proliferation and on the OSCE Corfu Process . 16 -- 17 July 2010 Almaty Kazakhstan Informal discussions on Corfu Process progress , the situation in Kyrgyzstan and the forthcoming OSCE summit . 18th 6 -- 7 December 2011 Vilnius Lithuania Decisions on responses to conflicts and transnational threats ; to enhance capabilities in early warning ; early action ; dialogue facilitation and mediation support ; and post-conflict rehabilitation . Decisions to enhance engagement with OSCE Partners for Co-operation , Afghanistan in particular . 19th 6 -- 7 December 2012 Dublin Ireland Helsinki + 40 Process : clear path to the 2015 40th anniversary of the Helsinki Final Act , intent to reinforce and revitalize the OSCE ; unanimous support for Transdniestrian settlement process : negotiated , comprehensive , just and viable solution to the conflict ; strengthening good governance : deepening engagement in preventing and countering corruption , addressing transnational threats , and adding an anti-terrorism framework to earlier decisions on threats from information and communication technologies , drugs and chemical precursors and strategic policing ; despite Ireland 's hopes , a decision on human rights was not reached : greater , still , was concern for the Council 's trend of human rights decision - failures . 20th 5 -- 6 December 2013 Kiev Ukraine 21st 4 -- 5 December 2014 Basel Switzerland Declaration on further steps in the Helsinki + 40 Process . Ministerial statement on the negotiations on the Transdniestrian Settlement Process in the `` 5 + 2 '' format . Declaration on youth . Declaration on the Transfer of Ownership to the Parties to the Agreement on Sub-regional Arms Control , Annex 1B , Article IV of the General Framework Agreement for Peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina . Declaration on the OSCE role in countering the phenomenon of foreign terrorist fighters in the context of the implementation of UN Security Council resolutions 2170 ( 2014 ) and 2178 ( 2014 ) . Declaration on the OSCE role in countering kidnapping and hostage - taking committed by terrorist groups in the context of the implementation of the UN Security Council resolution 2133 ( 2014 ) . Decision on the prevention of corruption . Decision on enhancing disaster risk reductionDecision on preventing and combating violence against women . Decision on an addendum to the 2004 OSCE Action Plan for the Promotion of Gender Equality . Ministerial commemorative declaration on the seventieth anniversary of the end of the Second World War . Declaration on enhancing efforts to combat anti-Semitism . Declaration on co-operation with the Mediterranean Partners . Ministerial declaration on co-operation with the Asian Partners . Decision on small arms and light weapons and stockpiles of conventional ammunition . Commemorative Declaration on the Occasion of the Twentieth Anniversary of the OSCE Code of Conduct on Politico - Military Aspects of Security . 22nd 3 -- 4 December 2015 Belgrade Serbia Ministerial Declaration on Preventing and Countering Violent Extremism and Radicalization that lead to Terrorism . Declaration on the OSCE Activities in Support of Global Efforts in Tackling the World Drug Problem . Ministerial Declaration on Reinforcing OSCE Efforts to Counter Terrorism in the Wake of Recent Terrorist Attacks . Declaration on Youth and Security . Ministerial Statement on the Negotiations on the Transdniestrian Settlement Process in the `` 5 + 2 '' Format . 23st 8 -- 9 December 2016 Hamburg Germany Decision on the OSCE 's role in the governance of large movements of migrants and refugees . Decision on strengthening good governance and promoting connectivity . Decision on OSCE efforts related to reducing the risks of conflict stemming from the use of information and communication technologies . Declaration on strengthening OSCE efforts to prevent and counter terrorism . Decision on enhancing the use of Advance Passenger Information . Ministerial statement on the negotiations on the Transdniestrian Settlement Process in the `` 5 + 2 '' format . Chairmanship history ( edit ) Chairmanship of the OSCE is held by a member state on a calendar - year basis , with the minister for foreign affairs of that state performing the function of Chairman - in - Office . The table below shows the holders since 1991 . Year Country Chairman - in - Office 1991 Germany Hans - Dietrich Genscher ( from June ) Czechoslovakia Jiří Dienstbier ( until 2 July ) ; Jozef Moravčík ( from 3 July ) Sweden Margaretha af Ugglas Italy Beniamino Andreatta ( until 11 May ) ; Antonio Martino ( from 12 May ) 1995 Hungary László Kovács Switzerland Flavio Cotti Denmark Niels Helveg Petersen 1998 Poland Bronislaw Geremek 1999 Norway Knut Vollebaek 2000 Austria Wolfgang Schüssel ( until 4 February ) ; Benita Ferrero - Waldner ( from 5 February ) Romania Mircea Geoană 2002 Portugal Jaime Gama ( until 6 April ) ; António Martins da Cruz ( from 7 April ) 2003 Netherlands Jaap de Hoop Scheffer ( until 3 December ) ; Bernard Bot ( from 4 December ) Bulgaria Solomon Passy 2005 Slovenia Dimitrij Rupel 2006 Belgium Karel De Gucht 2007 Spain Miguel Ángel Moratinos 2008 Finland Ilkka Kanerva ( until 4 April ) ; Alexander Stubb ( from 5 April ) 2009 Greece Dora Bakoyannis ( until 5 October ) ; George Papandreou ( from 6 October ) Kazakhstan Kanat Saudabayev 2011 Lithuania Audronius Ažubalis 2012 Ireland Eamon Gilmore 2013 Ukraine Leonid Kozhara 2014 Switzerland Didier Burkhalter 2015 Serbia Ivica Dačić 2016 Germany Frank - Walter Steinmeier 2017 Austria Sebastian Kurz ( until 18 December ) ; Karin Kneissl ( from 18 December ) 2018 Italy Angelino Alfano ( until 1 June ) ; Enzo Moavero Milanesi ( from June 1 ) 2019 Slovakia Miroslav Lajčák Fiscal history ( edit ) Since 1993 , the OSCE 's budget by year ( in millions of euros , ) has been : 2017 ... € 139.0 million 2016 ... € 141.1 million 2015 ... € 141.1 million 2014 ... € 142.3 million 2013 ... € 144.8 million 2012 ... € 148.4 million 2011 ... € 150.0 million 2010 ... € 150.7 million 2009 ... € 158.6 million 2008 ... € 164.1 million 2007 ... € 186.2 million 2006 ... € 186.2 million 2005 ... € 186.6 million 2004 ... € 180.8 million 2003 ... € 165.5 million 2002 ... € 167.5 million 2001 ... € 194.5 million 2000 ... € 202.7 million 1999 ... € 146.1 million 1998 ... € 118.7 million 1997 ... € 43.3 million 1996 ... € 34.9 million 1995 ... € 18.9 million 1994 ... € 21 million 1993 ... € 12 million Relations with the United Nations ( edit ) The OSCE considers itself a regional organization in the sense of Chapter VIII of the United Nations Charter and is an observer in the United Nations General Assembly . The Chairman - in - Office gives routine briefings to the United Nations Security Council . The three dimensions ( edit ) Politico - military dimension ( first dimension ) ( edit ) The OSCE takes a comprehensive approach to the politico - military dimension of security , which includes a number of commitments by participating States and mechanisms for conflict prevention and resolution . The organization also seeks to enhance military security by promoting greater openness , transparency and co-operation . Arms control The end of the Cold War resulted in a huge amount of surplus weapons becoming available in what is known as the international grey market for weapons . The OSCE helps to stop the - often illegal - spread of such weapons and offers assistance with their destruction . The OSCE hosts the annual exchange of information under the Conventional Forces in Europe treaty . The OSCE has also implemented two additional exchanges of information , the Vienna Document and the Global Exchange of Military Information . The Open Skies Consultative Commission , the implementing body for the Treaty on Open Skies , meets monthly at its Vienna headquarters . Border management The actions taken by the OSCE in border monitoring range from conflict prevention to post-conflict management , capacity building and institutional support . Combating terrorism With its expertise in conflict prevention , crisis management and early warning , the OSCE contributes to worldwide efforts in combating terrorism . Conflict prevention The OSCE works to prevent conflicts from arising and to facilitate lasting comprehensive political settlements for existing conflicts . It also helps with the process of rehabilitation in post-conflict areas . Military reform The OSCE 's Forum for Security Co-operation provides a framework for political dialogue on military reform , while practical activities are conducted by field operations , as well as the Conflict Prevention Centre . Policing OSCE police operations are an integral part of the organization 's efforts in conflict prevention and post-conflict rehabilitation . Implementation The OSCE was a rather small organization until selection by the international community to provide electoral organization to post war Bosnia and Herzegovina in early 1996 . Ambassador Frowick was the first OSCE representative to initiate national election in September 1996 , human rights issues and rule of law specifically designed to provide a foundation for judicial organization within Bosnia and Herzegovina . The OSCE had regional offices and field offices , to include the office in Brcko in northeastern Bosnia and Herzegovina which remained in limbo until the Brcko Arbitration Agreement could be decided , finalized and implemented . Brcko become a `` special district '' and remains so today . The OSCE essentially took the place of the United Nations in Bosnia and Herzegovina in part because the Bosnian leadership felt deep contempt for the UN efforts to stop the war which began in 1991 and ended in 1995 . During the time the United Nations were attempting a political solution , thousands of UN troops were posted in and around Bosnia and Herzegovina with special emphasis on Sarajevo . Between the inclusive dates of 1991 through 1995 , over 200,000 Bosnians were killed and over one million displaced and another million as refugees . citation needed The OSCE continues to have a presence and a number of initiatives to bring a sustained peace to the region . Economic and environmental dimension ( Second dimension ) ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Activities in the economic and environmental dimension include the monitoring of developments related to economic and environmental security in OSCE participating States , with the aim of alerting them to any threat of conflict ; assisting States in the creation of economic and environmental policies , legislation and institutions to promote security in the OSCE region . Economic activities Among the economic activities of the OSCE feature activities related to migration management , transport and energy security . Most activities are implemented in co-operation with partner organizations . Environmental activities The OSCE has developed a range of activities in the environmental sphere aimed at addressing ecologic threats to security in its participating States . Among the activities feature projects in the area of hazardous waste , water management and access to information under the Aarhus Convention . Human dimension ( third dimension ) ( edit ) The commitments made by OSCE participating States in the human dimension aim to ensure full respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms ; to abide by the rule of law ; to promote the principles of democracy by building , strengthening and protecting democratic institutions ; and to promote tolerance throughout the OSCE region . Combating trafficking in human beings Since 2003 the OSCE has had an established mechanism for combating trafficking in human beings , as defined by Article 3 of the Palermo Protocol , which is aimed at raising public awareness of the problem and building the political will within participating states to tackle it effectively . The OSCE actions against trafficking in human beings are coordinated by the Office of the Special Representative and Co-ordinator for Combating Trafficking in Human Beings . Maria Grazia Giammarinaro , a judge in the Criminal Court of Rome , took Office as the Special Representative in March 2010 . From 2006 to 2009 this Office was held by Eva Biaudet , a former Finnish Minister of Health and Social Services . Biaudet currently serves as Finnish Ombudsman for Minorities . Her predecessor was former Austrian Minister Helga Conrad , who served as the first OSCE Special Representative for Combating Trafficking in Human Beings . The activities around Combating Trafficking in Human Beings in the OSCE Region of the Office of the Special Representative include : Co-operation with governments , helping them to accept and act on their responsibilities for curbing trafficking in human beings ; Providing governments with decision and policy - making aids and offering guidance on anti-trafficking management , with the aim of arriving at solutions tailored to the needs of the individual countries and in line with international standards ; Assisting governments to develop the national anti-trafficking structures required for efficient internal and transnational co-operation ; Raising awareness to draw attention to the complexity of the problem and to the need for comprehensive solutions ; Considering all dimensions of human trafficking , namely trafficking for sexual exploitation , trafficking for forced and bonded labour , including domestic servitude , trafficking into forced marriages , trafficking in organs and trafficking in children ; Ensuring the effective interaction of all agents and stake holders involved in the fight against human trafficking , ranging from governmental authorities , law enforcement officials to NGOs , and -- last but not least -- international organizations , as the agencies providing support thorough expertise and know - how ; Guaranteeing the highest possible visibility of the OSCE 's fight against human trafficking to focus attention on the issue . Democratization The OSCE claims to promote democracy and assist the participating states in building democratic institutions . Education Education programmes are an integral part of the organization 's efforts in conflict prevention and post-conflict rehabilitation . Elections As part of its democratization activities , the OSCE carries out election assistance projects in the run - up to , during , and following elections . However , the effectiveness of such assistance is arguable -- Kazakhstan , for example , despite being the former chair of the OSCE , is considered by many to be one of the least democratic countries in the world . Moreover , the recent democratic advances made in other Central Asian republics , notably Kyrgyzstan , have led to rumours of Soviet - style disruption of the Kyrgyz democratic process by , in particular , Kazakhstan and Russia . This may be in large part due to fears over the long - term stability of these countries ' own quasi-dictatorships . Gender equality The equality of men and women is an integral part of sustainable democracy . The OSCE aims to provide equal opportunities for men and women and to integrate gender equality in policies and practices . Human rights The OSCE 's human rights activities focus on such priorities as freedom of movement and religion , preventing torture and trafficking in persons . National and international NGOs OSCE could grant consultive status to NGOs and INGOs in the form of `` Researcher - in - residence programme '' ( run by the Prague Office of the OSCE Secretariat ) : accredited representatives of national and international NGOs are granted access to all records and to numerous topical compilations related to OSCE field activities . Media freedom The OSCE observes relevant media developments in its participating states with a view to addressing and providing early warning on violations of freedom of expression . Minority rights Ethnic conflict is one of the main sources of large - scale violence in Europe today . The OSCE 's approach is to identify and to seek early resolution of ethnic tensions , and to set standards for the rights of persons belonging to minority groups and High Commissioner on National Minorities has been established . OSCE democracy Defender Award ( edit ) The Democracy Defender Award honors a person or group for contributions to the promotion of democracy and the defense of human rights `` in the spirit of Helsinki Final Act and other OSCE principles and commitments . '' The award was established in 2016 on the initiative of Ambassadors of 8 countries , and supported by the delegations of the 18 countries of the OSCE ( 22 countries in 2017 ) . Year Recipient Nationality Notes Reference 2017 Golos Russia Russian organisation established in 2000 to protect the electoral rights of citizens and to foster civil society 2016 Oleksandra Matviychuk Ukraine Ukrainian activist , coordinator of Euromaidan SOS and leader of Civil Rights Center Criticism ( edit ) Following an unprecedented period of activity in the 1990s and early 2000s ( decade ) , the OSCE has in the past few years faced accusations from the CIS states ( primarily Russia ) of being a tool for the Western states to advance their own interests . For instance , the events in Ukraine in 2004 ( the `` Orange Revolution '' ) led to allegations by Russia of OSCE involvement on behalf of the pro-Western Viktor Yushchenko . At the 2007 Munich Conference on Security Policy , Vladimir Putin made this position very clear : `` They ( unnamed Western States ) are trying to transform the OSCE into a vulgar instrument designed to promote the foreign policy interests of one or a group of countries . And this task is also being accomplished by the OSCE 's bureaucratic apparatus , which is absolutely not connected with the state founders in any way . Decision - making procedures and the involvement of so - called non-governmental organizations are tailored for this task . These organizations are formally independent but they are purposefully financed and therefore under control '' . Russia and its allies are advancing the concept of a comprehensive OSCE reform , which would make the Secretariat , institutions and field presences more centralized and accountable to collective consensus - based bodies and focus the work of the Organization on topical security issues ( human trafficking , terrorism , non-proliferation , arms control , etc . ) , at the expense of the `` Human Dimension '' , or human rights issues . The move to reduce the autonomy of the theoretically independent OSCE institutions , such as ODIHR , would effectively grant a Russian veto over any OSCE activity . Western participating States are opposing this process , which they see as an attempt to prevent the OSCE from carrying out its democratization agenda in post-Soviet countries . Following the 2008 U.S. presidential election , OSCE 's ODIHR was accused of having double standards by Russia 's lawmaker Slutsky . The point was made that while numerous violations of the voting process were registered , its criticism came only from within the United States ( media , human rights organizations , McCain 's election staff ) , while the OSCE known for its bashing criticism of elections on the post-Soviet space remained silent . OSCE Parliamentary Assembly ( edit ) In 2004 the OSCE Parliamentary Assembly sent election observers to the U.S. Presidential elections . The OSCE Parliamentary Assembly 's president at the time was Democratic Congressman Alcee Hastings . Hastings had previously been impeached for corruption by the U.S. Congress . The OSCE faced criticism of partisanship and double standards due to Hastings 's past and the fact that the OSCE 's mandate was to promote democracy and the values of civil society . In 2010 the Parliamentary Assembly of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe was criticized from within by the Latvian delegation for lacking transparency and democracy . Spencer Oliver ( b . 1938 ) secretary general of the OSCE Parliamentary Assembly , who has held the post since the organization 's inception in 1992 , faced a challenge from the Latvian Artis Pabriks . According to the rules of the OSCE Parliamentary Assembly the incumbent general secretary can only be replaced with a full consensus minus one . Pabriks called the rules `` quite shocking from the perspective of an organization that 's monitoring elections '' . In 2014 , Ilkka Kanerva was elected the president of the OSCE PA . Kanerva had previously been fired from his post as foreign minister of Finland after lying about sending over 200 text messages to an erotic dancer . 2012 Texas controversy ( edit ) Before the U.S. presidential elections of November 2012 , the OSCE announced its intention to send electoral observers to Texas and to other U.S. states . This prompted the Attorney General of Texas Greg Abbott to send letters to U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton and to the OSCE , threatening to arrest OSCE officials if they should enter electoral premises in Texas and break Texas law . In reply , the U.S. Department of State stated that OSCE observers enjoyed immunities . In the event , no incidents between OSCE and Texas authorities were recorded during the elections . War in Donbass ( edit ) OSCE SMM monitoring the movement of heavy weaponry in eastern Ukraine The organization has been criticized by the Ukrainian press and government for actions during the Russian -- Ukraine conflict . During the War in Donbass , an OSCE observer allowed Russian separatists to use the organization 's marked vehicle , which prompted the belief that the OSCE was biased in the war and not interested in carrying out its duties of mediating a ceasefire . The organization issued a statement regretting the incident . The organization has also been criticized by Ukraine for allegedly failing to monitor the implementation of the Minsk Protocol . The agreement called for a creation of a 40 km buffer zone , but upon Ukrainian forces withdrawing from their 20 km portion of the buffer , Russian separatists are said to have simply occupied the abandoned territory without withdrawing from their own 20 km buffer . Likewise , there are allegations of separatists using OSCE marked vehicles for transportation . Moreover , the mission also received criticism alleging that only 2 checkpoints on the Russian -- Ukrainian border are currently being monitored , which has been described as `` seriously inadequate '' by Daniel Baerm the US ambassador to the OSCE . On the other hand , Ukraine has faced criticism following a BBC report showing an alleged violation of the Minsk agreement when Ukraine stationed tanks in the residential neighborhood Avdeevka . The mission has also been criticized for waiting months to deploy drones to help monitor the border as well as withdrawing them after only several weeks of use due to Russian electronic attacks . Ukraine has argued that approximately 80 % of the OSCE observers located near Mariupol were Russian citizens and many had ties to Russian security agencies such as the FSB and GRU . The organization has also been accused of allegedly revealing the locations of Ukrainian troops to Russian forces during the conflict and that Russian OSCE observers may be directly coordinating separatist artillery strikes on Ukrainian positions . On 1 December 2014 , an OSCE observer was injured by Ukrainian counter artillery fire while observing militants firing at Ukrainian forces . The OSCE team was located next to two pro Russian mortar teams . The OSCE team did not radio in or record the Russian mortar team firing on Ukrainian positions . Critics stated that the unorthodox behavior of being located next to an active separatist artillery position and not reporting the incident showed that the OSCE team was not acting in an impartial manner . On 27 October 2015 a suspended OSCE monitor confirmed he was a former employee of Russia 's Main Intelligence Directorate . The suspended SMM stated he had no trouble receiving the position and neither the OSCE nor Ukraine 's Security Service thoroughly checked his background . Following the report the OSCE issued a comment stating the monitor has been fired due to violations of the organization 's code of conduct . On 6 April 2016 photos of OSCE monitors attending the wedding of a Russian separatist were found . The wedding was hosted in June 2015 . The OSCE expressed regret over the incident , issuing a statement saying `` The unprofessional behavior displayed by the monitors in the picture is an individual incident that should not be abused to cast a shadow on the reputation of other mission members . '' The OSCE reported that the monitors were no longer with the OSCE special monitoring mission . In April 2017 an OSCE vehicle struck a mine , killing one member and injuring two . Two armoured vehicles were on patrol was near Luhansk when one struck the mine . The dead man was American while the injured woman was from Germany and the other person was from the Czech Republic . Turkey ( edit ) In April 2017 , Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan criticized the OSCE for reporting that opposition `` No '' campaigners in the Turkish constitutional referendum had faced bans , police interventions and arrests . Erdoğan said : `` Now the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe says if the result is ' yes ' , that means there are a lot of problems . Who are you ? First of all , you should know your place . This is not your duty . '' In February 2018 , OSCE has criticized the Turkish government over the detention of social media users for criticizing the Turkish invasion of northern Syria . See also ( edit ) Adapted Conventional Armed Forces in Europe Treaty Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe Conference on Interaction and Confidence - Building Measures in Asia Council of Europe Economics Electoral fraud European Union Julie Finley , United States ambassador International Federation for Human Rights International organisations in Europe NATO Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe statistics OSCE Minsk Group Silence procedure Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe Western European Union References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` OSCE - Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe 2017 '' . Countryeconomy.com . Retrieved 30 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Galbreath , David J. ( 2007 ) . The Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe ( OSCE ) . New York , NY : Routledge . ISBN 9780203960943 . Jump up ^ `` Final Recommendations of the Helsinki Consultations '' . Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe . 3 July 1973 . Retrieved 9 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Ivanov , Igor S. , The New Russian Diplomacy , Nixon Center and Brookings Institution Press : Washington , D.C. , 2002 . pp. 97 - 98 . ^ Jump up to : Hammond , Roch ( August 9 , 2004 ) . `` International Monitoring of US Election Called ' Frightening ' '' . CNSNews.com . Cybercast News Service . Archived from the original on February 3 , 2008 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : `` U.S. invites international observers to Nov. election '' . USA Today . usatoday.com . August 10 , 2004 . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2008 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Presidential Election , 2 November 2004 , United States of America '' . OSCE Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 9 July 2009 . Retrieved 27 June 2009 . Jump up ^ List of Partners for Co-Operation ; Mediterranean and Asian States Archived 5 October 2009 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Making a credible case for a legal personality for the OSCE '' , OSCE Secretariat Jump up ^ `` Vienna Document 1999 of the Negotiations on Confidence - and Security - building Measures '' ( PDF ) . Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe . 16 November 1999 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 30 April 2005 . Retrieved 21 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Secretary General '' . 20 June 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` What is the OSCE ? '' . Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe . p. 7 . Retrieved 1 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The OSCE Parliamentary Assembly '' . www.osce.org . Retrieved 17 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Representative on Freedom of the Media '' . Osce.org . Retrieved 31 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 OSCE Asian Conference '' . OSCE . Jump up ^ `` The OSCE Chair - in - Office ( CiO ) '' . Global Affairs . international.gc.ca . Government of Canada . Retrieved 12 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Who we are '' . osce.org . Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe . Retrieved 12 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 19th OSCE Ministerial Council '' . Osce.org . Retrieved 31 December 2017 . Jump up ^ OSCE Magazine , issue number 4 / 2009 , December 2009 , pages 20 -- 23 . Jump up ^ `` Secretariat - External Cooperation '' . OSCE . Jump up ^ United Nations General Assembly Session 48 Resolution 5 . Observer status for the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe in the General Assembly A / RES / 48 / 5 22 October 1993 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 01 . Jump up ^ United Nations Security Council Verbatim Report 5982 . S / PV / 5982 page 2 . Mr. Stubb Finland 26 September 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Arms control '' . Osce.org . Retrieved 31 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Open Skies Consultative Commission '' . Osce.org . Retrieved 31 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Border management '' . Osce.org . Retrieved 31 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Combating terrorism '' . Osce.org . Retrieved 31 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Conflict prevention and resolution '' . Osce.org . Retrieved 31 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Conflict prevention and resolution '' . Osce.org . Retrieved 31 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Combating trafficking in human beings '' . Osce.org . Retrieved 31 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Palermo Protocol '' ( PDF ) . Untreaty.un.org . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 28 September 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Maria Grazia Giammarinaro '' . Osce.org . Retrieved 31 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Combating Trafficking in Human Beings in the OSCE Region '' ( PDF ) . Osce.org . Retrieved 31 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Democracy Defender Award presented at Schwedenhaus '' . OSCE mission in Sweden . Jump up ^ `` Russian EPDE member `` Golos '' awarded 2017 Democracy Defender Award in Vienna `` . European Platform for Democratic Elections . Jump up ^ `` Democracy Defenders Award '' . OSCE mission in Denmark . Jump up ^ The Munich Speech `` , Kommersant Moscow Jump up ^ `` OSCE : Election Experts Debate Russian Criticism '' . Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty . Jump up ^ `` Criticism of OSCE by Nine CIS Countries Draws the Response '' . Brama.com . Retrieved 31 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Austrian Study Centre for Peace and Conflict Resolution ( ASPR ) - Peace Castle Austria '' ( PDF ) . Aspr.ac.at . Retrieved 31 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` OSCE , ODIHR Showed Double Standard at U.S. Election , Russia 's Lawmaker Said '' , Kommersant , 6 November 2008 Jump up ^ `` OSCE / ODIHR Election Observation Mission Final Report '' of the U.S. 2008 presidential election Jump up ^ `` US vote ' mostly free and fair ' '' . BBC . 5 November 2004 . Retrieved 23 December 2013 . Jump up ^ An election in Copenhagen politico.com Jump up ^ Graeme Baker ( 2 April 2008 ) . `` Finnish minister quits over saucy texts '' . Telegraph.co.uk . Jump up ^ ATTORNEY GENERAL OF TEXAS oag.state.tx.us Jump up ^ `` Texas Attorney General '' . Oag.state.tx.us . Retrieved 31 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Daily Press Briefing : October 26 , 2012 US State Department Jump up ^ `` Наблюдатели ОБСЕ возили в своем автомобиле вооруженных боевиков '' ( in Russian ) . TSN. 3 Oct 2014 . Jump up ^ ( ( cite web url = https://twitter.com/TomBurridgebbc/status/826812407225909249 Jump up ^ `` The OSCE monitoring mission has stopped using drones to monitor the situation in the rebel - held territories '' . OSCE news . Jump up ^ `` Миссия ОБСЕ в Украине под шквалом критики '' . EuroUA . Jump up ^ `` Литвин рассказал генсеку ОБСЕ , что критика в адрес Украины не всегда объективна '' . Gazeta . Jump up ^ `` Россия узнала от ОБСЕ места дислокации ряда подразделений сил АТО '' . Liga . Jump up ^ `` Минобороны : 80 % сотрудников ОБСЕ в Мариуполе -- россияне , среди них ФСБшники '' . Ukrinform . Jump up ^ `` OSCE observer is wounded from counter-fire while observing separatist militia firing a mortar at Ukrainian forces '' . BurkoNews . Jump up ^ `` Suspended OSCE monitor confirms he 's Russian GRU officer '' . UNIAN . Jump up ^ `` That Time A Russian OSCE Monitor In Ukraine Got Drunk , Said Too Much '' . Value Walk . Jump up ^ `` OSCE Expresses ' Regret ' After Staff Shown At Separatist Wedding In Ukraine '' . Radio Free Europe . Jump up ^ `` American member of watchdog OSCE killed in Ukraine '' . Reuters. 24 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Land Mine Kills American on Monitoring Mission in Ukraine '' . The New York Times . Reuters. 23 April 2017 . Retrieved 24 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Erdogan slams OSCE ahead of constitutional referendum '' . Euronews. 14 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` President Erdoğan slams OSCE over referendum campaign report '' . Hürriyet. 14 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Turkey 's Erdogan denounces OSCE report on referendum campaign atmosphere '' . Press TV . 15 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` OSCE : Turkey referendum ' contested on an unlevel playing field ' '' . Deutsche Welle. 17 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` OSCE blasts Turkey 's legal moves against criticism of Afrin op '' . Hürriyet Daily News . 8 February 2018 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe . Official website OSCE The U.S. Mission to the OSCE OSCE The OSCE Mission to Bosnia and Herzegovina OSCE POLIS Policing OnLine Information System OSCE at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) United States Institute of Peace online training course for OSCE required for U.S. citizens hired by the Organization . Provides a detailed outline of the OSCE , with additional modules on each major area that it is involved in . 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9 HDS : 17350 ISNI : 0000 0001 2065 9556 LCCN : no95037357 NLA : 35597876 SELIBR : 125958 SUDOC : 026575973 VIAF : 141482944 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe&oldid=844683054 '' Categories : Election and voting - related organizations Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe Post-Soviet alliances Organisations based in Vienna United Nations General Assembly observers 1973 establishments in Europe Organizations established in 1973 Hidden categories : Pages using Timeline Webarchive template wayback links CS1 Russian - language sources ( ru ) Use dmy dates from August 2012 Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the symbol caption or type parameters All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2009 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016 Articles containing potentially dated statements from March 2016 All articles containing potentially dated statements Interlanguage link template link number Pages using columns with the default column width Articles needing additional references from February 2012 All articles needing additional references Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2014 Articles with Curlie links Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with HDS identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Afrikaans Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски მარგალური Mirandés Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Piemontèis Polski Português Română Rumantsch Русиньскый Русский Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Võro 中文 62 more Edit links This page was last edited on 6 June 2018 , at 12 : 39 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | which participating state held the osce chairmanship 2009 | [
"\n\nYear\nCountry\nChairman-in-Office\n\n\n1991\n Germany\nHans-Dietrich Genscher (from June)\n\n\n1992\n Czechoslovakia\nJiří Dienstbier (until 2 July); Jozef Moravčík (from 3 July)\n\n\n1993\n Sweden\nMargaretha af Ugglas\n\n\n1994\n Italy\nBeniamino Andreatta (until 11 May); Antonio Martino (from 12 May)\n\n\n1995\n Hungary\nLászló Kovács\n\n\n1996\n Switzerland\nFlavio Cotti\n\n\n1997\n Denmark\nNiels Helveg Petersen\n\n\n1998\n Poland\nBronislaw Geremek\n\n\n1999\n Norway\nKnut Vollebaek\n\n\n2000\n Austria\nWolfgang Schüssel (until 4 February); Benita Ferrero-Waldner (from 5 February)\n\n\n2001\n Romania\nMircea Geoană\n\n\n2002\n Portugal\nJaime Gama (until 6 April); António Martins da Cruz (from 7 April)\n\n\n2003\n Netherlands\nJaap de Hoop Scheffer (until 3 December); Bernard Bot (from 4 December)\n\n\n2004\n Bulgaria\nSolomon Passy\n\n\n2005\n Slovenia\nDimitrij Rupel\n\n\n2006\n Belgium\nKarel De Gucht\n\n\n2007\n Spain\nMiguel Ángel Moratinos\n\n\n2008\n Finland\nIlkka Kanerva (until 4 April); Alexander Stubb (from 5 April)\n\n\n2009\n Greece\nDora Bakoyannis (until 5 October); George Papandreou (from 6 October)\n\n\n2010\n Kazakhstan\nKanat Saudabayev\n\n\n2011\n Lithuania\nAudronius Ažubalis\n\n\n2012\n Ireland\nEamon Gilmore\n\n\n2013\n Ukraine\nLeonid Kozhara\n\n\n2014\n Switzerland\nDidier Burkhalter\n\n\n2015\n Serbia\nIvica Dačić\n\n\n2016\n Germany\nFrank-Walter Steinmeier\n\n\n2017\n Austria\nSebastian Kurz (until 18 December); Karin Kneissl (from 18 December)\n\n\n2018\n Italy\nAngelino Alfano (until 1 June); Enzo Moavero Milanesi (from June 1)\n\n\n2019\n Slovakia\nMiroslav Lajčák\n"
] | [
"Greece"
] |
-60908954548626096 | Restaurant rating | Restaurant rating - wikipedia Restaurant rating Jump to : navigation , search Restaurant ratings identify restaurants according to their quality , using notations such as stars or other symbols , or numbers . Stars are a familiar and popular symbol , with scales of one to three or five stars commonly used . Ratings appear in guide books as well as in the media , typically in newspapers , lifestyle magazines and webzines . Websites featuring consumer - written reviews and ratings are increasingly popular , but are far less reliable . In addition , there are ratings given by public health agencies rating the level of sanitation practiced by an establishment . Contents ( hide ) 1 Restaurant guides 1.1 List of notable restaurant guides 1.1. 1 Europe ( original working area ) 1.1. 2 America 1.1. 3 Asia 1.2 Rating criteria 1.3 Ratings impact 2 Sanitation 2.1 United States 2.1. 1 Los Angeles 3 See also 4 References Restaurant guides ( edit ) One of the most Well known guides is the Michelin series which award one to three stars to restaurants they perceive to be of high culinary merit . One star indicates a `` very good restaurant '' ; two stars indicate a place `` worth a detour '' ; three stars means `` exceptional cuisine , worth a special journey '' . Several bigger newspapers employ restaurant critics and publish online dining guides for the cities they serve , such as the Irish Independent for Irish restaurants . List of notable restaurant guides ( edit ) Europe ( original working area ) ( edit ) Name Working area Type of rating Method Michelin Guide Worldwide 1 to 3 stars Professional inspectors Gault Millau Europe 1 to 20 points Inspectors of local agents Automobile Association United Kingdom 1 to 5 rosettes Professional inspectors Gambero Rosso Italy and San Marino 1 to 3 forks N / A Harden 's United Kingdom Rating out of 5 Annual survey La Liste Worldwide Ranking Proprietary algorithm The Good Food Guide United Kingdom Rating out of 10 Inspections by correspondents The World 's 50 Best Restaurants Worldwide Ranking N / A America ( edit ) Name Working area Type of rating Method Michelin Guide New York , Chicago , D.C. , and San Francisco 1 to 3 stars Professional inspectors Gayot Guide / Gault Millau United States 1 to 20 points Inspectors of local agents American Automobile Association United States 1 to 5 diamonds AAA employees hired specifically to rate hotels Forbes Travel Guide United States 1 to 5 stars Professionals , consumers , and self - reporting by restaurants Zagat United States 30 point scale Public reviews Asia ( edit ) Name Working area Type of rating Method Miele Guide Asia N / A N / A Kingfisher Explocity Food Guide India N / A Inspectors Internet restaurant review sites have empowered regular people to generate non-expert reviews . This has sparked criticism from restaurant establishments about the non-editorial , non-professional critiques . Those reviews can be falsified or faked . Rating criteria ( edit ) The different guides have their own criteria . Not every guide looks behind the scenes or decorum . Others look particularly sharply to value for money . This is why a restaurant can be missing in one guide , while mentioned in another . Because the guides work independently , it is possible to have simultaneous multiple recognitions . Ratings Impact ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A top restaurant rating can mean success or failure for a restaurant , particularly when bestowed by an influential sources such as Michelin . Still , a good rating is not enough for economic success and many Michelin starred and / or highly rated restaurants have met the same fate as the Dutch restaurant De Swaen . In 2004 , Michelin came under fire after bipolar chef Bernard Loiseau committed suicide after he was rumoured to be in danger of losing one of his three Michelin stars . However , the Michelin guide had stated he would not be downgraded . Most news reports attributed his suicide to the downgrade carried out by the rival Gault Millau guide . Sanitation ( edit ) Many countries have a system of checks and inspections in place for sanitation . Only a few countries , amongst others the United States and Canada , create and publish restaurant ratings based on this . However , the whole of the United Kingdom is covered - as is Denmark . United States ( edit ) In the United States , several states have imposed uniform statewide restaurant grading systems , under which safety and hygiene inspection reports are used to compute numerical scores or letter grades , and those must be prominently posted by restaurants . The first state to enact such a statewide system was South Carolina in 1995 . Tennessee and North Carolina later enacted legislation imposing similar statewide systems . In many other states , the mandatory posting of restaurant grades is neither required nor prohibited statewide , which means it is purely a matter for local governments like cities and counties . Los Angeles ( edit ) In November 1997 , a KCBS - TV sweeps news story called Behind The Kitchen Door focused attention on problems in Los Angeles 's top restaurants . The station used hidden cameras to catch restaurant employees practicing unsafe food handling practices such as picking up food from the floor and re-serving it , vermin crawling near food to be served , and mixing uncooked meat and vegetables . The KCBS report also reviewed inspection reports , which have always been public records , but were available only on request ( and at the time required an in - person visit to the health department ) , and found that many problems had already been expressly identified in the inspection reports but had not been adequately publicized . As a result of this report , in December 1997 the Board of Supervisors of Los Angeles County introduced a letter grading system already in use for some years in two other nearby counties , San Diego County and Riverside County . Instead of merely listing violations in a report , the restaurant inspection system was changed to a point system , with each restaurant starting each inspection with a perfect score of 100 points . Environmental health specialists were required to use a standard form called the Food Official Inspection Report to identify violations as they inspected establishments ; the form required them to subtract a certain number of points for each violation found . Based on the number of points remaining , letter grades were then assigned and required to be prominently posted at all establishments selling food , and all establishments were also required to provide a copy of the underlying inspection report to any customer on request . Grades are available at the County Public Health Department 's web site . Two Stanford University economics researchers found that higher lettered restaurants scored a rise in revenue , while lower lettered restaurants have seen their revenues decline . The quality of restaurants in the entire county became more acceptable , with the average score going up from about 75 % to nearly 90 % in the year after restaurant grading was implemented . The researchers concluded that the results were not explained solely by consumers switching to higher quality restaurants , and that some of the effect had to do with restaurants making changes due to grade cards . Another study estimated a 13.1 % reduction in hospitalization for food borne illnesses in the year following implementation of the program , suggesting that implementing a restaurant grading program could improve public safety . Although Los Angeles County was not the first local jurisdiction to require restaurants to post grades , its success in implementing such a program inspired many other local governments during the 2000s to enact similar programs based on the Los Angeles model , such as Toronto , Las Vegas , Dallas , and New York City . See also ( edit ) Food portal Journalism portal Companies portal Culinary Arts Food critic Food grading Food safety References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : ' Fake ' reviews on TripAdvisor a real problem for hoteliers Jump up ^ Bangalore - The Kingfisher Explocity Great Food Guide . `` The Kingfisher Explocity Great Food Guide Bangalore '' . Store.explocity.com . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ TripAdvisor responds to ' fake reviews ' controversy with phone lines for aggrieved hotel owners Jump up ^ 5 Things You Did n't Know About The Michelin Guide Jump up ^ What are the criteria for receiving Michelin stars ? Jump up ^ Gault Millau criteria Jump up ^ ( in Dutch ) Smulweb criteria Jump up ^ AGFG Chef Hat Awards ^ Jump up to : Roberts , Michael T. ( 2016 ) . Food Law in the United States . New York : Cambridge University Press . pp. 181 -- 182 . ISBN 9781107117600 . Jump up ^ `` LA County Department of Public Health - Facility Rating '' . Lapublichealth.org. 2007 - 07 - 01 . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Restaurants '' ( PDF ) . Are.berkley.edu . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` The Case in Support of Restaurant Hygiene Grade Cards '' ( PDF ) . stanford.edu . Jump up ^ `` Impact of Restaurant Hygiene Grade Cards on Foodborne - Disease Hospitalizations in Los Angeles County '' ( PDF ) . Kuafu.umd.edu . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 27 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Restaurant_rating&oldid=801650515 '' Categories : Hospitality industry Rating systems Restaurants Hidden categories : Articles with Dutch - language external links Articles needing additional references from December 2015 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 21 September 2017 , at 00 : 08 . 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"One of the most Well known guides is the Michelin series which award one to three stars to restaurants they perceive to be of high culinary merit. One star indicates a \"very good restaurant\"; two stars indicate a place \"worth a detour\"; three stars means \"exceptional cuisine, worth a special journey\"."
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-9030356447855188097 | A Day Without Rain | A Day Without Rain - wikipedia A Day Without Rain Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with A Year Without Rain . A Day Without Rain Studio album by Enya Released 20 November 2000 ( 2000 - 11 - 20 ) Recorded Summer 1998 -- 2000 Studio Aigle Studio ( Killiney , County Dublin , Ireland ) Genre New age Length 38 : 45 Label Warner Music Reprise Producer Nicky Ryan Enya chronology A Box of Dreams ( 1997 ) A Day Without Rain ( 2000 ) Themes from Calmi Cuori Appassionati ( 2001 ) Singles from A Day Without Rain `` Only Time '' Released : 20 November 2000 `` Wild Child '' Released : 4 December 2001 A Day Without Rain is the fifth studio album by the Irish singer , songwriter and musician Enya , released on 20 November 2000 by Warner Music internationally and 21 November 2000 by Reprise Records in the United States . Following a promotional tour in support of her compilation album Paint the Sky with Stars ( 1997 ) , Enya took a short break before she resumed writing and recording a new album in 1998 with her usual recording partners , producer and arranger Nicky Ryan and his wife , lyricist Roma Ryan . While making the album , Enya started to question about her life and attempted to answered them in the material she was writing . In a musical departure from her previous albums , Enya incorporates a string section which was not a conscious decision . A Day Without Rain received mixed to positive reviews from critics , some felt it too derivative of Enya 's previous albums whilst others complimented the minimal use of overdubbing that her sound had become known for . It was a commercial success peaking at number six in the United Kingdom and initially , number seventeen on the Billboard 200 in the United States . Following the 11 September 2001 attacks , sales of the album and its lead single , `` Only Time '' , skyrocketed after it was used by several radio and television networks in their coverage and aftermath of the attacks . As a result , `` Only Time '' climbed to number ten on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart and A Day Without Rain reached a new peak on the Billboard 200 at number two . It became the fifth highest selling album of 2001 in the United States , and the best selling new age album of all time with an estimated 16 million copies sold worldwide . It remains Enya 's highest selling album of her career . To promote the album , Enya made several interviews and televised performances , including the 2001 World Music Awards . In 2002 , the album won Enya her third Grammy Award for Best New Age Album . Contents ( hide ) 1 Recording and music 2 Release 2.1 9 / 11 aftermath 2.2 Critical reception 3 Track listing 4 Personnel 5 Chart performance 5.1 Weekly charts 5.2 Year - end charts 5.3 All - time charts 6 Certifications 7 Release history 8 References 9 External links Recording and Music ( edit ) Following a promotional tour in support of her compilation album Paint the Sky with Stars ( 1997 ) , Enya took a short break before she resumed writing and recording a new , full studio album in 1998 with her usual recording partners , lyricist Roma Ryan and producer and arranger Nicky Ryan . Recording took place at Aigle Studios , a studio installed at the Ryan 's home in Killiney , County Dublin , Ireland . Enya felt the need to work at a more leisurely pace for A Day Without Rain than working on her previous studio album , The Memory of Trees ( 1995 ) , making a conscious effort to record for five days a week instead of seven , and take the weekends off . The reduction in her work schedule made her feel happier as a result . As with her previous albums , Enya produced A Day Without Rain in the same way . She first spends time alone developing melodies and outlines of songs on the piano . These would then be presented to the Ryans ; `` I 'm quite anxious at this point '' , she said , `` because it really is an act of laying your soul bare '' . While Roma starts to write lyrics to the melodies , Enya and Nicky will work in the studio to develop them into completed arrangements . Working without a deadline from her record label or a set timeline , Enya felt the project was complete after two years , feeling it was time to `` step out of the studio ... time for it to have its life out in the world '' . During the making of the album , Enya found she was questioning herself about her life , and started to answer them in the new material she was writing . She compared the album to reading her own diary . `` Like in `` Pilgrim '' , '' she said , `` I was asking myself : So many years have passed , am I happy with the way I 'm working ? And my answer is that I would n't change anything . I really love what I do . '' `` Flora 's Secret '' is a song that makes reference to Flora , the Roman mythological goddess of flowers . Enya and Roma incorporated some of Enya 's experiences from her own love life on `` Only Time '' and `` Fallen Embers '' . The former alludes to the difficulties and pressures of finding `` the perfect love '' , which Enya has found difficult throughout her career due to her private lifestyle and that her past relationships were not the right ones . A Day Without Rain features a greater use of strings than previous albums , something that was not a conscious effort . The three work by trying any possible idea with the music , and they stick with elements that give the greatest result , creatively . Most of the songs on the album were written in the major key , Enya believed it helped to create a more positive and uplifting mood to the music . `` A Day Without Rain '' was titled to reference the amount of rain that falls over Ireland throughout the year . After one particular stretch of consistent raining over a few days , the sun came out . It was then when Enya proceeded to write the track . She described its meaning as `` the mood of a particularly peaceful day '' . The story behind `` Only Time '' is about the Irish musician Frankie Kennedy , co-founder of the Celtic group Altan with his wife Mairéad Ní Mhaonaigh . Kennedy died from bone cancer in 1994 . Enya played the synthesizer on their album Ceol Aduaidh ( 1983 ) , and found Kennedy 's death particularly sad . Enya singled out `` Fallen Embers '' as her favourite track on A Day Without Rain . She knew it was a particularly strong track when she presented it to Roma , who understood the emotion that she tried to put across musically . After Roma finished its lyrics , Enya recalled , `` It was so moving to actually sing them '' . Release ( edit ) A Day Without Rain received a launch party at Somerset House , London . It was released in the UK on 20 November 2000 on Warner Music . Its North American release followed on 21 November on Reprise Records . In the US , Reprise promoted A Day Without Rain through a campaign that involved E-cards and Amazon.com pages with 30 - second snippets of `` Only Time '' , exclusive displays offered at select retail stores , and a dedicated section of the label 's web page to the album . It went on to reach , before the 11 September attacks , an initial peak of No. 17 on the US Billboard 200 in December 2000 and No. 6 on the UK Albums Chart . `` Only Time '' was released as the album 's lead single . A promotional edition was shipped to Adult Contemporary radio stations , and the song premiered on the Delilah radio show on 24 October 2000 . Its music video , directed by Graham Fink , was distributed to various music television networks from 31 October 2000 . The song gained nationwide radio airplay following its use in an episode of the drama series Providence and the soundtrack to Sweet November ( 2001 ) . By October 2001 , the single had spent 43 weeks at No. 1 on the Billboard New Age chart . The song , in April 2001 , was remixed without authorisation with an added hi - hop beat by the Swiss American Federation ( S.A.F. ) , a group formed of Los Angeles - based radio DJ and producer Christian van Burkholder , a longtime Enya fan , and Marc Dold . The song received radio airplay in Los Angeles before it spread to stations across the country . When the song aired on WHTZ in New York City in June , other stations followed suit , which led to Burkholder being contacted by Nicky and Enya , who approved his remix . The second single released from A Day Without Rain , `` Wild Child '' , was released in December 2001 . It charted on the Billboard Adult Contemporary chart with a peak of No. 12 . Its B - side , `` Midnight Blue '' , is originally an instrumental which was extended with added vocals . It was then renamed as the title track for Enya 's album And Winter Came ... ( 2008 ) . In 2001 , the album won Best International Pop Albums of the Year at the Japan Gold Disc Awards . In 2002 , it won a Grammy Award for Best New Age Album . 9 / 11 aftermath ( edit ) Following the 11 September 2001 attacks , `` Only Time '' was used in radio and television coverage of the disaster which led to increased sales and radio airplay of the single and A Day Without Rain , to the point of both records surpassing their initial peak on the US charts . CNN and ABC News , among other networks , played the song with `` Fallen Embers '' as backdrops of footage of the victims . Its position on the Billboard 200 climbed from No. 20 prior to the attacks to its all - time peak of No. 2 , driven by the increased audience exposure of `` Only Time '' . In the same month , `` Only Time '' reached No. 1 on the Billboard Adult Contemporary chart after it already spent 33 weeks on the chart , breaking a seven - year - old record for the longest climb to the top position in the chart 's history . In November 2001 , the single climbed to its peak of No. 10 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart , making it Enya 's highest charting single in the US . From October 2001 to January 2002 , over 3 million RIAA - certified units of A Day Without Rain were sold in the US alone , which included a peak of one million copies sold in 19 days . `` Only Time '' gained further exposure following its use as a sound bed for promos of the comedy series Friends on the first five episodes of the eighth season . Following the media response and increased sales of Enya 's records , `` Only Time '' was reissued as a maxi - CD on 20 November 2001 containing the S.A.F remix and original version , with earnings from its sales donated to the Uniform Firefighters Association 's Widows ' and Children 's Fund in aid of families of fire fighters involved in the attack rescue operations . A Day Without Rain became the fifth highest selling album worldwide of 2001 and the top selling new age album of the 2000s in the US , according to Nielsen SoundScan . It remains Enya 's highest selling album of her career with a total of 16 million copies sold worldwide . Critical reception ( edit ) Professional ratings Aggregate scores Source Rating Metacritic 41 / 100 Review scores Source Rating AllMusic Entertainment Weekly Los Angeles Times Q Rolling Stone The Village Voice D − A Day Without Rain received mixed reviews from music critics . In a review for Dallas Morning News , Mario Tarradell gave a rating of `` B + '' . He thought the album was worth the five - year wait since The Memory of Trees and is `` another lovely piece of work '' from Enya . The title track is `` an elegant piano melody '' which is followed by `` dark - to - light , chaos - to - peace progression '' for the rest of the album . `` Lazy Days '' , he thought , was `` an engulfing pop song filled with swooshing flourishes that one - ups the hooky , wall - of - sound pull '' of Enya 's past singles `` Orinoco Flow '' and `` Caribbean Blue '' . Tarradell finalises with the album is `` quintessential Enya '' . Fiona Shepherd reviewed the album for The Scotsman and held a more critical review , writing Enya continues a `` policy of releasing the same album over and over again using a different title and cover '' with `` drab Celtic moods '' . She thought the album was not on par with her `` earlier epic stuff '' . A critical review appeared from Gavin Martin for The Mirror . He thought the title track and `` Only Time '' will please her fans , but the album `` still sounds like undistinguished new age fodder ... The rest of us can go back to watching paint dry . '' R.S. Murthi for New Straits Times gave a rating of two - and - a-half stars out of five for Enya 's performance and three out of five for the album 's sound quality . He writes the album is a `` ho - hum New Age effort '' with `` pretty melodies '' but , on the other hand , its `` dense textures conceal a compositional shallowness '' . He deemed some of the track titles `` pompous '' but the more successful songs , such as `` Deora Ar Mo Chroi '' , are so due to their traditional Celtic elements rather than Enya 's own compositions . Stephen Thompson of The A.V. Club found it too derivative of Enya 's previous albums , which he found far superior to A Day Without Rain . In his review for The Village Voice , Robert Christgau panned the album as nonsense , `` goopier , more simplistic '' than Watermark ( 1988 ) . Steve Morse welcomed the album in a report for The Boston Globe . He thought the album is `` arguably her best work because there is more emphasis on her gorgeous soprano lead vocals rather than the lush , multitracked harmony vocals '' . Billboard complimented the album 's production , writing the more experimental songs like `` Only Time '' and `` Lazy Days '' `` not only freshen a musical formula that still works extremely well but also leave the listener happily curious about Enya 's next move '' . Rolling Stone remarked that the album sounded too similar with her previous releases and thought a change in musical direction after Paint the Sky with Stars would have been better . Her `` skill at ephemeral sonic watercolors has grown wearisome , like a relative who tells the same stories every holiday . '' In the Baltimore Sun , J.D. Considine thought the album brings `` the same lush , contemplative vein '' as Enya 's previous albums , but thought they were formed of `` pretty but unconnected '' tracks . A Day Without Rain , however , was more of a unified album that compared to `` a suite instead of a pop album '' . `` One by One '' , he thought , `` conveys all the qualities of a pop hit without succumbing to the typical transience of a Top - 40 favorite '' . People recommended the `` masterful '' album for a `` rainy day '' because of Enya 's characteristic sound and tranquil mood . Track listing ( edit ) All music composed by Enya and All lyrics written by Roma Ryan , except where noted . No . Title Lyrics Music Length 1 . `` A Day Without Rain '' Enya Nicky Ryan 2 : 38 2 . `` Wild Child '' Roma Ryan Enya Enya N. Ryan 3 : 47 3 . `` Only Time '' R. Ryan N. Ryan Enya Enya N. Ryan 3 : 38 4 . `` Tempus Vernum '' 2 : 24 5 . `` Deora Ar Mo Chroí '' 2 : 48 6 . `` Flora 's Secret '' Enya N. Ryan 4 : 07 7 . `` Fallen Embers '' Enya N. Ryan 2 : 31 8 . `` Silver Inches '' 1 : 37 9 . `` Pilgrim '' 3 : 12 10 . `` One by One '' Enya N. Ryan 3 : 56 11 . `` The First of Autumn '' 3 : 10 12 . `` Lazy Days '' 3 : 42 Total length : 38 : 45 ( show ) North American edition No . Title Length 11 . `` Lazy Days '' 3 : 42 ( show ) Japanese edition No . Title Length 11 . `` Isobella '' 4 : 29 12 . `` Lazy Days '' 3 : 42 Personnel ( edit ) Musicians Enya -- voices , other instruments Nicky Ryan - additional voices , other instruments Roma Ryan - additional voices Wired Strings -- additional strings Production Enya -- arranger , audio mixing , Irish Text adaptation Nicky Ryan -- producer , arranger , recording engineer , audio mixing Stylorouge -- design , art direction Sheila Rock -- front cover photography Sheila Rock -- all other photography Simon Fowler -- all other photography The Handsome Foundation -- costume design Dick Beetham -- mastering at 360 Mastering Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart Position Australian ARIA Album Chart Austrian Albums Chart Belgian Albums Chart ( Flanders ) 9 Belgian Albums Chart ( Wallonia ) 5 Canadian Albums Chart Danish Albums Chart 5 Dutch Albums Chart Finnish Albums Chart 29 French SNEP Albums Chart 33 German Media Control Albums Chart Hungarian Albums Chart 15 Irish Albums Chart 7 Italian Albums Chart 6 Japanese Oricon Albums Chart New Zealand Albums Chart 5 Norwegian Albums Chart 12 Spanish Albums Chart Swedish Albums Chart Swiss Albums Chart UK Albums Chart 6 US Billboard 200 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2000 ) Position Australian Albums Chart 66 Belgian Albums Chart ( Wallonia ) 71 Dutch Albums Chart 82 Italian Albums Chart 37 Swiss Albums Chart 91 Chart ( 2001 ) Position Australian Albums Chart 62 Austrian Albums Chart Belgian Albums Chart ( Flanders ) 52 Belgian Albums Chart ( Wallonia ) 31 Dutch Albums Chart 11 Japanese Albums Chart 62 Swiss Albums Chart 6 US Billboard 200 8 Chart ( 2002 ) Position Austrian Albums Chart 36 Dutch Albums Chart 19 Swiss Albums Chart 66 US Billboard 200 18 All - time charts ( edit ) Chart Position US Billboard 200 153 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Argentina ( CAPIF ) Gold 30,000 Australia ( ARIA ) 3 × Platinum 210,000 Austria ( IFPI Austria ) Platinum 50,000 Belgium ( BEA ) 2 × Platinum 100,000 Brazil ( Pro-Música Brasil ) Gold 100,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) 8 × Platinum 800,000 Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) Platinum 50,000 France ( SNEP ) Gold 192,700 Germany ( BVMI ) 3 × Platinum 900,000 Japan ( RIAJ ) 4 × Platinum 800,000 Mexico ( AMPROFON ) Gold 75,000 Netherlands ( NVPI ) 3 × Platinum 240,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Platinum 15,000 Poland ( ZPAV ) Gold 50,000 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 2 × Platinum 200,000 Sweden ( GLF ) Platinum 80,000 Switzerland ( IFPI Switzerland ) 2 × Platinum 100,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) 2 × Platinum 600,000 United States ( RIAA ) 7 × Platinum 7,000,000 Summaries Europe ( IFPI ) 3 × Platinum 3,000,000 Worldwide 16,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone Release history ( edit ) Country Date Format Label Worldwide 20 November 2000 CD cassette MiniDisc Warner Music United States 21 November 2000 Reprise Worldwide 16 June 2017 LP Warner Music Reprise References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Top 50 Global Best Selling Albums for 2001 '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 17 November 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` FAQ '' . Enya.sk . Retrieved 15 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` New Age Albums '' . Billboard . Retrieved 17 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Brennan , Enya . `` Enya A day without rain part 1 - YouTube '' . youtube.com . Retrieved 31 October 2015 . I took a little break , and then I got to work on the new album ( A Day Without Rain ) in the summer of 1998 . ^ Jump up to : Morse , Steve ( 15 December 2000 ) . `` ENYA RULES HER KINGDOM QUEEN OF STUDIO ALBUMS IS FINALLY OPEN TO CONCERTS '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved 23 June 2016 -- via HighBeam Research . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . ^ Jump up to : Flick , Larry ( 28 October 2000 ) . `` After 5 years without Enya album , Warner offers ' Day Without Rain ' '' . Billboard : 1 , 96 . Retrieved 24 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Farragher , Mike ( 5 December 2000 ) . `` THE CRAIC : Enya ; It 's A Beautiful `` Day '' `` . Irish Voice . Retrieved 23 June 2016 -- via HighBeam Research . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Poole , Alan ( 24 November 2000 ) . `` ROCK : SEASONAL return of Enya ; GO2 '' . Coventry Evening Telegraph . Retrieved 23 June 2016 -- via HighBeam Research . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ O'Hanlon , Eamonn ( 21 January 2001 ) . `` Enya 's Sad Air Inspired by True - Life Heartache '' . Sunday Mirror . Retrieved 23 June 2016 -- via HighBeam Research . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Forbes , Michelle ( 22 December 2000 ) . `` Enya at ease '' . World of Hibernia . Retrieved 23 June 2016 -- via HighBeam Research . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Tulich , Katherine ( 17 December 2000 ) . `` Enya News : Getting to Know Enya as She Really Is '' . Sunday Times . Australia . Retrieved 14 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Day Without Rain '' . riaa.com . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved 23 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard 200 for the week of December 16 , 2000 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 19 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Saxe , Frank ( 5 May 2001 ) . `` Programmers take a cue from TV '' . Billboard : 93 . Retrieved 24 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : O'Hanlon , Eamonn ( 14 October 2001 ) . `` Enya Shoots Up the US Charts as Grieving Nation Seeks Solace in Her Moving Melody '' . The People . Retrieved 23 June 2016 -- via HighBeam Research . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Taylor , Chuck ( 7 July 2001 ) . `` Reviews and Previous : Singles : Spotlight '' . Billboard : 24 . Retrieved 24 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Mayfield , Geoff ( 20 October 2001 ) . `` Between the Bullets : Over the Counter : Continued '' . Billboard : 59 . Retrieved 24 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Paoletta , Michael ( 1 December 2001 ) . `` Beat Box '' . Billboard : 40 . Retrieved 24 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Artist Chart History -- Enya '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on 7 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 第 15 回 日本 ゴールド ディスク 大賞 '' ( The 15th Japan Gold Disc Awards ) . Retrieved 1 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Past Winners Search '' . grammy.com . National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences . Retrieved 1 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` War on terrorism : Enya soothes American pain '' . The News Letter . 21 October 2001 . Retrieved 23 June 2016 -- via HighBeam Research . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Mayfield , Geoff ( 13 October 2001 ) . `` Between the Bullets : Over the Counter : ' Time ' of her life '' . Billboard : 81 . Retrieved 24 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard 200 for the week of September 8 , 2001 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 26 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' GOD BLESS AMERICA ' CD DEBUTS AT NO . 1 '' . The Cincinnati Post . 26 October 2001 . Retrieved 23 June 2016 -- via HighBeam Research . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Billboard Jump up ^ Hot 100 chart stats from billboard.com Jump up ^ Mayfield , Geoff ( 3 November 2001 ) . `` Between the Bullets : Singles Minded : Timely Move '' . Billboard : 93 . Retrieved 24 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Between the Bullets : Singles Minded : Timely Move '' . Billboard : 75 . 10 November 2001 . Retrieved 24 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Only Time song details at Enya.sk Archived 24 April 2014 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` New Age Albums Billboard.com '' . Billboard . Retrieved 17 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Critic Reviews for Enya '' . Metacritic . February 26 , 2015 . Retrieved February 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ruhlmann , William . `` A Day Without Rain -- Enya '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 9 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Morgan , Laura ( 24 November 2000 ) . `` A Day Without Rain Review '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 22 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Gift Guide : Pop Albums : Choices From the Charts '' . latimes.com. 22 November 2001 . Retrieved 9 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Critic Reviews for A Day Without Rain '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 22 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Walters , Barry ( 7 December 2000 ) . `` Enya : A Day Without Rain : Music Reviews '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on 8 June 2008 . Retrieved 22 September 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Christgau , Robert ( 27 November 2001 ) . `` Turkey Shoot 2001 '' . The Village Voice . New York . Retrieved 21 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Tarradell , Mario ( 21 November 2000 ) . `` Reviews of releases from Enya and Kennedy '' . Dallas Morning News . Retrieved 23 June 2016 -- via HighBeam Research . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Shepherd , Fiona ( 20 November 2000 ) . `` Wu - tang shebang '' . The Scotsman . Retrieved 23 June 2016 -- via HighBeam Research . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Martin , Gavin ( 17 November 2000 ) . `` Music : Out this week - Albums '' . The Mirror . Retrieved 23 June 2016 -- via HighBeam Research . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Murthi , R.S. ( 13 December 2000 ) . `` Showcase of raw verve '' . New Straits Times . Retrieved 23 June 2016 -- via HighBeam Research . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Thompson , Stephen ( 21 November 2000 ) . `` Enya : A Day Without Rain '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved 22 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Enya : A Day Without Rain '' . Billboard. 25 November 2000 . Archived from the original on 21 April 2001 . Retrieved 22 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Bream , Jon ( 26 November 2000 ) . `` LISTEN UP '' . Star Tribune . Retrieved 23 June 2016 -- via HighBeam Research . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Souter , Ericka ; Arnold , Chuck ; Novak , Ralph ; Linden , Amy ; Tirella , Joseph V. ( 4 December 2000 ) . `` Picks and Pans Review : A Day Without Rain '' . People . Retrieved 22 September 2013 . Jump up ^ A Day Without Rain ( Media notes ) . WEA. 2000 . 8573 - 85986 - 2 . Jump up ^ A Day Without Rain ( Media notes ) . Reprise Records . 2000 . 9 - 47426 - 2 . Jump up ^ A Day Without Rain ( Media notes ) . WEA Japan . 2000 . WPCR - 11000 . Jump up ^ `` australian-charts.com Enya -- A Day Without Rain '' ( ASP ) . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved 26 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` austriancharts.at Enya -- A Day Without Rain '' ( ASP ) . Hung Medien ( in German ) . Retrieved 26 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ultratop.be Enya -- A Day Without Rain '' ( ASP ) . Hung Medien ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop . Retrieved 26 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ultratop.be Enya -- A Day Without Rain '' ( ASP ) . Hung Medien ( in French ) . Ultratop . Retrieved 26 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Cantin , Paul ( 2 October 2001 ) . `` CANOE -- JAM ! -- 2001 's quietest blockbuster album '' . canoe.ca . JAM ! Showbiz . Retrieved 26 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` danishcharts.com Enya -- A Day Without Rain '' . danishcharts.com . Retrieved 26 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` dutchcharts.nl Enya -- A Day Without Rain '' ( ASP ) . Hung Medien . MegaCharts . Retrieved 26 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` finnishcharts.com Enya -- A Day Without Rain '' ( ASP ) . Retrieved 26 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Les Charts -- Enya -- A Day Without Rain '' ( ASP ) ( in French ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved 26 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Album Search : Enya -- A Day Without Rain '' ( in German ) . Media Control . Retrieved 26 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hungarian Albums Chart '' . Mahasz.hu ( in Hungarian ) . Retrieved 3 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Top 75 Artist Album , Week Ending 30 November 2000 '' . Irish Recorded Music Association . Chart - Track . Retrieved 29 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` italiancharts.com Enya -- A Day Without Rain '' . italiancharts.com . Retrieved 26 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` エンヤ - リリース - ORICON STYLE - ミュージック '' ( Highest position and charting weeks of A Day Without Rain by Enya ) . oricon.co.jp ( in Japanese ) . Oricon Style . Retrieved 26 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` charts.org.nz Enya -- A Day Without Rain '' ( ASP ) . Hung Medien . Recording Industry Association of New Zealand . Retrieved 26 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` norwegiancharts.com Enya -- A Day Without Rain '' ( ASP ) . Retrieved 26 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Afyve charts Enya -- A Day Without Rain '' ( ASP ) . Retrieved 21 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` swedishcharts.com Enya -- A Day Without Rain '' ( ASP ) ( in Swedish ) . Retrieved 26 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Enya -- A Day Without Rain -- hitparade.ch '' ( ASP ) . Hung Medien ( in German ) . Swiss Music Charts . Retrieved 26 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Enya - Artists - Official Charts '' . UK Albums Chart . Retrieved 26 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` allmusic ( ( ( A Day Without Rain - Charts & Awards - Billboard Albums ) ) ) '' . AllMusic.com . Retrieved 26 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- End of Year Charts -- Top 100 Albums 2000 '' . aria.com.au . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved 26 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rapports annuels 2000 '' . Ultratop ( in French ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved 26 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten -- Album 2000 '' ( in German ) . Retrieved 26 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hit Parade Italia -- Gli album più venduti del 2000 '' ( in Italian ) . hitparadeitalia.it . Retrieved 26 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hitparade.ch -- Schweizer Jahreshitparade 2000 '' ( ASP ) . Swiss Music Charts ( in German ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved 26 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- End of Year Charts -- Top 100 Albums 2001 '' . aria.com.au . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved 26 January 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Austriancharts.at -- Jahreshitparade 2001 '' ( in German ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved 26 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten 2001 '' . Ultratop ( in Dutch ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved 25 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rapports annuels 2001 '' . Ultratop ( in French ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved 26 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten -- Album 2001 '' ( in German ) . Retrieved 26 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2001 年 アルバム 年間 TOP100 '' ( Oricon Year - end Albums Chart of 2001 ) ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved 26 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hitparade.ch -- Schweizer Jahreshitparade 2001 '' ( ASP ) . Swiss Music Charts ( in German ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved 26 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard.BIZ -- Year - end Charts -- Billboard 200 -- 2000 '' . Billboard.biz . Retrieved 12 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten -- Album 2002 '' ( in German ) . Retrieved 26 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hitparade.ch -- Schweizer Jahreshitparade 2002 '' ( ASP ) . Swiss Music Charts ( in German ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved 26 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard.BIZ -- Year - end Charts -- Billboard 200 -- 2002 '' . Billboard.biz . Retrieved 12 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Greatest of All Time Billboard 200 Albums '' . Billboard . Retrieved 11 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Argentinian album certifications -- Enya -- A Day Without Rain '' . Argentine Chamber of Phonograms and Videograms Producers . Retrieved 9 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2002 Albums '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved 9 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Austrian album certifications -- Enya -- A Day Without Rain '' ( in German ) . IFPI Austria . Retrieved 9 May 2011 . Enter Enya in the field Interpret . Enter A Day Without Rain in the field Titel . Select album in the field Format . Click Suchen Jump up ^ `` Ultratop − Goud en Platina -- 2007 '' . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved 9 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Brazilian album certifications -- Enya -- A Day Without Rain '' ( in Portuguese ) . Associação Brasileira dos Produtores de Discos . Retrieved 9 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian album certifications -- Enya -- A Day Without Rain '' . Music Canada . Jump up ^ `` Danish album certifications -- Enya -- A Day Without Rain '' . IFPI Denmark . Retrieved 9 May 2011 . Click on næste to go to page 1 if certification from official website Jump up ^ `` French album certifications -- Enya -- A Day Without Rain '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Retrieved 9 May 2011 . Jump up ^ http://www.infodisc.fr/Ventes_Albums_Tout_Temps.php?debut=2250 Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( Enya ; ' A Day Without Rain ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Retrieved 9 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` RIAJ - The Record - February 2002 - Certified Awards ( December 2001 ) '' ( PDF ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan ( in Japanese ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 16 October 2013 . Retrieved 29 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Certificaciones '' ( in Spanish ) . Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas . Retrieved 9 May 2011 . Type Enya in the box under the ARTISTA column heading . Jump up ^ `` Dutch album certifications -- Enya -- A Day Without Rain '' ( in Dutch ) . Nederlandse Vereniging van Producenten en Importeurs van beeld - en geluidsdragers . Retrieved 9 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand album certifications -- Enya -- A Day Without Rain '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved 9 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Polish album certifications -- Enya -- A Day Without Rain '' ( in Polish ) . Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 9 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Spanish album certifications -- Enya -- A Day Without Rain '' ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ) . Productores de Música de España . Retrieved 9 May 2011 . Select album under `` Chart '' , enter ' in the field `` Year '' . Select ' in the field `` Semana '' . Click on `` Search Charts '' Jump up ^ `` Guld - och Platinacertifikat − År 2002 '' ( PDF ) ( in Swedish ) . IFPI Sweden . Retrieved 9 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community : Awards ( Enya ; ' A Day Without Rain ' ) '' . IFPI Switzerland . Hung Medien . Retrieved 9 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` British album certifications -- Enya -- A Day Without Rain '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 9 May 2011 . Enter A Day Without Rain in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American album certifications -- Enya -- A Day Without Rain '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved 9 May 2011 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Album , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` IFPI Platinum Europe Awards -- 2002 '' . International Federation of the Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 9 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Enya en la música '' . Esmas Música. 4 April 2013 . Retrieved 8 April 2013 . Jump up ^ https://www.amazon.com/Day-Without-Rain-Vinyl/dp/B01N7XX9NW/ref=sr_1_1_twi_lp__3?s=music&ie=UTF8&qid=1495464798&sr=1-1&keywords=Enya+A+day+Without+Rain Preceded by Collection by Tracy Chapman Fever by Kylie Minogue Austrian Chart number - one album 14 October 2001 28 October 2001 Succeeded by Fever by Kylie Minogue Fever by Kylie Minogue Preceded by Hits PUR -- 20 Jahre eine Band by Pur Fever by Kylie Minogue German Media Control Chart number - one album 14 -- 21 October 2001 4 November 2001 Succeeded by Fever by Kylie Minogue External links ( edit ) A Day Without Rain at Discogs ( list of releases ) A Day Without Rain at Metacritic Enya Discography Studio albums Enya ( aka The Celts ) Watermark Shepherd Moons The Memory of Trees A Day Without Rain Amarantine And Winter Came ... Dark Sky Island Singles `` I Want Tomorrow '' `` Orinoco Flow '' `` Evening Falls ... '' `` Storms in Africa '' `` Exile '' `` Caribbean Blue '' `` How Can I Keep from Singing ? '' `` Book of Days '' `` Marble Halls '' `` The Celts '' `` Anywhere Is '' `` On My Way Home '' `` Only If ... '' `` Only Time '' `` Wild Child '' `` May It Be '' `` Amarantine '' `` It 's in the Rain '' `` Trains and Winter Rains '' `` White Is in the Winter Night '' `` My ! My ! Time Flies ! '' `` Echoes in Rain '' Compilations Paint the Sky with Stars The Very Best of Enya EPs 6 Tracks 3 Tracks The Christmas EP Sounds of the Season : The Enya Holiday Collection ( aka Christmas Secrets EP ) Box sets The Enya Collection A Box of Dreams Only Time -- The Collection Other releases The Frog Prince : The Original Soundtrack Recording Themes from Calmi Cuori Appassionati Related articles Clannad Nicky Ryan Roma Ryan Manderley Castle 6433 Enya Maiden of Mysteries : The Music of Enya Orinoco Flow Thread of Time Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Day_Without_Rain&oldid=842232276 '' Categories : Enya albums 2000 albums Grammy Award for Best New Age Album Reprise Records albums Warner Music Group albums Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content Webarchive template wayback links CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Hungarian - language sources ( hu ) CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 Polish - language sources ( pl ) EngvarB from April 2014 Use dmy dates from April 2014 Articles with hAudio microformats Track listings with input errors Certification Table Entry usages for Argentina Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Austria Certification Table Entry usages for Belgium Certification Table Entry usages for Brazil Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for Denmark Certification Table Entry usages for France Certification Table Entry usages for Germany Certification Table Entry usages for Japan Certification Table Entry usages for Mexico Certification Table Entry usages for Netherlands Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for Poland Certification Table Entry usages for Spain Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden Certification Table Entry usages for Switzerland Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Certification Table Entry usages for Europe Certification Table Entry usages for unsupported region Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Español Français Հայերեն Italiano ქართული Kiswahili Kurdî Latina Magyar Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 9 more Edit links This page was last edited on 21 May 2018 , at 03 : 22 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | artist with the seven times platinum album a day without rain | [
"A Day Without Rain is the fifth studio album by the Irish singer, songwriter and musician Enya, released on 20 November 2000 by Warner Music internationally and 21 November 2000 by Reprise Records in the United States. Following a promotional tour in support of her compilation album Paint the Sky with Stars (1997), Enya took a short break before she resumed writing and recording a new album in 1998 with her usual recording partners, producer and arranger Nicky Ryan and his wife, lyricist Roma Ryan. While making the album, Enya started to question about her life and attempted to answered them in the material she was writing. In a musical departure from her previous albums, Enya incorporates a string section which was not a conscious decision."
] | [
"Enya"
] |
-7665642450308359991 | Spiritual Baptist/Shouter Liberation Day | Spiritual Baptist / Shouter Liberation Day - Wikipedia Spiritual Baptist / Shouter Liberation Day Jump to : navigation , search Spiritual Baptist / Shouter Liberation Day Observed by Trinidad and Tobago ; Spiritual Baptists Begins 30 March Occasion Celebrates the repeal of laws banning the faith Spiritual / Shouter Baptist Liberation Day is an annual public holiday celebrated in Trinidad and Tobago on 30 March . The holiday commemorates the repeal on 30 March 1951 of the 1917 Shouter Prohibition Ordinance that prohibited the activities of the Shouter or Spiritual Baptist faith . Trinidad and Tobago is the only country in the world that celebrates a public holiday for the Spiritual Baptist faith . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Spiritual Baptists Archived 2006 - 10 - 14 at the Wayback Machine . External links ( edit ) Spiritual / Shouter Baptist Liberation Day from the NALIS website St Francis National Evangelical Spiritual Baptist Faith Archdiocese of Canada Interesting account of Spiritual Baptist beliefs and customs This article about a religious festival is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . This Trinidad and Tobago article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spiritual_Baptist/Shouter_Liberation_Day&oldid=830970428 '' Categories : Public holidays in Trinidad and Tobago March observances Religious festival stubs Trinidad and Tobago stubs Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All stub articles Talk Article Talk More Contents About Wikipedia This page was last edited on 18 March 2018 , at 00 : 21 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when is spiritual baptist day celebrated in trinidad | [
"Spiritual/Shouter Baptist Liberation Day is an annual public holiday celebrated in Trinidad and Tobago on 30 March. The holiday commemorates the repeal on 30 March 1951 of the 1917 Shouter Prohibition Ordinance that prohibited the activities of the Shouter or Spiritual Baptist faith.[1]"
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"30 March"
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-6240770357634196941 | I Saw the Light (Hank Williams song) | I Saw the Light ( Hank Williams song ) - wikipedia I Saw the Light ( Hank Williams song ) `` I Saw the Light '' Single by Hank Williams B - side `` Six More Miles ( To the Graveyard ) '' Released September 1948 Format 10 '' single ( MGM 10271 ) Recorded April 21 , 1947 Genre Country , gospel Length 2 : 45 Label MGM Songwriter ( s ) Hank Williams Producer ( s ) Fred Rose Hank Williams singles chronology `` I 'm a Long Gone Daddy '' ( 1948 ) `` I Saw the Light '' ( 1948 ) `` A Mansion on the Hill '' ( 1948 ) `` I 'm a Long Gone Daddy '' ( 1948 ) `` I Saw the Light '' ( 1948 ) `` A Mansion on the Hill '' ( 1948 ) `` I Saw the Light '' is a country gospel song written by Hank Williams . Williams was inspired to write the song while returning from a concert by a remark his mother made while they were arriving in Montgomery , Alabama . He recorded the song during his first session for MGM Records , and released in September 1948 . The song is set to the tune of the traditional Scottish folk tune `` Bonnie Charlie '' , also commonly known as `` Will ye no come back again ? '' . Williams ' version did not enjoy major success during its initial release , but eventually it became one of his most popular songs and the closing number for his live shows . It was soon covered by other acts , and has become a country gospel standard . In September 1946 , Hank Williams auditioned for Nashville 's Grand Ole Opry but was rejected . After the failure of his audition , Williams and his wife Audrey tried to interest the recently formed music publishing firm Acuff - Rose Music . Williams and his wife approached Fred Rose , who signed him to a six song contract , and leveraged a deal with Sterling Records . In December 1946 , Williams had his first recording session . The songs `` Never Again '' and `` Honky Tonkin ' '' became successful , and earned Williams the attention of MGM Records . His first MGM session took place on April 21 , 1947 . The first song he recorded was `` Move It on Over '' . The second was `` I Saw the Light '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Composition 2 Recording and release 3 Legacy 4 Cover versions and other media 5 Footnotes 6 References Composition ( edit ) Williams was inspired to write the song in January 1947 while returning from a show in Fort Deposit , Alabama . His mother , Lilly , drove him and the band back to Montgomery that night . As she was approaching the city , she spotted the lights of Dannelly Field Airport . Williams , who slept inebriated in the backseat of the car , was roused by his mother , who told him `` I just saw the light '' , announcing him that they were close to Montgomery . He wrote the first draft on January 26 , 1947 . The lyrics and the melody by Williams closely resembled Albert E. Brumley 's `` He Set Me Free '' , published in 1939 and released in March 1941 by The Chuck Wagon Gang . Biblical citations were used , including the Gospels of Matthew and John , as well as excerpts from the First Epistle to the Thessalonians and Book of Revelation . As Williams ' biographer Colin Escott astutely observes , while the melody and even some of the lyrics bear a passing resemblance to the earlier Brumley tune , `` ' I Saw the Light ' was n't just ' He Set Me Free ' with new lyrics , though . It was the prayer of the backslider , who lives in hope of redemption . '' Recording and release ( edit ) Williams recorded the song during his first session with MGM Records on April 21 , 1947 . The band was composed by part of Red Foley 's backing , including Zeke and Zeb Turner ( guitar ) , Brownie Raynolds ( bass ) , Tommy Jackson ( fiddle ) and Smokey Lohman ( steel guitar ) . Williams had also recorded a version of the song on a later session with his wife , which he sent to Rose on August 19 . On the accompanying letter , he discouraged the producer to issue the recording . Audrey , like many people who sing badly , seemed to have no sense of how bad she was as a vocalist , and her duets with Hank were like an extension of their married life as she fought him for dominance on every note . While the release of Williams ' recording was held , the first issued version was by Clyde Grubb , who recorded it on August 13 , 1947 . Grubb 's version was released by RCA Records ( RCA 20 - 2485 ) in October 1947 with `` When God '' on the flipside , backed by his Tennessee Valley Boys . Williams ' version was released in September 1948 , while it was later copyrighted on November 16 . It was backed with `` Six More Miles ( To the Graveyard ) '' and issued on MGM Records ( MGM 10271 ) . Boys ' Life favored the record , stating : `` It 's a typical Hank Williams lament , which you western and hillbilly fans will eat up '' . Hank Williams first appeared on the Kate Smith Evening Hour on March 26 , 1952 , and joined in with the rest of the cast singing `` I Saw The Light . '' Legacy ( edit ) `` I Saw the Light '' was not a commercial success upon its release but has since become his most recognized hymn and one of his most popular songs . The song became a standard for both the country music and gospel music genres , and has been covered by several artists of the two genres and beyond . Allmusic called it one of Williams ' `` finest songs concerning his strong religious conviction '' . It was ranked first in Country Music Television 's 20 Greatest Songs of Faith in 2005 . The 2015 Williams biopic starring Tom Hiddleston was named after the song . Bob Dylan has also referred to it as a source for religious significance . Cover versions and other Media ( edit ) Roy Acuff covered the song in a recording session on November 11 , 1947 . The single was released by Columbia Records ( CCO - 4895 ) in February 1948 , with `` Thank God '' on the flipside . During Williams ' funeral in 1953 , Acuff led the singing of the song , while he was joined on the chorus by artists including Red Foley , Webb Pierce , Carl Smith and Bill Monroe among others present . Bill Monroe recorded the song in 1958 , which he released as the title - track of his first gospel album the same year . Pianist Floyd Cramer recorded an instrumental version in 1962 . Hank 's hero Ernest Tubb recorded the song in 1963 for Decca . The Nitty Gritty Dirt Band recorded the song in collaboration with Roy Acuff 1971 for the album Will the Circle Be Unbroken . The collaboration reached number 56 on Billboard 's Top Country Singles . Bonnie Owens cut the song for Capitol in 1970 . The song appears on Emmylou Harris ' debut album . Merle Haggard included it on his 1971 album The Land of Many Churches . In 1972 , Earl Scruggs included it on his album I Saw the Light with Some Help from My Friends . Pat Boone recorded the song for MGM in 1972 . In 1973 , Tompall Glaser included a cover in his release Charlie . Chicago - based country band Mason Proffit released a cover version in 1973 . Willie Nelson and Leon Russell released the song as a duet in 1977 . Boxcar Willie released the song in 1980 . Johnny Cash , Carl Perkins , and Jerry Lee Lewis recorded the song for the Columbo - episode `` Swan Song '' in 1974 . The The recorded the song for their 1994 tribute album Hanky Panky . A music video was made for the song shot on location near the top of the Chrysler Building . Crystal Gayle included the song in her 1995 album Someday . American noise rock band Killdozer released the song as the flipside of their 1996 single `` Go Big Red . '' Aaron Neville covered the song on his 2003 album Believe . David Crowder covered the song for his 2005 album A Collision , including an additional verse by Johnny Cash and a self - written ' eschatological represse ' . The song became a live standard for many years , being included in Crowder 's 2008 live concert film ' Remedy Club Tour ' . Derek Ryan , the Irish country singer covered it in his 2010 album A Mother 's Son . Jamey Johnson performed the song at Farm Aid 25 on October 2 , 2010 . In the drama Orange Is the New Black 's episode `` Ca n't Fix Crazy '' the song is covered by part of the prisoners during their annual Christmas pageant . In the television show Columbo Season 3 Episode `` Swan Song '' the song is covered by Johnny Cash 's character , Tommy Brown . The song is part of the standard song set of the Pride of the South Marching Band at the University of Mississippi , and has become one of its most popular songs . Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Williams , Roger M 1981 , p. 59 - 60 . Jump up ^ Young , William H. ; Young , Nancy K. 2010 , p. 234 . ^ Jump up to : Escott , Colin 1994 , p. 69 . Jump up ^ Wolfe , Charles 2002 , p. 245 . Jump up ^ Kindred , Douglas 2014 , p. 65 , 66 . Jump up ^ Collins , Ace 1999 , p. 127 . ^ Jump up to : Escott , Colin , 2004 & 73 . Jump up ^ Escott , Colin 1994 , p. 67 . Jump up ^ Koon , George William 1983 , p. 36 . Jump up ^ Billboard staff 1947 , p. 130 . Jump up ^ Escott , Colin 1994 , p. 313 . ^ Jump up to : Koon , George William 1983 , p. 34 . Jump up ^ Waring , Fred 1948 , p. 25 . Jump up ^ Collins , Ace 1999 , p. 126 . Jump up ^ Ward , Thomas 2015 . Jump up ^ CMT 2005 . Jump up ^ Michaels , Sean & 2014 . Jump up ^ Agenant , William 1996 , p. 16 . Jump up ^ Rosenberg , Neil ; Wolfe , Charles 2007 , p. 118 . Jump up ^ McNeil , W.K. 2013 , p. 6 . Jump up ^ Wolfe , Charles ; Akerson , James 2002 , p. 175 . Jump up ^ Erlewine , Stephen Thomas ; Bogdanov , Vladimir ; Woodstra Chris 2003 , p. 309 . Jump up ^ Dicaire , David 2007 , p. 136 . Jump up ^ Erlewine , Stephen Thomas ; Bogdanov , Vladimir ; Woodstra Chris 2003 , p. 286 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel 2001 , p. 551 . Jump up ^ Erlewine , Stephen Thomas ; Bogdanov , Vladimir ; Woodstra Chris 2003 , p. 275 . Jump up ^ Karras , Steve 2014 . References ( edit ) Agenant , William ( 1996 ) . Columbia 78 Rpm Record Listing , 20001 Thru 21571 , Plus OKeh Records 18001 Thru 18059 . Joycee Record Club . Billboard staff ( 1947 ) . `` Advanced Record Sales '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc. 59 ( 42 ) . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . CMT ( 2005 ) . `` 20 Greatest Songs of Faith '' . 60 minutes in . Country Music Television . Missing or empty series = ( help ) Collins , Ace ( 1999 ) . Turn Your Radio On : The Stories Behind Gospel Music 's All - Time Greatest Songs . Zondervan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 310 - 86449 - 3 . Dicaire , David ( 2007 ) . The First Generation of Country Music Stars : Biographies of 50 Artists Born Before 1940 . McFarland . ISBN 978 - 0 - 786 - 43021 - 5 . Erlewine , Stephen Thomas ; Bogdanov , Vladimir ; Woodstra Chris ( 2003 ) . All Music Guide to Country : The Definitive Guide to Country Music . ISBN 9780879307608 . Escott , Colin ( 1994 ) . Hank Williams : The Biography . Hachette Digital , Inc. p. 307 . ISBN 0 - 316 - 24986 - 6 . Karras , Steve ( 2014 ) . `` Orange is the New Black 's Annie Golden '' . Huffington Post . TheHuffingtonPost.com , Inc . Retrieved April 27 , 2015 . Kindred , Douglas ( 2014 ) . Read Matthew to Live Your Life , Read John to Save Your Soul . WestBow Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 490 - 83587 - 7 . Koon , George William ( 1983 ) . Hank Williams , so lonesome . University of Mississippi press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57806 - 283 - 6 . McNeil , W.K. ( 2013 ) . Encyclopedia of American Gospel Music . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 1 - 135 - 37700 - 7 . Michaels , Sean ( 2014 ) . `` Tom Hiddleston set to play country icon Hank Williams in new biopic '' . The Guardian . Guardian News and Media Limited . Retrieved 16 June 2014 . Rosenberg , Neil ; Wolfe , Charles ( 2007 ) . The Music of Bill Monroe . University of Illinois Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 252 - 03121 - 2 . Ward , Thomas ( 2015 ) . `` I Saw the Light '' . Allmusic . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved April 14 , 2015 . Waring , Fred ( 1948 ) . `` Off the Record '' . Boys ' Life . Boy Scouts of America , Inc. 39 ( 2 ) . ISSN 0006 - 8608 . Whitburn , Joel ( 2001 ) . Joel Whitburn 's top pop albums , 1955 - 2001 . Record Research . ISBN 978 - 0 - 898 - 20147 - 5 . Williams , Roger M ( 1981 ) . Sing a sad song : the life of Hank Williams . University of Illinois Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 252 - 00861 - 0 . Wolfe , Charles ( 2002 ) . Classic Country : Legends of Country Music . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 1 - 135 - 95734 - 6 . Wolfe , Charles ; Akerson , James ( 2002 ) . Country Music Annual 2002 . University Press of Kentucky . ISBN 978 - 0 - 813 - 12698 - 2 . Young , William H. ; Young , Nancy K. ( 2010 ) . World War II and the Postwar Years in America : A Historical and Cultural Encyclopedia . ABC - CLIO . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 35652 - 0 . Hank Williams Discography Songs Albums Hank Williams Sings Hank Williams on Stage Three Hanks : Men with Broken Hearts The Complete Hank Williams Memorial Album Songs `` Move It On Over '' `` Honky Tonkin ' '' `` I Saw the Light '' `` Lovesick Blues '' `` Mind Your Own Business '' `` Lost Highway '' `` My Bucket 's Got a Hole in It '' `` I 'm So Lonesome I Could Cry '' `` Long Gone Lonesome Blues '' `` Why Do n't You Love Me '' `` Cold , Cold Heart '' `` Hey , Good Lookin ' '' `` Honky Tonk Blues '' `` Half as Much '' `` Jambalaya ( On the Bayou ) '' `` You Win Again '' `` I 'll Never Get Out of This World Alive '' `` Kaw - Liga '' `` Your Cheatin ' Heart '' `` Take These Chains from My Heart '' `` The Blues Come Around '' `` Six More Miles ( To the Graveyard ) '' `` I 'm Satisfied with You '' `` The Pale Horse and His Rider '' Family Hank Williams Jr . Jett Williams Hank Williams III Holly Williams Related articles Death of Hank Williams List of tributes to Hank Williams Drifting Cowboys Sterling Records MGM Records Grand Ole Opry The Lost Notebooks of Hank Williams The Garden Spot Programs , 1950 Rufus Payne Nitty Gritty Dirt Band Bob Carpenter Jimmie Fadden Jeff Hanna John McEuen Studio albums The Nitty Gritty Dirt Band Ricochet Rare Junk Uncle Charlie & His Dog Teddy All the Good Times Stars & Stripes Forever Symphonion Dream The Dirt Band An American Dream Make a Little Magic Jealousy Let 's Go Plain Dirt Fashion Partners , Brothers and Friends Hold On Workin ' Band The Rest of the Dream Not Fade Away Acoustic The Christmas Album Bang , Bang , Bang Welcome to Woody Creek Speed of Life Collaboration albums Will the Circle Be Unbroken Will the Circle Be Unbroken : Volume Two Will the Circle Be Unbroken : Volume III Live albums Alive Live Two Five Compilation albums Dirt , Silver and Gold Twenty Years of Dirt More Great Dirt Notable singles `` Mr. Bojangles '' `` House at Pooh Corner '' `` I Saw the Light '' `` Jambalaya ( On the Bayou ) '' `` The Battle of New Orleans '' `` All I Have to Do Is Dream '' `` An American Dream '' `` Dance Little Jean '' `` Long Hard Road ( The Sharecropper 's Dream ) '' `` I Love Only You '' `` High Horse '' `` Modern Day Romance '' `` Home Again in My Heart '' `` Partners , Brothers and Friends '' `` Fire in the Sky '' `` Baby 's Got a Hold on Me '' `` Fishin ' in the Dark '' `` Oh What a Love '' `` Workin ' Man ( Nowhere to Go ) '' `` I 've Been Lookin ' '' `` Down That Road Tonight '' `` Turn of the Century '' `` And So It Goes '' ( with John Denver ) `` When It 's Gone '' `` I Fought the Law '' Related articles Discography Jimmy Ibbotson Bernie Leadon Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Saw_the_Light_(Hank_Williams_song)&oldid=847015848 '' Categories : Gospel songs Hank Williams songs Songs written by Hank Williams Billboard Hot Country Songs number - one singles Nitty Gritty Dirt Band songs Roy Acuff songs The The songs 1948 songs 1971 singles Danny Davis ( country musician ) songs Okeh Records singles Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Pages with citations lacking titles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Edit links This page was last edited on 22 June 2018 , at 09 : 51 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who wrote the gospel song i saw the light | [
"\"I Saw the Light\" is a country gospel song written by Hank Williams. Williams was inspired to write the song while returning from a concert by a remark his mother made while they were arriving in Montgomery, Alabama. He recorded the song during his first session for MGM Records, and released in September 1948. The song is set to the tune of the traditional Scottish folk tune \"Bonnie Charlie\", also commonly known as \"Will ye no come back again?\". Williams' version did not enjoy major success during its initial release, but eventually it became one of his most popular songs and the closing number for his live shows. It was soon covered by other acts, and has become a country gospel standard.\n"
] | [
"Hank Williams"
] |
248770243656475093 | RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars (season 3) | RuPaul 's Drag Race All Stars ( season 3 ) - wikipedia RuPaul 's Drag Race All Stars ( season 3 ) Jump to : navigation , search RuPaul 's Drag Race All Stars Season 3 Broadcast from January 25 ( 2018 - 01 - 25 ) -- March 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 15 ) Judges RuPaul Michelle Visage Carson Kressley Ross Mathews Host ( s ) RuPaul Broadcaster VH1 Competitors 10 Winner Trixie Mattel Origin Los Angeles , California Runner - up Kennedy Davenport Chronology ◀ Season 3 The third season of RuPaul 's Drag Race All Stars began airing on January 25 , 2018 . The season was announced in August 2017 , and 9 of the 10 cast members were revealed during a VH1 television special titled `` Exclusive Queen Ruveal , '' which aired on October 20 , 2017 . This season featured ten All Star contestants , selected from the show 's first season through to its ninth season , who competed to be inducted into the `` Drag Race Hall of Fame '' . As in the previous season , the top two queens in the challenge compete in a `` Lip Sync for Your Legacy , '' with the winner of the lip sync earning $10,000 and choosing which of the bottom queens gets eliminated . A new twist on how the top queens of the season were chosen was revealed in the seasons last episode . The previously eliminated queens returned in the finale and voted for the top two out of the remaining top four finalists , from there on the two queens with the most votes advanced and the others were subsequently eliminated . The prizes for the winner of the competition are a one - year supply of Anastasia Beverly Hills cosmetics and a cash prize of $100,000 . The winner of the third season of RuPaul 's Drag Race All Stars was Trixie Mattel , with Kennedy Davenport being the runner - up . Contents ( hide ) 1 Contestants 2 Contestant progress 3 Lip syncs 4 Guest judges 4.1 Special guests 5 Episodes 6 Leak 7 Ratings 8 Reception 9 References 10 External Links Contestants ( edit ) The drag queens that competed are : ( Ages and names stated are at time of contest . ) Contestant Real name Age Hometown Original season Original placement Outcome Trixie Mattel Brian Firkus 28 Los Angeles , California Season 7 06 ! 6th Place Winner Kennedy Davenport Reuben Asberry Jr . 35 Dallas , Texas Season 7 04 ! 4th Place Runner - up BeBe Zahara Benet Nea Marshall Kudi 36 Minneapolis , Minnesota Season 1 01 ! Winner 3rd / 4th Place Shangela D.J. Pierce 35 Los Angeles , California Season 2 12 ! 12th Place Season 3 05 ! 6th Place Morgan McMichaels Thomas White 36 Los Angeles , California Season 2 08 ! 8th Place 5th Place BenDeLaCreme Benjamin Putnam 35 Seattle , Washington Season 6 05 ! 5th Place 6th Place Aja Jay Rivera 23 Brooklyn , New York Season 9 09 ! 9th Place 7th Place Chi Chi DeVayne Zavion Davenport 32 Shreveport , Louisiana Season 8 04 ! 4th Place 8th Place Milk Dan Donigan 29 New York , New York Season 6 09 ! 9th Place 9th Place Thorgy Thor Shane Galligan 33 Brooklyn , New York Season 8 06 ! 6th Place 10th Place Jump up ^ Morgan McMichaels originally placed 10th before being chosen to return to the competition . Jump up ^ This contestant was voted Miss Congeniality during her original season . Jump up ^ This contestant eliminated herself . Contestant progress ( edit ) Contestant 5 6 7 8 Trixie Mattel SAFE SAFE HIGH BTM3 WIN BTM3 WIN Winner Kennedy Davenport SAFE BTM2 WIN BTM3 SAFE BTM3 BTM3 Runner - up BeBe Zahara Benet SAFE HIGH SAFE SAFE WIN WIN BTM3 Eliminated Shangela HIGH WIN SAFE WIN BTM2 BTM3 WIN Eliminated Morgan McMichaels ELIM IN ELIM Guest BenDeLaCreme WIN WIN WIN WIN SAFE ELIM Guest Aja WIN SAFE BTM3 SAFE ELIM OUT Guest Chi Chi DeVayne BTM2 LOW BTM3 ELIM OUT Guest Milk SAFE SAFE ELIM OUT Guest Thorgy Thor SAFE ELIM OUT Guest The contestant won RuPaul 's Drag Race All Stars . The contestant was the runner - up . The contestant was eliminated by jury vote without lip - syncing entirely . The contestant won the challenge and won the `` Lip Sync for Your Legacy . '' The contestant won the challenge but lost the `` Lip Sync for Your Legacy . '' The contestant came back for a chance to re-enter the competition and was chosen to return . The contestant came back for a chance to re-enter the competition but was not chosen to return . The contestant received positive judges ' critiques but was ultimately declared safe . The contestant received judges ' critiques but was ultimately declared safe . The contestant received negative judges ' critiques but was ultimately declared safe . The contestant won the challenge and won the `` Lip Sync for Your Legacy '' but chose to eliminate herself . The contestant was in the bottom and eligible for elimination . The contestant was eliminated . The contestant returned as a juror for the final episode to vote for the Top 2 Lip syncs ( edit ) Episode Contestants ( Pick for Elimination ) Song Winner Up for Elimination Eliminated Aja ( Chi Chi DeVayne ) vs . BenDeLaCreme ( Morgan McMichaels ) `` Anaconda '' ( Nicki Minaj ) BenDeLaCreme Chi Chi DeVayne Morgan McMichaels Morgan McMichaels BenDeLaCreme ( Thorgy Thor ) vs . Shangela ( Thorgy Thor ) `` Jump ( For My Love ) '' ( The Pointer Sisters ) Shangela Kennedy Davenport Thorgy Thor Thorgy Thor BenDeLaCreme ( Chi Chi DeVayne ) vs . Kennedy Davenport ( Milk ) `` Green Light '' ( Lorde ) Kennedy Davenport Aja Chi Chi DeVayne Milk Milk BenDeLaCreme ( Chi Chi DeVayne ) vs . Shangela ( Chi Chi DeVayne ) `` I Kissed a Girl '' ( Katy Perry ) BenDeLaCreme & Shangela Chi Chi DeVayne Kennedy Davenport Trixie Mattel Chi Chi DeVayne 5 BeBe Zahara Benet ( Aja ) vs . Trixie Mattel ( Aja ) `` The Boss '' ( Diana Ross ) BeBe Zahara Benet Aja Shangela Aja 6 BeBe Zahara Benet vs . BenDeLaCreme ( BenDeLaCreme ) ( Morgan McMichaels ) `` Nobody 's Supposed to Be Here ( Hex Hector Dance Mix ) '' ( Deborah Cox ) BenDeLaCreme Kennedy Davenport Shangela Trixie Mattel BenDeLaCreme 7 Shangela ( Morgan McMichaels ) vs . Trixie Mattel ( Morgan McMichaels ) `` Freaky Money '' ( RuPaul ft . Big Freedia ) Shangela BeBe Zahara Benet Kennedy Davenport Morgan McMichaels Morgan McMichaels 8 Kennedy Davenport vs . Trixie Mattel `` Wrecking Ball '' ( Miley Cyrus ) Trixie Mattel None Kennedy Davenport The contestant was eliminated after their first time in the bottom . The contestant was eliminated after their second time in the bottom . The contestant was eliminated after their third time in the bottom . The contestant self - eliminated without being in the bottom . The contestant was eliminated after the final lip sync . Jump up ^ In episode 7 , BeBe Zahara Benet chose not to show who she selected to return to the competition and who she selected to eliminate if she had won the lip sync . Jump up ^ In episode 6 , the contestants in the lip sync were asked to choose an eliminated contestant to return to the competition in addition to picking someone to eliminate . Guest judges ( edit ) Guest judges for this season include ( in order of appearance ) : Vanessa Hudgens , actress and singer Todrick Hall , actor and singer Vanessa Williams , actress and singer Constance Zimmer , actress Jeffrey Bowyer - Chapman , actor and model Nicole Byer , comedian and actress Kristin Chenoweth , actress and singer Tituss Burgess , actor and singer Shay Mitchell , actress and model Adam Lambert , singer and actor Emma Bunton , singer and actress Chris Colfer , actor and singer Garcelle Beauvais , actress and model Special guests ( edit ) Guests who appeared in episodes but did not judge on the main stage ( in order of appearance ) : Chad Michaels , runner - up from season four and winner of season one of All Stars Alaska , runner - up from season five and winner of season two of All Stars Marc Jacobs , fashion designer Nancy Pelosi , House Democratic leader and representative for California 's 12th congressional district Episodes ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Original air date 16 `` All - Star Variety Show '' January 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 25 ) Nine formerly eliminated queens from past seasons of RuPaul 's Drag Race enter the workroom to win a spot in the Drag Race Hall of Fame , and also to win a cash prize of $100,000 . Upon entering the room , RuPaul introduces the final 10th queen , season one winner BeBe Zahara Benet , stating that he wants to showcase the contestant to a new generation of fans . For the episode 's maxi - challenge , each queen is to prepare a live talent presentation for the second All Star Variety Show . Upon judgement , BeBe Zahara Benet , Milk , and Trixie Mattel are deemed safe . During the critiques , Aja and BenDeLaCreme are selected as the top two all stars of the week . Contestants Shangela and Thorgy Thor receive positive reviews from the judges . Chi Chi DeVayne and Morgan McMichaels are placed in the bottom for their performances . Aja and BenDeLaCreme lip - sync against each other to Nicki Minaj 's `` Anaconda '' ; BenDeLaCreme wins the lip sync and eliminates Morgan McMichaels . Guest Judge : Vanessa Hudgens Mini-challenge : Reading is Fundamental Mini-challenge Winner : BenDeLaCreme Mini-challenge Prize : $3,000 shopping spree to L.A. Eyeworks Main Challenge : Perform a talent in front of the judges , a live audience , and other competitors . Challenge Winners : Aja & BenDeLaCreme Main Challenge Prize : Five - night stay at the Grand Resort Hotel and Spa in Fort Lauderdale , air fare included Lip Sync for Your Legacy Winner : BenDeLaCreme Lip Sync Song : `` Anaconda '' by Nicki Minaj Bottom Two : Chi Chi DeVayne & Morgan McMichaels Eliminated : Morgan McMichaels Farewell Message : `` I love you girls ! Keep rocking and stay FABULOUS ! '' 17 `` Divas Lip Sync Live '' February 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 01 ) In episode two , the nine remaining queens are assigned female musicians to embody in the Divas Lip Sync Live battle , a tribute act in the form of a live medley of RuPaul songs . Aja performs as Amy Winehouse , BeBe Zahara Benet as Diana Ross , BenDeLaCreme as Julie Andrews , Chi Chi DeVayne as Patti LaBelle , Kennedy Davenport as Janet Jackson , Milk as Celine Dion , Shangela as Mariah Carey , Trixie Mattel as Dolly Parton , and Thorgy Thor as Stevie Nicks . The runway theme on the main stage is `` RuDemption , '' a theme for which each contestant recreates a look from their original season . Upon judgement , Aja , Milk , and Trixie Mattel are deemed safe . During the critiques , BeBe Zahara Benet , BenDaLeCreme , and Shangela receive positive feedback on their performances and runway looks , with the latter two winning the challenge . Chi Chi DeVayne , Kennedy Davenport and Thorgy Thor are all criticized for their performances , while their runway looks receive praise . DeVayne is declared safe from the bottom two . Shangela and BenDeLaCreme lip - sync against each other to The Pointer Sisters ' `` Jump ( For My Love ) . '' Shangela wins the lip sync and eliminates Thorgy Thor . Guest Judges : Todrick Hall & Vanessa Williams Alternating Judge : Carson Kressley Main Challenge : Perform in a lip - syncing dance number inspired by VH1 Divas . Runway Theme : RuDemption Runway Challenge Winners : BenDeLaCreme & Shangela Main Challenge Prize : $1000 gift card from Sparkles Rhinestones and a $1000 gift card from Fierce Queen Heels Lip Sync for Your Legacy Winner : Shangela Lip Sync Song : `` Jump ( For My Love ) '' by The Pointer Sisters Bottom Two : Kennedy Davenport & Thorgy Thor Eliminated : Thorgy Thor Farewell Message : `` Wooo ! Drag is fun . Suck it ShangeLLA ! '' ( Drawing of an ejaculating penis ) 18 `` The B * tchelor '' February 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 08 ) The eight remaining queens are each assigned a personality by RuPaul for The Bitchelor , a satire based on the show The Bachelor . Aja plays the Needy Girl , BeBe Zahara Benet the Shy Virgin , BenDeLaCreme the Cougar , Chi Chi DeVayne and Shangela a polyamorous couple , Kennedy Davenport the Party Girl , Milk the Stalker , and Trixie Mattel the Fake Bitch . Jeffrey Bowyer - Chapman participates as the main love interest of the show . The main - stage runway theme is `` Wigs on Wigs on Wigs '' . Upon judgement , Benet and Shangela are both deemed safe . BenDeLaCreme , Davenport and Mattel are praised for their performances and looks , with the former two contestants winning the challenge . Aja , Chi Chi DeVayne , and Milk are placed in the bottom three . Davenport and BenDeLaCreme lip - sync against each other to Lorde 's `` Green Light . '' Davenport wins the lip sync and eliminates Milk . Guest Judges : Constance Zimmer & Jeffrey Bowyer - Chapman Alternating Judge : Ross Mathews Main Challenge : Improvise in an unscripted dating show inspired by The Bachelor . Runway Theme : Wigs on Wigs on Wigs Challenge Winners : BenDeLaCreme & Kennedy Davenport Main Challenge Prize : A jewelry pack from Fierce Drag Jewels and a $1000 gift card to Nailed by Cristy Lip Sync for Your Legacy Winner : Kennedy Davenport Lip Sync Song : `` Green Light '' by Lorde Bottom Three : Aja , Chi Chi DeVayne , & Milk Eliminated : Milk Farewell Message : `` Love u girls but ya 'll know this is bogus ! Stay amazing ❤ Milk '' 19 `` All Stars Snatch Game '' February 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 15 ) The seven remaining queens prepare for the Snatch Game , where each contestant picks a celebrity to impersonate . Aja appears as Crystal LaBeija , BeBe Zahara Benet as Grace Jones , BenDeLaCreme as Paul Lynde , Chi Chi DeVayne as Maya Angelou , Kennedy Davenport as Phaedra Parks , Shangela as Jenifer Lewis and Trixie Mattel as RuPaul . Guest judge Kristin Chenoweth partakes in the challenge , playing herself . The runway theme on the main stage is `` Flower Power . '' Upon judgement , BenDeLaCreme and Shangela are deemed the winners of the challenge . Aja and Benet receive positive remarks for their runway looks , though reviews are divided on Benet 's Snatch Game performance . Both are ultimately declared safe . DeVayne , Davenport and Mattel are placed in the bottom three . Shangela and BenDeLaCreme lip - sync against each other to Katy Perry 's `` I Kissed a Girl . '' The lip sync is declared a tie , and both contestants eliminate DeVayne . Guest Judges : Kristin Chenoweth & Nicole Byer Alternating Judge : Carson Kressley Main Challenge : Impersonate celebrities in the Snatch Game . Runway Theme : Flower Power Challenge Winners : BenDeLaCreme & Shangela Main Challenge Prize : A wig wardrobe courtesy of Rockstar Wigs and a $1000 gift card from Coolhaus Ice Cream Lip Sync for Your Legacy Winner : BenDeLaCreme & Shangela Lip Sync Song : `` I Kissed a Girl '' by Katy Perry Bottom Three : Chi Chi DeVayne , Kennedy Davenport , & Trixie Mattel Eliminated : Chi Chi DeVayne Farewell Message : `` LOVE All of you gals , Remember to Keep it fair . Chi Chi 💋 '' 20 5 `` Pop Art Ball '' February 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 22 ) The six remaining queens participate in a mini-challenge where they dress up in `` Quick Drag '' and model in an Andy Warhol - inspired photoshoot . Aja wins the challenge , receiving a year 's supply of burgers from Hamburger Mary 's and a cash tip of $2,000 . For the main challenge , each contestant is asked to prepare two runway looks for the Pop Art Ball : one inspired by Warhol 's Campbell 's Soup Cans and a second inspired by Studio 54 . Additionally , each contestant has to record a voice - over narrative to be played during her runway presentation . During the judges ' critiques , Aja and Shangela are criticized for both of their runway looks , and they fall into the bottom two . BeBe Zahara Benet and Trixie Mattel are both commended for their runway looks , winning the challenge . BenDeLaCreme and Kennedy Davenport attract mixed commentary but are ultimately declared safe . Benet and Mattel lip - sync against each other to Diana Ross 's `` The Boss '' . Benet wins the lip sync and eliminates Aja . At the end of the episode , RuPaul brings previous winners Chad Michaels and Alaska back onto the main stage , and they reveal three queens in cloaks that will be returning for the next episode . Guest Judges : Tituss Burgess & Shay Mitchell Alternating Judge : Ross Mathews Mini-challenge : Pose for a pop art - style portrait Mini-challenge Winner : Aja Mini-challenge Prize : A year 's supply of hamburgers from Hamburger Mary 's and $2,000 Main Challenge : Design wearable soup cans inspired by Andy Warhol as well as a Studio 54 disco look . Challenge Winners : BeBe Zahara Benet & Trixie Mattel Main Challenge Prize : Two - night escape for 2 at the W Hotel in Fort Lauderdale Lip Sync for Your Legacy Winner : BeBe Zahara Benet Lip Sync Song : The Boss by Diana Ross Bottom Two : Aja & Shangela Eliminated : Aja Farewell Message : `` I love u bitches ❤ Honestly , thank you from the bottom of my heart ! Y'all inspire me ! - Aja '' 21 6 `` Handmaids to Kitty Girls '' March 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 01 ) RuPaul reintroduces all the eliminated queens to the competition . Everyone is tasked with writing and performing original lyrics to audition for RuPaul 's new all - star supergroup , The Kitty Girls . The queens are split equally into two teams : the eliminated queens on one team , and the remaining queens on the other . Each member creates a character to perform : Benet appears as Jungle Kitty , BenDeLaCreme as Goth Kitty , Davenport as Diva Kitty , Shangela as Sparkle Kitty , and Mattel as IQ Kitty . On the opposite team , Aja appears as Lil ' Banjee , DeVayne as Cajun Kitty , Milk as Milky Kitty , McMichaels as Bimbo Kitty , and Thor as Cardio Kitty . During the judges ' critiques , Benet and BenDeLaCreme are praised for their performances , and they are deemed the top two contestants . Davenport , Shangela and Mattel are placed in the bottom three . Benet and BenDeLaCreme are instructed to eliminate one of the bottom queens and to select an eliminated contestant to return to the competition . Benet and BenDeLaCreme lip - sync against each other to Deborah Cox 's `` Nobody 's Supposed To Be Here , '' and the latter wins . BenDeLaCreme chooses McMichaels to return to the competition and subsequently eliminates herself , making her the second queen to leave the competition voluntarily . Upon the episode 's premiere , critics deemed her move one of the most controversial and `` unthinkable '' moments on the show . Guest Judges : Adam Lambert & Emma Bunton Alternating Judge : Carson Kressley Main Challenge : Audition for RuPaul 's new all star super group called `` The Kitty Girls . '' Challenge Winners : BeBe Zahara Benet & BenDeLaCreme Main Challenge Prize : $1,000 gift card to The Spa on Rodeo and a $1,000 gift card to MuLondon Lip Sync for Your Legacy Winner : BenDeLaCreme Lip Sync Song : `` Nobody 's Supposed to Be Here ( Hex Hector Dance Mix ) '' by Deborah Cox Bottom Three : Kennedy Davenport , Shangela , & Trixie Mattel Returned : Morgan McMichaels Eliminated : BenDeLaCreme Farewell Message : `` Dear new top 5 , thank you so much for this incredible journey . Stay fierce . You all deserve a crown . Your friendship and respect is the best win I can imagine . XO BDLC '' 22 7 `` My Best Squirrelfriend 's Dragsmaids Wedding Trip '' March 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 08 ) The five remaining queens are asked to act in a trailer for a movie titled My Best Squirrelfriend 's Dragsmaids Wedding Trip , comedically portraying Academy Award - winning female characters . Morgan McMichaels is tasked with handing out roles to each contestant : Bebe Zahara Benet plays The Queen ( The Queen ) , Kennedy Davenport plays La La ( La La Land ) , McMichaels plays Beige Swan ( Black Swan ) , Shangela plays Actavia ( The Help / Hidden Figures ) , and Trixie Mattel plays Sharon Frokovich ( Erin Brockovich ) . The runway theme for the episode is `` Red for Filth . '' During critiques , Shangela 's and Mattel 's performances and looks are praised , and they are chosen as the top two contestants . Although Benet , Davenport and McMichaels receive compliments for their runway looks , all three are placed in the bottom three . Shangela and Mattel lip - sync against each other to RuPaul 's `` Freaky Money . '' Shangela wins the lip sync and chooses to eliminate McMichaels . Guest Judges : Chris Colfer & Garcelle Beauvais Alternating Judge : Ross Mathews Main Challenge : Star in a raunchy girl comedy blockbuster . Runway Theme : `` Red for Filth '' Challenge Winners : Shangela & Trixie Mattel Main Challenge Prize : $1,000 gift card to Elea 's Closet and a luggage set from Radden Luggage Lip Sync for Your Legacy Winner : Shangela Lip Sync Song : `` Freaky Money '' by RuPaul ft . Big Freedia Bottom Three : BeBe Zahara Benet , Kennedy Davenport & Morgan McMichaels Eliminated : Morgan McMichaels Farewell Message : `` Let no one dim your light . I love you all totally ! SISTERS FOREVER ! 💋 '' 23 8 `` A Jury of Their Queers '' March 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 15 ) The final four queens were asked to write , sing and dance in an ambitious production number to RuPaul 's song `` Kitty Girl . '' Choreographer Todrick Hall accompanied the girls choreography , but also revealed that the entire music video would be shot in one - take throughout the backstage of RuPaul 's Drag Race , including the runway The music video opens with Kennedy Davenport , and follows with Shangela , Bebe Zahara Benet and Trixie Mattel ; the judges , and eliminated contestants , all appeared as cameo to the video . During the critiques , all four queens were given positive comments about their performances and runway looks . RuPaul reveals that each eliminated queen gets to vote two contestants to enter the top two spots , whereas each remaining contestant got the chance to plead why they deserved to be in the top positions . Subsequently , the four remaining queens were asked to change costumes for the lip - sync to Miley Cyrus 's `` Wrecking Ball '' . After deliberation , eliminated contestant Morgan McMichaels announces Davenport and Mattel as the top two All - Stars , effectively eliminating both Benet and Shangela . After the lip - sync , RuPaul announces Mattel as the season three winner , and earns a spot in the Drag Race Hall of Fame . Main Challenge : Write , sing , and dance in an ambitious production number to RuPaul 's song `` Kitty Girl . '' Eliminated : BeBe Zahara Benet & Shangela Final Two : Kennedy Davenport & Trixie Mattel Lip Sync Song : `` Wrecking Ball '' by Miley Cyrus Runner - up : Kennedy Davenport Winner of RuPaul 's Drag Race All Stars Season Three : Trixie Mattel Leak ( edit ) On February 15 , 2018 , the series production company World of Wonder filed a lawsuit against an anonymous leaker using the alias RealityTVLeaks . According to the lawsuit , RealityTVLeaks posted several visuals from the season on various social media websites such as Reddit , Twitter , and Instagram before each episode 's airing -- including runway themes , challenges , episode titles , and eliminated queens . Additionally , a producer from the show stated that the leaker removed `` information identifying ( World of Wonder ) as the copyright owner and author '' before adding `` misleading copyright management information falsely identifying ( the defendants ) as the copyright owners and authors . '' World of Wonder launched the suit because of the defendant 's `` unlawful theft and public dissemination of episodes of the popular and critically - acclaimed reality television show , '' and the production company confirmed it is seeking damages of $300,000 , including $150,000 for each infringed episode and $25,000 per violation of `` actual damages '' and defendants ' profits . Ratings ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) `` All - Star Variety Show '' January 25 , 2018 0.46 0.895 `` Divas Lip Sync Live '' February 1 , 2018 0.40 0.777 `` The B * tchelor '' February 8 , 2018 0.39 0.738 `` All Stars Snatch Game '' February 15 , 2018 0.34 0.713 5 `` Pop Art Ball '' February 22 , 2018 0.38 0.732 6 `` Handmaids to Kitty Girls '' March 1 , 2018 0.49 0.883 7 `` My Best Squirrelfriend 's Dragsmaids Wedding Trip '' March 8 , 2018 0.31 0.658 8 `` A Jury of Their Queers '' March 15 , 2018 0.27 0.589 Reception ( edit ) Although a ratings success , the season was not critically well received , following the high bar set by All Stars 2 . Vulture , in writing a summation review , described the season as `` truly one of the roughest seasons of the show ever . After a stellar , jaw - unhingingly good All Stars 2 , this season felt more like an embarrassing cousin you brought to gay happy hour who wears double polos '' . The A.V. Club similarly described the season as disappointing ; in their final review of the season , they wrote , `` I should be celebrating the crowning of a new queen in the Drag Race hall of fame , but Drag Race All Stars season three has left me feeling totally underwhelmed and wondering , What 's the point ? '' Vulture did however make the point that although the season did not live up to expectations , `` even at its worst , it 's still one of one the best , if not the best goddamn reality competition show on television '' . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` RuPaul to Reveal ' All Stars ' Season 3 Cast on Upcoming VH1 Special : ' Prepare to Be Gagged ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' RuPaul 's Drag Race All Stars ' season 3 cast to be revealed during TV special '' . Entertainment Weekly . October 13 , 2017 . Retrieved October 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fernandez , Matt ( October 14 , 2017 ) . `` TV News Roundup : ' RuPaul 's Drag Race All Stars ' to Launch Season 3 with Hour Special '' . Variety . Retrieved October 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' RuPaul 's Drag Race All Stars ' season 3 queens announced : See an exclusive cast photo '' . Entertainment Weekly . 2017 - 10 - 21 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 21 . Jump up ^ Avery , Dan . `` Shangela , Latrice Royale , Kasha Davis Raise The Roof To Save Kennedy Davenport 's Home '' . LOGO News . Retrieved 28 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Patricio , Edana ( March 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' RuPaul 's Drag Race ' season 9 episode 1 : Lady Gaga , the Queens and spoilers '' . International Business Times . Archived from the original on April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Weigle , Lauren ( March 7 , 2016 ) . `` RuPaul 's Drag Race ' Season 8 Cast '' . Heavy.com . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2017 . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Avery , Dan ( January 19 , 2017 ) . `` Milk Out Of Drag -- And Out Of His Clothes '' . Logo . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` All Stars : The Changing Face of Drag official website '' . Archived from the original on August 31 , 2016 . Retrieved April 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hegedus , Eric ( March 7 , 2016 ) . `` RuPaul still reigns supreme as ' Drag Race ' hits 100 episodes '' . New York Post . Archived from the original on March 18 , 2016 . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` All - Star Variety Show '' . RuPaul 's Drag Race All Stars . Season 3 . Episode 1 . January 25 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Divas Lip - Sync Live '' . RuPaul 's Drag Race All Stars . Season 3 . Episode 2 . February 1 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` The B * itchelor '' . RuPaul 's Drag Race All Stars . Season 3 . Episode 3 . February 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` All Stars Snatch Game '' . RuPaul 's Drag Race All Stars . Season 3 . Episode 4 . February 15 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` All Stars Snatch Game '' . RuPaul 's Drag Race All Stars . Season 3 . Episode 5 . February 22 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Handmaid to Kitty Girls '' . RuPaul 's Drag Race All Stars . Season 3 . Episode 6 . March 1 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` My Best Squirrelfriend 's Dragsmaids Wedding Trip '' . RuPaul 's Drag Race All Stars . Season 3 . Episode 7 . March 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Jury of their Queers '' . RuPaul 's Drag Race All Stars . Season 3 . Episode 8 . March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ O'Keefe , Kevin ( January 18 , 2018 ) . `` ' RuPaul 's Drag Race All Stars 3 ' Reveals Guest Judges , Releases New Sneak Peek '' . IntoMore . Retrieved January 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` TV Schedule for RuPaul 's Drag Race All Stars '' . www.vh1.com . Retrieved 16 February 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Futon Clinic '' . The Futon Critic . January 12 , 2018 . Retrieved January 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sava , Oliver ( March 2 , 2018 ) . `` Everything changes for Drag Race All Stars with a shocking elimination '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved March 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Munzenrieder , Kyle ( March 2 , 2018 ) . `` The Night Bendelacreme Became a Goddess '' . W Magazine . Retrieved March 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mulkerin , Tim ( March 2 , 2018 ) . `` undamental Reading : On ' RuPaul 's Drag Race All Stars 3 ' episode 6 , the girls got their revenge '' . Mic.com . Retrieved March 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ru Paul Copyright '' . www.scribd.com . February 15 , 2018 . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` All Stars Season 3 Episode Guide '' . www.tvguide.com . March 6 , 2018 . Retrieved March 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Moore , Matt ( February 17 , 2018 ) . `` RuPaul 's Drag Race producers are suing an anonymous leaker for $300,000 '' . Gay Times . Retrieved February 19 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.25. 2018 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.1. 2018 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved February 2 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.8. 2018 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved February 11 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.15. 2018 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.22. 2018 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved February 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.1. 2018 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved March 2 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.8. 2018 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.15. 2018 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ http://www.vulture.com/2018/03/rupauls-drag-race-where-did-it-go-wrong-this-season.html Jump up ^ https://www.avclub.com/a-mediocre-season-of-rupaul-s-drag-race-all-stars-ends-1823821936 Jump up ^ http://www.vulture.com/2018/03/rupauls-drag-race-where-did-it-go-wrong-this-season.html External links ( edit ) Official website ( hide ) RuPaul 's Drag Race Seasons Original 5 6 7 8 9 10 All Stars Contestants Winners Original BeBe Zahara Benet Tyra Sanchez Raja Sharon Needles Jinkx Monsoon Bianca Del Rio Violet Chachki Bob the Drag Queen Sasha Velour All Stars Chad Michaels Alaska Trixie Mattel Miss Congeniality Nina Flowers Pandora Boxx Yara Sofia Latrice Royale Ivy Winters BenDeLaCreme Katya Cynthia Lee Fontaine Miss Fan Favourite Valentina Other contestants Ongina Tammie Brown Victoria `` Porkchop '' Parker Raven Jujubee Jessica Wild Sahara Davenport Morgan McMichaels Shangela Manila Luzon Alexis Mateo Carmen Carrera Delta Work Mimi Imfurst Venus D - Lite Phi Phi O'Hara Willam Jiggly Caliente Roxxxy Andrews Detox Coco Montrese Alyssa Edwards Honey Mahogany Monica Beverly Hillz Adore Delano Courtney Act Laganja Estranja Milk Kelly Mantle Pearl Kennedy Davenport Miss Fame Jasmine Masters Kim Chi Chi Chi DeVayne Thorgy Thor Peppermint Shea Couleé Farrah Moan Aja Charlie Hides Asia O'Hara Related articles RuPaul 's Drag U episodes Drag Race Thailand The Switch Drag Race Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=RuPaul%27s_Drag_Race_All_Stars_(season_3)&oldid=837033552 '' Categories : 2018 American television seasons RuPaul 's Drag Race seasons Hidden categories : Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Português Edit links This page was last edited on 18 April 2018 , at 09 : 18 . About Wikipedia | who won rupaul's all star drag race season 3 | [
"The winner of the third season of RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars was Trixie Mattel, with Kennedy Davenport being the runner-up."
] | [
"Trixie Mattel"
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-770255093121279232 | Pectoralis major muscle | Pectoralis major muscle - wikipedia Pectoralis major muscle Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . The specific problem is : Unclear content Please help improve this article if you can . ( September 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Pectoralis major Superficial muscles of the chest and front of the arm . The trunk viewed from the front , showing the pectoralis major to the right . ( To the left it is removed showing underlying structures , among other the pectoralis minor . ) Details Origin Clavicular head : anterior border of the medial half of the clavicle . Sternocostal head : anterior surface of the sternum , the superior six costal cartilages , and the aponeurosis of the external oblique muscle Insertion Lateral lip of the bicipital groove of the humerus ( anteromedial proximal humerus ) Artery pectoral branch of the thoracoacromial trunk Nerve lateral pectoral nerve and medial pectoral nerve Clavicular head : C5 and C6 Sternocostal head : C7 , C8 and T1 Actions Clavicular head : flexes the humerus Sternocostal head : Adducts the humerus As a whole , adducts and medially rotates the humerus . It also draws the scapula anteriorly and inferiorly . Identifiers Latin Musculus pectoralis major MeSH A02. 633.567. 775 Dorlands / Elsevier m_22 / 12550129 TA A04. 4.01. 002 FMA 9627 Anatomical terms of muscle ( edit on Wikidata ) The pectoralis major ( / ˌpɛktəˈreɪlɪs ˈmeɪdʒər / ) ( from Latin : pectus , breast ) is a thick , fan - shaped muscle , situated at the chest ( anterior ) of the human body . It makes up the bulk of the chest muscles and lies under the breast . Below ( deep to ) the pectoralis major is the pectoralis minor , a thin , triangular muscle . In sports as well as bodybuilding , the pectoral muscles may colloquially be referred to as `` pecs '' , `` pectoral muscle '' or `` chest muscle '' due to its being the larger and most superficial muscle in the chest area . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 1.1 Innervation 1.2 Laminae 1.3 Variations 2 Function 3 Clinical significance 3.1 Injuries and imaging 3.2 Poland syndrome 3.3 Other diseases 4 Additional images 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Structure ( edit ) It arises from the anterior surface of the sternal half of the clavicle ; from breadth of the half of the anterior surface of the sternum , as low down as the attachment of the cartilage of the sixth or seventh rib ; from the cartilages of all the true ribs , with the exception , frequently , of the first or seventh and from the aponeurosis of the abdominal external oblique muscle . From this extensive origin the fibers converge toward their insertion ; those arising from the clavicle pass obliquely downward and outwards ( laterally ) , and are usually separated from the rest by a slight interval ; those from the lower part of the sternum , and the cartilages of the lower true ribs , run upward and laterally , while the middle fibers pass horizontally . They all end in a flat tendon , about 5 cm in breadth , which is inserted into the lateral lip of the bicipital groove ( intertubercular sulcus ) of the humerus . Innervation ( edit ) The pectoralis major receives dual motor innervation by the medial pectoral nerve and the lateral pectoral nerve , also known as the lateral anterior thoracic nerve . One route of innervation of the pectoralis major originates in the C7 , C8 and T1 nerve roots which merge out to form the lower trunk of the brachial plexus . The fibers continue in the anterior division of the lower trunk , become the medial cord , and exit the medial cord as the medial pectoral nerve . The medial pectoral nerve then communicates the action potential across the neuromuscular junction by releasing acetylcholine into the neuromuscular junction , inciting a proportional muscle contraction of the sternalis head of the pectoralis major . The second source of innervation of the pectoralis major originates from the C5 and C6 nerve roots which merge to form the upper trunk , splits off into the anterior division of the upper trunk which joins with the middle trunk to form the lateral cord . The lateral pectoral nerve branches off of the lateral cord of the brachial plexus and is distributed over the deep surface of the pectoralis major . At the neuromuscular junction , the lateral pectoral nerve provides motor input to the clavicular head of the pectoralis major . The sensory feedback from the pectoralis major follows the reverse path , returning via first - order neurons to the spinal nerves at C5 , C6 , C8 , and T1 through the posterior rami . After the synapse in the posterior horn of the spinal cord , sensory information concerning movement of the muscle , proprioception , and pressure then travels through a second - order neuron in the dorsal column medial lemniscus tract to the medulla . There , the fibers decussate to form the medial lemniscus which carries the sensory information the rest of the way to the thalamus , the `` gateway to the cortex '' . The thalamus diverts some sensory information to the cerebellum and the basal nuclei to complete the motor feedback loop while some sensory information ascends directly to the postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe of the brain via third - order neurons . Sensory information for the pectoralis major is processed in the superior portion of the sensory homunculus , adjacent to the longitudinal fissure which divides the two hemispheres of the brain . Electromyography suggests that it consists of at least six groups of muscle fibres that can be independently coordinated by the central nervous system . Laminae ( edit ) This tendon consists of two laminae , placed one in front of the other , and usually blended together below . The anterior lamina , which is thicker , receives the clavicular and the uppermost sternal fibers . They are inserted in the same order as that in which they arise : the most lateral of the clavicular fibers are inserted at the upper part of the anterior lamina ; the uppermost sternal fibers pass down to the lower part of the lamina which extends as low as the tendon of the Deltoid and joins with it . The posterior lamina of the tendon receives the attachment of the greater part of the sternal portion and the deep fibers , i.e. , those from the costal cartilages . These deep fibers , and particularly those from the lower costal cartilages , ascend the higher , turning backward successively behind the superficial and upper ones , so that the tendon appears to be twisted . The posterior lamina reaches higher on the humerus than the anterior one , and from it an expansion is given off which covers the intertubercular groove of the humerus and blends with the capsule of the shoulder - joint . From the deepest fibers of this lamina at its insertion an expansion is given off which lines the intertubercular groove , while from the lower border of the tendon a third expansion passes downward to the fascia of the arm . Variations ( edit ) Absence of sternocostal head of right pectoralis major associated with compensatory hypertrophy of latissimus dorsi is not rare . It is revealed on pressing downwards with the arms . The more frequent variations include greater or less extent of attachment to the ribs and sternum , varying size of the abdominal part or its absence , greater or less extent of separation of sternocostal and clavicular parts , fusion of clavicular part with deltoid , and decussation in front of the sternum . Deficiency or absence of the sternocostal part is not uncommon and more frequent than absence of the clavicular part . Poland syndrome is a rare congenital condition in which the whole muscle is missing , most commonly on one side of the body . This may accompany absence of the breast in females . The sternalis muscle may be a variant form of the pectoralis major or the rectus abdominis . Function ( edit ) The pectoralis major has four actions which are primarily responsible for movement of the shoulder joint . The first action is flexion of the humerus , as in throwing a ball underhand , and in lifting a child . Secondly , it adducts the humerus , as when flapping the arms . Thirdly , it rotates the humerus medially , as occurs when arm - wrestling . The pectoralis major is also responsible for keeping the arm attached to the trunk of the body . It has two different parts which are responsible for different actions . The clavicular part is close to the deltoid muscle and contributes to flexion , horizontal adduction , and inward rotation of the humerus . When at an approximately 110 degree angle , it contributes to adduction of the humerus . The sternocostal part is antagonistic to the clavicular part contributing to downward and forward movement of the arm and inward rotation when accompanied by adduction . The sternal fibers can also contribute to extension , but not beyond anatomical position . Hypertrophy of the pectoralis major increases functionality . Maximal activation of the pectoralis major occurs in the transverse plane through pressing motions . Both multi-joint and single - joint exercises induce pectoralis major hypertrophy . A combination of both single - joint and multi-joint exercises will result in a maximum hypertrophic response . The pectorals can be targeted from numerous training angles along the sternum and clavicle . Exercises that include horizontal adduction and elbow extensions such as the barbell bench press , dumbbell bench press , and machine bench press induce high activation of the pectoralis major in the sternocostal region . Heavy loads are strongly correlated with pectoralis major activation . Clinical significance ( edit ) Injuries and imaging ( edit ) Play media A pectoralis major rupturing during bench press while lifting 212.5 kg . Tears of the pectoralis major are rare and typically affect otherwise healthy individuals . This type of injury ( while uncommon ) is known to affect athletic population , namely in high - impact contact sports such as powerlifting , and may result in pain , weakness , and disability . Most lesions are located at the musculotendinous junction and result from violent , eccentric contraction of the muscle , such as during bench press . A less frequent rupture site is the muscle belly , usually as a result of a direct blow . In developed countries , most lesions occur in male athletes , especially those practicing contact sports and weight - lifting . Women are less susceptible to these tears because of larger tendon - to - muscle diameter , greater muscular elasticity , and less energetic injuries . The injury is characterized by pain in the chest wall , bruising and loss of strength of the muscle . High grade partial or full thickness tears warrant surgical repair as the preferred treatment if function is to be preserved , particularly in the athletic population . Most patients are able to return to activity following surgery with high patient satisfaction and slightly reduced strength compared to pre-injury . Both US and MRI are useful to confirm the diagnosis , location and extent of a tear , though the first may be more cost - effective in experienced hands . Poland syndrome ( edit ) Poland syndrome is a congenital anomaly in which there is a malformation of the chest causing the pectoralis major on one side of the body to be absent . Other characteristics of this disease are `` unilateral shortening of the index , long , and ring fingers , syndactyly of the affected digits , hypoplasia of the hand , and the absence of the sternocostal portion of the ipsilateral pectoralis major muscle '' . Although the absence of a pectoralis major is not life - threatening , it will have an effect on the person with Poland 's syndrome . Adduction and medial rotation of the arm will be much harder to accomplish without the pectoralis major . The latissimus dorsi and teres major also aid in adduction and medial rotation of the arm , so they may be able to compensate for the lack of extra muscle . However , some patients with Poland 's syndrome may also be lacking these muscles , which make these actions nearly impossible . Researchers from the Department of Rehabilitation Medicine at the Yonsei University College of Medicine in Seoul , Korea reported a case of congenital absence of pectoralis major in 1990 . According to Kakulas and Adams , pectoralis major is the most frequently congenitally absent muscle . The case involved a 22 - year - old marine who had asymmetrical configuration of chest wall who had never experienced difficulties performing daily activities , but who experienced difficulties in the military camp . He had difficulty in some training activities especially those such as throwing a grenade or rope climbing . During a surgery performed to correct the sternal depression , it was found that the right pectoralis major was totally absent . However , previous physical exams did not show deficiencies in muscle strength as the right shoulder was good for flexion , adduction , horizontal adduction and internal rotation . Moreover , his pain and touch sensation were normal . X-rays were also performed and showed normal pictures of the chest 's bones . The fact that the absence of pectoralis major did not cause functional loss in ordinary activities in this case of congenital absence showed that other surrounding muscles played a compensation role . Other diseases ( edit ) Pectoralis major muscle in rare occasions may develop intramuscular lipomas . Such rare tumors may mimic malignant breast tumors as they look like enlargements of the breasts . They are well - encapsulated radiolucent tumours of fat density . Their location can be accurately identified through computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging ( MRI ) . The treatment in these cases involves complete surgical excision because of the risk of liposarcoma they post especially large intramuscular liposomas . Partial excision is risky because recurrence may occur . Additional images ( edit ) Pectoralis major highlighted on the trunk - frontal view . Anterior surface of sternum and costal cartilages , showing origins . Left clavicle . Superior surface , showing origins . Left clavicle . Inferior surface , showing origins . Left humerus . Anterior view , showing insertion . The axillary artery and its branches . The brachial artery . The right brachial plexus with its short branches , viewed from in front . The right brachial plexus ( infraclavicular portion ) in the axillary fossa ; viewed from below and in front . Nerves of the left upper extremity . The left side of the thorax . Surface anatomy of the front of the thorax and abdomen . Pectoralis major muscle An individual with an abdominal portion of the pectoralis major , and an accessory sternalis muscle . Both these are anatomical variations . See also ( edit ) This article uses anatomical terminology ; for an overview , see Anatomical terminology . Pectoralis minor - an inferior , smaller muscle to the pectoralis major . Sternalis - an accessory muscle found in some individuals that may have embryonic origin from the pectoralis major . Tra Telligman - a retired American mixed martial artist and boxer having only one pectoral muscle References ( edit ) This article incorporates text in the public domain from the 20th edition of Gray 's Anatomy ( 1918 ) Jump up ^ `` Pectoralis Major '' . University of Washington - Dept. of Radiology . Retrieved 18 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pectoralis Muscle '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 18 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pectoralis Major '' . Washington University School of Medicine . Retrieved 18 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Brown JM , Wickham JB , McAndrew DJ , Huang XF. ( 2007 ) . Muscles within muscles : Coordination of 19 muscle segments within three shoulder muscles during isometric motor tasks . J Electromyogr Kinesiol. 17 ( 1 ) : 57 - 73 . PMID 16458022 doi : 10.1016 / j. jelekin. 2005.10. 007 ^ Jump up to : Saladin , KS ( 2010 ) . Anatomy & Physiology : The Unit of Form and Function . 5th ed . New York : McGraw - Hill . Changes made by Kari Thomas . Jump up ^ Hamilton , N , Luttgens , K , Weimar , W ( 2008 ) . Kinesiology . 11th ed . Boston : Mcgraw Hill . Changes made by Kari Thomas Jump up ^ ExRx : Pectoralis Major Sternal Jump up ^ Schoenfeld , Brad ( 2016 ) . The Science and Development of Muscle Hypertrophy . United States of America : Human Kinetics . p. 120 . ISBN 978 - 1492519607 . Jump up ^ `` Pectoralis major '' . Strength & Conditioning Research . 2015 - 07 - 16 . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : Garrigues GE , Kraeutler MJ , Gillespie RJ , O'Brien DF , Lazarus MD . Repair of pectoralis major ruptures : single - surgeon case series . Orthopedics 2012 ; 35 ( 8 ) : e1184 - 1190 . PMID 22868603 Jump up ^ Aarimaa V , Rantanen J , Heikkila J , Helttula I , Orava S. Rupture of the pectoralis major muscle . Am J Sports Med 2004 ; 32 : 1256 - 62 . Jump up ^ Arend CF . Ultrasound of the Shoulder . Master Medical Books , 2013 . Chapter on ultrasound evaluation of pectoralis major tears available at ShoulderUS.com Jump up ^ Connell DA , Sherman MF , Wickiewicz TL ( 1999 ) . `` Injuries of the pectoralis major muscle : evaluation with MR imaging '' . Radiology. 210 ( 3 ) : 785 -- 91 . PMID 10207482 . doi : 10.1148 / radiology. 210.3. r99fe43785 . Jump up ^ www.polands-syndrome.com Jump up ^ `` Congenital Absence of Pectoralis Major : A Case Report and Isokinetic Analysis of Shoulder Motion '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` An Unusual Case of an Intramuscular Lipoma of the Pectoralis Major Muscle Simulating a Malignant Breast Mass '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 13 . External links ( edit ) Illustration : upper - body / pectoralis - major from The Department of Radiology at the University of Washington UCC www.polands-syndrome.com MRI Imaging sequence demonstrating a pectoralis major muscle tear ( hide ) Muscles of thorax and back Back splenius capitis cervicis erector spinae iliocostalis longissimus spinalis transversospinales semispinalis thoracis semispinalis cervicis semispinalis capitis multifidus rotatores interspinales intertransversarii Vertebral column trapezius latissimus dorsi rhomboid major minor levator scapulae Fascia thoracolumbar fascia Thorax Intercostal muscle external internal innermost subcostalis transversus thoracis levatores costarum serratus posterior inferior superior thoracic diaphragm Thoracic cavity pectoralis major pectoralis minor subclavius serratus anterior sternalis Fascia pectoral fascia clavipectoral fascia Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pectoralis_major_muscle&oldid=798630285 '' Categories : Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 20th edition of Gray 's Anatomy ( 1918 ) Shoulder abductors Shoulder adductors Shoulder extensors Shoulder flexors Shoulder medial rotators Muscles of the upper limb Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from April 2014 All articles needing additional references Articles needing cleanup from September 2014 All pages needing cleanup Cleanup tagged articles with a reason field from September 2014 Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from September 2014 Medicine infobox template using GraySubject or GrayPage Medicine infobox template using Dorlands parameter Articles containing Latin - language text Wikipedia articles needing clarification from September 2014 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Galego 贛 語 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latina Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Slovenščina Suomi Svenska Tagalog 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 3 September 2017 , at 00 : 58 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what muscle in the upper body covers the upper chest | [
"The pectoralis major (/ˌpɛktəˈreɪlɪs ˈmeɪdʒər/) (from Latin: pectus, breast) is a thick, fan-shaped muscle, situated at the chest (anterior) of the human body. It makes up the bulk of the chest muscles and lies under the breast. Below (deep to) the pectoralis major is the pectoralis minor, a thin, triangular muscle. In sports as well as bodybuilding, the pectoral muscles may colloquially be referred to as \"pecs\", \"pectoral muscle\" or \"chest muscle\" due to its being the larger and most superficial muscle in the chest area."
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"pectoralis major"
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-6496394462931433453 | Yellow tang | Yellow tang - wikipedia Yellow tang Jump to : navigation , search Yellow tang Conservation status Least Concern ( IUCN 3.1 ) Scientific classification Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Chordata Class : Actinopterygii Order : Perciformes Family : Acanthuridae Genus : Zebrasoma Species : Z. flavescens Binomial name Zebrasoma flavescens ( E.T. Bennett , 1828 ) Synonyms Zebrasoma rhombeum Bishop The yellow tang ( Zebrasoma flavescens ) is a saltwater fish species of the family Acanthuridae . It is one of the most popular aquarium fish . Yellow tangs can be bred and raised commercially but are mostly harvested wild . Contents ( hide ) 1 Taxonomy 2 Description 3 Food 4 Distribution and habitat 5 In the aquarium 6 References 7 Notes 8 External links Taxonomy ( edit ) The yellow tang was first described by English naturalist Edward Turner Bennett as Acanthurus flavescens in 1828 from a collection in the Hawaiian Islands . Its species name is the Latin adjective flavescens `` yellow '' . Yellow tang are in the surgeonfish family . Description ( edit ) Adult fish can grow to 20 centimetres ( 7.9 in ) in length , and 1 -- 2 centimetres ( 0.39 -- 0.79 in ) in thickness . Adult males tend to be larger than females . Yellow tang are bright yellow in color . At night , the yellow coloring fades slightly , and a prominent brownish patch develops in the middle with a horizontal white band . They rapidly resume their bright yellow color during daylight . Food ( edit ) In the wild , yellow tang feed on benthic turf algae and other marine plant material . In captivity they are commonly fed meat / fish based aquarium food , but the long term health effects of this diet are questionable . However , most experts in the marine aquarium industry express little skepticism that such a well rounded and balanced diet including plant and animal material would be in any way detrimental to mostly herbivorous fishes like tangs , since they still need on occasion , complex amino acids and nutrients that only ocean animals can provide . In the wild , yellow tang provide cleaner services to marine turtles , by removing algal growth from their shells . Distribution and habitat ( edit ) Yellow tangs in their natural habitat in Kona , Hawaii It is commonly found in shallow reefs , from 2 -- 46 metres ( 6.6 -- 150.9 ft ) deep , in the Pacific and Indian Oceans , west of Hawaii and east of Japan . Hawaii is the most common place for aquarium harvesting , where up to 70 % of the yellow tangs for the aquarium industry are sourced from . The yellow tang has been recorded in waters around Florida , where it is not native . In the aquarium ( edit ) Play media In a zoo aquarium The yellow tang is very commonly kept as a saltwater aquarium fish . In 2015 , researchers successfully bred them in captivity . They can grow up to 8 inches ( 20 cm ) in the wild , but are introduced to aquariums in the 2 '' to 4 '' range . Some specimens as large as 6 '' are occasionally available . Life expectancy in the wild can exceed 30 years . Captive lifespan is typically at least 2 -- 5 years to as long as 20 years in a very large aquarium , with 5 -- 10 years in the average aquarium being typical . `` Some , not most , are however likely ' killed off ' in the first month of care ( from hobbyist mistakes , inappropriate tankmates , starvation ... ) '' . Often ranked as a good beginner fish in the marine aquarium industry , the more prudent approach is for them to be kept by a marine aquarist who has at least two years ' experience of successfully keeping a marine / reef type biotope . They require an aquarium of 55 - gallon show tank size ( 48 `` L × 21 '' H × 13 `` W ) at the absolute minimum , whereas a single smaller specimen 2 '' -- 3 '' may be kept provided it is done by an experienced marine aquarist who can provide the fish with highly stable water chemistry parameters , very low to undetectable nitrate levels and a highly nutritious , balanced diet of seaweed and high protein frozen or live , meaty foods . A 75 - gallon tank or larger is better for a single specimen , while an aquarium of 100 gallons or 60 '' or more in length is ideal . Like all tangs , they are quite susceptible to Cryptocaryon irritans , or `` marine ich '' ( a parasite resembling `` freshwater ich '' ) and other common saltwater diseases . However , `` marine ich '' is usually quite avoidable in a marine tank as long as it is not introduced from incoming specimens and provided rapid , sudden temperature drops caused by heater breakdown are avoided or quickly corrected . There is also no evidence to suggest that tangs and other surgeon fishes in general are any more susceptible to marine ich than any other smooth - skinned , scaleless marine fishes . They are also susceptible to poisoning by high levels of nitrate , so care should be taken to keep measurable levels less than 30 parts per million ( PPM ) in whatever type marine ecosystem the tang is housed in . They are semi-aggressive , though normally successfully cohabit with other semi-aggressive fish close to their own size . They are successfully kept in a multitude of privately owned aquariums that keep them peacefully and successfully with smaller fish such as chromis , damsels , and smaller clownfish . Tangs can thrive with others in pairs or in a group in large tanks ( 150 + gallons ) . If kept in groups of two or more specimens , at least a 72 '' length aquarium is strongly recommended . Other suitable tankmates include fish such as cardinalfish , large clownfish , lionfish , eels . They are reef - safe , and can be kept with any invertebrates in a reef aquarium . The yellow tang is a peaceful ocean inhabitant that is an important part of the reef ecosystem . Collection of yellow tangs in some areas of the island of Hawaii is regulated by the state ( 1 ) and is conducted by licensed collectors . Collection in other areas of Hawaii is unrestricted for anyone who obtains the appropriate commercial fishing license ( obtainable for $50 ). ( 2 ) References ( edit ) Froese , Rainer and Pauly , Daniel , eds. ( 2005 ) . `` Zebrasoma flavescens '' in FishBase . November 2005 version . `` Zebrasoma flavescens '' . Integrated Taxonomic Information System . Retrieved 6 February 2006 . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Successful Breeding of Yellow Tangs In Captivity Now A Reality ! - Vegas - Seaquest Aquariums '' . Vegas - Seaquest Aquariums. 2017 - 02 - 24 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 05 . Jump up ^ Schofield , Pamela J. ; Morris , Jr. , James A. ( 28 January 2015 ) . Field Guide to the Nonindigenous Marine Fishes of Florida . Maroon Ebooks . pp. 6 -- . Jump up ^ `` Yellow tangs finally captive bred by the Oceanic Institute Captive bred , Hawaii , News , Places , Saltwater Fish , Surgeonfish , United States , yellow tang Reef Builders '' . Reef Builders The Reef and Marine Aquarium Blog. 2015 - 10 - 20 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 05 . Jump up ^ Claisse , J. , McTee , S. , & Parrish , J. ( 2008 ) . Effects of age , size , and density on natural survival for an important coral reef fishery species , yellow tang , Zebrasoma flavescens . Coral Reefs , 28 , 95 - 105 . Jump up ^ `` YelTangFAQ4 '' . www.wetwebmedia.com . January 2014 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 05 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Zebrasoma flavescens . Wikispecies has information related to Zebrasoma flavescens Yellow Tang ( Zebrasoma flavescens ) AquariumDomain Complete Resource for the Marine Aquarium Hobbyist . Hawaii Efforts to Protect Yellow Tangs Taxon identifiers Wd : Q900868 ADW : Zebrasoma_flavescens BioLib : 126433 EoL : 214623 FishBase : 6018 GBIF : 2379869 iNaturalist : 52459 ITIS : 172314 IUCN : 178015 NCBI : 175439 WoRMS : 219683 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yellow_tang&oldid=826039463 '' Categories : IUCN Red List least concern species Fish of Thailand Acanthuridae Fish of Hawaii Fish described in 1828 Hidden categories : Articles with ' species ' microformats Wikipedia articles needing clarification from September 2014 Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikispecies Български Català Čeština Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands پنجابی Polski Português Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 February 2018 , at 21 : 19 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how big of a tank do i need for a yellow tang | [
"Often ranked as a good beginner fish in the marine aquarium industry, the more prudent approach is for them to be kept by a marine aquarist who has at least two years' experience of successfully keeping a marine/reef type biotope. They require an aquarium of 55-gallon show tank size (48\"L × 21\"H × 13\"W) at the absolute minimum, whereas a single smaller specimen 2\"–3\" may be kept[clarification needed] provided it is done by an experienced marine aquarist who can provide the fish with highly stable water chemistry parameters, very low to undetectable nitrate levels and a highly nutritious, balanced diet of seaweed and high protein frozen or live, meaty foods. A 75-gallon tank or larger is better for a single specimen, while an aquarium of 100 gallons or 60\" or more in length is ideal."
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"55-gallon show tank size (48\"L × 21\"H × 13\"W) at the absolute minimum"
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4111286528454124412 | The Breakfast Club | The Breakfast Club - wikipedia The Breakfast Club Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the 1985 film directed by John Hughes . For other uses , see The Breakfast Club ( disambiguation ) . The Breakfast Club Theatrical release poster Directed by John Hughes Produced by Ned Tanen John Hughes Written by John Hughes Starring Emilio Estevez Paul Gleason Anthony Michael Hall Judd Nelson Molly Ringwald Ally Sheedy Music by Keith Forsey Gary Chang Cinematography Thomas Del Ruth Edited by Dede Allen Production company A&M Films Channel Productions Distributed by Universal Pictures Release date February 15 , 1985 ( 1985 - 02 - 15 ) Running time 97 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $1 million Box office $51.5 million The Breakfast Club is a 1985 American coming - of - age comedy - drama film written , produced , and directed by John Hughes , starring Emilio Estevez , Paul Gleason , Anthony Michael Hall , Judd Nelson , Molly Ringwald and Ally Sheedy . The storyline follows five teenagers , each members of different high school cliques , who spend a Saturday in detention together and come to realize that they are all more than their respective stereotypes , while facing a strict disciplinarian . The film premiered in Los Angeles on February 7 , 1985 . Universal Pictures released the film in cinemas in the United States on February 15 , 1985 . It received critical acclaim and earned $51.5 million on a $1 million budget . Critics consider it one of the greatest high school films of all time , as well as one of Hughes ' most memorable and recognizable works . The media referred to the film 's five main actors as members of a group called the `` Brat Pack '' . The title comes from the nickname invented by students and staff for morning detention at New Trier High School , the school attended by the son of one of John Hughes ' friends . Thus , those who were sent to detention before school starting time were designated members of `` The Breakfast Club '' . In 2016 , the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' . The film was digitally remastered and was re-screened throughout 430 theaters in celebration of its 30th anniversary in 2015 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Casting 3.2 Filming 3.3 Poster 4 Themes 5 Release 5.1 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Critical response 6.2 Box office 6.3 Award 6.4 American Film Institute lists 7 Legacy 8 Soundtrack 8.1 Track listing 8.2 Critical reception 9 References 10 External links Plot ( edit ) On Saturday , March 24 , 1984 , five students report at 7 : 00 a.m. for all - day detention at Shermer High School in Shermer , Illinois . While not complete strangers , each of them comes from a different clique , and they seem to have nothing in common : the beautiful and pampered Claire Standish , the state champion wrestler Andrew Clark , the geekish intellect Brian Johnson , the introverted outcast Allison Reynolds , and the rebellious delinquent John Bender . They gather in the high school library , where assistant principal Richard Vernon instructs them not to speak , move from their seats , or sleep until they are released at 3 : 00 p.m. He assigns them a thousand - word essay , in which each must describe `` who you think you are . '' He then leaves , returning only occasionally to check on them . Bender , who has a particularly antagonistic relationship with Vernon , ignores the rules and frequently riles up the other students , teasing Brian and Andrew and harassing Claire . Allison is initially quiet , except for an occasional random outburst . Over the course of the day , Vernon gives Bender several weekends ' worth of additional detention and even locks him in a storage closet , but he escapes and returns to the library . The students pass the hours by talking , arguing , and , at one point , smoking marijuana that Bender retrieves from his locker . Gradually , they open up to each other and reveal their deepest personal secrets : Allison is a compulsive liar ; Andrew can not easily think for himself ; Bender comes from an abusive household ; Brian was planning suicide with a flare gun due to the inability to cope with a bad grade ; and Claire is a virgin who feels constant pressure from her friends to be a certain way . They also discover that they all have strained relationships with their parents , which are a key cause for their personal issues as well : Allison 's parents ignore her due to their own problems ; Andrew 's father constantly criticizes his efforts at wrestling and pushes him as hard as possible ; Bender 's father verbally and physically abuses him ; Brian 's overbearing parents put immense pressure on him to earn high grades ; and Claire 's parents use her to get back at each other during frequent arguments . The students realize that , even with their differences , they face similar pressures and complications in their lives . Despite their differences in social status , the group begins to form friendships as the day progresses . Claire gives Allison a makeover , to reveal just how pretty she really is , which sparks romantic interest in Andrew . Claire decides to break her `` pristine '' virgin appearance by kissing Bender in the closet and giving him a hickey . Although they suspect that the relationships will end with the end of their detention , their mutual experiences will change the way they look at their peers afterwards . As the detention nears its end , the group requests that Brian complete the essay for everyone and John returns to the storage closet to fool Vernon into thinking he has not left . Brian writes the essay and leaves it in the library for Vernon to read after they leave . As the students part ways outside the school , Allison and Andrew kiss , as do Claire and Bender . Allison rips Andrew 's state champion patch from his letterman jacket to keep , and Claire gives Bender one of her diamond earrings , which he attaches to his earlobe . Vernon reads the essay ( read by Brian in voice - over ) , in which Brian states that Vernon has already judged who they are , using simple definitions and stereotypes . One by one , the five students ' voices add , `` But what we found out is that each one of us is a brain , and an athlete , and a basket case , a princess , and a criminal . '' Brian signs the letter as `` The Breakfast Club . '' Bender raises his fist in triumph as he walks across the school football field toward home . Cast ( edit ) Judd Nelson as John Bender Molly Ringwald as Claire Standish Emilio Estevez as Andy Clark Anthony Michael Hall as Brian Johnson Ally Sheedy as Allison Reynolds Paul Gleason as Assistant Principal Vernon John Kapelos as Carl Reed Ron Dean as Mr. Clark Production ( edit ) Casting ( edit ) Molly Ringwald and Anthony Michael Hall both starred in Hughes ' 1984 film Sixteen Candles . Towards the end of filming , Hughes asked them both to be in The Breakfast Club . Hall became the first to be cast , agreeing to the role of Brian Johnson . Ringwald was originally approached to play the character of Allison Reynolds , but she was `` really upset '' because she wanted to play Claire Standish . She eventually convinced the director and the studio to give her the part . The role of Allison ultimately went to Ally Sheedy . Emilio Estevez originally auditioned for the role of John Bender . However , when Hughes was unable to find someone to play Andrew Clarke , Estevez was recast . Nicolas Cage was considered for the role of John Bender , which was the last role to be cast , though the role was narrowed down to John Cusack and Judd Nelson . Hughes eventually cast Cusack , but decided to replace him with Nelson before shooting began , because Cusack did not look threatening enough for the role . At one point , Hughes was disappointed at Nelson because he stayed in character by harassing Ringwald off - camera , and the other actors had to convince Hughes not to fire him . Rick Moranis was originally cast as the janitor but left due to creative differences and was replaced by John Kapelos . Filming ( edit ) In 1999 , Hughes said that his request to direct the film met with resistance and skepticism because he lacked filmmaking experience . Hughes ultimately convinced the film 's investors that due to the modest $1 million budget and its single location shoot , he could greatly minimize their risk . Hughes originally thought that The Breakfast Club would be his directorial debut . Hughes opted for an insular , largely one room set and wrote it about high school students , who would be played by younger actors . Principal photography began on March 28 , 1984 , and ended in May . Filming took place at Maine North High School in Des Plaines , Illinois , shuttered in 1981 . The same setting was used for interior scenes of Hughes ' 1986 film Ferris Bueller 's Day Off , which featured exterior shots from nearby Glenbrook North High School . The library at Maine North High School , considered too small for the film , prompted the crew to build the set in the school 's gymnasium . The actors rehearsed with each other for three weeks and then shot the film in sequence . On the Ferris Bueller 's Day Off DVD commentary ( featured on the 2004 DVD version ) , Hughes revealed that he shot the two films concurrently to save time and money , and some outtakes of both films feature elements of the film crews working on the other film . The first print was 150 minutes in length . During a cast reunion in honor of the film 's 25th anniversary , Ally Sheedy revealed that a Director 's Cut existed but Hughes ' widow did not disclose any details concerning its whereabouts . In 2015 the first draft of the film 's script was discovered in a Maine South High School cabinet as district employees were moving offices to a new building . Poster ( edit ) The film 's poster , featuring the five characters huddled together , was photographed by Annie Leibovitz toward the end of shooting . The shot of five actors gazing at the camera influenced the way teen films were marketed from that point on . The poster refers to the five `` types '' of the story using slightly different terms than those used in the film , and in a different sequence , stating `` They were five total strangers with nothing in common , meeting for the first time . A brain , a beauty , a jock , a rebel and a recluse . '' The poster itself was so influential , it was parodied in The Texas Chainsaw Massacre 2 a year later . Themes ( edit ) The main theme of the film is the constant struggle of the American teenager to be understood , by adults and by themselves . It explores the pressure put on teenagers to fit into their own realms of high school social constructs , as well as the lofty expectations of their parents , teachers , and other authority figures . On the surface , the students have little in common with each other . However , as the day rolls on , they eventually bond over a common disdain for the aforementioned issues of peer pressure and parental expectations . Stereotyping is another theme . Once the obvious stereotypes are broken down , the characters `` empathize with each other 's struggles , dismiss some of the inaccuracies of their first impressions , and discover that they are more similar than different . '' The main adult character , Mr. Vernon , is not portrayed in a positive light . He consistently talks down to the students and flaunts his authority throughout the film . Bender is the only one who stands up to Vernon . Release ( edit ) The film premiered in Los Angeles on February 7 , 1985 . Universal Pictures released the film in cinemas on February 15 , 1985 in the United States . On February 18 , 1985 it was released in the Soviet Union , making it one of the rare west films to be shown . Home media ( edit ) In 2003 , the film was released on DVD as part of the `` High School Reunion Collection '' . In 2008 , a `` Flashback Edition '' DVD was released with several special features , including an audio commentary with Anthony Michael Hall and Judd Nelson . A 25th Anniversary Edition Blu - ray was released in 2010 , and the same disc was re-released with a DVD and digital copy in 2012 as part of Universal 's 100th Anniversary series . On March 10 , 2015 , the 30th Anniversary Edition was released . This release was digitally remastered and restored from the original 35mm film negatives for better picture quality on DVD , Digital HD and Blu - ray . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) The film received high critical acclaim . The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes gives the film an 89 % approval rating based on 56 reviews with a critical consensus that states `` The Breakfast Club is a warm , insightful , and very funny look into the inner lives of teenagers '' . Review aggregator Metacritic assigned the film a weighted average score of 62 % based on 11 reviews from mainstream critics , considered to be `` generally favorable reviews '' . Box office ( edit ) In February 1985 , the film debuted at # 3 at the box office ( behind blockbuster film Beverly Hills Cop and Witness starring Harrison Ford ) . Grossing $45,875,171 domestically and $51,525,171 worldwide , the film is a box office success , given its alleged $1 million budget . Award ( edit ) Anthony Michael Hall , Judd Nelson , Molly Ringwald , Paul Gleason and Ally Sheedy won a Silver Bucket of Excellence Award at the 2005 MTV Movie Awards in 2005 . Award Nominee Result Silver Bucket of Excellence Award Anthony Michael Hall Judd Nelson Paul Gleason Molly Ringwald Ally Sheedy Won American film Institute lists ( edit ) AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs : `` Do n't You ( Forget About Me ) '' -- Nominated AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Cheers - Nominated AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies ( 10th Anniversary Edition ) -- Nominated AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movie Quotes : Principal Richard Vernon : `` Do n't mess with the bull , young man . You 'll get the horns ! '' -- Nominated Legacy ( edit ) The Breakfast Club is known as the `` quintessential 1980s film '' and is considered as one of the best films of the decade . In 2008 , Empire magazine ranked it # 369 on their The 500 Greatest Movies of All Time list . It then rose 331 places to rank at # 38 on their 2014 list . Similarly , The New York Times placed the film on its Best 1000 Movies Ever list and Entertainment Weekly ranked the film number 1 on its list of the 50 Best High School Movies . In the 2001 parody film Not Another Teen Movie , Gleason reprised his role as Assistant Principal Vernon in a short scene that parodies The Breakfast Club . In 2005 , the film received the Silver Bucket of Excellence Award in honor of its 20th anniversary at the MTV Movie Awards . For the event , MTV attempted to reunite the original cast . Sheedy , Ringwald , and Hall appeared together on stage , with Kapelos in the audience ; Gleason gave the award to his former castmates . Estevez could not attend because of other commitments , and Nelson appeared earlier in the show but left before the on - stage reunion , prompting Hall to joke that the two were `` in Africa with Dave Chappelle '' . Yellowcard performed Simple Minds ' anthem for the film , `` Do n't You ( Forget About Me ) '' , at the awards . At the 82nd Academy Awards ( March 7 , 2010 ) , Sheedy , Hall , Ringwald , and Nelson all appeared in a tribute to John Hughes -- who had died a few months prior -- along with other actors who had worked with him , including Jon Cryer from Pretty in Pink , Matthew Broderick from Ferris Bueller 's Day Off , and Macaulay Culkin from Home Alone . Soundtrack ( edit ) The Breakfast Club ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) Soundtrack album by various artists Released February 19 , 1985 Recorded 1984 Genre Rock , new wave Length 38 : 02 Label A&M Records Producer various artists Singles from The Breakfast Club ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) `` Do n't You '' Released : February 20 , 1985 ( US ) , April 8 , 1985 ( UK ) Audio sample Simple Minds -- Do n't You ( Forget About Me ) file help The Breakfast Club soundtrack album was released on February 19 , 1985 by A&M Records . The album peaked at No. 17 on the Billboard 200 album chart . The song `` Do n't You ( Forget About Me ) '' performed by Scottish rock band Simple Minds was released on February 20 , 1985 in the United States and on April 8 , 1985 in the United Kingdom as a single and reached No. 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 . Track listing ( edit ) `` Do n't You ( Forget About Me ) '' -- Simple Minds `` Waiting '' -- E.G. Daily `` Fire in the Twilight '' -- Wang Chung `` I 'm the Dude '' ( instrumental ) -- Keith Forsey `` Heart Too Hot to Hold '' -- Jesse Johnson and Stephanie Spruill `` Dream Montage '' ( instrumental ) -- Gary Chang `` We Are Not Alone '' -- Karla DeVito `` Reggae '' ( instrumental ) -- Keith Forsey `` Did n't I Tell You ? '' -- Joyce Kennedy `` Love Theme '' ( instrumental ) -- Keith Forsey Critical reception ( edit ) In a June 25 , 1985 review for The Village Voice , music critic Robert Christgau gave the album a `` D − '' and said that it has `` utterly negligible '' songs , and he commended Simple Minds for trying to distance themselves from their song , `` Do n't You ( Forget About Me ) , '' best known for being played during the film 's opening and closing credits . In a retrospective review for AllMusic , Stephen Thomas Erlewine gave the soundtrack three out of five stars and wrote that , apart from Simple Minds ' `` undisputed masterpiece , '' the album is largely `` disposable '' and marred by `` ' 80s artifacts '' and `` forgettable instrumentals '' . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Breakfast Club '' . Bbfc.co.uk . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The 80 's : ' The Breakfast Club ' '' . Retrieved September 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gross data for the film The Breakfast Club from movie data base site Box Office Mojo Jump up ^ `` ACTUAL ARTICLE TITLE BELONGS HERE ! '' . BreakfastClub30.com . ^ Jump up to : Itzkoff , Dave ( September 17 , 2010 ) . `` She Wo n't Forget About Him : Molly Ringwald Remembers John Hughes '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 4 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Steinberg , Julie ( September 21 , 2010 ) . `` ' The Breakfast Club ' Cast Reunites , But Where 's Emilio ? ' Working on ' Mighty Ducks 5 '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved March 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gora , Susannah ( 2010 ) . You Could n't Ignore Me If You Tried . Three Rivers Press . pp. 56 -- 57 . Jump up ^ `` Premiere , December 1999 , Oral history `` Breakfast Club '' `` . comcast.net . Jump up ^ Gora , Susannah ( 2010 ) . You Could n't Ignore Me If You Tried . Three Rivers Press . p. 47 . Jump up ^ Gora , Susannah ( 2010 ) . You Could n't Ignore Me If You Tried . Three Rivers Press . p. 58 . Jump up ^ Gora , Susannah ( 2010 ) . You Could n't Ignore Me If You Tried . Three Rivers Press . pp. 59 , 69 . Jump up ^ Dameron , Emerson ( August 11 , 2009 ) . `` John Hughes : The Director 's Cut '' . Newcity Film . Retrieved March 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Jennifer ( April 21 , 2015 ) . Chicago Tribune http://www.chicagotribune.com/suburbs/park-ridge/news/ct-prh-breakfast-club-script-tl-0423-20150420-story.html . Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Gora , Susannah ( 2010 ) . You Could n't Ignore Me If You Tried . Three Rivers Press . pp. 79 - 80 , 325 - 326 . ^ Jump up to : Loukides , Paul ( 1996 ) . Beyond the Stars 5 : Themes and Ideologies in American Popular Film . Popular Press . pp. 30 -- 32 . ISBN 9780879727017 . Jump up ^ Barsanti , Chris ( 2010 ) . Filmology : A Movie - a-Day Guide to the Movies You Need to Know . Adams Media . p. 49 . Jump up ^ `` The Breakfast Club '' . Oup.com . Retrieved September 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0088847/releaseinfo?ref_=tt_ql_dt_2 Jump up ^ `` The Breakfast Club ( High School Reunion Collection ) : Molly Ringwald , Emilio Estevez , Anthony Michael Hall , Judd Nelson , Ally Sheedy , John Kapelos , Paul Gleason , John Hughes , Ned Tanen : Movies & TV '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Breakfast Club ( Flashback Edition ) : Emilio Estevez , Anthony Michael Hall , Molly Ringwald , Ally Sheedy , Judd Nelson , Paul Gleason , Mercedes Hall , John Kapelos , Ron Dean , Perry Crawford , Fran Gargano , John Hughes , Tim Gamble , Jackie Burch , Thomas del Ruth : Movies & TV '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Breakfast Club ( 25th Anniversary Edition ) ( Blu - ray ) : Emilio Estevez , Paul Gleason , Anthony Michael Hall , Judd Nelson , Molly Ringwald , Ally Sheedy , John Hughes : Movies & TV '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Breakfast Club ( Blu - ray + DVD + Digital Copy ) : Universal 's 100th Anniversary '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved March 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Celebrating 100 years of iconic movie moments '' . Universal 100th . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Breakfast Club 30th Anniversary Edition Blu - ray '' . Blu-ray.com . Retrieved December 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Breakfast Club Movie Reviews , Pictures '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved February 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Breakfast Club , Movie Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved July 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Weekend Box Office : February 15 - 18 , 1985 -- 4 - day President 's Day Weekend '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ The Breakfast Club at Box Office Mojo Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs '' ( PDF ) . American Film Institute . Retrieved October 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Cheers Nominees ( PDF ) Jump up ^ AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies ( 10th Anniversary Edition ) Ballot ( PDF ) Jump up ^ Dunkleberger , Amy ( 2007 ) . So You Want to Be a Film Or TV Screenwriter ? . Enslow Publishers , Inc. p. 73 . Jump up ^ `` Empire 's The 500 Greatest Movies of All Time '' . Empire . Retrieved August 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The 301 Greatest Movies Of All Time -- Empire -- www.empireonline.com '' . Empire . Jump up ^ `` The Best 1,000 Movies Ever Made '' . The New York Times . April 29 , 2003 . Retrieved August 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Entertainment Weekly 's The 50 Best High School Movies '' . AMC Filmsite.org . Retrieved August 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Scott , A.O. ( December 14 , 2001 ) . `` FILM REVIEW ; Pretty in Prank : A Spoof of a Lampoon of a Satire of ... '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Christgau , Robert ( June 25 , 1985 ) . `` Christgau 's Consumer Guide '' . The Village Voice . New York . Retrieved December 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Erlewine , Stephen Thomas . `` The Breakfast Club ( Original Soundtrack ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved December 16 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) 1980s portal Film in the United States portal Comedy portal Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Breakfast Club The Breakfast Club on IMDb The Breakfast Club at the TCM Movie Database The Breakfast Club at Box Office Mojo The Breakfast Club at Rotten Tomatoes The Breakfast Club at Metacritic ( hide ) John Hughes Director and writer Sixteen Candles ( 1984 ) The Breakfast Club ( 1985 ) Weird Science ( 1985 ) Ferris Bueller 's Day Off ( 1986 ) Planes , Trains and Automobiles ( 1987 ) She 's Having a Baby ( 1988 ) Uncle Buck ( 1989 ) Curly Sue ( 1991 ) Writer only National Lampoon 's Class Reunion ( 1982 ) Mr. Mom ( 1983 ) National Lampoon 's Vacation ( 1983 ) Nate and Hayes ( 1983 ) National Lampoon 's European Vacation ( 1985 ) Pretty in Pink ( 1986 ) Some Kind of Wonderful ( 1987 ) The Great Outdoors ( 1988 ) National Lampoon 's Christmas Vacation ( 1989 ) Home Alone ( 1990 ) Career Opportunities ( 1991 ) Dutch ( 1991 ) Beethoven ( 1992 ) Home Alone 2 : Lost in New York ( 1992 ) Dennis the Menace ( 1993 ) Baby 's Day Out ( 1994 ) Miracle on 34th Street ( 1994 ) 101 Dalmatians ( 1996 ) Flubber ( 1997 ) Home Alone 3 ( 1997 ) Reach the Rock ( 1998 ) Just Visiting ( 2001 ) Maid in Manhattan ( 2002 , story ) Drillbit Taylor ( 2008 , original character ) Related Do n't You Forget About Me ( 2009 documentary ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Breakfast_Club&oldid=804211818 '' Categories : 1985 films English - language films 1980s comedy - drama films 1980s coming - of - age films 1980s teen comedy films 1980s teen drama films 1985 soundtracks A&M Records soundtracks American comedy - drama films American coming - of - age films American films American high school films American teen comedy films American teen drama films Coming - of - age comedy films Coming - of - age drama films Film soundtracks Films directed by John Hughes ( filmmaker ) Films set in 1984 Films set in Illinois Films shot in Illinois Universal Pictures films Screenplays by John Hughes ( filmmaker ) Films produced by John Hughes ( filmmaker ) A&M Films films United States National Film Registry films Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Use mdy dates from March 2017 Articles with hAudio microformats Audio sample to be checked Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français हिन्दी Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Кыргызча Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Plattdüütsch Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 7 October 2017 , at 14 : 25 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | name of high school in the breakfast club | [
"On Saturday, March 24, 1984, five students report at 7:00 a.m. for all-day detention at Shermer High School in Shermer, Illinois. While not complete strangers, each of them comes from a different clique, and they seem to have nothing in common: the beautiful and pampered Claire Standish, the state champion wrestler Andrew Clark, the geekish intellect Brian Johnson, the introverted outcast Allison Reynolds, and the rebellious delinquent John Bender."
] | [
"Shermer High School in Shermer, Illinois"
] |
-7977769336206568086 | Don't Forget Me (When I'm Gone) | Do n't Forget Me ( When I 'm Gone ) - wikipedia Do n't Forget Me ( When I 'm Gone ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Do n't Forget Me ( When I 'm Gone ) '' Single by Glass Tiger from the album The Thin Red Line B - side `` Ancient Evenings '' Released January 1986 ( 1986 - 01 ) Format 7 '' single Genre Rock Length 4 : 05 Label Capitol Songwriter ( s ) Glass Tiger , Jim Vallance Producer ( s ) Jim Vallance Glass Tiger singles chronology `` Do n't Forget Me ( When I 'm Gone ) '' ( 1986 ) `` Someday '' ( 1987 ) `` Do n't Forget Me ( When I 'm Gone ) '' ( 1986 ) `` Someday '' ( 1987 ) `` Do n't Forget Me ( When I 'm Gone ) '' is a song by Canadian rock band Glass Tiger . It was released in January 1986 as the lead from their debut album , The Thin Red Line . The song reached number - one in Canada and number 2 in the United States . The song features backing vocals by rock singer Bryan Adams . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Release and reception 3 Music videos 4 Track listing 5 Chart performance 5.1 Chart successions 5.2 Award successions 6 References 7 External links Background ( edit ) In 1985 , Glass Tiger chose Jim Vallance to produce the band 's debut album . At the time , Vallance was primarily known as a songwriter , having written most frequently ( and successfully ) with Bryan Adams . He also had some previous production experience , having produced one album apiece by Adams , Doug and the Slugs and CANO in the early 1980s . The band 's lead vocalist Alan Frew recalled : `` It worked out great because we were all at the same stage of development . He did n't change the sound of the band at all . He let us experiment but was n't afraid to get heavy - handed when he had to . '' Vallance composed `` Do n't Forget Me ( When I 'm Gone ) '' with the band , while Adams provided backing vocals . Frew - `` On the very first day that we met Jim Vallance , he picked us up at the airport and to break the ice asked us what we were listening to . One was Tears For Fears . We went to his house and drank tea and listened to some tunes . ' Everybody Wants to Rule the World ' came on and we really liked the shuffle beat . So we went into the studio and based on this shuffle beat , we wrote ' Do n't Forget Me ( When I 'm Gone ) ' . First day , first song . '' Release and reception ( edit ) `` Do n't Forget Me ( When I 'm Gone ) '' topped the Canadian Singles Chart in March 1986 , and spent two weeks at number 1 . The single was certified platinum by the Canadian Recording Industry Association in July . The song entered the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 in July , peaked at number 2 in October - kept from number 1 by Janet Jackson 's `` When I Think of You '' - and spent 24 weeks on the chart . It reached number 1 on the Singles Sales chart and number 6 on the Hot 100 Airplay chart . The song also peaked at number 17 on the Mainstream Rock chart , number 30 on the Adult Contemporary chart , and number 34 on the Billboard Year - End singles chart of 1986 . The single reached the top 15 in Australia , number 27 in New Zealand , number 29 in the United Kingdom , and number 40 in the Netherlands . Frew credited the song 's chart performance to `` solid record company involvement '' and the band 's international appeal . `` We are n't rewriting musical history by any means , '' he added . `` But our melody lines are strong and mature enough to appeal to the English - speaking world . '' The song won the 1986 Juno Award for Single of the Year , and was named top Canadian single in the Rock Express magazine readers ' poll awards in 1987 . In 1996 , the Society of Composers , Authors and Music Publishers of Canada honored the song for airing more than 100,000 times on Canadian radio . Glass Tiger performed the song during an episode of the 2005 NBC reality television program Hit Me , Baby , One More Time . Music Videos ( edit ) The song 's original music video , made for the Canadian market , mixed performance footage with a storybook concept . Directed by Rob Quartly , the video was nominated for Best Video at the Juno Awards of 1986 . This version was the first video to air on the MuchMoreRetro digital cable music video channel when it launched on September 4 , 2003 . A second video was created for other markets , according to Manhattan Records Vice President of A&R Bruce Garfield . He noted that `` Steven Reed , our senior vice president of marketing , took a very strong stand because the Canadian video was too cutesy and directed solely toward the youth market . '' Garfield added , `` It did n't focus enough on the artistic integrity and entertainment aspect of the band . '' The newer version received heavy rotation on MTV . Track listing ( edit ) 7 '' Vinyl ( Canada , Australia , Europe , U.S. ) `` Do n't Forget Me ( When I 'm Gone ) '' -- 4 : 05 `` Ancient Evenings '' -- 4 : 50 12 '' Vinyl ( Canada ) `` Do n't Forget Me ( When I 'm Gone ) '' ( extended version ) -- 7 : 10 `` Do n't Forget Me ( When I 'm Gone ) '' ( single mix ) -- 4 : 05 `` Do You Wanna Dance ( With Me ) '' -- 3 : 58 Chart performance ( edit ) Chart ( 1986 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 15 Canada ( RPM ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) 32 Ireland ( IRMA ) 26 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 40 New Zealand ( RIANZ ) 27 UK Singles ( The Official Charts Company ) 29 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 U.S. Mainstream Rock 17 U.S. Adult Contemporary 30 Chart successions ( edit ) Preceded by `` Sara '' by Starship Canadian RPM number - one single March 29 , 1986 - April 5 , 1986 ( 2 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Secret Lovers '' by Atlantic Starr Award successions ( edit ) Preceded by `` Never Surrender '' by Corey Hart Juno Award for Single of the Year 1986 Succeeded by `` Someday '' by Glass Tiger References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : LaPointe , Kirk ( 1986 - 07 - 05 ) . `` Glass Tiger Roars Onto Canadian Scene '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc. 98 ( 27 ) : 70 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ http://www.cbc.ca/covermecanada/2011/10/alan-frew-of-glass-tiger-talks-someday.html ^ Jump up to : `` RPM 100 Singles '' . RPM . RPM Music Publications Ltd. 44 ( 1 ) . 1986 - 03 - 29 . ISSN 0315 - 5994 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` RPM 100 Singles '' . RPM . RPM Music Publications Ltd. 44 ( 2 ) . 1986 - 04 - 05 . ISSN 0315 - 5994 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ LaPointe , Kirk ( 1986 - 08 - 23 ) . `` New Artists Dominate CRIA List '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc. 98 ( 34 ) : 71 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Do n't Forget Me ( When I 'm Gone ) ' - Chart history '' . Billboard ( Nielsen Business Media , Inc . ) . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . The Billboard Book of Top 40 Hits ( 8th ed . ) . New York : Billboard Books . p. 257 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8230 - 7499 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : `` Glass Tiger - Charts & Awards - Billboard Singles '' . Allmusic ( Rovi Corporation ) . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Top Pop Singles '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc. 98 ( 52 ) : 9 . 1986 - 12 - 27 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hits of the World '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc. 98 ( 51 ) : 58 . 1986 - 12 - 20 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : `` Glass Tiger - ' Do n't Forget Me When I 'm Gone ' '' . Ultratop . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : Warwick , Neil ; Kutner , Jon ; Brown , Tony ( 2004 ) . The Complete Book Of The British Charts ( 3rd ed . ) . London : Omnibus Press . p. 461 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84449 - 058 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : `` Glass Tiger Succeeds South of Canada 's Border '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc. 98 ( 49 ) : 22 . 1986 - 12 - 06 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ Griffin , John ( 1986 - 11 - 11 ) . `` Juno Award Winners '' . The Gazette . p . A-11 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Glass Tiger Sweeps Top Three Awards in Magazine Readers ' Poll '' . Ottawa Citizen. 1987 - 02 - 19 . p . E6 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` SOCAN Awards Canada 's Songwriters '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc. 108 ( 49 ) : 50 . 1996 - 12 - 07 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` A Dose of Reality : Hit Me Baby One More Time : Week 4 '' . The Trades ( Burlee LLC ) . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Video Track '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc. 98 ( 8 ) : 28 . 1996 - 02 - 22 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` List of Juno Award Nominees in Major Categories '' . The Gazette. 1986 - 09 - 09 . p . E-4 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Launch Videos '' . MuchMoreRetro . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` MTV Programming '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc. 98 ( 38 ) : 57 . 1996 - 09 - 20 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- Glass Tiger Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . External links ( edit ) `` Do n't Forget Me ( When I 'm Gone ) lyrics Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics ( hide ) Glass Tiger Alan Frew Sam Reid Al Connelly Wayne Parker Chris McNeill Studio albums The Thin Red Line ( 1986 ) Diamond Sun ( 1988 ) Simple Mission ( 1991 ) Compilations Air Time : The Best of Glass Tiger ( 1993 ) No Turning Back : 1985 -- 2005 ( 2005 ) Glass Tiger : Live ( 2006 ) Singles `` Do n't Forget Me ( When I 'm Gone ) '' `` Someday '' Related articles Newmarket , Ontario Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Don%27t_Forget_Me_(When_I%27m_Gone)&oldid=807587728 '' Categories : Debut singles 1986 singles Glass Tiger songs Songs written by Alan Frew Songs written by Jim Vallance RPM Top Singles number - one singles Capitol Records singles Juno Award for Single of the Year singles Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Germany Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 28 October 2017 , at 22 : 30 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who sings don't forget me when i'm gone | [
"\"Don't Forget Me (When I'm Gone)\" is a song by Canadian rock band Glass Tiger. It was released in January 1986 as the lead from their debut album, The Thin Red Line. The song reached number-one in Canada and number 2 in the United States. The song features backing vocals by rock singer Bryan Adams."
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"Canadian rock band Glass Tiger"
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-7045809083788656618 | Support Your Local Gunfighter | Support Your Local gunfighter - wikipedia Support Your Local gunfighter Support Your Local Gunfighter Theatrical release poster Directed by Burt Kennedy Produced by Bill Finnegan Burt Kennedy Written by James Edward Grant and , uncredited , Burt Kennedy Starring James Garner Suzanne Pleshette Harry Morgan Jack Elam John Dehner Marie Windsor Joan Blondell Kathleen Freeman Ellen Corby Music by Jack Elliot Allyn Ferguson Cinematography Harry Stradling Jr . Edited by William B. Gulick Distributed by United Artists Release date May 26 , 1971 ( 1971 - 05 - 26 ) Running time 91 minutes Country United States Language English Support Your Local Gunfighter is a 1971 comic western film directed by Burt Kennedy and starring James Garner . It was written by James Edward Grant . The film shares many cast and crew members and plot elements with the earlier Support Your Local Sheriff ! but is not a sequel . It actually parodies Yojimbo and its remake A Fistful of Dollars , using the basic storyline of a stranger who wanders into a feuding town and pretends to work as an enforcer for both sides . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Plot ( edit ) Latigo Smith ( Garner ) , a gambler and confidence man , is traveling by train in frontier - era Colorado with the rich and powerful Goldie ( Marie Windsor ) . Goldie is besotted with Latigo and wants desperately to marry him , a fate of which he wants no part . He manages to slip off the train at Purgatory , a jerkwater mining town . Assessing the situation , he discovers that two rival companies of miners , led by Taylor Barton ( Harry Morgan ) and Colonel Ames ( John Dehner ) , are racing each other to find a `` mother lode '' of gold buried somewhere nearby . Massive dynamite blasts periodically rock the town to its foundations , creating or embellishing various moments of comic relief throughout the film . Latigo consults the town doctor ( Dub Taylor ) about an embarrassing problem that is not immediately revealed , but turns out to be a Goldie - related tattoo that he learns , to his chagrin , can not be removed . Latigo 's seminal weakness is gambling ; he soon loses all of his money , and more , at roulette , playing his `` lucky '' number ( 23 / red ) . After hearing a rumor that the infamous gunslinger `` Swifty '' Morgan ( Chuck Connors ) is expected in town , Latigo concocts a scam : With the help of amiable ne'er - do - well Jug May ( Jack Elam ) impersonating Swifty , he schemes to pay off his debts and skip town before the real Swifty makes his appearance . In the process , Latigo attracts the attention of Patience `` The Sidewinder '' Barton ( Suzanne Pleshette ) , the hot - tempered daughter of Taylor , who desperately wants to escape this backwater frontier existence , attend `` Miss Hunter 's College on the Hudson River , New York , For Young Ladies of Good Families '' , and live a life of refinement in New York City . Latigo falls hard for Patience , and when he and Jug side with the Bartons in a dispute , Ames sends a telegram to Swifty informing him of the situation . Swifty arrives in town and immediately challenges the hapless Jug to a gunfight but at the appointed time and place Latigo is there in place of Jug , sitting atop a donkey loaded with crates of dynamite in an attempt to bluff the gunfighter . Swifty calls Latigo 's bluff but as he draws his six - shooter a particularly massive mining blast startles him and he shoots himself in the foot . The blast also panics the donkey , who charges into the Bartons ' saloon with Latigo aboard , blowing the building to smithereens ; but the blast uncovers the mother lode , which conveniently sits beneath the Bartons ' land . The resulting inferno also fortuitously burns off Latigo 's troublesome tattoo , while miraculously leaving him uninjured . Latigo finally wins big at roulette , betting $10,000 of the Bartons ' money ( on 23 / red ) . Latigo and Patience , now both rich beyond their wildest dreams , are married . Jug narrates the outcomes from the back of a train carrying the happy couple to the east coast . Patience does n't get to go to Miss Hunter 's College but sends her seven daughters there ; Swifty is still trying to get his boot off ; and Jug becomes a big star in Italian westerns . Cast ( edit ) James Garner as Latigo Smith Suzanne Pleshette as Patience Barton Harry Morgan as Taylor Barton Jack Elam as Jug May John Dehner as Col. Ames Marie Windsor as Goldie Dick Curtis as Bud Barton Dub Taylor as Doc Shultz Joan Blondell as Jenny Ellen Corby as Abigail Ames Kathleen Freeman as Mrs. Martha Perkins Virginia Capers as Effie Henry Jones as Ez Ben Cooper as Colorado Grady Sutton as Storekeeper Pedro Gonzalez Gonzalez as Ortiz Chuck Connors as `` Swifty '' Morgan ( uncredited ) See also ( edit ) List of American films of 1971 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/24064/Support-Your-Local-Gunfighter/articles.html External links ( edit ) Support Your Local Gunfighter on IMDb Support Your Local Gunfighter at AllMovie Support Your Local Gunfighter at the TCM Movie Database James Garner Interview on the Charlie Rose Show DEAD LINK Films directed by Burt Kennedy The Canadians ( 1961 ) Mail Order Bride ( 1964 ) The Rounders ( 1965 ) The Money Trap ( 1965 ) Return of the Seven ( 1966 ) Welcome to Hard Times ( 1967 ) The War Wagon ( 1967 ) Support Your Local Sheriff ! ( 1969 ) Young Billy Young ( 1969 ) The Good Guys and the Bad Guys ( 1969 ) Dirty Dingus Magee ( 1970 ) The Deserter ( 1971 ) Support Your Local Gunfighter ( 1971 ) Hannie Caulder ( 1971 ) The Train Robbers ( 1973 ) Sidekicks ( 1974 ) All the Kind Strangers ( 1974 ) Shootout in a One - Dog Town ( 1974 ) The Killer Inside Me ( 1976 ) Kate Bliss and the Ticker Tape Kid ( 1978 ) ( TV ) Wolf Lake ( 1978 ) The Alamo : 13 Days to Glory ( 1987 ) The Trouble with Spies ( 1987 ) Once Upon a Texas Train ( 1988 ) Big Bad John ( 1990 ) Suburban Commando ( 1991 ) Akira Kurosawa 's Yojimbo ( 1961 ) Films Sanjuro ( 1962 sequel ) A Fistful of Dollars ( 1964 ) Django ( 1966 ) Zatoichi Meets Yojimbo ( 1970 ) Support Your Local Gunfighter ( 1971 parody ) The Warrior and the Sorceress ( 1984 ) Death Wish 4 : The Crackdown ( 1987 ) Last Man Standing ( 1996 ) Omega Doom ( 1996 ) Inferno ( 1999 ) Sukiyaki Western Django ( 2007 ) TV Kaze no Yojimbo Inspirations Red Harvest ( 1929 novel ) The Glass Key ( 1931 novel ) / The Glass Key ( 1942 film ) Related Man with No Name Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Support_Your_Local_Gunfighter&oldid=847298383 '' Categories : 1971 films English - language films 1970s Western ( genre ) films 1970s comedy films American films American Western ( genre ) films American comedy films Western ( genre ) comedy films Parody films Films directed by Burt Kennedy United Artists films Hidden categories : Film articles using image size parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Français Italiano Lëtzebuergesch Português Edit links This page was last edited on 24 June 2018 , at 09 : 18 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | who played swifty morgan in support your local gunfighter | [
"Chuck Connors as \"Swifty\" Morgan (uncredited)"
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"Chuck Connors"
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-5231025287650803989 | List of supporting characters in ER | List of supporting characters in ER - wikipedia List of supporting characters in ER Jump to : navigation , search This is a list of supporting fictional characters in the medical drama ER . Contents ( hide ) 1 Desk clerks and other non-medical hospital staff 2 Family members and friends 3 Fire fighters , paramedics , police officers , and social workers 4 Notable patients 5 Others 6 Secondary doctors and medical students 7 Secondary nurses and other medical staff 8 References 9 External links Desk clerks and other non-medical hospital staff ( edit ) Main article : List of desk clerks and other non-medical staff in ER This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness . You can help by expanding it with reliably sourced entries . Actor / Actress Character Position Character Name Years of Appearance Aylesworth , Reiko Reiko Aylesworth Hospital Chaplain Julia Dupree 2007 -- 2008 Benrubi , Abraham Abraham Benrubi Desk Clerk Jerry Markovic 1994 -- 1999 ; 2002 -- 2006 ; 2008 -- 2009 Borrego , Jesse Jesse Borrego Desk Clerk Javier 2007 -- 2008 Bowen , Andrew Andrew Bowen Desk Clerk Temp Andrew `` Andy '' 1999 -- 2000 Busia , Akosua Akosua Busia Hospital cafeteria worker and wife of Mobalage Kobe `` Kubby '' Ekabo 1999 Calloway , Jordan Jordan Calloway Volunteer K.J. Thibeaux 2005 -- 2006 Delpy , Julie Julie Delpy Runner for Central Supplies and Luka 's girlfriend Nicole 2001 Evans , Troy Troy Evans Desk Clerk Frank Martin 2000 -- 2009 Gebel , Małgorzata Małgorzata Gebel ER Aide / Desk Clerk ; Former Vascular Surgeon in Poland Bogdana `` Bob '' Liwecki 1994 -- 1995 Gossett , Robert Robert Gossett Hospital Board Member Dr Everett Daniels 2008 Hargitay , Mariska Mariska Hargitay Desk Clerk , also Mark Greene 's lover Hooper , Cynthia Cynthia Hooper 1997 -- 1998 Hounsou , Djimon Djimon Hounsou Custodian Mobalage Ekabo 1999 Joyner , David David Joyner Dialysis Technician 2004 -- 2006 Minter , Kristin Kristin Minter Desk Clerk Miranda `` Randi '' Fronczak 1995 -- 2003 Molina , Rolando Rolando Molina Desk Clerk Rolando 1995 -- 1996 Noland , Charles Charles Noland Desk Clerk / Trainee Nurse E Ray Bozman 1995 -- 1997 Plummer , Glenn Glenn Plummer Desk Clerk Timmy Rawlins 1994 -- 1995 , 2006 -- 2007 Price , Moira Moira Price Surgical Night Clerk Liza 2005 Sinha , Pamela Pamela Sinha Desk Clerk Amira 1999 -- 2001 , 2003 -- 2005 Zane , Lisa Lisa Zane Risk Management Administrator & Doug Ross 's girlfriend Diane Leeds 1995 Family members and friends ( edit ) Main article : List of family members and friends in ER This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness . You can help by expanding it with reliably sourced entries . Actor / Actress Character Position Character Name Years of Appearance Alexander , Khandi Khandi Alexander Sister to Peter Benton Jackie Robbins 1995 -- 2001 Bartlett , Bonnie Bonnie Bartlett Mother of Mark Greene . Died early in Season 6 . Ruth Greene 1997 -- 1998 Beach , Michael Michael Beach Husband of Jeanie Boulet . Contracted HIV , unwittingly passed it on to Jeanie , died offscreen of AIDS in 2008 . Al Boulet ( role played earlier by Bodison ) 1995 -- 1997 Bodison , Wolfgang Wolfgang Bodison Husband of Jeanie Boulet Al Boulet ( role later played by Beach ) 1995 Bowen , Julie Julie Bowen Girlfriend of John Carter . In Season 5 , Carter dated her but then contrived an excuse to break up with her . Roxanne Please 1998 -- 1999 Carson , Lisa Nicole Lisa Nicole Carson Girlfriend of Peter Benton . Claimed he was the father of her baby , later said he was n't ( which was true ) and tried to take Reese away from him but failed to . Later became erratic and vindictive before she died in an auto accident . Carla Reece 1996 -- 2001 Chinh , Kieu Kieu Chinh Mother of Jing - Mei Chen Lin Chen 2003 Cheung , George Kee George Kee Cheung Father of Jing - Mei Chen ( later played by Henry O ) Mr. Chen . Suffered permanently debilitating injuries in a car crash in China that killed his wife . Later euthanized by Jing - Mei . 2003 -- 2004 Cullum , John John Cullum Father of Mark Greene , a military veteran who finally reconciled with his son before dying late in Season 6 . David Greene 1997 -- 2000 Culp , Steven Steven Culp Boyfriend of Elizabeth Corday Dave Spencer Davis , Oliver Oliver Davis Son of Samantha Taggart Alex Taggart ( later played by Dominic Janes ) 2003 -- 2005 Mornay , Rebecca De Rebecca De Mornay Carter 's cousin 's ex-wife Elaine Nichols 1999 Dillahunt , Garret Garret Dillahunt Ex-husband of Samantha Taggart ( Earlier played by Cole Hauser ) Steve Curtis 2005 -- 2006 Dooley , Paul Paul Dooley Father of Susan Lewis , proved to be a much better parent than his asshole wife . Henry Lewis 1995 -- 1996 ; 2004 Farentino , James James Farentino Father of Doug Ross Ray Ross . A charming man with issues not unlike the son he was never a father to . Died in a car accident in 1997 . Field , Sally Sally Field Mother of Abby Lockhart Maggie Wyczenski 2000 -- 2006 Fisher , Frances Frances Fisher Mother of Kerry Weaver Helen Kingsley . A born - again Christian who gave Kerry up for adoption after giving birth as a teenager . Could not accept Kerry 's homosexuality , leading Kerry to not pursue any further contact with her . 2005 Freeman , Paul Paul Freeman Father of Elizabeth Corday Dr Charles Corday 1998 , 2001 -- 2002 Glover , Danny Danny Glover Father of Greg Pratt Charlie Pratt . Greg 's long - lost father , who Greg located and tried to forgive for abandoning him , but ultimately could n't do so . 2005 Gregorio , Rose Rose Gregorio Mother of Carol Hathaway , who initially hated Doug and constantly undermined and fought with her daughter , but later was a good and loved parent . Helen Hathaway 1996 -- 1999 Gross , Michael Michael Gross Father of John Carter . Ineffectual man whom his son loved but did n't respect . John `` Jack '' Carter Jr . 2001 -- 2004 Curtis - Hall , Vondie Vondie Curtis - Hall Husband of Carla Reece ( Earlier played by Victor Williams ) Roger McGrath 2001 Harris , Estelle Estelle Harris Mother of Jerry Markovic Mrs. Markovic 2006 Harnos , Christine Christine Harnos Mark Greene 's wife , then ex-wife Jennifer `` Jenn '' Greene - Simon . Constantly bemoaned Mark 's low - paying , high stress ER career and his refusal to take lucrative jobs elsewhere . Eventually left him , filed for divorce , and married someone else . Not much of a mother to Rachel , disappeared for good after Mark died . 1994 -- 1996 , 1996 -- 1998 , 2001 -- 2002 Hauser , Cole Cole Hauser Ex-husband of Samantha Taggart Steve Curtis Hazlewood , Rebecca Jane Rebecca Jane Hazlewood Cousin of Neela Rasgotra Jaspreet 2008 Helgenberger , Marg Marg Helgenberger Doug Ross 's girlfriend & his father 's boss Karen Hines Hirsh , Hallee Hallee Hirsh Daughter of Mark Greene ( Earlier played by Yvonne Zima ) Rachel Greene 2001 -- 2002 ; 2004 ; 2009 Hudson , Ernie Ernie Hudson Father of Michael Gallant Colonel James Gallant 2006 Hurd , Michelle Michelle Hurd Girlfriend of Kerri Weaver Courtney Brown 2006 -- 2007 Janes , Dominic Dominic Janes Son of Samantha Taggart Alex Taggart 2005 -- 2009 Keach , Stacy Stacy Keach Father of Tony Gates Mike Gates 2007 Greenfield , Chloe Chloe Greenfield Daughter of Tony Gates Sarah Gates 2006 -- 2009 Kher , Anupam Anupam Kher Father of Neela Rasgotra Ajay Rasgotra Kher , Kiron Kiron Kher Mother of Neela Rasgotra Mrs. Rasgotra Kwan , Nancy Nancy Kwan Mother of Jing - Mei Chen Lin Chen 2000 Laurie , Piper Piper Laurie Mother of Doug Ross Sarah Ross 1995 -- 1996 Madigan , Amy Amy Madigan Mother of Samantha Taggart Mary Taggart 2009 Mayeux , Rosalee Rosalee Mayeux Mother of Ray Barnett Jacy Barnett 2007 McDonnell , Mary Mary McDonnell Mother of John Carter Eleanor Carter ( née Ferguson ) 2001 McFarlane , Andrew Andrew McFarlane Nephew of Peter Benton Jesse Robbins 2000 Morgan , Trevor Trevor Morgan Son of Donald Anspaugh Scott Anspaugh 1998 Newton , Thandie Thandie Newton Girlfriend and later wife of John Carter Makemba `` Kem '' Likasu - Carter . Met John on a medical relief mission in the Congo . Fell in love with him and planned to be with him in Chicago , but their relationship never recovered after their son died in utero . 2003 -- 2005 ; 2009 Nozick , Bruce Bruce Nozick 2nd husband of Jennifer `` Jenn '' Greene - Simon Craig Simon 1995 -- 1996 Parfitt , Judy Judy Parfitt Mother of Elizabeth Corday Isabelle Corday 2000 -- 2002 Parker , Andrea Andrea Parker Girlfriend of Doug Ross Linda Farrell 1994 -- 1995 Perrine , Valerie Valerie Perrine Mother of Susan Lewis Cookie Lewis . A selfish , self - centered woman who constantly enabled Chloe and disappointed Susan . 1995 Radanovich , Zoran Zoran Radanovich Brother of Luka Kovač Niko Kovač 2007 Ralph , Sheryl Lee Sheryl Lee Ralph Mother of Michael Gallant Gloria Gallant 2006 Richards , Beah Beah Richards Mother of Peter Benton Mae Benton 1994 -- 1995 Rhames , Ving Ving Rhames Brother - in - law to Peter Benton Walter Robbins 1994 -- 1996 Scarfe , Jonathan Jonathan Scarfe Cousin of John Carter Chase Carter . Spoiled rotten young man who fell into heroin addiction and was left nearly vegetative after an overdose , but was last shown having improved greatly and being able to function in a limited manner . 1997 -- 1998 , 2001 Scott , Tom Everett Tom Everett Scott Brother of Abby Lockhart Eric Wyczenski 2002 -- 2003 Smith , Lois Lois Smith Grandmother of Samantha Taggart Gracie 2007 Sternhagen , Frances Frances Sternhagen Grandmother of John Carter Millicent `` Gamma '' Carter 1997 -- 2003 Thedford , Marcello Marcello Thedford Brother of Greg Pratt Leon Pratt 2002 -- 2003 Valley , Mark Mark Valley Ex-husband of Abby Lockhart Richard Lockhart 2000 -- 2003 Victor , Renée Renée Victor Mother - in - law of Kerry Weaver Florina Lopez Walsh , Gwynyth Gwynyth Walsh Mother of Lucy Knight Barbara Knight 2000 Ward , Fred Fred Ward Father of Abby Lockhart Eddie Wyczenski 2006 -- 2007 Watkins , Matthew Matthew Watkins Son of Peter Benton Reese Benton 1999 -- 2001 ; 2009 Wilhoite , Kathleen Kathleen Wilhoite Sister of Susan Lewis Chloe Lewis 1994 -- 1996 ; 2002 Williams , Victor Victor Williams Husband of Carla Reece ( Later played by Vondie Curtis - Hall ) Roger McGrath 1998 -- 2001 Woodward , Shannon Shannon Woodward Sister of Samantha Taggart Kelly Taggart 2009 Zima , Yvonne Yvonne Zima Daughter of Mark Greene ( Later played by Hallee Hirsh ) Rachel Greene 1994 -- 2000 Actress uncredited Sister of Lucien Dubenko Victoria Dubenko 2006 Fire fighters , paramedics , police officers , and social workers ( edit ) This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness . You can help by expanding it with reliably sourced entries . Actor / Actress Character Position Character Name Years of Appearance Amick , Mädchen Mädchen Amick Social Worker Wendall Meade 2004 -- 2005 Amitrano , Christopher Christopher Amitrano Police Officer Officer Hollis 2006 -- 2009 Bonilla , Michelle Michelle Bonilla Paramedic Christine Harms 1999 -- 2009 Campbell , Scott Michael Scott Michael Campbell EMT Reilly Brown Claudio , Claudine Claudine Claudio Paramedic Silva 2000 -- 2001 Connor , Brendan Patrick Brendan Patrick Connor Paramedic Reidy 2006 -- 2008 III , Elliot Durant Elliot Durant III Paramedic Anders 2004 , 2009 Eads , George George Eads Paramedic Greg Powell 1997 -- 1998 Eldard , Ron Ron Eldard Paramedic . Carol 's boyfriend in Season 2 , before they broke up because the tragic death of his partner led to Shep becoming violent and scary and he refused to get help or deal with it . Ray `` Shep '' Shepard 1995 -- 1996 Emery , Julie Ann Julie Ann Emery Paramedic Nikki 2001 -- 2003 Genovese , Mike Mike Genovese Police Officer Al Grabarsky 1995 -- 1996 , 1998 -- 2000 Gimpel , Erica Erica Gimpel Social Services Liaison Adele Newman 1997 -- 2003 Gómez , Carlos Carlos Gómez Paramedic Raul Melendez 1995 -- 1996 Henderson , Lynn A. Lynn A. Henderson Paramedic Pamela Olbes 1995 -- 2009 Karsian , Tara Tara Karsian Social Worker Liz Dade 2005 -- 2006 , 2007 , 2008 -- 2009 Kim , Daniel Dae Daniel Dae Kim Social Worker Ken Sung 2003 -- 2004 Lauter , Ed Ed Lauter Fire Captain Dannaker 1998 -- 2002 Lester , Brian Brian Lester Paramedic Brian Dumar 1996 -- 2009 Liberti , Louie Louie Liberti Paramedic Tony Bardelli 2003 -- 2009 Manganiello , Joe Joe Manganiello Police Officer Officer Litchman 2007 McKnight , Chad Chad McKnight Police Officer Officer Wilson 1995 , 1996 , 1999 -- 2000 , 2001 -- 2004 , 2006 Morgan , Michele Michele Morgan Paramedic and Dr. Corday 's patient Allison Beaumont 1997 -- 1998 Navarro , Demetrius Demetrius Navarro Paramedic Morales 1998 -- 2009 Nish , Bobby Bobby Nish Police officer Danny Yau 2005 -- 2006 Ruginis , Vyto Vyto Ruginis Paramedic Wright 2006 -- 2007 Russell , Monté Monté Russell Paramedic Dwight Zadro 1995 -- 2009 Vidal , Lisa Lisa Vidal Firefighter CFD Lt. Sandy Lopez 2001 -- 2004 Wagner , Emily Emily Wagner Paramedic Doris Pickman 1994 -- 2009 Williams , Cress Cress Williams Police officer and boyfriend / husband of Jeanie Boulet Reggie Moore 1998 -- 2000 ; 2008 Lowe , `` Faceman '' `` Faceman '' Lowe Paramedic Chris Lowe 1999 ? Notable patients ( edit ) This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness . You can help by expanding it with reliably sourced entries . Actor / Actress Character Position Character Name Years of Appearance Benjamin , Paul Paul Benjamin Junk Dealer , Greene 's patient Al Irving 1994 , 2002 Buttons , Red Red Buttons Carter 's patient Jules ' Ruby ' Rubadoux . Carter benevolently but foolishly lied to him about his wife Sophie 's terminal condition , leading to Ruby refusing to listen to Carter , but 10 years later when Ruby returned to the ER he and Carter were able to mend fences somewhat . 1995 , 2005 Clooney , Rosemary Rosemary Clooney Alzheimer 's disease patient Mary Cavanaugh a.k.a. `` Madam X '' 1994 Cromwell , James James Cromwell Catholic Bishop and patient of Luka Kovač Bishop Stewart 2001 Dunst , Kirsten Kirsten Dunst Teen prostitute and Doug Ross 's patient Charlene `` Charlie '' Chiemienga 1996 -- 1997 Gleason , Joanna Joanna Gleason Allergy patient , Infomercial Director , and briefly Mark Greene 's romance interest Iris Hedaya , Dan Dan Hedaya Lawyer and patient Herb Spivak . Helped Mark fend off a civil lawsuit , later returned having lost all his money in a dot - com bust . 1997 , 2005 Kurtz , Swoosie Swoosie Kurtz Tele - evangelist and patient Tina Marie Chambliss 1998 Krumholtz , David David Krumholtz Schizophrenic patient who in a psychotic break stabbed both John Carter and Lucy Knight , the wounds leaving Carter injured and with life - long kidney problems and eventually resulted in Lucy 's death . Paul Sobricki 2000 , 2002 Mara , Mary Mary Mara Originally a prostitute ; later Secretary / Cancer patient Loretta Sweet 1995 -- 1996 Newhart , Bob Bob Newhart Architect who is gradually going blind ; patient of Dr. Lewis Ben Hollander 2003 Vlahos , Sam Sam Vlahos Homeless man and frequent patient in ER Pablo 1997 -- 1998 ; 2000 -- 2003 Woods , James James Woods ALS ( Lou Gehrig 's disease ) patient , Abby Lockheart 's teacher in medical school Dr. Nate Lennox 2006 Radnor , Josh Josh Radnor Alderman Bright 's lover who contracted Syphilis and was treated under the table by Kerry Weaver Keith . Because he was unaware of either Bright 's condition or his own allergies , he died after having a bad reaction to penicillin . 2003 Weitz , Bruce Bruce Weitz Alderman for City of Chicago and patient of Kerry Weaver for Syphilis Alderman John Bright 2003 Others ( edit ) This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness . You can help by expanding it with reliably sourced entries . Actor / Actress Character Position Character Name Years of Appearance Sarandon , Susan Susan Sarandon Grandmother of a boy who died in an accident . Gave Doug and Carol permission to harvest his kidney , which ended up being used for John Carter 's successful transplant . Nora 2009 Liotta , Ray Ray Liotta A dying patient gives an insight into the regrets he has about his wasted life , with Greg Pratt going from hostility towards him ( he reminds Pratt of his own , absentee father ) to compassion as he dies over the course of an hour . Charlie Metcalf Liu , Lucy Lucy Liu Mother of a little boy who has AIDS Mei - Sun Leow 1995 Lloyd , Jake Jake Lloyd Son of the patient Loretta Sweet Jimmy Sweet McGregor , Ewan Ewan McGregor Holds up a convenience store with hostages including Carol Hathaway Duncan Stewart 1997 Torry , Joe Joe Torry Sues Mark Greene after his brother dies ; a suspect in Greene 's beating but is n't responsible . He and Mark have a heated conversation in which both men admit they 're not the reason for the other 's misery . Chris Law 1997 Whitford , Bradley Bradley Whitford Husband of a pregnant patient in Mark Greene 's care Sean O'Brien 1995 Belushi , James James Belushi Father who was brought in after a car accident with his son Dan Harris 2001 Padalecki , Jared Jared Padalecki Son who was brought in after a car accident with his father Paul Harris 2001 Shiri Appleby Season 1 , Episode 1 - Teen with etopic pregnancy Secondary doctors and medical students ( edit ) Main article : List of secondary doctors in ER This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness . You can help by expanding it with reliably sourced entries . Actor / Actress Character Position Character Name Years of Appearance Alda , Alan Alan Alda ER Attending Physician Dr. Gabriel Lawrence 1999 Anderson , Sam Sam Anderson Chief of Cardiology and member of the board . Incredibly acerbic and not friendly to the ER , but good at his job . Dr. Jack Kayson 1994 -- 2007 Anzilotti , Perry Perry Anzilotti Anesthesiologist Perry 1994 , 1995 -- 2002 , 2003 , 2004 , 2006 , 2008 Appleby , Shiri Shiri Appleby Intern Dr. Daria Wade 2008 -- 2009 Aquino , Amy Amy Aquino Chief of Obstetrics & Gynecology . Originally introduced as a shrieking harpy who clashed with the ER and refused to help anyone there , but evolved over time into a likable doctor who helped multiple ER regulars deal with pregnancies . Dr. Janet Coburn 1994 -- 2009 Arroyo , Danny Danny Arroyo Medical student Reid Mooney 2001 Aylward , John John Aylward Chief of Staff ( 1996 -- 1999 ) , General surgeon and member of the board ( 1999 -- 2006 ) , Chief of Staff ( 2006 -- 2009 ) Dr. Donald Anspaugh 1996 -- 2009 Bach , Jillian Jillian Bach Medical Student Penny Nicholson 2004 -- 2006 Bailey , Eion Eion Bailey Medical Student Jake Scanlon 2004 -- 2005 Benedicto , Lourdes Lourdes Benedicto Pediatrics Intern . Briefly dated Carter in Season 7 . Rena Trujillo 2001 Bibb , Leslie Leslie Bibb Medical Student , flirted with Kovac in Season 9 but was nearly killed in a car accident when he was driving . Erin Harkins 2002 -- 2003 Blackthorne , Paul Paul Blackthorne Invasive Radiologist , had a fling with Dr. Corday . Dr. Jeremy Lawson Bledel , Alexis Alexis Bledel Intern who was a key figure in the series finale . Dr. Julia Wise 2009 Boutsikaris , Dennis Dennis Boutsikaris Surgeon Dr. David Kotlowitz 1999 Joseph Bua Special Education Student Boo Bradley 2001 Brisbin , David David Brisbin Anesthesiologist who hated Dr. Corday and vice versa . Dr. Alexander Babcock 1998 -- 2002 Brown , Clancy Clancy Brown SPG Doctor and Kerry Weaver 's boyfriend Dr. Ellis West 1997 -- 1998 Caldwell , L. Scott L. Scott Caldwell Director of Neo-Natology Dr. Megan Rabb 2004 , 2006 Cheadle , Don Don Cheadle Medical Student . Turned from a successful business path after being diagnosed with Parkinson 's . Paul Nathan 2002 Cole , Megan Megan Cole Pathologist Dr. Alice Upton 1996 , 1998 , 2000 -- 2001 , 2003 Campos , Bruno Bruno Campos Vascular Surgeon Dr. Eddie Dorset 2003 Fuente , Joel de la Joel de la Fuente Medical student Ivan Fu 1997 Doman , John John Doman Chief of Psychiatry Dr. Carl DeRaad 1999 -- 2000 , 2001 , 2003 Drew , Malaya Rivera Malaya Rivera Drew Medical Student Katy Alvaro 2006 -- 2007 Elise , Christine Christine Elise Medical Student . Love Interest of Carter in Season 2 . Temporarily estranged with Carter after she was drunk and slept with Ross accidentality . Later reconciled with Carter but broke up with him over his behavior when seeking surgical procedures . It was revealed that her med school tuition was sponsored by the US Air Force , so she had to join USAF and serve for 4 years after she graduated from medical school . Harper Tracy 1995 -- 1996 Epps , Omar Omar Epps Surgical Intern who constantly suffered Dr. Peter Benton 's wrath although Dr. John Carter befriended him . Unfortunately , Benton 's constant bullying of Gant drove Gant over the edge so much so that Gant committed suicide by jumping in front of a train . Gant 's remains which were badly disfigured were later brought to County for treatment and when Gant was paged , Benton and Carter discovered to their horror that it was Gant that they were working on . Despite their best efforts , Gant eventually succumbed to his wounds and died , his death leaving Carter devastated and angry at himself and Benton for failing to see that there was something wrong with Gant . Dr. Dennis Gant 1996 -- 1997 Esten , Charles Charles Esten Orthopedic Surgeon Dr. Barry Grossman 2007 -- 2008 Fox , Jorja Jorja Fox ER Intern , later resident Dr. Maggie Doyle 1996 -- 1999 Gertz , Jami Jami Gertz Psychiatrist Dr. Nina Pomerantz 1997 Gilbert , Sara Sara Gilbert ER Intern , later resident Dr. Jane Figler 2004 -- 2008 Glave , Matthew Matthew Glave Surgeon . Arrogant even by surgical standards , Carter did n't like him and Peter found him to be a creep . Dr. Dale Edson 1996 -- 1999 , 2001 -- 2002 Glazer , Jeremy Jeremy Glazer Medical Student David Grove , Christopher Christopher Grove Orthopeadic Surgeon Dr. Marty Kline 2002 -- 2003 , 2006 Headly , Glenne Glenne Headly Pediatric Surgeon Dr. Abby Keaton 1996 -- 1997 Henry , Justin Justin Henry Medical student James Sasser 1997 Howerton , Glenn Glenn Howerton ER Resident Dr. Nick ' Coop ' Cooper 2003 Ironside , Michael Michael Ironside Chief of Surgery and ER Chief Dr. William ' Wild Willy ' Swift 1995 , 1998 , 2002 Jablon , Marc Marc Jablon Intern Dr. Larry Western 2007 -- 2008 Jaeck , Scott Scott Jaeck Radiologist Dr. Steve Flint 1994 -- 1996 , 1999 -- 2000 , 2002 Jones , Julia Julia Jones Intern ( Prev . Medical Student ) Dr. Kaya Montoya 2008 -- 2009 LeGros , James James LeGros Pediatrician and ex-boyfriend of Anna Del Amico Dr. Max Rocher 1998 Leguizamo , John John Leguizamo ER attending physician Dr. Victor Clemente 2005 -- 2006 Lennix , Harry Harry Lennix Infectious disease specialist and briefly boyfriend of Jeanie Boulet Dr. Greg Fischer 1997 Ling , Julia Julia Ling Surgical Intern Mae Lee Park 2006 -- 2007 Lowe , Chad Chad Lowe Medical student , assigned to Dr. Carter in Season 4 but had no interest in doing anything ER related with his focus on medical research . Dr. George Henry 1997 , 2005 Macy , William H. William H. Macy Chief of Surgery and Head of the ER Dr. David Morgenstern 1994 -- 1998 ; 2009 Manoux , J.P. J.P. Manoux Junior Surgical Attending , ( Formerly Chief Resident ) Dr. Dustin Crenshaw 2006 -- 2008 Matchett , Kari Kari Matchett Acting Chief Of Emergency Medicine Dr. Skye Wexler 2007 -- 2008 McCormack , Mary Mary McCormack Doctor in Africa Debbie 2003 -- 2006 McKinney , Gil Gil McKinney Intern Dr. Paul Grady 2007 -- 2009 Mitchell , Elizabeth Elizabeth Mitchell Psychiatrist who was in a relationship with Kerry Weaver for a short time before being forced out by Dr. Romano 's homophobia . Dr. Kim Legaspi 2000 -- 2001 Morris , Julian Julian Morris Surgical Intern Dr. Andrew Wade 2008 -- 2009 Orser , Leland Leland Orser Attending Trauma Surgeon ; Chief of Surgery . Dr. Corday did n't want him to be hired ( for reasons that were never clearly outlined ) and he took over her position after she resigned in disgrace . Dr. Lucien Dubenko 2004 -- 2009 Parker , Steven Christopher Steven Christopher Parker Surgical Intern Dr. Harold Zelinsky 2007 -- 2008 Philipps , Busy Busy Philipps Medical Student . Devout Christian who inspired Archie Morris in various ways , and dated him for a little while . Hope Bobeck 2006 -- 2007 Pico , Giovannie Giovannie Pico Medical Student Ludlow 2004 -- 2005 Pounder , CCH CCH Pounder Surgical Attending Dr. Angela Hicks 1994 -- 1997 Powers , Andy Andy Powers ER intern Dr. Howard Ritzke Rasuk , Victor Victor Rasuk Intern Dr. Ryan Sanchez 2008 -- 2009 Ravera , Gina Gina Ravera Radiologist Dr. Bettina DeJesus 2006 -- 2008 Rifkin , Ron Ron Rifkin Senior Cardiovascular Surgeon . Genius and hospital rainmaker , but played with valid data on a key study and inspired action from Peter Benton . Dr. Carl Vucelich 1995 -- 1996 Rose , Emily Emily Rose Intern Dr. Tracy Martin 2008 -- 2009 Rossovich , Rick Rick Rossovich Orthopedic Surgeon Dr. John `` Tag '' Taglieri 1994 -- 1995 Salem , Dahlia Dahlia Salem Surgical Chief Resident Dr. Jessica Albright 2005 -- 2006 Shin , Eddie Eddie Shin Medical student Stanley Mao 2001 Silver , Michael B. Michael B. Silver Psychiatrist Dr. Paul Myers 1995 , 1997 -- 2000 , 2003 , 2005 , 2008 Spellings , Britain Britain Spellings ER intern Dr. Sackowitz 2005 Sterling , Maury Maury Sterling Psychiatrist Dr. Nelson 2004 , 2006 Strauss , Kim Kim Strauss Anesthesiologist Ari 2005 -- 2007 Sutherland , Rossif Rossif Sutherland Medical student . In Season 9 , was assigned to the ER ; the senior staff did n't think he was good there and he vanished without explanation . Lester Kertzenstein 2003 -- 2004 Terry , John John Terry Psychiatrist and boyfriend of Susan Lewis Dr. David ' Div ' Cvetic 1994 Tucci , Stanley Stanley Tucci Chief of Emergency Medicine Dr. Kevin Moretti 2007 -- 2008 Vieluf , Vince Vince Vieluf Medical Student Bernard Gamely 1998 Webb , Bresha Bresha Webb Medical Student Laverne St. John 2008 -- 2009 Winningham , Mare Mare Winningham Chief of Emergency Services ; ER attending physician who had an unhealthy obsession with Dr. Mark Greene . She was later revealed to be an imposter who had impersonated many other people in various jobs over the last few years . Dr. Amanda Lee 1998 -- 1999 Secondary nurses and other medical staff ( edit ) Main article : List of secondary nurses in ER This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness . You can help by expanding it with reliably sourced entries . Actor / Actress Character Position Character Name Years of Appearance Brazelton , Conni Marie Conni Marie Brazelton ER Nurse Conni Oligario 1994 -- 2003 Cerón , Laura Laura Cerón ER Nurse Chuny Marquez 1995 -- 2009 Cervini , Cynthia Cynthia Cervini Nurse Anna Waldron 2002 , 2004 , 2005 Chestnut , Morris Morris Chestnut ICU nurse & Deb 's baby 's father Frank ' Rambo ' Bacon 2000 Crawford , Ellen Ellen Crawford ER Nurse Lydia Wright 1994 -- 2003 , 2009 D , Deezer Deezer D ER Nurse Malik McGrath 1994 -- 2009 Freeman , Yvette Yvette Freeman ER Nurse Haleh Adams 1994 -- 2009 Hanami , Ren Ren Hanami NICU Nurse 2006 Heiss , Mary Mary Heiss ER Nurse Mary 2000 -- 2008 Hernandez , April Lee April Lee Hernandez ER Nurse Inez 2005 -- 2006 Guzman , Monica Monica Guzman Surgical Nurse Marisol 2008 -- 2009 Johnson , Penny Penny Johnson Nurse Practitioner Lynette Evans 1998 -- 1999 Johnston , Kristen Kristen Johnston Chief ER Nurse Eve Peyton 2005 III , Sam Jones Sam Jones III Emergency Medical Technician , Brother of Greg Pratt Charlie ' Chaz ' Pratt , Jr . 2005 -- 2009 Lenney , Dinah Dinah Lenney Surgical Charge Nurse Shirley 1995 -- 2004 , 2006 -- 2009 Lentz , Pat Pat Lentz Nursing Supervisor None 2005 , 2008 Logan , Bellina Bellina Logan ICU , Pediatrics and Surgical Nurse Kit 1996 -- 2003 ; 2005 ; 2008 Logue , Donal Donal Logue Flight Nurse and boyfriend / husband / ex-husband of Susan Lewis Chuck Martin 2003 -- 2005 Mariye , Lily Lily Mariye ER Nurse Lily Jarvik 1994 -- 2009 Marquez , Vanessa Vanessa Marquez ER Nurse Wendy Goldman 1994 -- 1997 May , Deborah Deborah May County Nursing Director Mary Cain 1996 -- 1997 , 2002 Moore , Angel Laketa Angel Laketa Moore ER Nurse Dawn Archer 2006 -- 2009 O'Hara , Jenny Jenny O'Hara ER Nurse Rhonda Sterling Pardue , Kip Kip Pardue ER Nurse Ben Parker 2006 -- 2007 Richards , Kyle Kyle Richards Nurse Dori 2000 -- 2006 Rodriguez , Lucy Lucy Rodriguez Nurse Bjerke 1996 ; 2000 -- 2003 Shazana , Nadia Nadia Shazana Nurse Jacy 2001 -- 2008 Thalken , Meg Meg Thalken Flight Nurse Dee McManus 1996 , 1999 -- 2001 , 2005 , 2008 Watanabe , Gedde Gedde Watanabe ER Nurse Yoshi Takata 1997 -- 2003 References ( edit ) External links ( edit ) ER on IMDb ER Headquarters ( hide ) ER Characters Main John Carter Kerry Weaver Abby Lockhart Luka Kovač Mark Greene Peter Benton Elizabeth Corday Susan Lewis Greg Pratt Carol Hathaway Neela Rasgotra Samantha Taggart Jing - Mei Chen Archie Morris Doug Ross Jeanie Boulet Tony Gates Cleo Finch Dave Malucci Lucy Knight Anna Del Amico Catherine Banfield Supporting Doctors Nurses Non-medical staff Family members and friends Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Episodes `` Love 's Labor Lost '' `` On the Beach '' `` The Show Must Go On '' `` Strange Bedfellows '' `` No Place to Hide '' `` There Are No Angels Here '' `` The Gallant Hero and the Tragic Victor '' `` Twenty - One Guns '' `` And in the End ... '' Related Cast Awards and nominations Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_supporting_characters_in_ER&oldid=824726214 '' Categories : ER ( TV series ) characters Lists of minor fictional characters Hidden categories : Dynamic lists Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 9 February 2018 , at 02 : 56 . About Wikipedia | who played dr green's daughter on er | [
"\n\nActor/Actress\nCharacter Position\nCharacter Name\nYears of Appearance\n\n\nAlexander, KhandiKhandi Alexander\nSister to Peter Benton\nJackie Robbins\n1995–2001\n\n\nBartlett, BonnieBonnie Bartlett\nMother of Mark Greene. Died early in Season 6.\nRuth Greene\n1997–1998\n\n\nBeach, MichaelMichael Beach\nHusband of Jeanie Boulet. Contracted HIV, unwittingly passed it on to Jeanie, died offscreen of AIDS in 2008.\nAl Boulet (role played earlier by Bodison)\n1995–1997\n\n\nBodison, WolfgangWolfgang Bodison\nHusband of Jeanie Boulet\nAl Boulet (role later played by Beach)\n1995\n\n\nBowen, JulieJulie Bowen\nGirlfriend of John Carter. In Season 5, Carter dated her but then contrived an excuse to break up with her.\nRoxanne Please\n1998–1999\n\n\nCarson, Lisa NicoleLisa Nicole Carson\nGirlfriend of Peter Benton. Claimed he was the father of her baby, later said he wasn't (which was true) and tried to take Reese away from him but failed to. Later became erratic and vindictive before she died in an auto accident.\nCarla Reece\n1996–2001\n\n\nChinh, KieuKieu Chinh\nMother of Jing-Mei Chen\nLin Chen\n2003\n\n\nCheung, George KeeGeorge Kee Cheung\nFather of Jing-Mei Chen (later played by Henry O)\nMr. Chen. Suffered permanently debilitating injuries in a car crash in China that killed his wife. Later euthanized by Jing-Mei.\n2003–2004\n\n\nCullum, JohnJohn Cullum\nFather of Mark Greene, a military veteran who finally reconciled with his son before dying late in Season 6.\nDavid Greene\n1997–2000\n\n\nCulp, StevenSteven Culp\nBoyfriend of Elizabeth Corday\nDave Spencer\n2004\n\n\nDavis, OliverOliver Davis\nSon of Samantha Taggart\nAlex Taggart (later played by Dominic Janes)\n2003–2005\n\n\nMornay, Rebecca DeRebecca De Mornay\nCarter's cousin's ex-wife\nElaine Nichols\n1999\n\n\nDillahunt, GarretGarret Dillahunt\nEx-husband of Samantha Taggart (Earlier played by Cole Hauser)\nSteve Curtis\n2005–2006\n\n\nDooley, PaulPaul Dooley\nFather of Susan Lewis, proved to be a much better parent than his asshole wife.\nHenry Lewis\n1995–1996; 2004\n\n\nFarentino, JamesJames Farentino\nFather of Doug Ross\nRay Ross. A charming man with issues not unlike the son he was never a father to. Died in a car accident in 1997.\n1996\n\n\nField, SallySally Field\nMother of Abby Lockhart\nMaggie Wyczenski\n2000–2006\n\n\nFisher, FrancesFrances Fisher\nMother of Kerry Weaver\nHelen Kingsley. A born-again Christian who gave Kerry up for adoption after giving birth as a teenager. Could not accept Kerry's homosexuality, leading Kerry to not pursue any further contact with her.\n2005\n\n\nFreeman, PaulPaul Freeman\nFather of Elizabeth Corday\nDr Charles Corday\n1998, 2001–2002\n\n\nGlover, DannyDanny Glover\nFather of Greg Pratt\nCharlie Pratt. Greg's long-lost father, who Greg located and tried to forgive for abandoning him, but ultimately couldn't do so.\n2005\n\n\nGregorio, RoseRose Gregorio\nMother of Carol Hathaway, who initially hated Doug and constantly undermined and fought with her daughter, but later was a good and loved parent.\nHelen Hathaway\n1996–1999\n\n\nGross, MichaelMichael Gross\nFather of John Carter. Ineffectual man whom his son loved but didn't respect.\nJohn \"Jack\" Carter Jr.\n2001–2004\n\n\nCurtis-Hall, VondieVondie Curtis-Hall\nHusband of Carla Reece (Earlier played by Victor Williams)\nRoger McGrath\n2001\n\n\nHarris, EstelleEstelle Harris\nMother of Jerry Markovic\nMrs. Markovic\n2006\n\n\nHarnos, ChristineChristine Harnos\nMark Greene's wife, then ex-wife\nJennifer \"Jenn\" Greene-Simon. Constantly bemoaned Mark's low-paying, high stress ER career and his refusal to take lucrative jobs elsewhere. Eventually left him, filed for divorce, and married someone else. Not much of a mother to Rachel, disappeared for good after Mark died.\n1994–1996, 1996–1998, 2001–2002\n\n\nHauser, ColeCole Hauser\nEx-husband of Samantha Taggart\nSteve Curtis\n2004\n\n\nHazlewood, Rebecca JaneRebecca Jane Hazlewood\nCousin of Neela Rasgotra\nJaspreet\n2008\n\n\nHelgenberger, MargMarg Helgenberger\nDoug Ross's girlfriend & his father's boss\nKaren Hines\n1996\n\n\nHirsh, HalleeHallee Hirsh\nDaughter of Mark Greene (Earlier played by Yvonne Zima)\nRachel Greene\n2001–2002; 2004; 2009\n\n\nHudson, ErnieErnie Hudson\nFather of Michael Gallant\nColonel James Gallant\n2006\n\n\nHurd, MichelleMichelle Hurd\nGirlfriend of Kerri Weaver\nCourtney Brown\n2006–2007\n\n\nJanes, DominicDominic Janes\nSon of Samantha Taggart\nAlex Taggart\n2005–2009\n\n\nKeach, StacyStacy Keach\nFather of Tony Gates\nMike Gates\n2007\n\n\nGreenfield, ChloeChloe Greenfield\nDaughter of Tony Gates\nSarah Gates\n2006–2009\n\n\nKher, AnupamAnupam Kher\nFather of Neela Rasgotra\nAjay Rasgotra\n2004\n\n\nKher, KironKiron Kher\nMother of Neela Rasgotra\nMrs. Rasgotra\n2004\n\n\nKwan, NancyNancy Kwan\nMother of Jing-Mei Chen\nLin Chen\n2000\n\n\nLaurie, PiperPiper Laurie\nMother of Doug Ross\nSarah Ross\n1995–1996\n\n\nMadigan, AmyAmy Madigan\nMother of Samantha Taggart\nMary Taggart\n2009\n\n\nMayeux, RosaleeRosalee Mayeux\nMother of Ray Barnett\nJacy Barnett\n2007\n\n\nMcDonnell, MaryMary McDonnell\nMother of John Carter\nEleanor Carter (née Ferguson)\n2001\n\n\nMcFarlane, AndrewAndrew McFarlane\nNephew of Peter Benton\nJesse Robbins\n2000\n\n\nMorgan, TrevorTrevor Morgan\nSon of Donald Anspaugh\nScott Anspaugh\n1998\n\n\nNewton, ThandieThandie Newton\nGirlfriend and later wife of John Carter\nMakemba \"Kem\" Likasu-Carter. Met John on a medical relief mission in the Congo. Fell in love with him and planned to be with him in Chicago, but their relationship never recovered after their son died in utero.\n2003–2005; 2009\n\n\nNozick, BruceBruce Nozick\n2nd husband of Jennifer \"Jenn\" Greene-Simon\nCraig Simon\n1995–1996\n\n\nParfitt, JudyJudy Parfitt\nMother of Elizabeth Corday\nIsabelle Corday\n2000–2002\n\n\nParker, AndreaAndrea Parker\nGirlfriend of Doug Ross\nLinda Farrell\n1994–1995\n\n\nPerrine, ValerieValerie Perrine\nMother of Susan Lewis\nCookie Lewis. A selfish, self-centered woman who constantly enabled Chloe and disappointed Susan.\n1995\n\n\nRadanovich, ZoranZoran Radanovich\nBrother of Luka Kovač\nNiko Kovač\n2007\n\n\nRalph, Sheryl LeeSheryl Lee Ralph\nMother of Michael Gallant\nGloria Gallant\n2006\n\n\nRichards, BeahBeah Richards\nMother of Peter Benton\nMae Benton\n1994–1995\n\n\nRhames, VingVing Rhames\nBrother-in-law to Peter Benton\nWalter Robbins\n1994–1996\n\n\nScarfe, JonathanJonathan Scarfe\nCousin of John Carter\nChase Carter. Spoiled rotten young man who fell into heroin addiction and was left nearly vegetative after an overdose, but was last shown having improved greatly and being able to function in a limited manner.\n1997–1998, 2001\n\n\nScott, Tom EverettTom Everett Scott\nBrother of Abby Lockhart\nEric Wyczenski\n2002–2003\n\n\nSmith, LoisLois Smith\nGrandmother of Samantha Taggart\nGracie\n2007\n\n\nSternhagen, FrancesFrances Sternhagen\nGrandmother of John Carter\nMillicent \"Gamma\" Carter\n1997–2003\n\n\nThedford, MarcelloMarcello Thedford\nBrother of Greg Pratt\nLeon Pratt\n2002–2003\n\n\nValley, MarkMark Valley\nEx-husband of Abby Lockhart\nRichard Lockhart\n2000–2003\n\n\nVictor, RenéeRenée Victor\nMother-in-law of Kerry Weaver\nFlorina Lopez\n2004\n\n\nWalsh, GwynythGwynyth Walsh\nMother of Lucy Knight\nBarbara Knight\n2000\n\n\nWard, FredFred Ward\nFather of Abby Lockhart\nEddie Wyczenski\n2006–2007\n\n\nWatkins, MatthewMatthew Watkins\nSon of Peter Benton\nReese Benton\n1999–2001; 2009\n\n\nWilhoite, KathleenKathleen Wilhoite\nSister of Susan Lewis\nChloe Lewis\n1994–1996; 2002\n\n\nWilliams, VictorVictor Williams\nHusband of Carla Reece (Later played by Vondie Curtis-Hall)\nRoger McGrath\n1998–2001\n\n\nWoodward, ShannonShannon Woodward\nSister of Samantha Taggart\nKelly Taggart\n2009\n\n\nZima, YvonneYvonne Zima\nDaughter of Mark Greene (Later played by Hallee Hirsh)\nRachel Greene\n1994–2000\n\n\nActress uncredited\nSister of Lucien Dubenko\nVictoria Dubenko\n2006\n\n",
"\n\nActor/Actress\nCharacter Position\nCharacter Name\nYears of Appearance\n\n\nAlexander, KhandiKhandi Alexander\nSister to Peter Benton\nJackie Robbins\n1995–2001\n\n\nBartlett, BonnieBonnie Bartlett\nMother of Mark Greene. Died early in Season 6.\nRuth Greene\n1997–1998\n\n\nBeach, MichaelMichael Beach\nHusband of Jeanie Boulet. Contracted HIV, unwittingly passed it on to Jeanie, died offscreen of AIDS in 2008.\nAl Boulet (role played earlier by Bodison)\n1995–1997\n\n\nBodison, WolfgangWolfgang Bodison\nHusband of Jeanie Boulet\nAl Boulet (role later played by Beach)\n1995\n\n\nBowen, JulieJulie Bowen\nGirlfriend of John Carter. In Season 5, Carter dated her but then contrived an excuse to break up with her.\nRoxanne Please\n1998–1999\n\n\nCarson, Lisa NicoleLisa Nicole Carson\nGirlfriend of Peter Benton. Claimed he was the father of her baby, later said he wasn't (which was true) and tried to take Reese away from him but failed to. Later became erratic and vindictive before she died in an auto accident.\nCarla Reece\n1996–2001\n\n\nChinh, KieuKieu Chinh\nMother of Jing-Mei Chen\nLin Chen\n2003\n\n\nCheung, George KeeGeorge Kee Cheung\nFather of Jing-Mei Chen (later played by Henry O)\nMr. Chen. Suffered permanently debilitating injuries in a car crash in China that killed his wife. Later euthanized by Jing-Mei.\n2003–2004\n\n\nCullum, JohnJohn Cullum\nFather of Mark Greene, a military veteran who finally reconciled with his son before dying late in Season 6.\nDavid Greene\n1997–2000\n\n\nCulp, StevenSteven Culp\nBoyfriend of Elizabeth Corday\nDave Spencer\n2004\n\n\nDavis, OliverOliver Davis\nSon of Samantha Taggart\nAlex Taggart (later played by Dominic Janes)\n2003–2005\n\n\nMornay, Rebecca DeRebecca De Mornay\nCarter's cousin's ex-wife\nElaine Nichols\n1999\n\n\nDillahunt, GarretGarret Dillahunt\nEx-husband of Samantha Taggart (Earlier played by Cole Hauser)\nSteve Curtis\n2005–2006\n\n\nDooley, PaulPaul Dooley\nFather of Susan Lewis, proved to be a much better parent than his asshole wife.\nHenry Lewis\n1995–1996; 2004\n\n\nFarentino, JamesJames Farentino\nFather of Doug Ross\nRay Ross. A charming man with issues not unlike the son he was never a father to. Died in a car accident in 1997.\n1996\n\n\nField, SallySally Field\nMother of Abby Lockhart\nMaggie Wyczenski\n2000–2006\n\n\nFisher, FrancesFrances Fisher\nMother of Kerry Weaver\nHelen Kingsley. A born-again Christian who gave Kerry up for adoption after giving birth as a teenager. Could not accept Kerry's homosexuality, leading Kerry to not pursue any further contact with her.\n2005\n\n\nFreeman, PaulPaul Freeman\nFather of Elizabeth Corday\nDr Charles Corday\n1998, 2001–2002\n\n\nGlover, DannyDanny Glover\nFather of Greg Pratt\nCharlie Pratt. Greg's long-lost father, who Greg located and tried to forgive for abandoning him, but ultimately couldn't do so.\n2005\n\n\nGregorio, RoseRose Gregorio\nMother of Carol Hathaway, who initially hated Doug and constantly undermined and fought with her daughter, but later was a good and loved parent.\nHelen Hathaway\n1996–1999\n\n\nGross, MichaelMichael Gross\nFather of John Carter. Ineffectual man whom his son loved but didn't respect.\nJohn \"Jack\" Carter Jr.\n2001–2004\n\n\nCurtis-Hall, VondieVondie Curtis-Hall\nHusband of Carla Reece (Earlier played by Victor Williams)\nRoger McGrath\n2001\n\n\nHarris, EstelleEstelle Harris\nMother of Jerry Markovic\nMrs. Markovic\n2006\n\n\nHarnos, ChristineChristine Harnos\nMark Greene's wife, then ex-wife\nJennifer \"Jenn\" Greene-Simon. Constantly bemoaned Mark's low-paying, high stress ER career and his refusal to take lucrative jobs elsewhere. Eventually left him, filed for divorce, and married someone else. Not much of a mother to Rachel, disappeared for good after Mark died.\n1994–1996, 1996–1998, 2001–2002\n\n\nHauser, ColeCole Hauser\nEx-husband of Samantha Taggart\nSteve Curtis\n2004\n\n\nHazlewood, Rebecca JaneRebecca Jane Hazlewood\nCousin of Neela Rasgotra\nJaspreet\n2008\n\n\nHelgenberger, MargMarg Helgenberger\nDoug Ross's girlfriend & his father's boss\nKaren Hines\n1996\n\n\nHirsh, HalleeHallee Hirsh\nDaughter of Mark Greene (Earlier played by Yvonne Zima)\nRachel Greene\n2001–2002; 2004; 2009\n\n\nHudson, ErnieErnie Hudson\nFather of Michael Gallant\nColonel James Gallant\n2006\n\n\nHurd, MichelleMichelle Hurd\nGirlfriend of Kerri Weaver\nCourtney Brown\n2006–2007\n\n\nJanes, DominicDominic Janes\nSon of Samantha Taggart\nAlex Taggart\n2005–2009\n\n\nKeach, StacyStacy Keach\nFather of Tony Gates\nMike Gates\n2007\n\n\nGreenfield, ChloeChloe Greenfield\nDaughter of Tony Gates\nSarah Gates\n2006–2009\n\n\nKher, AnupamAnupam Kher\nFather of Neela Rasgotra\nAjay Rasgotra\n2004\n\n\nKher, KironKiron Kher\nMother of Neela Rasgotra\nMrs. Rasgotra\n2004\n\n\nKwan, NancyNancy Kwan\nMother of Jing-Mei Chen\nLin Chen\n2000\n\n\nLaurie, PiperPiper Laurie\nMother of Doug Ross\nSarah Ross\n1995–1996\n\n\nMadigan, AmyAmy Madigan\nMother of Samantha Taggart\nMary Taggart\n2009\n\n\nMayeux, RosaleeRosalee Mayeux\nMother of Ray Barnett\nJacy Barnett\n2007\n\n\nMcDonnell, MaryMary McDonnell\nMother of John Carter\nEleanor Carter (née Ferguson)\n2001\n\n\nMcFarlane, AndrewAndrew McFarlane\nNephew of Peter Benton\nJesse Robbins\n2000\n\n\nMorgan, TrevorTrevor Morgan\nSon of Donald Anspaugh\nScott Anspaugh\n1998\n\n\nNewton, ThandieThandie Newton\nGirlfriend and later wife of John Carter\nMakemba \"Kem\" Likasu-Carter. Met John on a medical relief mission in the Congo. Fell in love with him and planned to be with him in Chicago, but their relationship never recovered after their son died in utero.\n2003–2005; 2009\n\n\nNozick, BruceBruce Nozick\n2nd husband of Jennifer \"Jenn\" Greene-Simon\nCraig Simon\n1995–1996\n\n\nParfitt, JudyJudy Parfitt\nMother of Elizabeth Corday\nIsabelle Corday\n2000–2002\n\n\nParker, AndreaAndrea Parker\nGirlfriend of Doug Ross\nLinda Farrell\n1994–1995\n\n\nPerrine, ValerieValerie Perrine\nMother of Susan Lewis\nCookie Lewis. A selfish, self-centered woman who constantly enabled Chloe and disappointed Susan.\n1995\n\n\nRadanovich, ZoranZoran Radanovich\nBrother of Luka Kovač\nNiko Kovač\n2007\n\n\nRalph, Sheryl LeeSheryl Lee Ralph\nMother of Michael Gallant\nGloria Gallant\n2006\n\n\nRichards, BeahBeah Richards\nMother of Peter Benton\nMae Benton\n1994–1995\n\n\nRhames, VingVing Rhames\nBrother-in-law to Peter Benton\nWalter Robbins\n1994–1996\n\n\nScarfe, JonathanJonathan Scarfe\nCousin of John Carter\nChase Carter. Spoiled rotten young man who fell into heroin addiction and was left nearly vegetative after an overdose, but was last shown having improved greatly and being able to function in a limited manner.\n1997–1998, 2001\n\n\nScott, Tom EverettTom Everett Scott\nBrother of Abby Lockhart\nEric Wyczenski\n2002–2003\n\n\nSmith, LoisLois Smith\nGrandmother of Samantha Taggart\nGracie\n2007\n\n\nSternhagen, FrancesFrances Sternhagen\nGrandmother of John Carter\nMillicent \"Gamma\" Carter\n1997–2003\n\n\nThedford, MarcelloMarcello Thedford\nBrother of Greg Pratt\nLeon Pratt\n2002–2003\n\n\nValley, MarkMark Valley\nEx-husband of Abby Lockhart\nRichard Lockhart\n2000–2003\n\n\nVictor, RenéeRenée Victor\nMother-in-law of Kerry Weaver\nFlorina Lopez\n2004\n\n\nWalsh, GwynythGwynyth Walsh\nMother of Lucy Knight\nBarbara Knight\n2000\n\n\nWard, FredFred Ward\nFather of Abby Lockhart\nEddie Wyczenski\n2006–2007\n\n\nWatkins, MatthewMatthew Watkins\nSon of Peter Benton\nReese Benton\n1999–2001; 2009\n\n\nWilhoite, KathleenKathleen Wilhoite\nSister of Susan Lewis\nChloe Lewis\n1994–1996; 2002\n\n\nWilliams, VictorVictor Williams\nHusband of Carla Reece (Later played by Vondie Curtis-Hall)\nRoger McGrath\n1998–2001\n\n\nWoodward, ShannonShannon Woodward\nSister of Samantha Taggart\nKelly Taggart\n2009\n\n\nZima, YvonneYvonne Zima\nDaughter of Mark Greene (Later played by Hallee Hirsh)\nRachel Greene\n1994–2000\n\n\nActress uncredited\nSister of Lucien Dubenko\nVictoria Dubenko\n2006\n\n"
] | [
"Yvonne Zima",
"Hallee Hirsh"
] |
-4285576270112959192 | Alan Ruck | Alan Ruck - wikipedia Alan Ruck Jump to : navigation , search Alan Ruck Ruck at the 2006 Dallas Comic Con Alan Douglas Ruck ( 1956 - 07 - 01 ) July 1 , 1956 ( age 61 ) Cleveland , Ohio , United States Alma mater University of Illinois at Urbana -- Champaign Occupation Actor Years active 1983 -- present Spouse ( s ) Claudia Stefany ( m . 1984 -- 2005 ) Mireille Enos ( m . 2008 ) Children Alan Douglas Ruck ( born July 1 , 1956 ) is an American actor . He played Cameron Frye , Ferris Bueller 's hypochondriac best friend in John Hughes ' Ferris Bueller 's Day Off ( 1986 ) , and Stuart Bondek , the lecherous , power - hungry member of the mayor 's staff in the ABC sitcom Spin City . His other notable films include Bad Boys ( 1983 ) , Three Fugitives ( 1989 ) , Young Guns II ( 1990 ) , Speed ( 1994 ) , Twister ( 1996 ) , and Kickin ' It Old Skool ( 2007 ) . In 2016 , he co-starred with Geena Davis in an updated Fox TV adaptation of William Peter Blatty 's best - selling novel The Exorcist . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 5 References 6 External links Early life ( edit ) Ruck was born in Cleveland , Ohio , to a schoolteacher mother and a father who worked for a pharmaceutical company . He attended Parma Senior High School located in Parma , Ohio , and graduated from the University of Illinois with a B.F.A. in drama in 1979 . He recalled : After school , I went up to Chicago , because I did n't really know anybody in New York or Los Angeles , and I knew people who were doing plays in Chicago . So I went up there , and I knocked around a little bit . And I guess about a year after I was out of school , I got my first job . Ruck made his Broadway debut in 1985 in Neil Simon 's Biloxi Blues with Matthew Broderick . Early on , Ruck was a prominent stage actor at many theaters around the country , including Wisdom Bridge Theatre in Chicago . In his initial foray into film acting , Ruck appeared in Class and Hard Knocks as well as some television films . Career ( edit ) Ruck 's first film role was in the 1983 drama film Bad Boys , where he played Carl Brennan , Sean Penn 's friend in the film . The same year he played Roger Jackson in Class , with his role as Cameron Frye , Ferris Bueller 's hypochondriac best friend in John Hughes ' Ferris Bueller 's Day Off coming three years later . One of his other film roles was in the 1987 film Three for the Road . Ruck later appeared in the 1989 comedy film Three Fugitives . Following that , he played a significant role as Hendry William French in Young Guns II , the 1990 sequel to Young Guns . He also played Captain John Harriman of the USS Enterprise - B in the 1994 film , Star Trek Generations , a role which he has reprised along with Generations co-star Walter Koenig and other Trek alumni in the fan film Of Gods and Men . Alan also played an annoying tourist named Doug Stephens on an ill - fated bus in the blockbuster Speed . Another supporting role was of the eccentric storm chaser Robert ' Rabbit ' Nurick in the 1996 disaster film Twister . From 1990 to 1991 , Ruck starred as Chicago ad man Charlie Davis , in the ABC series Going Places . ABC canceled the series after one season ( 22 episodes ) . He appeared in the series Daddy 's Girls in 1994 , which was canceled after three episodes . From 1996 to 2002 , Alan played Stuart Bondek in the sitcom Spin City alongside Michael J. Fox and later , Charlie Sheen . In 2005 , he played Leo Bloom in the Broadway version of Mel Brooks ' The Producers , a role also played by his Ferris Bueller co-star , Matthew Broderick . Ruck was then cast in the pilot of the Tim Minear - created Fox Network series Drive , but did not appear in the actual series . He also starred in one episode of the Comedy Central sitcom Stella as Richard , a man looking for work . He later starred in the season two Scrubs episode `` My Lucky Day '' as a patient , and played reporter Steve Jacobson on the ESPN miniseries The Bronx Is Burning . In 1998 , Ruck guest starred in the fifth episode of the HBO miniseries From the Earth to the Moon as the NASA engineer Tom Dolan . In 2006 , Ruck guest starred in a single episode of Stargate Atlantis called `` The Real World '' and , in 2007 , as unscrupulous property developer Albert Bunford in an episode of Medium . In the 2007 comedy Kickin ' It Old Skool , he appears as Dr. Frye , a possible connection to Cameron Frye ; he even mentions still trying to pay off an old Ferrari , a reference to Cameron totaling his dad 's Ferrari in Ferris Bueller 's Day Off . Ruck played the part of a ghost of a family man in the 2008 film Ghost Town starring Ricky Gervais . In 2009 , he had a minor role as a married man named Frank in an episode of Cougar Town . In his role , he has problems with his marriage due to a crush he had long ago on Jules , played by Courteney Cox . Ruck also has a small role in the 2008 M. Night Shyamalan film , The Happening . He recently played the role of Dean Bowman in the college fraternity drama , Greek . He appeared in a guest role as a manic geologist in an episode of Eureka . Additionally , he plays Mr. Cooverman in the film I Love You , Beth Cooper . In 2009 , Ruck filmed the medical drama Extraordinary Measures in Portland , Oregon , with star Harrison Ford . Ruck then appeared as a bank robber in a season three episode of the USA Network series Psych , and as a lawyer in season five of the ABC series Boston Legal . He recently guest starred as Martin , a magazine reporter , on an episode of Ruby & the Rockits entitled `` We Are Family ? '' . In 2010 , Ruck was cast as a lead character in the NBC mystery - drama , Persons Unknown . He also guest - starred on the television show Fringe as a scientist turned criminal , in the NCIS : Los Angeles season two episode `` Borderline '' , and guest - starred as ex-money laundering accountant turned dentist , on an episode of Justified entitled `` Long in the Tooth '' . He also appeared in the Grey 's Anatomy season five episode `` In The Midnight Hour '' . In 2012 , Ruck was cast in the ABC Family series Bunheads as the husband to Sutton Foster 's character , Michelle . In 2013 , he appeared in NCIS , guest - starring in the season 11 episode , `` Gut Check '' . In autumn 2016 , Ruck began a 10 - episode run as Henry Rance , the husband ( who has suffered mild brain damage in a vaguely - explained accident ) of Angela Rance ( Geena Davis ) , better known as the all - grown - up Regan MacNeil , the tortured girl ( played by Linda Blair ) who is possessed by a demon in the 1973 hit film The Exorcist . This Fox TV adaptation is `` inspired by '' the 1971 William Peter Blatty best - selling novel . In this update , the demon that tortured Regan / Angela as a girl did not die as it did at the end of the feature film , and it now inhabits one of Angela and Henry 's daughters . Once again , they must turn to exorcism - practicing priests ( Alfonso Herrera , Ben Daniels ) for help . Regan / Angela 's mother , Chris MacNeil ( played by recurring guest star Sharon Gless and Ellen Burstyn in the feature film ) , is welcomed by the rest of the family but utterly scorned by her own daughter . Personal life ( edit ) This section of a biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately , especially if potentially libelous or harmful . ( December 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Ruck married Claudia Stefany in 1984 , and had two children with her -- a daughter , Emma , and a son , Sam . They divorced in 2005 . He married actress Mireille Enos on January 4 , 2008 . They met in 2005 while co-starring in the Broadway revival of Absurd Person Singular . Mireille gave birth to their daughter Vesper in 2010 . On February 12 , 2014 , the couple announced their second child was on the way and their son Larkin was born in July 2014 . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes Bad Boys Carl Brennan Class Roger Jackson 1986 Ferris Bueller 's Day Off Cameron Frye Three for the Road T.S. Shooter Stork O'Connor 1989 Bloodhounds of Broadway John Wangle 1989 Three Fugitives Inspector Tener Young Guns II Hendry William French 1994 Star Trek Generations John Harriman 1994 Speed Doug Stephens 1995 Born to Be Wild Dan Woodley Twister Robert `` Rabbit '' Nurick 1998 Walking to the Waterline Duane Hopwood 1998 The Ransom of Red Chief Ambrose Dorset 2003 Cheaper by the Dozen Bill Shenk 2007 Kickin ' It Old Skool Dr. Frye 2008 Ghost Town Ghost Dad 2008 Eavesdrop Casper 2008 The Happening School Principal 2008 InAlienable Dr. Proway 2008 Star Trek : Of Gods and Men John Harriman 2009 I Love You , Beth Cooper Mr. Cooverman 2009 Do n't You Forget About Me Himself Extraordinary Measures Pete Sutphen 2012 Goats Dr. Eldridge 2012 Shanghai Calling Marcus Groff 2016 Carnage Park Sheriff Wyatt Moss 2016 Dreamland Walter 2017 War Machine Pat McKinnon 2018 Gringo Jerry Post-production 2018 Sierra Burgess Is a Loser Mr. Burgess Post-production 2018 Captive State Rittenhouse Post-production Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1984 Hard Knox Frankie Tyrone Television film 1989 The Famous Teddy Z Sheldon Samms Episode : `` Teddy Sells the House '' 1990 -- 1991 Going Places Charlie Davis 19 episodes Picket Fences Patrick Gatwood Episode : `` Unlawful Entries '' 1994 Daddy 's Girls Lenny 3 episodes 1995 Muscle Dr. Marshall Jones 13 episodes 1995 -- 1996 Mad About You Lance Brockwell 4 episodes The Outer Limits Howard Sharp Episode : `` Unnatural Selection '' 1996 -- 2002 Spin City Stewart Bondek 140 episodes 1998 From the Earth to the Moon Tom Dolan Episode : `` Spider '' 1998 The Ransom of Red Chief Ambrose Dorset Television film 2005 Scrubs Mr. Bragin Episode : `` My Lucky Day '' 2006 Stargate Atlantis Dr. Fletcher Episode : `` The Real World '' 2007 Drive John Ashton Episode : `` Unaired Pilot '' 2007 Medium Albert Bunford Episode : `` Second Opinion '' 2007 Ghost Whisperer Steve Sinclair Episode : `` Bad Blood '' 2007 -- 2011 Greek Dean Bowman 6 episodes 2008 Eureka Dr. Hood Episode : `` Best In Faux '' 2008 Boston Legal Wayne Davidson Episode : `` Kill , Baby , Kill ! '' 2008 Psych Phil Stubbins Episode : `` Gus Walks Into a Bank '' 2009 Ruby & the Rockits Martin Wexler Episode : `` We Are Family ? '' Numbers Arnold Winslow Episode : `` Growin ' Up '' 2009 Cougartown Frank Miller Episode : `` Two Gunslingers '' CSI : Miami Dr. Allan Beckham Episode : `` Show Stopper '' CSI : Crime Scene Investigation Buddy Mills Episode : `` Unshockable '' Persons Unknown Charlie Morse 13 episodes Rules of Engagement Dr. Greenblatt Episode : `` The Four Pillars '' Justified Roland Pike Episode : `` Long in the Tooth '' NCIS : Los Angeles Donald Wexling Episode : `` Borderline '' 2011 Fringe Dr. Krick Episode : `` Os '' 2011 Five Sam Jarente Television film 2012 -- 2013 Bunheads Hubbell Flowers 3 episodes 2012 Ben and Kate Principal Geoff Feeney Episode : `` Bad Cop / Bad Cop '' 2012 Hawaii Five - 0 Brian Slater Episode : `` Ohuna '' 2013 Burn Notice Max Lyster Episode : `` Reckoning '' 2013 NCIS Ward Davis Episode : `` Gut Check '' 2013 Hot in Cleveland Reverend Lare Episode : `` Magic Diet Candy '' 2013 Zombie Night Joseph Television film 2014 Intelligence Jonathan Cain Episode : `` Cain and Gabriel '' 2014 Psych Ruben Leonard Episode : `` Cloudy ... With a Chance of Improvement '' 2015 Hindsight Harry Lavigne Episode : `` ... Then I 'll Know '' 2015 The Whispers Alex Myers 4 episodes 2015 Major Crimes Special Agent Jerry Shea Episode : `` Hostage to Fortune '' 2016 The Middle Mr. Kershaw 2 episodes 2016 Cooper Barrett 's Guide to Surviving Life Mark Barrett Episode : `` How to Survive Your Parents ' Visit '' 2016 The Catch Gordon Bailey 2 episodes 2016 The Exorcist Henry Rance 10 episodes 2016 The Loud House Tetherby / Cop Episode : `` Attention Deficit / Out on a Limo '' TBA Succession Connor Roy Upcoming series References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www2.ljworld.com/news/2005/nov/05/alan_rucks_day/ ^ Jump up to : Haithman , Diane ( 1986 - 07 - 03 ) . `` Ruck Just Put Himself Into His ' Day Off ' Role '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 25 . Jump up ^ Cast list at official forum for Star Trek : Of Gods and Men . Jump up ^ `` Alan Ruck Bio '' . Biography.com . Retrieved July 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Extraordinary Measures '' . IMDb.com , Inc . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` News and Culture : Brenden Fraser 's Untitled Crowley Project Now Has ( Another ) Terrible Title '' . Willamette Week . September 24 , 2009 . Archived from the original on 23 October 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Alan Ruck and Mireille Enos Expecting Second Child '' . PEOPLE.com . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 26 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Alan Ruck . Alan Ruck on IMDb Alan Ruck at the TCM Movie Database Alan Ruck at AllMovie VIAF : 163627790 LCCN : no2005065202 ISNI : 0000 0001 1483 1858 BNF : cb142229086 ( data ) MusicBrainz : 41997be7 - c89e - 42d3 - a1a5 - c7627b6adfa6 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alan_Ruck&oldid=815866188 '' Categories : 1956 births 20th - century American male actors 21st - century American male actors American male film actors American male musical theatre actors American male television actors Living people Male actors from Cleveland University of Illinois at Urbana -- Champaign alumni Hidden categories : Articles with hCards BLP articles lacking sources from December 2015 All BLP articles lacking sources Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Latina Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Plattdüütsch Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 17 December 2017 , at 18 : 24 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who played cameron in ferris bueller's day off | [
"Alan Douglas Ruck (born July 1, 1956) is an American actor. He played Cameron Frye, Ferris Bueller's hypochondriac best friend in John Hughes' Ferris Bueller's Day Off (1986), and Stuart Bondek, the lecherous, power-hungry member of the mayor's staff in the ABC sitcom Spin City. His other notable films include Bad Boys (1983), Three Fugitives (1989), Young Guns II (1990), Speed (1994), Twister (1996), and Kickin' It Old Skool (2007). In 2016, he co-starred with Geena Davis in an updated Fox TV adaptation of William Peter Blatty's best-selling novel The Exorcist."
] | [
"Alan Douglas Ruck"
] |
2906759162204356465 | How I Met Your Mother | How I Met Your Mother - wikipedia How I Met Your Mother Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) How I Met Your Mother Genre Sitcom Romantic comedy Created by Carter Bays Craig Thomas Starring Josh Radnor Jason Segel Cobie Smulders Neil Patrick Harris Alyson Hannigan Cristin Milioti Narrated by Bob Saget Opening theme `` Hey , Beautiful '' by The Solids Composer ( s ) John Swihart Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 9 No. of episodes 208 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Carter Bays Craig Thomas Rob Greenberg Pamela Fryman Eileen Heisler DeAnn Heline Greg Malins Chris Harris Stephen Lloyd Kourtney Kang Jamie Rhonheimer Chuck Tatham Producer ( s ) Randy Cordray Suzy Mamann Greenberg Chris Harris Jamie Rhonheimer Kourtney Kang Brenda Hsueh Theresa Mulligan Rosenthal Stewart Halpern - Fingerhut Rob Greenberg Tami Sagher Camera setup Multi-camera Running time 22 minutes Production company ( s ) Bays & Thomas Productions 20th Century Fox Television Distributor 20th Television Release Original network CBS Picture format 1080i ( 16 : 9 HDTV ) Audio format Dolby Digital 5.1 Original release September 19 , 2005 ( 2005 - 09 - 19 ) -- March 31 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 31 ) External links Official website www.cbs.com/shows/how_i_met_your_mother How I Met Your Mother ( often abbreviated to HIMYM ) is an American sitcom that originally aired on CBS from September 19 , 2005 to March 31 , 2014 . The series follows the main character , Ted Mosby , and his group of friends in Manhattan . As a framing device , Ted , in the year 2030 , recounts to his son and daughter the events that led him to meet their mother . The series was created by Craig Thomas and Carter Bays , who also served as the show 's executive producers and were frequent writers . The series was loosely inspired by their friendship when they both lived in New York City . Among the 208 episodes , there were only four directors : Pamela Fryman ( 196 episodes ) , Rob Greenberg ( 7 episodes ) , Michael Shea ( 4 episodes ) , and Neil Patrick Harris ( 1 episode ) . Known for its unique structure , eccentric humor , and incorporation of dramatic elements , How I Met Your Mother has gained a cult following over the years . The show initially received positive reviews , while the later seasons received more mixed reviews . The show was nominated for 28 Emmy Awards , winning nine . In 2010 , Alyson Hannigan won the People 's Choice Award for Favorite TV Comedy Actress . In 2012 , seven years after its premiere , the series won the People 's Choice Award for Favorite Network TV Comedy , and Neil Patrick Harris won the award for Favorite TV Comedy Actor . The ninth and final season began airing on September 23 , 2013 , and concluded on March 31 , 2014 , with a double - length finale episode , which received polarized reviews from critics and fans alike for its controversial twist ending , as many critics and fans believed it contradicted many of the previous episodes . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Production 3 Cast and characters 4 Season synopsis 4.1 Season 1 4.2 Season 2 4.3 Season 3 4.4 Season 4 4.5 Season 5 4.6 Season 6 4.7 Season 7 4.8 Season 8 4.9 Season 9 5 Critical reception 6 Tie - ins 6.1 Books 6.2 Soundtracks 6.3 Pineapple Incident Explained 6.4 Proposed spin - offs 6.4. 1 How I Met Your Dad 6.4. 2 How I Met Your Father ( First attempt ) 6.4. 3 How I Met Your Father ( Second attempt ) 6.5 Russian adaptation 7 Nielsen ratings 8 Awards and nominations 9 DVD releases 10 References 11 External links Premise ( edit ) The series concerns the adventures of Ted Mosby ( played by Josh Radnor ) narrating the story of how he met the mother of his children . The story goes into a flashback and starts in 2005 with a 27 - year - old Ted Mosby living in New York City and working as an architect ; the narrative deals primarily with his best friends , including the long - lasting couple Marshall Eriksen ( Jason Segel ) and Lily Aldrin ( Alyson Hannigan ) ; the eccentric , womanizing - playboy Barney Stinson ( Neil Patrick Harris ) ; and news reporter Robin Scherbatsky ( Cobie Smulders ) . The lives of all characters are entwined in each others . The series explores many storylines , including a `` will they or wo n't they '' relationship between Robin and each of the two single male friends , Marshall and Lily 's relationship , and the ups and downs of the characters ' careers . The show 's frame story depicts Ted ( voice of Bob Saget , uncredited ) verbally retelling the story to his son Luke ( David Henrie ) and daughter Penny ( Lyndsy Fonseca ) as they sit on the couch in the year 2030 . This future - set frame is officially the show 's `` present day '' and How I Met Your Mother exploits this framing device in numerous ways : to depict and re-depict events from multiple points of view ; to set up jokes using quick and sometimes multiple flashbacks nested within the oral retelling ; to substitute visual , verbal or aural euphemisms for activities Ted does n't want to talk about with his children ( sexual practices , use of illicit substances , vulgar language , etc . ) ; and even to add some elements of humor : in the episode `` How I Met Everyone Else '' , Ted describes his dates with a girlfriend whose name he has forgotten , leading all characters to act as though her given name were `` Blah - Blah . '' While the traditional love - story structure begins when the romantic leads first encounter each other , How I Met Your Mother does not introduce Ted 's wife ( Cristin Milioti ) until the eighth - season finale , and only announces her name ( Tracy McConnell ) during the series finale . The show instead focuses on Ted 's prior relationships and his dissatisfaction with those women , thus setting the stage for his eventual happiness with Tracy . Production ( edit ) How I Met Your Mother was inspired by Carter Bays and Craig Thomas 's idea to `` write about our friends and the stupid stuff we did in New York '' , where they previously worked as writers for Late Show with David Letterman , among others . The two drew from their friendship in creating the characters . Ted is based loosely on Bays , and Marshall and Lily are based loosely on Thomas and his wife . Thomas ' wife Rebecca was initially reluctant to have a character based on her but agreed if they could get Alyson Hannigan to play her . Hannigan was looking to do more comedy work and was available . Josh Radnor and Jason Segel , who were cast as Ted and Marshall , respectively , were not well known , though Segel had been a cast member on the short - lived Freaks and Geeks and a recurring guest star on Judd Apatow follow - up Undeclared . The role of Barney was initially envisioned as a `` John Belushi - type character '' before Neil Patrick Harris won the role after being invited to an audition by the show 's casting director Megan Branman . Pamela Fryman invited Bob Saget to be the voiceover narrator , Future Ted , explaining to him that the show would be like The Wonder Years but `` kind of into the future '' . Saget either went to the television studio and recorded the narration while watching the episode , or did so separately and rerecorded with the episode if necessary . He normally did not attend table readings but did so for the last episode . In various interviews Bays and Thomas have stated that `` a pretty famous actress '' turned down the role of Robin , whom they revealed in February 2014 to have been Jennifer Love Hewitt . They then cast Cobie Smulders for the role who , at the time , was fairly unknown . Bays and Thomas later said , `` Thank God we did for a million reasons ... when Ted 's seeing her for the first time , America 's seeing her for the first time -- the intriguingness of that propelled the show going forward and kept the show alive '' . Although Ted is initially smitten by Robin in the pilot , it is quickly established at the end of the episode that she is not the mother , which Thomas said was done so they would not copy or rehash the `` will they or wo n't they '' Ross and Rachel storyline from Friends . According to an Entertainment Weekly article , the writers adopted facets of each main actor 's personality and incorporated them into their characters . This includes Neil Patrick Harris 's skills with magic , Jason Segel 's passion for songwriting , Alyson Hannigan 's absent - mindedness while pregnant , and Josh Radnor 's intellectualism . MacLaren 's , an Irish bar in the middle of New York , in which some of the show is set , is loosely based on four favorite bars of Bays , Thomas and others from the Late Show staff . They include : McGee 's , a Midtown tavern near the Ed Sullivan Theater where the Late Show is taped ; McHale 's , a legendary Hell 's Kitchen bar which closed in 2006 ; Chumley 's , a since - closed historic Greenwich Village pub ; and Fez , another closed bar on the Upper West Side . McGee 's had a mural that Bays and Thomas both liked and wanted to incorporate into the show . The name for the bar is from Carter Bays ' assistant , Carl MacLaren ; the bartender in the show is also named Carl . Episodes were generally shot over a three - day period in the Los Angeles - based Soundstage Studio 22 and featured upwards of 50 scenes with quick transitions and flashbacks . However , the `` Pilot '' episode was filmed at CBS Radford . The laugh track was later created by recording an audience being shown the final edited episode . Thomas claimed that shooting before a live audience would have been impossible because of the structure of the show and the numerous flashforwards in each episode and because doing so `` would blur the line between ' audience ' and ' hostage situation ' '' . Later seasons started filming in front of an audience on occasion when smaller sets were used . The theme song is a portion of `` Hey Beautiful '' by The Solids , of which Bays and Thomas are members . Episodes from Season 1 generally started with the opening credits . A cold opening has been used since Season 2 . Viewers then occasionally see Ted 's children on a couch and hear him talking to them , telling the story of how he met their mother . Alternatively , scenes from previous episodes or shots of New York City with Ted narrating over the top are shown . Thomas has stated that Future Ted is an unreliable narrator since he is trying to tell a story that happened over 20 years earlier ; this has been a plot point in several episodes including `` The Goat '' , `` Oh Honey '' , `` How I Met Everyone Else '' and `` The Mermaid Theory '' . Nevertheless , Thomas has also emphasized maintaining a coherent and consistent universe and trying to avoid continuity errors , a problem he noticed in other shows . A scene relating to the identity of the mother , involving Ted 's future children , was filmed in 2006 for the show 's eventual series finale . This was done because it was likely that the teenage actors portraying them would be adults by the time the final season was shot . During the 2007 -- 2008 Writers Guild of America strike , How I Met Your Mother shut - down production ; when the strike ended , the show returned on March 17 , 2008 , with nine new episodes . The network announced a change in the timeslot to 8 : 30 pm ET / 7 : 30 pm CT , flip - flopping from the summer schedule with The Big Bang Theory . CBS renewed the show for a fourth season on May 14 , 2008 , which premiered on September 22 , 2008 . In September 2008 , Lifetime Television announced it had purchased the cable rerun rights to How I Met Your Mother at a rate of about $725,000 per episode . The four - year syndication contract stipulated that the studio deliver at least 110 half - hour episodes by the year 2010 , and allowed for up to eight seasons of the show . At the end of the fourth season only 88 episodes had been produced , and a further 22 episodes were required , ensuring that there would be a fifth season . There also was a complication with the writing of the show due to the absence of actress Alyson Hannigan due to her pregnancy . The writers had to create episodes that did not include one of the five main characters . On May 19 , 2009 , the fifth - season renewal was announced . May 20 , 2009 , CBS announced that How I Met Your Mother would again be aired at 8 pm , leading into the new comedy Accidentally on Purpose . On January 12 , 2010 , the show aired its 100th episode and CBS announced that the series would return for a sixth season . Upon learning that the series would be syndicated , Thomas said , `` We 're thrilled that it will live on in other forms , '' and they were proud of the show and it was great to see the strong demand . Reruns of the series began airing on local U.S. broadcast television stations and on Chicago - based cable superstation WGN America September 13 , 2010 . Featured in these airings are vanity cards previously unseen in the CBS and Lifetime airings due to marginalized credit sequences used by the two networks . Shown in between the closing credits and the production company credits , these vanity cards show portions of `` The Bro Code '' , a list of rules frequently referenced by Harris ' character , Barney Stinson , on how men should interact with each other , with an emphasis on activities involving pursuing members of the opposite sex . The opening theme song for the syndicated reruns is also slightly edited , running shorter and not using all the pictures seen in the opening montage that runs on DVD and the original CBS broadcasts . The episodes are also slightly edited , leaving out a few details . One of the series ' ongoing traditions involves giving guest roles to actors from various Joss Whedon productions , many of whom co-starred with Hannigan on Buffy the Vampire Slayer . Bays attributes this to their being `` huge fans '' and to those casts representing `` a big talent pool '' . On March 4 , 2011 , CBS announced that the show had been renewed for two more seasons , with the seventh season premiering with back - to - back episodes on September 19 , 2011 . On July 27 , 2011 , the FX channel announced it had picked up the series for syndication . On September 5 , 2011 , FX began airing the series . Although cast members had previously stated that the show would not run longer than eight seasons , a ninth season was secured in December 2012 amidst tense negotiations with the studios and the actors -- especially Jason Segel , who had wanted to move on to other ventures after the eighth season . During these negotiations , Bays and Thomas originally approached the eighth season as if it was the show 's last year , but also had a `` Plan B '' if the show was renewed . After producers secured a ninth and final season , they implemented plans to secretly cast the titular future mother , with Cristin Milioti eventually winning the role , besting at least two other contenders . Milioti first appeared in the last scene in the season eight finale `` Something New '' and was a regular cast member in the show 's final season . This marked the first time that the show had expanded its core roster . In January 2013 , How I Met Your Mother was renewed for a ninth and final season . Carter Bays stated to Entertainment Weekly that season nine `` will feature some of the most non-linear episodes we 've ever done '' . The season nine premiere episode aired on September 23 , 2013 and the one - hour series finale aired on March 31 , 2014 . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main article : List of How I Met Your Mother characters Main cast Josh Radnor Cobie Smulders Neil Patrick Harris Alyson Hannigan Jason Segel Cristin Milioti Ted Mosby Robin Scherbatsky Barney Stinson Lily Aldrin Marshall Eriksen Tracy McConnell Josh Radnor as Ted Mosby , an architect , college professor and the central character of the series . He is the main protagonist where he tells the story of his adult years from his late twenties to his early thirties and about all his obstacles he has to endure before he meets The One aka the Mother . This story is told by the Older Ted Mosby , and narrator of the series , Bob Saget . Ted moved to New York City with his friends Marshall and Lily after graduating from Wesleyan University . In New York , he met Barney at the urinal of MacLaren 's and Robin , to whom he was immediately attracted . Ted is on a quest for happiness and `` The One '' , the woman he will marry . Ted prefers more elegant and high - class interests than his friends have . He goes to great lengths to profess his love to the women in his life , but they all falter eventually . Despite these qualities , Ted often acts immaturely , such as partaking in wild activities with Barney . He meets the love of his life ( the titular Mother ) in the show 's finale . Jason Segel as Marshall Eriksen , Ted 's best friend . In season 2 Marshall marries Lily , with whom he has been in love since his freshman year of college ; they have a child during season 7 . Marshall was born in St. Cloud , Minnesota . He has an interest in paranormal phenomenon , and mythical creatures , particularly Sasquatch . His dream to be an environmental lawyer conflicts with his immediate need for money , such as for his wedding and to raise his children . Cobie Smulders as Robin Scherbatsky , a news anchor who has on - again off - again relationships with both Ted and Barney . Robin emigrated from Canada to take a job in a news station and met Ted at MacLaren 's ; her Canadian background is a source of many jokes from her friends . She is shown to be very career - centric and rejects traditional roles , such as getting married and having kids . Robin often drinks scotch and smokes cigars , and she is an avid gun fan . She and Barney get engaged and later marry in the first part of the series finale , but divorce in the second part , three years later . Neil Patrick Harris as Barney Stinson is a serial playboy , using his relative wealth and an array of outrageous strategies to seduce women for sex with no intention of engaging in a relationship . His catchphrases include ' Suit Up ' and ' Legend - wait - for - it - Dary ' . He is Ted 's `` bro , '' often jealous of Marshall for having known Ted since college . Abandoned by his father at a young age , Barney has abandonment issues and clings to his friends . He marries Robin in the series finale but they divorce after three years . In 2020 , a failed one - night stand gives him a daughter , Ellie . Alyson Hannigan as Lily Aldrin , a kindergarten teacher , aspiring artist , and Marshall 's wife . She is terrible at keeping secrets , and can be manipulative at times . She marries Marshall in season 2 and gives birth to Marvin in season 7 . Though appearing sweet and cute , Lily can be quite unexpectedly fierce . Cristin Milioti as Tracy McConnell ( guest - season 8 ; main - season 9 ) , the future wife of Ted Mosby , The Mother . Tracy McConnell is first seen in the finale of season 8 , though her name is hinted at season 1 ( 01x09 `` Belly full of Turkey '' ) and officially revealed in the series finale . Ted falls madly in love with her , but in 2024 she passes away . Bob Saget as Future Ted Mosby ( voice only , uncredited ) , Ted 's future self , telling his children the story of how he met their mother , in the year 2030 . Season synopsis ( edit ) Main article : List of How I Met Your Mother episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 22 September 19 , 2005 ( 2005 - 09 - 19 ) May 15 , 2006 ( 2006 - 05 - 15 ) 22 September 18 , 2006 ( 2006 - 09 - 18 ) May 14 , 2007 ( 2007 - 05 - 14 ) 20 September 24 , 2007 ( 2007 - 09 - 24 ) May 19 , 2008 ( 2008 - 05 - 19 ) 24 September 22 , 2008 ( 2008 - 09 - 22 ) May 18 , 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 18 ) 5 24 September 21 , 2009 ( 2009 - 09 - 21 ) May 24 , 2010 ( 2010 - 05 - 24 ) 6 24 September 20 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 20 ) May 16 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 16 ) 7 24 September 19 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 19 ) May 14 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 14 ) 8 24 September 24 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 24 ) May 13 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 13 ) 9 24 September 23 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 23 ) March 31 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 31 ) Season 1 ( edit ) Main article : How I Met Your Mother ( season 1 ) In the year 2030 , Ted Mosby ( voiced by Bob Saget ) sits his daughter and son down to tell them the story of how he met their mother . The series begins in September 2005 with Ted ( Josh Radnor ) as a single , 27 - year - old architect living with his two best friends from his college years ; Marshall Eriksen ( Jason Segel ) , a law student , and Lily Aldrin ( Alyson Hannigan ) , a kindergarten teacher and an aspiring artist . Lily and Marshall have been dating for almost nine years when Marshall finally proposes . Their engagement causes Ted to think about marriage and finding his soul mate , much to the disgust of his self - appointed best friend Barney Stinson ( Neil Patrick Harris ) , whom he met in the restroom at a bar four years earlier . Barney is a serial womanizer who concocts elaborate con games , usually involving costumes and fake identities , designed to bed women , only to lose interest in them immediately afterward . Ted begins his search for his perfect soul mate and meets an ambitious young reporter from Canada , Robin Scherbatsky ( Cobie Smulders ) , with whom he quickly falls in love . Robin , however , does not want to rush into a relationship and the two decide to be friends . Future Ted reveals that Robin is not the mother after referring to her as `` Aunt Robin '' . Ted begins dating a baker , Victoria ( Ashley Williams ) , whom he meets at Stuart and Claudia 's wedding , causing Robin to become jealous , and realize she does have feelings for Ted . Victoria is offered a fellowship in pastry - making , moves to Germany and she and Ted try a long - distance relationship . Once Ted learns Robin has feelings for him , he tells her he broke up with Victoria , even though he has not . They almost have sex when Victoria calls and Robin answers , mistaking Ted 's phone for her own . Ted and Victoria then break up and an angry Robin distances herself from Ted , but they eventually reconcile and decide to date . Meanwhile , Lily begins to wonder if she 's missed any opportunities because of her relationship with Marshall , and decides to pursue an art fellowship in San Francisco , breaking - up with Marshall in the process . The season ends with Ted returning to the apartment , the morning after spending the night with Robin for the first time , to find Marshall sitting in the rain with Lily 's engagement ring , devastated by their sudden break - up . Season 2 ( edit ) Main article : How I Met Your Mother ( season 2 ) Ted and Robin are now a couple ; meanwhile , a heartbroken Marshall tries to continue his life without Lily . After enduring numerous emotional breakdowns , Marshall 's friends step in , and Barney , using sly catchphrases and pick - up lines , tries to get Marshall back in the dating game . Later , Lily , after finally realizing she is not meant to be an artist , returns to New York . They remain separated as Marshall begins to date another girl , described by the gang as having ' crazy eyes ' . The date with the girl does not end well and eventually leads to Lily and Marshall becoming reunited , and their engagement eventually resumes . When Robin refuses to go to the mall or explain why , Marshall suspects she is married , and Barney suspects she has performed in adult films . They bet on it , appointing Lily as `` Slap Bet Commissioner . '' Lily oversees the search for the truth , as they discover that Robin was a teenage pop star named `` Robin Sparkles '' , and Marshall eventually earns the right to slap Barney five times whenever he wishes . He uses one slap immediately and another later in the season . It is revealed that Barney has a gay African American half - brother named James ( Wayne Brady ) and , unaware that his mother lied to him , believes that Bob Barker is his father . As a result of this he takes a trip to California to be a contestant on The Price Is Right to meet his `` father '' . While on the show , Barney wins all the prizes and gives them to Lily and Marshall as a ' happy early wedding ' present . In the season finale , Ted reveals to Barney that he and Robin have been broken up for some time due to their conflicting views on marriage and children . They did not tell anyone , in order to avoid taking attention away from Lily and Marshall 's wedding . The season ends with Barney 's excitement at the prospect of he and Ted being single guys on the town again . Barney 's final words are `` this is going to be legen - wait for it ... '' . Season 3 ( edit ) Main article : How I Met Your Mother ( season 3 ) Barney begins the season with the word , `` - dary ! '' Robin returns from a trip to Argentina with her new boyfriend , Gael ( Enrique Iglesias ) , and Ted must adjust to life as just her friend , while watching Robin and Gael fawning over each other . Marshall and Lily decide to move out on their own , falling in love with a place they can not afford . Robin learns of Lily 's bad credit rating due to her compulsive shopping for designer brands , and forces Lily to tell Marshall . Despite this , they are able to finally secure their dream apartment , only to discover it 's in a bad location and more poorly constructed than they thought ( the floor is tilted ) . Barney is slapped for the third time on Thanksgiving , which Marshall dubs `` Slapsgiving . '' Ted tells his children he met their mother through a story concerning her yellow umbrella . He finds the umbrella at a club and takes it home after attending a St. Patrick 's Day party where his future wife was , although they did not meet . Ted attempts to woo Stella ( Sarah Chalke ) , a dermatologist he sees to remove an embarrassing butterfly tattoo . This culminates in a memorable `` two - minute date , '' which incorporates small talk , dinner , a movie , coffee , two cab rides , and a goodnight kiss , all within two minutes . Robin sleeps with Barney after he comforts her following a break - up with a past Canadian love ; Ted is infuriated , and decides to stop being friends with Barney . Meanwhile , an unknown woman begins to sabotage Barney 's attempts to hook up . His saboteur is revealed to be Abby ( Britney Spears ) , Stella 's receptionist , with a vendetta against him for not calling her after they had sex . In the season finale , Ted gets into a car accident and ends up in hospital after breaking up with Stella . Subsequently , Barney is hit by a bus while he is on his way to visit Ted and receives treatment in the same hospital . Ted realizes Barney really cares about him and they renew their friendship . Barney 's true feelings for Robin are revealed while Ted proposes to Stella in an arcade with a toy kangaroo . Season 4 ( edit ) Main article : How I Met Your Mother ( season 4 ) Stella says yes to Ted 's proposal . Robin takes a new job in Japan , but quickly resigns and returns to New York to attend Ted 's wedding , after realizing how much she misses her friends . Stella leaves Ted at the altar to get back together with Tony ( Jason Jones ) , the father of her daughter . Barney struggles with his feelings for Robin as his company shifts him to the management team of a new acquisition , Goliath National Bank ( GNB ) , where Marshall has accepted a position . Marshall and Lily move to their new apartment and debate over whether or not they 're ready to have children . Robin becomes roommates with Ted and gets a job as an anchor for a 4 AM news show after Barney submits her video resume . Ted and Robin decide to sleep together constantly so they will not fight over each other 's bad co-living habits . Barney attempts to make them stop fighting to prevent this , revealing to Ted his love for Robin . Ted finds out Lily has sabotaged all of his relationships with anyone she does not approve of and indirectly may have inspired his breakup with Robin . Robin and Ted end up talking about it , causing their friendship to begin moving toward a positive note . After Barney finally sleeps with his 200th woman ( and rubs it in the face of the childhood bully who taunted him into pursuing it ) , he begins to question the purpose of the remainder of his life , leaving him more certain of his feelings for Robin . Ted , while carrying the yellow umbrella , bumps into Stella and Tony . Tony later decides to visit him , sympathizing with Ted over his loss of Stella . Tony offers him a job as a professor of architecture , which Ted initially turns down . In the season finale Robin finds out that Barney loves her , and initially refuses to commit to anything but a sex - only relationship ; they seemingly end up together anyway . Ted decides that being an architect is leading nowhere , and finally decides instead to become a college professor . The finale ends with Ted preparing to teach his first class and Future Ted revealing to his children that one of the women in the class is their mother . Season 5 ( edit ) Main article : How I Met Your Mother ( season 5 ) Ted begins his job as a professor of architecture , standing in the middle of a classroom -- although the mother was present , it turns out to be an economics class as he 's in the wrong lecture hall . Barney and Robin have had a sexual relationship throughout the summer and Lily locks them in a room , forcing them to come to terms with their relationship . After a rough patch they decide to break up . Robin describes it instead as `` two friends getting back together . '' Barney immediately goes back to his old ways , using the playbook to score with women . Throughout the season Barney and Robin show feelings of regret over their break - up . Ted dates a graduate student named Cindy ( Rachel Bilson ) and it is revealed her roommate is his future wife . Robin meets Don Frank ( Benjamin Koldyke ) , her new co-anchor on her 4 AM TV show . Though she initially dislikes him , the two start dating and eventually she moves in with him . At the end of the season they break up when Don takes a job in Chicago -- a job which Robin had previously turned down to stay in New York with Don . Marshall uses his fourth slap on Barney , once again at Thanksgiving . Ted buys a house , which needs to be fixed up badly , but is later revealed to be the future home for Ted and his children . Lily and Marshall are still unsure about having children . After watching four doppelgangers of their group ( Lesbian Robin , Moustache Marshall , Stripper Lily and Mexican Wrestler Ted ) they decide to leave the big decision to the universe 's `` infinite wisdom '' and start trying when they have seen Barney 's Doppelganger . In the season finale , Barney disguises himself to have sex with a girl from every country in the world , and Lily and Marshall mistake him for the final doppelganger . When Marshall finds out , he decides not to tell Lily , fearing she will want to wait even longer to have children . Lily eventually finds out and decides to wait . In the season finale , Lily thinks she sees Barney 's doppelganger as a hot dog vendor , which causes the group to realize she is seeing what she wants to see , and play along . Eventually Barney agrees having babies is not a stupid idea and Lily and Marshall should go forth . The season ends with Lily asking Marshall to `` put a baby in my belly '' . Season 6 ( edit ) Main article : How I Met Your Mother ( season 6 ) In the season opening , Ted sees Cindy again with a girl who he thinks to be her roommate , but she turns out to be Cindy 's girlfriend whom she later marries . After prodding by Barney , Ted is eventually hired by GNB once more as the architect of the bank 's new headquarters , which was originally scrapped in Season 4 . However , he encounters opposition when he meets Zoey Pierson ( Jennifer Morrison ) , a woman who is protesting against GNB for selecting a decrepit hotel , the Arcadian , to be torn down for the headquarters . Over the season , Ted 's encounters with Zoey eventually blossom into a relationship after she divorces her rich husband , the Captain ( Kyle MacLachlan ) , but they break up as he puts his career and friends over love , leading to the Arcadian 's demolition . Ted also resolves not to get back with Zoey . Having agreed to conceive a baby at the end of the previous season , Lily and Marshall keep having sex , hoping she will get pregnant . Around Christmas , they have a false alarm and later seek fertility testing . The fertility specialist , Dr. Stangel , turns out to be Barney 's doppelgänger , fulfilling their promise with the universe in regard to their decision to have a child . However , tragedy strikes when Marshall 's father passes away , leaving him devastated and the gang comforting him . Marshall tries to get over his father 's death and live again . Despite a pledge to Lily to work harder for their future , Marshall resigns from GNB and follows his dream of being an environmental lawyer . Zoey also hires him as her lawyer in what became a futile battle to save the Arcadian . At the end of the season , Lily reveals that she is pregnant . Barney finally admits to the gang that Bob Barker is not his real father , especially when his mother decides to sell the house he grew up in and his brother , James , meets his own father . Loretta offers the identity of Barney 's father on a sheet of paper , but Barney tears this up after realizing her efforts as a single mother . At the funeral of Marshall 's father , Barney tells Loretta that he wants to see his father at last . The man , Jerry Whittaker ( John Lithgow ) , is eventually revealed to be someone whom Barney thought was his uncle . Barney , who remembers Jerry as a fun - loving man , is disappointed after learning how Jerry has grown out of his free - wheeling ways . Although he tries to bring back Jerry 's old behaviors , Barney admits that he wants to settle down someday . He is also introduced to Nora ( Nazanin Boniadi ) , a co-worker of Robin , for whom he develops feelings . After an initial falling out , the two reconcile at the end of the season after Barney asks her for coffee . Robin continues to work at her talk show , Come On , Get Up , New York ! , but the presence of a new hyperactive co-host forces her to leave . She is accepted as a researcher in another network , World Wide News . The gang also discovers more of her past as the Canadian pop star Robin Sparkles . Robin also encounters a man ( Michael Trucco ) she has had a secret crush on since first seeing him when she and Ted were dating , and Future Ted hints that they will see more of him later . Short scenes during the season premiere and finale feature a wedding set sometime in the future , where Ted will meet his future wife . In the final scene of the season , the groom is revealed to be Barney . Season 7 ( edit ) Main article : How I Met Your Mother ( season 7 ) Season seven opens with another flash forward , in which Ted is helping Barney get ready for his wedding to a still - unknown bride . In the present , Marshall gets a job in environmental law while Lily progresses with her pregnancy . Barney proves to Nora that he can be a good boyfriend to her , while Robin is revealed to still have feelings for Barney . Robin meets a therapist Kevin ( Kal Penn ) and they start to date . Meanwhile , after a period of unemployment since leaving GNB , Marshall finally manages to land his dream job at a top environmental law firm . After losing a bet , Barney is forced to wear a tie with a duck pattern on it ( nicknamed the ' Ducky Tie ' ) which he hates . Marshall allows him to take it off when meeting Nora 's parents on the condition that Barney has three slaps added to the one still remaining from the Slap Bet . Marshall uses two slaps immediately , leaving two left . While reminiscing about Hurricane Irene , Lily and Marshall reveal that they conceived their baby in Barney 's apartment , and Barney and Robin end up sleeping together . Barney and Robin decide to break up with their partners , but Robin reneges on the deal , returning to Kevin and leaving Barney alone and heartbroken . Robin has a pregnancy scare at Thanksgiving and tells Barney the child is his , since she and Kevin had not yet slept together . However , Robin 's doctor informs her that she can not have children at all . Kevin , who wants children , proposes to Robin , who decides that they must break up . Ted comforts Robin and reveals he still loves her , but the gesture is unrequited . Eventually , she moves out to give him some space . Marshall and Lily decide they want to move to Long Island , after Lily 's paternal grandparents offer them their house there . Eventually , they move back to the old apartment in New York City after realizing suburban life is not for them . Ted gives them his apartment because he believes he can not move on from Robin while living there , while he and Robin become estranged and do not speak for several weeks . Robin is eventually offered a news anchor job and subsequently achieves recognition after preventing a helicopter she is flying in from crashing . Barney starts dating a stripper named Quinn , to the group 's initial apprehension . The gang begins to meddle in their relationship , but Barney and Quinn outsmart their attempts and win their approval . Quinn moves in with Barney , while Ted buys Quinn 's old apartment . Lily goes into labor and frantically calls Barney and Marshall , who are out at a casino . After many attempts to escape , Barney helps Marshall arrive in time for Lily 's delivery and chooses the middle name for the baby , Marvin Waitforit Eriksen . Ted and Robin 's friendship also recovers as a result of Marvin 's birth . As the season concludes , Marshall and Lily begin their new family with their baby , Barney proposes to Quinn , and Ted contacts his old girlfriend Victoria . Unhappy with her own impending marriage , she leaves her fiancé for Ted and the pair drive off into the sunset . A final flash forward returns to the day of Barney 's wedding , where Robin is revealed as the bride . Season 8 ( edit ) Main article : How I Met Your Mother ( season 8 ) Ted visits Robin on the day of her wedding to Barney , causing him to remember how he and Victoria ran away from her wedding to be together . The summer is spent with Ted , Barney , and Robin enjoying their current relationships ; however , all subsequently break up with their partners . Victoria splits up with Ted over his friendship with Robin , Barney and Quinn break up due to their inability to trust each other , and Robin breaks up with Nick realizing his immaturity . Robin and Barney kiss but decide not to get together , despite Barney 's wishes . Barney then begins dating Robin 's hated co-worker Patrice ( Ellen D. Williams ) , a relationship later exposed as a ruse to make Robin realize her true feelings for him . In a culminating scene Barney proposes to Robin , who says yes . Marshall and Lily attempt to get used to being parents , which causes a brief estrangement from the gang as Baby Marvin takes up the majority of their time . Lily 's father Mickey becomes Marvin 's nanny , freeing the two up to spend more time with their friends . The Captain , ex-husband of Ted 's old girlfriend Zoey , offers Lily a job as an art consultant after she identifies a painting that made a huge profit for him . Lily accepts , happy to finally achieve her dream of having a job in the art industry , while Marshall decides to apply to become a judge . The Captain offers Lily a year 's work in Rome , which she accepts with Marshall 's blessing . However , just before Barney and Robin 's wedding , Marshall is informed that his application to become a judge has been granted , a development that would require them to stay in the US . Ted briefly dates Jeanette ( Abby Elliott ) , a girl who stalked him after he appeared on the cover of New York Magazine for designing GNB headquarters . He quickly realizes he 's made a mistake and breaks up with her . Ted 's feelings of loneliness grow , especially as he is now the only single member of the group , and he decides he is truly ready to settle down . He argues with Lily over hiring a DJ or a band for Barney and Robin 's wedding , but is forced to provide a band at short notice when Lily concedes the argument . During a chance meeting on the subway , Cindy offers the services of her roommate 's wedding band . This roommate is Ted 's future wife . As the week of the wedding approaches , Robin has doubts about marrying Barney and shares an emotional moment with Ted . Guilty , Ted realizes he ca n't be around Barney and Robin after they 're married and decides to move to Chicago the day after the wedding . The season concludes with everyone travelling to Barney and Robin 's wedding , including the mother of Ted 's children ( revealed on screen for the first time and portrayed by Cristin Milioti ) , who is seen buying a train ticket to the venue and holding her yellow umbrella . Season 9 ( edit ) Main article : How I Met Your Mother ( season 9 ) With the exception of the very last episode , the entirety of season nine takes place in the 56 hours leading up to Barney and Robin 's wedding . Marshall , who is stuck in Minnesota , desperately tries to find a way to get to the wedding in time . Meanwhile , in Farhampton , the time is slowly counting down to the wedding , with a new problem arising in almost every episode . It is revealed that Lily is pregnant and that she and Marshall will have a daughter . It was also revealed that Ted 's children are named Penny and Luke . In addition , the 200th episode detailed the Mother 's eight years before meeting Ted , while later episodes gave viewers a glimpse of Ted and the Mother together in flash forward scenes . Also , Marshall uses his final two slaps from the slap bet ; the first being used as an apology present for missing the rehearsal dinner , and the second when Barney begins to panic just before the beginning of the wedding ceremony . In the series finale , it was revealed that after three years of marriage , Barney and Robin decide to divorce . Barney ends up fathering a child during a one - night stand . Marshall eventually becomes a judge , and he and Lily have three children . Ted 's wife Tracy dies of an unknown illness in 2024 , six years prior to Ted telling his children the full story of how they met . Upon finishing the story , at the urging of his kids , Ted decides to ask Robin out . Alluding to the first season , the finale ends with Robin looking out her apartment window to see Ted on the street holding the blue French horn . Critical reception ( edit ) The first season was met with mixed reviews from critics , and was often compared unfavorably to Friends . The review aggregator , Rotten Tomatoes reported that 56 % of critics gave the season a positive review . On Metacritic , a review aggregation site that collects critical opinions , it scored a 69 out of 100 . Michael Abernethy of PopMatters gave the season a negative review , writing that `` The comedy that does occur in How I Met Your Mother is n't enough to compensate for its inconsistencies . '' Tom Shales of The Washington Post gave the season a lukewarm review , saying it 's `` a little better than most other sitcoms , past and present -- especially those featuring wacky urban friends in their twenties experiencing the bittersweet mysteries of life . '' On the other hand , Melanie Macfarlane gave the season a positive review , saying the show `` may not break any comedic ground , but it 's the sort of comfortable , reliable hitter CBS needs on Monday nights . '' The second season received widespread critical acclaim . Staci Krause of IGN gave the season a positive review , calling it `` great '' . The third season was met with mostly positive reviews . Michelle Zoromski of IGN gave the season a positive review , saying that `` the season was fun and clever , a good , consistent flow from the first two seasons '' . The fourth season received critical acclaim and is generally considered the best season of the series . Michelle Zoromski of IGN gave Season 4 an overall rating of 8.5 out of 10 , stating that `` This fourth season seemed to settle down the chase for the titular mother . While Ted was busy dating Stella , the gang settled into many stand alone episodes which were every bit as entertaining as episodes devoted to Ted 's love life '' . Zoromski went on to say : `` A stellar Robin - Marshall episode , titled ' Little Minnesota ' , makes it clear that these two do not get enough screen time together . With Robin homesick and unemployed ( and at risk of being deported ) , this pairing brought out the best Robin Sparkles reference of the season , when Marshall leads a rousing karaoke version of ' Let 's Go to the Mall ! ' '' The fifth season received mostly positive reviews . Cindy McLennan of Television Without Pity gave the season a mixed review , and at the end of the season wrote : `` I 'm okay with any given season not being primarily focused on mother - meeting , but this season , the characters seemed to regress -- particularly Barney and Ted . Usually , when a season ends , I have to deal with a week or two weeks ' worth of letdown . Right now , all I 'm feeling is relief . '' The sixth season received generally positive reviews . Justin Fowler of Later Reviews gave the season a positive review , saying that the season was `` a pretty good season of television '' and better than the `` poor '' fifth season . He also said that `` Seventeen out of the 24 episodes are what I would consider good '' . The seventh season received mixed reviews . Alan Sepinwall gave the season a mixed review and criticized the flash - forwards throughout the season , saying that `` the show is just much , much stronger when its stories dwell on matters of the present or the past , and where the writers do n't have to act like magicians trying to keep the audience from figuring out how the trick works . And the finale affirmed that belief for me . The parts that had little or nothing to do with things to come were quite good ; the parts that were all about the future made me roll my eyes and ask , for the umpteenth time , ' Really ? This is where you 're going with this ? ' '' The eighth season was widely criticized , with Rotten Tomatoes reporting that 40 % of critics gave the show a positive review . The consensus reads : `` How I Met Your Mother wears out its welcome this season , with an anticlimactic reveal and rote , less - than - fruitful humor . '' The ninth season received mixed to positive reviews . Rotten Tomatoes reported that 80 % of critics gave the show a positive review , with an average rating of 7.3 out of 10 . Gareth Mitchell at `` House of Geekery '' responded negatively , mostly criticizing the structure of the season , stating that they are `` struggling to come up with stories that last out the 22 minutes '' . The finale of the show received a polarized reaction from fans . While some complained that the last few seasons had built towards an end game that was discarded within the hour - long episode , others felt that it remained true to both the initial concept of the show and to life itself . Tie - ins ( edit ) Books ( edit ) The Bro Code , cited by Barney many times throughout the series , is a set of written rules for bros to follow , and has been published as a tie - in novel , an audiobook , an iPhone Application and an Android Application . Barney alleges it was written by Barnabus Stinson , a contemporary of George Washington and Benjamin Franklin . Many of the rules listed in this book also appear in the show 's closing vanity cards in syndication . Bro on the Go , a companion to The Bro Code , released in 2009 . Bro Code for Parents : What to Expect When You 're Awesome , released in 2012 . The Playbook , based on the fifth season episode of the same name , by Barney Stinson and Matt Kuhn . How I Met Your Mother and Philosophy , released in 2013 . Soundtracks ( edit ) Main article : How I Met Your Music ( Original Songs from the Hit Series `` How I Met Your Mother '' ) A soundtrack album entitled How I Met Your Music : Original Songs from the Hit Series was released digitally to iTunes on September 24 , 2012 , featuring songs from the first seven seasons A second soundtrack album entitled How I Met Your Music : Deluxe was released digitally to iTunes on September 23 , 2014 , featuring songs from the final two seasons . Pineapple Incident explained ( edit ) After the end of the series , the officials released a short video , explaining the running mystery of the pineapple in the Pineapple Incident ( season 1 , episode 10 ) . The extra footage revealed that a character revealed in the 6th season , the Captain , had put a pineapple in front of his door as a tradition and Ted took the pineapple while he was drunk . Proposed spin - offs ( edit ) How I Met Your Dad ( edit ) On November 15 , 2013 , it was announced that CBS and the series ' producer 20th Century Fox Television would launch How I Met Your Dad , a woman - centric variation executive - produced by Bays , Thomas , and Emily Spivey . The new series would possibly have featured a new bar and would not have tied into the original series . The primary cast of the series was revealed to be Greta Gerwig , Drew Tarver , Nicholas D'Agosto and Andrew Santino . On April 23 , 2014 , Meg Ryan was announced to voice future Sally . On May 14 , 2014 , CBS passed on picking up How I Met Your Dad since show creators Craig Thomas and Carter Bays refused to reshoot the pilot without a guaranteed series order . Nina Tassler , the entertainment president at CBS , stated that `` there were elements of the pilot that did n't work out '' . Almost immediately , talks of the series being `` shopped '' to other networks emerged . Netflix , FOX and NBC have been named as possible candidates for picking up the show . Ultimately , nothing came of those talks . It was reported that the options on the cast contracts had expired and they had been released from their contracts and co-creator Carter Bays denied any rumours that the spin - off pilot will be reshot . On July 11 , 2014 , Bays confirmed via Twitter that the spin - off project was officially dead . However six days later , Nina Tassler said that CBS would `` love the opportunity to take another shot '' at the pilot and that she would continue to `` hound '' Carter Bays and Craig Thomas -- even though they shot down the idea of a new version of the project stating that they had both moved on . How I Met Your father ( first attempt ) ( edit ) On December 14 , 2016 , it was reported that Isaac Aptaker and Elizabeth Berger were set to write a new version of the previous spin - off 's pilot , re-titled How I Met Your Father , with Bays and Thomas serving as executive producers . On March 6 , 2017 , it was announced that following signing new contracts with 20th Century Fox Television that would see both Aptaker and Berger being promoted to executive producers and co-showrunners on This Is Us alongside Dan Fogelman , their completed spec script for How I Met Your Father would be placed on the back burner in light of their new duties . The idea was later completely abandoned . How I Met Your father ( second attempt ) ( edit ) On August 8 , 2017 , Fox chairman Dana Walden told Deadline that the studio was set to try a third spin - off with different writers . It was also stated that all ideas from the previous two attempts will not be carried over and the new attempt will be created from scratch . On August 11 , 2017 , Deadline reported that Alison Bennett had been selected to write the spin - off . It was also confirmed that this incarnation would be developed under the title used for the Aptaker and Berger project , and that Bays and Thomas are once again attached as executive producers . Russian adaptation ( edit ) The GoodStoryMedia , a Russian production company , made a remake of the series which was broadcast on STS and ran for two seasons . Nielsen ratings ( edit ) Viewership represented in a line graph The show 's highest viewed episode was the series finale , `` Last Forever '' , watched by 13.13 million viewers . Previously , the most viewed episode was the season 1 episode `` The Pineapple Incident '' , watched by 12.3 million viewers . The lowest - viewed episode was the season 6 episode `` Landmarks '' , watched by 6.4 million viewers , approximately 52 % of the show 's series high . Season nine was the highest watched season overall and among the 18 - 49 adults , scoring a 4.5 rating in that sector up from the second - highest rating of 4.1 in season seven . Season Timeslot ( ET ) Season premiere Season finale TV season Rank Avg . viewers ( in millions ) Monday 8 : 30 P.M. September 19 , 2005 May 15 , 2006 2005 -- 2006 54 9.47 Monday 8 : 30 P.M. ( Episodes 1 -- 3 ) Monday 8 : 00 P.M. ( Episodes 4 -- 22 ) September 18 , 2006 May 14 , 2007 2006 -- 2007 61 8.94 Monday 8 : 00 P.M. ( Episodes 1 -- 11 ) Monday 8 : 30 P.M. ( Episodes 12 -- 20 ) September 24 , 2007 May 19 , 2008 2007 -- 2008 70 8.21 Monday 8 : 30 P.M. September 22 , 2008 May 18 , 2009 2008 -- 2009 49 9.42 5 Monday 8 : 00 P.M. September 21 , 2009 May 24 , 2010 2009 -- 2010 42 8.60 6 September 20 , 2010 May 16 , 2011 2010 -- 2011 48 8.79 7 September 19 , 2011 May 14 , 2012 2011 -- 2012 45 9.67 8 September 24 , 2012 May 13 , 2013 2012 -- 2013 42 9.02 9 September 23 , 2013 March 31 , 2014 2013 -- 2014 28 10.51 Awards and nominations ( edit ) Awards & nominations Award Won Nominated ALMA Awards Art Directors Guild 0 7 Casting Society of America 0 Critics ' Choice Television Awards Emmy Awards 9 28 EWwy Awards GLAAD Media Awards 0 Golden Globe Awards 0 People 's Choice Awards 6 17 PRISM Awards 0 Satellite Awards 0 TCA Awards 0 Teen Choice Awards 0 Young Hollywood Awards 0 Total number of wins and nominations Totals 18 72 Main article : List of awards and nominations received by How I Met Your Mother The show has been nominated for 72 awards , winning 18 . The show has been nominated for 28 Emmy Awards , including a nomination for Outstanding Comedy Series . Stars Alyson Hannigan and Neil Patrick Harris have each received acting accolades , with both receiving People 's Choice Awards , and Harris receiving Emmy and Golden Globe nominations . In 2012 , seven years after its premiere , the series won the People 's Choice for Favorite Network TV Comedy . The show 's art direction , editing and cinematography have also been awarded . DVD Releases ( edit ) DVD season Release dates Episodes Additional information Region 1 Region 2 Region 4 Season 1 November 21 , 2006 May 7 , 2007 January 10 , 2007 22 Includes : commentaries on six episodes a video yearbook 2 music videos ( `` First Round '' and `` Last Call '' ) a gag reel Episodes have been cropped from the broadcast widescreen to a full frame 4 : 3 format Season 2 October 2 , 2007 February 8 , 2010 April 8 , 2008 22 Includes : commentaries on seven episodes How We Make Your Mother 2 music videos ( `` Let 's Go To The Mall '' and `` Hey Beautiful '' ) 3 `` How It Really Happened '' scenes a gag reel an Easter Egg . The Legendary Season 3 October 7 , 2008 May 10 , 2010 February 11 , 2009 20 Includes : commentaries on 7 episodes a series retrospective Lily & Marshall 's honeymoon videos cast favorites a behind the scenes of `` We 're Not From Here '' 6 `` How It Really Happened '' scenes 2 music videos ( `` You Just Got Slapped '' and `` Sandcastles in the Sand '' ) `` Ted Mosby Is A Jerk '' audio track a gag reel . The Awesome Season 4 September 29 , 2009 July 19 , 2010 October 27 , 2009 24 Includes : commentaries on 4 episodes A Night With Your Mother : Academy of Television Arts & Sciences Panel Discussion season recap Eriksen 's Fight Club a music video ( `` That Guy 's Awesome '' ) a gag reel Also available on Blu - Ray , and is the only season to have a subsequent Blu Ray release . The Complete Season 5 . The Suited - Up Edition September 21 , 2010 November 8 , 2010 October 27 , 2010 24 Includes : a gag reel music videos for `` Super Date '' , `` Nothing Suits Me Like a Suit '' , and `` Best Night Ever '' 2 behind the scenes features making of `` Super Date '' behind the scenes of the 100th episode an extended version of the `` Wedding Bride '' trailer a musical series recap . The Complete Season 6 . The New Is Always Better Edition September 27 , 2011 October 3 , 2011 October 5 , 2011 24 Includes : a gag reel making of `` Subway Wars '' behind the scenes of `` Glitter '' commentaries on 3 episodes an extended performance of `` Stand By Me '' a season recap The Complete Season 7 . The Ducky Tie Edition October 2 , 2012 October 15 , 2012 October 10 , 2012 24 Includes : a gag reel 2 behind the scenes featurettes deleted scenes audio commentaries on 3 episodes a feature on Neil Patrick Harris ' Hollywood Walk of Fame star . The Complete Season 8 . The Yellow Umbrella Edition October 1 , 2013 September 30 , 2013 November 9 , 2013 24 Includes : deleted scenes audio commentary on `` Farmhampton '' and `` The Final Page '' music video for `` PS I Love You '' making of `` PS I Love You '' Where We Make Your Mother : Set Tour a gag reel . The 9th and Legendary Final Season . The Rest of Your Life Edition September 23 , 2014 October 13 , 2014 October 22 , 2014 24 Includes : Deleted Scenes Audio Commentary on `` The Locket '' Audio Commentary on `` The Rehearsal Dinner '' Audio Commentary on `` How Your Mother Met Me '' Last Forever Alternate Ending How It All Ends Cristin Milioti Audition Behind the Scenes of `` Gary Blauman '' Gag Reel The Whole Story Seasons 1 -- 9 September 23 , 2014 October 13 , 2014 October 22 , 2014 208 Includes : All Out of Spoilers : Looking Back at Your Mother -- A Retrospective Table Read of the Series Finale with the Entire Cast The Secret of the Pineapple Incident Revealed Meeting the Mother How I Met Your Mother at Comic - Con 2013 - 2014 The Mosby Kids : 8 Years on the Couch How We Filmed the Kids Plus All the Special Features from Every Previous Season Seasons 1 through 9 are available to stream on Netflix in Australia , Latin America , Spain , the UK , Ireland , the US and Canada ; season 9 was released on September 26 , 2014 . Note : The whole story DVD had a different package in Region 1 as opposed to Region 2 + 4 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` TV Summer School : How to Create and Run a Successful Sitcom '' . E ! Online . August 6 , 2007 . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2011 . Retrieved November 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` How I Met Your Mother : Season 8 ( 2012 - 2013 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 9 June 2014 . Jump up ^ McLennan , Cindy . `` This Just In '' . Television Without Pitty . Bravo Media . Retrieved 9 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Alexander . `` How I Met Your Mother Season 8 Finale Review '' . How I Met Your Mother Season 8 Review . WeGotThisCovered . Retrieved 9 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Nicholson , Max . `` HOW I MET YOUR MOTHER : SEASON 9 REVIEW : THE BIG FAT MISDIRECT . '' . ign.com . IGN Entertainment Inc . Retrieved 9 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Ricard , Sara ( April 2 , 2014 ) . `` HIMYM Tomatometer Watch : Series Finale Currently Rotten -- Majority of critics disappointed by ' Last Forever ' '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved April 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Moylan , Brian ( April 1 , 2014 ) . `` How I Met Your Mother : the latest show to fail in the search for a perfect ending '' . The Guardian . Retrieved April 2 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kissell , Rick ( December 19 , 2013 ) . `` CBS ' ' How I Met Your Mother ' to Get Hourlong Series Finale '' . Variety . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Alyson Hannigan -- `` How I Met Your Mother '' Sitcom -- William S. Paley TV Fest `` . Whedon . March 28 , 2006 . Retrieved February 13 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Ryan , Maureen ( April 27 , 2006 ) . `` Craig Thomas : ' Sitcoms used to be about something ' '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Brian Ford ( January 8 , 2010 ) . `` Live at the Paley Center for Media : `` How I Met Your Mother '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved June 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Dransfeldt , Jeffrey ( April 26 , 2008 ) . `` Harris is enjoying Barney 's adventures in How I Met Your Mother '' . Ventura County Star . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Przybyla , Kathryn ( April 30 , 2012 ) . `` A Chat with Bob Saget '' . The Buffalo News . Retrieved May 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Saget , Bob ( April 4 , 2014 ) . `` Did they show you filmed and cut episodes , or did you just do it all at once ? '' . Reddit . Retrieved April 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Saget , Bob ( April 4 , 2014 ) . `` How do you feel about the fact that Josh Radnor was still the older version of Ted on the series finale of HIMYM and not you ? '' . Reddit . Retrieved April 4 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Stransky , Tanner ( May 13 , 2013 ) . `` ' HIMYM ' unveils the mother ! The creators answer your burning questions '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Jennifer Love Hewitt Turned Down How I Met Your Mother ? ! '' . E ! Online . February 3 , 2014 . Retrieved February 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Entertainment Weekly . September 6 , 2013 Jump up ^ Colucci , Jim ( April 2008 ) . `` How They Created Mother '' ( PDF ) . Watch ! The CBS Magazine . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ How I Met Your Mother 1st Season DVD Commentary Jump up ^ Keller , Joel ( May 11 , 2007 ) . `` Carter Bays of How I Met Your Mother : The TV Squad Interview '' . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2007 . Retrieved November 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Season 7 Behind the Scenes '' . CBS . August 13 , 2011 . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Audio commentary at 00 : 58 min. of the HIMYM -- Season 1 DVD Jump up ^ Ryan , Maureen ( January 15 , 2007 ) . `` The Watcher : How ' How I Met Your Mother ' is not a traditional sitcom '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved December 22 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Ghosh , Korbi . `` ' How I Met Your Mother 's ' Craig Thomas on Ted & Barney 's Breakup , Eriksen Babies and The Future of Robarn '' . Zap2it.com . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . ( He is ) a guy who is telling the story so many years in the future , and he jumbles it up in his memory a little bit . He can be an unreliable narrator . Jump up ^ `` Suit Up for How I Met Your Mother Scoops '' . Television Without Pity . October 3 , 2008 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 10 - 04 . Retrieved October 7 , 2011 . It 's nice to go ( online ) and see how much continuity matters to people within the universe of a show . That 's absolutely true for me , too . Whenever there 's the slightest inconsistency in a Buffy episode or Friends or something , my wife and I would sit on the couch and throw stuff at the TV ... When we 're doing stuff in the writers room , I really try and remember that . Jump up ^ Ryan , Maureen ( July 19 , 2008 ) . `` Barney writes a book , Barney + Robin , Ted + Stella and other ' How I Met Your Mother ' news '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . He did reveal that more than two years ago ... With only the two kids who play Ted 's future children ... they shot a scene that directly relates to the identity of the mother . That scene will be included in the show 's series finale , which Thomas said he hopes ' people will see in 2012 . ' Jump up ^ `` CBS Sets Series Return Dates '' . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2008 . Retrieved February 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Breaking News -- `` The Big Bang Theory '' And `` How I Met Your Mother '' To Swap Time Periods '' ( Press release ) . TheFutonCritic.com . February 20 , 2008 . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Upfront : CBS Releases Full Schedule '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 12 - 16 . Retrieved May 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` CBS Announces 2008 -- 2009 Premiere Dates '' ( Press release ) . The Futon Critic . June 26 , 2008 . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Nordyke , Kimberly ( September 24 , 2008 ) . `` ' Mother ' reruns nest at Lifetime '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Lifetime 's four - year licensing deal includes up to eight seasons of `` Mother '' , should the CBS comedy run that long . `` Mother '' had a big fourth - season premiere Monday , jumping 21 % in the ratings over last season . Jump up ^ `` How I Met Your Mother : Syndication Deal Ensures Season Five for Sitcom '' . September 17 , 2008 . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` How ' How I Met Your Mother ' dealt with 2 pregnant stars , and what 's coming next on the comedy - The Watcher '' . featuresblogs.chicagotribune.com . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( May 19 , 2009 ) . `` Exclusive : ' Without a Trace , ' ' Privileged , ' canceled , ' Gossip ' spin - off DOA '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2009 . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( January 25 , 2010 ) . `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' meets Season 6 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Cohn , Angel ( October 3 , 2008 ) . `` Suit Up for How I Met Your Mother Scoops '' . Television Without Pity . Archived from the original on 2008 - 10 - 09 . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gelman , Vlada ( April 8 , 2014 ) . `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' : ' Buffy 's ' Danny Strong , Alexis Denisof to guest '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved January 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( March 4 , 2011 ) . `` ' How I met Your Mother ' renewed for two seasons '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` CBS announces 2011 -- 2012 premiere dates '' ( Press release ) . CBS Express . June 29 , 2011 . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` FX Fall 2011 Schedule Has How I Met Your Mother ; The Nanny Reunion on Happily Divorced '' ( Press release ) . Sitcoms Online . July 27 , 2011 . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` How I Met Your Mother to end after 8 seasons ? '' . TV Series Finale . July 7 , 2010 . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( December 22 , 2012 ) . `` HOW I MET YOUR MOTHER Renewed for Ninth and Final Season ; Entire Cast Will Return '' . collider.com . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt ( December 21 , 2012 ) . `` Report : How I Met Your Mother Renewed for 9th Season After Jason Segel 's 11th - Hour Reversal '' . tvline.com . Retrieved December 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rome , Emily ( September 24 , 2012 ) . `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' : Showrunners talk about the ( possible ) beginning of the end '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Ausiello , Michael ( May 17 , 2013 ) . `` Exclusive : How I Met Your Mother Makes Cristin ' Mom ' Milioti a Full - Fledged Series Regular '' . TVLine.com . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . Cristin Milioti , who was unmasked as the titular mom in this week 's season finale , took the title of series regular during the comedy 's upcoming ninth and final season . This marks the first time HIMYM will have expanded its core group of regulars beyond stars Josh Radnor , Alyson Hannigan , Neil Patrick Harris , Cobie Smulders and Jason Segel . Jump up ^ `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' Makes Cristin Milioti a Series Regular '' . Hollywood Reporter . May 17 , 2013 . Retrieved May 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Michael Ausiello ( January 30 , 2013 ) . `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' Season 9 Spoilers -- We Will Meet the Mother '' . TVLine . Retrieved November 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' NCIS , ' ' Downton Abbey , ' ' Scandal , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy ' : Find out what 's next in the Spoiler Room '' . Entertainment Weekly . May 16 , 2013 . Retrieved May 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` How I Met Your Mother Season 1 Reviews '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 30 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` How I Met Your Mother : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved August 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Abernethy , Michael . `` How I Met Your Mother Review '' . Retrieved 9 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Shales , Tom ( 2005 - 09 - 19 ) . `` How I Met Your Mother Review '' . Retrieved 9 June 2014 . Jump up ^ MacFarland , Melanie ( September 11 , 2005 ) . `` Fall TV : Seek and ye shall find something worth watching '' . Retrieved 9 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` How I Met Your Mother Season 2 Review '' . Retrieved 9 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Krause , Staci ( May 15 , 2007 ) . `` How I Met Your Mother : `` Something Blue '' Review `` . Retrieved 9 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Wheat , Alynda . `` How I Met Your Mother : Season 3 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 31 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Zoromski , Michelle . `` How I Met Your Mother : Season 3 Review '' . IGN . IGN Entertainment Inc . Retrieved 31 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Michelle Zoromski ( May 27 , 2009 ) . `` How I Met Your Mother : Season 4 Review : The one where they hide the pregnancies . '' . IGN . News Corporation . Retrieved June 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McLennan , Cindy . `` This Just In '' . Television Without Pitty . Bravo Media . Retrieved 30 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` How I Met Your Mother Season 6 Episode Reviews '' . Retrieved 9 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Fowler , Justin ( May 28 , 2011 ) . `` How I Met Your Mother : Season 6 in Review or Ranking the Episodes '' . Retrieved 9 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Sepinwall , Alan . `` Season finale review : ' How I Met Your Mother ' - ' The Magician 's Code ' : Miss Direction '' . Hitfix . Hitfix INC . Retrieved 9 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` How I Met Your Mother : Season 8 ( 2012 - 2013 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 30 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Gareth . `` How I Met Your Mother Final Season Needs to be Left at the Altar '' . Wordpress . Retrieved November 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Alex Heigl ; Cara Shultz ( 1 April 2014 ) . `` How I Met Your Mother Fans Split on Finale : Great Finish , or Disappointment ? '' . People . Retrieved 22 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Stinson , Barney ( 2008 ) . The Bro Code . New York : Fireside . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4391 - 1000 - 3 . Jump up ^ Stinson , Barney ( 2009 ) . Bro on the Go . Fireside . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4391 - 7313 - 8 . Jump up ^ Stinson , Barney ( 2012 ) . Bro Code for Parents : What to Expect When You 're Awesome . Touchstone . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4516 - 9058 - 3 . Jump up ^ The Playbook . Touchstone . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4391 - 9683 - 0 . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ von Matterhorn , Lorenzo , ed . ( October 5 , 2010 ) . Popular Culture and Philosophy . Open Court Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8126 - 9835 - 0 . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gonzalez , Sandra ( September 18 , 2012 ) . `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' soundtrack : See the full listings ! -- EXCLUSIVE '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` How I met your music deluxe '' . 20th Century Fox . September 23 , 2014 . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 -- via Apple iTunes . Jump up ^ Goodman , Jessica ( 2014 - 09 - 19 ) . `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' Pineapple Incident Mystery Is Finally Revealed '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 16 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( November 15 , 2013 ) . `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' Spinoff -- CBS Orders Pilot '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved November 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lintz , Kristina ( November 16 , 2013 ) . `` ' HIMYM ' spinoff ' How I Met Your Dad ' ordered , show creators tweet info '' . Hypable.com . Retrieved November 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 14 , 2014 ) . `` Nick D'Agosto & Andrew Santino To Star In CBS ' ' HIMYM ' Spinoff ' How I Met Your Dad ' '' . Deadline.com . Jump up ^ `` Meg Ryan To Voice The Mother In CBS 's ' How I Met Your Dad ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 23 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` CBS Passes on How I Met Your Dad '' . IGN . May 14 , 2014 . Retrieved May 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` CBS Has Passed On How I Met Your Dad '' . Time . May 14 , 2014 . Retrieved May 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` What Pilots Are Still Alive , What Pilots Are Being Shopped '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Carter Bays on Twitter '' . Twitter . Retrieved December 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Nellie Andreeva . `` What 2014 Broadcast Pilots Are Still Alive -- Full List - Deadline '' . Deadline . Retrieved December 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( December 14 , 2016 ) . `` New ' How I Met Your Mother ' Dad Spinoff In Works With ' This Is Us ' Writing Duo '' . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' : Isaac Aptaker & Elizabeth Berger Named Co-Showrunners In New 20th TV Deal , ' HIMYM ' Spinoff On Hold '' . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( August 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' Spinoff To Get Another Shot With New Writers , ' Modern Family ' & ' Empire ' Spinoffs Also Possible '' . Retrieved September 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( August 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' How I Met Your Father ' : Alison Bennett Tapped To Write New ' HIMYM ' Spinoff '' . Retrieved September 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Как я встретил вашу маму ( 2010 ) -- о фильме , отзывы , смотреть видео онлайн на Film.ru '' . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 1 , 2014 ) . `` TV Ratings Monday : ' How I Met Your Mother ' Finale Hits High , ' Bones ' & ' The Tomorrow People ' Up , ' The Voice ' Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Full 2013 - 2014 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Deadline.com . May 22 , 2014 . Retrieved May 28 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Gorman , Bill ( May 24 , 2012 ) . `` Complete List Of 2011 -- 12 Season TV Show Ratings : ' Sunday Night Football ' Tops , Followed By ' American Idol , ' ' NCIS ' & ' Dancing With The Stars ' '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` How I Met Your Mother ratings '' . ABCmedianet . Archived from the original on March 10 , 2007 . Retrieved December 24 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` How I Met Your Mother ratings '' . ABCmedianet . Archived from the original on 2012 - 01 - 02 . Retrieved December 24 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Season Program Rankings from 09 / 24 / 07 through 05 / 25 / 08 '' . ABC Medianet . May 28 , 2008 . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2010 . Retrieved July 3 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Season Program Rankings from 09 / 22 / 08 through 05 / 17 / 09 '' . ABC Medianet . May 19 , 2009 . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2009 . Retrieved July 3 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( May 27 , 2010 ) . `` Full Series Rankings For The 2009 -- 10 Broadcast Season '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved December 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( June 1 , 2011 ) . `` 2010 -- 11 Season Broadcast Primetime Show Viewership Averages '' . TV by Numbers . Retrieved August 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic . `` Full 2012 -- 2013 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` How I Met Your Mother DVD news : Announcement for How I Met Your Mother -- Season 6 '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Retrieved August 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` How I Met Your Mother DVD news : Announcement for How I Met Your Mother -- Season 7 '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Retrieved September 2 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` How I Met Your Mother DVD news : Press Release for Season 9 and The Whole Story '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Retrieved December 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Remling , Amanda ( August 31 , 2014 ) . `` Fall TV 2014 Preview : Catch Up On Your Favorite TV Shows With Netflix New Releases '' . International Business Times . IBT Media . Retrieved January 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ West , Amy ( December 3 , 2015 ) . `` Top 5 Netflix recommendations of the week : How I Met Your Mother , American Beauty and more '' . IBTimes . Retrieved April 5 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutHow I Met Your Motherat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Data from Wikidata Official website How I Met Your Mother at DMOZ How I Met Your Mother on IMDb How I Met Your Mother at FilmAffinity How I Met Your Dad on IMDb How I Met Your Mother Episodes Season 1 Season 2 Season 3 Season 4 Season 5 Season 6 Season 7 Season 8 Season 9 Characters Ted Mosby Marshall Eriksen Lily Aldrin Barney Stinson Robin Scherbatsky The Mother ( Tracy McConnell ) Soundtracks How I Met Your Music Related articles Awards and nominations The Bro Code Cheerleader effect `` Nothing Suits Me Like a Suit '' How I Met Your Mother episodes Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 VIAF : 219033079 LCCN : no2010159293 GND : 7746815 - 6 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=How_I_Met_Your_Mother&oldid=800874278 '' Categories : How I Met Your Mother 2005 American television series debuts 2000s American comedy television series 2000s American television series 2010s American comedy television series 2010s American television series 2014 American television series endings American television sitcoms CBS network shows English - language television programs Fiction with unreliable narrators Nonlinear narrative television series Television series by 20th Century Fox Television Television shows set in New York City Romantic comedy television series Television shows filmed in Los Angeles Television series about friendship Television series about television Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from April 2014 Articles needing additional references from December 2014 All articles needing additional references Articles with DMOZ links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote অসমীয়া Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego ગુજરાતી 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська Vèneto Tiếng Việt Zazaki 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 September 2017 , at 06 : 06 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who is the narrator on how i met your mother | [
"How I Met Your Mother (often abbreviated to HIMYM) is an American sitcom that originally aired on CBS from September 19, 2005 to March 31, 2014. The series follows the main character, Ted Mosby, and his group of friends in Manhattan. As a framing device, Ted, in the year 2030, recounts to his son and daughter the events that led him to meet their mother."
] | [
"Ted Mosby"
] |
-6712100954701227596 | Eccrine sweat gland | Eccrine sweat gland - wikipedia Eccrine sweat gland Jump to : navigation , search Eccrine sweat gland A sectional view of the skin ( magnified ) , with eccrine glands highlighted . Details Precursor Ectoderm System Integumentary Nerve Cholinergic sympathetic nerves Identifiers Latin Glandula sudorifera merocrina ; Glandula sudorifera eccrina MeSH D004439 TH H3. 12.00. 3.03009 FMA 59154 Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) Eccrine glands ( / ˈɛkrən , - ˌkraɪn , - ˌkriːn / ; from ekkrinein `` secrete '' ; sometimes called merocrine glands ) are the major sweat glands of the human body , found in virtually all skin , with the highest density in palms and soles , then on the head , but much less on the trunk and the extremities . In lower mammals , they are relatively sparse , being found mainly on hairless areas such as foot pads . They reach their peak of development in humans , where they may number 200 -- 400 / cm2 of skin surface . They produce a clear , odorless substance , sweat , consisting primarily of water . Eccrine glands are composed of an intraepidermal spiral duct , the `` acrosyringium '' ; a dermal duct , consisting of a straight and coiled portion ; and a secretory tubule , coiled deep in the dermis or hypodermis . The eccrine gland opens out through the sweat pore . The coiled portion is formed by two concentric layer of columnar or cuboidal epithelial cells . The epithelial cells are interposed by the myoepithelial cells . Myoepithelial cells support the secretory epithelial cells . The duct of eccrine gland is formed by two layers of cuboidal epithelial cells . Eccrine glands are active in thermoregulation by providing cooling from water evaporation of sweat secreted by the glands on the body surface and emotional induced sweating ( anxiety , fear , stress , and pain ) . The white sediment in otherwise colorless eccrine secretions is caused by evaporation that increases the concentration of salts . The odour from sweat is due to bacterial activity on the secretions of the apocrine sweat glands , a distinctly different type of sweat gland found in human skin . Eccrine glands are innervated by the sympathetic nervous system , primarily by cholinergic fibers whose discharge is altered primarily by changes in deep body temperature ( core temperature ) , but by adrenergic fibers as well . The glands on palms and soles do not respond to temperature but secrete at times of emotional stress . Secretion ( edit ) The secretion of eccrine glands is a sterile , dilute electrolyte solution with primary components of bicarbonate , potassium , and sodium chloride ( NaCl ) , and other minor components such as glucose , pyruvate , lactate , cytokines , immunoglobulins , antimicrobial peptides ( e.g. , dermcidin ) , and many others . Relative to the plasma and extracellular fluid , the concentration of Na ions is much lower in sweat ( ~ 40 mM in sweat versus ~ 150 mM in plasma and extracellular fluid ) . Initially , within the eccrine glands , sweat has a high concentration of Na ions . The Na ions are re-absorbed into the tissue via the epithelial sodium channels ( ENaC ) that are located on the apical membrane of the cells that form the eccrine gland ducts ( see Fig. 9 and Fig. 10 of the reference ) . This re-uptake of Na ions reduces the loss of Na during the process of perspiration . Patients with the systemic pseudohypoaldosteronism syndrome who carry mutations in the ENaC subunit genes have salty sweat as they can not reabsorb the salt in sweat . In these patients , Na ion concentrations can greatly increase ( up to 180 mmol / L ) . In people who have hyperhidrosis , the sweat glands ( eccrine glands in particular ) overreact to stimuli and are just generally overactive , producing more sweat than normal . Similarly , cystic fibrosis patients also produce salty sweat . But in these cases , the problem is in the CFTR chloride transporter that is also located on the apical membrane of eccrine gland ducts . Dermcidin is a newly isolated antimicrobial peptide produced by the eccrine sweat glands . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Neas , John F. `` Development of the Integumentary System '' . In Martini , Frederic H. ; Timmons , Michael J. ; Tallitsch , Bob . Embryology Atlas ( 4th ed . ) . Benjamin Cumings . Retrieved 17 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Krstic , Radivoj V. ( 18 March 2004 ) . Human Microscopic Anatomy : An Atlas for Students of Medicine and Biology . Springer . p. 464 . ISBN 9783540536666 . Jump up ^ `` eccrine '' . The New Oxford American Dictionary ( 2 ed . ) . 2005 . ISBN 9780195170771 . Jump up ^ `` our weird lack of hair may be the key to our success '' . Jump up ^ James , William ; Berger , Timothy ; Elston , Dirk ( 2005 ) . Andrews ' Diseases of the Skin : Clinical Dermatology ( 10th ed . ) . Saunders . pp. 6 -- 7 . ISBN 0 - 7216 - 2921 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Bolognia , J. , Jorizzo , J. , & Schaffer , J. ( 2012 ) . Dermatology ( 3rd ed. , pp. 539 - 544 ) . ( Philadelphia ) : Elsevier Saunders . ^ Jump up to : Wilke , K. ; Martin , A. ; Terstegen , L. ; Biel , S.S. ( June 2007 ) . `` A short history of sweat gland biology '' ( pdf ) . International Journal of Cosmetic Science . 29 ( 3 ) : 169 -- 179 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1467 - 2494.2007. 00387. x . ISSN 1468 - 2494 . PMID 18489347 . Jump up ^ Cui , Chang - Yi ; Schlessinger , David ( 2015 ) . `` Eccrine sweat gland development and sweat secretion '' . Experimental Dermatology. 24 ( 9 ) : 644 -- 650 . doi : 10.1111 / exd. 12773 . ISSN 0906 - 6705 . ^ Jump up to : Hanukoglu I , Boggula VR , Vaknine H , Sharma S , Kleyman T , Hanukoglu A ( January 2017 ) . `` Expression of epithelial sodium channel ( ENaC ) and CFTR in the human epidermis and epidermal appendages '' . Histochemistry and Cell Biology . 147 ( 6 ) : 733 -- 748 . doi : 10.1007 / s00418 - 016 - 1535 - 3 . PMID 28130590 . Jump up ^ Sokolov , VE ; Shabadash , SA ; Zelikina , TI ( 1980 ) . `` Innervation of eccrine sweat glands '' . Biology Bulletin of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. 7 ( 5 ) : 331 -- 46 . PMID 7317512 . ^ Jump up to : Hanukoglu A ( Nov 1991 ) . `` Type I pseudohypoaldosteronism includes two clinically and genetically distinct entities with either renal or multiple target organ defects '' . The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 73 ( 5 ) : 936 -- 44 . doi : 10.1210 / jcem - 73 - 5 - 936 . PMID 1939532 . Jump up ^ Hanukoglu I , Hanukoglu A ( Jan 2016 ) . `` Epithelial sodium channel ( ENaC ) family : Phylogeny , structure - function , tissue distribution , and associated inherited diseases '' . Gene . 579 ( 2 ) : 95 -- 132 . doi : 10.1016 / j. gene. 2015.12. 061 . PMC 4756657 . PMID 26772908 . Jump up ^ Edelheit , Oded ; Hanukoglu , Israel ; Shriki , Yafit ; Tfilin , Matanel ; Dascal , Nathan ; Gillis , David ; Hanukoglu , Aaron ( 2010 ) . `` Truncated beta epithelial sodium channel ( ENaC ) subunits responsible for multi-system pseudohypoaldosteronism ( PHA ) support partial activity of ENaC '' . The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology . 119 ( 1 - 2 ) : 84 -- 88 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jsbmb. 2010.01. 002 . PMID 20064610 . Jump up ^ Niyonsaba , F ; Suzuki , A ; Ushio , H ; Nagaoka , I ; Ogawa , H ; Okumura , K ( 2009 ) . `` The human antimicrobial peptide dermcidin activates normal human keratinocytes '' . The British Journal of Dermatology. 160 ( 2 ) : 243 -- 9 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2133.2008. 08925. x . PMID 19014393 . External links ( edit ) A video of 3D visualization of a human eccrine gland duct Skin and related structures Skin Epidermis Stratum corneum Stratum lucidum Stratum granulosum Stratum spinosum Stratum basale Basement membrane Basal keratinocyte Lamina lucida Lamina densa Dermis Papillary Dermal papillae Reticular Subcutaneous tissue Panniculus / Pannus ( Panniculus adiposus Panniculus carnosus ) Membranous layer Loose connective tissue Superficial fascia Adnexa Skin glands Sweat glands : Apocrine sweat gland Eccrine sweat gland Sebaceous Hair Root sheath Outer root sheath Inner root sheath Henle 's layer Huxley 's layer Hair shaft Cuticle Cortex Medulla Bulb with matrix cells Hair follicle Muscle Arrector pili muscle Pilosebaceous unit Hair sebaceous gland Nail Nail matrix Nail plate Lunula Eponychium Paronychium Hyponychium Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eccrine_sweat_gland&oldid=835123465 '' Categories : Skin anatomy Hidden categories : Pages with unresolved properties Talk About Wikipedia Català Italiano 日本 語 Polski Русский Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 6 April 2018 , at 18 : 11 . About Wikipedia | where are eccrine glands found in the body | [
"Eccrine glands (/ˈɛkrən, -ˌkraɪn, -ˌkriːn/; from ekkrinein \"secrete\";[3] sometimes called merocrine glands) are the major sweat glands of the human body,[4] found in virtually all skin, with the highest density in palms and soles, then on the head, but much less on the trunk and the extremities. In lower mammals, they are relatively sparse, being found mainly on hairless areas such as foot pads. They reach their peak of development in humans, where they may number 200–400/cm² of skin surface.[5][6] They produce a clear, odorless substance, sweat, consisting primarily of water."
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"found in virtually all skin"
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-83617239474671884 | Tilde | Tilde - wikipedia Tilde This article is about the punctuation mark . For the given name , see Matilda ( name ) . This article contains special characters . Without proper rendering support , you may see question marks , boxes , or other symbols . ~ Tilde _̃ ∼ ◌ ̃ Small tilde Tilde operator Combining tilde Punctuation apostrophe ' ' brackets ( ) ( ) ( ) ⟨ ⟩ colon : comma , ، 、 dash ‒ -- -- ― ellipsis ... ... ⋯ ᠁ ฯ exclamation mark ! full stop , period . guillemets `` '' `` '' hyphen ‐ hyphen - minus - question mark ? quotation marks ' ' `` '' ' ' `` '' semicolon ; slash , stroke , solidus / ⧸ ⁄ Word dividers interpunct space General typography ampersand & asterisk * at sign @ backslash \ basis point ‱ bullet caret dagger † ‡ ⹋ degree ° ditto mark '' equals sign = inverted exclamation mark ¡ inverted question mark ¿ komejirushi , kome , reference mark ※ multiplication sign × number sign , pound , hash # numero sign No obelus ÷ ordinal indicator o a percent , per mil % ‰ plus , minus + − plus - minus , minus - plus ± ∓ pilcrow ¶ prime ′ '' ′′′ section sign § tilde ~ underscore , understrike _ vertical bar , pipe , broken bar ‖ ¦ Intellectual property copyright © copyleft 🄯 sound - recording copyright ℗ registered trademark ® service mark SM trademark TM Currency currency sign ¤ currency symbols ؋ ₳ ฿ ₿ ₵ ¢ ₡ ₢ $ ₫ ₯ ֏ ₠ € ƒ ₣ ₲ ₴ ₭ ₺ ₾ ₼ M ₥ ₦ ₧ ₱ ₰ £ 元 圆 圓 ریال ៛ ₽ ₹ Rs ₪ ৳ ₸ ₮ ₩ ¥ 円 Uncommon typography asterism ⁂ fleuron , hedera ❧ index , fist ☞ interrobang ‽ irony punctuation ⸮ lozenge ◊ tie ⁀ Related Diacritics Logic symbols Whitespace characters In other scripts Chinese Hebrew Japanese Korean Portal Book The tilde ( / ˈtɪldə / or / ˈtɪldi / ; _̃ or ~ ) is a grapheme with several uses . The name of the character came into English from Spanish and from Portuguese , which in turn came from the Latin titulus , meaning `` title '' or `` superscription '' . The reason for the name was that it was originally written over a letter as a scribal abbreviation , as a `` mark of suspension '' , shown as a straight line when used with capitals . Thus the commonly used words Anno Domini were frequently abbreviated to A Dñi , an elevated terminal with a suspension mark placed over the `` n '' . Such a mark could denote the omission of one letter or several letters . This saved on the expense of the scribe 's labour and the cost of vellum and ink . Medieval European charters written in Latin are largely made up of such abbreviated words with suspension marks and other abbreviations ; only uncommon words were given in full . The tilde has since been applied to a number of other uses as a diacritic mark or a character in its own right . These are encoded in Unicode at U + 0303 ◌ ̃ Combining Tilde and U + 007E ~ Tilde ( as a spacing character ) , and there are additional similar characters for different roles . In lexicography , the latter kind of tilde and the swung dash ( ⁓ ) are used in dictionaries to indicate the omission of the entry word . Contents 1 Common use 2 History 2.1 Use by medieval scribes 2.2 Role of mechanical typewriters 3 Connection to Spanish 4 Diacritical use 4.1 Pitch 4.2 Abbreviation 4.3 Nasalization 4.4 Palatal n 4.5 Tone 4.6 International Phonetic Alphabet 4.7 Letter extension 4.8 Other uses 4.9 Precomposed Unicode characters 5 Similar characters 6 ASCII tilde ( U + 007E ) 7 Punctuation 7.1 Range 7.2 Approximation 7.3 Japanese 7.3. 1 Unicode and Shift JIS encoding of wave dash 8 Mathematics 8.1 As a unary operator 8.2 As a relational operator 8.3 As an accent 9 Physics 10 Economics 11 Electronics 12 Computing 12.1 Directories and URLs 12.2 Computer languages 12.3 Backup filenames 12.4 Microsoft filenames 12.5 Other uses 13 Juggling notation 14 Keyboards 15 See also 16 References 17 External links Common use ( edit ) This symbol ( in English ) informally means `` approximately '' , `` about '' , or `` around '' , such as `` ~ 30 minutes before '' , meaning `` approximately 30 minutes before '' . It can mean `` similar to '' , including `` of the same order of magnitude as '' , such as : `` x ~ y '' meaning that x and y are of the same order of magnitude . Another approximation symbol is the double - tilde ≈ , meaning `` approximately equal to '' , the critical difference being the subjective level of accuracy : ≈ indicates a value which can be considered functionally equivalent for a calculation within an acceptable degree of error , whereas ~ is usually used to indicate a larger , possibly significant , degree of error . The tilde is also used to indicate `` equal to '' or `` approximately equal to '' by placing it over the `` = '' symbol , like so : ≅ . History ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Use by medieval scribes ( edit ) Text of Exeter Domesday Book of 1086 The text of the Domesday Book of 1086 , relating for example , to the manor of Molland in Devon ( see image left ) , is highly abbreviated as indicated by numerous tildes . The text with abbreviations expanded is as follows : Mollande tempore regis Edwardi geldabat pro quattuor hidis et uno ferling . Terra est quadraginta carucae . In dominio sunt tres carucae et decem servi et triginta villani et viginta bordarii cum sedecim carucis . Ibi duodecim acrae prati et quindecim acrae silvae . Pastura tres leugae in longitudine et latitudine . Libras ad pensam . Huic manerio est adjuncta Blachepole . Elwardus tenebat tempore regis Edwardi pro manerio et geldabat pro dimidia hida . Terra est duae carucae . Ibi sunt quinque villani cum uno servo . Valet viginti solidos ad pensam et arsuram . Eidem manerio est injuste adjuncta Nimete et valet quindecim solidos . Ipsi manerio pertinet tercius denarius de Hundredis Nortmoltone et Badentone et Brantone et tercium animal pasturae morarum . Role of mechanical typewriters ( edit ) The incorporation of the tilde ( ~ ) into ASCII is a direct result of its appearance as a distinct character on mechanical typewriters in the late nineteenth century . When all character sets were pieces of metal permanently installed , and number of characters much more limited than in typography , the question of which languages and markets required which characters was an important one . Any good typewriter store had a catalog of alternative keyboards that could be specified for machines ordered from the factory . At that time , the tilde was used only in Spanish and Portuguese typewriters ( keyboards ) . In Modern Spanish , the tilde is used only with n and N. Both were conveniently assigned to a single mechanical typebar , which sacrificed a key that was felt to be less important , usually the 1⁄2 -- 1⁄4 key . Portuguese , however , uses not ñ but nh . It uses the tilde on the vowels a and o . So as not to sacrifice two of the tightly limited keys to ã Ã õ Õ , the decision was made to make the ~ a separate `` dead '' character in which the carriage holding the paper did not move . Dead keys , which had a notch cut out to avoid hitting a mechanical linkage that triggered carriage movement , were used for characters that were intended to be combined ( overstruck ) . On mechanical typewriters , Spanish keyboards ( the first , or one of the first , non-English keyboards ) had a dead key , which contained the acute accent ( _́ ) , used over any vowel , and the dieresis ( _̈ ) , used only over u . It was a simple matter to create a dead key for a Portuguese keyboard ( created later than the Spanish one ) to be overstruck with a and o and so the ~ was born as a typographical character , which did not exist previously as a type or hot - lead printing character . That was probably a product of the first and leading manufacturer of ( mechanical ) typewriters , Remington . Connection to Spanish ( edit ) Main article : Ñ Logo of the Instituto Cervantes Logo of CNN en Español As indicated by the etymological origin of the word `` tilde '' in English , this symbol has been closely associated with the Spanish language . The connection stems from the use of the tilde above the letter `` n '' to form `` ñ '' in Spanish , a feature shared by only a few other languages , all historically connected to Spanish . This peculiarity can help non-native speakers quickly identify a text as being written in Spanish with little chance of error . In addition , most native speakers , although not all , use the word `` español '' to refer to their language . Particularly during the 1990s , Spanish - speaking intellectuals and news outlets demonstrated support for the language and the culture by defending this letter against globalisation and computerisation trends that threatened to remove it from keyboards and other standardised products and codes . The Instituto Cervantes , founded by Spain 's government to promote the Spanish language internationally , chose as its logo a highly stylised Ñ with a large tilde . The 24 - hour news channel CNN in the US later adopted a similar strategy on its existing logo for the launch of its Spanish - language version . And similarly to the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) , the Spain men 's national basketball team is nicknamed ÑBA . Confusingly , in Spanish itself the word tilde is used more generally for diacritics , including the stress - marking acute accent . The diacritic ~ is more commonly called la virgulilla or la tilde de la eñe , and is not considered an accent mark in Spanish , but rather simply a part of the letter ñ ( much like the dot over the i ) . Diacritical use ( edit ) In some languages , the tilde is used as a diacritical mark ( _̃ ) placed over a letter to indicate a change in pronunciation , such as nasalization . Pitch ( edit ) It was first used in the polytonic orthography of Ancient Greek , as a variant of the circumflex , representing a rise in pitch followed by a return to standard pitch . Abbreviation ( edit ) Carta marina showing Finnish economy , with the captions Hic fabricantur naves and Hic fabricantur bombarde abbreviated Later , it was used to make abbreviations in medieval Latin documents . When an ⟨ n ⟩ or ⟨ m ⟩ followed a vowel , it was often omitted , and a tilde ( i.e. , a small ⟨ n ⟩ ) was placed over the preceding vowel to indicate the missing letter ; this is the origin of the use of tilde to indicate nasalization ( compare the development of the umlaut as an abbreviation of ⟨ e ⟩ . ) The practice of using the tilde over a vowel to indicate omission of an ⟨ n ⟩ or ⟨ m ⟩ continued in printed books in French as a means of reducing text length until the 17th century . It was also used in Portuguese , and Spanish . The tilde was also used occasionally to make other abbreviations , such as over the letter ⟨ q ⟩ ( `` q̃ '' ) to signify the word que ( `` that '' ) . Nasalization ( edit ) It is also as a small ⟨ n ⟩ that the tilde originated when written above other letters , marking a Latin ⟨ n ⟩ which had been elided in old Galician - Portuguese . In modern Portuguese it indicates nasalization of the base vowel : mão `` hand '' , from Lat . manu - ; razões `` reasons '' , from Lat . rationes . This usage has been adopted in the orthographies of several native languages of South America , such as Guarani and Nheengatu , as well as in the International Phonetic Alphabet ( IPA ) and many other phonetic alphabets . For example , ( ljɔ̃ ) is the IPA transcription of the pronunciation of the French place - name Lyon . In Breton , the symbol ⟨ ñ ⟩ after a vowel means that the letter ⟨ n ⟩ serves only to give the vowel a nasalised pronunciation , without being itself pronounced , as it normally is . For example , ⟨ an ⟩ gives the pronunciation ( ãn ) whereas ⟨ añ ⟩ gives ( ã ) . Palatal n ( edit ) Main article : Ñ The tilded ⟨ n ⟩ ( ⟨ ñ ⟩ , ⟨ Ñ ⟩ ) developed from the digraph ⟨ nn ⟩ in Spanish . In this language , ⟨ ñ ⟩ is considered a separate letter called eñe ( IPA : ( ˈeɲe ) ) , rather than a letter - diacritic combination ; it is placed in Spanish dictionaries between the letters ⟨ n ⟩ and ⟨ o ⟩ . In Spanish the word tilde can refer to diacritics in general , e.g. the acute accent in José , and the diacritic in ⟨ ñ ⟩ can also be called `` virgulilla '' . Current languages in which the tilded ⟨ n ⟩ ( ⟨ ñ ⟩ ) is used for the palatal nasal consonant / ɲ / include : Asturian Basque Chamorro Filipino Galician Guaraní Iñupiaq Mapudungun Papiamento Quechua Spanish Tetum Tone ( edit ) In Vietnamese , a tilde over a vowel represents a creaky rising tone ( ngã ) . International phonetic Alphabet ( edit ) In phonetics , a tilde is used as a diacritic that is placed above a letter , below it or superimposed onto the middle of it : A tilde above a letter indicates nasalization , e.g. ( ã ) , ( ṽ ) . A tilde superimposed onto the middle of a letter indicates velarization or pharyngealization , e.g. ( ɫ ) , ( z̴ ) . If no precomposed Unicode character exists , the Unicode character U + 0334 ◌ ̴ COMBINING TILDE OVERLAY can be used to generate one . A tilde below a letter indicates laryngealisation , e.g. ( d̰ ) . If no precomposed Unicode character exists , the Unicode character U + 0330 ◌ ̰ COMBINING TILDE BELOW can be used to generate one . Letter extension ( edit ) In Estonian , the symbol ⟨ õ ⟩ stands for the close - mid back unrounded vowel , and it is considered an independent letter . Other uses ( edit ) Some languages and alphabets use the tilde for other purposes : Arabic script : A symbol resembling the tilde ( U + 0653 ـٓ ARABIC MADDAH ABOVE ) is used over the letter ⟨ ا ⟩ ( / a / ) to become ⟨ آ ⟩ , denoting a long / aː / sound ( ( ʔæː ) ) . Guaraní : The tilded ⟨ G̃ ⟩ ( note that ⟨ G / g ⟩ with tilde is not available as a precomposed glyph in Unicode ) stands for the velar nasal consonant . Also , the tilded ⟨ y ⟩ ( ⟨ Ỹ ⟩ ) stands for the nasalized upper central rounded vowel ( ɨ̃ ) . A small number of other alphabets also use ⟨ g̃ ⟩ . Syriac script : A tilde ( ~ ) under the letter Kaph represents a ( t͡ʃ ) sound , transliterated as ch or č . Estonian uses the tilde above the letter o ( õ ) to indicate the vowel ( ɤ ) , a rare sound among languages . Unicode has a combining vertical tilde character : U + 033E ◌ ̾ COMBINING VERTICAL TILDE . It is used to indicate middle tone in linguistic transcription of certain dialects of the Lithuanian language . Precomposed Unicode characters ( edit ) The following letters using the tilde as a diacritic exist as precomposed or combining Unicode characters : Letter Code point hide Name Ẵ U + 1EB4 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH BREVE AND TILDE ẵ U + 1EB5 LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH BREVE AND TILDE Ẫ U + 1EAA LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND TILDE ẫ U + 1EAB LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND TILDE Ã U + 00C3 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH TILDE ã U + 00E3 LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH TILDE ᵬ U + 1D6C LATIN SMALL LETTER B WITH MIDDLE TILDE ᵭ U + 1D6D LATIN SMALL LETTER D WITH MIDDLE TILDE Ễ U + 1EC4 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND TILDE ễ U + 1EC5 LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND TILDE Ḛ U + 1E1A LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E WITH TILDE BELOW ḛ U + 1E1B LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH TILDE BELOW Ẽ U + 1EBC LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E WITH TILDE ẽ U + 1EBD LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH TILDE ᵮ U + 1D6E LATIN SMALL LETTER F WITH MIDDLE TILDE Ḭ U + 1E2C LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I WITH TILDE BELOW ḭ U + 1E2D LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH TILDE BELOW Ĩ U + 0128 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I WITH TILDE ĩ U + 0129 LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH TILDE Ɫ U + 2C62 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER L WITH MIDDLE TILDE ɫ U + 026B LATIN SMALL LETTER L WITH MIDDLE TILDE ɫ U + AB5E MODIFIER LETTER SMALL L WITH MIDDLE TILDE ꬸ U + AB38 LATIN SMALL LETTER L WITH DOUBLE MIDDLE TILDE ◌ ᷬ U + 1DEC COMBINING LATIN SMALL LETTER L WITH DOUBLE MIDDLE TILDE ᵯ U + 1D6F LATIN SMALL LETTER M WITH MIDDLE TILDE ᵰ U + 1D70 LATIN SMALL LETTER N WITH MIDDLE TILDE Ñ U + 00D1 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER N WITH TILDE ñ U + 00F1 LATIN SMALL LETTER N WITH TILDE Ỗ U + 1ED6 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND TILDE ỗ U + 1ED7 LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND TILDE Ỡ U + 1EE0 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH HORN AND TILDE ỡ U + 1EE1 LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH HORN AND TILDE Ṍ U + 1E4C LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH TILDE AND ACUTE ṍ U + 1E4D LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH TILDE AND ACUTE Ṏ U + 1E4E LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH TILDE AND DIAERESIS ṏ U + 1E4F LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH TILDE AND DIAERESIS Ȭ U + 022C LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH TILDE AND MACRON ȭ U + 022D LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH TILDE AND MACRON Õ U + 00D5 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH TILDE õ U + 00F5 LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH TILDE ᵱ U + 1D71 LATIN SMALL LETTER P WITH MIDDLE TILDE ᵳ U + 1D73 LATIN SMALL LETTER R WITH FISHHOOK AND MIDDLE TILDE ᵲ U + 1D72 LATIN SMALL LETTER R WITH MIDDLE TILDE ᵴ U + 1D74 LATIN SMALL LETTER S WITH MIDDLE TILDE ᵵ U + 1D75 LATIN SMALL LETTER T WITH MIDDLE TILDE Ữ U + 1EEE LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U WITH HORN AND TILDE ữ U + 1EEF LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH HORN AND TILDE Ṹ U + 1E78 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U WITH TILDE AND ACUTE ṹ U + 1E79 LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH TILDE AND ACUTE Ṵ U + 1E74 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U WITH TILDE BELOW ṵ U + 1E75 LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH TILDE BELOW Ũ U + 0168 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U WITH TILDE ũ U + 0169 LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH TILDE Ṽ U + 1E7C LATIN CAPITAL LETTER V WITH TILDE ṽ U + 1E7D LATIN SMALL LETTER V WITH TILDE Ỹ U + 1EF8 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Y WITH TILDE ỹ U + 1EF9 LATIN SMALL LETTER Y WITH TILDE ᵶ U + 1D76 LATIN SMALL LETTER Z WITH MIDDLE TILDE Similar characters ( edit ) There are many Unicode characters for tildes , symbols incorporating tildes , and characters visually similar to a tilde : Character Code point Name hide Comments ~ U + 007E TILDE Same as keyboard tilde . In - line . _̃ U + 02DC SMALL TILDE Raised but quite small . ˷ U + 02F7 MODIFIER LETTER LOW TILDE ◌ ̃ U + 0303 COMBINING TILDE ◌ ̰ U + 0330 COMBINING TILDE BELOW Used in IPA to indicate creaky voice ◌ ̴ U + 0334 COMBINING TILDE OVERLAY Used in IPA to indicate velarization or pharyngealization ◌ ̾ U + 033E COMBINING VERTICAL TILDE ◌ ͂ U + 0342 COMBINING GREEK PERISPOMENI Used as an Ancient Greek accent under the name `` circumflex '' ; it can also be written as an inverted breve . ◌ ͊ U + 034A COMBINING NOT TILDE ABOVE Raised , small , with slash through . ◌ ͠ ◌ U + 0360 COMBINING DOUBLE TILDE ◌ ֘ U + 0598 HEBREW ACCENT ZARQA Hebrew cantillation mark . ◌ ֮ U + 05AE HEBREW ACCENT ZINOR Hebrew cantillation mark . ◌ ᷉ U + 1DC9 COMBINING ACUTE - GRAVE - ACUTE Used in IPA as a tone mark . ⁓ U + 2053 SWUNG DASH ∼ U + 223C TILDE OPERATOR Used in mathematics . In - line . Ends not curved as much . ∽ U + 223D REVERSED TILDE In some fonts it is the tilde 's simple mirror image ; others extend the tips to resemble a ᔕ , or an open ∞ . ∿ U + 223F SINE WAVE ≁ U + 2241 NOT TILDE ≂ U + 2242 MINUS TILDE ≃ U + 2243 ASYMPTOTICALLY EQUAL TO ≄ U + 2244 NOT ASYMPTOTICALLY EQUAL TO ≅ U + 2245 APPROXIMATELY EQUAL TO ≆ U + 2246 APPROXIMATELY BUT NOT ACTUALLY EQUAL TO ≇ U + 2247 NEITHER APPROXIMATELY NOR ACTUALLY EQUAL TO ≈ U + 2248 ALMOST EQUAL TO ≉ U + 2249 NOT ALMOST EQUAL TO ≊ U + 224A ALMOST EQUAL OR EQUAL TO ≋ U + 224B TRIPLE TILDE ≌ U + 224C ALL EQUAL TO ⋍ U + 22CD REVERSED TILDE EQUALS ⍨ U + 2368 APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL TILDE DIAERESIS ⍫ U + 236B APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL DEL TILDE ⍭ U + 236D APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL STILE TILDE ⍱ U + 2371 APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL DOWN CARET TILDE ⍲ U + 2372 APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL UP CARET TILDE ⥲ U + 2972 TILDE OPERATOR ABOVE RIGHTWARDS ARROW ⥳ U + 2973 LEFTWARDS ARROW ABOVE TILDE OPERATOR ⥴ U + 2974 RIGHTWARDS ARROW ABOVE TILDE OPERATOR ⧤ U + 29E4 EQUALS SIGN AND SLANTED PARALLEL WITH TILDE ABOVE ⨤ U + 2A24 PLUS SIGN WITH TILDE ABOVE ⨦ U + 2A26 PLUS SIGN WITH TILDE BELOW ⩪ U + 2A6A TILDE OPERATOR WITH DOT ABOVE ⩫ U + 2A6B TILDE OPERATOR WITH RISING DOTS ⩳ U + 2A73 EQUALS SIGN ABOVE TILDE OPERATOR ⫇ U + 2AC7 SUBSET OF ABOVE TILDE OPERATOR ⫈ U + 2AC8 SUPERSET OF ABOVE TILDE OPERATOR ⫳ U + 2AF3 PARALLEL WITH TILDE OPERATOR ⭁ U + 2B41 REVERSE TILDE OPERATOR ABOVE LEFTWARDS ARROW ⭇ U + 2B47 REVERSE TILDE OPERATOR ABOVE RIGHTWARDS ARROW ⭉ U + 2B49 TILDE OPERATOR ABOVE LEFTWARDS ARROW ⭋ U + 2B4B LEFTWARDS ARROW ABOVE REVERSE TILDE OPERATOR ⭌ U + 2B4C RIGHTWARDS ARROW ABOVE REVERSE TILDE OPERATOR ⸛ U + 2E1B TILDE WITH RING ABOVE ⸞ U + 2E1E TILDE WITH DOT ABOVE ⸟ U + 2E1F TILDE WITH DOT BELOW ⸯ U + 2E2F VERTICAL TILDE 〜 U + 301C WAVE DASH Used in Japanese punctuation . 〰 U + 3030 WAVY DASH ◌ ︢ U + FE22 COMBINING DOUBLE TILDE LEFT HALF ◌ ︣ U + FE23 COMBINING DOUBLE TILDE RIGHT HALF ◌ ︩ U + FE29 COMBINING TILDE LEFT HALF BELOW ◌ ︪ U + FE2A COMBINING TILDE RIGHT HALF BELOW _̅ U + FE4B WAVY OVERLINE _ U + FE4F WAVY LOW LINE ~ U + FF5E FULLWIDTH TILDE 50 % wider . In - line . Ends not curved much . ~ U + E007E TAG TILDE Formatting tag control character . ASCII tilde ( U + 007E ) ( edit ) Serif : -- ~ -- Sans - serif : -- ~ -- Monospace : -- ~ -- A tilde between two em dashes in three font families Raised tilde from a dot matrix printer Most modern proportional fonts align plain spacing tilde at the same level as dashes , or only slightly upper . This distinguishes it from a small tilde ( _̃ ) , which is always raised . But in some monospace fonts , especially used in text user interfaces , ASCII tilde character is raised too . This apparently is a legacy of typewriters , where pairs of similar spacing and combining characters relied on one glyph . Even in line printers ' age character repertoires were often not large enough to distinguish between plain tilde , small tilde and combining tilde . Overprinting of a letter by the tilde was a working method of combining a letter . Punctuation ( edit ) The tilde ( ~ ) is used in various ways in punctuation : Range ( edit ) In some languages ( though not generally in English ) , a tilde - like wavy dash may be used as punctuation ( instead of an unspaced hyphen , en dash or em dash ) between two numbers , to indicate a range rather than subtraction or a hyphenated number ( such as a part number or model number ) . For example , `` 12 ~ 15 '' means `` 12 to 15 '' , `` ~ 3 '' means `` up to three '' , and `` 100 ~ '' means `` 100 and greater '' . Japanese and other East Asian languages almost always use this convention , but it is often done for clarity in some other languages as well . Chinese uses the wavy dash and full - width em dash interchangeably for this purpose . In English , the tilde is often used to express ranges and model numbers in electronics , but rarely in formal grammar or in type - set documents , as a wavy dash preceding a number sometimes represents an approximation ( see below ) . Approximation ( edit ) Before a number the tilde can mean `` approximately '' ; `` ~ 42 '' means `` approximately 42 '' . Japanese ( edit ) Further information : Japanese punctuation § Wave dash The wave dash ( 波 ダッシュ , nami dasshu ) is used for various purposes in Japanese , including to denote ranges of numbers , in place of dashes or brackets , and to indicate origin . The wave dash is also used to separate a title and a subtitle in the same line , as a colon is used in English . When used in conversations via email or instant messenger it may be used as a sarcasm mark . The sign is used as a replacement for the chouon , katakana character , in Japanese , extending the final syllable . Unicode and Shift JIS encoding of wave dash ( edit ) Correct JIS wave dash . Previous Unicode wave dash ( incorrect ) . In practice the full - width tilde ( 全角 チルダ , zenkaku chiruda ) , Unicode U + FF5E , is often used instead of the wave dash ( 波 ダッシュ , nami dasshu ) , Unicode U + 301C , because the Shift JIS code for the wave dash , 0x8160 , which is supposed to be mapped to U + 301C , is instead mapped to U + FF5E in Windows code page 932 ( Microsoft 's code page for Japanese ) , a widely used extension of Shift JIS . This avoided a shape definition error in the Unicode code charts : the wave dash reference glyph in JIS / Shift JIS matches the Unicode reference glyph for U + FF5E , while the reference glyph for U + 301C was reflected , incorrectly , when Unicode imported the JIS wave dash . In other platforms such as the classic Mac OS and macOS , 0x8160 is correctly mapped to U + 301C . It is generally difficult , if not impossible , for users of Japanese Windows to type U + 301C , especially in legacy , non-Unicode applications . A similar situation exists regarding the Korean KS X 1001 character set , in which Microsoft maps the EUC - KR or UHC code for the wave dash ( 0xA1AD ) to U + 223C ( Tilde Operator ) , while IBM and Apple map it to U + 301C . The current Unicode reference glyph for U + 301C has been corrected to match the JIS standard in response to a 2014 proposal , which noted that while the existing Unicode reference glyph had been matched by fonts from the discontinued Windows XP , all other major platforms including later versions of Microsoft Windows matched the JIS reference glyph for U + 301C . The JIS / Shift JIS wave dash is still formally mapped to U + 301C as of JIS X 0213 , whereas the WHATWG Encoding Standard used by HTML5 follows Microsoft in mapping 0x8160 to U + FF5E . These two code points have a similar or identical glyph in several fonts , reducing the confusion and incompatibility . Mathematics ( edit ) As a unary operator ( edit ) A tilde in front of a single quantity can mean `` approximately '' , `` about '' or `` of the same order of magnitude as . '' In written mathematical logic , the tilde represents negation : `` ~ p '' means `` not p '' , where `` p '' is a proposition . Modern use often replaces the tilde with the negation symbol ( ¬ ) for this purpose , to avoid confusion with equivalence relations . As a relational operator ( edit ) In mathematics , the tilde operator ( Unicode U + 223C ) , sometimes called `` twiddle '' , is often used to denote an equivalence relation between two objects . Thus `` x ~ y '' means `` x is equivalent to y '' . It is a weaker statement than stating that x equals y . The expression `` x ~ y '' is sometimes read aloud as `` x twiddles y '' , perhaps as an analogue to the verbal expression of `` x = y '' . The tilde can indicate approximate equality in a variety of ways . It can be used to denote the asymptotic equality of two functions . For example , f ( x ) ~ g ( x ) means that lim f ( x ) ∕ g ( x ) = 1 . A tilde is also used to indicate `` approximately equal to '' ( e.g. 1.902 ~ = 2 ) . This usage probably developed as a typed alternative to the libra symbol used for the same purpose in written mathematics , which is an equal sign with the upper bar replaced by a bar with an upward hump , bump , ︎or loop in the middle ( ︍︍ ♎ ︎ ) or , sometimes , a tilde ( ≃ ) . The symbol `` ≈ '' is also used for this purpose. ︎ In physics and astronomy , a tilde can be used between two expressions ( e.g. h ~ 10 J s ) to state that the two are of the same order of magnitude . In statistics and probability theory , the tilde means `` is distributed as '' ; see random variable . A tilde can also be used to represent geometric similarity ( e.g. ∆ ABC ~ ∆ DEF , meaning triangle ABC is similar to DEF ) . A triple tilde ( ≋ ) is often used to show congruence , an equivalence relation in geometry . As an accent ( edit ) The symbol `` f ~ ( \ displaystyle ( \ tilde ( f ) ) ) '' is pronounced as `` eff tilde '' or , informally , as `` eff twiddle '' or , in American English , `` eff wiggle '' . This can be used to denote the Fourier transform of f , or a lift of f , and can have a variety of other meanings depending on the context . A tilde placed below a letter in mathematics can represent a vector quantity ( e.g. ( x 1 , x 2 , x 3 , ... , x n ) = x ∼ ( \ displaystyle ( x_ ( 1 ) , x_ ( 2 ) , x_ ( 3 ) , \ ldots , x_ ( n ) ) = ( \ underset ( ^ ( \ sim ) ) ( \ mathbf ( x ) ) ) ) ) . In statistics and probability theory , a tilde placed on top of a variable is sometimes used to represent the median of that variable ; thus y ~ ( \ displaystyle ( \ tilde ( \ mathbf ( y ) ) ) ) would indicate the median of the variable y ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( y ) ) . A tilde over the letter n ( n ~ ( \ displaystyle ( \ tilde ( n ) ) ) ) is sometimes used to indicate the harmonic mean . Physics ( edit ) Often in physics , one can consider an equilibrium solution to an equation , and then a perturbation to that equilibrium . For the variables in the original equation ( for instance X ( \ displaystyle X ) ) a substitution X → x + x ~ ( \ displaystyle X \ to x+ ( \ tilde ( x ) ) ) can be made , where x ( \ displaystyle x ) is the equilibrium part and x ~ ( \ displaystyle ( \ tilde ( x ) ) ) is the perturbed part . A tilde is also used in particle physics to denote the hypothetical supersymmetric partner . For example , an electron is referred to by the letter e , and its superpartner the selectron is written ẽ . Economics ( edit ) For relations involving preference , economists sometimes use the tilde to represent indifference between two or more bundles of goods . For example , to say that a consumer is indifferent between bundles x and y , an economist would write x ~ y . Electronics ( edit ) It can approximate the sine wave symbol ( ∿ , U+ 223F ) , which is used in electronics to indicate alternating current , in place of + , − , or ⎓ for direct current . Computing ( edit ) Directories and URLs ( edit ) On Unix - like operating systems ( including AIX , BSD , Linux and macOS ) , tilde normally indicates the current user 's home directory . For example , if the current user 's home directory is / home / bloggsj , then the command cd ~ is equivalent to cd / home / bloggsj , cd $ HOME , or cd . This convention derives from the Lear - Siegler ADM - 3A terminal in common use during the 1970s , which happened to have the tilde symbol and the word `` Home '' ( for moving the cursor to the upper left ) on the same key . When prepended to a particular username , the tilde indicates that user 's home directory ( e.g. , ~ janedoe for the home directory of user janedoe , such as / home / janedoe ) . Used in URLs on the World Wide Web , it often denotes a personal website on a Unix - based server . For example , http://www.example.com/~johndoe/ might be the personal web site of John Doe . This mimics the Unix shell usage of the tilde . However , when accessed from the web , file access is usually directed to a subdirectory in the user 's home directory , such as / home / username / public_html or / home / username / www . In URLs , the characters % 7E ( or % 7e ) may substitute for tilde if an input device lacks a tilde key . Thus , http://www.example.com/~johndoe/ and http://www.example.com/%7Ejohndoe/ will behave in the same manner . Computer languages ( edit ) The tilde is used in the AWK programming language as part of the pattern match operators for regular expressions : variable ~ / regex / returns true if the variable is matched . variable ! ~ / regex / returns false if the variable is matched . A variant of this , with the plain tilde replaced with = ~ , was adopted in Perl , and this semi-standardization has led to the use of these operators in other programming languages , such as Ruby or the SQL variant of the database PostgreSQL . In APL and MATLAB , tilde represents the monadic logical function NOT . In the C , C++ and C# programming languages , the tilde character is used as bitwise NOT operator , following the notation in logic ( an ! causes a logical NOT , instead ) . In C++ and C# , the tilde is also used as the first character in a class 's method name ( where the rest of the name must be the same name as the class ) to indicate a destructor -- a special method which is called at the end of the object 's life . In ASP.NET application tilde ( ' ~ ' ) is used as a shortcut to the root of the application 's virtual directory . In the CSS stylesheet language , the tilde is used for the indirect adjacent combinator as part of a selector . In the D programming language , the tilde is used as an array concatenation operator , as well as to indicate an object destructor and bitwise not operator . Tilde operator can be overloaded for user types , and binary tilde operator is mostly used to merging two objects , or adding some objects to set of objects . It was introduced because plus operator can have different meaning in many situations . For example , what to do with `` 120 '' + `` 14 '' ? Is this a string `` 134 '' ( addition of two numbers ) , or `` 12014 '' ( concatenation of strings ) or something else ? D disallows + operator for arrays ( and strings ) , and provides separate operator for concatenation ( similarly PHP programming language solved this problem by using dot operator for concatenation , and + for number addition , which will also work on strings containing numbers ) . In Eiffel , the tilde is used for object comparison . If a and b denote objects , the boolean expression a ~ b has value true if and only if these objects are equal , as defined by the applicable version of the library routine is_equal , which by default denotes field - by - field object equality but can be redefined in any class to support a specific notion of equality . If a and b are references , the object equality expression a ~ b is to be contrasted with a = b which denotes reference equality . Unlike the call a. is_equal ( b ) , the expression a ~ b is type - safe even in the presence of covariance . In the Apache Groovy programming language the tilde character is used as an operator mapped to the bitwiseNegate ( ) method . Given a String the method will produce a java. util. regex. Pattern . Given an integer it will negate the integer bitwise like in different C variants. = ~ and = = ~ can in Groovy be used to match a regular expression . In Haskell , the tilde is used in type constraints to indicate type equality . Also , in pattern - matching , the tilde is used to indicate a lazy pattern match . In the Inform programming language , the tilde is used to indicate a quotation mark inside a quoted string . In `` text mode '' of the LaTeX typesetting language a tilde diacritic can be obtained using , e.g. , \ ~ ( n ) , yielding `` ñ '' . A stand - alone tilde can be obtained by using \ textasciitilde or \ string ~ . In `` math mode '' a tilde diacritic can be written as , e.g. , \ tilde ( x ) . For a wider tilde \ widetilde can be used . The \ sim command produce a tilde - like binary relation symbol that is often used in mathematical expressions , and the double - tilde ≈ is obtained with \ approx . The url package also supports entering tildes directly , e.g. , \ url ( http://server/~name ) . In both text and math mode , a tilde on its own ( ~ ) renders a white space with no line breaking . In MediaWiki syntax , four tildes are used as a shortcut for a user 's signature . In Common Lisp , the tilde is used as the prefix for format specifiers in format strings . In Max / MSP , a tilde is used to denote objects that process at the computer 's sampling rate , i.e. mainly those that deal with sound . In Standard ML , the tilde is used as the prefix for negative numbers and as the unary negation operator . In OCaml , the tilde is used to specify the label for a labeled parameter . In Microsoft 's SQL Server Transact - SQL ( T - SQL ) language , the tilde is a unary Bitwise NOT operator . In JavaScript , the tilde is used as a unary bitwise complement ( or bitwise negation ) operation ( ~ number ) . Because JavaScript internally uses floats and the bitwise complement only works on integers , numbers are stripped of their decimal part before applying the operation . This has also given rise to using two tildes ~ ~ number as a short syntax for a cast to integer ( numbers are stripped of their decimal part and changed into their complement , and then back . The net result is thus only the removal of the decimal part ) . For positive numbers , this is equivalent to the mathematical floor function . In Object REXX , the twiddle is used as a `` message send '' symbol . For example , Employee.name ~ lower ( ) would cause the lower ( ) method to act on the object Employee ' s name attribute , returning the result of the operation . ~ ~ returns the object that received the method rather than the result produced . Thus it can be used when the result need not be returned or when cascading methods are to be used . team ~ ~ insert ( `` Jane '' ) ~ ~ insert ( `` Joe '' ) ~ ~ insert ( `` Steve '' ) would send multiple concurrent insert messages , thus invoking the insert method three consecutive times on the team object . Backup filenames ( edit ) The dominant Unix convention for naming backup copies of files is appending a tilde to the original file name . It originated with the Emacs text editor and was adopted by many other editors and some command - line tools . Emacs also introduced an elaborate numbered backup scheme , with files named filename. ~ 1 ~ , filename. ~ 2 ~ and so on . It did n't catch on , as the rise of version control software eliminates the need for this usage . Microsoft filenames ( edit ) The tilde was part of Microsoft 's filename mangling scheme when it extended the FAT file system standard to support long filenames for Microsoft Windows . Programs written prior to this development could only access filenames in the so - called 8.3 format -- the filenames consisted of a maximum of eight characters from a restricted character set ( e.g. no spaces ) , followed by a period , followed by three more characters . In order to permit these legacy programs to access files in the FAT file system , each file had to be given two names -- one long , more descriptive one , and one that conformed to the 8.3 format . This was accomplished with a name - mangling scheme in which the first six characters of the filename are followed by a tilde and a digit . For example , `` Program Files '' might become `` PROGRA ~ 1 '' . The tilde symbol is also often used to prefix hidden temporary files that are created when a document is opened in Windows . For example , when a document `` Document1. doc '' is opened in Word , a file called `` ~ $ cument1. doc '' is created in the same directory . This file contains information about which user has the file open , to prevent multiple users from attempting to change a document at the same time . Other uses ( edit ) Computer programmers use the tilde in various ways and sometimes call the symbol ( as opposed to the diacritic ) a squiggle , squiggly , or twiddle . According to the Jargon File , other synonyms sometimes used in programming include not , approx , wiggle , enyay ( after eñe ) and ( humorously ) sqiggle / ˈskɪɡəl / . It is used in many languages as a binary inversion operator , swapping a number 's binary 1 's and 0 's for example ~ 10 ( binary ~ 1010 ) is equal to 5 ( binary 0101 ) . In Perl 6 , `` ~ ~ '' is used instead of `` = ~ '' . Juggling notation ( edit ) In the juggling notation system Beatmap , tilde can be added to either `` hand '' in a pair of fields to say `` cross the arms with this hand on top '' . Mills Mess is thus represented as ( ~ 2x , 1 ) ( 1 , 2x ) ( 2x , ~ 1 ) * . Keyboards ( edit ) Where a tilde is on the keyboard depends on the computer 's language settings according to the following chart . On many keyboards it is primarily available through a dead key that makes it possible to produce a variety of precomposed characters with the diacritic . In that case , a single tilde can typically be inserted with the dead key followed by the space bar , or alternatively by striking the dead key twice in a row . To insert a tilde with the dead key , it is often necessary to simultaneously hold down the Alt Gr key . On the keyboard layouts that include an Alt Gr key , it typically takes the place of the right - hand Alt key . With a Macintosh either of the Alt / Option keys function similarly . In the US and European Windows systems , the Alt code for a single tilde is 126 . For Mac use option +'n ' key Keyboard Insert a single tilde ( ~ ) Insert a precomposed character with tilde ( e.g. ã ) Arabic ( Saudi Arabia ) ⇧ Shift + ` ذّ Croatian Alt Gr + 1 Danish Alt Gr + _̈ followed by Space Alt Gr + _̈ followed by the relevant letter Dvorak Alt Gr + = followed by Space , or Alt Gr + ⇧ Shift + ' followed by Space Alt Gr + = followed by the relevant letter , or Alt Gr + ⇧ Shift + ' followed by the relevant letter English ( Australia ) ⇧ Shift + ` English ( Canada ) ⇧ Shift + ` English ( UK ) ⇧ Shift + # English ( US ) ⇧ Shift + ` Ctrl + ~ followed by the relevant letter Faroese Alt Gr + ð followed by Space Alt Gr + ð followed by the relevant letter Finnish Alt Gr + _̈ followed by Space , or Alt Gr + _̈ _̈ Alt Gr + _̈ followed by the relevant letter French ( Canada ) Alt Gr + ç followed by Space , or Alt Gr + ç ç Alt Gr + ç followed by the relevant letter French ( France ) Alt Gr + é followed by Space , or Alt Gr + é é ⌥ Option + n ( on Mac OS X ) Alt Gr + é followed by the relevant letter French ( Switzerland ) Alt Gr + ^ followed by Space , or Alt Gr + ^ ^ Alt Gr + ^ followed by the relevant letter Bépo ( French Dvorak ) Alt Gr + N followed by Space , or Alt Gr + K Alt Gr + N followed by the relevant letter German ( Germany ) Alt Gr + + German ( Switzerland ) Alt Gr + ^ followed by Space , or Alt Gr + ^ ^ Alt Gr + ^ followed by the relevant letter Hebrew ( Israel ) ⇧ Shift + ~ Ctrl + ⇧ Shift + ~ followed by the relevant letter Hindi ( India ) Alt Gr + ⇧ Shift + the key to the left of 1 Hungarian Alt Gr + 1 Icelandic Alt Gr + ' ( the same key as ? ) Italian ⌥ Option + 5 ( on Mac OS X ) Alt Gr + ì ( on Linux ) Alt + 1 2 6 ( on Windows ) Norwegian Alt Gr + _̈ followed by Space , or Alt Gr + _̈ _̈ . On Mac : Ctrl + ⌥ Option + _̈ , or ⌥ Option + _̈ followed by Space . Alt Gr + _̈ followed by the relevant letter . On Mac : ⌥ Option + _̈ followed by the relevant letter . Polish ⇧ Shift + ` followed by Space , or ⇧ Shift + ` ` The dead key is not generally used for inserting characters with tilde ; when followed by ( acelnosxz ) , it results in ( ą ć ę ł ń ó ś ź ż ) instead . Portuguese ~ followed by Space ~ followed by the relevant letter Slovak Alt Gr + 1 Spanish ( Spain ) Alt Gr + 4 followed by Space , or Alt Gr + 4 4 ( on Windows ) On Linux : Alt Gr + 4 , or Alt Gr + ¡ followed by Space . On Mac : Ctrl + ⌥ Option + Ñ , or ⌥ Option + Ñ followed by Space . Alt Gr + 4 ( on Windows ) followed by the relevant letter . Alt Gr + ¡ ( on Linux ) followed by the relevant letter . On Mac : ⌥ Option + Ñ followed by the relevant letter . Spanish ( Latin America ) Alt Gr + + Swedish Alt Gr + _̈ followed by Space , or Alt Gr + _̈ _̈ Alt Gr + _̈ followed by the relevant letter Turkish Alt Gr + ü followed by Space , or Alt Gr + ü ü Alt Gr + ü followed by the relevant letter See also ( edit ) Circumflex Tittle References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : tilde in the American Heritage dictionary Jump up ^ Several more or less common informal names are used for the tilde that usually describe the shape , including squiggly , squiggle ( s ) , and flourish . Jump up ^ `` Swung dash '' , WordNet ( search ) ( 3.0 ed . ) ^ Jump up to : `` Tilde '' . Wolfram / MathWorld. 3 November 2011 . Retrieved 11 November 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` All Elementary Mathematics -- Mathematical symbols dictionary '' . Bymath . Retrieved 11 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Character design standards - Maths '' . ^ Jump up to : Quinn , Liam . `` HTML 4.0 Entities for Symbols and Greek Letters '' . HTML help . Retrieved 11 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Math Symbols ... Those Most Valuable and Important : Approximately Equal Symbol '' . Solving Math problems . 20 September 2010 . Retrieved 11 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 26 argumentos para seguir defendiendo la Ñ '' . La Razón . Retrieved 31 January 2016 . Jump up ^ AFP . `` Batalla de la Ñ : Una aventura quijotesca para defender el alma de la lengua '' . Periódico ABC Paraguay . Retrieved 31 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Diccionario de la lengua española , Real Academia Española Jump up ^ Ortografía de la lengua española . Madrid : Real Academia Española. 2010 . p. 279 . ISBN 978 - 84 - 670 - 3426 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Lema en la RAE '' . Real Academia Española . Retrieved 10 Oct 2015 . Jump up ^ Nestle , Eberhard ( 1888 ) . Syrische Grammatik mit Litteratur , Chrestomathie und Glossar . Berlin : H. Reuther 's Verlagsbuchhandlung . ( translated to English as Syriac grammar with bibliography , chrestomathy and glossary , by R.S. Kennedy . London : Williams & Norgate 1889 . p. 5 ) . Jump up ^ Lithuanian Standards Board ( LST ) , proposal for a zigzag diacritic Jump up ^ `` Other symbols '' , Abstract Math Jump up ^ `` Appendix 1 : Shift_JIS - 2004 vs Unicode mapping table '' , JIS X 0213 : 2004 , X 0213 . Jump up ^ Shift - JIS to Unicode , Unicode . Jump up ^ `` Windows 932_81 '' . Microsoft . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` ISO - IR - 087 : Japanese Graphic Character Set for Information Interchange '' ( PDF ) . JP : Information Technology Standards Commission of Japan ( IPSJ / ITSCJ ) . Jump up ^ `` ISO - IR - 233 : Japanese Graphic Character Set for Information Interchange , Plane 1 '' ( PDF ) . JP : Information Technology Standards Commission of Japan ( IPSJ / ITSCJ ) . Jump up ^ Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms ( PDF ) ( chart ) , Unicode . Jump up ^ CJK Symbols and Punctuation ( Unicode 6.2 ) ( PDF ) ( chart ) , Unicode . ^ Jump up to : Errata Fixed in Unicode 8.0. 0 , Unicode Jump up ^ `` windows - 949 - 2000 ( lead byte A1 ) '' . ICU Demonstration - Converter Explorer . International Components for Unicode . Jump up ^ `` Lead Byte A1 - A2 ( Code page 949 ) '' . MSDN . Microsoft . Jump up ^ `` ibm - 1363_P110 - 1997 ( lead byte A1 ) '' . ICU Demonstration - Converter Explorer . International Components for Unicode . Jump up ^ `` euc - kr ( lead byte A1 ) '' . ICU Demonstration - Converter Explorer . International Components for Unicode . Jump up ^ `` Map ( external version ) from Mac OS Korean encoding to Unicode 3.2 and later '' . Apple . Jump up ^ CJK Symbols and Punctuation ( PDF ) ( chart ) , Unicode Jump up ^ Komatsu , Hiroyuki , L2 / 14 - 198 : Proposal for the modification of the sample character layout of WAVE_DASH ( U + 301C ) ( PDF ) Jump up ^ Shift_JIS - 2004 ( JIS X 0213 : 2004 Appendix 1 ) vs Unicode mapping table , x0213.org Jump up ^ `` Shift_JIS visualization '' , Encoding Standard , WHATWG Jump up ^ Derbyshire , J ( 2004 ) , Prime Obsession : Bernhard Riemann and the Greatest Unsolved Problem in Mathematics , New York : Penguin . Jump up ^ `` Tilde '' . Wolfram Research . Retrieved June 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Choy , Stephen TL ; Jesudason , Judith Packer ; Lee , Peng Yee ( 1988 ) . Proceedings of the Analysis Conference , Singapore 1986 . Elsevier . Retrieved 11 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Tilde expansion '' , C Library Manual , The GNU project , retrieved 4 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Module mod_userdir '' , HTTP Server Documentation ( version 2.0 ed . ) , The Apache foundation , retrieved 4 July 2010 . Jump up ^ RFC 3986 , IETF . Jump up ^ `` The Groovy programming language - Operators '' . Jump up ^ Groovy Regular Expression User Guide , Code haus . Jump up ^ Groovy RegExp FAQ , Code haus . Jump up ^ `` Type Families '' , Haskell Wiki . Jump up ^ `` Lazy pattern match - HaskellWiki '' . Jump up ^ `` CLHS : Section 22.3 '' . Lispworks.com. 2005 - 04 - 11 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ Emacs Manual Jump up ^ `` The Internet Juggling Database '' . Archived from the original on 28 July 2005 . Retrieved 6 November 2009 . External links ( edit ) Diacritics Project -- `` all you need to create typefaces with correct accents '' `` Keyboard Help : Learn to create accent marks and other diacritics on a computer '' . 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-6660592953689000670 | Westminster Cathedral | Westminster Cathedral - wikipedia Westminster Cathedral Not to be confused with Westminster Abbey . Church in London , England Westminster Cathedral Metropolitan Cathedral of the Precious Blood of Our Lord Jesus Christ Cathedral from Victoria Street Westminster Cathedral Shown within Central London Coordinates : 51 ° 29 ′ 46 '' N 0 ° 08 ′ 23 '' W / 51.4961 ° N 0.1397 ° W / 51.4961 ; - 0.1397 OS grid reference TQ2924879074 Location Francis Street , Westminster London , SW1 Country England Denomination Roman Catholic Website westminstercathedral.org.uk History Status Cathedral Consecrated 1910 Architecture Functional status Active Architect ( s ) John Francis Bentley Style Neo-Byzantine Years built 1895 -- 1903 Specifications Length 110m ( 360ft ) Width 47m ( 156ft ) Number of towers Tower height 87m ( 284ft , including the cross ) Administration Diocese Westminster ( since 1884 ) Province Westminster Clergy Archbishop Vincent Nichols Canon ( s ) Christopher Tuckwell Laity Director of music Martin Baker Organist ( s ) Peter Stevens Listed Building -- Grade I Designated 1 December 1987 Amended 15 February 1994 Reference no . 1066500 Part of a series on Catholic Church in England and Wales Westminster Cathedral Organisation Archbishop of Westminster Catholic Bishops ' Conference Dioceses Personal Ordinariate of Our Lady of Walsingham Chaplaincies Nunciature to Great Britain History Augustine of Canterbury Gregorian mission English saints Welsh saints Pope Adrian IV Recusancy Old Chapter Associations Education Service National Library Association Pilgrimage Women 's League Latin Mass Society CIEL UK Catholicism portal Interior Baptistery South - western elevation Neo-Byzantine mosaics Reliquary of Saint John Southworth North - western elevation Blessed Sacrament Chapel Ceiling of the Lady Chapel North - western portal Westminster Cathedral , or the Metropolitan Cathedral of the Precious Blood of Our Lord Jesus Christ , in London is the mother church of the Catholic Church in England and Wales . The site on which the cathedral stands in the City of Westminster was purchased by the Diocese of Westminster in 1885 . Westminster Cathedral is the largest Catholic church building in England and Wales and the seat of the Archbishop of Westminster . John Betjeman called it `` a masterpiece in striped brick and stone in an intricate pattern of bonding , the domes being all - brick in order to prove that the good craftsman has no need of steel or concrete . '' Contents 1 History 2 Architecture 2.1 High altar 2.2 Chapels 3 Mosaics 4 Music 5 Choir 6 Oremus magazine 7 Burials 8 In popular culture 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 External links History ( edit ) In the late 19th century , the Catholic Church 's hierarchy had only recently been restored in England and Wales , and it was in memory of Cardinal Wiseman ( who died in 1865 , and was the first Archbishop of Westminster from 1850 ) that the first substantial sum of money was raised for the new cathedral . The land was acquired in 1884 by Wiseman 's successor , Cardinal Manning , having previously been occupied by the second Tothill Fields Bridewell prison . After two false starts in 1867 ( under architect Henry Clutton ) and 1892 ( architect Baron von Herstel ) , construction started in 1895 under Manning 's successor , the third archbishop , Cardinal Vaughan , with John Francis Bentley as architect , and built in a style heavily influenced by Byzantine architecture . The cathedral opened in 1903 , a year after Bentley 's death . One of the first public services in the cathedral was Cardinal Vaughan 's requiem ; the cardinal died on 19 June 1903 . For reasons of economy , the decoration of the interior had hardly been started and still much remained to be completed . Under the laws of the Catholic Church at the time , no place of worship could be consecrated unless free from debt and having its fabric completed . The consecration ceremony took place on 28 June 1910 , although the interior was never finished . In 1895 , the Cathedral was dedicated to The Most Precious Blood of Our Lord Jesus Christ . This is indicated by the Latin dedication above the portal arch : `` Domine Jesus Rex et Redemptor per Sanguinem tuum salva nos '' ( English translation : Lord Jesus , King and Redeemer , heal us through your blood . ) . The additional patrons are St Mary , the mother of Jesus , St Joseph , his Foster Father , and St Peter , his Vicar . The Cathedral also has numerous secondary patrons : St Augustine and all British saints , St Patrick and all saints of Ireland . The Feast of the Dedication of the Cathedral is celebrated each year on 1 July , which from 1849 until 1969 was the feast of the Most Precious Blood of Our Lord Jesus Christ . In 1977 , as part of her Silver Jubilee celebrations , Queen Elizabeth II visited the cathedral to view a flower show . On 28 May 1982 , the first day of his six - day pastoral visit to the United Kingdom , Pope John Paul II celebrated Mass in the cathedral . On St Andrew 's Day ( 30 November ) 1995 , at the invitation of Cardinal Basil Hume , Queen Elizabeth again visited the cathedral but this time she attended Choral Vespers , the first participation of the Queen in a Catholic church liturgy in Great Britain . On 18 September 2010 , on the third day of his four - day state visit to the United Kingdom , Pope Benedict XVI celebrated Mass in the cathedral . In January 2011 the cathedral was the venue for the reception and ordination of three former Anglican bishops into the newly formed Personal Ordinariate of Our Lady of Walsingham . Architecture ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The whole building , in the neo-Byzantine style , covers a floor area of about 5,017 square metres ( 54,000 sq ft ) ; the dominating factor of the scheme , apart from the campanile , being a spacious and uninterrupted nave , 18 metres ( 59 ft ) wide and 70 metres ( 230 ft ) long from the narthex to the sanctuary steps , covered with domical vaulting . In planning the nave , a system of supports was adopted not unlike that to be seen in most Gothic cathedrals , where huge , yet narrow , buttresses are projected at intervals , and stiffened by transverse walls , arcading and vaulting . Unlike in a Gothic cathedral , at Westminster they are limited to the interior . The main piers and transverse arches that support the domes divide the nave into three bays , each about 395 square metres ( 4,250 sq ft ) . The domes rest on the arches at a height of 27 metres ( 89 ft ) from the floor , the total internal height being 34 metres ( 112 ft ) . In selecting the pendentive type of dome , of shallow concavity , for the main roofing , weight and pressure have been reduced to a minimum . The domes and pendentures are formed of concrete , and as extraneous roofs of timber were dispensed with , it was necessary to provide a thin independent outer shell of impervious stone . The concrete flat roofing around the domes is covered with asphalt . The sanctuary is essentially Byzantine in its system of construction . The extensions that open out on all sides make the corona of the dome seem independent of support . The eastern termination of the cathedral suggests the Romanesque , or Lombardic style of Northern Italy . The crypt with openings into the sanctuary , thus closely following the Basilica of Sant'Ambrogio , Milan , the open colonnade under the eaves , the timber roof following the curve of the apex , are all familiar features . The large buttresses resist the pressure of a vault 14.5 - metre ( 48 ft ) in span . Although the cruciform plan is not very noticeable inside the building , it is emphasised outside by the boldly projecting transepts . These with their twin gables , slated roofs , and square turrets with pyramidal stone cappings suggest a Norman prototype in striking contrast to the rest of the design . The main structural parts of the building are of brick and concrete , the latter material being used for the vaulting and domes of graduated thickness and complicated curve . Following Byzantine tradition , the interior was designed with a view to the application of marble and mosaic . Throughout the exterior , the lavish introduction of white stone bands in connection with the red brickwork ( itself quite common in the immediate area ) produces an impression quite foreign to the British eye . The bricks were hand - moulded and delivered by Thomas Lawrence Brickworks in Bracknell . The main entrance façade owes its composition , in a measure , to accident rather than design . The most prominent feature of the façade is the deeply recessed arch over the central entrance , flanked by tribunes , and stairway turrets . The elevation on the north , with a length of nearly 91.5 metres ( 300 ft ) contrasted with the vertical lines of the campanile and the transepts , is most impressive . It rests on a continuous and plain basement of granite , and only above the flat roofing of the chapels does the structure assume a varied outline . Marble columns , with capitals of Byzantine type , support the galleries and other subsidiary parts of the building . The marble selected for the columns was , in some instances , obtained from formations quarried by the ancient Romans , chiefly in Greece . High altar ( edit ) The central feature of the decoration in the cathedral is the baldacchino over the high altar . This is one of the largest structures of its kind , the total width being 9.5 metres ( 31 ft ) , and the height 11.5 metres ( 38 ft ) . The upper part of white marble is richly inlaid with coloured marbles , lapis lazuli , pearl , and gold . Eight columns of yellow marble , from Verona , support the baldacchino over the high altar , and others , white and pink , from Norway , support the organ galleries . Behind the baldacchino the crypt emerges above the floor of the sanctuary , and the podium thus formed is broken in the middle by the steps that lead up to the retro - choir . The curved wall of the crypt is lined with narrow slabs of green carystran marble . Opening out of this crypt is a smaller chamber , directly under the high altar . Here are laid the remains of the first two Archbishops of Westminster , Cardinal Wiseman and Cardinal Manning . The altar and relics of Saint Edmund of Canterbury occupy a recess on the south side of the chamber . The little chapel of Saint Thomas of Canterbury , entered from the north transept , is used as a chantry for Cardinal Vaughan . A large Byzantine style crucifix , suspended from the sanctuary arch , dominates the nave . Chapels ( edit ) The chapel of the Blessed Sacrament , on the north side of the sanctuary , and the Lady Chapel on the south , are entered from the transepts ; they are 6.7 m ( 22 ft ) wide , lofty , with open arcades , barrel vaulting , and apsidal ends . Over the altar of the Blessed Sacrament chapel a small baldacchino is suspended from the vault , and the chapel is enclosed with bronze grilles and gates through which people may enter . In the Lady Chapel the walls are clad in marble and the altar reredos is a mosaic of the Virgin and Child , surrounded by a white marble frame . The conches of the chapel contain predominantly blue mosaics of the Old Testament prophets Daniel , Isaiah , Jeremiah and Ezekiel . Unlike the Blessed Sacrament chapel , the chapel dedicated to the Blessed Mother is completely open . Those chapels which may be entered from the aisles of the nave are also 6.7 metres ( 22 ft ) wide , and roofed with simple barrel vaulting . The chapel of Saints Gregory and Augustine , next to the baptistery , from which it is separated by an open screen of marble , was the first to have its decoration completed . The marble lining of the piers rises to the springing level of the vaulting and this level has determined the height of the altar reredos , and of the screen opposite . On the side wall , under the windows , the marble dado rises to but little more than half this height . From the cornices the mosaic decoration begins on the walls and vault . This general arrangement applies to all the chapels yet each has its own distinct artistic character . Thus , in sharp contrast to the chapel dedicated to St. Gregory and St. Augustine which contains vibrant mosaics , the chapel of the Holy Souls employs a more subdued , almost funereal style , decoration with late Victorian on a background of silver . As in all Catholic churches , there are the Stations of the Cross to be found along the outer aisles . The ones at Westminster Cathedral are by the sculptor , Eric Gill , and are considered to be amongst the finest examples of his work . Mosaics ( edit ) When the cathedral 's architect John Bentley died , there were no completed mosaics in the cathedral and Bentley left behind precious little in terms of sketches and designs . Consequently , the subject and styles of the mosaics were influenced by donors as well as designers , overseen by a cathedral committee established for this purpose . Indeed , Bentley 's influence is , in reality , only seen in the chapel dedicated to the Holy Souls . Due to the prevailing absence of any real designs by Bentley , there was no real agreement as to how the mosaics should look , and in one instance , works already installed ( in the Sacred Heart shrine ) were removed after the death of the artist , George Bridge . Mosaics installed during the period 1912 -- 1916 were mostly done by devotees of the Arts and Crafts Movement . Those in the Lady Chapel were installed by the experienced mosaicist Gertrude Martin ( who had worked with George Bridge ) , in 1912 -- 1913 . The worked was supervised by Anning Bell and Marshall , who later designed the mosaic of Christ enthroned which is above the entrance to the cathedral . The Tympanum of the portal shows in a byzantine mosaic technique from left to right the kneeling St Peter with the Keys of Heaven , the Virgin Mary , Jesus Christ as Pantocrator on the throne , St Joseph , the Nursing Father of Jesus with a lily in his right hand , and in a kneeling position the canonized English King Edward the Confessor in royal regalia . As Jesus Christ blesses the viewer with his right hand , he holds in his left hand the Book of Life . The Latin inscription of the opened book pages reads : `` Ego sum ostium per me si quis introierit salvabitur . '' ( English translation : I am the gate ; whoever enters through me will be saved ; Gospel of John 10 , 9 ) . The mosaics ( paid for by the 4th Marquis of Bute in the chapel dedicated to Saint Andrew also belong to work of the Arts and Craft Movement . The 5 - year period ( 1930 -- 1935 ) saw a tremendous amount of work done and saw mosaics placed in the Lady Chapel , in the alcoves above the confessionals , in the crypt dedicated to Saint Peter as well as on the sanctuary arch . No new mosaics were installed until 1950 when one depicting St Thérèse of Lisieux ( later replaced by a bronze ) was placed in the south transept and another ( in memory of those in the Royal Army Medical Corps who died in World War II ) in the chapel of Saint George in 1952 . From 1960 to 1962 the Blessed Sacrament Chapel was decorated in a traditional , early Christian , style with the mosaics being predominantly pale pink in order to afford a sense of light and space . The designer , Boris Anrep , chose various Eucharistic themes such as the sacrifice of Abel , the hospitality of Abraham and the gathering of the manna in the wilderness as well as the Feeding the multitude and the Wedding Feast at Cana . In his old age , Anrep also acted as adviser and principal sketch artist for the mosaics installed in the chapel of Saint Paul ( 1964 -- 1965 ) These mosaics depict various moments in the life of Paul ; his occupation as a tent - maker , his conversion to Christ , the shipwreck on Malta and his eventual execution in Rome . It was not until the visit of Pope John Paul II in 1982 that the next mosaic was installed above the northwest entrance . Rather than a scene , this mosaic is an inscription : Porta sis ostium pacificum par eum qui se ostium appellavit , Jesus Christum ( May this door be the gate of peace through Him who called Himself the gate , Jesus Christ ) . In 1999 the mosaic of Saint Patrick , holding a shamrock and a pastoral staff as well as trampling on a snake , was installed at the entrance to the chapel in his honour . In 2001 a striking mosaic of Saint Alban , strongly influenced by the style of early Byzantine iconography , was installed by the designer , Christopher Hobbs . Due to the very favourable reception of this work , Hobbs was commissioned for further mosaics : the chapel to Saint Joseph which contains mosaics of the Holy Family ( 2003 ) and men working on Westminster Cathedral ( 2006 ) . Hobbs also did the chapel in honour of Saint Thomas Becket illustrating the saint standing in front of the old Canterbury Cathedral on the chapel 's east wall and the murder of Thomas on the west wall . The vault is decorated with a design of flowers , tendrils and roundels. ( 2006 ) . As of 2011 , there were plans for further mosaics , for example Saint Francis of Assisi and Saint Anthony in the narthex Music ( edit ) Despite its relatively short history compared to other English cathedrals , Westminster has a distinguished choral tradition . It has its origin in the shared vision of Cardinal Vaughan , the cathedral 's founder , and Sir Richard Runciman Terry , its inaugural Master of Music . Terry prepared his choristers for a year before their first sung service in public . For the remainder of his tenure ( until 1924 ) he pursued a celebrated revival of great quantities of Latin repertoire from the English Renaissance , most of which had lain unsung ever since the Reformation . Students at the Royal College of Music who would become household names were introduced to their heritage when Charles Villiers Stanford sent them to the cathedral to hear `` polyphony for a penny '' ( the bus fare ) . This programme also required honing the boys ' sight - reading ability to a then - unprecedented standard . The choir has commissioned many works from distinguished composers , many of whom are better known for their contribution to Anglican music , such as Benjamin Britten and Ralph Vaughan Williams . However , the choir is particularly renowned for its performance of Gregorian chant and polyphony of the Renaissance . All the boys of the choir , who must be practising Roman Catholics , are boarders at the nearby Westminster Cathedral Choir School . Unlike most other English cathedrals , Westminster does not have a separate quire ; instead , the choir are hidden from view in the apse behind the high altar . This , with the excellent acoustic of the cathedral building , contributes to its distinctive sound . Located in the west gallery , the Grand Organ of four manuals and 81 stops occupies a more commanding position than many British cathedral organs enjoy . Built by Henry Willis III from 1922 to 1932 , it remains one of the most successful and admired . One of Louis Vierne 's best - known organ pieces , `` Carillon de Westminster , '' the final movement from Suite no . 3 ( op . 54 ) of Pièces de Fantaisie , was composed for it and dedicated to the builder . The apse organ of fifteen stops was built in 1910 by Lewis & Co . Although the Grand Organ has its own attached console , a console in the apse can play both instruments . On 3 May 1902 , some 3,000 people attended a concert of sacred music in the cathedral , organised to raise money for the Choir School and to test the acoustics in the building . The music was provided by an orchestra of a hundred and a choir of two hundred , including the Cathedral Choir , directed by Richard Terry . The programme included music by Wagner , Purcell , Beethoven , Palestrina , Byrd and Tallis . The acoustics proved to be excellent . One year later , on 6 June 1903 , the first performance in London of The Dream of Gerontius , a poem by Cardinal John Henry Newman , set to music by Edward Elgar , took place in the cathedral . The composer himself conducted , with Richard Terry at the organ . Once again , the proceeds went to support the Cathedral Choir School . John Tavener 's The Beautiful Names , a setting of the 99 names of Allah found in the Qur'an premièred in the cathedral on 19 June 2007 , in a performance by the BBC Symphony Orchestra and Chorus in the presence of Charles , Prince of Wales . Choir ( edit ) The founder of Westminster Cathedral , Cardinal Herbert Vaughan laid great emphasis on the beauty and integrity of the cathedral 's liturgy . Initially , he determined there should be a community of Benedictine monks at the new cathedral , performing the liturgies and singing the daily Office . This caused great resentment amongst the secular clergy of the diocese , who felt they were being snubbed . In the end , negotiations with both the English Benedictines and the community of French Benedictines at Farnborough failed and a ' traditional ' choir of men and boys was set up instead . Despite great financial problems , the Choir School opened on 5 October 1901 with eleven boy choristers , in the building originally intended for the Benedictine monks . Cardinal Vaughan received the boys with the words `` You are the foundation stones '' . The Cathedral Choir was officially instituted three months later in January 1902 . Sung Masses and Offices were immediately established when the cathedral opened for worship in 1903 , and have continued without interruption ever since . Today , Westminster Cathedral Choir is the only professional Catholic choir in the world to sing daily Mass and Vespers . When the question of a musical director was first considered , the choice fell on the singer Sir Charles Santley , who had conducted the choir of the pro-cathedral in Kensington on several occasions . But Santley knew his limitations and refused . Richard Runciman Terry -- Director of Music at Downside Abbey School -- then became the first director of music of Westminster Cathedral . It proved to be an inspired choice . Terry was both a brilliant choir trainer and a pioneering scholar , one of the first musicologists to revive the great works of the English and other European Renaissance composers . Terry built Westminster Cathedral Choir 's reputation on performances of music -- by Byrd , Tallis , Taverner , Palestrina and Victoria , among others - that had not been heard since the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries , and Mass at the cathedral was soon attended by inquisitive musicians as well as the faithful . The performance of great Renaissance Masses and motets in their proper liturgical context remains the cornerstone of the choir 's activity . Terry resigned in 1924 and he was succeeded by Canon Lancelot Long who had been one of the original eleven choristers in 1901 . At the beginning of the Second World War , the boys were at first evacuated to Uckfield in East Sussex , but eventually , the choir school was closed altogether for the remainder of the war . The music at the Cathedral was performed by a reduced body of professional men singers . During this period , from 1941 to 1947 , the Master of Music was William Hyde , who had been the sub-organist under Richard Terry . Hyde was succeeded by George Malcolm , who developed the continental sound of the choir and consolidated its musical reputation -- in particular through the now legendary recording of Victoria 's Tenebrae Responsories . More recent holders of the post have included Francis Cameron , Colin Mawby , Stephen Cleobury , David Hill and James O'Donnell . The choir continues to thrive under the current Master of Music , Martin Baker , who has held the post since 2000 . In addition to its performances of Renaissance masterpieces , Westminster Cathedral Choir has given many first performances of music written especially for it by contemporary composers . Terry gave the premières of music by Vaughan Williams ( whose Mass in G minor received its liturgical performance at a Mass in the cathedral ) , Gustav Holst , Herbert Howells and Charles Wood ; in 1959 Benjamin Britten wrote his Missa brevis for the choristers ; and since 1960 works by Lennox Berkeley , William Mathias , Colin Mawby and Francis Grier have been added to the repertoire . Most recently four new Masses -- by Roxanna Panufnik , James MacMillan , Sir Peter Maxwell Davies and Judith Bingham -- have received their first performance in the cathedral . In June 2005 the choristers performed the world première of Sir John Tavener 's Missa Brevis for boys ' voices . Westminster Cathedral Choir made its first recording in 1907 . Many more have followed in the Westminster Cathedral Choir discography , most recently the series on the Hyperion label , and many awards have been conferred on the choir 's recordings . Of these the most prestigious are the 1998 Gramophone Awards for both Best Choral Recording of the Year and Record of the Year , for the performance of Martin 's Mass for Double Choir and Pizzetti 's Requiem . It is the only cathedral choir to have won in either of these categories . When its duties at the cathedral permit , the choir also gives concert performances both at home and abroad . It has appeared at many important festivals , including Aldeburgh , Cheltenham , Salzburg , Copenhagen , Bremen and Spitalfields . It has appeared in many of the major concert halls of Britain , including the Royal Festival Hall , the Wigmore Hall and the Royal Albert Hall . The cathedral choir also broadcasts frequently on radio and television . Westminster Cathedral Choir has recently undertaken a number of international tours , including visits to Hungary , Germany and the US . The choristers participated in the 2003 and 2006 International Gregorian Chant Festival in Watou , Belgium and the full choir performed twice at the Oslo International Church Music Festival in March 2006 . In April 2005 , 2007 and 2008 they performed as part of the `` Due Organi in Concerto '' festival in Milan . In October 2011 , they sang the inaugural concert of the Institute for Sacred Music at Saint John 's in Minnesota . Oremus magazine ( edit ) Westminster Cathedral has published a monthly magazine since 1896 , before the building work was completed . The latest in a series of titles is Oremus , which first appeared in 1996 . ( The Latin word oremus translates into English as `` Let us pray '' . ) Oremus is a 32 - page colour magazine , which contains features and articles by well - known members of the Catholic community , as well as non-Catholic commentators and leading figures within British society . It is the successor of titles such as the Westminster Cathedral Record , selling at 6d per copy from January 1896 , the Westminster Cathedral Chronicle , a monthly , available from January 1907 at 2d a copy or 3 / - a year , post paid , and the Westminster Cathedral Bulletin , first published in 1974 . Dylan Parry , who edited the magazine between 2012 and August 2016 , took the decision to make Oremus a free publication in 2013 . The magazine is also available to download via Westminster Cathedral 's website . Burials ( edit ) In order of years of office : Richard Challoner ( 1691 -- 1781 ) Vicar Apostolic of the London District ( Re-interred in the cathedral 1946 ) Nicholas Wiseman ( 28 September 1850 -- 15 February 1865 ) First Archbishop of Westminster upon the re-establishment of the Catholic hierarchy in England and Wales in 1850 Henry Edward Manning ( 16 May 1865 -- 14 January 1892 ) Archbishop of Westminster Herbert Vaughan ( 8 April 1832 -- 19 June 1903 ) Archbishop of Westminster Arthur Hinsley ( 1 April 1935 -- 17 March 1943 ) Archbishop of Westminster Bernard Griffin ( 18 December 1943 -- 19 August 1956 ) Archbishop of Westminster William Godfrey ( 3 December 1956 -- 22 January 1963 ) Archbishop of Westminster John Heenan ( 22 February 1965 -- 7 November 1975 ) Archbishop of Westminster Basil Hume ( 9 February 1976 -- 17 June 1999 ) Archbishop of Westminster Cormac Murphy - O'Connor ( 15 February 2000 -- 3 April 2009 ) ( Died on 1 September 2017 ) Archbishop of Westminster and first emeritus Archbishop as the other holders died in office Also buried in the crypt is Alexander count Benckendorff , the Russian ambassador to the Court of St James 's from 1903 until his death in 1917 . In popular culture ( edit ) Westminster Cathedral by Brian Whelan In Monsignor Robert Hugh Benson 's apocalyptic science fiction novel Lord of the World , Westminster Cathedral is the only church in London still used for religious purposes . The others have all been confiscated by the State . The Campanile Bell Tower of Westminster Cathedral was featured prominently in the Alfred Hitchcock film Foreign Correspondent , at which the attempted murder of a journalist played by Joel McCrea took place . In Shekhar Kapur 's Elizabeth : The Golden Age scenes taking place at El Escorial were shot in Westminster Cathedral . The Cathedral has been painted by London Irish artist Brian Whelan . See also ( edit ) Catholicism portal London portal List of churches and cathedrals of London Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Historic England . `` Details from listed building database ( 1066500 ) '' . National Heritage List for England . Retrieved 10 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Sacred Destinations : Westminster Cathedral Jump up ^ Betjeman , John ( 25 July 1974 ) . A Pictorial History of English Architecture . Penguin Books Ltd. p. 95 . ISBN 978 - 0140038248 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Westminster Cathedral Piazza from London Gardens Online retrieved 16 May 2013 Jump up ^ Howse , Christopher ( 30 April 2005 ) . `` Sacred Mysteries '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 20 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Alba , M.J. ( 14 May 2013 ) . `` 10 Most Famous Unfinished Buildings '' . Retrieved 12 July 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dedication of the Cathedral - Westminster Cathedral '' . www.westminstercathedral.org.uk . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Ex-Anglican bishops ordained as Catholics '' . BBC News . 15 January 2011 . Retrieved 20 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Winefride de L'Hôpital , Westminster Cathedral and its Architect , vol. 1 , p. 47 . Jump up ^ http://britishbricksoc.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/BBS_110_2009_Jul_.pdf ^ Jump up to : Rogers , Patrick ( July 2004 ) . `` Cathedral Mosaics : Part I -- Trial and Error '' . Oremus . Westminster Cathedral . Jump up ^ Rogers , Patrick ( July 2004 ) . `` Cathedral Mosaics : Part III -- The Arts and Crafts Men '' . Oremus . Westminster Cathedral . Jump up ^ Rogers , Patrick ( July 2004 ) . `` Cathedral Mosaics : Part V -- A Russian Perspective '' . Oremus . Westminster Cathedral . Jump up ^ Rogers , Patrick ( July 2004 ) . `` Cathedral Mosaics : Part VI -- The Journey proceeds '' . Oremus . Westminster Cathedral . Jump up ^ `` Westminster Cathedral '' . Organrecitals.com . Retrieved 20 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Patrick Rogers , Westminster Cathedral . An Illustrated History , London , 2012 , p. 44 . Jump up ^ `` '' Gerontius '' At The Westminster Cathedral `` . , article in : The Tablet , 13 June 1903 , p. 7 . Jump up ^ `` Allah to be glorified in Westminster Cathedral '' . Catholic Action UK . 20 June 2007 . Retrieved 20 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Westminster Cathedral 1895 -- 1995 . A souvenir brochure compiled by Mgr George Stack , Cathedral Administrator , p. 16 . Jump up ^ Alan Mould , The English Chorister . A History , London , 2007 , p. 221 . Jump up ^ Patrick Rogers , Westminster Cathedral . An Illustrated History , London , 2012 , p. 38 . Jump up ^ Rev. Lancelot Long , A `` Song School '' Jubilee . Article in The Tablet , 2 October 1926 . Jump up ^ Peter Doyle , Westminster Cathedral 1895 -- 1995 , London , 1995 , p. 64 . Jump up ^ The Tablet , 6 February 1954 , p. 18 . Jump up ^ `` Oremus -- The Cathedral Magazine '' . Westminster Cathedral . Retrieved 5 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Behind the Scenes of Oremus '' . Westminster Cathedral . Retrieved 5 August 2014 . References ( edit ) This article incorporates text ( concerning architecture ) from a publication now in the public domain : Herbermann , Charles , ed. ( 1913 ) . `` Westminster Cathedral '' . Catholic Encyclopedia . Robert Appleton Company . Winefride de L'Hôpital . Westminster Cathedral and Its Architect , 2 vols . Dodd , Mead & Co. , New York ( 1919 ) . Patrick Rogers . Westminster Cathedral : from Darkness to Light . Burns & Continuum International Publishing Group , London ( 2003 ) . ISBN 0 - 86012 - 358 - 8 . Peter Doyle . Westminster Cathedral : 1895 -- 1995 . Geoffrey Chapman Publishers , London ( 1995 ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 225 - 66684 - 7 . John Browne and Timothy Dean . Westminster Cathedral : Building of Faith . Booth - Clibborn Editions , London ( 1995 ) . ISBN 1 - 873968 - 45 - 0 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Westminster Cathedral . 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-5966337309778060083 | Masters Tournament | Masters tournament - Wikipedia Masters tournament `` The Masters '' redirects here . For other sports tournaments that may be referred to as `` The Masters '' , see Master . For the C.P. Snow novel , see The Masters ( novel ) . For the album by The Stranglers , see The Masters ( Stranglers album ) . Masters Tournament Tournament information Location Augusta , Georgia , U.S. Established March 22 , 1934 ; 84 years ago ( 1934 - 03 - 22 ) Course ( s ) Augusta National Golf Club Par 72 Length 7,435 yards ( 6,799 m ) Organized by Augusta National Golf Club Tour ( s ) PGA Tour European Tour Japan Golf Tour Format Stroke play Prize fund $ 11.0 million Month played April Tournament record score Aggregate 270 Tiger Woods ( 1997 ) 270 Jordan Spieth ( 2015 ) To par − 18 as above Current champion Patrick Reed 2018 Masters Tournament Augusta Location in the United States Augusta Location in Georgia The Masters Tournament ( usually referred to as simply The Masters , or the U.S. Masters outside of North America ) is one of the four major championships in professional golf . Scheduled for the first full week of April , the Masters is the first major of the year , and unlike the others , it is held at the same location , Augusta National Golf Club , a private course in the southeastern United States , in the city of Augusta , Georgia . The Masters was started by noted amateur champion Bobby Jones and investment banker Clifford Roberts . After his grand slam in 1930 , Jones acquired the former plant nursery and co-designed Augusta National with course architect Alister MacKenzie . First played 84 years ago in 1934 , the tournament is an official money event on the PGA Tour , the European Tour , and the Japan Golf Tour . The field of players is smaller than those of the other major championships because it is an invitational event , held by the Augusta National Golf Club . The tournament has a number of traditions . Since 1949 , a green jacket has been awarded to the champion , who must return it to the clubhouse one year after his victory , although it remains his personal property and is stored with other champions ' jackets in a specially designated cloakroom . In most instances , only a first - time and currently reigning champion may remove his jacket from the club grounds . A golfer who wins the event multiple times uses the same green jacket awarded upon his initial win ( unless he needs to be re-fitted with a new jacket ) . The Champions Dinner , inaugurated by Ben Hogan in 1952 , is held on the Tuesday before each tournament , and is open only to past champions and certain board members of the Augusta National Golf Club . Beginning in 1963 , legendary golfers , usually past champions , have hit an honorary tee shot on the morning of the first round to commence play . These have included Fred McLeod , Jock Hutchinson , Gene Sarazen , Sam Snead , Byron Nelson , Arnold Palmer , Jack Nicklaus , and Gary Player . Since 1960 , a semi-social contest at the par - 3 course has been played on Wednesday , the day before the first round . Nicklaus has the most Masters wins , with six between 1963 and 1986 . Palmer and Tiger Woods won four each , and five have won three titles at Augusta : Jimmy Demaret , Sam Snead , Gary Player , Nick Faldo , and Phil Mickelson . Player , from South Africa , was the first non-American player to win the tournament , in 1961 ; the second was Seve Ballesteros of Spain , the champion in 1980 and 1983 . The Augusta National course first opened 85 years ago in 1933 and has been modified many times by different architects . Among the changes : greens have been reshaped and , on occasion , entirely re-designed , bunkers have been added , water hazards have been extended , new tee boxes have been built , hundreds of trees have been planted , and several mounds have been installed . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Augusta National Golf Club 1.2 Early tournament years 1.3 1960s -- 1970s 1.4 1980s -- 2000s 2 Traditions 2.1 Awards 2.2 Pre-tournament events 2.3 Par - 3 contest 2.4 Player invitations 2.5 Opening tee shot 2.6 Champions ' Dinner 2.7 Caddies 2.8 Other traditions 3 Format 4 Course 4.1 Course adjustments 5 Field 6 Champions 7 Low amateurs 8 Records 9 Broadcasting 9.1 United States television 9.2 Radio coverage 9.3 International television 10 Ticketing 11 See also 12 References 13 External links History ( edit ) Masters logo at the club entrance Augusta National golf club ( edit ) Main article : Augusta National Golf Club The idea for Augusta National originated with Bobby Jones , who wanted to build a golf course after his retirement from the game . He sought advice from Clifford Roberts , who later became the chairman of the club . They came across a piece of land in Augusta , Georgia , of which Jones said : `` Perfect ! And to think this ground has been lying here all these years waiting for someone to come along and lay a golf course upon it . '' The land had been an indigo plantation in the early nineteenth century and a plant nursery since 1857 . Jones hired Alister MacKenzie to help design the course , and work began in 1931 . The course formally opened in 1933 , but MacKenzie died before the first Masters Tournament was played . Early tournament years ( edit ) The first `` Augusta National Invitational '' Tournament , as the Masters was originally known , began on March 22 , 1934 , and was won by Horton Smith , who took the first prize of $1,500 . The present name was adopted in 1939 . The first tournament was played with current holes 10 through 18 played as the first nine , and 1 through 9 as the second nine then reversed permanently to its present layout for the 1935 tournament . Initially the Augusta National Invitational field was composed of Bobby Jones ' close associates . Jones had petitioned the USGA to hold the U.S. Open at Augusta but the USGA denied the petition , noting that the hot Georgia summers would create difficult playing conditions . Gene Sarazen hit the `` shot heard ' round the world '' in 1935 , holing a shot from the fairway on the par 5 15th for a double eagle ( albatross ) . This tied Sarazen with Craig Wood , and in the ensuing 36 - hole playoff Sarazen was the victor by five strokes . The tournament was not played from 1943 to 1945 , due to World War II . To assist the war effort , cattle and turkeys were raised on the Augusta National grounds . 1960s -- 1970s ( edit ) The Big Three of Arnold Palmer , Gary Player , and Jack Nicklaus dominated the Masters from 1960 through 1978 , winning the event 11 times among them during that span . After winning by one stroke in 1958 , Palmer won by one stroke again in 1960 in memorable circumstances . Trailing Ken Venturi by one shot in the 1960 event , Palmer made birdies on the last two holes to prevail . Palmer would go on to win another two Masters in 1962 and 1964 . Jack Nicklaus at the 2006 par 3 contest Jack Nicklaus emerged in the early 1960s , and served as a rival to the popular Palmer . Nicklaus won his first green jacket in 1963 , defeating Tony Lema by one stroke . Two years later , he shot a then - course record of 271 ( 17 under par ) for his second Masters win , leading Bobby Jones to say that Nicklaus played `` a game with which I am not familiar . '' The next year , Nicklaus won his third green jacket in a grueling 18 - hole playoff against Tommy Jacobs and Gay Brewer . This made Nicklaus the first player to win consecutive Masters . He won again in 1972 by three strokes . In 1975 , Nicklaus won by one stroke in a close contest with Tom Weiskopf and Johnny Miller in one of the most exciting Masters to date . Gary Player became the first non-American to win the Masters in 1961 , beating Palmer , the defending champion . In 1974 , he won again by two strokes . After not winning a tournament on the U.S. PGA tour for nearly four years , and at the age of 42 , Player won his third and final Masters in 1978 by one stroke over three players . Player currently shares ( with Fred Couples ) the record of making 23 consecutive cuts , and has played in a record 52 Masters . A controversial ending to the Masters occurred in 1968 . Roberto De Vicenzo signed a scorecard ( scored by playing partner Tommy Aaron ) which incorrectly showed him as making a par 4 instead of a birdie 3 on the 17th hole of the final round . By the rules of golf , if a player signs a scorecard ( thereby attesting to its veracity ) that records a score on a hole higher than what he actually made on the hole , the player receives the higher score for that hole . This extra stroke cost De Vicenzo a chance to be in an 18 - hole Monday playoff with Bob Goalby , who won the green jacket . De Vicenzo 's mistake led to the famous quote , `` What a stupid I am . '' In 1975 , Lee Elder became the first African American to play in the Masters , doing so 15 years before Augusta National admitted its first black member , Ron Townsend , as a result of the Shoal Creek Controversy . 1980s -- 2000s ( edit ) Non-Americans collected 11 victories in 20 years in the 1980s and 1990s , by far the strongest run they have had in any of the three majors played in the United States since the early days of the U.S. Open . The first European to win the Masters was Seve Ballesteros in 1980 . Nicklaus became the oldest player to win the Masters in 1986 when he won for the sixth time at age 46 . During this period , no golfer suffered from the pressure of competing at Augusta more than Greg Norman . In 1987 , Norman lost a sudden - death playoff to Larry Mize when Mize holed out a remarkable 45 - yard pitch shot to birdie the second playoff hole and win the Masters . In 1996 , Norman tied the course record with an opening round 63 , and had a six - stroke lead over Nick Faldo entering the final round . Norman shot a 78 while Faldo scored a 67 to win by five shots ( for his third Masters championship ) . Norman also suffered in 1986 when after birdieing four straight holes , and needing only a par to tie Nicklaus for the lead and force a Monday playoff , he badly pushed his 4 - iron approach on 18 and missed his par putt for a closing bogey . At age 21 in 1997 , Tiger Woods won the Masters by twelve shots and broke the 72 - hole record that had stood for 32 years . Woods completed his `` Tiger Slam '' by winning his fourth straight major championship at the Masters in 2001 . He won again the following year , making him only the third player in history to win the tournament in consecutive years , as well as in 2005 when he defeated Chris DiMarco in a playoff for his first major championship win in almost three years . The club was targeted by Martha Burk , who organized a failed protest at the 2003 Masters to pressure the club into accepting female members . Burk planned to protest at the front gates of Augusta National during the third day of the tournament , but her application for a permit to do so was denied . A court appeal was dismissed . In 2004 , Burk stated that she had no further plans to protest against the club . Augusta National Chairman Billy Payne himself made headlines in April 2010 , however , when he commented ( at the annual pre-Masters press conference ) on Tiger Woods ' off - the - course behavior . `` It 's not simply the degree of his conduct that is so egregious here , '' Payne said , in his opening speech . `` It is the fact he disappointed all of us and more importantly our kids and grandkids . '' The 2003 tournament was won by Mike Weir , who became the first Canadian to win a men 's major championship , and the first left - hander to win the Masters . The following year , another left - hander , Phil Mickelson , won his first major championship by making a birdie on the final hole to beat Ernie Els by a stroke . Mickelson also won the tournament in 2006 and 2010 . In 2011 , the tournament was won by South African Charl Schwartzel , who birdied the final four holes to win by two strokes . In 2012 , Bubba Watson won the tournament on the second playoff hole . Watson 's win marked the fifth time that a left - hander won the Masters in the previous ten tournaments . Prior to 2003 , no left - hander had ever won the Masters . The 2013 Masters was won by Adam Scott , the first Australian to win the tournament . Watson won the 2014 Masters by three strokes over Jordan Spieth and Jonas Blixt . It was his second Masters victory in three years . In 2015 , Spieth would become the second - youngest winner in just his second Masters . Traditions ( edit ) Awards ( edit ) The total prize money for the 2014 tournament was $9,000,000 , with $1,620,000 going to the winner . In the inaugural year of 1934 , the winner Horton Smith received $1,500 out of a $5,000 purse . After Nicklaus 's first win in 1963 , he received $20,000 , while after his final victory in 1986 he won $144,000 . In recent years the purse has grown quickly . Between 2001 and 2014 , the winner 's share grew by $612,000 , and the purse grew by $3,400,000 . In addition to a cash prize , the winner of the tournament is presented with a distinctive green jacket , formally awarded since 1949 , and informally acquired by the champions for many years before that . The green sport coat is the official attire worn by members of Augusta National while on the club grounds ; each Masters winner becomes an honorary member of the club . The recipient of the green jacket has it presented to him inside the Butler Cabin soon after the end of the tournament , and the presentation is then repeated outside near the 18th green in front of the patrons . Winners keep their jacket for the first year after their first victory , then return it to the club to wear whenever they visit . The tradition began in 1949 , when Sam Snead won his first of three Masters titles . The green jacket is only allowed to be removed from Augusta National by the reigning champion , after which it must remain at the club . Exceptions to this rule include Gary Player , who in his joy of winning mistakenly took his jacket home to South Africa after his 1961 victory ( although he has always followed the spirit of the rule and has never worn the jacket ) ; Seve Ballesteros who , in an interview with Peter Alliss from his home in Pedreña , showed one of his two green jackets in his trophy room ; and Henry Picard , whose jacket was removed from the club before the tradition was well established , remained in his closet for a number of years , and is now on display at Canterbury Golf Club in Beachwood , Ohio , where he was the club professional for many years . By tradition , the winner of the previous year 's Masters Tournament puts the jacket on the current winner at the end of the tournament . In 1966 , Jack Nicklaus became the first player to win in consecutive years and he donned the jacket himself . When Nick Faldo ( in 1990 ) and Tiger Woods ( in 2002 ) repeated as champions , the chairman of Augusta National put the jacket on them . There are several awards presented to players who perform exceptional feats during the tournament . The player who has the daily lowest score receives a crystal vase , while players who score a hole - in - one or a double eagle win a large crystal bowl . For each eagle a player makes he receives a pair of crystal goblets . In addition to the green jacket , winners of the tournament receive a gold medal . They have their names engraved on the actual silver Masters trophy , introduced in 1961 , which depicts the clubhouse . This trophy remains at Augusta National ; since 1993 winners have received a sterling silver replica . The runner - up receives a silver medal , introduced in 1951 . Beginning in 1978 , a silver salver was added as an award for the runner - up . In 1952 the Masters began presenting an award , known as the Silver Cup , to the lowest scoring amateur to make the cut . In 1954 they began presenting an amateur silver medal to the low amateur runner - up . In 2017 , a green jacket that was found at a thrift store in 1994 was sold at auction for $139,000 . Pre-tournament events ( edit ) In 2013 , Augusta National partnered with the USGA and the PGA of America to establish Drive , Chip and Putt , a youth golf skills competition which was first held in 2014 . The event was established as part of an effort to help promote the sport of golf among youth ; the winners of local qualifiers in different age groups advance to the national finals , which have been held at Augusta National on the Sunday immediately preceding the Masters . The driving and chipping portions of the event are held on the course 's practice range , but the putting portion has been played on the course 's 18th hole . On April 4 , 2018 , prior to the 2018 tournament , new Augusta National chairman Fred Ridley announced that the club would host a new Women 's amateur championship beginning in 2019 . The first two rounds will be held at the Champion 's Retreat club in Evans , Georgia , with the final two rounds hosted by Augusta National ( the final round will take place on the Saturday directly preceding the tournament ) . Ridley stated that holding such an event at Augusta National would have the `` greatest impact '' on women 's golf . Although concerns were raised that the event would conflict with the LPGA Tour 's Dinah Shore major ( which has invited top amateur players to compete ) , Ridley stated that he had discussed the event with commissioner Mike Whan , and stated that he agreed on the notion that any move to bolster the prominence of women 's golf would be a `` win '' for the LPGA over time . Par - 3 contest ( edit ) Main article : Masters Tournament Par - 3 contest The 9th hole on the par 3 course . The Par 3 Contest was first introduced in 1960 , and was won that year by Snead . Since then it has traditionally been played on the Wednesday before the tournament starts . The par 3 course was built in 1958 . It is a nine - hole course , with a par of 27 , and measures 1,060 yards ( 970 m ) in length . There have been 94 holes - in - one in the history of the contest , with a record nine occurring in 2016 . Camilo Villegas became the first player to card two holes - in - one in the same round during the 2015 Par 3 Contest . No par 3 contest winner has also won the Masters in the same year . There have been several repeat winners , including Pádraig Harrington , Sandy Lyle , Sam Snead , and Tom Watson . The former two won in successive years . In this event , golfers may use their children as caddies , which helps to create a family - friendly atmosphere . In 2008 , the event was televised for the first time by ESPN . The winner of the par 3 competition , which is played the day before the tournament begins , wins a crystal bowl . Player invitations ( edit ) As with the other majors , winning the Masters gives a golfer several privileges which make his career more secure . Masters champions are automatically invited to play in the other three majors ( the U.S. Open , The Open Championship , and the PGA Championship ) for the next five years ( except for amateur winners , unless they turn pro within the five - year period ) , and earn a lifetime invitation to the Masters . They also receive membership on the PGA Tour for the following five seasons and invitations to The Players Championship for five years . Because the tournament was established by an amateur champion , Bobby Jones , the Masters has a tradition of honoring amateur golf . It invites winners of the most prestigious amateur tournaments in the world . Also , the current U.S. Amateur champion always plays in the same group as the defending Masters champion for the first two days of the tournament . Amateurs in the field are welcome to stay in the `` Crow 's Nest '' atop the Augusta National clubhouse during the tournament . The Crow 's Nest is 1,200 square feet ( 110 m ) with lodging space for five during the competition . Opening tee shot ( edit ) Since 1963 , the custom in most years has been to start the tournament with an honorary opening tee shot at the first hole , typically by one or more legendary players . The original honorary starters were Jock Hutchison and Fred McLeod ; this twosome led off every tournament from 1963 until 1973 , when poor health prevented Hutchison from swinging a club . McLeod continued on until his death in 1976 . Byron Nelson and Gene Sarazen started in 1981 , and were then joined by Sam Snead in 1984 . This trio continued until 1999 when Sarazen died , while Nelson stopped in 2001 . Snead hit his final opening tee shot in 2002 , a little over a month before he died . In 2007 , Arnold Palmer took over as the honorary starter . Palmer also had the honor in 2008 and 2009 . At the 2010 and 2011 Masters Tournaments , Jack Nicklaus joined Palmer as an honorary co-starter for the event . In 2012 , Gary Player joined them . Palmer announced in March 2016 that a lingering shoulder issue would prevent him from partaking in the 2016 tee shot . Palmer was still in attendance for the ceremony . Following Palmer 's death in 2016 , the 2017 ceremony featured tributes ; his green jacket was draped over an empty white chair , while everyone in attendance wore `` Arnie 's Army '' badges . Champions ' dinner ( edit ) The Champions ' Dinner is held each year on the Tuesday evening preceding Thursday 's first round . The dinner was first held in 1952 , hosted by defending champion Ben Hogan , to honor the past champions of the tournament . At that time 15 tournaments had been played , and the number of past champions was 11 . Officially known as the `` Masters Club '' , it includes only past winners of the Masters , although selected members of the Augusta National Golf Club have been included as honorary members , usually the chairman . The defending champion , as host , selects the menu for the dinner . Frequently , Masters champions have served finely prepared cuisine by the Masters chef from their home regions . Notable examples have included haggis , served by Scotsman Sandy Lyle in 1989 , and bobotie , a South African dish , served at the behest of 2008 champion Trevor Immelman . Other examples include German Bernhard Langer 's 1986 Wiener schnitzel , Britain 's Nick Faldo 's fish and chips , Canadian Mike Weir 's elk and wild boar , and Vijay Singh 's seafood tom kah and chicken panang curry . In 1997 , 1979 champion Fuzzy Zoeller created a media storm when he suggested that Tiger Woods refrain from serving collard greens and fried chicken , dishes commonly associated with Afro - American culture , at the dinner . The 2011 dinner of Phil Mickelson was a Spanish - themed menu in hopes that Seve Ballesteros would attend , but he was too sick to attend and died weeks later . Caddies ( edit ) Until 1983 , all players in the Masters were required to use the services of an Augusta National Club caddie , who by club tradition was always an African American man . Indeed , club co-founder Clifford Roberts is reputed to have said , `` As long as I 'm alive , golfers will be white , and caddies will be black . '' Since 1983 , players have been allowed the option of bringing their own caddie to the tournament . The Masters requires caddies to wear a uniform consisting of a white jumpsuit , a green Masters cap , and white tennis shoes . The surname , and sometimes first initial , of each player is found on the back of his caddie 's uniform . The defending champion always receives caddie number `` 1 '' : other golfers get their caddie numbers from the order in which they register for the tournament . The other majors and some PGA Tour events formerly had a similar policy concerning caddies well into the 1970s ; the U.S. Open first allowed players to use their own caddies in 1976 . Other traditions ( edit ) The day after the tournament closes , The Bobby Jones Scholars from The University of St Andrews in Scotland play a four - ball round on the course -- the last people to do so before the greenkeepers start the process of repairing and restoring the course to pre-tournament standard . Format ( edit ) The Masters is the first major championship of the year . Since 1948 , its final round has been scheduled for the second Sunday of April , with several exceptions . It ended on the first Sunday four times ( 1952 , 1957 , 1958 , 1959 ) and the 1979 and 1984 tournaments ended on April 15 , the month 's third Sunday . The first edition in 1934 was held in late March and the next ten were in early April , with only the 1942 event scheduled to end on the second Sunday . Similar to the other majors , the tournament consists of four rounds at 18 holes each , Thursday through Sunday ( when there are no delays ) . The Masters has a relatively small field of contenders , when compared with other golf tournaments , so the competitors play in groups of three for the first two rounds ( 36 holes ) and the field is not split to start on the 1st and 10th tees , unless weather shortens the available playing time . The tournament is unique in that it is the only major tournament conducted by a private club rather than a national golf organization like the PGA . Originally , the Masters was the only tournament to use two - man pairings during the first two rounds . It was also the only event to re-pair based on the leaderboard before Friday 's round , as most tournaments only do this on the weekend . This practice ended in the early 2000s , when the Masters switched to the more standard three - man groups and the groups are now kept in - tact on Friday , with players sharing the same playing partners in both of the first two rounds . After 36 holes of play , a cut - off score is calculated to reduce the size of the field for the weekend rounds . To `` make the cut '' , players must be either in the top 50 places ( ties counting ) , or within 10 strokes of the leader 's score . These criteria have applied since 2013 . From 1957 to 1960 , the top 40 scores ( including ties ) and those within 10 strokes of the leader made the cut . From 1961 to 2012 , it was the top 44 ( and ties ) or within 10 strokes of the lead . Before 1957 , there was no 36 - hole cut and all of the invitees played four rounds , if desired . Following the cut , an additional 36 holes are played over the final two days . Should the fourth round fail to produce a winner , all players tied for the lead enter a sudden - death playoff . Play begins on the 18th hole , followed by the adjacent 10th , repeating until one player remains . Adopted in 1976 , the sudden - death playoff was originally formatted to start on the first hole , but was not needed for the first three years . It was changed for 1979 to the inward ( final ) nine holes , starting at the tenth tee , where the television coverage began . First employed that same year , the Masters ' first sudden - death playoff ended on the eleventh green . The current arrangement , beginning at the 18th tee , was amended for 2004 and first used the following year . Through 2017 , the eleven sudden - death playoffs have yet to advance past the second extra hole . Earlier playoffs were 18 holes on the following day , except for the first in 1935 , which was 36 holes ; the last 18 - hole playoff was in 1970 , and none of the full - round playoffs went to additional holes . Course ( edit ) The golf course was formerly a plant nursery and each hole is named after the tree or shrub with which it has become associated . The course layout in 2014 : Hole Name Yards Par Hole Name Yards Par Tea Olive 445 10 Camellia 495 Pink Dogwood 575 5 11 White Dogwood 505 Flowering Peach 350 12 Golden Bell 155 Flowering Crab Apple 240 13 Azalea 510 5 5 Magnolia 455 14 Chinese Fir 440 6 Juniper 180 15 Firethorn 530 5 7 Pampas 450 16 Redbud 170 8 Yellow Jasmine 570 5 17 Nandina 440 9 Carolina Cherry 460 18 Holly 465 Out 3,725 36 In 3,710 36 Source : Total 7,435 72 Lengths of the course for the Masters at the start of each decade : 2010 : 7,435 yards ( 6,799 m ) 2000 : 6,985 yards ( 6,387 m ) 1990 : 6,905 yards ( 6,314 m ) 1980 : 7,040 yards ( 6,437 m ) 1970 : 6,980 yards ( 6,383 m ) 1960 : 6,980 yards ( 6,383 m ) 1950 : 6,900 yards ( 6,309 m ) 1940 : 6,800 yards ( 6,218 m ) The course was lengthened to 7,445 yards ( 6,808 m ) in 2006 . The first hole was shortened by 10 yards ( 9 m ) in 2009 , resulting in the current length of 7,435 yards ( 6,799 m ) . Course adjustments ( edit ) As with many other courses , Augusta National 's championship setup was lengthened in recent years . In 2001 , the course measured 6,925 yards ( 6,332 m ) and was extended to 7,270 yards ( 6,648 m ) for 2002 , and again in 2006 to 7,445 yards ( 6,808 m ) ; 520 yards ( 475 m ) longer than the 2001 course . The changes attracted many critics , including the most successful players in Masters history , Jack Nicklaus , Arnold Palmer , Gary Player and Tiger Woods . Woods claimed that the `` shorter hitters are going to struggle . '' Augusta National chairman Hootie Johnson was unperturbed , stating , `` We are comfortable with what we are doing with the golf course . '' After a practice round , Gary Player defended the changes , saying , `` There have been a lot of criticisms , but I think unjustly so , now I 've played it ... The guys are basically having to hit the same second shots that Jack Nicklaus had to hit ( in his prime ) '' . Originally , the grass on the putting greens was the wide - bladed Bermuda . The greens lost speed , especially during the late 1970s , after the introduction of a healthier strain of narrow - bladed Bermuda , which thrived and grew thicker . In 1978 , the greens on the par 3 course were reconstructed with bentgrass , a narrow - bladed species that could be mowed shorter , eliminating grain . After this test run , the greens on the main course were replaced with bentgrass in time for the 1981 Masters . The bentgrass resulted in significantly faster putting surfaces , which has required a reduction in some of the contours of the greens over time . Just before the 1975 tournament , the common beige sand in the bunkers was replaced with the now - signature white feldspar . It is a quartz derivative of the mining of feldspar and is shipped in from North Carolina . Field ( edit ) The Masters has the smallest field of the major championships , with 90 -- 100 players . Unlike other majors , there are no alternates or qualifying tournaments . It is an invitational event , with invitations largely issued on an automatic basis to players who meet published criteria . The top 50 players in the Official World Golf Ranking are all invited . Past champions are always eligible , but since 2002 the Augusta National Golf Club has discouraged them from continuing to participate at an advanced age . Some will later become honorary starters . Invitation categories See footnote . Note : Categories 7 -- 11 are honored only if the participants maintain their amateur status prior to the tournament . Masters Tournament Champions ( lifetime ) U.S. Open champions ( five years ) The Open champions ( five years ) PGA champions ( five years ) Winners of the Players Championship ( three years ) Current Olympic Gold Medalist ( one year ) Current U.S. Amateur champion and runner - up Current British Amateur champion Current Asia - Pacific Amateur champion Current U.S. Mid-Amateur champion Current Latin America Amateur champion The first 12 players , including ties , in the previous year 's Masters Tournament The first 4 players , including ties , in the previous year 's U.S. Open The first 4 players , including ties , in the previous year 's Open Championship The first 4 players , including ties , in the previous year 's PGA Championship Winners of PGA Tour regular - season and playoff events that award at least a full - point allocation for the FedEx Cup , starting with the RBC Heritage the week after the Masters to the Shell Houston Open the week beforehand . Those qualifying for the previous year 's season - ending Tour Championship ( top 30 in FedEx Cup prior to tournament ) The 50 leaders on the Final Official World Golf Ranking for the previous calendar year The 50 leaders on the Official World Golf Ranking published during the week prior to the current Masters Tournament Most of the top current players will meet the criteria of multiple categories for invitation . The Masters Committee , at its discretion , can also invite any golfer not otherwise qualified , although in practice these invitations are currently reserved for international players . Changes since 2014 Changes for the 2014 tournament include invitations now being awarded to the autumn events in the PGA Tour , which now begin the wraparound season , tightening of qualifications ( top 12 plus ties from the Masters , top 4 from the U.S. Open , Open Championship , and PGA Championship ) , and the top 30 on the PGA Tour now referencing the season - ending points before the Tour Championship , not the former annual money list . The 2015 Masters added the winner of the newly established Latin America Amateur Championship , which effectively replaced the exemption for the United States Amateur Public Links Championship , which ended after the 2014 tournament . ( The final Public Links champion played in the 2015 Masters . ) Champions ( edit ) Main article : List of Masters Tournament champions The first winner of the Masters Tournament was Horton Smith in 1934 , and he repeated in 1936 . The player with the most Masters victories is Jack Nicklaus , who won six times between 1963 and 1986 . Arnold Palmer and Tiger Woods have each won four , and Jimmy Demaret , Gary Player , Sam Snead , Nick Faldo , and Phil Mickelson have three titles to their name . Player was the tournament 's first overseas winner with his first victory in 1961 . Two - time champions include Byron Nelson , Ben Hogan , Tom Watson , Seve Ballesteros , Bernhard Langer , Ben Crenshaw , José María Olazábal , and Bubba Watson . Year Champion Country To par Margin of victory Runner ( s ) - up Winner 's share ( $ ) 2018 Patrick Reed United States − 15 1 stroke Rickie Fowler 1,980,000 2017 Sergio García Spain − 9 Playoff Justin Rose 1,980,000 2016 Danny Willett England − 5 3 strokes Jordan Spieth Lee Westwood 1,800,000 2015 Jordan Spieth United States -- 18 4 strokes Phil Mickelson Justin Rose 1,800,000 2014 Bubba Watson ( 2 ) United States − 8 3 strokes Jonas Blixt Jordan Spieth 1,620,000 2013 Adam Scott Australia − 9 Playoff Ángel Cabrera 1,440,000 2012 Bubba Watson United States − 10 Playoff Louis Oosthuizen 1,440,000 2011 Charl Schwartzel South Africa − 14 2 strokes Jason Day Adam Scott 1,440,000 Phil Mickelson ( 3 ) United States − 16 3 strokes Lee Westwood 1,350,000 2009 Ángel Cabrera Argentina − 12 Playoff Kenny Perry Chad Campbell 1,350,000 2008 Trevor Immelman South Africa − 8 3 strokes Tiger Woods 1,350,000 2007 Zach Johnson United States + 1 2 strokes Retief Goosen Rory Sabbatini Tiger Woods 1,305,000 2006 Phil Mickelson ( 2 ) United States − 7 2 strokes Tim Clark 1,260,000 2005 Tiger Woods ( 4 ) United States − 12 Playoff Chris DiMarco 1,260,000 Phil Mickelson United States − 9 1 stroke Ernie Els 1,117,000 2003 Mike Weir Canada − 7 Playoff Len Mattiace 1,080,000 2002 Tiger Woods ( 3 ) United States − 12 3 strokes Retief Goosen 1,008,000 2001 Tiger Woods ( 2 ) United States − 16 2 strokes David Duval 1,008,000 2000 Vijay Singh Fiji − 10 3 strokes Ernie Els 828,000 1999 José María Olazábal ( 2 ) Spain − 8 2 strokes Davis Love III 720,000 1998 Mark O'Meara United States − 9 1 stroke Fred Couples David Duval 576,000 1997 Tiger Woods United States − 18 12 strokes Tom Kite 486,000 Nick Faldo ( 3 ) England − 12 5 strokes Greg Norman 450,000 1995 Ben Crenshaw ( 2 ) United States − 14 1 stroke Davis Love III 396,000 1994 José María Olazábal Spain − 9 2 strokes Tom Lehman 360,000 1993 Bernhard Langer ( 2 ) Germany − 11 4 strokes Chip Beck 306,000 1992 Fred Couples United States − 13 2 strokes Raymond Floyd 270,000 1991 Ian Woosnam Wales − 11 1 stroke José María Olazábal 243,000 1990 Nick Faldo ( 2 ) England − 10 Playoff Raymond Floyd 225,000 1989 Nick Faldo England − 5 Playoff Scott Hoch 200,000 1988 Sandy Lyle Scotland − 7 1 stroke Mark Calcavecchia 183,800 Larry Mize United States − 3 Playoff Seve Ballesteros Greg Norman 162,000 1986 Jack Nicklaus ( 6 ) United States − 9 1 stroke Tom Kite Greg Norman 144,000 1985 Bernhard Langer West Germany − 6 2 strokes Seve Ballesteros Raymond Floyd Curtis Strange 126,000 1984 Ben Crenshaw United States − 11 2 strokes Tom Watson 108,000 Seve Ballesteros ( 2 ) Spain − 8 4 strokes Ben Crenshaw Tom Kite 90,000 1982 Craig Stadler United States − 4 Playoff Dan Pohl 64,000 1981 Tom Watson ( 2 ) United States − 8 2 strokes Johnny Miller Jack Nicklaus 60,000 1980 Seve Ballesteros Spain − 13 4 strokes Gibby Gilbert Jack Newton 55,000 1979 Fuzzy Zoeller United States − 8 Playoff Ed Sneed Tom Watson 50,000 1978 Gary Player ( 3 ) South Africa − 11 1 stroke Rod Funseth Hubert Green Tom Watson 45,000 1977 Tom Watson United States − 12 2 strokes Jack Nicklaus 40,000 1976 Raymond Floyd United States − 17 8 strokes Ben Crenshaw 40,000 Jack Nicklaus ( 5 ) United States − 12 1 stroke Johnny Miller Tom Weiskopf 40,000 Gary Player ( 2 ) South Africa − 10 2 strokes Dave Stockton Tom Weiskopf 35,000 1973 Tommy Aaron United States − 5 1 stroke J.C. Snead 30,000 1972 Jack Nicklaus ( 4 ) United States − 2 3 strokes Bruce Crampton Bobby Mitchell Tom Weiskopf 25,000 1971 Charles Coody United States − 9 2 strokes Johnny Miller Jack Nicklaus 25,000 1970 Billy Casper United States − 9 Playoff Gene Littler 25,000 1969 George Archer United States − 7 1 stroke Billy Casper George Knudson Tom Weiskopf 20,000 1968 Bob Goalby United States − 11 1 stroke Roberto De Vicenzo 20,000 1967 Gay Brewer United States − 8 1 stroke Bobby Nichols 20,000 1966 Jack Nicklaus ( 3 ) United States Playoff Tommy Jacobs ( 2nd ) Gay Brewer ( 3rd ) 20,000 1965 Jack Nicklaus ( 2 ) United States − 17 9 strokes Arnold Palmer Gary Player 20,000 1964 Arnold Palmer ( 4 ) United States − 12 6 strokes Dave Marr Jack Nicklaus 20,000 1963 Jack Nicklaus United States − 2 1 stroke Tony Lema 20,000 1962 Arnold Palmer ( 3 ) United States − 8 Playoff Gary Player ( 2nd ) Dow Finsterwald ( 3rd ) 20,000 1961 Gary Player South Africa − 8 1 stroke Charles Coe ( a ) Arnold Palmer 20,000 1960 Arnold Palmer ( 2 ) United States − 6 1 stroke Ken Venturi 17,500 1959 Art Wall , Jr . United States − 4 1 stroke Cary Middlecoff 15,000 1958 Arnold Palmer United States − 4 1 stroke Doug Ford Fred Hawkins 11,250 1957 Doug Ford United States − 5 3 strokes Sam Snead 8,750 1956 Jack Burke , Jr . United States + 1 1 stroke Ken Venturi ( a ) 6,000 1955 Cary Middlecoff United States − 9 7 strokes Ben Hogan 5,000 1954 Sam Snead ( 3 ) United States + 1 Playoff Ben Hogan 5,000 1953 Ben Hogan ( 2 ) United States − 14 5 strokes Ed Oliver 4,000 1952 Sam Snead ( 2 ) United States − 2 4 strokes Jack Burke , Jr . 4,000 1951 Ben Hogan United States − 8 2 strokes Skee Riegel 3,000 1950 Jimmy Demaret ( 3 ) United States − 5 2 strokes Jim Ferrier 2,400 1949 Sam Snead United States − 6 3 strokes Johnny Bulla Lloyd Mangrum 2,750 1948 Claude Harmon United States − 9 5 strokes Cary Middlecoff 2,500 1947 Jimmy Demaret ( 2 ) United States − 7 2 strokes Byron Nelson Frank Stranahan ( a ) 2,500 1946 Herman Keiser United States − 6 1 stroke Ben Hogan 2,500 1943 -- 45 : Cancelled due to World War II 1942 Byron Nelson ( 2 ) United States − 8 Playoff Ben Hogan 1,500 1941 Craig Wood United States − 8 3 strokes Byron Nelson 1,500 1940 Jimmy Demaret United States − 8 4 strokes Lloyd Mangrum 1,500 1939 Ralph Guldahl United States − 9 1 stroke Sam Snead 1,500 1938 Henry Picard United States − 3 2 strokes Harry Cooper Ralph Guldahl 1,500 1937 Byron Nelson United States − 5 2 strokes Ralph Guldahl 1,500 1936 Horton Smith ( 2 ) United States − 3 1 stroke Harry Cooper 1,500 1935 Gene Sarazen United States − 6 Playoff Craig Wood 1,500 1934 Horton Smith United States − 4 2 strokes Craig Wood 1,500 In the `` Runner ( s ) - up '' column , the years are sorted alphabetically , based on the name of the country of ( 1 ) that year 's runner - up or ( 2 ) the first player listed , in years that have multiple runners - up . The sudden - death format was adopted in 1976 , first used in 1979 , and revised in 2004 . None of the 11 sudden - death playoffs has advanced past the second hole ; four were decided at the first hole , seven at the second . Playoffs prior to 1976 were full 18 - hole rounds , except for 1935 , which was 36 holes . None of the 6 full - round playoffs were tied at the end of the round ; the closest margin was one stroke in 1942 and 1954 . The 1962 playoff included three players : Arnold Palmer ( 68 ) , Gary Player ( 71 ) , and Dow Finsterwald ( 77 ) . The 1966 playoff included three players : Jack Nicklaus ( 70 ) , Tommy Jacobs ( 72 ) , and Gay Brewer ( 78 ) . Low amateurs ( edit ) In 1952 the Masters began presenting an award , known as the Silver Cup , to the lowest - scoring amateur to make the cut . In 1954 they began presenting an amateur silver medal to the low amateur runner - up . There have been six players to win low amateur and then go on to win the Masters as a professional . These players are Cary Middlecoff , Jack Nicklaus , Ben Crenshaw , Phil Mickelson , Tiger Woods and Sergio García . Year Champion Country To par Place 1934 Charlie Yates United States + 9 T21 1935 Lawson Little United States 6 1936 Johnny Dawson United States + 6 T9 1937 Charlie Yates ( 2 ) United States + 13 T26 1938 Tommy Tailer United States + 10 T18 1939 Chick Harbert Charlie Yates ( 3 ) United States United States + 8 T18 1940 Charlie Yates ( 4 ) United States + 5 T17 1941 Dick Chapman United States + 9 T18 1942 Charlie Yates ( 5 ) United States + 16 T28 1943 -- 45 Cancelled due to World War II 1946 Cary Middlecoff United States + 5 T12 1947 Frank Stranahan United States − 5 T2 1948 Skee Riegel United States + 5 T13 1949 Charles Coe Johnny Dawson ( 2 ) United States United States + 7 T16 1950 Frank Stranahan ( 2 ) United States + 9 T14 1951 Charles Coe ( 2 ) United States + 5 T12 1952 Chuck Kocsis United States + 9 T14 1953 Frank Stranahan ( 3 ) Harvie Ward United States United States + 3 T14 1954 Billy Joe Patton United States + 2 1955 Harvie Ward ( 2 ) United States + 2 T8 1956 Ken Venturi United States + 2 1957 Harvie Ward ( 3 ) United States 1958 Billy Joe Patton ( 2 ) United States 8 1959 Charles Coe ( 3 ) United States 6 1960 Jack Nicklaus Billy Joe Patton ( 3 ) United States United States + 5 T13 1961 Charles Coe ( 4 ) United States − 7 T2 1962 Charles Coe ( 5 ) United States T9 1963 Labron Harris , Jr . United States + 10 T32 1964 Deane Beman United States T25 1965 Downing Gray United States + 6 T31 1966 Jimmy Grant United States + 11 T28 1967 Downing Gray ( 2 ) United States + 9 T36 1968 Vinny Giles United States T22 1969 Bruce Fleisher United States + 12 44 1970 Charles Coe ( 6 ) United States + 4 T23 1971 Steve Melnyk United States + 4 T24 1972 Ben Crenshaw United States + 7 T19 1973 Ben Crenshaw ( 2 ) United States + 7 T24 None made the cut George Burns United States + 4 T30 1976 Curtis Strange United States + 3 T15 1977 Bill Sander United States + 11 49 1978 Lindy Miller United States − 2 T16 1979 Bobby Clampett United States + 2 T23 1980 Jay Sigel United States + 1 T26 1981 Jay Sigel ( 2 ) United States + 6 T35 1982 Jodie Mudd United States + 6 T20 Jim Hallet United States + 9 T40 1984 Rick Fehr United States T25 1985 Sam Randolph United States + 2 T18 1986 Sam Randolph ( 2 ) United States + 5 T36 Bob Lewis United States + 21 54 1988 Jay Sigel ( 3 ) United States + 12 T39 1989 None made the cut 1990 Chris Patton United States + 9 T39 1991 Phil Mickelson United States + 2 T46 1992 Manny Zerman South Africa + 6 T59 1993 None made the cut 1994 John Harris United States + 17 T50 1995 Tiger Woods United States + 5 T41 None made the cut 1997 None made the cut 1998 Matt Kuchar United States T21 1999 Sergio García Spain + 7 T38 2000 David Gossett United States + 15 T54 2001 None made the cut 2002 None made the cut 2003 Ricky Barnes United States + 3 21 Casey Wittenberg United States T13 2005 Ryan Moore United States − 1 T13 2006 None made the cut 2007 None made the cut 2008 None made the cut 2009 None made the cut Matteo Manassero Italy + 4 T36 2011 Hideki Matsuyama Japan − 1 T27 2012 Patrick Cantlay United States + 7 T47 2013 Guan Tianlang China + 12 58 2014 Oliver Goss Australia + 10 49 2015 None made the cut 2016 Bryson DeChambeau United States + 5 T21 2017 Stewart Hagestad United States + 6 T36 2018 Doug Ghim United States + 8 T50 Records ( edit ) Jack Nicklaus has won the most Masters ( six ) and was 46 years , 82 days old when he won in 1986 , making him the oldest winner of the Masters . Nicklaus is the record holder for the most top tens , with 22 , and the most cuts made , with 37 . The youngest winner of the Masters is Tiger Woods , who was 21 years , 104 days old when he won in 1997 . In that year Woods also broke the records for the widest winning margin ( 12 strokes ) , and the lowest winning score , with 270 ( − 18 ) . Jordan Spieth tied his score record in 2015 . In 2013 , Guan Tianlang became the youngest player ever to compete in the Masters , at age 14 years , 168 days on the opening day of the tournament ; the following day , he became the youngest ever to make the cut at the Masters or any men 's major championship . Gary Player holds the record for most appearances , with 52 . Player also holds the record for the number of consecutive cuts made , with 23 between 1959 and 1982 ( Player did not compete in 1973 as he was recovering from recent surgery ) . He shares this record with Fred Couples , who made his consecutive cuts between 1983 and 2007 , not competing in 1987 and 1994 . Nick Price and Greg Norman share the course record of 63 , with their rounds coming in 1986 and 1996 respectively . The highest winning score of 289 ( + 1 ) has occurred three times : Sam Snead in 1954 , Jack Burke , Jr. in 1956 , and Zach Johnson in 2007 . Anthony Kim holds the record for most birdies in a round with 11 in 2009 during his second round . There have been only four double eagles carded in the history of the Masters ; the latest was by a contender in the fourth round in 2012 . In the penultimate pairing with eventual champion Bubba Watson , Louis Oosthuizen 's 260 - yard ( 238 m ) downhill 4 iron from the fairway made the left side of the green at the par - 5 second hole , called Pink Dogwood , rolled downhill , and in . The other two rare occurrences of this feat after Sarazen 's double eagle on the fabled course 's Fire Thorn hole in 1935 : Bruce Devlin made double eagle from 248 yards ( 227 m ) out with a 4 - wood at the eighth hole ( Yellow Jasmine ) in the first round in 1967 , while Jeff Maggert hit a 3 - iron 222 yards ( 203 m ) at the 13th hole ( Azalea ) in the fourth round in 1994 . Three players share the record for most runner - up finishes with four : Ben Hogan ( 1942 , 1946 , 1954 , 1955 ) , Tom Weiskopf ( 1969 , 1972 , 1974 , 1975 ) , Jack Nicklaus ( 1964 , 1971 , 1977 , 1981 ) Broadcasting ( edit ) See also : List of Masters Tournament broadcasters United States television ( edit ) CBS has televised the Masters in the United States every year since 1956 , when it used six cameras and covered only the final four holes . Tournament coverage of the first eight holes did not begin until 1993 because of resistance from the tournament organizers , but by 2006 , more than 50 cameras were used . Chairman Jack Stephens felt that the back nine was always more `` compelling '' , increased coverage would increase the need for sponsorship spending , and that broadcasting the front nine of the course on television would cut down on attendance and television viewership for the tournament . USA Network added first - and second - round coverage in 1982 . In 2008 , ESPN replaced USA as broadcaster of early - round coverage . These broadcasts use the CBS Sports production staff and commentators , but with ESPN personality Scott Van Pelt ( succeeding Mike Tirico , who replaced Bill Macatee 's similar role under USA Network ) as studio host . In 2005 , CBS broadcast the tournament with high - definition fixed and handheld wired cameras , as well as standard - definition wireless handheld cameras . In 2006 , a webstream called `` Amen Corner Live '' began providing coverage of all players passing through holes 11 , 12 , and 13 through all four rounds . This was the first full tournament multi-hole webcast from a major championship . In 2007 , CBS added `` Masters Extra , '' an extra hour of full - field bonus coverage daily on the internet , preceding the television broadcasts . In 2008 , CBS added full coverage of holes 15 and 16 live on the web . In 2011 , `` Masters Extra '' was dropped after officials gave ESPN an extra hour each day on Thursday and Friday . In 2016 , the Amen Corner feed was broadcast in 4K ultra high definition exclusively on DirecTV -- as one of the first live U.S. sports telecasts in the format . A second channel of 4K coverage covering holes 15 and 16 was added in 2017 , and this coverage was produced with high - dynamic - range ( HDR ) color in 2018 . While Augusta National Golf Club has consistently chosen CBS as its U.S. broadcast partner , it has done so in successive one - year contracts . Former CBS Sports president Neal Pilson stated that their relationship had gotten to the point where the contracts could be negotiated in just hours . Due to the lack of long - term contractual security , as well as the club 's limited dependence on broadcast rights fees ( owing to its affluent membership ) , it is widely held that CBS allows Augusta National greater control over the content of the broadcast , or at least performs some form of self - censorship , in order to maintain future rights . The club , however , has insisted it does not make any demands with respect to the content of the broadcast . Despite this , announcers who have been deemed not to have acted with the decorum expected by the club have been removed , notably Jack Whitaker and Gary McCord , and there also tends to be a lack of discussion of any controversy involving Augusta National , such as the 2003 Martha Burk protests . Coverage itself carries a more formal style than other golf telecasts ; announcers refer to the gallery as patrons rather than as spectators or fans . Gallery itself is also used . The club also disallows promotions for other network programs , or other forms of sponsored features . Significant restrictions have been placed on the tournament 's broadcast hours compared to other major championships . Only in the 21st century did the tournament allow CBS to air 18 - hole coverage of the leaders , a standard at the other three majors . Since 1982 , CBS has used `` Augusta '' by Dave Loggins as the event telecast 's distinctive theme music . Loggins originally came up with the song during his first trip to the Augusta course in 1981 . The club mandates minimal commercial interruption , currently limited to four minutes per hour ( as opposed to the usual 12 or more ) ; this is subsidized by selling exclusive sponsorship packages to two or three companies -- currently these `` global sponsors '' are AT&T , IBM , and Mercedes - Benz . AT&T ( then SBC ) and IBM have sponsored the tournament since 2005 , joined at first by ExxonMobil , which in 2014 was replaced as a global sponsor by Mercedes - Benz . In 2002 , in the wake of calls to boycott tournament sponsors over the Martha Burk controversy , club chairman Hootie Johnson suspended all television sponsorship of the 2003 tournament . He argued that it was `` unfair '' to have the Masters ' sponsors become involved with the controversy by means of association with the tournament , as their sponsorship is of the Masters and not Augusta National itself . CBS agreed to split production costs for the tournament with the club to make up for the lack of sponsorship . After the arrangement continued into 2004 , the tournament reinstated sponsorships for 2005 , with the new partners of ExxonMobil , IBM , and SBC . The club also sells separate sponsorship packages , which do not provide rights to air commercials on the U.S. telecasts , to two `` international partners '' ; in 2014 , those companies were Rolex and UPS ( the latter of which replaced Mercedes - Benz upon that company 's elevation to `` global sponsor '' status ) . Radio coverage ( edit ) WestwoodOne ( previously Dial Global and CBS Radio ) has provided live radio play - by - play coverage in the United States since 1956 . This coverage can also be heard on the official Masters website . The network provides short two - or three - minute updates throughout the tournament , as well as longer three - and four - hour segments towards the end of the day . International television ( edit ) The BBC has broadcast the Masters in the UK since 1986 , and it also provides live radio commentary on the closing stages on Radio Five Live . With the 2007 launch of BBC HD , UK viewers can now watch the championship in that format . BBC Sport held the TV and radio rights through to 2010 . The BBC 's coverage airs without commercials because it is financed by a licence fee . From the 2011 Masters , Sky Sports began broadcasting all four days , as well as the par 3 contest in HD and , for the first time ever , in 3D . The BBC will only have highlights of the first two days ' play but will go head to head with Sky Sports , with full live coverage on the final two days of play . In Ireland , Setanta Ireland previously showed all four rounds , and now since 2017 Eir Sport broadcast all four rounds live having previously broadcast the opening two rounds with RTÉ broadcasting the weekend coverage . In Canada , broadcast rights to the Masters are held by Bell Media , with coverage divided between TSN ( cable ) , which carries live simulcasts and primetime encores of CBS and ESPN coverage for all four rounds , CTV ( broadcast ) , which simulcasts CBS 's coverage of the weekend rounds , and RDS , which carries French - language coverage . Prior to 2013 , Canadian broadcast rights were held by a marketing company , Graham Sanborn Media , which in turn bought time on the Global Television Network , TSN , and RDS ( except for 2012 when French - language coverage aired on TVA and TVA Sports ) to air the broadcasts , also selling all of the advertising for the Canadian broadcasts . This was an unusual arrangement in Canadian sports broadcasting , as in most cases broadcasters acquire their rights directly from the event organizers or through partnerships with international rightsholders , such as ESPN International ( ESPN owns a minority stake in TSN ) . In 2013 , Global and TSN began selling advertising directly , and co-produced supplemental programs covering the tournament ( while still carrying U.S. coverage for the tournament itself ) . On December 15 , 2015 , TSN parent company Bell Media announced that it had acquired exclusive Canadian rights to the tournament beginning 2016 under a multi-year deal . Broadcast television coverage moved to co-owned broadcast network CTV , while TSN uses its expanded five - channel service to carry supplemental feeds ( including the Amen Corner feed and early coverage of each round ) that were previously exclusive to digital platforms . In 53 countries , including much of Latin America , broadcast rights for the entire tournament are held by the ESPN International networks . Ticketing ( edit ) Although tickets for the Masters are not expensive , they are very difficult to come by . Even the practice rounds can be difficult to get into . Applications for practice round tickets have to be made nearly a year in advance and the successful applicants are chosen by random ballot . Tickets to the actual tournament are sold only to members of a patrons list , which is closed . A waiting list for the patrons list was opened in 1972 and closed in 1978 . It was reopened in 2000 and subsequently closed once again . In 2008 , the Masters also began allowing children ( between the ages of 8 and 16 ) to enter on tournament days free if they are accompanied by the patron who is the owner of his or her badge . The difficulty in acquiring Masters badges has made the tournament one of the largest events on the secondary - ticket market . A majority of the badges for the Masters are delivered to the same group of patrons , fans , and members each year , and these perennial ticket holders sometimes decide to sell their badges through large ticket marketplaces such as StubHub , TicketCity , and VividSeats . Some of these marketplaces will allow fans to purchase a Masters badge for a single day , as opposed to the traditional 4 - day pass . See also ( edit ) Men 's major professional golf championships -- Wikipedia book Golf portal Georgia ( U.S. state ) portal References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` 2014 Masters Preview '' . Sports Network . April 9 , 2014 . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2014 . Retrieved April 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bacon , Shane ( July 16 , 2012 ) . `` British Open or Open Championship ? The debate stops now '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Shane ( July 14 , 2015 ) . `` Americans : It 's okay to call this major `` The British Open , '' and do n't let anyone tell you otherwise `` . Golf Digest . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Masters Milestones '' . www.masters.org . Retrieved February 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kelley , Brent . `` Do Masters Champions Get to Keep the Green Jacket ? '' . About.com . ^ Jump up to : Owen , David ( 1999 ) . The Making of the Masters : Clifford Roberts , Augusta National , and Golf 's Most Prestigious Tournament . Simon & Schuster . ISBN 978 - 0 - 684 - 85729 - 9 . Jump up ^ Sampson , Curt ( 1999 ) . The Masters : Golf , Money , and Power in Augusta , Georgia . New York City : Villard Books . p. 22 . ISBN 0375753370 . ^ Jump up to : Boyette , John ( April 3 , 2006 ) . `` Augusta National 's natural beauty was born in nursery '' . Augusta Chronicle . Retrieved August 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` History of the Club '' . www.masters.org . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2008 . Retrieved January 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Although front and back are the terms more commonly used , for the Masters they are called the `` first '' and `` second '' nines Jump up ^ `` The Augusta National Golf Club '' . February 8 , 2012 . Retrieved April 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Boyette , John ( April 10 , 2002 ) . `` With 1 shot , Sarazen gave Masters fame '' . The Augusta Chronicle . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2008 . Retrieved April 13 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Past Winners & Results '' . Retrieved February 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 1963 : Jack Nicklaus wins second pro Masters '' . The Augusta Chronicle . March 22 , 2012 . Retrieved January 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 1965 : Nicklaus wins by nine to shatter Masters record '' . The Augusta Chronicle . March 22 , 2012 . Retrieved October 7 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1966 : Jack Nicklaus first to win consecutive Masters '' . The Augusta Chronicle . March 22 , 2012 . Retrieved October 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 1975 : Nicklaus wins fifth Masters as Elder breaks color barrier '' . The Augusta Chronicle . March 23 , 2012 . Retrieved October 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Historical Records & Stats -- Tournaments Entered '' . Retrieved February 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Historical Records & Stats -- Cut Information '' . Retrieved February 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` World Golf Hall of Fame Profile : Roberto De Vicenzo '' . World Golf Hall of Fame . Retrieved February 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McDaniel , Pete ( 2000 ) . `` The trailblazer -- Twenty - five years ago , Lee Elder became the first black golfer in the Masters '' . Golf Digest . Archived from the original on February 7 , 2008 . Retrieved January 29 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Diaz , Jaime ( September 11 , 1990 ) . `` Augusta National Admits First Black Member '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 20 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Historical Records & Stats -- Champions / Winning Statistics '' . Retrieved February 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ballard , Sarah . `` My , Oh Mize '' . Sports Illustrated . Archived from the original on April 3 , 2008 . Retrieved February 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Tournament Results : 1996 '' . www.masters.org . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2007 . Retrieved January 21 , 2008 . 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TVNZ . Jump up ^ `` Jordan Spieth , 21 , leads Masters wire to wire for 1st major win '' . ESPN . Associated Press . April 13 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` $9,000,000 Masters Results '' . The Sports Network . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2014 . Retrieved April 14 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Westin , David ( April 7 , 2001 ) . `` Purse exceeds $1 Million '' . The Augusta Chronicle . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2008 . Retrieved November 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Reilly , Rick ( April 21 , 1986 ) . `` Day Of Glory For A Golden Oldie '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved February 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nicklaus , Jack ; Bowden , Ken ( 1974 ) . Golf My Way . Heinemann . ISBN 0 - 434 - 51350 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Masters Prize Money Announced '' . Augusta Chronicle. April 12 , 2014 . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2014 . Retrieved April 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lukas , Paul . `` The real story behind the green jacket '' . ESPN . Retrieved November 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Lispey , Rick ( April 10 , 1995 ) . `` Master Teacher : Nearly forgotten now , teaching pro Henry Picard was a big star when he won the 1938 Masters '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved February 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Kernicki hosts Major Championship at Canterbury Golf Club '' . GolfGuide.com . Archived from the original on November 11 , 2010 . Retrieved April 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Masters - style green jacket bought for $5 at Toronto thrift store sells for $139 K '' . Toronto Star . Associated Press . April 10 , 2017 . Retrieved April 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hennessey , Stephen . `` Inaugural Drive , Chip and Putt Championship has juniors living Augusta National dreams '' . Golf Digest . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Masters unveils drive , chip and putt contest '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Drive , Chip & Putt winners crowned at Augusta '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ Herrington , Ryan . `` Masters 2018 : Augusta National Women 's Amateur Championship to debut in 2019 '' . Golf Digest . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ Uhles , Steven ( April 9 , 2008 ) . `` Par - 3 Contest will be family show '' . The Augusta Chronicle . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2008 . Retrieved April 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Par 3 Contest '' . www.masters.org . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2008 . Retrieved January 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Kelley , Brent . `` The Par - 3 Contest at The Masters '' . About.com . Retrieved January 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` History : The Trophy Case '' . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2008 . Retrieved November 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Players -- Qualifications for Invitation '' . Archived from the original on May 29 , 2008 . Retrieved November 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Arnold Palmer to hit opening Masters tee shot '' . Golf Today . Retrieved February 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Gola , Hank ( April 8 , 2011 ) . `` Arnold Palmer , Jack Nicklaus kick off 2011 Masters as honorary starters with tee shots at Augusta '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved April 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ferguson , Doug ( March 16 , 2016 ) . `` Palmer to skip opening tee shot at Masters '' . Albany Times Union . Retrieved March 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Masters 2016 : Arnold Palmer makes poignant appearance on 1st tee '' . The Guardian . April 7 , 2016 . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gary Player and Jack Nicklaus join Masters tribute to Arnold Palmer '' . The Guardian . April 6 , 2017 . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fit for a King : Arnold Palmer honored in moving tribute at Augusta National '' . Golf.com. April 4 , 2017 . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Frequently Asked Questions at the Masters '' . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2008 . Retrieved November 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Masters Club '' . www.masters.org . Archived from the original on January 9 , 2008 . Retrieved January 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Masters Champions Dinner : Everything you need to know Jump up ^ `` Tour caddies at Augusta ? '' . Times - News . Hendersonville , North Carolina . November 12 , 1982 . p. 14 . Jump up ^ Wade , Harless ( April 6 , 1983 ) . `` Tradition bagged at Masters '' . Spokane Chronicle . Washington . p . C1 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Dave ( April 10 , 1983 ) . `` New Masters caddies collide '' . Sunday Star - News . Wilmington , North Carolina . p. 6D . Jump up ^ Reilly , Rick ( April 21 , 1997 ) . `` Strokes of Genius '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved February 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Loomis , Tom ( April 6 , 1973 ) . `` Chi Chi prefers own caddy '' . Toledo Blade . Ohio . Associated Press . p. 30 . Jump up ^ `` Westchester winner may bypass events '' . Victoria Advocate . Texas . Associated Press . August 26 , 1974 . p. 1B . Jump up ^ `` Touring golf pros prefer their own caddies '' . Reading Eagle . Pennsylvania . Associated Press . May 5 , 1974 . p. 76 . Jump up ^ `` Open golfers to pick own caddies in 1976 '' . Toledo Blade . Ohio . Associated Press . November 15 , 1975 . p. 17 . Jump up ^ `` Break for some '' . Rome News - Tribune . Georgia . Associated Press . January 18 , 1976 . p. 3B . ^ Jump up to : Harig , Bob ( April 10 , 2013 ) . `` Masters tweaks qualifications '' . ESPN . Retrieved April 16 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cut Information '' . www.masters.org . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2008 . Retrieved January 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Masters goes to sudden death '' . Sarasota Herald - Tribune . Florida . Associated Press . February 6 , 1976 . p. 2E . Jump up ^ `` In sudden death , Masters playoff shifts to no . 10 '' . Observer - Reporter . Washington , Pennsylvania . Associated Press . April 11 , 1979 . p . D2 . Jump up ^ `` Course Tour : 2012 Masters '' . PGA of America : Major Championships . Archived from the original on August 27 , 2012 . Retrieved August 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Changes afoot at Augusta '' . BBC Sport . August 7 , 2001 . Retrieved January 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Spousta , Tom ( June 29 , 2005 ) . `` Augusta National plans to add length '' . USA Today . Retrieved January 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Row over Augusta changes goes on '' . BBC Sport. April 5 , 2006 . Retrieved January 21 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Westin , David ( March 28 , 2001 ) . `` Desire for faster greens led to use of Bentgrass '' . CNNSI.com & The Augusta Chronicle . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2009 . Retrieved January 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Golf Course Guide '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved January 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 2008 Tournament Invitees '' . masters.org . Archived from the original on April 8 , 2008 . Retrieved April 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Martin ( April 9 , 2002 ) . `` The Masters : Augusta bows to change with a pompous flourish '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved March 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Masters Tournament Invitees '' . Archived from the original on October 7 , 2009 . Retrieved November 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 Tournament Invitees '' . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2009 . Retrieved April 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Harig , Bob ( January 22 , 2014 ) . `` Masters , Latin America team up '' . ESPN . Retrieved January 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Masters : Host Courses and Winners '' . Retrieved November 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Masters playoff format is changed '' . CNN.com. April 7 , 2004 . Retrieved April 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top Finishers '' . www.masters.org . Retrieved February 9 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Scoring Statistics '' . www.masters.org . Retrieved February 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Harig , Bob ( November 4 , 2012 ) . `` Guan Tianlang , 14 , headed to Masters '' . ESPN . Retrieved November 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Tianlang Guan youngest to make cut '' . ESPN . April 12 , 2013 . Retrieved April 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Roberson , Doug ( April 8 , 2012 ) . `` Oosthuizen gives away souvenir after rare double - eagle '' . Atlanta Journal - Constitution . Archived from the original on April 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Masters Tournament '' . PGA Tour . ^ Jump up to : Sandomir , Richard ( April 7 , 1998 ) . `` CBS and the Masters Keep Business Simple '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Freeman , Denne H. ( April 10 , 1997 ) . `` Augusta 's front nine cloaked in secrecy '' . Ocala Star - Banner . Associated Press . Retrieved April 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Chase , Chris ( April 10 , 2014 ) . `` Why is n't the Masters on TV all day ? '' . USA Today . Retrieved April 10 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Sandomir , Richard ( October 11 , 2007 ) . `` ESPN Replaces USA as Early - Round Home of the Masters '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ESPN will show first two rounds of 2008 Masters tournament '' . ESPN . October 10 , 2007 . Retrieved March 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 Masters broadcast will use shot tracer technology '' . Augusta Chronicle . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Get ready for Amen Corner live '' . March 30 , 2006 . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2012 . Retrieved December 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` DirecTV 's first live 4K show is the Masters golf tournament '' . Engadget . Retrieved March 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Masters in 4K : DirecTV , CBS Sports Tee Up First Live 4K UHD Broadcast in U.S. '' Sports Video Group . Retrieved March 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` DirecTV doubles its live 4K broadcasts for this year 's Masters '' . Engadget . Retrieved April 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dachman , Jason Dachman . `` AT&T / DirecTV Will Deliver The Masters in 4K HDR for the First Time '' . Sports Video Group . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hinds , Richard ( April 5 , 2007 ) . `` Why coverage of US Masters is so polite '' . The Age . Melbourne . Retrieved January 21 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Martzke , Rudy ( April 13 , 2003 ) . `` CBS managed to get Masters right despite silence on protests '' . USA Today . Retrieved January 21 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : McDonald , Tim . `` Is the Masters really the most prestigious sporting event in America ? '' . WorldGolf . Golf Channel . Retrieved December 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` How The Masters Theme Song Came To Be '' . Deadspin. April 7 , 2012 . Retrieved March 9 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mercedes , UPS Form New Partnerships with Masters Tournament '' ( Press release ) . Augusta National Golf Club . April 29 , 2013 . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2014 . Retrieved May 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Stewart , Larry ( 2004 - 08 - 28 ) . `` Masters Is Back to Commercials '' . Los Angeles Times . ISSN 0458 - 3035 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ YEN , William Gallo Reporting by Tom Finnerty COMPILED BY YI - WYN . `` The Battle of Augusta : HOOTIE VS . MARTHA '' . SI.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` The Masters '' . Retrieved February 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` BBC Sport keeps Masters contract '' . BBC Sport . October 12 , 2007 . Retrieved January 31 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Corrigan , James ( September 22 , 2010 ) . `` Sky seizes share of the Masters from BBC '' . The Independent . London . Jump up ^ `` We are fully committed to providing a public service -- without public funding '' . Irish Independent . August 12 , 2007 . Retrieved December 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Houston , William ( April 10 , 2008 ) . `` As usual , Woods is the star of Masters coverage '' . The Globe and Mail . Toronto . Archived from the original on April 14 , 2009 . Retrieved April 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Maloney , Val ( April 10 , 2013 ) . `` TSN and Global partner to sell The Masters '' . Media in Canada . Retrieved April 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ The Sports Network and Global Television Network ( April 5 , 2013 ) . `` TSN and Global Partner to Give Canadians Complete Coverage of The Masters '' . Retrieved April 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Television wars continue as CTV takes Masters deal away from Global '' . Yahoo ! Sports Canada . Retrieved December 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` CTV , TSN , and RDS announce exclusive , multi-year deal with The Masters '' . TSN.ca . Bell Media . Retrieved December 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hall , Andy ( March 31 , 2017 ) . `` ESPN at the Masters Tournament '' . ESPN ( Press release ) . Retrieved May 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ticket Information '' . Masters.org . Archived from the original on April 10 , 2008 . Retrieved April 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Reviewed Work : The Masters : Golf Money and Power in Augusta , Georgia by Curt Sampson Jump up ^ `` Masters Badges '' . TicketCity . Retrieved January 15 , 2016 . External Links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Masters Tournament . Official website Masters Tournament on Facebook Masters Tournament on Instagram Augusta.com -- coverage by The Augusta Chronicle Golf Overview History Glossary Outline Rules penalties playoffs etiquette Stroke play scoring handicap Match play four - ball alternate shot Golf course links teeing ground hazards Equipment golf clubs golf ball tee Technical Golf stroke mechanics Instruction Drive Golfers Professional golfer tours Male golfers Female golfers Men 's major winners Women 's major winners Senior major winners Olympic medalists Most wins Asian Tour Australasia Tour Challenge Tour European Tour European Senior Tour Japan Golf Tour Ladies European Tour LPGA Tour PGA Tour PGA Tour Champions Sunshine Tour Web.com Tour Majors Men Masters Tournament U.S. Open The Open Championship PGA Championship Women ANA Inspiration U.S. Women 's Open Women 's PGA Championship Women 's British Open The Evian Championship Senior The Tradition Senior PGA Championship U.S. Senior Open Senior Players Championship Senior Open Championship Senior Women 's Senior LPGA Championship U.S. Senior Women 's Open International events Multi-sport event Asian Games Inter-Allied Games Island Games Pacific Games Pan American Games Summer Olympics Summer Universiade Youth Olympic Games Team Curtis Cup EurAsia Cup International Crown Presidents Cup Ryder Cup Solheim Cup Walker Cup Rankings Men Women Amateur Countries Australia China India Ireland Philippines Russia Scotland Thailand United States Venues Driving range Lists of golf courses Canada Hawaii India North Dakota Philippines Portugal United Kingdom links courses designed by Jack Nicklaus Years 1353 -- 1850 1851 -- 1945 1945 -- 99 2000 -- 05 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Governing bodies International Golf Federation The R&A United States Golf Association Professional Golfers ' Association ( Great Britain and Ireland ) Professional Golfers ' Association of America LPGA PGA Tour PGA European Tour American Society of Golf Course Architects World Golf Teachers Federation Variations Beach golf GolfCross Hickory golf Indoor golf Long drive Miniature golf Park golf Pitch and putt Shotgun start Skins game Snow golf Speed golf Urban golf Miscellaneous Awards Architects Caddie Greenskeeper World Golf Hall of Fame British Golf Museum USGA Museum Jack Nicklaus Museum Caddie Hall of Fame Evans Scholars Foundation Media Golf Channel personalities Golf Digest Golf Magazine Golf World Golfweek Links Travel + Leisure Golf Video games Commons WikiProject Portal Masters Tournaments 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Major golf championships Current Masters Tournament U.S. Open The Open Championship PGA Championship Past British Amateur U.S. Amateur See also Most wins Chronological Grand Slam PGA Tour events Major championships Masters Tournament U.S. Open The Open Championship ( British Open ) PGA Championship Other tournaments Safeway Open CIMB Classic CJ Cup WGC - HSBC Champions Sanderson Farms Championship Shriners Hospitals for Children Open OHL Classic at Mayakoba RSM Classic Sentry Tournament of Champions Sony Open in Hawaii CareerBuilder Challenge Farmers Insurance Open Waste Management Phoenix Open AT&T Pebble Beach Pro-Am Genesis Open The Honda Classic WGC - Mexico Championship Puerto Rico Open Valspar Championship Arnold Palmer Invitational WGC - Dell Technologies Match Play Corales Puntacana Resort and Club Championship Houston Open RBC Heritage Valero Texas Open Zurich Classic of New Orleans Wells Fargo Championship The Players Championship AT&T Byron Nelson Fort Worth Invitational Memorial Tournament FedEx St. Jude Classic Travelers Championship The National A Military Tribute at The Greenbrier John Deere Classic Barbasol Championship RBC Canadian Open WGC - Bridgestone Invitational Barracuda Championship Wyndham Championship FedEx Cup playoff events The Northern Trust Dell Technologies Championship BMW Championship Tour Championship Team events Ryder Cup Presidents Cup World Cup Unofficial money events Hero World Challenge QBE Shootout CVS Health Charity Classic Former events List of former events Fall Series All events are listed in chronological order . European Tour events Major championships Masters Tournament U.S. Open The Open Championship PGA Championship Other Race to Dubai tournaments UBS Hong Kong Open Australian PGA Championship AfrAsia Bank Mauritius Open Joburg Open BMW SA Open Abu Dhabi HSBC Golf Championship Omega Dubai Desert Classic Maybank Championship ISPS Handa World Super 6 Perth NBO Oman Open Commercial Bank Qatar Masters WGC - Mexico Championship Tshwane Open Hero Indian Open WGC - Dell Technologies Match Play Championship Open de España Trophée Hassan II Volvo China Open Rocco Forte Sicilian Open Belgian Knockout BMW PGA Championship Italian Open Shot Clock Masters BMW International Open HNA Open de France Dubai Duty Free Irish Open Aberdeen Standard Investments Scottish Open Porsche European Open WGC - Bridgestone Invitational Nordea Masters D + D Real Czech Masters Made in Denmark Omega European Masters KLM Open Portugal Masters Alfred Dunhill Links Championship British Masters Andalucía Valderrama Masters WGC - HSBC Champions Turkish Airlines Open Nedbank Golf Challenge DP World Tour Championship , Dubai Team events World Cup EurAsia Cup GolfSixes Ryder Cup European Golf Team Championships Other European Tour Qualifying School Former events All events listed in chronological order . Coordinates : 33 ° 30 ′ 11 '' N 82 ° 01 ′ 12 '' W / 33.503 ° N 82.020 ° W / 33.503 ; - 82.020 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Masters_Tournament&oldid=845790075 '' Categories : Masters Tournament Men 's major golf championships Recurring sporting events established in 1934 Economy of Augusta , Georgia Tourist attractions in Augusta , Georgia Annual sporting events in the United States 1934 establishments in Georgia ( U.S. state ) Golf tournaments in the United States April sporting events Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from April 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2018 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Good articles Coordinates not on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu বাংলা Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 23 more Edit links This page was last edited on 14 June 2018 , at 04 : 37 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is the lowest round ever played at the masters | [
"Jack Nicklaus has won the most Masters (six) and was 46 years, 82 days old when he won in 1986, making him the oldest winner of the Masters.[23] Nicklaus is the record holder for the most top tens, with 22, and the most cuts made, with 37.[71][87] The youngest winner of the Masters is Tiger Woods, who was 21 years, 104 days old when he won in 1997. In that year Woods also broke the records for the widest winning margin (12 strokes), and the lowest winning score, with 270 (−18). Jordan Spieth tied his score record in 2015.[88]\n"
] | [
"270 (−18)"
] |
-4883631976003787678 | Veronica Mars (character) | Veronica Mars ( character ) - wikipedia Veronica Mars ( character ) hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This television - related article describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in - universe style . Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective . ( October 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may interest only a particular audience . Please help by spinning off or relocating any relevant information , and removing excessive detail that may be against Wikipedia 's inclusion policy . ( April 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article needs additional citations for verification . 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( April 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Veronica Mars Kristen Bell as Veronica Mars First appearance `` Pilot '' Last appearance `` The Bitch Is Back '' ( TV Series ) Veronica Mars ( film ) Created by Rob Thomas Portrayed by Kristen Bell Information Gender Female Occupation Student Barista at Java the Hut Journalist for the Hearst Free Press Private Detective FBI Intern Volunteer at Hearst Library Family Keith Mars ( father ) Lianne Mars ( mother ) Tanner Scott ( step - father ) Aurora Scott ( step - sister ) Hunter Scott ( half - brother ) Significant other ( s ) Logan Echolls ( boyfriend ) Stosh `` Piz '' Piznarski ( ex-boyfriend ) Duncan Kane ( ex-boyfriend ) Leo D'Amato ( ex-boyfriend ) Troy Vandegraff ( ex-boyfriend ) Veronica Mars is the fictional protagonist , occasional narrator ( through voiceovers ) , and antiheroine of the American television series Veronica Mars , which aired on UPN from 2004 to 2006 and on The CW from 2006 to 2007 . The character was portrayed by Kristen Bell through the duration of the series . Following the show 's cancellation , Bell reprised the role in the 2014 film continuation . The character , created by Rob Thomas , was originally male and the protagonist of his unproduced novel Untitled Rob Thomas Teen Detective Novel , which eventually became the basis of the series . After the work 's transition from novel to television series , Thomas changed the character 's gender from male to female as he believed a noir piece told from a female point of view would be more interesting . Prior to the series , Veronica had to deal with her best friend Lily being murdered , her father losing his reputation as sheriff and her mother leaving him as a result , and losing her status as one of the popular girls in high school because of it . Contents 1 Character history 1.1 Background and details of plot 1.2 Back - story to season one 1.3 Detective 2 Romantic relationships 2.1 Duncan Kane 2.2 Troy Vandegraff 2.3 Leo D'Amato 2.4 Logan Echolls 2.5 Stosh `` Piz '' Piznarski 3 Reception 4 References 5 External links Character history ( edit ) Background and details of plot ( edit ) At the beginning of the series , Veronica is a 17 - year - old junior at Neptune High in her hometown of Neptune , California . According to series creator Rob Thomas , Veronica 's birthday is in August . Veronica has an after - school part - time job working for her father , private investigator Keith Mars , the former sheriff of Balboa County , California . At this time in her life , Veronica does not have any friends until she meets and helps Wallace Fennel , who quickly becomes her best friend . Back - story to season one ( edit ) Veronica 's story is told via voice - overs and flashbacks fitted into the main story . We learn that a year before the series picks up , Veronica was a popular teen at Neptune High . Her best friend was popular junior Lilly Kane . Veronica was dating Lilly 's brother , Duncan Kane and Lilly was dating Logan Echolls , Duncan 's good friend . The four were at the forefront of the school 's wealthy and popular `` 09er '' clique ( named after the 90909 zip code , a wealthy area of Neptune ) that dominated Neptune High 's social scene . Though Veronica did not meet the economic status of the other 09ers , she was accepted into the clique because she was dating Duncan , and because of her father 's influence as sheriff . One day , Duncan stopped talking to Veronica and broke up with her with no explanation . Lilly refused to explain to Veronica what went wrong . Shortly afterwards , Lilly was found murdered at the side of her family 's pool . Sheriff Keith Mars accused Lilly 's father , beloved software entrepreneur Jake Kane , of involvement in the murder . The citizens of Neptune were horrified and Keith quickly found himself voted out of office and turned into a pariah by the wealthy 09er community . Keith 's credibility took another blow when his replacement as Sheriff , former Deputy Sheriff Don Lamb , arrested disgruntled former Kane Software employee Abel Koontz , who confessed to Lilly 's murder . The shock and loss of income destroyed the Mars family . Veronica 's mother started drinking heavily and abandoned the family several months later . Veronica sealed her fate as an outsider when she refused to denounce her father . Duncan stopped speaking to Veronica , and the rest of the 09ers followed suit . Veronica found herself banished from the exclusive 09er social scene and friends . Two months after Lilly 's death , Veronica crashed an 09er party , thrown by Shelley Pomroy , to prove to her ex-friends that she did not care what they said about her . At the party , Veronica 's drink is spiked with GHB and she awakens the next morning in a guest bedroom without any recollection of the night before and without any underwear . To her horror , she realizes she was raped . When she reports the crime to Sheriff Lamb , he calls her a liar and throws her out of his office . These events change Veronica . She became cynical , filled with contempt and disgust towards her classmates and Neptune 's wealthy elite . A pariah like her father , she funneled her time and energy into helping him in his own detective agency . But when a chance encounter with new transfer student Wallace Fennel led to her gaining a new friend , she began to use her investigation talents to help her fellow students and to go head to head with the 09'ers . Veronica slowly begins to outgrow her cynicism , with the help of new friends Wallace Fennel , Cindy `` Mac '' Mackenzie , and Meg Manning . Prior to Lilly 's death Veronica is portrayed as carefree , girly , sweet and young , with long hair . It is suggested that Veronica cut her hair because it reminded her too much of Lilly . The transition to a sharp - witted , cynical , edgy outcast was quick . Detective ( edit ) After being ousted from the Sheriff 's Department , Keith Mars opens Mars Investigations , a PI agency , Veronica gains an after - school job as his secretary . Though she is often forbidden from handling certain cases , she often oversteps her boundaries and sometimes even completely solves the case before her father . She is also an unofficial private investigator for Neptune High tracking down computer hackers , digging up dirt on parents , finding out who stole the school 's mascot , and the like . She keeps one step ahead of her father and Vice-Principal Van Clemmons through the occasional help of her best friend Wallace -- Watson to her Holmes -- and classmate Eli `` Weevil '' Navarro , the leader of the PCH Biker Gang . Logan Echolls ( Jason Dohring ) , once a close friend , had helped organize the blacklisting of Veronica from the 09er clique . The two crossed swords on several occasions before Logan sought Veronica 's help in finding out if his mother , Lynn , might have faked her death when she jumped into the ocean . Still reeling from the abandonment of her own mother , Veronica empathized with Logan 's pain , and the two reconciled most of their differences . Towards the end of the third season of the series , Veronica successfully completes her California state examination to receive her official license as a detective in her own right . Veronica scored a 95 on her private investigator test . Some years later , Veronica is shown to have moved on from her old life as a detective and has a job offer from a prestigious law firm in New York . However , when Logan is accused of murder , Veronica returns to Neptune to clear his name , eventually deciding to stay in Neptune to fight the local corruption and classism that has developed there since her departure . Romantic relationships ( edit ) Duncan Kane ( edit ) Veronica dated Duncan Kane until approximately September 2005 . Both Veronica 's mother Lianne Mars and Duncan 's mother Celeste Kane were against their relationship , though Veronica did not find out why until much later . Some time prior to Lilly 's death , Celeste revealed to Duncan that his father , Jake , had had an affair with Lianne , and that Veronica might be his half - sister . Duncan broke up with Veronica because of this , but did not explain his reasons for doing so . Keith Mars later had a paternity test which proved that he is her father , not Jake Kane . Veronica did not speak to Duncan until well into her Junior year . A few episodes after the series starts , Duncan and Veronica start being friendly towards each other , eventually even becoming friends . That comes to an end when Veronica believes Duncan raped her and confronts him about it . The issue was eventually resolved when the fact that both parties were under the influence of GHB came to light . In the summer between the first and second seasons Veronica and Duncan got back together on her 18th birthday . They stayed together until roughly the middle of the second season . Unbeknownst to Duncan , his previous girlfriend Meg Manning was pregnant before they broke up . Meg was on the bus that crashed at the beginning of the season , but survived comatose . She later died of a blood clot shortly after coming out of a coma . Their daughter was born just before she died . In order to prevent Meg 's abusive parents from getting custody of his baby , Duncan decided to kidnap her and run away . Veronica helps him to do so and knowing that they can never speak to or see each other again , the two of them share a tearful farewell . Duncan does not appear again the series except for a brief cameo at the end of season 2 where he is now living in Australia and is at the beach with his daughter when his phone rings . He answers it , saying `` CW ? '' ( a joke about the show being moved to the then new network CW ) and it 's Clarence Weidman on the other end , who says `` It 's a done deal . '' in reference to the killing of Aaron Echolls , suggesting that Duncan was the one who arranged it as revenge for Aaron being acquitted over Lilly 's murder . Troy Vandegraff ( edit ) Troy Vandegraff was a childhood friend of Duncan Kane who attended Neptune High for a short period early in the first season . Despite the bad rumors about Veronica circulating around the school , Troy took a liking to her . Veronica was reluctant to date him at first , but warmed to him when she realized his good intentions toward her . In the fifth episode though , Troy deceives her into helping him escape being sent to boarding school so he can run away with an old girlfriend . Veronica realizes his plan and double - crosses him . Veronica does not meet Troy again until the second season episode `` The Rapes of Graff '' when they both go to visit Hearst College . Though she is at first cold toward him , Troy insists that he 's changed . He also tells her that his feelings toward her were real when they dated and apologizes for how he treated her . When he is suspected of raping a student and shaving her head after a party , Veronica helps to prove his innocence and they part amicably . Leo D'Amato ( edit ) Leo D'Amato ( Max Greenfield ) is a deputy at the Neptune Sheriff Department whom Veronica dated for a short time in the middle of the first season . At first , Veronica merely went to him for help in getting access to classified evidence or files in the police station , but she soon fell for him . Veronica broke up with Leo after she and Logan Echolls kissed and she did n't want to keep dating Leo while she figured out her feelings . Logan Echolls ( edit ) Veronica began to date Logan Echolls at the end of the first season . While she was going out with Leo D'Amato , she kissed Logan in thanks for saving her from a would - be kidnapper ( Jonathan Taylor Thomas ) , who actually turned out to be an ATF agent . Their kiss turned into something more when Logan pulled her into a passionate embrace . They begin to secretly date . Their relationship quickly ran into trouble when it was revealed Logan was the one who supplied the GHB that would eventually lead to Veronica being drugged and raped at Shelly Pomroy 's party . For a time , Veronica even suspected that Logan was her rapist . When she discovered that he was n't , she resolved everything with him . Their relationship was revealed to Logan 's 09er friends at a party . At the same party , Veronica discovered cameras trained on the bed in Logan 's pool house and flees . Soon after , Veronica found out that Logan had no alibi the day Lilly was murdered and feared that he had killed her . Veronica found out that the cameras in the pool house had been set up by Logan 's father , Aaron Echolls , and discovered that he was the one who killed Lilly after she stole the tapes he made of them having sex . The night Aaron was arrested for Lilly 's murder , Logan turned up at Veronica 's house , after having been severely beaten by the PCHers . Veronica stood by him when he was accused of murdering one of them , Felix Toombs . Though he was acquitted , Logan 's behavior became erratic over that summer , because of his trial and because of the revelation that his father had been having an affair with Lilly and had killed her . He and the 09ers began a vicious turf war with the PCHers . Veronica breaks up with Logan soon after , telling him that he was out of control and that he enjoyed participating in the violence too much . Late in the season though , he drunkenly revealed to Veronica that he still had deep feelings for her and thought that their love was ' epic . Veronica visits him the next morning to tell him that she felt the same , only to find out that he had no memory of what he 'd said and had slept with old flame Kendall Casablancas the night before . But during her stand - off with Cassidy Casablancas , on the roof of the Neptune Grand , it was Logan that Veronica phoned for help . Logan tackled Cassidy to stop him from shooting Veronica . He then talked Veronica out of shooting Cassidy and comforts her when she thinks her father was blown - up on Woody Goodman 's plane . Afterwards , they resume their relationship and become closer over the summer . At the beginning of the third season , they begin attending Hearst College . Their relationship is as heated and loving as before , but Veronica has developed severe trust issues over the last few years . She constantly struggles against her instincts to track him and verify everything he says and does , while Logan resents the expectations she places on him and her inability to admit that she might be wrong . Though she spurns him when he reveals that he and Mercer left a motel in Tijuana in flames without helping people to escape , she realizes her feelings for him when he comes to her aid after she is drugged and attacked by the Hearst rapist . Unable to deal with Veronica being in constant danger , Logan tries to convince her to drop her investigation into the rapes and even has a bodyguard tail her without her knowledge , infuriating Veronica when she finds out . Though they fight out their problems and both admit that they love one another , Logan breaks up with Veronica in the ninth episode . He says that they can both see that they are n't working out because neither of them can change their ways ( Veronica with her trust issues and Logan with his need to protect her despite her wishes ) and that he would rather a little pain now than a lot later . He tells her he will always be there for her . Veronica is deeply upset and breaks down when she gets home . Although Logan tries to help Veronica find out who the rapist is , he is still elsewhere when she is attacked by Mercer and Moe . When he learns that Mercer was the one who attacked Veronica , he purposely gets himself arrested so he can be in the same cell as him -- for revenge . They spent the next six weeks apart . During the break - up , Dick tried to help Logan move on by bringing him to the beach , later meeting up with a group of girls . Later , Veronica showed up at Logan 's place and they shared a passionate kiss , realizing that they had missed each other , and became a couple again . In the next episode , Logan told Veronica that he had hooked up with someone else who `` meant less than nothing to him '' over their 6 - week break , but did n't elaborate on who it was . It turns out that Logan had slept with Madison Sinclair in Aspen , which Veronica considered one of the worst insults ( though Logan did n't know this ) . This time , sexual jealousy and an unwillingness to forgive and forget ends their relationship . Logan moved on to Parker Lee , while Veronica did the same with Stosh `` Piz '' Piznarski . Veronica vows never to speak to Logan again after he violently beats up Piz , believing Piz emailed a racy video of himself and Veronica all over Hearst . However , the series ended with Logan and Veronica sharing one last ambiguous look , leaving their relationship unresolved . Although they have n't seen each other in nine years , the characters reconnect in the Veronica Mars film , when Veronica helps Logan when he 's accused of murder . They continue their relationship and Logan vows to return to Veronica after his Navy deployment . Stosh `` Piz '' Piznarski ( edit ) Veronica met Piz on her first day at Hearst College when Wallace ( who is Piz 's roommate ) requested her help to find Piz 's missing things in ' Welcome Wagon . '' When they first meet , Piz seems momentarily stunned by Veronica , and develops a crush on her , which she does n't return at the time as she is going out with Logan Echolls . Although she ignored his romantic feelings , a steady friendship developed between them . Veronica shared her thoughts with him about her problems with Logan , and after Piz unknowingly gave her the advice she needed , Veronica and Logan reunited ( much to Piz 's internal disappointment ) . Piz and Veronica seem quite happy together , and stand by each other when a racy video of them is emailed around Hearst . When Logan attacks Piz after jumping to the conclusion that Piz made the video , Veronica vows never to speak to him again , and Logan 's new girlfriend , Parker , breaks up with him because she realizes that his feelings for Veronica . After finding out who sent the video , Piz and Veronica are eating lunch when the culprit walks in . Veronica threatens him but he is unapologetic , taunting her about what he can do . Piz holds Veronica back , advising her to drop it and walk away . She reluctantly obeys . The next day Veronica is approached by the student who bugged Piz 's dorm room . He is very insulting to Veronica , who ignores it and warns Logan that the boy is connected to the Mafia . Logan remarks that he wondered why Veronica was so forgiving and then beats the culprit up with much passion ( as he does not have anything left to lose ) . When the student , lying on the floor , threatens `` whoever you are , you 're going to die , '' Logan answers flippantly `` yeah , someday , '' then shares a look with Veronica who gives a hint of a smile . Logan then apologizes to Piz for attacking him , as Veronica earlier advised him to do , and leaves the scene without turning back , with Veronica still staring at him . Piz 's eyes go from Veronica to Logan , and to Veronica again . Sighing , he expresses a look of realization that he may never have the connection with Veronica that Logan has as she guiltily looks down . In the Veronica Mars film , it is revealed that Piz and Veronica broke up after she transferred to Stanford after her freshman year , but they reconnect when she moves to New York for law school . They are dating at the beginning of the film , but he breaks up with her when her hesitancy to leave Neptune ( and Logan ) and return to New York make him doubt her feelings for him . Reception ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( September 2012 ) AOL included her in its list of TV 's Smartest Detectives . The same website named her the 8th Most Memorable Female TV Character . She was featured in UGO.com 's 50 Top TV Characters , ranked at No. 17 . She was ranked No. 14 in AfterEllen.com 's Top 50 Favorite Female TV Characters . Many have remarked that Bell 's performance in the series was overlooked and deserved an Emmy nomination and win . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` TV 's Smartest Detectives '' . AOL TV . November 18 , 2011 . Retrieved February 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Potts , Kim ( March 2 , 2011 ) . `` 100 Most Memorable Female TV Characters '' . AOL TV . Retrieved July 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ K. Thor Jensen ( November 20 , 2008 ) . `` Top 50 TV Characters - Veronica Mars '' . UGO.com . Archived from the original on December 29 , 2011 . Retrieved February 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` AfterEllen. com 's Top 50 Favorite Female TV Characters '' . AfterEllen.com . February 27 , 2012 . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2012 . Retrieved June 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ http://www.tvguide.com/news/Emmy-Nominations-24-12489.aspx Jump up ^ http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2005/09/16/DDG6AENT7M16.DTL Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 06 - 16 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . External links ( edit ) Veronica Mars : The Complete First Season , Warner Home Video , 2005 , UPC 01256972774 . Official character MySpace hide Veronica Mars Episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` Credit Where Credit 's Due '' `` Meet John Smith '' `` The Wrath of Con '' `` You Think You Know Somebody '' `` Return of the Kane '' `` The Girl Next Door '' `` Like a Virgin '' `` Drinking the Kool - Aid '' `` An Echolls Family Christmas '' `` Silence of the Lamb '' `` Clash of the Tritons '' `` Lord of the Bling '' `` Mars vs. Mars '' `` Ruskie Business '' `` Betty and Veronica '' `` Kanes and Abel 's '' `` Weapons of Class Destruction '' `` Hot Dogs '' `` M.A.D. '' `` A Trip to the Dentist '' `` Leave It to Beaver '' Season 2 `` Normal Is the Watchword '' `` Driver Ed '' `` Cheatty Cheatty Bang Bang '' `` Green - Eyed Monster '' `` Blast from the Past '' `` Rat Saw God '' `` Nobody Puts Baby in a Corner '' `` Ahoy , Mateys ! '' `` My Mother , the Fiend '' `` One Angry Veronica '' `` Donut Run '' `` Rashard and Wallace Go to White Castle '' `` Ai n't No Magic Mountain High Enough '' `` Versatile Toppings '' `` The Quick and the Wed '' `` The Rapes of Graff '' `` Plan B '' `` I Am God '' `` Nevermind the Buttocks '' `` Look Who 's Stalking '' `` Happy Go Lucky '' `` Not Pictured '' Season 3 `` Welcome Wagon '' `` My Big Fat Greek Rush Week '' `` Wichita Linebacker '' `` Charlie Do n't Surf '' `` President Evil '' `` Hi , Infidelity '' `` Of Vice and Men '' `` Lord of the Pi 's '' `` Spit & Eggs '' `` Show Me the Monkey '' `` Poughkeepsie , Tramps and Thieves '' `` There 's Got to Be a Morning After Pill '' `` Postgame Mortem '' `` Mars , Bars '' `` Papa 's Cabin '' `` Un-American Graffiti '' `` Debasement Tapes '' `` I Know What You 'll Do Next Summer '' `` Weevils Wobble But They Do n't Go Down '' `` The Bitch Is Back '' Characters Veronica Mars Cassidy `` Beaver '' Casablancas Wallace Fennel Don Lamb Parker Lee Cindy `` Mac '' Mackenzie Keith Mars Stosh `` Piz '' Piznarski Others Locations Play It Again , Dick Film `` We Used to Be Friends '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Veronica_Mars_(character)&oldid=851507188 '' Categories : Veronica Mars characters Fictional amateur detectives Fictional characters from California Fictional characters introduced in 2004 Fictional female detectives Fictional private investigators Fictional sexual assault victims Teenage characters in television Hidden categories : Articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction from October 2009 All articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction Television articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction Wikipedia articles needing style editing from April 2018 All articles needing style editing Wikipedia articles that are excessively detailed from April 2018 All articles that are excessively detailed Articles needing additional references from April 2018 All articles needing additional references Articles with multiple maintenance issues Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles to be expanded from September 2012 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano Norsk Edit links This page was last edited on 22 July 2018 , at 19 : 43 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | when do veronica mars and logan get together | [
"Veronica began to date Logan Echolls at the end of the first season. While she was going out with Leo D’Amato, she kissed Logan in thanks for saving her from a would-be kidnapper (Jonathan Taylor Thomas), who actually turned out to be an ATF agent. Their kiss turned into something more when Logan pulled her into a passionate embrace. They begin to secretly date.\n"
] | [
"at the end of the first season"
] |
3355296824932416241 | Flag of India | Flag of India - wikipedia Flag of India Jump to : navigation , search `` Tiranga '' redirects here . For the Bollywood film , see Tirangaa . India Name Tiraṅgā ( meaning `` Tricolour '' ) Use National flag Proportion 2 : 3 Adopted 22 July 1947 ; 70 years ago ( 1947 - 07 - 22 ) Design A horizontal triband of India saffron , white , and India green ; charged with a navy blue wheel with 24 spokes in the centre Designed by Pingali Venkayya The National Flag of India is a horizontal rectangular tricolour of India saffron , white and India green ; with the Ashoka Chakra , a 24 - spoke wheel , in navy blue at its centre . It was adopted in its present form during a meeting of the Constituent Assembly held on 22 July 1947 , and it became the official flag of the Dominion of India on 15 August 1947 . The flag was subsequently retained as that of the Republic of India . In India , the term `` tricolour '' ( Hindi : तिरंगा , translit . Tiraṅgā ) almost always refers to the Indian national flag . The flag is based on the Swaraj flag , a flag of the Indian National Congress designed by Pingali Venkayya . By law , the flag is to be made of khadi , a special type of hand - spun cloth or silk , made popular by Mahatma Gandhi . The manufacturing process and specifications for the flag are laid out by the Bureau of Indian Standards . The right to manufacture the flag is held by the Khadi Development and Village Industries Commission , who allocates it to regional groups . As of 2009 , the Karnataka Khadi Gramodyoga Samyukta Sangha has been the sole manufacturer of the flag . Usage of the flag is governed by the Flag Code of India and other laws relating to the national emblems . The original code prohibited use of the flag by private citizens except on national days such as the Independence day and the Republic Day . In 2002 , on hearing an appeal from a private citizen , Naveen Jindal , the Supreme Court of India directed the Government of India to amend the code to allow flag usage by private citizens . Subsequently , the Union Cabinet of India amended the code to allow limited usage . The code was amended once more in 2005 to allow some additional use including adaptations on certain forms of clothing . The flag code also governs the protocol of flying the flag and its use in conjunction with other national and non-national flags . Contents ( hide ) 1 Design and construction details 2 Symbolism 3 History 4 Manufacturing process 5 Protocol 5.1 Display 5.2 Half - mast 6 See also 7 Footnotes 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Design and construction details Sizes of the National Flag Flag size Length and width ( mm ) Size of Ashoka Chakra ( mm ) 6300 × 4200 1295 3600 × 2400 740 2700 × 1800 555 1800 × 1200 370 5 1350 × 900 280 6 900 × 600 185 7 450 × 300 90 8 225 × 150 40 9 150 × 100 25 According to the Flag code of India , the Indian flag has a ratio of two by three ( where the length of the flag is 1.5 times that of the width ) . All three stripes of the flag ( saffron , white and green ) are to be equal in width and length . The size of the Ashoka Chakra is not specified in the Flag code , but it has twenty - four spokes that are evenly spaced . In section 4.3. 1 of `` IS1 : Manufacturing standards for the Indian Flag '' , there is a chart that details the size of the Ashoka Chakra on the nine specific sizes of the national flag . In both the Flag code and IS1 , they call for the Ashoka Chakra to be printed or painted on both sides of the flag in navy blue . Below is the list of specified shades for all colours used on the national flag , with the exception of Navy Blue , from `` IS1 : Manufacturing standards for the Indian Flag '' as defined in the 1931 CIE Colour Specifications with illuminant C. The navy blue colour can be found in the standard IS : 1803 - 1973 . Materials 3.1. 2.2 : Colours Colour X Y Z Brightness India saffron ( Kesari ) 0.538 0.360 0.102 21.5 White 0.313 0.319 0.368 72.6 India green 0.288 0.395 0.317 8.9 Note that the values given in the table correspond to CIE 1931 color space . Approximate RGB values for use may be taken to be : India saffron # FF9933 , white # FFFFFF , India green # 138808 , navy blue # 000080 . Pantone values closest to this are 130 U , White , 2258 C and 2735 C . Symbolism Flag of India , New Delhi Gandhi first proposed a flag to the Indian National Congress in 1921 . The flag was designed by Pingali Venkayya . In the centre was a traditional spinning wheel , symbolising Gandhi 's goal of making Indians self - reliant by fabricating their own clothing . The design was then modified to include a white stripe in the centre for other religious communities , and provide a background for the spinning wheel . Subsequently , to avoid sectarian associations with the colour scheme , saffron , white and green were chosen for the three bands , representing courage and sacrifice , peace and truth , and faith and chivalry respectively . A few days before India became independent on 15 August 1947 , the specially constituted Constituent Assembly decided that the flag of India must be acceptable to all parties and communities . A modified version of the Swaraj flag was chosen ; the tricolour remained the same saffron , white and green . However , the charkha was replaced by the Ashoka Chakra representing the eternal wheel of law . The philosopher Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan , who later became India 's first Vice President and second President , clarified the adopted flag and described its significance as follows : `` Bhagwa or the Saffron denotes renunciation or disinterestedness . Our leaders must be indifferent to material gains and dedicate themselves to their work . The white in the centre is light , the path of truth to guide our conduct . The green shows our relation to ( the ) soil , our relation to the plant life here , on which all other life depends . The `` Ashoka Chakra '' in the centre of the white is the wheel of the law of dharma . Truth or satya , dharma or virtue ought to be the controlling principle of those who work under this flag . Again , the wheel denotes motion . There is death in stagnation . There is life in movement . India should no more resist change , it must move and go forward . The wheel represents the dynamism of a peaceful change . '' History A number of flags with varying designs were used in the period preceding the Indian Independence Movement by the rulers of different princely states ; the idea of a single Indian flag was first raised by the British rulers of India after the rebellion of 1857 , which resulted in the establishment of direct imperial rule . The first flag , whose design was based on western heraldic standards , were similar to the flags of other British colonies , including Canada and Australia ; its blue field included the Union Flag in the upper - left quadrant and a Star of India capped by the royal crown in the middle of the right half . To address the question of how the star conveyed `` Indianness '' , Queen Victoria created the Knight Commander of the Order of the Star of India to honour services to the empire by her Indian subjects . Subsequently , all the Indian princely states received flags with symbols based on the heraldic criteria of Europe including the right to fly defaced British red ensigns . Flag of British India , 1880 -- 1947 In the early twentieth century , around the coronation of Edward VII , a discussion started on the need for a heraldic symbol that was representative of the Indian empire . William Coldstream , a British member of the Indian Civil Service , campaigned the government to change the heraldic symbol from a star , which he considered to be a common choice , to something more appropriate . His proposal was not well received by the government ; Lord Curzon rejected it for practical reasons including the multiplication of flags . Around this time , nationalist opinion within the realm was leading to a representation through religious tradition . The symbols that were in vogue included the Ganesha , advocated by Bal Gangadhar Tilak , and Kali , advocated by Aurobindo Ghosh and Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay . Another symbol was the cow , or Gau Mata ( cow mother ) . However , all these symbols were Hindu - centric and did not suggest unity with India 's Muslim population . Based on the Calcutta Flag , design of the `` Flag of Indian Independence '' raised by Bhikaji Cama on 22 August 1907 , at the International Socialist Conference in Stuttgart , Germany . The partition of Bengal ( 1905 ) resulted in the introduction of a new flag representing the Indian independence movement that sought to unite the multitude of castes and races within the country . The Vande Mataram flag , part of the Swadeshi movement against the British , comprised Indian religious symbols represented in western heraldic fashion . The tricolour flag included eight white lotuses on the upper green band representing the eight provinces , a sun and a crescent on the bottom red band , and the Vande Mataram slogan in Hindi on the central yellow band . The flag was launched in Calcutta bereft of any ceremony and the launch was only briefly covered by newspapers . The flag was not covered in contemporary governmental or political reports either , but was used at the annual session of the Indian National Congress . A slightly modified version was subsequently used by Madam Bhikaji Cama at the second International Socialist Congress in Stuttgart in 1907 . Despite the multiple uses of the flag , it failed to generate enthusiasm amongst Indian nationalists . Around the same time , another proposal for the flag was initiated by Sister Nivedita , a Hindu reformist and disciple of Swami Vivekananda . The flag consisted of a thunderbolt in the centre and a hundred and eight oil lamps for the border , with the Vande Mataram caption split around the thunderbolt . It was also presented at the Indian National Congress meeting in 1906 . Soon , many other proposals were initiated , but none of them gained attention from the nationalist movement . In 1909 , Lord Ampthill , former Governor of the Madras Presidency , wrote to The Times of London in the run up to Empire Day pointing out that there existed `` no flag representative of India as a whole or any Indian province ... Surely this is strange , seeing that but for India there would be no Empire . '' In 1916 , Pingali Venkayya submitted thirty new designs , in the form of a booklet funded by members of the High Court of Madras . These many proposals and recommendations did little more than keep the flag movement alive . The same year , Annie Besant and Bal Gangadhar Tilak adopted a new flag as part of the Home Rule Movement . The flag included the Union Jack in the upper left corner , a star and crescent in the upper right , and seven stars displayed diagonally from the lower right , on a background of five red and four green alternating bands . The flag resulted in the first governmental initiative against any nationalistic flag , as a magistrate in Coimbatore banned its use . The ban was followed by a public debate on the function and importance of a national flag . In the early 1920s , national flag discussions gained prominence across most British dominions following the peace treaty between Britain and Ireland . In November 1920 , the Indian delegation to the League of Nations wanted to use an Indian flag , and this prompted the British Indian government to place renewed emphasis on the flag as a national symbol . Gandhi 's Flag , introduced at the Congress meeting in 1921 In April 1921 , Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi wrote in his journal Young India about the need for an Indian flag , proposing a flag with the charkha or spinning wheel at the centre . The idea of the spinning wheel was put forth by Lala Hansraj , and Gandhi commissioned Pingali Venkayya to design a flag with the spinning wheel on a red and green banner , the red colour signifying Hindus and the green standing for Muslims . Gandhi wanted the flag to be presented at the Congress session of 1921 , but it was not delivered on time , and another flag was proposed at the session . Gandhi later wrote that the delay was fortuitous since it allowed him to realise that other religions were not represented ; he then added white to the banner colours , to represent all the other religions . Finally , owing to the religious - political sensibilities , in 1929 , Gandhi moved towards a more secular interpretation of the flag colours , stating that red stood for the sacrifices of the people , white for purity , and green for hope . On 13 April 1923 , during a procession by local Congress volunteers in Nagpur commemorating the Jallianwala Bagh massacre , the Swaraj flag with the spinning wheel , designed by Pingali Venkayya , was hoisted . This event resulted in a confrontation between the Congressmen and the police , after which five people were imprisoned . Over a hundred other protesters continued the flag procession after a meeting . Subsequently , on the first of May , Jamnalal Bajaj , the secretary of the Nagpur Congress Committee , started the Flag Satyagraha , gaining national attention and marking a significant point in the flag movement . The satyagraha , promoted nationally by the Congress , started creating cracks within the organisation in which the Gandhians were highly enthused while the other group , the Swarajists , called it inconsequential . Finally , at the All India Congress Committee meeting in July , 1923 , at the insistence of Jawaharlal Nehru and Sarojini Naidu , Congress closed ranks and the flag movement was endorsed . The flag movement was managed by Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel with the idea of public processions and flag displays by common people . By the end of the movement , over 1500 people had been arrested across all of British India . The Bombay Chronicle reported that the movement drew from diverse groups of society including farmers , students , merchants , labourers and `` national servants '' . While Muslim participation was moderate , the movement enthused women , who had hitherto rarely participated in the independence movement . While the flag agitation got its impetus from Gandhi 's writings and discourses , the movement received political acceptance following the Nagpur incident . News reports , editorials and letters to editors published in various journals and newspapers of the time attest to the subsequent development of a bond between the flag and the nation . Soon , the concept of preserving the honour of the national flag became an integral component of the independence struggle . While Muslims were still wary of the Swaraj flag , it gained acceptance among Muslim leaders of the Congress and the Khilafat Movement as the national flag . The Swaraj Flag , officially adopted by the Indian National Congress in 1931 Detractors of the flag movement , including Motilal Nehru , soon hailed the Swaraj flag as a symbol of national unity . Thus , the flag became a significant structural component of the institution of India . In contrast to the subdued responses of the past , the British Indian government took greater cognisance of the new flag , and began to define a policy of response . The British parliament discussed public use of the flag , and based on directives from England , the British Indian government threatened to withdraw funds from municipalities and local governments that did not prevent the display of the Swaraj flag . The Swaraj flag became the official flag of Congress at the 1931 meeting . However , by then , the flag had already become the symbol of the independence movement . A few days before India gained its independence in August 1947 , the Constituent Assembly was formed . To select a flag for independent India , on 23 June 1947 , the assembly set up an ad hoc committee headed by Rajendra Prasad and including Maulana Abul Kalam Azad , Sarojini Naidu , C. Rajagopalachari , K.M. Munshi and B.R. Ambedkar as its members . Indian Flag , the first stamp of independent India , released on 21 Nov 1947 , was meant for foreign correspondence . On 14 July 1947 , the committee recommended that the flag of the Indian National Congress be adopted as the National Flag of India with suitable modifications , so as to make it acceptable to all parties and communities . It was also resolved that the flag should not have any communal undertones . The spinning wheel of the Congress flag was replaced by the Chakra ( wheel ) from the Lion Capital of Ashoka . According to Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan , the chakra was chosen as it was representative of dharma and law . However , Jawaharlal Nehru explained that the change was more practical in nature , as unlike the flag with the spinning wheel , this design would appear symmetrical . Gandhi was not very pleased by the change , but eventually came around to accepting it . The flag was proposed by Nehru at the Constituent Assembly on 22 July 1947 as a horizontal tricolour of deep saffron , white and dark green in equal proportions , with the Ashoka wheel in blue in the centre of the white band . Nehru also presented two flags , one in Khadi - silk and the other in Khadi - cotton , to the assembly . The resolution was approved unanimously . It served as the national flag of the Dominion of India between 15 August 1947 and 26 January 1950 , and has served as the flag of the Republic of India since then . Manufacturing process A header of an Indian flag ( size 6 , date 2007 / 2008 ) certified by the ISI The design and manufacturing process for the national flag is regulated by three documents issued by the Bureau of Indian Standards ( BIS ) . All of the flags are made out of khadi cloth of silk or cotton . The standards were created in 1968 and were updated in 2008 . Nine standard sizes of the flag are specified by law . In 1951 , after India became a republic , the Indian Standards Institute ( now the BIS ) brought out the first official specifications for the flag . These were revised in 1964 to conform to the metric system which was adopted in India . The specifications were further amended on 17 August 1968 . The specifications cover all the essential requirements of the manufacture of the Indian flag including sizes , dye colour , chromatic values , brightness , thread count and hemp cordage . The guidelines are covered under civil and criminal laws and defects in the manufacturing process can result in punishments that include fines or jail terms . Khadi or hand - spun cloth is the only material allowed to be used for the flag , and flying a flag made of any other material is punishable by law with imprisonment up to three years , besides a fine . Raw materials for khadi are restricted to cotton , silk and wool . There are two kinds of khadi used : The first is the khadi - bunting which makes up the body of the flag , and the second is the khadi - duck , which is a beige - coloured cloth that holds the flag to the pole . The khadi - duck is an unconventional type of weave that meshes three threads into a weave , compared to the two threads used in conventional weaving . This type of weaving is extremely rare , and there are fewer than twenty weavers in India professing this skill . The guidelines also state that there should be exactly 150 threads per square centimetre , four threads per stitch , and one square foot should weigh exactly 205 grams ( 7.2 oz ) . There are four places in the country licensed to make the cloth for the national flag , they are in Karnataka , Marathwada , Barabanki in UP , and Banetha in Rajasthan . The woven khadi is obtained from two handloom units in the Dharwad and Bagalkot districts of northern Karnataka . Currently , Karnataka Khadi Gramodyoga Samyukta Sangha based in Hubli is the only licensed flag production and supply unit in India . Permission for setting up flag manufacturing units in India is allotted by the Khadi Development and Village Industries Commission , though the BIS has the power to cancel the licences of units that flout guidelines . The hand - woven khadi for the National Flag was initially manufactured at Garag , a small village in the Dharwad district . A Centre was established at Garag in 1954 by a few freedom fighters under the banner of Dharwad Taluk Kshetriya Seva Sangh and obtained the Centre 's licence to make flags . Once woven , the material is sent to the BIS laboratories for testing . After quality testing , the material , if approved , is returned to the factory . It is then separated into three lots which are dyed saffron , white and green . The Ashoka Chakra is screen printed , stencilled or suitably embroidered onto each side of the white cloth . Care also has to be taken that the chakra is completely visible and synchronised on both sides . Three pieces of the required dimension , one of each colour , are then stitched together according to specifications and the final product is ironed and packed . The BIS then checks the colours and only then can the flag be sold . Protocol Main article : Flag Code of India Correct horizontal and vertical display of the flag Display and usage of the flag is governed by the Flag Code of India , 2002 ( successor to the Flag Code -- India , the original flag code ) ; the Emblems and Names ( Prevention of Improper Use ) Act , 1950 ; and the Prevention of Insults to National Honour Act , 1971 . Insults to the national flag , including gross affronts or indignities to it , as well as using it in a manner so as to violate the provisions of the Flag Code , are punishable by law with imprisonment up to three years , or a fine , or both . Official regulation states that the flag must never touch the ground or water , or be used as a drapery in any form . The flag may not be intentionally placed upside down , dipped in anything , or hold any objects other than flower petals before unfurling . No sort of lettering may be inscribed on the flag . When out in the open , the flag should always be flown between sunrise and sunset , irrespective of the weather conditions . Prior to 2009 , the flag could be flown on a public building at night under special circumstances ; currently , Indian citizens can fly the flag even at night , subject to the restriction that the flag should be hoisted on a tall flagpole and be well - illuminated . The flag should never be depicted , displayed or flown upside down . Tradition also states that when draped vertically , the flag should not merely be rotated 90degrees , but also reversed . One `` reads '' a flag like the pages of a book , from top to bottom and from left to right , and after rotation the results should be the same . It is considered insulting to display the flag in a frayed or dirty state , and the same rule applies to the flagpoles and halyards used to hoist the flag , which should always be in a proper state of maintenance . The original flag code of India did not allow private citizens to fly the national flag except on national days such as Independence Day or Republic Day . In 2001 , Naveen Jindal , an industrialist used to the more egalitarian use of the flag in the United States where he studied , flew the Indian flag on his office building . The flag was confiscated and he was warned of prosecution . Jindal filed a public interest litigation petition in the High Court of Delhi ; he sought to strike down the restriction on the use of the flag by private citizens , arguing that hoisting the national flag with due decorum and honour was his right as a citizen , and a way of expressing his love for the country . At the end of the appeals process , the case was heard by the Supreme Court of India ; the court ruled in Jindal 's favour , asking the Government of India to consider the matter . The Union Cabinet of India then amended the Indian Flag Code with effect from 26 January 2002 , allowing private citizens to hoist the flag on any day of the year , subject to their safeguarding the dignity , honour and respect of the flag . It is also held that the code was not a statute and restrictions under the code ought to be followed ; also , the right to fly the flag is a qualified right , unlike the absolute rights guaranteed to citizens , and should be interpreted in the context of Article 19 of the Constitution of India . The original flag code also forbade use of the flag on uniforms , costumes and other clothing . In July 2005 , the Government of India amended the code to allow some forms of usage . The amended code forbids usage in clothing below the waist and on undergarments , and forbids embroidering onto pillowcases , handkerchiefs or other dress material . Disposal of damaged flags is also covered by the flag code . Damaged or soiled flags may not be cast aside or disrespectfully destroyed ; they have to be destroyed as a whole in private , preferably by burning or by any other method consistent with the dignity of the flag . Display Placement protocol for the Indian flag with another country 's flag The rules regarding the correct methods to display the flag state that when two flags are fully spread out horizontally on a wall behind a podium , their hoists should be towards each other with the saffron stripes uppermost . If the flag is displayed on a short flagpole , this should be mounted at an angle to the wall with the flag draped tastefully from it . If two national flags are displayed on crossed staffs , the hoists must be towards each other and the flags must be fully spread out . The flag should never be used as a cloth to cover tables , lecterns , podiums or buildings , or be draped from railings . Whenever the flag is displayed indoors in halls at public meetings or gatherings of any kind , it should always be on the right ( observers ' left ) , as this is the position of authority . So when the flag is displayed next to a speaker in the hall or other meeting place , it must be placed on the speaker 's right hand . When it is displayed elsewhere in the hall , it should be to the right of the audience . The flag should be displayed completely spread out with the saffron stripe on top . If hung vertically on the wall behind the podium , the saffron stripe should be to the left of the onlookers facing the flag with the hoist cord at the top . A flag procession The flag , when carried in a procession or parade or with another flag or flags , should be on the marching right or alone in the centre at the front . The flag may form a distinctive feature of the unveiling of a statue , monument , or plaque , but should never be used as the covering for the object . As a mark of respect to the flag , it should never be dipped to a person or thing , as opposed to regimental colours , organisational or institutional flags , which may be dipped as a mark of honour . During the ceremony of hoisting or lowering the flag , or when the flag is passing in a parade or in a review , all persons present should face the flag and stand at attention . Those present in uniform should render the appropriate salute . When the flag is in a moving column , persons present will stand at attention or salute as the flag passes them . A dignitary may take the salute without a head dress . The flag salutation should be followed by the playing of the national anthem . Indian Flag at the Red Fort , Delhi The privilege of flying the national flag on vehicles is restricted to the President , the Vice-President or the Prime Minister , Governors and Lieutenant Governors of states , Chief Ministers , Union Ministers , members of the Parliament of India and state legislatures of the Indian states ( Vidhan Sabha and Vidhan Parishad ) , judges of the Supreme Court of India and High Courts , and flag officers of the Army , Navy and Air Force . The flag has to be flown from a staff affixed firmly either on the middle front or to the front right side of the car . When a foreign dignitary travels in a car provided by government , the flag should be flown on the right side of the car while the flag of the foreign country should be flown on the left side . The flag should be flown on the aircraft carrying the President , the Vice-President or the Prime Minister on a visit to a foreign country . Alongside the National Flag , the flag of the country visited should also be flown ; however , when the aircraft lands in countries en route , the national flags of the respective countries would be flown instead . When carrying the president within India , aircraft display the flag on the side the president embarks or disembarks ; the flag is similarly flown on trains , but only when the train is stationary or approaching a railway station . When the Indian flag is flown on Indian territory along with other national flags , the general rule is that the Indian flag should be the starting point of all flags . When flags are placed in a straight line , the rightmost flag ( leftmost to the observer facing the flag ) is the Indian flag , followed by other national flags in alphabetical order . When placed in a circle , the Indian flag is the first point and is followed by other flags alphabetically . In such placement , all other flags should be of approximately the same size with no other flag being larger than the Indian flag . Each national flag should also be flown from its own pole and no flag should be placed higher than another . In addition to being the first flag , the Indian flag may also be placed within the row or circle alphabetically . When placed on crossed poles , the Indian flag should be in front of the other flag , and to the right ( observer 's left ) of the other flag . The only exception to the preceding rule is when it is flown along with the flag of the United Nations , which may be placed to the right of the Indian flag . When the Indian flag is displayed with non-national flags , including corporate flags and advertising banners , the rules state that if the flags are on separate staffs , the flag of India should be in the middle , or the furthest left from the viewpoint of the onlookers , or at least one flag 's breadth higher than the other flags in the group . Its flagpole must be in front of the other poles in the group , but if they are on the same staff , it must be the uppermost flag . If the flag is carried in procession with other flags , it must be at the head of the marching procession , or if carried with a row of flags in line abreast , it must be carried to the marching right of the procession . Half - mast The flag should be flown at half - mast as a sign of mourning . The decision to do so lies with the President of India , who also decides the period of such mourning . When the flag is to be flown at half mast , it must first be raised to the top of the mast and then slowly lowered . Only the Indian flag is flown half mast ; all other flags remain at normal height . The flag is flown half - mast nationwide on the death of the president , Vice-president or prime minister . It is flown half - mast in New Delhi and the state of origin for the Speaker of the Lok Sabha , Chief Justice of the Supreme Court , and Union Ministers . On deaths of Governors , Lt. Governors and Chief Ministers , the flag is flown at half - mast in the respective states and union territories . The Indian flag can not be flown at half - mast on Republic Day ( 26 January ) , Independence day ( 15 August ) , Gandhi Jayanti ( 2 October ) , National Week ( 6 -- 13 April ) or state formation anniversaries , except over buildings housing the body of the deceased dignitary . However , even in such cases , the flag must be raised to full - mast when the body is moved from the building . Observances of State mourning on the death of foreign dignitaries are governed by special instructions issued from the Ministry of Home Affairs in individual cases . However , in the event of death of either the Head of the State or Head of the Government of a foreign country , the Indian Mission accredited to that country may fly the national flag at half - mast . On occasions of state , military , central para-military forces funerals , the flag shall be draped over the bier or coffin with the saffron towards the head of the bier or coffin . The flag should not be lowered into the grave or burnt in the pyre . See also List of Indian flags Jana Gana Mana National Pledge ( India ) Footnotes ^ Jump up to : The current flag is an adaptation of Venkayya 's original design , but he is generally credited as the designer of the flag . Notes ^ Jump up to : `` Flag Code of India '' . Ministry of Home Affairs , Government of India . 25 January 2006 . Archived from the original on 10 January 2006 . Retrieved 11 October 2006 . Jump up ^ `` IS 1 ( 1968 ) : Specification for The National Flag of India ( Cotton Khadi , PDF version ) '' ( PDF ) . Government of India . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 22 October 2016 . Retrieved 9 October 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Bureau of Indian Standards ( 1968 ) . `` IS 1 : 1968 Specification for the national flag of India ( cotton khadi ) '' . Government of India . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : Bureau of Indian Standards ( 1979 ) . `` IS 1 : 1968 Specification for the national flag of India ( cotton khadi ) , Amendment 2 '' . Government of India . ^ Jump up to : `` Flag code of India , 2002 '' . Fact Sheet . Press Information Bureau , Government of India . 4 April 2002 . Archived from the original on 22 May 2006 . Retrieved 11 October 2006 . Jump up ^ Wikipedia articles for the respective colour names Jump up ^ `` Flag of India '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . 2009 . Archived from the original on 15 December 2008 . Retrieved 2 July 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Heimer , Željko ( 2 July 2006 ) . `` India '' . Flags of the World . Archived from the original on 18 October 2006 . Retrieved 11 October 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Flag Code of India , 2002 '' . Press Information Bureau . Government of India . 3 April 2002 . Archived from the original on 20 May 2015 . Retrieved 23 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Virmani 1999 , p. 172 Jump up ^ Roy 2006 , p. 498 Jump up ^ Volker Preuß . `` British Raj Marineflagge '' ( in German ) . Archived from the original on 17 September 2005 . Retrieved 4 September 2005 . Jump up ^ Virmani 1999 , p. 173 Jump up ^ Virmani 1999 , p. 174 Jump up ^ Virmani 1999 , pp. 175 -- 176 Jump up ^ Roy 2006 , pp. 498 -- 499 Jump up ^ `` A Flag for India '' . Luton Times and Advertiser. 21 May 1909 . Retrieved 27 August 2015 -- via British Newspaper Archive . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Virmani 1999 , pp. 176 -- 177 Jump up ^ Roy 2006 , p. 504 Jump up ^ Virmani 1999 , pp. 177 -- 178 Jump up ^ Roy 2006 , pp. 503 -- 505 Jump up ^ Virmani 1999 , pp. 181 -- 186 Jump up ^ NCERT Text book - CBSE - Class 10 - Social Science Jump up ^ Virmani 1999 , pp. 187 -- 191 Jump up ^ Roy 2006 , p. 508 Jump up ^ India Postage Stamps 1947 -- 1988. ( 1989 ) Philately branch , Department of Posts , India . Jump up ^ Souvenir sheet of the Independence series of stamps , Indian Posts , 1948 Jump up ^ Jha 2008 , pp. 106 -- 107 Jump up ^ `` Indian Standards '' ( PDF ) . Bureau of Indian Standards . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 11 September 2008 . Retrieved 29 November 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Vattam , Shyam Sundar ( 15 June 2004 ) . `` Why all national flags will be ' Made in Hubli ' '' . Deccan Herald . Archived from the original on 22 May 2006 . Retrieved 11 October 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Aruna Chandaraju ( 15 August 2004 ) . `` The Flag Town '' . The Hindu . Chennai , India . Archived from the original on 23 September 2009 . Retrieved 10 February 2010 . Jump up ^ Chandaraju , Aruna ( 15 August 2004 ) . `` The flag town '' . The Hindu . Chennai , India . Archived from the original on 23 September 2009 . Retrieved 17 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The tricolour weavers of Rajasthan 's Dausa are on the decline '' . 11 February 2017 . Archived from the original on 13 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Prevention of Insults To National Honour Act , 1971 '' ( PDF ) . Ministry of Home Affairs , Government of India . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 23 January 2017 . Retrieved 30 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Press Trust of India ( 24 December 2009 ) . `` Now , Indians can fly Tricolour at night '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 10 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` My Flag , My Country '' . Rediff.com. 13 June 2001 . Archived from the original on 21 November 2007 . Retrieved 15 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Union of India v. Navin Jindal '' . Supreme Court of India . Archived from the original on 24 December 2004 . Retrieved 1 July 2005 . Jump up ^ Chadha , Monica ( 6 July 2005 ) . `` Indians can wear flag with pride '' . BBC . Retrieved 18 February 2012 . References Virmani , Arundhati ( 2008 ) . A National Flag for India . Rituals , Nationalism and the Politics of Sentiment . Delhi , Permanent Black . pp. 356 p . ISBN 81 - 7824 - 232 - X . Virmani , Arundhati ( August 1999 ) . `` National Symbols under Colonial Domination : The Nationalization of the Indian Flag , March -- August 1923 '' . Past & Present. 164 : 169 -- 197 . doi : 10.1093 / past / 164.1. 169 . JSTOR 651278 ... Roy , Srirupa ( August 2006 ) . `` A Symbol of Freedom : The Indian Flag and the Transformations of Nationalism , 1906 -- '' . Journal of Asian Studies . 65 ( 3 ) . ISSN 0021 - 9118 . OCLC 37893507 . Jha , Sadan ( 25 October 2008 ) . `` The Indian National Flag as a site of daily plebiscite '' . Economic and Political Weekly : 102 -- 111 . ISSN 0012 - 9976 . OCLC 1567377 ... `` Indian Standards '' ( PDF ) . Bureau of Indian Standards . Retrieved 1 July 2005 . `` India '' . Flags of the World . Retrieved 30 June 2005 . `` India : Historical Flags '' . Flags of the World . Retrieved 30 June 2005 . `` Flying the real tricolour '' . Rediff.com . Retrieved 1 July 2005 . `` My Flag , My Country '' . Rediff.com . Retrieved 1 July 2005 . Royle , Trevor ( 1997 ) . The Last Days of the Raj . John Murray . p. 217 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7195 - 5686 - 9 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to National flag of India . Wikisource has original text related to this article : Flag Code of India `` National Flag '' . National Portal of India . Government of India . Archived from the original on 26 January 2010 . Retrieved 8 February 2010 . `` History of Indian Tricolour '' . National Portal of India . Government of India . Archived from the original on 9 August 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 15 . `` Flag Code of India '' ( PDF ) . Ministry of Home Affairs ( India ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 19 October 2017 . Retrieved 26 July 2016 . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what does green colour signify in indian flag | [
"\n“\nBhagwa or the Saffron denotes renunciation or disinterestedness. Our leaders must be indifferent to material gains and dedicate themselves to their work. The white in the centre is light, the path of truth to guide our conduct. The green shows our relation to (the) soil, our relation to the plant life here, on which all other life depends. The \"Ashoka Chakra\" in the centre of the white is the wheel of the law of dharma. Truth or satya, dharma or virtue ought to be the controlling principle of those who work under this flag. Again, the wheel denotes motion. There is death in stagnation. There is life in movement. India should no more resist change, it must move and go forward. The wheel represents the dynamism of a peaceful change.[9]\n”\n"
] | [
"our relation to (the) soil, our relation to the plant life here, on which all other life depends"
] |
-360179072911017811 | One Hundred and One Dalmatians | One Hundred and One Dalmatians - wikipedia One Hundred and One Dalmatians Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the 1961 animated film . For other uses , see 101 Dalmatians . One Hundred and One Dalmatians Original theatrical release poster Directed by Wolfgang Reitherman Hamilton Luske Clyde Geronimi Produced by Walt Disney Story by Bill Peet Based on The Hundred and One Dalmatians by Dodie Smith Starring Rod Taylor Cate Bauer Betty Lou Gerson Ben Wright Lisa Davis Martha Wentworth Music by George Bruns Edited by Roy M. Brewer , Jr . Donald Halliday Production company Walt Disney Productions Distributed by Buena Vista Pictures Distribution Release date January 25 , 1961 ( 1961 - 01 - 25 ) Running time 79 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $3.6 million Box office $215.8 million One Hundred and One Dalmatians , often abbreviated as 101 Dalmatians , is a 1961 American animated adventure film produced by Walt Disney and based on the 1956 novel The Hundred and One Dalmatians by Dodie Smith . The 17th Disney animated feature film , the film tells the story of a litter of Dalmatian puppies who are kidnapped by the villainous Cruella de Vil ( Betty Lou Gerson ) , who wants to use their fur to make into coats . Their parents , Pongo and Perdita ( Rod Taylor and Cate Bauer respectively ) , set out to save their children from Cruella , all the while rescuing 84 additional puppies that were bought in pet shops , bringing the total of Dalmatians to 101 . Originally released to theaters on January 25 , 1961 , by Buena Vista Distribution , One Hundred and One Dalmatians was a box office success , pulling the studio out of the financial slump caused by Sleeping Beauty , a costlier production released two years prior . Aside from its box office revenue , its commercial success was due to the employment of inexpensive animation techniques -- such as using xerography during the process of inking and painting traditional animation cels -- that kept production costs down . It was reissued to cinemas four times in 1969 , 1979 , 1985 and 1991 . The 1991 reissue was the twentieth highest earning film of the year for domestic earnings . It was remade into a live action film in 1996 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Voice cast 3 Production 3.1 Story development 3.2 Animation 3.2. 1 Art direction 3.2. 2 Live - action reference 3.2. 3 Character animation 3.3 Casting 3.4 Music 4 Release 4.1 Home video 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical reaction 5.3 Legacy 5.3. 1 Remake 5.3. 2 TV series 5.3. 3 Sequel 5.3. 4 Live - action spin - off 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Plot Songwriter Roger Radcliffe lives in a bachelor flat in London , along with his Dalmatian , Pongo . Bored with bachelor life , Pongo decides to find a wife for Roger and a mate for himself . While watching various female dog - human pairs out the window , he spots the perfect one , a woman named Anita and her female Dalmatian , Perdita . He quickly gets Roger out of the house and drags him through the park to arrange a meeting . He and Anita fall in love and get married . Later , Perdita gives birth to a litter of fifteen puppies . That same night , they are visited by Cruella De Vil , a wealthy former schoolmate of Anita 's . She offers to buy the entire litter , but Roger says they are not for sale . A few weeks later , she hires her henchmen , Jasper and Horace , to steal them . When Scotland Yard is unable to find them , Pongo and Perdita use the `` Twilight bark '' , a canine gossip line , to ask for help from the other dogs in London . Colonel , an old sheepdog , along with his compatriots Captain , a gray horse , and Sergeant Tibbs , a tabby cat , find the puppies in a place called Hell Hall ( Cruella 's abandoned and dilapidated family estate , also known as The De Vil Place ) , along with many other Dalmatian puppies that she had bought from various dog stores . When Tibbs learns they are going to be made into dog - skin fur coats , Colonel quickly sends word back to London . Upon receiving the message , Pongo and Perdita leave town to retrieve their puppies . Winter has come , and they have to cross the Stour River which is running fast and laden with slabs of broken ice . Meanwhile , Tibbs overhears Cruella ordering Jasper and Horace to kill the puppies that night out of fear the police will soon find them . In response , Tibbs attempts to rescue them while Jasper and Horace are preoccupied watching television , but they finish their show and come for them before he can get them out of the house . Pongo and Perdita break in and confront Jasper and Horace just as they are about to kill the puppies . While the adult dogs attack them , Colonel and Tibbs guide the puppies from the house . After a happy reunion with their own puppies , Pongo and Perdita realize there are dozens of others with them , 99 altogether including their own . Shocked at Cruella 's plans , they decide to adopt all of them , certain that Roger and Anita would never reject them . They begin making their way back to London through deep snow ; all open water is frozen solid . Other animals help them along the way . Cruella , Jasper , and Horace chase them . In one town , they cover themselves with soot so they appear to be labrador retrievers , then pile inside a moving van bound for London . As it is leaving , melting snow clears off the soot and Cruella sees them . In a rage , she follows the van in her car and rams it , but Jasper and Horace , who try to cut it off from above , end up crashing into her . Both vehicles are smashed to smithereens and fall into a deep ravine ; and battered , bruised and stranded , Cruella and her henchmen are defeated at last . Cruella yells in frustration as the van drives away but Jasper finally gets the courage to tell her to shut up . Back in London , Roger and Anita are attempting to celebrate Christmas and his first big hit , a song about Cruella , but they miss their canine friends . Suddenly , barking is heard outside and , after their nanny opens the door , the house is filled with dogs . After wiping away the rest of the soot , they are delighted to realize their companions have returned home . After counting 84 extra puppies , they decide to use the money from the song to buy a large house in the country so they can keep all 101 Dalmatians . Voice cast Rod Taylor as Pongo , Roger 's pet , Perdita 's mate , and the father of 15 of the 99 puppies . Cate Bauer as Perdita , Anita 's Dalmatian pet , Pongo 's mate and the mother of 15 of the 99 puppies . Betty Lou Gerson as Cruella De Vil , a cruel and eccentric rich woman who has Pongo and Perdita 's puppies kidnapped with the intention of making fur coats out of them . She has an obsession for pelts , but is only shown wearing a single , voluminous white coat . Beneath this , she wears a skintight swimming suit . Cruella smokes constantly and drives a long red Bugatti Type 57 . She was also Anita 's former schoolmate , which is why Anita assumes good - faith that Cruella is well - meaning despite her eccentric behavior . Roger , however , is far less trusting , and suspects her of being the one to kidnap the puppies ( which she did ) . Gerson also voiced Mrs. Birdwell , a contestant on the show `` What 's My Crime ? '' . Mary Wickes served as Cruella 's live - action model . Ben Wright as Roger Radcliffe , Pongo 's `` pet '' ( owner ) and Anita 's husband . He works as a songwriter and later becomes rich when creating the song about `` Cruella de Vil '' . Bill Lee provided Roger 's singing voice . Lisa Davis as Anita Radcliffe , Perdita 's owner and Roger 's wife . Helene Stanley served as Anita 's live - action model . Martha Wentworth as Nanny , The Radcliffes ' maid . She is very maternal and fussy , detests Cruella , has no patience for teasing , and is very attached to the puppies , but worthless in a crisis except to give the alarm . Wentworth also voiced Queenie , one of three cows who help the puppies when seeking shelter from the cold , and Lucy , a goose who helps send the word along about the puppies . Frederick Worlock and J. Pat O'Malley as Horace and Jasper , respectively , Cruella 's comic relief henchmen who carry out the kidnapping . Jasper is tall and thin , while Horace is short and fat ; otherwise , they are obviously twin brothers . They argue often . Although they appear to be stupid , Horace appears to be the more intelligent of the two , but is absolutely intimidated by his brother , who has the more ready tongue . Jasper has a closed mind to the possibility of sapience in dogs -- as well as the equal possibility of cleverness in his brother . He drinks alcohol , whereas Horace eats sandwiches . Both enjoy watching a weekly television program called `` What 's My Crime ? '' , wherein the misdeeds of lawbreakers are guessed by a panel of contestants . One of the guest stars of this program , Percival `` Meathead '' Faunsquater , is an acquaintance of theirs . O'Malley also voiced The Colonel , a sheepdog who aids Pongo and Perdita in finding the puppies . Worlock also voiced Inspector Craven , a contestant on `` What 's My Crime ? '' Thurl Ravenscroft as The Captain , a horse who also aids Pongo and Perdita in finding the puppies . David Frankham Sergeant Tibbs , a tabby cat who is the most prominent in masterminding a rescue mission to save the puppies from Cruella . Mimi Gibson as Lucky , a runty puppy of Pongo and Perdita who nearly dies after being born . He is given the name `` Lucky '' because of being revived by Roger . He loves watching TV , and is played as a troublemaker . Barbara Baird as Rolly , a pup who is always hungry , and shown as pudgier than the rest of the young puppies . His collar is tight around his neck with his fat bunched up around it . Mickey Maga as Patch , a pup who loves Thunderbolt and has a spot on his eye . Patch is aggressive , barking and growling , but is often frightened by Cruella de Vil . He is the star of the animated sequel , 101 Dalmatians II : Patch 's London Adventure . Sandra Abbott as Penny , the only pup not named for her appearance or habits . She is one of only two female pups , the other being Freckles . Mary Wickes as Freckles , a pup who has a pattern of spots over the bridge of her nose resembling freckles on a human child . Freckles is shown very tired , or asking many questions . Tudor Owen as Towser , a bloodhound who aids Pongo and Perdita in finding the puppies . George Pelling as Danny , a Great Dane who aids Pongo and Perdita . Queenie Leonard as Princess , one of the three cows who help the puppies when seeking shelter from the cold . Marjorie Bennett as Duchess , one of the three cows who help the puppies when seeking shelter from the cold . Barbara Luddy as Rover , one of the 84 Dalmatian puppies that Cruella kidnapped . Rickie Sorensen as Spotty , one of the 84 Dalmatian puppies that Cruella kidnapped . Tom Conway as Collie , a labrador who aids the Dalmatians in making it back to London . Conway also voiced the Quizmaster , the host of `` What 's My Crime ? '' Paul Wexler as Car Mechanic Basil Ruysdael as Truck Driver Paul Frees as Dirty Dawson , the villain of The Thunderbolt Adventure Hour , the show that the Dalmatians watch . Lucille Bliss as TV Commercial Singer , who sings the Canine Crunchies jingle . Production Story development Dodie Smith wrote the book The Hundred and One Dalmatians in 1956 . When Walt Disney read it in 1957 , it immediately grabbed his attention , and he promptly acquired the rights . Smith had always secretly hoped that Disney would make it into a film . Disney assigned Bill Peet to write the story , which he did , marking the first time that the story for a Disney animated film was written by a single person . Writing in his autobiography , Peet was tasked by Disney to write a detailed screenplay first before storyboarding . Because Peet never learned to use a typewriter , he wrote the initial draft by hand on large yellow tablets . He condensed elements of the original book while enlarging others , some of which included eliminating Cruella 's husband and cat , as well compressing the two surrogate mother dogs into one character , Perdita . He also retained a scene in which Pongo and Perdita exchange wedding vows in unison with their owners , by which the censor board warned that it might offend certain religious audiences if the animals repeated the exact words of a solemn religious ceremony . The scene was reworked to be less religious with Roger and Anita dressed in formal clothes . Two months later , Peet completed the manuscript and had it typed it , in which Walt said the script was `` great stuff '' and commissioned him to begin storyboarding . Additionally , Peet was charged with the recording of the voice - over process . Although Disney had not been as involved in the production of the animated films as frequently as in previous years , nevertheless he was always present at story meetings . When Peet sent Dodie Smith some drawings of the characters , she wrote back saying that he had actually improved her story and that the designs looked better than the illustrations in the book . Animation Art direction After Sleeping Beauty ( 1959 ) disappointed at the box - office , there was some talk of closing down the animation department at the Disney studio . During the production of it , Disney told animator Eric Larson : `` I do n't think we can continue , it 's too expensive '' . Despite this , he still had deep feelings towards animation because he had built the company upon it . Ub Iwerks , in charge of special processes at the studio , had been experimenting with Xerox photography to aid in animation . By 1959 , he had modified a Xerox camera to transfer drawings by animators directly to animation cels , eliminating the inking process , thus saving time and money while preserving the spontaneity of the penciled elements . However , because of its limitations , the camera was unable to deviate from a black scratchy outline and lacked the fine lavish quality of hand inking . Disney would first use the Xerox process for a thorn forest in Sleeping Beauty , and the first production to make full use of the process was Goliath II . For One Hundred and One Dalmatians , one of the benefits of the process was that it was a great help towards animating the spotted dogs . According to Chuck Jones , Disney was able to complete the film for about half of what it would have cost if they had had to animate all the dogs and spots . Ken Anderson proposed the use of the Xerox on Dalmatians to Walt , whom by then disenchanted with animation , replied `` Ah , yeah , yeah , you can fool around all you want to . '' For the stylized art direction , Anderson took inspiration from British cartoonist Ronald Searle , whom once advised him to use a Mont Blanc pen and Indian ink for his artwork . In addition to the character animation , Anderson also sought to use Xerography on `` the background painting because I was going to apply the same technique to the whole picture . '' Along with color stylist Walt Peregoy , the two had the line drawings be printed on a separate animation cel before being laid over the background , which gave the appearance similar to the Xeroxed animation . Disney disliked the artistic look of the film and felt he was losing the `` fantasy '' element of his animated films . In a meeting with Anderson and the animation staff concerning future films , Walt said , `` We 're never gon na have one of those goddamned things '' referring to Dalmatians and its technique , and stated , `` Ken 's never going to be an art director again . '' Ken Anderson took this to heart , but Walt eventually forgave him on his final trip to the studio in late 1966 . As Anderson recalled in an interview : He looked very sick , I said `` Gee it 's great to see you Walt '' , and he said `` You know that thing you did on Dalmatians '' . He did n't say anything else , but he just gave me this look and I knew that all was forgiven and in his opinion maybe what I did on Dalmatians was n't so bad . That was the last time I ever saw him . Then , a few weeks later , I learned he was gone . Live - action reference As with the previous Disney films , actors provided live - action reference in order to determine what would work before the animation process begun . Actress Helene Stanley performed the live - action reference for the character of Anita . She did the same work for the characters of Cinderella and Princess Aurora in Sleeping Beauty . Meanwhile , Mary Wickes provided the live - action reference for Cruella de Vil . Character animation Marc Davis was the sole animator on Cruella De Vil . During production , Davis claimed her character was partly inspired by Bette Davis ( no relation ) , Rosalind Russell , and Tallulah Bankhead . He took further influence from her voice actress , Betty Lou Gerson , with whom he added her cheekbones to the character . He later complimented `` ( t ) hat ( her ) voice was the greatest thing I 've ever had a chance to work with . A voice like Betty Lou 's gives you something to do . You get a performance going there , and if you do n't take advantage of it , you 're off your rocker . '' While her hair coloring originated from the illustrations in the novel , Davis found its disheveled style by looking `` through old magazines for hairdos from 1940 till now . '' Her coat was exaggerated to match her over-sized personality , and the lining was red because `` there 's a devil image involved . '' Casting Before starring in high - profile roles such as The Birds and The Time Machine , Australian actor Rod Taylor had extensive radio experience , and was cast as Pongo . The filmmakers deliberately cast dogs with deeper voices than their human owners so they had more power . Walt Disney originally had Lisa Davis read for the role of Cruella De Vil , but she did not think that she was right for the part , and wanted to try reading the role of Anita . Disney agreed with her after the two of them read the script for a second time . Betty Lou Gerson , who was previously the narrator for Cinderella , auditioned for the role of Cruella De Vil in front of Marc Davis and sequence director Wolfgang Reitherman , and landed it . While searching for the right accent of the character , Gerson landed on a `` phony theatrical voice , someone who 's set sail from New York but has n't quite reached England . '' During the recording process , she was thought to be imitating Talluhah Bankhead . However , Gerson disputed , `` Well , I did n't intentionally imitate her ... I was raised in Birmingham , Ala. , and Tallulah was from Jasper , Ala . We both had phony English accents on top of our Southern accents and a great deal of flair . So our voices came out that way . '' In addition to voicing Mrs. Birdwell , Gerson finished recording in fourteen days . Some dog sounds were provided by Clarence Nash , the voice of Donald Duck . Music Unlike many Disney animated features , the film features only three songs , with just one , `` Cruella de Vil '' , playing a major role in it . The other two are `` Kanine Krunchies Jingle '' ( sung by Lucille Bliss , who voiced Anastasia Tremaine in Disney 's 1950 film Cinderella ) , and `` Dalmatian Plantation '' in which only two lines are sung by Roger at its closure . Songwriter Mel Leven had , in fact , written several additional songs for it including `` Do n't Buy a Parrot from a Sailor '' , a cockney chant , meant to be sung by Jasper and Horace at the De Vil Mansion , and `` March of the One Hundred and One '' , which the dogs were meant to sing after escaping Cruella by van . Different , longer versions of `` Kanine Krunchies Jingle '' and `` Dalmatian Plantation '' appear on the Disneyland Records read - along album based on the film . Release One Hundred and One Dalmatians was first released in theaters on January 25 , 1961 . The film was re-released theatrically in 1969 , 1979 , 1985 , and 1991 . Home video Τhe film was released on VHS on April 10 , 1992 , as part of the Walt Disney Classics video series . By June 1992 , it had sold 11.1 million copies . At the time , it was the sixth best - selling video of all time . It was re-released on March 9 , 1999 , as part of the Walt Disney Masterpiece Collection video series . Due to technical issues , it was never released on Laserdisc and was delayed numerous times before its release on DVD . The film was re-released on VHS , and for the first time on DVD , on December 1999 , as a Walt Disney Limited Issue for a limited sixty - day time period before going into moratorium . A two - disc Platinum Edition DVD was released on March 4 , 2008 . It was released on Blu - ray Disc in the United Kingdom on September 3 , 2012 . A Blu - ray Diamond Edition of it was released in North America on February 10 , 2015 . Reception Box Office On its initial release , the film grossed $6.2 million in domestic rentals . It was also the most popular film of the year in France , with admissions of 14,705,526 . The film grossed $14 million during its initial run . The film was re-released in 1969 , where it earned $15 million . In its 1979 theatrical re-release , it grossed $19 million , and in 1985 , the film grossed $32 million . During its fourth re-release in 1991 , it grossed $60.8 million . The film 's total domestic lifetime gross is $145 million , and its total worldwide gross is $215 million . Adjusted for inflation , and incorporating subsequent releases , the film has a lifetime gross of $888,264,400 . Critical reaction In its initial release , the film received critical acclaim from critics , many of whom hailed it as the studio 's best release since Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1937 ) and the closest to a real `` Disney '' film in many years . Howard Thompson of The New York Times wrote , `` While the story moves steadily toward a stark , melodramatic `` chase '' climax , it remains enclosed in a typical Disney frame of warm family love , human and canine . '' However , he later opined that the `` ( s ) ongs are scarce , too . A few more would have braced the final starkness . '' Variety claimed that `` While not as indelibly enchanting or inspired as some of the studio 's most unforgettable animated endeavors , this is nonetheless a painstaking creative effort . '' Time praised the film as `` the wittiest , most charming , least pretentious cartoon feature Walt Disney has ever made . '' Contemporary reviews have remained positive . Reviewing the film during its 1991 re-release , Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun - Times , while giving the film three stars out of four , asserted that `` it 's an uneven film , with moments of inspiration in a fairly conventional tale of kidnapping and rescue . This is not one of the great Disney classics - it 's not in the same league with Snow White or Pinocchio - but it 's passable fun , and will entertain its target family audiences . '' Chicago Tribune film critic Gene Siskel , in his 1991 review , also gave the film three stars out of four . Ralph Novak of People wrote `` What it lacks in romantic extravagance and plush spectacle , this 1961 Disney film makes up for in quiet charm and subtlety . In fact , if any movie with dogs , cats and horses who talk can be said to belong in the realm of realistic drama , this is it . '' In 2011 , Craig Berman of MSNBC ranked it and its 1996 remake as two of the worst children 's films of all time saying , `` The plot itself is a bit nutty . Making a coat out of dogs ? Who does that ? But worse than Cruella de Vil 's fashion sense is the fact that your children will definitely start asking for a Dalmatian of their own for their next birthday '' . The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported the film received an approval rating of 98 % based on 30 reviews with an average score of 8.1 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` With plenty of pooches and a memorable villain ( Cruella De Vil ) , this is one of Disney 's most enduring , entertaining animated films . '' American Film Institute Lists AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies - Nominated AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Heroes and Villains : Cruella De Vil -- No. 39 Villain AFI 's 10 Top 10 - Nominated Animated Film Legacy Remake In the years since the original release of the film , Disney has taken the property in various directions . The earliest of these endeavors was the live - action remake , 101 Dalmatians ( 1996 ) . Starring Glenn Close as Cruella De Vil , none of the animals talked in this version . Its success in theaters led to 102 Dalmatians , released on November 22 , 2000 . TV series After the first live - action version of the film , an animated series titled 101 Dalmatians : The Series was launched . The designs of the characters were stylized further to allow for economic animation and to appeal to contemporary trends . Sequel 101 Dalmatians II : Patch 's London Adventure , the official sequel to the original animated film , was released direct - to - video on January 21 , 2003 . Live - action spin - off Disney has announced that another live - action film is in development , but it will focus on the origin of Cruella de Vil . Emma Stone is set to play Cruella and Alex Timbers is in negotiations to direct the film . See also List of American films of 1961 Second weekend in box office performance § Second - weekend increase Disney portal Cartoon portal Film in the United States portal 1960s portal References Jump up ^ Thomas , Bob ( April 22 , 1994 ) . Walt Disney : An American Original ( 2nd ed . ) . Disney Editions . p. 295 . ISBN 978 - 0786860272 . ^ Jump up to : `` 101 Dalmatians '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gebert , Michael ( 1996 ) . The Encyclopedia of Movie Awards . St. Martin 's Paperbacks . ISBN 0 - 668 - 05308 - 9 . Jump up ^ King , Susan ( January 31 , 2015 ) . `` ' 101 Dalmatians ' was just the hit a flagging Disney needed '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved February 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 1991 Domestic Grosses # 1 -- 50 '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` One Hundred and One Dalmatians '' . www.allmovie.com . ^ Jump up to : Sincerely Yours , Walt Disney ( DVD ) format = requires url = ( help ) ( Bonus feature ) . Burbank , California : Walt Disney Home Entertainment . 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Thomas , Bob ( 1997 ) . `` Chapter 7 : The Postwar Films '' . Disney 's Art of Animation : From Mickey Mouse to Hercules . p. 106 . ^ Jump up to : Peet , Bill ( 1989 ) . Bill Peet : An Autobiography . Houghton Mifflin Harcourt . p. 163 -- 66 . ISBN 978 - 0395689820 . ^ Jump up to : Barrier , Michael ( April 8 , 1999 ) . Hollywood Cartoons : American Animation in Its Golden Age . Oxford University Press . p. 566 -- 7 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 802079 - 0 . Jump up ^ Koeing , David ( January 28 , 2001 ) . Mouse Under Glass : Secrets of Disney Animation & Theme Parks . Bonaventure Press . ISBN 978 - 0964060517 . ^ Jump up to : Redefining the Line : The Making of One Hundred and One Dalmatians ( DVD ) format = requires url = ( help ) ( Bonus feature ) . Burbank , California : Walt Disney Home Entertainment . 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Finch , Christopher ( 1973 ) . `` Chapter 10 : Limited Animation '' . The Art of Walt Disney : From Mickey Mouse to the Magic Kingdom ( 1st ed . ) . Harry N. Abrams . p. 303 . ISBN 978 - 0810990074 . Jump up ^ `` An Interview with Chuck Jones '' . Michaelbarrier.com . Retrieved April 13 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Canemaker , John ( 1996 ) . Before the Animation Begins : The Art and Lives of Disney Inspirational Sketch Artists . Hyperion Books . p. 177 -- 8 . ISBN 978 - 0786861521 . Jump up ^ Norman , Floyd ( 2013 ) . `` Animated Life : A Lifetime of tips , tricks , techniques and stories from a Disney Legend '' . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0240818054 . Retrieved March 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Amidi , Amid ( January 17 , 2015 ) . `` Walt Peregoy , ' 101 Dalmatians ' Color Stylist , RIP '' . Cartoon Brew . Retrieved March 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cinderella Character History '' . Disney Archives . Archived from the original on August 3 , 2003 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Frank ; Johnston , Ollie ( 1981 ) . The Illusion of Life : Disney Animation . Abbeville Press . p. 320 . ISBN 978 - 0786860708 . Jump up ^ Maupin , Elizabethn ( July 24 , 1991 ) . `` Return Of The Dalmatians '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved September 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Canemaker , John ( 2001 ) . Walt Disney 's Nine Old Men and the Art of Animation . Disney Editions . p. 284 . ISBN 978 - 0786864966 . Jump up ^ Vagg , Stephen ( 2010 ) . Rod Taylor : An Aussie in Hollywood . Bear Manor Media . p. 77 . ISBN 978 - 1593935115 . Jump up ^ Braun , Amy ( March 4 , 2008 ) . `` UltimateDisney. com 's Interview with Lisa Davis , the voice and model for 101 Dalmatians ' Anita Radcliff '' . DVDizzy . Retrieved April 5 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Rhetts , Joanne ( December 26 , 1985 ) . `` ' 101 Dalmatians ' : A Classic On All Counts Evil - hearted Cruella The First Name In Nasty '' . Orlando Sentinel . Retrieved September 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Birnhaum , Jane ( August 23 , 1991 ) . `` Cruella De Vil 's voice '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ King , Susan ( July 20 , 1991 ) . `` Betty Lou Gerson 's Phony Accent Was a Natural for Cruella De Vil '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved September 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ehrbar , Greg ( February 10 , 2015 ) . `` 101 Dalmatians on Records '' . Cartoon Research . Retrieved July 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stevenson , Richard ( August 5 , 1991 ) . `` 30 - Year - Old Film Is a Surprise Hit In Its 4th Re-Release '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hunt , Dennis ( January 17 , 1992 ) . `` Digital Cassette Becomes the Talk of the Town '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved September 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Harris , Kathryn ( June 12 , 1992 ) . `` A Nose for Profit : ' Pinocchio ' Release to Test Truth of Video Sales Theory '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved September 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Disney Going To The Dogs : ' 101 Dalmatians ' To Tube '' . New York Daily News . March 13 , 1996 . Retrieved September 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Disney to Debut Nine Classic Animated Titles on DVD for a Limited Time to Celebrate the Millennium '' ( Press release ) . Burbank , California : TheFreeLibrary . Business Wire . August 17 , 1999 . Retrieved September 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 101 Dalmatians ( Blu - ray ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 03 . Jump up ^ Gabler , Neal ( 2006 ) . Walt Disney : The Triumph of the American Imagination . Vintage Books . p. 556 . ISBN 978 - 0679757474 . Jump up ^ `` Box office for 1961 '' . Box Office Story . ^ Jump up to : Darnton , Nina ( January 2 , 1987 ) . `` At the Movies '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 1991 Yearly Box Office for G Rated Movies '' . Box Office Mojo . Amazon . Retrieved September 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` All - Time Box Office : Adjusted for Ticket Price Inflation '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Eliot , Marc . Walt Disney : Hollywood 's Dark Prince . Birch Lane Press . p. 255 -- 6 . ISBN 978 - 1559721745 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Howard ( February 11 , 1961 ) . `` Disney Film About Dogs '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Review : ' One Hundred and One Dalmatians ' '' . Variety . Retrieved September 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cinema : Pupcorn '' . Time . February 17 , 1961 . Retrieved September 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( July 12 , 1991 ) . `` 101 Dalmatians '' . rogerebert.com . Retrieved September 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Siskel , Gene ( July 12 , 1991 ) . `` ' Boyz N The Hood ' Visits L.a. 's Mean Streets '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved September 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Novak , Ralph ( July 29 , 1991 ) . `` Picks and Pans Review : 101 Dalmatians '' . People . Retrieved September 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Someone save Bambi 's mom ! Worst kid films '' . MSNBC . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` 101 Dalmatians ( 1961 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango . Retrieved December 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies Nominees '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 10 Top 10 Ballot '' ( PDF ) . Afi.com . American Film Institute . Retrieved April 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 101 Dalmatians II : Patch 's London Adventure - Special Edition DVD Review '' . dvdizzy.com . American Film Institute . Retrieved August 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kit , Boris ( September 30 , 2013 ) . `` Disney Preps Live - Action Cruella De Vil Film ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( April 25 , 2016 ) . `` Disney Puts A Slew Of Dates On Hold For ' Jungle Book 2 ' , ' Maleficent 2 ' , ' Dumbo ' , ' Cruella ' & More '' . Deadline . Retrieved May 14 , 2016 . Cruella with Emma Stone set for the title role and Kelly Marcel writing Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( December 14 , 2016 ) . `` Disney 's Live - Action ' Cruella ' Finds Director '' . Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 14 , 2016 . External links Wikiquote has quotations related to : One Hundred and One Dalmatians Official website One Hundred and One Dalmatians at AllMovie One Hundred and One Dalmatians on IMDb One Hundred and One Dalmatians at the TCM Movie Database One Hundred and One Dalmatians at Rotten Tomatoes Links to related articles ( hide ) Dodie Smith 's The Hundred and One Dalmatians Books The Hundred and One Dalmatians ( 1956 ) The Starlight Barking ( 1967 ) Animated films One Hundred and One Dalmatians ( 1961 ) 101 Dalmatians II : Patch 's London Adventure ( 2003 ) Live - action films 101 Dalmatians ( 1996 ) 102 Dalmatians ( 2000 ) Video games Disney 's Animated Storybook : 101 Dalmatians ( 1997 ) 101 Dalmatians : Escape from DeVil Manor ( 1997 ) 102 Dalmatians : Puppies to the Rescue ( 2000 ) Miscellaneous One Hundred and One Dalmatians franchise 101 Dalmatians : The Series ( 1997 -- 1998 ) Broadway musical Soundtrack Cruella de Vil Disney theatrical animated features Walt Disney Animation Studios films Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1937 ) Pinocchio ( 1940 ) Fantasia ( 1940 ) Dumbo ( 1941 ) Bambi ( 1942 ) Saludos Amigos ( 1942 ) The Three Caballeros ( 1944 ) Make Mine Music ( 1946 ) Fun and Fancy Free ( 1947 ) Melody Time ( 1948 ) The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad ( 1949 ) Cinderella ( 1950 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 1951 ) Peter Pan ( 1953 ) Lady and the Tramp ( 1955 ) Sleeping Beauty ( 1959 ) One Hundred and One Dalmatians ( 1961 ) The Sword in the Stone ( 1963 ) The Jungle Book ( 1967 ) The Aristocats ( 1970 ) Robin Hood ( 1973 ) The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( 1977 ) The Rescuers ( 1977 ) The Fox and the Hound ( 1981 ) The Black Cauldron ( 1985 ) The Great Mouse Detective ( 1986 ) Oliver & Company ( 1988 ) The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) The Rescuers Down Under ( 1990 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) The Lion King ( 1994 ) Pocahontas ( 1995 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1996 ) Hercules ( 1997 ) Mulan ( 1998 ) Tarzan ( 1999 ) Fantasia 2000 ( 1999 ) Dinosaur ( 2000 ) The Emperor 's New Groove ( 2000 ) Atlantis : The Lost Empire ( 2001 ) Lilo & Stitch ( 2002 ) Treasure Planet ( 2002 ) Brother Bear ( 2003 ) Home on the Range ( 2004 ) Chicken Little ( 2005 ) Meet the Robinsons ( 2007 ) Bolt ( 2008 ) The Princess and the Frog ( 2009 ) Tangled ( 2010 ) Winnie the Pooh ( 2011 ) Wreck - It Ralph ( 2012 ) Frozen ( 2013 ) Big Hero 6 ( 2014 ) Zootopia ( 2016 ) Moana ( 2016 ) Ralph Breaks the Internet : Wreck - It Ralph 2 ( 2018 ) Frozen 2 ( 2019 ) Live - action films with animation The Reluctant Dragon ( 1941 ) Victory Through Air Power ( 1943 ) Song of the South ( 1946 ) So Dear to My Heart ( 1948 ) Mary Poppins ( 1964 ) Bedknobs and Broomsticks ( 1971 ) Pete 's Dragon ( 1977 ) Who Framed Roger Rabbit ( 1988 ) Enchanted ( 2007 ) DisneyToon Studios films DuckTales the Movie : Treasure of the Lost Lamp ( 1990 ) A Goofy Movie ( 1995 ) The Tigger Movie ( 2000 ) Return to Never Land ( 2002 ) The Jungle Book 2 ( 2003 ) Piglet 's Big Movie ( 2003 ) Pooh 's Heffalump Movie ( 2005 ) Bambi II ( 2006 ) Planes ( 2013 ) Planes : Fire & Rescue ( 2014 ) Other Disney units films The Nightmare Before Christmas ( 1993 ) James and the Giant Peach ( 1996 ) Doug 's 1st Movie ( 1999 ) Recess : School 's Out ( 2001 ) Teacher 's Pet ( 2004 ) A Christmas Carol ( 2009 ) Gnomeo & Juliet ( 2011 ) Mars Needs Moms ( 2011 ) Frankenweenie ( 2012 ) Strange Magic ( 2015 ) Related lists Unproduced films Book Films directed by Wolfgang Reitherman Features One Hundred and One Dalmatians ( 1961 ) The Sword in the Stone ( 1963 ) The Jungle Book ( 1967 ) The Aristocats ( 1970 ) Robin Hood ( 1973 ) The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( 1977 ) The Rescuers ( 1977 ) Shorts and featurettes The Truth About Mother Goose ( 1957 ) Goliath II ( 1960 ) Aquamania ( 1961 ) Winnie the Pooh and the Honey Tree ( 1966 ) Winnie the Pooh and the Blustery Day ( 1968 ) Films directed by Clyde Geronimi Victory Through Air Power ( 1943 ) The Three Caballeros ( 1944 ) Make Mine Music ( 1946 ) Melody Time ( 1948 ) The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad ( 1949 ) Cinderella ( 1950 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 1951 ) Peter Pan ( 1953 ) Lady and the Tramp ( 1955 ) Sleeping Beauty ( 1959 ) One Hundred and One Dalmatians ( 1961 ) Films directed by Hamilton Luske Pinocchio ( 1940 ) Fantasia ( 1940 ) The Reluctant Dragon ( 1941 ) Saludos Amigos ( 1942 ) Make Mine Music ( 1946 ) Fun and Fancy Free ( 1947 ) Melody Time ( 1948 ) So Dear to My Heart ( 1948 ) Cinderella ( 1950 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 1951 ) Peter Pan ( 1953 ) Ben and Me ( 1953 ) Lady and the Tramp ( 1955 ) Donald in Mathmagic Land ( 1959 ) One Hundred and One Dalmatians ( 1961 ) Walt Disney Animation Studios List of feature films Released Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1937 ) Pinocchio ( 1940 ) Fantasia ( 1940 ) Dumbo ( 1941 ) Bambi ( 1942 ) Saludos Amigos ( 1942 ) The Three Caballeros ( 1944 ) Make Mine Music ( 1946 ) Fun and Fancy Free ( 1947 ) Melody Time ( 1948 ) The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad ( 1949 ) Cinderella ( 1950 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 1951 ) Peter Pan ( 1953 ) Lady and the Tramp ( 1955 ) Sleeping Beauty ( 1959 ) One Hundred and One Dalmatians ( 1961 ) The Sword in the Stone ( 1963 ) The Jungle Book ( 1967 ) The Aristocats ( 1970 ) Robin Hood ( 1973 ) The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( 1977 ) The Rescuers ( 1977 ) The Fox and the Hound ( 1981 ) The Black Cauldron ( 1985 ) The Great Mouse Detective ( 1986 ) Oliver & Company ( 1988 ) The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) The Rescuers Down Under ( 1990 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) The Lion King ( 1994 ) Pocahontas ( 1995 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1996 ) Hercules ( 1997 ) Mulan ( 1998 ) Tarzan ( 1999 ) Fantasia 2000 ( 1999 ) Dinosaur ( 2000 ) The Emperor 's New Groove ( 2000 ) Atlantis : The Lost Empire ( 2001 ) Lilo & Stitch ( 2002 ) Treasure Planet ( 2002 ) Brother Bear ( 2003 ) Home on the Range ( 2004 ) Chicken Little ( 2005 ) Meet the Robinsons ( 2007 ) Bolt ( 2008 ) The Princess and the Frog ( 2009 ) Tangled ( 2010 ) Winnie the Pooh ( 2011 ) Wreck - It Ralph ( 2012 ) Frozen ( 2013 ) Big Hero 6 ( 2014 ) Zootopia ( 2016 ) Moana ( 2016 ) Upcoming films Ralph Breaks the Internet : Wreck - It Ralph 2 ( 2018 ) Frozen 2 ( 2019 ) Associated productions The Reluctant Dragon ( 1941 ) Victory Through Air Power ( 1943 ) Song of the South ( 1946 ) So Dear to My Heart ( 1949 ) Mary Poppins ( 1964 ) Bedknobs and Broomsticks ( 1971 ) Pete 's Dragon ( 1977 ) Who Framed Roger Rabbit ( 1988 ) Enchanted ( 2007 ) People Executives Edwin Catmull Roy Conli Roy E. Disney Walt Disney Don Hahn Jeffrey Katzenberg John Lasseter Peter Schneider Thomas Schumacher David Stainton Disney 's Nine Old Men Les Clark Marc Davis Ollie Johnston Milt Kahl Ward Kimball Eric Larson John Lounsbery Wolfgang Reitherman Frank Thomas Related topics History Disney animators ' strike Disney Renaissance Methods and technologies 12 basic principles of animation Computer Animation Production System Disney Animation : The Illusion of Life Multiplane camera Documentaries Frank and Ollie ( 1995 ) The Sweatbox ( 2001 ) Dream On Silly Dreamer ( 2005 ) Waking Sleeping Beauty ( 2009 ) Other Disney animation units Disney Television Animation DisneyToon Studios ( WDAS unit ) Lucasfilm Animation Marvel Animation Pixar Animation Studios Circle 7 ( defunct ) Miscellaneous Alice Comedies Laugh - O - Gram Studio List of Disney animated shorts List of Disney theatrical animated features unproduced Oswald the Lucky Rabbit Mickey Mouse ( film series ) Silly Symphonies Once Upon a Time Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=One_Hundred_and_One_Dalmatians&oldid=814578063 '' Categories : 1961 films English - language films 101 Dalmatians films 1961 animated films 1960s adventure films 1960s American animated films 1960s comedy - drama films 1960s crime drama films 1960s criminal comedy films American adventure comedy films American children 's animated adventure films American comedy - drama films American crime drama films American criminal comedy films Animated adventure films Animated comedy films Animated drama films Animated films about dogs Animated films based on novels Children 's comedy - drama films Films about families Films based on British novels Films directed by Clyde Geronimi Films directed by Hamilton Luske Films directed by Wolfgang Reitherman Films produced by Walt Disney Films featuring anthropomorphic characters Films set in London Rotoscoped films Walt Disney Animation Studios films Walt Disney Pictures films Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from September 2010 Pages using citations with format and no URL Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2014 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Gaeilge Gaelg Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Kiswahili Latina Magyar मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Shqip Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray ייִדיש 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 December 2017 , at 17 : 34 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did the movie 101 dalmatians come out | [
"Originally released to theaters on January 25, 1961, by Buena Vista Distribution,[3] One Hundred and One Dalmatians was a box office success, pulling the studio out of the financial slump caused by Sleeping Beauty, a costlier production released two years prior.[4] Aside from its box office revenue, its commercial success was due to the employment of inexpensive animation techniques—such as using xerography during the process of inking and painting traditional animation cels—that kept production costs down. It was reissued to cinemas four times in 1969, 1979, 1985 and 1991. The 1991 reissue was the twentieth highest earning film of the year for domestic earnings. It was remade into a live action film in 1996.[5]"
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"January 25, 1961"
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-768711883857590233 | Yankee Doodle | Yankee Doodle - wikipedia Yankee Doodle Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Yankee Doodle ( disambiguation ) . `` Yankee Doodle '' The first verse and refrain of Yankee Doodle , engraved on the footpath in a park . Song Published 1780s 1 . Yankee Doodle Variations Performed by Carrie Rehkopf 1 . Yankee Doodle Choral version by United States Army Chorus Problems playing these files ? See media help . `` Yankee Doodle '' is a well - known British - American song , the early versions of which date back to before the Seven Years ' War and the American Revolution ( 1775 -- 83 ) . It is often sung patriotically in the United States today and is the state anthem of Connecticut . Its Roud Folk Song Index number is 4501 . The melody is thought to be much older than both the lyrics and the subject , going back to folk songs of Medieval Europe . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origin 1.1 Early versions 2 Full version 3 Popular culture 4 See also 5 Notes 6 Further reading 7 External links 7.1 Writings 7.2 Historical Audio Origin ( edit ) The tune of Yankee Doodle is thought to be much older than the lyrics , being well known across western Europe , including England , France , Holland ( modern Netherlands ) , Hungary , and Spain . The earliest words of `` Yankee Doodle '' came from a Middle Dutch harvest song ( which is thought to have followed the same tune ) , possibly dating back as far as 15th - century Holland . It contained mostly nonsensical and out - of - place words , both in English and Dutch : `` Yanker , didel , doodle down , Diddle , dudel , lanther , Yanke viver , voover vown , Botermilk und tanther . '' Farm laborers in Holland at the time received as their wages `` as much buttermilk ( Botermilk ) as they could drink , and a tenth ( tanther ) of the grain '' . The term Doodle first appeared in English in the early seventeenth century and is thought to be derived from the Low German ( a language close to Dutch ) dudel , meaning `` playing music badly '' or Dödel , meaning `` fool '' or `` simpleton '' . The Macaroni wig was an extreme fashion in the 1770s and became contemporary slang for foppishness . Dandies were men who placed particular importance upon physical appearance , refined language , and leisure hobbies . A self - made `` Dandy '' was a British middle - class man from the late 18th to early 19th century who impersonated an aristocratic lifestyle . They notably wore silk strip cloth , stuck feathers in their hats , and bore two fob watch accessories simultaneously ( two pocket watches with chains ) -- `` one to tell what time it was and the other to tell what time it was not '' . This era was the height of `` dandyism '' in London , when men wore striped silks upon their return from the Grand Tour , along with a feather in the hat . `` The Macaroni . A real Character at the late Masquerade '' , mezzotint by Philip Dawe , 1773 The macaroni wig was an example of such Rococo dandy fashion , popular in elite circles in Western Europe and much mocked in the London press of the time . The term macaroni was used to describe a fashionable man who dressed and spoke in an outlandishly affected and effeminate manner . The term pejoratively referred to a man who `` exceeded the ordinary bounds of fashion '' in terms of clothes , fastidious eating , and gambling . In British conversation , the term `` Yankee Doodle Dandy '' implied unsophisticated misappropriation of high - class fashion , as though simply sticking a feather in one 's cap would make one to be noble . Peter McNeil , professor of fashion studies , claims that the British were insinuating that the colonists were low - class men lacking masculinity , emphasizing that the American men were womanly . Early versions ( edit ) Traditions place its origin in a pre-Revolutionary War song originally sung by British military officers to mock the disheveled , disorganized colonial `` Yankees '' with whom they served in the French and Indian War , apparently written c. 1755 by British Army surgeon Dr. Richard Shuckburgh while campaigning in upper New York . The British troops sang it to make fun of their stereotype of the American soldier as a Yankee simpleton who thought that he was stylish if he simply stuck a feather in his cap . It was also popular among the Americans as a song of defiance . As per the American Library of Congress , the Americans added additional verses to the song , mocking the British troops and hailing the Commander of the Continental army George Washington . By 1781 , Yankee Doodle had turned from being an insult to being a song of national pride . One version of the Yankee Doodle lyrics is generally attributed to Dr. Shuckburgh . According to one story , Dr. Shuckburgh wrote the song after seeing the appearance of Colonial troops under Colonel Thomas Fitch , the son of Connecticut Governor Thomas Fitch . According to Etymology Online , `` The current version seems to have been written in 1776 by Edward Bangs , a Harvard sophomore who also was a Minuteman . '' A bill was introduced to the House of Representatives on July 25 , 1999 ( as referenced as H. CON . RES. 143 ) recognizing Billerica , Massachusetts as `` America 's Yankee Doodle Town '' . After the Battle of Lexington and Concord , a Boston newspaper reported : `` Upon their return to Boston ( pursued by the Minutemen ) , one ( Briton ) asked his brother officer how he liked the tune now , -- ' Dang them ' , returned he , ' they made us dance it till we were tired ' -- since which Yankee Doodle sounds less sweet to their ears . '' The earliest known version of the lyrics comes from 1755 or 1758 , as the date of origin is disputed : Brother Ephraim sold his Cow And bought him a Commission ; And then he went to Canada To fight for the Nation ; But when Ephraim he came home He proved an arrant Coward , He would n't fight the Frenchmen there For fear of being devoured . ( Note that the sheet music which accompanies these lyrics reads , `` The Words to be Sung through the Nose , & in the West Country drawl & dialect . '' ) The Ephraim referred to here was Ephraim Williams , a popularly known colonel in the Massachusetts militia who was killed in the Battle of Lake George . He left his land and property to the founding of a school in Western Massachusetts , now known as Williams College . The tune also appeared in 1762 in one of America 's first comic operas The Disappointment , with bawdy lyrics about the search for Blackbeard 's buried treasure by a team from Philadelphia . It has been reported that the British often marched to a version believed to be about a man named Thomas Ditson of Billerica , Massachusetts . Ditson was tarred and feathered for attempting to buy a musket in Boston in March 1775 , although he later fought at Concord : Yankee Doodle came to town , For to buy a firelock , We will tar and feather him , And so we will John Hancock . For this reason , the town of Billerica is the `` home '' of Yankee Doodle , Another pro-British set of lyrics believed to have used the tune was published in June 1775 following the Battle of Bunker Hill : The seventeen of June , at Break of Day , The Rebels they supriz 'd us , With their strong Works , which they 'd thrown up , To burn the Town and drive us . There is another version attributed to Edward Bangs , a student at Harvard College , who wrote a ballad with fifteen verses which circulated in Boston and surrounding towns in 1775 or 1776 . Yankee Doodle was also played at the British surrender at Saratoga in 1777 . On February 6 , 1788 , Massachusetts ratified the Constitution by a vote of 186 to 168 . To the ringing of bells and the booming of cannon , the delegates trooped out of Brattle Street Church . Before many days had passed , the citizens sang their convention song to the tune of `` Yankee Doodle . '' Here are the lyrics to their song : The vention did in Boston meet , The State House could not hold ' em So then they went to Fed'ral Street , And there the truth was told ' em ... And ev'ry morning went to prayer , And then began disputing , Till oppositions silenced were , By arguments refuting . Now politicians of all kinds , Who are not yet decided , May see how Yankees speak their minds , And yet are not divided . So here I end my Fed'ral song , Composed of sixteen verses ; May agriculture flourish long And commerce fill our purses ! Full version ( edit ) The Spirit of ' 76 ( aka Yankee Doodle ) Artist Archibald MacNeal Willard Year circa 1875 Type oil 61 cm × 45 cm ( 24 in × 18 in ) Location United States Department of State The full version of the song , as it is known today , goes : Yankee Doodle went to town A-riding on a pony , Stuck a feather in his cap And called it macaroni . ( Chorus ) Yankee Doodle keep it up , Yankee Doodle dandy , Mind the music and the step , And with the girls be handy . Father and I went down to camp , Along with Captain Gooding , And there we saw the men and boys As thick as hasty pudding . ( Chorus ) And there we saw a thousand men As rich as Squire David , And what they wasted every day , I wish it could be savèd . ( Chorus ) The ' lasses they eat every day , Would keep a house a winter ; They have so much , that I 'll be bound , They eat it when they 've a mind to . ( Chorus ) And there I see a swamping gun Large as a log of maple , Upon a deuced little cart , A load for father 's cattle . ( Chorus ) And every time they shoot it off , It takes a horn of powder , And makes a noise like father 's gun , Only a nation louder . ( Chorus ) I went as nigh to one myself As ' Siah 's underpinning ; And father went as nigh again , I thought the deuce was in him . ( Chorus ) Cousin Simon grew so bold , I thought he would have cocked it ; It scared me so I shrinked it off And hung by father 's pocket . ( Chorus ) And Cap'n Davis had a gun , He kind of clapt his hand o n't And stuck a crooked stabbing iron Upon the little end o n't ( Chorus ) And there I see a pumpkin shell As big as mother 's basin , And every time they touched it off They scampered like the nation . ( Chorus ) I see a little barrel too , The heads were made of leather ; They knocked on it with little clubs And called the folks together . ( Chorus ) And there was Cap'n Washington , And gentle folks about him ; They say he 's grown so ' tarnal proud He will not ride without ' em . ( Chorus ) He got him on his meeting clothes , Upon a slapping stallion ; He sat the world along in rows , In hundreds and in millions . ( Chorus ) The flaming ribbons in his hat , They looked so tearing fine , ah , I wanted dreadfully to get To give to my Jemima . ( Chorus ) I see another snarl of men A-digging graves , they told me , So ' tarnal long , so ' tarnal deep , They ' tended they should hold me . ( Chorus ) It scared me so , I hooked it off , Nor stopped , as I remember , Nor turned about till I got home , Locked up in mother 's chamber . ( Chorus ) Popular culture ( edit ) President John F. Kennedy from Massachusetts bought a pony for his daughter Caroline while he was in the White House . The family named it `` Macaroni '' after the song `` Yankee Doodle , '' although the song applies the name to the feathered cap rather than the pony . Dueling Banjos , composed by Arthur `` Guitar Boogie '' Smith in 1955 , contains riffs from Yankee Doodle . The Voice of America begins and ends all broadcasts with the interval signal of `` Yankee Doodle '' . TV commentator Bud Collins took note of the July 4th holiday and John McEnroe 's red - white - and - blue attire at the conclusion of the 1981 Wimbledon Championships , in which American tennis star McEnroe had defeated his long - time rival Björn Borg : `` Stick a feather in his cap and call him ' McEnroe - ni ' ! '' In Turn : Washington 's Spies season 3 episode 8 `` Mended , '' the song is sung in parody by English Tories using alternate lyrics . See also ( edit ) Yankee Doodle Dandy The Yankee Doodle Boy Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Mooney , Mark ( 14 July 2014 ) . `` ' Yankee Doodle Dandy ' Explained and Other Revolutionary Facts '' . ABC News . Retrieved 6 May 2016 . Jump up ^ STATE OF CONNECTICUT , Sites o Seals o Symbols ; Connecticut State Register & Manual ; retrieved on May 23 , 2008 ^ Jump up to : Johnson , Helen Kendrick . `` The Meaning of Song '' in The North American Review vol. 138 , no. 330 ( 1884 ) : p. 491 . Retrieved 17 June 2016 from www.jstor.org/stable/25118383 ^ Jump up to : Banks , Louis Albert ( 1898 ) . Immortal Songs of Camp and Field : The Story of Their Inspiration , Together with Striking Anecdotes Connected with Their History . Burrows Brothers Company . p. 44 . Jump up ^ Yankee Doodle Dandy , The New York Times ^ Jump up to : Elson , Louis Charles ( 1912 ) . University Musical Encyclopedia : A history of music . 2 . p. 82 . Jump up ^ `` doodle '' , n , Oxford English Dictionary ; accessed April 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ J. Woodforde , The Strange Story of False Hair ( London : Taylor & Francis , 1971 ) , p. 40 . Jump up ^ Grose , Francis ; Egan , Pierce ( 1823 ) . Grose 's Classical Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue : Revised and Corrected with the Addition of Numerous Slang Phrases Collected from Tried Authorities . London . Jump up ^ The Macaroni and Theatrical Magazine , inaugural issue , 1772 , quoted in Amelia Rauser , `` Hair , Authenticity , and the Self - Made Macaroni '' , Eighteenth - Century Studies 38. 1 ( 2004 : 101 - 117 ) ( on - line abstract ) . Jump up ^ R. Ross , Clothing : a global history : or , The Imperialists ' new clothes ( Polity , 2008 ) , p. 51 . Jump up ^ Peter McNeil , That Doubtful Gender : Macaroni Dress and Male Sexualities ( Fashion Theory , 1998 ) , pp. 411 - 48 . Jump up ^ See www.etymonline.com , `` Yankee Doodle '' . Jump up ^ `` Historical Period : The American Revolution , 1763 - 1783 - Lyrical legacy - Yankee doodle song '' . http://www.loc.gov/teachers/lyrical/songs/yankee_doodle.html . Library of Congress . Retrieved 6 May 2016 . External link in website = ( help ) Jump up ^ A. Lomax , John ; Lomax , Alan . American ballads and f - 28276 - 3 . p. 521 . Jump up ^ Sonneck , Oscar George Theodore . Report on The Star - spangled Banner , Hail Columbia , America , Yankee Doodle . New York , Dover Publications ( 1972 ) . ISBN 0 - 486 - 22237 - 3 . Jump up ^ http://www.etymonline.com , `` Yankee Doodle '' Jump up ^ Carola , Chris ( July 5 , 2008 ) . `` Wish ' Yankee Doodle ' a happy 250th birthday . Maybe '' . Atlanta Journal - Constitution . Associated Press . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 10 . Jump up ^ Bobrick , 148 Jump up ^ `` Thomas Ditson '' . Billerica Public Library . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ The Billerica Colonial Minute Men ; The Thomas Ditson story ; retrieved January 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Town History and Genealogy ; retrieved October 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` What 's the song `` Yankee Doodle '' all about ? `` . The Straight Dope. 2001 - 01 - 04 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Boston Yankee Doodle Ballad - `` Father And I Went Down To Camp '' `` . www.americanmusicpreservation.com . Jump up ^ Luzader , John F. ( 2008 ) . Saratoga : A Military History of the Decisive Campaign of the American Revolution . New York : Savas Beatie . p. 335 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 932714 - 44 - 9 . Jump up ^ Gen. George P. Morris - `` Original Yankee Words '' , The Patriotic Anthology , Doubleday , Doran & Company , Inc. publishers , 1941 . Introduction by Carl Van Doren . Literary Guild of America , Inc. , New York , NY . Jump up ^ Penrhyn Wingfield Coussens , editor . Poems Children Love : A Collection of Poems Arranged for Children and Young People of Various Ages . Dodge Publishing Company , New York , 1908 . pp. 183 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Yankee doodle '' . Jump up ^ Berg , Jerome S. ( 1999 ) . On the Short Waves , 1923 - 1945 : Broadcast Listening in the Pioneer Days of Radio . McFarland . p. 104 . ISBN 0 - 7864 - 0506 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` ESPN Classic -- McEnroe was McNasty on and off the court '' . Espn.go.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 10 . Further reading ( edit ) Bobrick , Benson ( 1997 ) . Angel in the Whirlwind . Simon & Schuster , New York . ISBN 0 - 684 - 81060 - 3 . External links ( edit ) Wikisource has the text of the 1879 American Cyclopædia article Yankee Doodle . Library of Congress Yankee Doodle music website The Boston Yankee Doodle Ballad The free score on www.traditional-songs.com Writings ( edit ) Report on `` The Star - Spangled Banner , '' `` Hail Columbia , '' `` America , '' `` Yankee Doodle '' by Oscar George Theodore Sonneck ( 1909 ) 2 3 4 Famous American songs ( 1906 ) Historical audio ( edit ) Yankee Doodle ( archive.org ) John H. Hewitt wrote the song The Fall of Mexico in 1847 , which quotes from Yankee Doodle in measure 237 . ( hide ) National symbols of the United States Symbols Flag of the United States Seal of the United States Bald eagle Uncle Sam Columbia General Grant ( tree ) American 's Creed Pledge of Allegiance Rose Oak American bison Phrygian cap Songs `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' `` Dixie '' `` America the Beautiful '' `` The Stars and Stripes Forever '' `` Hail to the Chief '' `` Hail , Columbia '' `` My Country , ' Tis of Thee '' `` God Bless America '' `` Lift Every Voice and Sing '' `` The Army Goes Rolling Along '' `` Anchors Aweigh '' `` Marines ' Hymn '' `` Semper Fidelis '' `` The Air Force Song '' `` Semper Paratus '' `` National Emblem '' `` The Washington Post March '' `` The Battle Hymn of the Republic '' `` Yankee Doodle '' `` You 're a Grand Old Flag '' `` When Johnny Comes Marching Home '' Mottos In God We Trust E Pluribus Unum Novus ordo seclorum Annuit cœptis Landmarks Statue of Liberty ( Liberty Enlightening the World ) Liberty Bell Mount Rushmore National Mall West Potomac Park Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yankee_Doodle&oldid=809475947 '' Categories : French and Indian War American Revolution Songs of the American Revolutionary War British folk songs American folk songs American military marches American patriotic songs United States state songs Music of Connecticut Symbols of Connecticut Burl Ives songs American nursery rhymes English nursery rhymes Roud Folk Song Index songs Songs based on American history Hidden categories : CS1 errors : external links Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from June 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2010 Pages using infobox artwork with autolinked artist field Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latina Magyar 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 November 2017 , at 10 : 20 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where did the melody for yankee doodle come from | [
"\"Yankee Doodle\" is a well-known British-American song, the early versions of which date back to before the Seven Years' War and the American Revolution (1775–83).[1] It is often sung patriotically in the United States today and is the state anthem of Connecticut.[2] Its Roud Folk Song Index number is 4501. The melody is thought to be much older than both the lyrics and the subject, going back to folk songs of Medieval Europe.[3][4]"
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"folk songs of Medieval Europe"
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-7943660929813249058 | New York Botanical Garden | New York Botanical Garden - wikipedia New York Botanical Garden New York Botanical Garden Visitor Center in June 2012 . Established 1891 Location Bronx , New York Public transit access Metro - North Railroad : Harlem Line Botanical Garden New York City Subway : Pelham Parkway New York City Bus : Bx12 , Bx12 SBS , Bx19 , Bx22 , Bx26 Website www.nybg.org New York Botanical Garden U.S. National Register of Historic Places U.S. National Historic Landmark Enid A. Haupt Conservatory Location Southern and Bedford Park Boulevards Bronx , New York 10458 Coordinates 40 ° 51 ′ 49 '' N 73 ° 52 ′ 42 '' W / 40.86361 ° N 73.87833 ° W / 40.86361 ; - 73.87833 Coordinates : 40 ° 51 ′ 49 '' N 73 ° 52 ′ 42 '' W / 40.86361 ° N 73.87833 ° W / 40.86361 ; - 73.87833 Area 250 acres ( 100 ha ) Built 1891 Architect Lord & Burnham Co . Architectural style Victorian era NRHP reference # 67000009 Significant dates Added to NRHP May 28 , 1967 Designated NHL May 28 , 1967 The New York Botanical Garden ( NYBG ) is a botanical garden and National Historic Landmark located in the Bronx , New York City . The 250 - acre ( 100 ha ) site 's verdant landscape supports over one million living plants in extensive collections . Each year over one million visitors visit the garden 's remarkable diversity of tropical , temperate , and desert flora , as well as programming that ranges from exhibitions in the Haupt Conservatory to festivals on Daffodil Hill . The Garden is also a major educational institution . As of 2016 , more than 1,000,000 people annually -- among them Bronx families , school children , and teachers -- learn about plant science , ecology , and healthful eating through NYBG 's hands - on , curriculum - based programming . Nearly 90,000 of those visitors are children from underserved neighboring communities , while more than 3,000 are teachers from New York City 's public school system participating in professional development programs that train them to teach science courses at all grade levels . NYBG operates one of the world 's largest plant research and conservation programs , with nearly 600 staff members . Contents ( hide ) 1 Mission statement 2 History 2.1 List of Garden Photographers 3 Grounds 3.1 Research laboratories 3.2 LuEsther T. Mertz Library 3.3 Enid A. Haupt Conservatory 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Mission statement ( edit ) `` The New York Botanical Garden is an advocate for the plant kingdom . The Garden pursues its mission through its role as a museum of living plant collections arranged in gardens and landscapes across its National Historic Landmark site ; through its comprehensive education programs in horticulture and plant science ; and through the wide - ranging research programs of the International Plant Science Center . '' History ( edit ) The Lorillard family owned most of the land that later became the New York Botanical Garden . That land and adjacent acreage was acquired by the City of New York and set aside for the creation of a zoo and botanical garden . The Garden was established on 28 April 1891 on part of the grounds of the Lorillard Estate ( formerly owned by the tobacco magnate Pierre Lorillard ) and a parcel that was formerly the easternmost portion of the campus of St. John 's College ( now Fordham University ) . The Garden 's creation followed a fund - raising campaign led by the Torrey Botanical Club and Columbia University botanist Nathaniel Lord Britton and his wife Elizabeth Gertrude Britton who were inspired to emulate the Royal Botanic Gardens in London . It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1967 . List of Garden Photographers ( edit ) This list includes named official Garden Photographers and individuals who have acted in the role of staff photographer from 1900 until 2016 . The date ranges included are for the tenure of these individuals and not their life dates . Cornelius Van Brunt ( 1900 - 1903 ) Fleda Griffith ( 1932 - 1943 ) ( contributed plates for publications as early as 1920 ) Elmer N. Mitchell ( 1944 - 1960 ) Walter Singer ( 1961 - 1971 ) Michael J. Amerger ( 1971 - 1974 ) Bill Swan ( 1975 - 1976 ) Unknown / No Photographer ( 1977 - 1978 ) Allen Rokach ( 1979 - 1993 ) Muriel Weinerman ( 1985 - 2007 ) Ivo M. Vermeulen ( 2007 - 2016 ) Grounds ( edit ) The Stone Mill , within NYBG The Garden contains 50 different gardens and plant collections . There is a serene cascade waterfall , as well as wetlands and a 50 - acre ( 20 ha ) tract of original , never - logged , old - growth New York forest . Garden highlights include an 1890s - vintage , wrought - iron framed , `` crystal - palace style '' greenhouse by Lord & Burnham , now Haupt Conservatory ; the Peggy Rockefeller Rose Garden ( originally laid out by Beatrix Jones Farrand in 1916 ) ; a Japanese rock garden ; a Herb Garden ( designed by Penelope Hobhouse ) , a 37 - acre ( 15 ha ) conifer collection ; extensive research facilities including a propagation center , 550,000 - volume library , and an herbarium of 7.8 million botanical specimens dating back more than three centuries . At the heart of the Garden is the old - growth forest , the largest existing remnant of the original forest which covered all of New York City before the arrival of European settlers in the 17th century . The forest , which was never logged , contains oaks , American beeches , cherry , birch , tulip and white ash trees , some more than two centuries old . The forest itself is split by the Bronx River , the only fresh water river in New York City , and this stretch of the river includes a riverine canyon and rapids . Along the shores sits the landmark Stone Mill , previously known as the Lorillard Snuff Mill built in 1840 . Sculptor Charles Tefft created the Fountain of Life on the grounds in 1905 . `` It was conceived in the spirit of Italian baroque fountains , with the surging movement of galloping horses and muscular riders . '' Research laboratories ( edit ) The Peggy Rockefeller Rose Garden The Pfizer Plant Research Laboratory , built with funding from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration , New York State and New York City , and named for its largest private donor , is a major new research institution at the Garden that opened in 2006 . The laboratory is a pure research institution , with projects more diverse than research in universities and pharmaceutical companies . The laboratory 's research emphasis is on plant genomics , the study of how genes function in plant development . One question scientists hope to answer is Darwin 's `` abominable mystery '' ; when , where , and why flowering plants emerged . The laboratory 's research also furthers the discipline of molecular systematics , the study of DNA as evidence that can reveal the evolutionary history and relationships of plant species . Staff scientists also study plant use in immigrant communities in New York City and the genetic mechanisms by which neurotoxins are produced in some plants , work that may be related to nerve disease in humans . A staff of 200 trains 42 doctoral students at a time , from all over the world . Since the 1890s , scientists from The New York Botanical Garden have mounted about 2,000 exploratory missions worldwide to collect plants in the wild . At the Pfizer Plant Research Laboratory , genomic DNA from many different species of plants is extracted to create a library of the DNA of the world 's plants . This collection is stored in a 768 - square - foot ( 71.3 m ) DNA storage room with 20 freezers housing millions of specimens , including rare , endangered or extinct species . To protect the collection during winter power outages , there is a backup 300 - kilowatt electric generator . The Alfred P. Sloan Foundation has granted the NYBG $572,000 to begin a project called TreeBOL , the Tree Barcode of Life . By sampling the DNA from all 100,000 different species of trees from around the world over the next few years , TreeBOL will document the diversity of plant life , and advance the process of plant DNA barcoding . LuEsther T. Mertz Library ( edit ) NYBG Library Building When , in 1881 , land was set aside by the New York State Legislature for the creation of `` a public botanic garden of the highest class '' for the City of New York , the Library and Conservatory were the first two structures built on the grounds . Prominent civic leaders and financiers , including Andrew Carnegie , Cornelius Vanderbilt , and J.P. Morgan , agreed to match the City 's commitment to finance the buildings and improvements . Founded in 1899 , the LuEsther T. Mertz Library is the largest , most comprehensive botanical library in the Americas . In addition to botany and horticulture , the Library 's collections are used for studies in fields as diverse as history , anthropology , landscape and building design , architectural history , ethnobotany , economic botany , urban social history , and environmental policy . In addition to current scholarly books and serials , the Mertz Library holds many rare and historically important works ranging from medieval herbals , to 17th - century depictions of the princely gardens of Europe , to accounts of botanical exploration and discovery in the 18th century , to the writings of Carl von Linné ( Linnaeus ) and Charles Darwin . The library is named after supporter LuEsther Mertz . The Library has been led by a series of accomplished individuals during its over-100 - year history : D.T. MacDougal ( acting librarian , 1899 ) Anna Murray Vail ( January 1900 -- September 1907 ) John Hendley Barnhart ( October 1907 -- December 1912 ) Sarah Harlow ( January 1913 -- October 1937 ) Elizabeth C. Hall ( November 1937 -- 1960 ) James J. Daly , Administrative Librarian ( 1960 -- 1961 ) Robert Jones , Administrative Librarian , 1962 Mulford Martin , Acting Senior Curator of the Library ( 1964 -- 1965 ) John F. Reed , Curator of the Library ( 1965 -- 1971 ) Charles R. Long , Administrative Librarian ( 1972 -- 1986 ) John F. Reed , VP for Education and Director of the Library ( November 1992 -- June 2003 ) Susan Fraser , Director of the Library ( 2004 -- present ) The collection grew both through the purchase of books and through the generous donation of significant botanical and horticultural libraries from notable botanists , gardeners , scientists and book collectors Among the important personal collections to be given to the LuEsther T. Mertz Library are donations from Eleanor Cross Marquand Sarah Gildersleeve Fife Lucien Marcus Underwood Robert Hiester Montgomery Emil Starkenstein John Torrey Harriet Barnes Pratt David Hosack Enid a Haupt Conservatory ( edit ) Main article : Enid A. Haupt Conservatory The Haupt Conservatory in fall The Enid A. Haupt Conservatory , named after Enid A. Haupt , is a greenhouse located toward the western end of the NYBG . Inspiration for the park and the conservatory stemmed from Nathaniel Lord Britton and his wife Elizabeth . The couple had visited the Royal Botanic Garden at Kew on their honeymoon and thought a similar park and conservatory should be built for New York City . The conservatory was designed by the major greenhouse company of the late 1890s , Lord and Burnham Co . The design was modeled after the Palm House at the Royal Botanic Garden and Joseph Paxton 's Crystal Palace in Italian Renaissance style . Groundbreaking took place on January 3 , 1899 and construction was completed in 1902 at a cost of $177,000 . The building was constructed by John R. Sheehan under contract for the New York City Department of Parks and Recreation . Since the original construction , major renovations took place in 1935 , 1950 , 1978 , and 1993 . The Conservatory houses numerous tropical plants and flowers , cacti and other desert plants , and rainforest vegetation . In summer months , the two pools adjacent to the Conservatory display many varieties of lotuses and water lilies . See also ( edit ) Gardening portal National Register of Historic Places portal New York City portal Plants portal Education in New York City List of botanical gardens in the United States List of museums and cultural institutions in New York City List of National Historic Landmarks in New York City National Register of Historic Places listings in Bronx County , New York References ( edit ) Jump up ^ National Park Service ( 2007 - 01 - 23 ) . `` National Register Information System '' . National Register of Historic Places . National Park Service . ^ Jump up to : `` The New York Botanical Garden '' . National Historic Landmark summary listing . National Park Service . 2007 - 09 - 17 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Mission and History '' . New York Botanical Garden . Retrieved 12 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Kenneth T. , ed. ( 1995 ) , The Encyclopedia of New York City , New Haven : Yale University Press , ISBN 0300055366 , p. 147 Jump up ^ `` '' New York Botanical Garden `` , January 22 , 1976 , by Richard Greenwood : National Register of Historic Places Inventory - Nomination '' . National Park Service . 1976 - 01 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` New York Botanical Garden -- Accompanying 17 photos , from c. 1962 '' . National Park Service . 1976 - 01 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : Photographers of the New York Botanical Garden , compiled by Esther Jackson , Public Services Librarian , New York Botanical Garden , May 2017 Jump up ^ Donald , Caroline ( 30 March 2008 ) . `` Gardening guru Penelope Hobhouse sells her Dorset house and garden '' . The Sunday Times . Retrieved 5 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Proske , Beatrice Gilman , Brookgreen Gardens Sculpture , Brookgreen Gardens , SC , 1968 p. 150 Jump up ^ `` Tree - BOL to Barcode World 's 100,000 Trees '' . www.bgci.org . Jump up ^ `` AP article '' . ^ Jump up to : J. New York Botanical Garden , v. 41 , # 485 , section 2 ^ Jump up to : Librarians of the New York Botanical Garden , compiled by Susan Fraser , Special Collections Librarian , New York Botanical Garden , February 1993 Jump up ^ Callery , Bernadette G. Collecting Collections : Building the Library of the New York Botanical Garden . Brittonia , 47 : 44 -- 56 , 1995 ^ Jump up to : Linda Koebner , `` Green house , '' Landscape Architecture. 87.5 1997 , p. 62 . Jump up ^ Tanner , Ogden . `` The New York Botanical Garden '' , New York . Walker and Company , 1991 , p. 90 . Jump up ^ `` Conservatory '' New York Botanical Garden `` . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to New York Botanical Garden . Official website Plant Talk : Inside The New York Botanical Garden blog `` New York Botanical Garden collected news and commentary '' . The New York Times . 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"The New York Botanical Garden (NYBG) is a botanical garden and National Historic Landmark located in the Bronx, New York City. The 250-acre (100 ha) site's verdant landscape supports over one million living plants in extensive collections. Each year over one million visitors visit the garden's remarkable diversity of tropical, temperate, and desert flora, as well as programming that ranges from exhibitions in the Haupt Conservatory to festivals on Daffodil Hill."
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"the Bronx, New York City"
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-7525641252100879943 | Charlotte's Web | Charlotte 's Web - wikipedia Charlotte 's Web Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the book . For other uses , see Charlotte 's Web ( disambiguation ) . Charlotte 's Web First edition Author E.B. White Illustrator Garth Williams Cover artist Garth Williams Country United States Language English Genre Children 's Publisher Harper & Brothers Publication date October 15 , 1952 Pages 192 ISBN 9780062658753 Charlotte 's Web is a children 's novel by American author E.B. White and illustrated by Garth Williams ; it was published on October 15 , 1952 , by Harper & Brothers . The novel tells the story of a livestock pig named Wilbur and his friendship with a barn spider named Charlotte . When Wilbur is in danger of being slaughtered by the farmer , Charlotte writes messages praising Wilbur ( such as `` Some Pig '' ) in her web in order to persuade the farmer to let him live . Written in White 's dry , low - key manner , Charlotte 's Web is considered a classic of children 's literature , enjoyable to adults as well as children . The description of the experience of swinging on a rope swing at the farm is an often cited example of rhythm in writing , as the pace of the sentences reflects the motion of the swing . In 2000 , Publishers Weekly listed the book as the best - selling children 's paperback of all time . Charlotte 's Web was adapted into an animated feature by Hanna - Barbera Productions and Sagittarius Productions in 1973 . Paramount released a direct - to - video sequel , Charlotte 's Web 2 : Wilbur 's Great Adventure , in the U.S. in 2003 ( Universal released the film internationally ) . A live - action film version of E.B. White 's original story was released in 2006 . A video game based on this adaption was also released in 2006 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot summary 2 Characters 3 Themes 3.1 Death 3.2 Change 3.3 Innocence 4 History 5 Reception 6 Adaptations 6.1 Film 6.2 Stage 6.3 Video game 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Plot summary After her father spares the life of a piglet from culling it as runt of the litter , a little girl named Fern Arable nurtures the piglet lovingly , naming him Wilbur . On greater maturity , Wilbur is sold to Fern 's uncle , Homer Zuckerman , in whose barnyard he is left yearning for companionship but is snubbed by other barn animals , until befriended by a barn spider named Charlotte , living on a web overlooking Wilbur 's enclosure . Upon Wilbur 's discovery that he is intended for slaughter , she promises to hatch a plan guaranteed to spare his life . Accordingly , she secretly weaves praise of him into her web , attracting publicity among Zuckerman 's neighbors who attribute the praise to divine intervention . As time passes , more inscriptions appear on Charlotte 's webs , increasing his renown . Therefore , Wilbur is entered in the county fair , accompanied by Charlotte and the rat Templeton , whom she employs in gathering inspiration for her messages . There , Charlotte spins an egg sac containing her 514 unborn children , and Wilbur , despite winning no prizes , is later celebrated by the fair 's staff and visitors ( thus made too prestigious alive to justify killing him ) . Exhausted apparently by laying eggs , Charlotte remains at the fair and dies shortly following Wilbur 's departure . Having returned to Zuckerman 's farm , Wilbur guards Charlotte 's egg sac and is saddened further when the new spiders depart shortly after hatching . The three smallest remain , however , and take up residence in the doorway where Charlotte used to live . Pleased at finding new friends , Wilbur names one of them Nellie , while the remaining two name themselves Joy and Aranea . The book then concludes by mentioning that more generations of spiders kept him company in subsequent years . Characters Wilbur is a rambunctious pig , the runt of his litter . He is often strongly emotional . Charlotte A. Cavatica , or simply Charlotte , is a spider who befriends Wilbur . In some passages , she is the heroine of the story . John Arable : Wilbur 's first owner . Fern Arable , John 's daughter , who adopts Wilbur when he 's a piglet , and later visits him . She is the only human in the story capable of understanding nonhuman conversation . Templeton is a rat who helps Charlotte and Wilbur only when offered food . He serves as a somewhat caustic , self - serving comic relief to the plot . Avery Arable is the elder brother of Fern and John 's son . Like Templeton , he is a source of comic relief . Homer Zuckerman is Fern 's uncle who keeps Wilbur in his barn . He has a wife , Edith , and an assistant named Lurvy . Other animals in Zuckerman 's barn , with whom Wilbur converses , are a disdainful lamb , a talkative goose , and an intelligent `` old sheep '' . Henry Fussy is a boy of Fern 's age , of whom Fern becomes fond . Dr. Dorian is the family physician / psychologist consulted by Fern 's mother and something of a wise old man character . Uncle is a large pig whom Charlotte disdains for coarse manners and Wilbur 's rival at the fair . Charlotte 's children are the 514 children of Charlotte . Although they were born at the barn , all but three of them go their own ways by ballooning . Themes Death Death is a major theme seen throughout Charlotte 's Web and is brought forth by that of the spider , Charlotte 's , web . According to Norton D. Kinghorn , Charlotte 's web acts as a barrier that separates two worlds . These worlds are that of life and death . Scholar Amy Ratelle says that through Charlotte 's continual killing and eating of flies throughout the novel , White makes the concept of death normal for Wilbur and for the readers . Wilbur constantly has death on his mind at night when he is worrying over whether or not he will be made into meat for humans to consume , but as scholar Sophie Mills notes , Wilbur is able to avoid death . Even though Wilbur is able to escape his death , Charlotte , the spider who takes care of Wilbur , is not able to escape her own death . Charlotte passes away , but according to Trudelle H. Thomas , `` Yet even in the face of death , life continues and ultimate goodness wins out '' . Jordan Anne Deveraux explains that E.B. White discusses a few realities of death . From the novel , readers learn that death can be delayed , but it can not be avoided forever . Change For Norton D. Kinghorn , Charlotte 's web also acts as a signifier of change . The change Kinghorn refers to is that of both the human world and the farm / barn world . For both of these worlds change is something that can not be avoided . Along with the changing of the seasons throughout the novel , the characters also go through their own changes . Jordan Anne Deveraux also explains that Wilbur and Fern each go through their changes to transition from childhood closer to adulthood throughout the novel . This is evidenced by Wilbur accepting death and Fern giving up her dolls . Wilbur grows throughout the novel , allowing him to become the caretaker of Charlotte 's children just as she was a caretaker for him , as is explained by scholar Sue Misheff . But rather than accept the changes that are forced upon them , according to Sophie Mills , the characters aim to go beyond the limits of change . In a different way , Wilbur goes through a change when he switches locations . Amy Ratelle explains that when he moves from Fern 's house to Homer Zuckerman 's farm , Wilbur goes from being a loved pet to a farm animal . Innocence Fern , the little girl in the novel , goes from being a child to being more of an adult . As she goes through this change , Kinghorn notes that it can also be considered a fall from innocence . Wilbur also starts out young and innocent at the beginning of the novel . A comparison is drawn between the innocence and youth of Fern and Wilbur . Sophie Mills states that the two characters can identify with one another . Both Wilbur and Fern are , at first , horrified by the realization that life must end ; however , by the end of the novel , both characters learn to accept that everything must die . According to Matthew Scully , the novel presents the difference in the world view of adults versus the world view of children . Children , such as Fern , believe killing another for food is wrong , while adults have learned to justify this action . History Charlotte 's Web was published three years after White began writing it . White 's editor Ursula Nordstrom said that one day in 1952 , E.B. White arrived at her office and handed her a new manuscript , the only copy of Charlotte 's Web then in existence , which she read soon after and enjoyed . Since White published Death of a Pig in 1948 , an account of his own failure to save a sick pig ( bought for butchering ) , Charlotte 's Web can be seen as White 's attempt `` to save his pig in retrospect '' . White 's overall motivation for the book has not been revealed and he has written : `` I have n't told why I wrote the book , but I have n't told you why I sneeze , either . A book is a sneeze '' . When White met the spider who originally inspired Charlotte , he called her Charlotte Epeira ( after Epeira sclopetaria , the Grey Cross spider , now known as Larinioides sclopetarius ) , before discovering that the more modern name for that genus was Aranea . In the novel , Charlotte gives her full name as `` Charlotte A. Cavatica '' , revealing her as a barn spider , an orb - weaver with the scientific name Araneus cavaticus . The arachnid anatomical terms ( mentioned in the beginning of chapter nine ) and other information that White used , came mostly from American Spiders by Willis J. Gertsch and The Spider Book by John Henry Comstock , both of which combine a sense of poetry with scientific fact . White incorporated details from Comstock 's accounts of baby spiders , most notably the `` flight '' of the young spiders on silken parachutes . White sent Gertsch 's book to illustrator Garth Williams . Williams ' initial drawings depicted a spider with a woman 's face , and White suggested that he simply draw a realistic spider instead . White originally opened the novel with an introduction of Wilbur and the barnyard ( which later became the third chapter ) but decided to begin the novel by introducing Fern and her family on the first page . White 's publishers were at one point concerned with the book 's ending and tried to get White to change it . Charlotte 's Web has become White 's most famous book ; but White treasured his privacy and that of the farmyard and barn that helped inspire the novel , which have been kept off limits to the public according to his wishes . Reception Charlotte 's Web was generally well - reviewed when it was released . In The New York Times , Eudora Welty wrote , `` As a piece of work it is just about perfect , and just about magical in the way it is done . '' Aside from its paperback sales , Charlotte 's Web is 78th on the all - time bestselling hardback book list . According to publicity for the 2006 film adaptation ( see below ) , the book has sold more than 45 million copies and been translated into 23 languages . It was a Newbery Honor book for 1953 , losing to Secret of the Andes by Ann Nolan Clark for the medal . In 1970 , White won the Laura Ingalls Wilder Medal , a major prize in the field of children 's literature , for Charlotte 's Web , along with his first children 's book , Stuart Little , published in 1945 . Seth Lerer , in his book Children 's Literature , finds that Charlotte represents female authorship and creativity , and compares her to other female characters in children 's literature such as Jo March in Little Women and Mary Lennox in The Secret Garden . Nancy Larrick brings to attention the `` startling note of realism '' in the opening line , `` Where 's Papa going with that Ax ? '' Illustrator Henry Cole expressed his deep childhood appreciation of the characters and story , and calls Garth Williams ' illustrations full of `` sensitivity , warmth , humor , and intelligence . '' Illustrator Diana Cain Bluthenthal states that Williams ' illustrations inspired and influenced her . There is an unabridged audio book read by White himself which reappeared decades after it had originally been recorded . Newsweek writes that White reads the story `` without artifice and with a mellow charm , '' and that `` White also has a plangency that will make you weep , so do n't listen ( at least , not to the sad parts ) while driving . '' Joe Berk , president of Pathway Sound , had recorded Charlotte 's Web with White in White 's neighbor 's house in Maine ( which Berk describes as an especially memorable experience ) and released the book in LP . Bantam released Charlotte 's Web alongside Stuart Little on CD in 1991 , digitally remastered , having acquired the two of them for rather a large amount . In 2005 , a school teacher in California conceived of a project for her class in which they would send out hundreds of drawings of spiders ( each representing Charlotte 's child Aranea going out into the world so that she can return and tell Wilbur of what she has seen ) with accompanying letters ; they ended up visiting a large number of parks , monuments , and museums , and were hosted by and / or prompted responses from celebrities and politicians such as John Travolta and then - First Lady Laura Bush . In 2003 Charlotte 's Web was listed at number 170 on the BBC 's The Big Read poll of the UK 's 200 `` best - loved novels . '' A 2004 study found that Charlotte 's Web was a common read - aloud book for third - graders in schools in San Diego County , California . Based on a 2007 online poll , the National Education Association named the book one of its `` Teachers ' Top 100 Books for Children . '' It was one of the `` Top 100 Chapter Books '' of all time in a 2012 poll by School Library Journal . Its awards and nominations include : Newbery Honor Book ( 1953 ) Horn Book Fanfare ( 1953 ) Laura Ingalls Wilder Medal ( 1970 ) ( awarded to White for his children 's books : Charlotte 's Web and Stuart Little ) Massachusetts Children 's Book Award ( 1984 ) Adaptations Film The book was adapted into an animated feature of the same name in 1973 by Hanna - Barbera Productions and Sagittarius Productions with a score by the Sherman Brothers . In 2003 , a direct - to - video sequel of that film , Charlotte 's Web 2 : Wilbur 's Great Adventure , was released by Paramount Pictures . In 2006 , Paramount Pictures , with Walden Media , Kerner Entertainment Company , and Nickelodeon Movies , produced a live - action / animated adaptation starring Dakota Fanning as Fern and the voice of Julia Roberts as Charlotte , released on December 15 , 2006 . Stage Main article : Charlotte 's Web ( musical ) A musical production was created with music and lyrics by Charles Strouse . Video game Main article : Charlotte 's Web ( video game ) A video game of the 2006 film was developed by Backbone Entertainment and published by THQ and Sega , and released on December 12 , 2006 , for the Game Boy Advance , Nintendo DS , PlayStation 2 and PC . See also United States portal Children 's literature portal List of best - selling books The Tale of Little Pig Robinson `` Low THC cannabis ( '' Charlotte 's web `` ) Death in children 's literature References Jump up ^ `` Private Tutor '' . Factmonster.com . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Charlotte A. Cavatica : Bloodthirsty , Wise And True '' . NPR . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ Kinghorn , Norton D. ( Spring 1986 ) . `` The Real Miracle of Charlotte 's Web '' . Children 's Literature Association Quarterly . 11 ( 1 ) : 4 -- 9 . doi : 10.1353 / chq. 0.0418 . ISSN 1553 - 1201 . Jump up ^ Ratelle , Amy ( 2014 ) . `` Ethics and Edibility in Charlotte 's Web '' . The Lion and the Unicorn. 38 ( 3 ) : 327 -- 341 . doi : 10.1353 / uni. 2014.0026 . ISSN 1080 - 6563 . Jump up ^ Mills , Sophie ( 2000 ) . `` Pig in the Middle '' . Children 's Literature in Education . 31 ( 2 ) : 107 -- 124 . doi : 10.1023 / A : 1005178904342 . ISSN 0045 - 6713 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Trudelle H. ( 2016 ) . `` The Arc of the Rope Swing : Humour , Poetry , and Spirituality in Charlotte 's Web by E.B. White '' . International Journal of Children 's Spirituality. 21 : 201 -- 215 . Jump up ^ Jordan , Anne Devereaux ( 1997 ) . `` Appreciating `` Charlotte 's Web '' `` . Teaching and Learning Literature with Children and Young Adults. 7 . Jump up ^ Kinghorn , Norton D. ( Spring 1986 ) . `` The Real Miracle of Charlotte 's Web '' . Children 's Literature Association Quarterly . 11 ( 1 ) : 4 -- 9 . doi : 10.1353 / chq. 0.0418 . ISSN 1553 - 1201 . Jump up ^ Jordan , Anne Devereaux ( 1997 ) . `` Appreciating `` Charlotte 's Web '' `` . Teaching and Learning Literature with Children and Young Adults. 7 . Jump up ^ Misheff , Sue ( 1998 ) . `` Beneath the Web and Over the Stream : The Search for Safe Places in Charlotte 's Web and Bridge to Terabithia '' . Children 's Literature in Education . 29 . Jump up ^ Mills , Sophie ( 2000 ) . `` Pig in the Middle '' . Children 's Literature in Education . 31 ( 2 ) : 107 -- 124 . doi : 10.1023 / A : 1005178904342 . ISSN 0045 - 6713 . Jump up ^ Kinghorn , Norton D. ( Spring 1986 ) . `` The Real Miracle of Charlotte 's Web '' . Children 's Literature Association Quarterly . 11 ( 1 ) : 4 -- 9 . doi : 10.1353 / chq. 0.0418 . ISSN 1553 - 1201 . Jump up ^ Mills , Sophie ( 2000 ) . `` Pig in the Middle '' . Children 's Literature in Education . 31 ( 2 ) : 107 -- 124 . doi : 10.1023 / A : 1005178904342 . ISSN 0045 - 6713 . Jump up ^ Jordan , Anne Devereaux ( 1997 ) . `` Appreciating `` Charlotte 's Web '' `` . Teaching and Learning Literature with Children and Young Adults. 7 . Jump up ^ Scully , Matthew ( June 2011 ) . `` Tangled Web ; A Children 's Classic , and the Moral Dimensions of Animal Farming . ( The Story of Charlotte 's Web : E.B. White 's Eccentric Life in Nature and the Birth of an American Classic ) '' . The Weekly Standard . 16 . Jump up ^ White , E.B. ( 2006 ) . `` Authors & illustrators : E.B. White : AUTHOR NOTE : A Letter from E.B. White '' . harpercollinschildrens.com . HarperCollins Publishers . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 31 . Jump up ^ Nordstrom , Ursula ( 1974 - 05 - 12 ) . `` Stuart , Wilbur , Charlotte : A Tale of Tales '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 22 . Jump up ^ White , E.B. ( January 1948 ) . `` Death of a Pig '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 30 . Jump up ^ Weales , Gerald ( 1970 - 05 - 24 ) . `` The Designs of E.B. White '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 22 . Jump up ^ Usher , Shaun . `` A book is a sneeze '' . Letters of Note . Retrieved 6 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Elledge , Scott ( 1984 ) . E.B. White : A Biography . W.W. Norton and Company . ISBN 0 - 393 - 01771 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Neumeyer , Peter F. ( 1991 ) . `` Charlotte , Arachnida : The Scientific Sources '' . The Lion and the Unicorn. 19 ( 2 ) : 223 -- 231 . doi : 10.1353 / uni. 1995.0034 . ISSN 0147 - 2593 . ^ Jump up to : Elledge ( 1984 ) , p. 295 . Jump up ^ White , E.B. ; Dorothy Lobrano Guth ( ed . ) ( 1976 ) . Letters of E.B. White . Harper and Row . pp. 353 -- 354 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 014601 - X . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ White ( 1976 ) , p. 351 . Jump up ^ Garfield , Henry ( May 2007 ) . `` E.B. White 's Web '' . Bangor - Metro . Archived from the original on 2009 - 01 - 13 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 17 . Jump up ^ The New York Times , October 19 , 1952 Jump up ^ Lerer , Seth ( 2008 ) . Children 's Literature . University of Chicago Press . pp. 249 -- 251 . ISBN 0 - 226 - 47300 - 7 . Jump up ^ Larrick , Nancy ( 1982 ) . A Parent 's Guide to Children 's Reading ( Fifth ed . ) . Philadelphia , Pennsylvania : The Westminster Press . p. 67 . ISBN 0 - 664 - 32705 - 2 . Jump up ^ Cole , Henry ( 2005 ) . The Art of Reading : Forty Illustrators Celebrate RIF 's 40th Anniversary . Compiled by Reading Is Fundamental . Dutton Books . p. 33 . ISBN 0 - 525 - 47484 - 6 . Jump up ^ Bluthenthal , Diana Cain ( 2005 ) . The Art of Reading : Forty Illustrators Celebrate RIF 's 40th Anniversary . Compiled by Reading Is Fundamental . Dutton Books . p. 30 . ISBN 0 - 525 - 47484 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Ames , Katrine ; Marc Peyser ( 1991 - 12 - 09 ) . `` For Little Pitchers With Big Ears '' . Newsweek . New York ( 24 ) : 79 . ISSN 0028 - 9604 . ^ Jump up to : Schnol , Janet ; Joanne Tangorra ( 1991 - 10 - 18 ) . `` Bantam Releases CD / Cassette of E.B. White Titles '' . Publishers Weekly . 238 ( 46 ) : 32 . ISSN 0000 - 0019 . Jump up ^ Worldly Web : A traveling spider teaches fourth graders the joys of reading , meeting new people , and experiencing new adventures . Readers Digest 2007 - 06 - 13 , page found 2012 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` BBC -- The Big Read '' . BBC . April 2003 , Retrieved August 28 , 2017 Jump up ^ Fisher , Douglas ; et al. ( 2004 ) . `` Interactive Read - Alouds : Is There a Common Set of Implementation Practices ? '' ( PDF ) . The Reading Teacher. 58 ( 1 ) : 8 ¬ -- 17 . doi : 10.1598 / rt. 58.1. 1 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on December 7 , 2013 . Retrieved August 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ National Education Association ( 2007 ) . `` Teachers ' Top 100 Books for Children '' . Retrieved August 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bird , Elizabeth ( July 7 , 2012 ) . `` Top 100 Chapter Book Poll Results '' . School Library Journal `` A Fuse # 8 Production '' blog . Retrieved August 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Newbery Medal Home Page , American Library Association Jump up ^ Book awards : A Horn Book Fanfare Best Book Jump up ^ Massachusetts Children 's awards Archived February 8 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Further Reading Griffith , John W. ( 1993 ) . Charlotte 's web : a pig 's salvation . New York : Twayne . ISBN 0805788123 . Neumeyer , Peter F. ; Williams , Garth ; White , E.B. ( 1994 ) . The annotated Charlotte 's web . New York : HarperCollins . ISBN 0060243872 . White , E.B. ( 2007 ) . Some pig ! : a Charlotte 's web picture book . Illustrated by Maggie Kneen . New York : HarperCollins . ISBN 0060781610 . White , E.B. ( 2008 ) . Wilbur 's adventure : a Charlotte 's web picture book . Illustrated by Maggie Kneen . New York : HarperCollins . ISBN 9780060781644 . Sims , Michael ( 2011 ) . The story of Charlotte 's web : E.B. White 's eccentric life in nature and the birth of an American classic . New York : Walker & Co . ISBN 9780802777546 . External links Wikiquote has quotations related to : Charlotte 's Web Charlotte 's Web home page at publisher 's site E.B. White 's Charlotte 's Web ( 1952 ) Films Charlotte 's Web ( 1973 ) Charlotte 's Web 2 : Wilbur 's Great Adventure Charlotte 's Web ( 2006 ) Other Charlotte 's Web ( video game ) Charlotte 's Web ( musical ) Pigs Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Mammalia Order Artiodactyla Suborder Suina Family Suidae Subfamily Suinae Genus Sus Domestic Breeding Shows Farming Intensive farming Sty Pannage Toilet Hog oiler Gestation crate Cross-fostering Swineherd As food Bacon Ham Lard Pork Scalder Slaughter Suckling Blood Religious restrictions Scottish pork taboo Cuts Back bacon Boston butt Fatback Ham hock Pig 's trotters Pork belly Pork chop Pork jowl Loin Tenderloin Ribs Spare ribs Pork rind Pork steak Ear Tail Other uses Bladder Racing War Wrestling Truffling Wild and Feral Wild boar Heraldry Hunting In the Philippines Razorback Pigs in culture Iron Age pig Flitch of bacon custom Miss Piggy Pigs in Space Porky Pig Piglet `` The Three Little Pigs '' Animal Farm Old Major Napoleon Snowball Squealer Babe Babe : Pig in the City Bad Piggies My Brother the Pig Charlotte 's Web The Sheep - Pig Peppa Pig Super Pig Fair , then Partly Piggy Jakers ! The Adventures of Piggley Winks Olivia ( character TV series ) Pink Floyd pigs Pinky and Perky Preston Pig Rasher Porco Rosso Spider - Ham Spider pig The Tale of Little Pig Robinson The Tale of Pigling Bland `` This Little Piggy '' Toot & Puddle Huxley Pig Wibbly Pig Zhu Bajie Other List of pigs List of fictional pigs Piganino Pigasus ( politics ) `` When pigs fly '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charlotte%27s_Web&oldid=841499656 '' Categories : 1952 American novels American children 's novels Fictional spiders Fictional pigs Books about friendship Newbery Honor - winning works Literature featuring anthropomorphic characters Works by E.B. White Harper & Brothers books American novels adapted into films Children 's novels about animals Pigs in literature 1952 children 's books Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Pages to import images to Wikidata Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Bikol Central Български Bosanski Català Cebuano Čeština Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Gaelg Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Shqip සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 61 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 May 2018 , at 06 : 53 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where is the setting of charlotte's web | [
"After her father spares the life of a piglet from culling it as runt of the litter, a little girl named Fern Arable nurtures the piglet lovingly, naming him Wilbur. On greater maturity, Wilbur is sold to Fern's uncle, Homer Zuckerman, in whose barnyard he is left yearning for companionship but is snubbed by other barn animals, until befriended by a barn spider named Charlotte, living on a web overlooking Wilbur's enclosure. Upon Wilbur's discovery that he is intended for slaughter, she promises to hatch a plan guaranteed to spare his life. Accordingly, she secretly weaves praise of him into her web, attracting publicity among Zuckerman's neighbors who attribute the praise to divine intervention. As time passes, more inscriptions appear on Charlotte's webs, increasing his renown. Therefore, Wilbur is entered in the county fair, accompanied by Charlotte and the rat Templeton, whom she employs in gathering inspiration for her messages. There, Charlotte spins an egg sac containing her 514 unborn children, and Wilbur, despite winning no prizes, is later celebrated by the fair's staff and visitors (thus made too prestigious alive to justify killing him). Exhausted apparently by laying eggs, Charlotte remains at the fair and dies shortly following Wilbur's departure. Having returned to Zuckerman's farm, Wilbur guards Charlotte's egg sac and is saddened further when the new spiders depart shortly after hatching. The three smallest remain, however, and take up residence in the doorway where Charlotte used to live. Pleased at finding new friends, Wilbur names one of them Nellie, while the remaining two name themselves Joy and Aranea. The book then concludes by mentioning that more generations of spiders kept him company in subsequent years."
] | [
"barnyard"
] |
-2419675502315653663 | How You Remind Me | How You Remind Me - wikipedia How You Remind Me Jump to : navigation , search `` How You Remind Me '' Single by Nickelback from the album Silver Side Up B - side `` Little Friend '' Released August 21 , 2001 ( 2001 - 08 - 21 ) Format CD maxi CD Recorded June 2001 at Greenhouse Studios , Burnaby , British Columbia Genre Post-grunge Length 3 : 43 Label Roadrunner Songwriter ( s ) Chad Kroeger Mike Kroeger Ryan Peake Ryan Vikedal Producer ( s ) Rick Parashar Nickelback Nickelback singles chronology `` Worthy to Say '' ( 2000 ) `` How You Remind Me '' ( 2001 ) `` Too Bad '' ( 2002 ) `` Worthy to Say '' ( 2000 ) `` How You Remind Me '' ( 2001 ) `` Too Bad '' ( 2002 ) Music video `` How You Remind Me '' on YouTube `` How You Remind Me '' Nickelback 's `` How You Remind Me '' from Silver Side Up Problems playing this file ? See media help . `` How You Remind Me '' is a song by Canadian rock band Nickelback . It was released on August 21 , 2001 as the lead single from their third studio album Silver Side Up ( 2001 ) . A `` Gold Mix '' was made for latter editions of the single with the heavier guitars edited out of the chorus . Lead vocalist and guitarist Chad Kroeger wrote the song about his old girlfriend Jodi , with whom he had a dysfunctional relationship . He referred to this song as the song that put Nickelback on the map when played at their concert in Sturgis , South Dakota , and is often considered to be their signature song . `` How You Remind Me '' was named the number one most played song on U.S. radio of the 2000s decade by Nielsen Soundscan , being spun over 1.2 million times on U.S. airwaves since its release in 2001 to the end of 2009 . The song was named fourth on the Billboard Hot 100 Songs of the Decade and 75th in the UK decade - end chart . It was nominated for the Kerrang ! Award for Best Single . `` How You Remind Me '' was also rated the number one rock song and number 4 alternative song of the decade of the 2000s by Billboard . The song was featured in the music video game Guitar Hero : Warriors of Rock . Contents ( hide ) 1 Music video 2 Chart performances and awards 3 Track listings 4 Release history 5 Charts 5.1 Weekly charts 5.2 Year - end charts 5.3 Decade - end charts 5.4 Chart successions 6 Certifications 7 Avril Lavigne version 7.1 Background 7.2 Track listing 7.3 Release history 8 References 9 External links Music video ( edit ) The music video for `` How You Remind Me '' featured Nickelback playing a small venue with focus on a female audience member . Chad Kroeger admitted to disliking the idea of a small venue performance at first , opting for a bigger scale arena concert ; however , he found the outcome of the video satisfying . In the video , Kroeger plays a man whose girlfriend ( played by model Annie Henley ) has left him and is still haunted by her memory . He still feels strongly for her , and sees her everywhere he goes . Whenever he imagines her touch , he feels a warm memory , indicated by the change in lighting in the video . As the music video progresses , he starts to get over her . At the end , she shows up and apparently asks him to forgive her . This is what he thought he had wanted all along , but suddenly he realizes that it is n't really what he wanted , and pushes her away . She is left with a broken heart and haunted by memories , as he had been at the beginning of the video . Another version of the video exists , and has been played on some UK and Australian music channels . The video simply features the footage of the band playing from the main video , added to footage of the band 's live performances and tour movies . Chart performances and Awards ( edit ) Due to its high sales and massive airplay , `` How You Remind Me '' was ranked as the top single of 2002 by Billboard magazine . The single was certified Gold by the RIAA in 2005 , for sales of over 500,000 copies , and by late 2010 it had sold around 860,000 copies total . The song went on to rack up four Billboard Music Awards , four Juno Awards . `` How You Remind Me '' was the number one Most Played Song of 2002 in the United States , across all formats , according to Billboard Monitor . In 2003 , the song was nominated for Grammy Award for Record of the Year . `` How You Remind Me '' was the number one song on the Billboard 's 2002 Year - End Hot 100 Singles Chart , and VH1 ranked the song as the 16th Greatest Power Ballad . The song was listed at number 36 on Billboard 's All Time Top 100 . The song also hit number one on the Kerrang ! feature , 21st Century 's Official 100 Rock Best Sellers . The song was the 75th best - selling single of the 2000s in the UK . In Germany , it 's not just the band 's best - charting single by reaching number 3 on the German Singles Chart , it 's also Nickelback 's longest - staying single on that chart , namely a total of 30 weeks . In 2011 , Fuse TV named it the number one song of the decade . It was listed as number 9 at the Billboard Hot 100 top 100 Rock Songs of the last 50 years . Loudwire listed the song as number 30 on its list `` Top 21st Century Hard Rock Songs '' . Track listings ( edit ) CD single `` How You Remind Me '' ( Album version ) -- 3 : 45 `` How You Remind Me '' ( Acoustic ) -- 3 : 39 `` Little Friend '' -- 3 : 48 CD maxi `` How You Remind Me '' ( Gold Mix ) -- 3 : 45 `` How You Remind Me '' ( LP Version ) -- 3 : 30 `` Little Friend '' -- 3 : 48 `` How You Remind Me '' ( Video ) Release history ( edit ) Country Release date United States August 21 , 2001 ( 2001 - 08 - 21 ) United Kingdom March 25 , 2002 ( 2002 - 03 - 25 ) Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2001 -- 05 ) Peak position Argentina Top 20 Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) Brazil ( ABPD ) Canada ( Nielsen SoundScan ) Chile Top 20 11 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) Europe Official Top 100 Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 18 France ( SNEP ) 11 Germany ( Official German Charts ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Italy ( FIMI ) 14 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 7 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) Portugal Top 20 9 Romania ( Romanian Top 100 ) 13 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Rock and Metal ( Official Charts Company ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Billboard Hot Adult Top 40 Tracks US Billboard Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks US Billboard Hot Modern Rock Tracks US Billboard Top 40 Mainstream Chart ( 2016 ) Peak position Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 100 ) 87 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2002 ) Position Australian Singles Chart 48 Austrian Singles Chart 6 Belgian ( Flanders ) Singles Chart 17 Belgian ( Wallonia ) Singles Chart 56 Dutch Top 40 16 French Singles Chart 98 Irish Singles Chart 8 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 31 Swiss Singles Chart 13 UK Singles Chart 12 US Billboard Hot 100 Decade - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2000s ) Peak position UK Singles Chart 75 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 U.S. Billboard Rock Songs U.S. Billboard Alternative Songs U.S. Billboard Mainstream Top 40 Chart successions ( edit ) Preceded by `` It 's Been Awhile '' by Staind Billboard Mainstream Rock Tracks number - one single 15 September -- 8 December 2001 Succeeded by `` My Sacrifice '' by Creed Preceded by `` Smooth Criminal '' by Alien Ant Farm Billboard Modern Rock Tracks number - one single 22 September -- 15 December 2001 Succeeded by `` In the End '' by Linkin Park Preceded by `` Family Affair '' by Mary J. Blige Billboard Top 40 Mainstream number - one single 22 December 2001 -- 23 February 2002 Succeeded by `` Hey Baby '' by No Doubt featuring Bounty Killer Preceded by `` U Got It Bad '' by Usher Billboard Hot 100 number - one single 22 December 2001 -- 12 January 2002 Succeeded by `` Always on Time '' by Ja Rule featuring Ashanti Preceded by `` L'Amour toujours '' by Gigi D'Agostino Danish number - one single 25 January 2002 -- 1 February 2002 Succeeded by `` Whenever , Wherever '' by Shakira Preceded by `` What If '' by Kate Winslet `` Whenever , Wherever '' by Shakira Austrian Singles Chart number - one single 10 February 2002 24 February 2002 Preceded by `` Unchained Melody '' by Gareth Gates Irish IRMA number - one single 13 April 2002 -- 11 May 2002 Succeeded by `` Here Come The Good Times '' by Ireland World Cup Squad Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 2 × Platinum 140,000 Austria ( IFPI Austria ) Gold 20,000 Belgium ( BEA ) Gold 25,000 France ( SNEP ) Gold 250,000 Germany ( BVMI ) Gold 250,000 Italy ( FIMI ) Gold 25,000 Switzerland ( IFPI Switzerland ) Gold 20,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Platinum 600,000 United States ( RIAA ) Platinum 1,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Avril Lavigne version ( edit ) `` How You Remind Me '' 2 - track CD edition cover Promotional single by Avril Lavigne from the album One Piece Film : Z and Avril Lavigne A-side `` Bad Reputation '' Released 12 December 2012 Format CD digital download Recorded 2012 Length 4 : 05 Label Sony Japan Epic Songwriter ( s ) Chad Kroeger Mike Kroeger Ryan Peake Ryan Vikedal `` How You Remind Me '' was recorded by Canadian singer - songwriter Avril Lavigne for the anime film One Piece Film : Z . It was reported on 17 October 2012 that Lavigne would be contributing two cover songs to the film : the latter track and a cover of Joan Jett 's `` Bad Reputation '' . Lavigne later confirmed the new recording on 5 November 2012 . It was released on 11 December 2012 as a digital download from the One Piece Film : Z Original Soundtrack . The 2 - track promotional CD single was released on the next day , exclusive to Japan . The song was re-released on 19 December 2013 by iTunes Stores as a digital download promotional single for her self - titled fifth album . Later , it was included in the Japan , Taiwan and China Tour Edition of the album as one of the bonus tracks . Background ( edit ) Lavigne was in the studio with Kroeger working on her fifth studio album when she was asked to contribute a song to the film , but did n't have time to write another song during the studio sessions they had left . Kroeger later explained that it was Lavigne 's idea to cover the song , stating : `` Avril jokingly suggested to cover a Nickelback song , but then we both figured it 'd actually be a good idea to do `` How You Remind Me '' . We recorded a version more similar to the original , but we both were not happy with it , thinking it needs its own spin . Avril then rearranged the song and we all liked it . '' An audio - only video was put on Lavigne 's official Vevo on 8 January 2013 . Track listing ( edit ) CD single `` How You Remind Me '' -- 4 : 05 `` Bad Reputation '' -- 2 : 42 Digital download `` How You Remind Me '' -- 4 : 05 Release history ( edit ) Country Date Format Label Ref . Japan December 12 , 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 12 ) CD Sony Japan United States December 19 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 19 ) Digital download Epic Canada References ( edit ) Jump up ^ To See or Not to See : Nickelback . Metro . Retrieved September 15 , 2008 Jump up ^ How You Remind Me Songfacts Jump up ^ `` Eminem Is The Best - Selling Artist Of The Decade - Music , Celebrity , Artist News '' . MTV . 2009 - 12 - 08 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 22 . Jump up ^ Hot 100 Decade Songs Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived 2010 - 12 - 26 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` The Greatest Show Cast , Episodes , Guides , Trailers , Web Exclusives , Previews '' . VH1.com . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` The Billboard Hot 100 All - Time Top Songs '' ( 40 - 31 ) Jump up ^ Radio 1 Chart of the Decade , as presented by DJ Nihal on December 29 , 2009 Jump up ^ `` Die ganze Musik im Internet : Charts , News , Neuerscheinungen , Tickets , Genres , Genresuche , Genrelexikon , Künstler - Suche , Musik - Suche , Track - Suche , Ticket - Suche '' . musicline.de . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 22 . Jump up ^ Ramanand , L , z . `` No. 30 : Nickelback , ' How You Remind Me ' -- Top 21st Century Hard Rock Songs : Read More : No. 30 : Nickelback , ' How You Remind Me ' -- Top 21st Century Hard Rock Songs '' . Loudwire . Retrieved 30 October 2015 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : http://top40-charts.com/songs/full.php?sid=1082&sort=chartid Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Nickelback -- How You Remind Me '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Nickelback -- How You Remind Me '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Nickelback -- How You Remind Me '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Nickelback -- How You Remind Me '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` Brazil '' ( PDF ) . ABPD . October 6 , 2001 . Retrieved April 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- Nickelback -- How You Remind Me '' . Tracklisten . Jump up ^ `` Nickelback : How You Remind Me '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Nickelback -- How You Remind Me '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- Nickelback Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . Jump up ^ Irish Single Chart Irishcharts.ie Archived January 5 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . ( Retrieved 10 April 2008 ) Jump up ^ `` Italiancharts.com -- Nickelback -- How You Remind Me '' . Top Digital Download . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Nickelback '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Nickelback -- How You Remind Me '' . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Nickelback -- How You Remind Me '' . VG - lista . Jump up ^ `` Romanian peak '' . Archived from the original on December 17 , 2004 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 03 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Nickelback -- How You Remind Me '' . Singles Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Nickelback -- How You Remind Me '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Official Rock & Metal Singles Chart Top 40 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . ^ Jump up to : Billboard allmusic.com ( Retrieved 10 April 2008 ) Jump up ^ story `` Billboard Adult Pop Songs '' Check url = value ( help ) . Billboard.com . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ story `` BillBoard Pop Songs '' Check url = value ( help ) . Billboard.com . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Listy bestsellerów , wyróżnienia : : Związek Producentów Audio - Video '' . Polish Airplay Top 100 . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 2002 Australian Singles Chart aria.com Archived July 6 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . ( Retrieved August 8 , 2008 ) Jump up ^ 2002 Austrian Singles Chart Austriancharts.at Archived March 12 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . ( Retrieved 8 August 2008 ) Jump up ^ 2002 Belgian ( Flanders ) Singles Chart Ultratop.be Archived January 26 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . ( Retrieved 8 August 2008 ) Jump up ^ 2002 Belgian ( Wallonia ) Singles Chart Ultratop.be Archived April 17 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . ( Retrieved 8 August 2008 ) Jump up ^ `` Single top 100 over 2002 '' ( PDF ) ( in Dutch ) . Top40 . Retrieved 2 May 2010 . Jump up ^ 2002 French Singles Chart Ifop.com Archived 2008 - 10 - 14 at the Wayback Machine . ( Retrieved 8 August 2008 ) Jump up ^ 2002 Irish Singles Chart Irma.ie ( Retrieved December 11 , 2008 ) Jump up ^ `` End of Year Charts 2002 '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved December 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ 2002 Swiss Singles Chart Hitparade.ch Archived December 3 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . ( Retrieved 8 August 2008 ) Jump up ^ 2002 UK Singles Chart ChartsPlus ( Retrieved 8 August 2008 ) Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2001 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved 8 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Austrian single certifications -- Nickelback -- How You Remind Me '' ( in German ) . IFPI Austria . Retrieved 8 August 2008 . Enter Nickelback in the field Interpret . Enter How You Remind Me in the field Titel . Select single in the field Format . Click Suchen Jump up ^ `` Ultratop − Goud en Platina -- 2002 '' . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved 8 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` French single certifications -- Nickelback -- How You Remind Me '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Retrieved 1 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( Nickelback ; ' How You Remind Me ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Retrieved 8 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Nickelback -- How You Remind Me '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved 2 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community : Awards ( Nickelback ; ' How You Remind Me ' ) '' . IFPI Switzerland . Hung Medien . Retrieved 8 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Nickelback -- How You Remind Me '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 8 August 2008 . Enter How You Remind Me in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Nickelback -- How You Remind Me '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved 8 August 2008 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` Canadian Singer Avril Lavigne Contributes One Piece Film Z Themes '' . Anime News Network . 2012 - 10 - 17 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter / AvrilLavigne '' . Twitter . Retrieved 21 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` One Piece Film Z Soundtrack '' . CDJapan.co.jp . Retrieved August 22 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Avril Lavigne -- How You Remind Me '' . Discogs . Retrieved 12 December 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` How You Remind Me - Single by Avril Lavigne '' . US : iTunes Store . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2015 . Retrieved December 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 艾薇儿 Avril Lavigne : 同名 专辑 中国 巡演 限量 版 China Version ( 2CD 附 中国 巡演 限量 周边 毛巾 ) '' . Amazon.cn . Retrieved March 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Avril Lavigne - How You Remind Me '' . YouTube . Retrieved 8 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` How You Remind Me - Single by Avril Lavigne '' . Canada : iTunes Store . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2015 . Retrieved December 19 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Preceded by `` I 'm Like a Bird '' by Nelly Furtado Juno Award for Best Single 2002 Succeeded by `` Complicated '' by Avril Lavigne Nickelback Chad Kroeger Ryan Peake Mike Kroeger Daniel Adair Brandon Kroeger Mitch Guindon Ryan Vikedal Studio albums Curb The State Silver Side Up The Long Road All the Right Reasons Dark Horse Here and Now No Fixed Address Feed the Machine Compilations Three - Sided Coin The Best of Nickelback Volume 1 Extended plays Hesher Singles `` Fly '' `` Leader of Men '' `` Old Enough '' `` Breathe '' `` How You Remind Me '' `` Too Bad '' `` Never Again '' `` Someday '' `` Figured You Out '' `` Feelin ' Way Too Damn Good '' `` Because of You '' `` Photograph '' `` Animals '' `` Savin ' Me '' `` Far Away '' `` Rockstar '' `` If Everyone Cared '' `` Side of a Bullet '' `` Gotta Be Somebody '' `` Something in Your Mouth '' `` If Today Was Your Last Day '' `` I 'd Come for You '' `` Burn It to the Ground '' `` Never Gonna Be Alone '' `` Shakin ' Hands '' `` This Afternoon '' `` When We Stand Together '' `` Bottoms Up '' `` This Means War '' `` Lullaby '' `` Trying Not to Love You '' `` Edge of a Revolution '' `` What Are You Waiting For ? '' `` Million Miles an Hour '' `` She Keeps Me Up '' `` Satellite '' `` Get ' Em Up '' `` Dirty Laundry '' `` Feed the Machine '' `` Song on Fire '' Video albums Live at Home The Videos Live at Sturgis 2006 Concert tours The Long Road Tour All the Right Reasons Tour Dark Horse Tour Here and Now Tour No Fixed Address Tour Feed the Machine Tour Related articles Awards and nominations Discography Songs Avril Lavigne songs Discography Let Go `` Losing Grip '' `` Complicated '' `` Sk8er Boi '' `` I 'm with You '' My World `` Basket Case '' `` Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door '' Under My Skin `` Take Me Away '' `` Do n't Tell Me '' `` He Was n't '' `` My Happy Ending '' `` Nobody 's Home '' `` Fall to Pieces '' `` I Always Get What I Want '' The Best Damn Thing `` Girlfriend '' `` The Best Damn Thing '' `` When You 're Gone '' `` Hot '' `` Keep Holding On '' Goodbye Lullaby `` What the Hell '' `` Push '' `` Wish You Were Here '' `` Smile '' `` Alice '' `` Bad Reputation '' Avril Lavigne `` Rock n Roll '' `` Here 's to Never Growing Up '' `` 17 '' `` Let Me Go '' `` Give You What You Like '' `` Bad Girl '' `` Hello Kitty '' `` How You Remind Me '' Collaborations `` Wavin ' Flag '' `` Get Over Me '' Other songs `` Fly '' Billboard Year - End number one singles ( 2000 -- 2019 ) 2000 : `` Breathe '' -- Faith Hill 2001 : `` Hanging by a Moment '' -- Lifehouse 2002 : `` How You Remind Me '' -- Nickelback 2003 : `` In da Club '' -- 50 Cent 2004 : `` Yeah ! '' -- Usher featuring Lil Jon and Ludacris 2005 : `` We Belong Together '' -- Mariah Carey 2006 : `` Bad Day '' -- Daniel Powter 2007 : `` Irreplaceable '' -- Beyoncé 2008 : `` Low '' -- Flo Rida featuring T - Pain 2009 : `` Boom Boom Pow '' -- The Black Eyed Peas 2010 : `` Tik Tok '' -- Kesha 2011 : `` Rolling in the Deep '' -- Adele 2012 : `` Somebody That I Used to Know '' -- Gotye featuring Kimbra 2013 : `` Thrift Shop '' -- Macklemore & Ryan Lewis featuring Wanz 2014 : `` Happy '' -- Pharrell Williams 2015 : `` Uptown Funk '' -- Mark Ronson featuring Bruno Mars 2016 : `` Love Yourself '' -- Justin Bieber 2017 : `` Shape of You '' -- Ed Sheeran Complete list ( 1946 -- 1959 ) ( 1960 -- 1979 ) ( 1980 -- 1999 ) ( 2000 -- 2019 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=How_You_Remind_Me&oldid=815002835 '' Categories : 2001 singles 2002 singles Nickelback songs Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Billboard Mainstream Rock number - one singles Billboard Alternative Songs number - one singles Number - one singles in Austria Number - one singles in Denmark Irish Singles Chart number - one singles Songs written by Chad Kroeger Rock ballads 2000s ballads Song recordings produced by Rick Parashar Billboard Mainstream Top 40 ( Pop Songs ) number - one singles Avril Lavigne songs 2001 songs Songs written by Mike Kroeger Songs written by Ryan Peake Torch songs Juno Award for Single of the Year singles Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Pages with URL errors CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Denmark Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany Singlechart usages for Italy Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Swiss Singlechart usages for UKrock Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Poland Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Austria Certification Table Entry usages for Belgium Certification Table Entry usages for France Certification Table Entry usages for Germany Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for Switzerland Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Français Hrvatski Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Svenska Türkçe Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 12 December 2017 , at 04 : 29 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who sings this is how you remind me | [
"\"How You Remind Me\" is a song by Canadian rock band Nickelback. It was released on August 21, 2001 as the lead single from their third studio album Silver Side Up (2001). A \"Gold Mix\" was made for latter editions of the single with the heavier guitars edited out of the chorus. Lead vocalist and guitarist Chad Kroeger wrote the song about his old girlfriend Jodi, with whom he had a dysfunctional relationship.[2] He referred to this song as the song that put Nickelback on the map when played at their concert in Sturgis, South Dakota, and is often considered to be their signature song."
] | [
"Nickelback"
] |
-8576560056314044899 | Separation of church and state in the United States | Separation of church and state in the United States - Wikipedia Separation of church and state in the United States `` Separation of church and state '' is paraphrased from Thomas Jefferson and used by others in expressing an understanding of the intent and function of the Establishment Clause and Free Exercise Clause of the First Amendment to the Constitution of the United States which reads : `` Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion , or prohibiting the free exercise thereof ... '' The phrase `` separation between church & state '' is generally traced to a January 1 , 1802 , letter by Thomas Jefferson , addressed to the Danbury Baptist Association in Connecticut , and published in a Massachusetts newspaper . Jefferson wrote , `` `` I contemplate with sovereign reverence that act of the whole American people which declared that their legislature should ' make no law respecting an establishment of religion , or prohibiting the free exercise thereof , ' thus building a wall of separation between Church & State . '' '' Jefferson was echoing the language of the founder of the first Baptist church in America , Roger Williams who had written in 1644 , `` `` ( A ) hedge or wall of separation between the garden of the church and the wilderness of the world . '' '' Article Six of the United States Constitution also specifies that `` no religious Test shall ever be required as a Qualification to any Office or public Trust under the United States . '' Jefferson 's metaphor of a wall of separation has been cited repeatedly by the U.S. Supreme Court . In Reynolds v. United States ( 1879 ) the Court wrote that Jefferson 's comments `` may be accepted almost as an authoritative declaration of the scope and effect of the ( First ) Amendment . '' In Everson v. Board of Education ( 1947 ) , Justice Hugo Black wrote : `` In the words of Thomas Jefferson , the clause against establishment of religion by law was intended to erect a wall of separation between church and state . '' In contrast to separationism , the Supreme Court of the United States in Zorach v. Clauson upheld accommodationism , holding that the nation 's `` institutions presuppose a Supreme Being '' and that government recognition of God does not constitute the establishment of a state church as the Constitution 's authors intended to prohibit . As such , the Court has not always interpreted the constitutional principle as absolute , and the proper extent of separation between government and religion in the U.S. remains an ongoing subject of impassioned debate . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early history 1.1 Former state churches in British North America 1.1. 1 Catholic colonies 1.1. 2 Protestant colonies 1.1. 3 Colonies with no established church 1.1. 4 Tabular summary 1.2 Colonial support for separation 1.3 Jefferson , Madison , and the `` wall of separation '' 1.4 Patrick Henry , Massachusetts , and Connecticut 1.5 Test acts 2 The U.S. Constitution 2.1 Article 6 2.2 The First Amendment 2.3 The 14th Amendment 2.4 The `` Separation '' principle and the Supreme Court 3 The Treaty of Tripoli 4 Interpretive controversies 4.1 Politics and religion in the United States 5 See also 6 References 7 Bibliography 8 External links 8.1 American court battles over separation 8.2 Other Early history ( edit ) Many early immigrant groups traveled to America to worship freely , particularly after the English Civil War and religious conflict in France and Germany . They included nonconformists like the Puritans , who were Protestant Christians fleeing religious persecution from the Anglican King of England . Despite a common background , the groups ' views on religious toleration were mixed . While some such as Roger Williams of Rhode Island and William Penn of Pennsylvania ensured the protection of religious minorities within their colonies , others like the Plymouth Colony and Massachusetts Bay Colony had established churches . The Dutch colony of New Netherland established the Dutch Reformed Church and outlawed all other worship , though enforcement was sparse . Religious conformity was desired partly for financial reasons : the established Church was responsible for poverty relief , putting dissenting churches at a significant disadvantage . This , along with many other statements should be footnoted , as it seems more like an opinion than a fact . Former state churches in British North America ( edit ) Catholic colonies ( edit ) When New France was transferred to Great Britain in 1763 , the Catholic Church remained under toleration , but Huguenots were allowed entrance where they had formerly been banned from settlement by Parisian authorities . The Colony of Maryland was founded by a charter granted in 1632 to George Calvert , secretary of state to Charles I , and his son Cecil , both recent converts to Catholicism . Under their leadership many English Catholic gentry families settled in Maryland . However , the colonial government was officially neutral in religious affairs , granting toleration to all Christian groups and enjoining them to avoid actions which antagonized the others . On several occasions low - church dissenters led insurrections which temporarily overthrew the Calvert rule . In 1689 , when William and Mary came to the English throne , they acceded to demands to revoke the original royal charter . In 1701 the Church of England was proclaimed , and in the course of the eighteenth century Maryland Catholics were first barred from public office , then disenfranchised , although not all of the laws passed against them ( notably laws restricting property rights and imposing penalties for sending children to be educated in foreign Catholic institutions ) were enforced , and some Catholics even continued to hold public office . Spanish Florida was ceded to Great Britain in 1763 , the British divided Florida into two colonies . Both East and West Florida continued a policy of toleration for the Catholic Residents . Protestant colonies ( edit ) The colony of Plymouth was founded by Pilgrims , English Dissenters or Separatists , Calvinists . The colonies of Massachusetts Bay , New Haven , and New Hampshire were founded by Puritan , Calvinist , Protestants . New Netherland was founded by Dutch Reformed Calvinists . The colonies of New York , Virginia , North Carolina , South Carolina , and Georgia were officially Church of England . Colonies with no established church ( edit ) The Province of Pennsylvania was founded by Quakers , but the colony never had an established church . West Jersey , also founded by Quakers , prohibited any establishment . Delaware Colony The Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations , founded by religious dissenters , is widely regarded as the first polity to grant religious freedom to all its citizens . Tabular summary ( edit ) Colony Denomination Disestablished Connecticut Congregational 1818 Georgia Church of England 1789 Maryland Catholic / Church of England 1701 / 1776 Massachusetts Congregational 1780 ( in 1833 state funding suspended ) New Brunswick Church of England New Hampshire Congregational 1790 Newfoundland Church of England North Carolina Church of England 1776 Nova Scotia Church of England 1850 Prince Edward Island Church of England South Carolina Church of England 1790 Canada West Church of England 1854 West Florida Church of England N / A East Florida Church of England N / A Virginia Church of England 1786 West Indies Church of England 1868 ^ Note 1 : In several colonies , the establishment ceased to exist in practice at the Revolution , about 1776 ; this is the date of permanent legal abolition . ^ Note 2 : in 1789 the Georgia Constitution was amended as follows : `` Article IV . Section 10 . No person within this state shall , upon any pretense , be deprived of the inestimable privilege of worshipping God in any manner agreeable to his own conscience , nor be compelled to attend any place of worship contrary to his own faith and judgment ; nor shall he ever be obliged to pay tithes , taxes , or any other rate , for the building or repairing any place of worship , or for the maintenance of any minister or ministry , contrary to what he believes to be right , or hath voluntarily engaged to do . No one religious society shall ever be established in this state , in preference to another ; nor shall any person be denied the enjoyment of any civil right merely on account of his religious principles . '' ^ Note 3 : From 1780 Massachusetts had a system which required every man to belong to a church , and permitted each church to tax its members , but forbade any law requiring that it be of any particular denomination . This was objected to , as in practice establishing the Congregational Church , the majority denomination , and was abolished in 1833 . ^ Note 4 : Until 1877 the New Hampshire Constitution required members of the State legislature to be of the Protestant religion . ^ Note 5 : The North Carolina Constitution of 1776 disestablished the Anglican church , but until 1835 the NC Constitution allowed only Protestants to hold public office . From 1835 to 1876 it allowed only Christians ( including Catholics ) to hold public office . Article VI , Section 8 of the current NC Constitution forbids only atheists from holding public office . Such clauses were held by the United States Supreme Court to be unenforceable in the 1961 case of Torcaso v. Watkins , when the court ruled unanimously that such clauses constituted a religious test incompatible with First and Fourteenth Amendment protections . ^ Note 6 : Religious tolerance for Catholics with an established Church of England was policy in the former Spanish Colonies of East and West Florida while under British rule . ^ Note 7 : In Treaty of Paris ( 1783 ) , which ended the American Revolutionary War , the British ceded both East and West Florida back to Spain ( see Spanish Florida ) . ^ Note 8 : Tithes for the support of the Anglican Church in Virginia were suspended in 1776 , and never restored . 1786 is the date of the Virginia Statute of Religious Freedom , which prohibited any coercion to support any religious body . Colonial support for separation ( edit ) The Flushing Remonstrance shows support for separation of church and state as early as the mid-17th century , stating their opposition to religious persecution of any sort : `` The law of love , peace and liberty in the states extending to Jews , Turks and Egyptians , as they are considered sons of Adam , which is the glory of the outward state of Holland , so love , peace and liberty , extending to all in Christ Jesus , condemns hatred , war and bondage . '' The document was signed December 27 , 1657 by a group of English citizens in America who were affronted by persecution of Quakers and the religious policies of the Governor of New Netherland , Peter Stuyvesant . Stuyvesant had formally banned all religions other than the Dutch Reformed Church from being practiced in the colony , in accordance with the laws of the Dutch Republic . The signers indicated their `` desire therefore in this case not to judge lest we be judged , neither to condemn least we be condemned , but rather let every man stand or fall to his own Master . '' Stuyvesant fined the petitioners and threw them in prison until they recanted . However , John Bowne allowed the Quakers to meet in his home . Bowne was arrested , jailed , and sent to the Netherlands for trial ; the Dutch court exonerated Bowne . New York Historical Society President and Columbia University Professor of History Kenneth T. Jackson describes the Flushing Remonstrance as `` the first thing that we have in writing in the United States where a group of citizens attests on paper and over their signature the right of the people to follow their own conscience with regard to God - and the inability of government , or the illegality of government , to interfere with that . '' Given the wide diversity of opinion on Christian theological matters in the newly independent American States , the Constitutional Convention believed a government sanctioned ( established ) religion would disrupt rather than bind the newly formed union together . George Washington wrote a letter in 1790 to the country 's first Jewish congregation , the Touro Synagogue in Newport , Rhode Island to state : Allowing rights and immunities of citizenship . It is now no more that toleration is spoken of , as if it were by the indulgence of one class of people , that another enjoyed the exercise of their inherent natural rights . For happily the Government of the United States , which gives to bigotry no sanction , to persecution no assistance requires only that they who live under its protection should demean themselves as good citizens , in giving it on all occasions their effectual support . There were also opponents to the support of any established church even at the state level . In 1773 , Isaac Backus , a prominent Baptist minister in New England , wrote against a state sanctioned religion , saying : `` Now who can hear Christ declare , that his kingdom is , not of this world , and yet believe that this blending of church and state together can be pleasing to him ? '' He also observed that when `` church and state are separate , the effects are happy , and they do not at all interfere with each other : but where they have been confounded together , no tongue nor pen can fully describe the mischiefs that have ensued . '' Thomas Jefferson 's influential Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom was enacted in 1786 , five years before the Bill of Rights . Most Anglican ministers , and many Anglicans , were Loyalists . The Anglican establishment , where it had existed , largely ceased to function during the American Revolution , though the new States did not formally abolish and replace it until some years after the Revolution . Jefferson , Madison , and the `` wall of separation '' ( edit ) The phrase `` ( A ) hedge or wall of separation between the garden of the church and the wilderness of the world '' was first used by Baptist theologian Roger Williams , the founder of the colony of Rhode Island , in his 1644 book The Bloody Tenent of Persecution . The phrase was later used by Thomas Jefferson as a description of the First Amendment and its restriction on the legislative branch of the federal government , in an 1802 letter to the Danbury Baptists ( a religious minority concerned about the dominant position of the Congregationalist church in Connecticut ) : Believing with you that religion is a matter which lies solely between man and his god , that he owes account to none other for his faith or his worship , that the legitimate powers of government reach actions only , and not opinions , I contemplate with sovereign reverence that act of the whole American people which declared that their `` legislature '' should `` make no law respecting an establishment of religion , or prohibiting the free exercise thereof , '' thus building a wall of separation between church and State . Adhering to this expression of the supreme will of the nation in behalf of the rights of conscience , I shall see with sincere satisfaction the progress of those sentiments which tend to restore to man all his natural rights , convinced he has no natural right in opposition to his social duties . Jefferson 's letter was in reply to a letter that he had received from the Danbury Baptist Association dated October 7 , 1801 . In an 1808 letter to Virginia Baptists , Jefferson used the same theme : We have solved , by fair experiment , the great and interesting question whether freedom of religion is compatible with order in government and obedience to the laws . And we have experienced the quiet as well as the comfort which results from leaving every one to profess freely and openly those principles of religion which are the inductions of his own reason and the serious convictions of his own inquiries . Jefferson and James Madison 's conceptions of separation have long been debated . Jefferson refused to issue Proclamations of Thanksgiving sent to him by Congress during his presidency , though he did issue a Thanksgiving and Prayer proclamation as Governor of Virginia . Madison issued four religious proclamations while President , but vetoed two bills on the grounds they violated the first amendment . On the other hand , both Jefferson and Madison attended religious services at the Capitol . Years before the ratification of the Constitution , Madison contended `` Because if Religion be exempt from the authority of the Society at large , still less can it be subject to that of the Legislative Body . '' After retiring from the presidency , Madison wrote of `` total separation of the church from the state . '' `` `` Strongly guarded as is the separation between Religion & Govt in the Constitution of the United States , '' Madison wrote , and he declared , `` practical distinction between Religion and Civil Government is essential to the purity of both , and as guaranteed by the Constitution of the United States . '' In a letter to Edward Livingston Madison further expanded , `` We are teaching the world the great truth that Govts . do better without Kings & Nobles than with them . The merit will be doubled by the other lesson that Religion flourishes in greater purity , without than with the aid of Govt . '' Madison 's original draft of the Bill of Rights had included provisions binding the States , as well as the Federal Government , from an establishment of religion , but the House did not pass them . Jefferson 's opponents said his position was the destruction and the governmental rejection of Christianity , but this was a caricature . In setting up the University of Virginia , Jefferson encouraged all the separate sects to have preachers of their own , though there was a constitutional ban on the State supporting a Professorship of Divinity , arising from his own Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom . Some have argued that this arrangement was `` fully compatible with Jefferson 's views on the separation of church and state ; '' however , others point to Jefferson 's support for a scheme in which students at the university would attend religious worship each morning as evidence that his views were not consistent with strict separation . Still other scholars , such as Mark David Hall , attempt to sidestep the whole issue by arguing that American jurisprudence focuses too narrowly on this one Jeffersonian letter while failing to account for other relevant history Jefferson 's letter entered American jurisprudence in the 1878 Mormon polygamy case Reynolds v. U.S. , in which the court cited Jefferson and Madison , seeking a legal definition for the word religion . Writing for the majority , Justice Stephen Johnson Field cited Jefferson 's Letter to the Danbury Baptists to state that `` Congress was deprived of all legislative power over mere opinion , but was left free to reach actions which were in violation of social duties or subversive of good order . '' Considering this , the court ruled that outlawing polygamy was constitutional . Patrick henry , Massachusetts , and Connecticut ( edit ) Jefferson and Madison 's approach was not the only one taken in the eighteenth century . Jefferson 's Statute of Religious Freedom was drafted in opposition to a bill , chiefly supported by Patrick Henry , which would permit any Virginian to belong to any denomination , but which would require him to belong to some denomination and pay taxes to support it . Similarly , the Constitution of Massachusetts originally provided that `` no subject shall be hurt , molested , or restrained , in his person , liberty , or estate , for worshipping God in the manner and season most agreeable to the dictates of his own conscience ... provided he doth not disturb the public peace , or obstruct others in their religious worship , '' ( Article II ) but also that : the people of this commonwealth have a right to invest their legislature with power to authorize and require , and the legislature shall , from time to time , authorize and require , the several towns , parishes , precincts , and other bodies politic , or religious societies , to make suitable provision , at their own expense , for the institution of the public worship of God , and for the support and maintenance of public Protestant teachers of piety , religion and morality , in all cases where such provision shall not be made voluntarily . And the people of this commonwealth have also a right to , and do , invest their legislature with authority to enjoin upon all the subjects an attendance upon the instructions of the public teachers aforesaid , at stated times and seasons , if there be any on whose instructions they can conscientiously and conveniently attend . ( Article III ) Since , in practice , this meant that the decision of who was taxable for a particular religion rested in the hands of the selectmen , usually Congregationalists , this system was open to abuse . It was abolished in 1833 . The intervening period is sometimes referred to as an `` establishment of religion '' in Massachusetts . The Duke of York had required that every community in his new lands of New York and New Jersey support some church , but this was more often Dutch Reformed , Quaker or Presbyterian , than Anglican . Some chose to support more than one church . He also ordained that the tax - payers were free , having paid his local tax , to choose their own church . The terms for the surrender of New Amsterdam had provided that the Dutch would have liberty of conscience , and the Duke , as an openly divine - right Catholic , was no friend of Anglicanism . The first Anglican minister in New Jersey arrived in 1698 , though Anglicanism was more popular in New York . Connecticut had a real establishment of religion . Its citizens did not adopt a constitution at the Revolution , but rather amended their Charter to remove all references to the British Government . As a result , the Congregational Church continued to be established , and Yale College , at that time a Congregational institution , received grants from the State until Connecticut adopted a constitution in 1818 partly because of this issue . Test acts ( edit ) The absence of an establishment of religion did not necessarily imply that all men were free to hold office . Most colonies had a Test Act , and several states retained them for a short time . This stood in contrast to the Federal Constitution , which explicitly prohibits the employment of any religious test for Federal office , and which through the Fourteenth Amendment later extended this prohibition to the States . For example , the New Jersey Constitution of 1776 provides liberty of conscience in much the same language as Massachusetts ( similarly forbidding payment of `` taxes , tithes or other payments '' contrary to conscience ) . It then provides : That there shall be no establishment of any one religious sect in this Province , in preference to another ; and that no Protestant inhabitant of this Colony shall be denied the enjoyment of any civil right , merely on account of his religious principles ; but that all persons , professing a belief in the faith of any Protestant sect , who shall demean themselves peaceably under the government , as hereby established , shall be capable of being elected into any office of profit or trust , or being a member of either branch of the Legislature , and shall fully and freely enjoy every privilege and immunity , enjoyed by others their fellow subjects . This would permit a Test Act , but did not require one . The original charter of the Province of East Jersey had restricted membership in the Assembly to Christians ; the Duke of York was fervently Catholic , and the proprietors of Perth Amboy , New Jersey were Scottish Catholic peers . The Province of West Jersey had declared , in 1681 , that there should be no religious test for office . An oath had also been imposed on the militia during the French and Indian War requiring them to abjure the pretensions of the Pope , which may or may not have been applied during the Revolution . That law was replaced by 1799 . The Pennsylvania Constitution of 1776 provided : And each member , before he takes his seat , shall make and subscribe the following declaration , viz : I do believe in one God , the creator and governor of the universe , the rewarder of the good and the punisher of the wicked . And I do acknowledge the Scriptures of the Old and New Testament to be given by Divine inspiration . And no further or other religious test shall ever hereafter be required of any civil officer or magistrate in this State . Again , it provided in general that all tax - paying freemen and their sons shall be able to vote , and that no `` man , who acknowledges the being of a God , be justly deprived or abridged of any civil right as a citizen , on account of his religious sentiments or peculiar mode of religious worship . '' The U.S. Constitution ( edit ) Article 6 ( edit ) Article Six of the United States Constitution provides that `` no religious Test shall ever be required as a Qualification to any Office or public Trust under the United States '' . Prior to the adoption of the Bill of Rights , this was the only mention of religion in the Constitution . The First Amendment ( edit ) The first amendment to the US Constitution states `` Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion , or prohibiting the free exercise thereof '' The two parts , known as the `` establishment clause '' and the `` free exercise clause '' respectively , form the textual basis for the Supreme Court 's interpretations of the `` separation of church and state '' doctrine . Three central concepts were derived from the 1st Amendment which became America 's doctrine for church - state separation : no coercion in religious matters , no expectation to support a religion against one 's will , and religious liberty encompasses all religions . In sum , citizens are free to embrace or reject a faith , any support for religion - financial or physical - must be voluntary , and all religions are equal in the eyes of the law with no special preference or favoritism . The First Congress ' deliberations show that its understanding of the separation of church and state differed sharply from that of their contemporaries in Europe . As 19th century Union Theological Seminary historian Philip Schaff observed : The American separation of church and state rests upon respect for the church ; the ( European anticlerical ) separation , on indifference and hatred of the church , and of religion itself ... . The constitution did not create a nation , nor its religion and institutions . It found them already existing , and was framed for the purpose of protecting them under a republican form of government , in a rule of the people , by the people , and for the people . An August 15 , 1789 entry in Madison 's papers indicates he intended for the establishment clause to prevent the government imposition of religious beliefs on individuals . The entry says : `` Mr. Madison said he apprehended the meaning of the words to be , that Congress should not establish a religion , and enforce the legal observation of it by law , nor compel men to worship God in any manner contrary to their conscience ... '' Some legal scholars , such as John Baker of LSU , theorize that Madison 's initial proposed language -- that Congress should make no law regarding the establishment of a `` national religion '' -- was rejected by the House , in favor of the more general `` religion '' in an effort to appease the Anti-Federalists . To both the Anti-Federalists and the Federalists , the very word `` national '' was a cause for alarm because of the experience under the British crown . During the debate over the establishment clause , Rep. Elbridge Gerry of Massachusetts took issue with Madison 's language regarding whether the government was a national or federal government ( in which the states retained their individual sovereignty ) , which Baker suggests compelled Madison to withdraw his language from the debate . Following the argument between Madison and Gerry , Rep. Samuel Livermore of New Hampshire proposed language stating that , `` Congress shall make no laws touching religion or the rights of conscience . '' This raised an uproar from members , such as Rep. Benjamin Huntingdon of Connecticut and Rep. Peter Sylvester of New York , who worried the language could be used to harm religious practice . Others , such as Rep. Roger Sherman of Connecticut , believed the clause was unnecessary because the original Constitution only gave Congress stated powers , which did not include establishing a national religion . Anti-Federalists such as Rep. Thomas Tucker of South Carolina moved to strike the establishment clause completely because it could preempt the religious clauses in the state constitutions . However , the Anti-Federalists were unsuccessful in persuading the House of Representatives to drop the clause from the first amendment . The Senate went through several more narrowly targeted versions before reaching the contemporary language . One version read , `` Congress shall make no law establishing one religious sect or society in preference to others , nor shall freedom of conscience be infringed , '' while another read , `` Congress shall make no law establishing one particular religious denomination in preference to others . '' Ultimately , the Senate rejected the more narrowly targeted language . At the time of the passage of the Bill of Rights , many states acted in ways that would now be held unconstitutional . All of the early official state churches were disestablished by 1833 ( Massachusetts ) , including the Congregationalist establishment in Connecticut . It is commonly accepted that , under the doctrine of Incorporation -- which uses the Due Process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to hold the Bill of Rights applicable to the states -- these state churches could not be reestablished today . Yet the provisions of state constitutions protected religious liberty , particularly the so - called freedom of conscience . During the nineteenth century ( and before the incorporation of the First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution through the Fourteenth Amendment ) , litigants turned to these provisions to challenge Sunday laws ( blue laws ) , bible - reading in schools , and other ostensibly religious regulations . The 14th Amendment ( edit ) See also : Cantwell v. Connecticut The Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution ( Amendment XIV ) is one of the post-Civil War amendments , intended to secure rights for former slaves . It includes the due process and equal protection clauses among others . The amendment introduces the concept of incorporation of all relevant federal rights against the states . While it has not been fully implemented , the doctrine of incorporation has been used to ensure , through the Due Process Clause and Privileges and Immunities Clause , the application of most of the rights enumerated in the Bill of Rights to the states . The incorporation of the First Amendment establishment clause in the landmark case of Everson v. Board of Education has affected the subsequent interpretation of the separation of church and state in regard to the state governments . Although upholding the state law in that case , which provided for public busing to private religious schools , the Supreme Court held that the First Amendment establishment clause was fully applicable to the state governments . A more recent case involving the application of this principle against the states was Board of Education of Kiryas Joel Village School District v. Grumet ( 1994 ) . The `` separation '' principle and the Supreme Court ( edit ) Jefferson 's concept of `` separation of church and state '' first became a part of Establishment Clause jurisprudence in Reynolds v. U.S. , 98 U.S. 145 ( 1878 ) . In that case , the court examined the history of religious liberty in the US , determining that while the constitution guarantees religious freedom , `` The word ' religion ' is not defined in the Constitution . We must go elsewhere , therefore , to ascertain its meaning , and nowhere more appropriately , we think , than to the history of the times in the midst of which the provision was adopted . '' The court found that the leaders in advocating and formulating the constitutional guarantee of religious liberty were James Madison and Thomas Jefferson . Quoting the `` separation '' paragraph from Jefferson 's letter to the Danbury Baptists , the court concluded that , `` coming as this does from an acknowledged leader of the advocates of the measure , it may be accepted almost as an authoritative declaration of the scope and effect of the amendment thus secured . '' The centrality of the `` separation '' concept to the Religion Clauses of the Constitution was made explicit in Everson v. Board of Education , 330 U.S. 1 ( 1947 ) , a case dealing with a New Jersey law that allowed government funds to pay for transportation of students to both public and Catholic schools . This was the first case in which the court applied the Establishment Clause to the laws of a state , having interpreted the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment as applying the Bill of Rights to the states as well as the federal legislature . Citing Jefferson , the court concluded that `` The First Amendment has erected a wall between church and state . That wall must be kept high and impregnable . We could not approve the slightest breach . '' While the decision ( with four dissents ) ultimately upheld the state law allowing the funding of transportation of students to religious schools , the majority opinion ( by Justice Hugo Black ) and the dissenting opinions ( by Justice Wiley Blount Rutledge and Justice Robert H. Jackson ) each explicitly stated that the Constitution has erected a `` wall between church and state '' or a `` separation of Church from State '' : their disagreement was limited to whether this case of state funding of transportation to religious schools breached that wall . Rutledge , on behalf of the four dissenting justices , took the position that the majority had indeed permitted a violation of the wall of separation in this case : `` Neither so high nor so impregnable today as yesterday is the wall raised between church and state by Virginia 's great statute of religious freedom and the First Amendment , now made applicable to all the states by the Fourteenth . '' Writing separately , Justice Jackson argued that `` ( T ) here are no good grounds upon which to support the present legislation . In fact , the undertones of the opinion , advocating complete and uncompromising separation of Church from State , seem utterly discordant with its conclusion yielding support to their commingling in educational matters . '' In 1962 , the Supreme Court addressed the issue of officially sponsored prayer or religious recitations in public schools . In Engel v. Vitale , 370 U.S. 421 ( 1962 ) , the Court , by a vote of 6 - 1 , determined it unconstitutional for state officials to compose an official school prayer and require its recitation in public schools , even when the prayer is non-denominational and students may excuse themselves from participation . ( The prayer required by the New York State Board of Regents prior to the Court 's decision consisted of : `` Almighty God , we acknowledge our dependence upon Thee , and we beg Thy blessings upon us , our parents , our teachers , and our country . Amen . '' ) As the Court stated : The petitioners contend , among other things , that the state laws requiring or permitting use of the Regents ' prayer must be struck down as a violation of the Establishment Clause because that prayer was composed by governmental officials as a part of a governmental program to further religious beliefs . For this reason , petitioners argue , the State 's use of the Regents ' prayer in its public school system breaches the constitutional wall of separation between Church and State . We agree with that contention , since we think that the constitutional prohibition against laws respecting an establishment of religion must at least mean that , in this country , it is no part of the business of government to compose official prayers for any group of the American people to recite as a part of a religious program carried on by government . The court noted that it `` is a matter of history that this very practice of establishing governmentally composed prayers for religious services was one of the reasons which caused many of our early colonists to leave England and seek religious freedom in America . '' The lone dissenter , Justice Potter Stewart , objected to the court 's embrace of the `` wall of separation '' metaphor : `` I think that the Court 's task , in this as in all areas of constitutional adjudication , is not responsibly aided by the uncritical invocation of metaphors like the `` wall of separation , '' a phrase nowhere to be found in the Constitution . '' In Epperson v. Arkansas , 393 U.S. 97 ( 1968 ) , the Supreme Court considered an Arkansas law that made it a crime `` to teach the theory or doctrine that mankind ascended or descended from a lower order of animals , '' or `` to adopt or use in any such institution a textbook that teaches '' this theory in any school or university that received public funds . The court 's opinion , written by Justice Abe Fortas , ruled that the Arkansas law violated `` the constitutional prohibition of state laws respecting an establishment of religion or prohibiting the free exercise thereof . The overriding fact is that Arkansas ' law selects from the body of knowledge a particular segment which it proscribes for the sole reason that it is deemed to conflict with a particular religious doctrine ; that is , with a particular interpretation of the Book of Genesis by a particular religious group . '' The court held that the Establishment Clause prohibits the state from advancing any religion , and that `` ( T ) he state has no legitimate interest in protecting any or all religions from views distasteful to them . '' Justice Sandra Day O'Connor Those who would renegotiate the boundaries between church and state must therefore answer a difficult question : Why would we trade a system that has served us so well for one that has served others so poorly ? Justice Sandra Day O'Connor in her opinion on the 2005 Ten Commandments ruling . In Lemon v. Kurtzman , 403 U.S. 602 ( 1971 ) , the court determined that a Pennsylvania state policy of reimbursing the salaries and related costs of teachers of secular subjects in private religious schools violated the Establishment Clause . The court 's decision argued that the separation of church and state could never be absolute : `` Our prior holdings do not call for total separation between church and state ; total separation is not possible in an absolute sense . Some relationship between government and religious organizations is inevitable , '' the court wrote . `` Judicial caveats against entanglement must recognize that the line of separation , far from being a `` wall , '' is a blurred , indistinct , and variable barrier depending on all the circumstances of a particular relationship . '' Subsequent to this decision , the Supreme Court has applied a three - pronged test to determine whether government action comports with the Establishment Clause , known as the `` Lemon Test '' . First , the law or policy must have been adopted with a neutral or non-religious purpose . Second , the principle or primary effect must be one that neither advances nor inhibits religion . Third , the statute or policy must not result in an `` excessive entanglement '' of government with religion . ( The decision in Lemon v. Kurtzman hinged upon the conclusion that the government benefits were flowing disproportionately to Catholic schools , and that Catholic schools were an integral component of the Catholic Church 's religious mission , thus the policy involved the state in an `` excessive entanglement '' with religion . ) Failure to meet any of these criteria is a proof that the statute or policy in question violates the Establishment Clause . In 2002 , a three judge panel on the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals held that classroom recitation of the Pledge of Allegiance in a California public school was unconstitutional , even when students were not compelled to recite it , due to the inclusion of the phrase `` under God . '' In reaction to the case , Elk Grove Unified School District v. Newdow , both houses of Congress passed measures reaffirming their support for the pledge , and condemning the panel 's ruling . The case was appealed to the Supreme Court , where the case was ultimately overturned in June 2004 , solely on procedural grounds not related to the substantive constitutional issue . Rather , a five - justice majority held that Newdow , a non-custodial parent suing on behalf of his daughter , lacked standing to sue . When the Louisiana state legislature passed a law requiring public school biology teachers to give Creationism and Evolution equal time in the classroom , the Supreme Court ruled that the law was unconstitutional because it was intended to advance a particular religion , and did not serve the secular purpose of improved scientific education . ( See also : Creation and evolution in public education ) The display of the Ten Commandments as part of courthouse displays was considered in a group of cases decided in summer of 2005 , including McCreary County v. ACLU of Kentucky and Van Orden v. Perry . While parties on both sides hoped for a reformulation or clarification of the Lemon test , the two rulings ended with narrow 5 -- 4 and opposing decisions , with Justice Stephen Breyer the swing vote . On December 20 , 2005 , the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit ruled in the case of ACLU v. Mercer County that the continued display of the Ten Commandments as part of a larger display on American legal traditions in a Kentucky courthouse was allowed , because the purpose of the display ( educating the public on American legal traditions ) was secular in nature . In ruling on the Mount Soledad cross controversy on May 3 , 2006 , however , a federal judge ruled that the cross on public property on Mount Soledad must be removed . In what will be the case is Town of Greece v. Galloway , 12 - 696 , the Supreme Court agreed to hear a case regarding whether prayers at town meetings , which are allowed , must allow various faiths to lead prayer , or whether the prayers can be predominately Christian . On May 5 , 2014 , the U.S. Supreme Court ruled 5 - 4 in favor of the Town of Greece by holding that the U.S. Constitution not only allows for prayer at government meetings , but also for sectarian prayers like predominately Christian prayers . Madalyn Murray O'Hair's 1963 lawsuit led to an end of mandatory prayer in public schools after the Supreme Court declared it unconstitutional . The treaty of Tripoli ( edit ) Main article : Treaty of Tripoli In 1797 , the United States Senate ratified a treaty with Tripoli that stated in Article 11 : As the Government of the United States of America is not , in any sense , founded on the Christian religion ; as it has in itself no character of enmity against the laws , religion , or tranquillity , of Mussulmen ; and , as the said States never entered into any war , or act of hostility against any Mahometan nation , it is declared by the parties , that no pretext arising from religious opinions , shall ever produce an interruption of the harmony existing between the two countries . Interpretive controversies ( edit ) Main article : Accommodationism Some scholars and organizations disagree with the notion of `` separation of church and state '' , or the way the Supreme Court has interpreted the constitutional limitation on religious establishment . Such critics generally argue that the phrase misrepresents the textual requirements of the Constitution , while noting that many aspects of church and state were intermingled at the time the Constitution was ratified . These critics argue that the prevalent degree of separation of church and state could not have been intended by the constitutional framers . Some of the intermingling between church and state include religious references in official contexts , and such other founding documents as the United States Declaration of Independence , which references the idea of a `` Creator '' and `` Nature 's God '' , though these references did not ultimately appear in the Constitution nor do they mention any particular religious view of a `` Creator '' or `` Nature 's God . '' These critics of the modern separation of church and state also note the official establishment of religion in several of the states at the time of ratification , to suggest that the modern incorporation of the Establishment Clause as to state governments goes against the original constitutional intent . The issue is complex , however , as the incorporation ultimately bases on the passage of the 14th Amendment in 1868 , at which point the first amendment 's application to the state government was recognized . Many of these constitutional debates relate to the competing interpretive theories of originalism versus modern , progressivist theories such as the doctrine of the Living Constitution . Other debates center on the principle of the law of the land in America being defined not just by the Constitution 's Supremacy Clause , but also by legal precedence , making an accurate reading of the Constitution subject to the mores and values of a given era , and rendering the concept of historical revisionism irrelevant when discussing the Constitution . Ten commandments monument at a Minnesota courthouse . The `` religious test '' clause has been interpreted to cover both elected officials and appointed ones , career civil servants as well as political appointees . Religious beliefs or the lack of them have therefore not been permissible tests or qualifications with regard to federal employees since the ratification of the Constitution . Seven states , however , have language included in their Bill of Rights , Declaration of Rights , or in the body of their constitutions that require state office - holders to have particular religious beliefs , though some of these have been successfully challenged in court . These states are Texas , Massachusetts , Maryland , North Carolina , Pennsylvania , South Carolina , and Tennessee . The required beliefs of these clauses include belief in a Supreme Being and belief in a future state of rewards and punishments . ( Tennessee Constitution Article IX , Section 2 is one such example . ) Some of these same states specify that the oath of office include the words `` so help me God . '' In some cases these beliefs ( or oaths ) were historically required of jurors and witnesses in court . At one time , such restrictions were allowed under the doctrine of states ' rights ; today they are deemed to be in violation of the federal First Amendment , as applied to the states via the 14th amendment , and hence unconstitutional and unenforceable . While sometimes questioned as possible violations of separation , the appointment of official chaplains for government functions , voluntary prayer meetings at the Department of Justice outside of duty hours , voluntary prayer at meals in U.S. armed forces , inclusion of the ( optional ) phrase `` so help me God '' in the oaths for many elected offices , FBI agents , etc. , have been held not to violate the First Amendment , since they fall within the realm of free exercise of religion . Relaxed zoning rules and special parking privileges for churches , the tax - free status of church property , the fact that Christmas is a federal holiday , etc. , have also been questioned , but have been considered examples of the governmental prerogative in deciding practical and beneficial arrangements for the society . The national motto `` In God We Trust '' has been challenged as a violation , but the Supreme Court has ruled that ceremonial deism is not religious in nature . A circuit court ruling affirmed Ohio 's right to use as its motto a passage from the Bible , `` With God , all things are possible '' , because it displayed no preference for a particular religion . Jeffries and Ryan ( 2001 ) argue that the modern concept of separation of church and state dates from the mid-twentieth century rulings of the Supreme Court . The central point , they argue , was a constitutional ban against aid to religious schools , followed by a later ban on religious observance in public education . Jeffries and Ryan argue that these two propositions -- that public aid should not go to religious schools and that public schools should not be religious -- make up the separationist position of the modern Establishment Clause . Jeffries and Ryan argue that no - aid position drew support from a coalition of separationist opinion . Most important was `` the pervasive secularism that came to dominate American public life , '' which sought to confine religion to a private sphere . Further , the ban against government aid to religious schools was supported before 1970 by most Protestants ( and most Jews ) , who opposed aid to religious schools , which were mostly Catholic at the time . After 1980 , however , anti-Catholic sentiment has diminished among mainline Protestants , and the crucial coalition of public secularists and Protestant churches has collapsed . While mainline Protestant denominations are more inclined towards strict separation of church and state , much evangelical opinion has now largely deserted that position . As a consequence , strict separationism is opposed today by members of many Protestant faiths , even perhaps eclipsing the opposition of Roman Catholics . Critics of the modern concept of the `` separation of church and state '' argue that it is untethered to anything in the text of the constitution and is contrary to the conception of the phrase as the Founding Fathers understood it . Philip Hamburger , Columbia Law school professor and prominent critic of the modern understanding of the concept , maintains that the modern concept , which deviates from the constitutional establishment clause jurisprudence , is rooted in American anti-Catholicism and Nativism . Briefs before the Supreme Court , including by the U.S. government , have argued that some state constitutional amendments relating to the modern conception of separation of church and state ( Blaine Amendments ) were motivated by and intended to enact anti-Catholicism . J. Brent Walker , Executive Director of the Baptist Joint Committee , responded to Hamburger 's claims noting ; `` The fact that the separation of church and state has been supported by some who exhibited an anti-Catholic animus or a secularist bent does not impugn the validity of the principle . Champions of religious liberty have argued for the separation of church and state for reasons having nothing to do with anti-Catholicism or desire for a secular culture . Of course , separationists have opposed the Catholic Church when it has sought to tap into the public till to support its parochial schools or to argue for on - campus released time in the public schools . But that principled debate on the issues does not support a charge of religious bigotry '' Steven Waldman notes that ; `` The evangelicals provided the political muscle for the efforts of Madison and Jefferson , not merely because they wanted to block official churches but because they wanted to keep the spiritual and secular worlds apart . '' `` Religious freedom resulted from an alliance of unlikely partners , '' writes the historian Frank Lambert in his book The Founding Fathers and the Place of Religion in America . `` New Light evangelicals such as Isaac Bachus and John Leland joined forces with Deists and skeptics such as James Madison and Thomas Jefferson to fight for a complete separation of church and state . '' Politics and religion in the United States ( edit ) Robert N. Bellah has in his writings that although the separation of church and state is grounded firmly in the constitution of the United States , this does not mean that there is no religious dimension in the political society of the United States . He used the term `` Civil Religion '' to describe the specific relation between politics and religion in the United States . His 1967 article analyzes the inaugural speech of John F. Kennedy : `` Considering the separation of church and state , how is a president justified in using the word ' God ' at all ? The answer is that the separation of church and state has not denied the political realm a religious dimension . '' Robert S. Wood has argued that the United States is a model for the world in terms of how a separation of church and state -- no state - run or state - established church -- is good for both the church and the state , allowing a variety of religions to flourish . Speaking at the Toronto - based Center for New Religions , Wood said that the freedom of conscience and assembly allowed under such a system has led to a `` remarkable religiosity '' in the United States that is n't present in other industrialized nations . Wood believes that the U.S. operates on `` a sort of civic religion , '' which includes a generally shared belief in a creator who `` expects better of us . '' Beyond that , individuals are free to decide how they want to believe and fill in their own creeds and express their conscience . He calls this approach the `` genius of religious sentiment in the United States . '' See also ( edit ) Americans United for Separation of Church and State American Civil Liberties Union American Humanist Association Anti-clericalism Ban on Sharia law Ceremonial deism Christian amendment Christian Left Christian Right Freedom From Religion Foundation Freedom of religion in the United States Interfaith Alliance Johnson Amendment Mount Soledad cross controversy Pledge of Allegiance Criticism of the Pledge of Allegiance Public menorah Separation of church and state Sharia State religion United States religious history References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Jefferson , Thomas . Jefferson 's Letter to the Danbury Baptists : The Final Letter , as Sent . The Library of Congress Information Bulletin : June 1998 . Lib. of Cong. , June 1998 . Web . Aug 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Jefferson 's Danbury letter has been cited favorably by the Supreme Court several times . Jump up ^ Wald , Kenneth D. ; Calhoun - Brown , Allison ( 16 August 2010 ) . Religion and Politics in the United States . Rowman & Littlefield Publishers . pp. 80 -- 85 . ISBN 9781442201538 . The clarion call for accommodation was sounded by Justice William O. Douglas in 1952 : We are a religious people whose institutions presuppose a Supreme Being ... The accommodationist perspective emphasizes rather that the First Amendment was clearly not intended to be antireligious -- indeed , as already suggested , it was drafted precisely to protect the various religious practices of the states , including preferential establishments in some of them . Accomodationists therefore reinterpret the First Amendment to make of religious liberty a positive right , the exercise of which is to be encouraged by the government . By the same token , they believe that the First Amendment excludes only the direct establishment of , or preferential treatment for , a particular religion . Indeed , government should facilitate the practice of religion by both individuals and collectivities as essential to the common good . This position is very different from that of the separationists and leads to markedly different contemporary policies and practices . In addition , as the point of departure for historical interpretation , it focuses attention upon the residual religious quality of this founding period , which was hardly secularist . The same Congress that proposed the First Amendment was opened with prayer and named a chaplain . Indeed , most of the early presidents declared occasional days of thanksgiving -- and even of humiliation . Provision was made for support of religion in western lands . And , in time , the resources of religious groups were utilized in making government policy for relations with Native Americans . In sum , accommodationists consider that the operative ideal of the early republic was a nonpreferentialist posture of support for religion on the part of the government . In turn , that seems to point toward a modern ideal of accommodation of government to religin in ways that secure the greater common civil good as well as serve the spiritual ends of numbers of citizens . Jump up ^ ABA Journal Sep 1962 . Much more recently , in 1952 , speaking through Mr. Justice Douglas in Zorach v. Clauson , 343 U.S. 306 , 313 , the Supreme Court repeated the same sentiments , saying : We are a religious people whose institutions presuppose a Supreme Being . Mr. Justice Brewer in the Holy Trinity case , supra , mentioned many of these evidences of religion , and Mr. Justice Douglas in the Zorach case referred to ... ( P ) rayers in our legislative halls ; the appeals to the Almighty in the messages of the Chief Executive ; the proclamation making Thanksgiving Day a holiday ; `` So help me God '' in our courtroom oaths -- these and ... other references to the Almighty ... run through our laws , our public rituals , our ceremonies ... the supplication with which the Court opens each session : `` God save the United States and this Honorable Court '' ( 312 -- 313 ) . To this list may be added tax exemption of churches , chaplaincies in the armed forces , the `` Pray for Peace '' postmark , the widespread observance of Christmas holidays , and , in classrooms , singing the fourth stanza of America which is prayer invoking the protection of God , and the words `` in God is our trust '' as found in the National Anthem , and the reciting of the Pledge of Allegiance to the Flag , modified by an Act of Congress of June 14 , 1954 , to include the words `` under God '' . Jump up ^ See Lynch v. Donnelly , 465 U.S. 668 , 673 ( 1984 ) ( `` The concept of a ' wall ' of separation is a useful figure of speech probably deriving from views of Thomas Jefferson ... ( b ) ut the metaphor itself is not a wholly accurate description of the practical aspects of the relationship that in fact exists between church and state . '' ) ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Committee for Public Education & Religious Liberty v. Nyquist , 413 U.S. 756 , 760 ( 1973 ) ( `` Yet , despite Madison 's admonition and the ' sweep of the absolute prohibitions ' of the Clauses , this Nation 's history has not been one of entirely sanitized separation between Church and State . It has never been thought either possible or desirable to enforce a regime of total separation . '' ) ( 2 ) Jump up ^ Zorach v. Clauson , 343 U.S. 306 , 312 ( U.S. 1952 ) ( `` The First Amendment , however , does not say that in every and all respects there shall be a separation of Church and State . '' ) . Jump up ^ Lemon v. Kurtzman , 403 U.S. 602 ( 1971 ) ( `` Our prior holdings do not call for total separation between church and state ; total separation is not possible in an absolute sense . '' ) Jump up ^ The Cousins ' Wars , Kevin Phillips , 1999 Jump up ^ `` Rights of the People : Individual freedom and the Bill of Rights '' . US State Department . December 2003 . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2004 . Retrieved April 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Article VI of the North Carolina state constitution Jump up ^ `` Remonstrance of the Inhabitants of the Town of Flushing to Governor Stuyvesant '' , Dec 27 , 1657 . Jump up ^ `` Drawing the Line Between Church and State '' , CBS News , Dec 23 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Library of Congress . `` To Bigotry No Sanction '' . American Treasures of the Library of Congress . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Mr. Cotton 's Letter Lately Printed , Examined and Answered , '' The Complete Writings of Roger Williams , Volume 1 , page 108 ( 1644 ) . Jump up ^ Feldman , Noah ( 2005 ) . Divided by God . Farrar , Straus and Giroux , p. 24 ( `` Williams 's metaphor was rediscovered by Isaac Backus , a New England Baptist of Jefferson 's generation , who believed , like Williams , that an established church -- which he considered to exist in the Massachusetts of his day -- would never protect religious dissenters like himself and must be opposed in order to keep religion pure . '' ) Jump up ^ To Messrs. Nehemiah Dodge and Others , a Committee of the Danbury Baptist Association , in the State of Connecticut . January 1 , 1802 . Full text available online . Jump up ^ Danbury Baptist Association 's letter to Thomas Jefferson , October 7 , 1801 . Full text available online . Jump up ^ Official Letters of the Governors of the State of Virginia ( Virginia State Library , 1928 ) , Vol. II , pp. 64 -- 66 , November 11 , 1779 . Jump up ^ Lee v. Weisman , 505 U.S. 577 ( 1992 ) ( Souter , J. , concurring ) ( `` President Jefferson , for example , steadfastly refused to issue Thanksgiving proclamations of any kind , in part because he thought they violated the Religion Clauses . '' ) Jump up ^ James D. Richardson , A Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Presidents ( Washington : Bureau of National Literature , 1897 ) , Vol. II , pp. 498 , 517 -- 518 , 543 , 545 -- 546 . Jump up ^ James Madison 's veto messages Archived February 3 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Religion and the Founding of the American Republic ; Library of Congress exhibit website . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 07 Jump up ^ James Madison , Memorial and Remonstrance against Religious Assessments Jump up ^ ( March 2 , 1819 letter to Robert Walsh ) , Lambert , Frank ( 2003 ) . `` The founding fathers and the place of religion in America '' . Princeton University Press : 288 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 08829 - 7 . Jump up ^ James Madison . `` Monopolies Perpetuities Corporations -- Ecclesiastical Endowments '' . constitution.org . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 16 . Jump up ^ ( 1811 letter to Baptist Churches ) Jump up ^ Madison 's letter to Edward Livingston , July 10 , 1822 Jump up ^ See Morison and Commager , vol I Jump up ^ Jefferson 's letter to Thomas Cooper , November 2 , 1822 Jump up ^ Dumas Malone , Jefferson and His Times , 6 , 393 Jump up ^ Ashley M. Bell , `` God Save this Honorable Court '' : How Current Establishment Clause Jurisprudence can be Reconciled with the Secularization of Historical Religious Expressions , 50 Am. U.L. Rev. 1273 , 1282 n. 49 ( 2001 ) ( 3 ) Jump up ^ Hall , Mark David . `` Jeffersonian Walls and Madisonian Lines : The Supreme Court 's Use of History in Religion Clause Cases . '' Oregon Law Review 85 ( 2006 ) , 563 -- 614 Jump up ^ Reynolds v. U.S. , 98 U.S. 145 ( 1878 ) Jump up ^ The Story of New Jersey ; ed. , William Starr Myers ( 1945 ) Vol. II , chapter 4 Jump up ^ Article XIX , italics added . Jump up ^ Paschal , George ( 2007 - 03 - 23 ) ( 1868 ) . The Constitution of the United States Defined and Carefully Annotated . W.H. & O.H. Morrison Law Booksellers . p. 254 . Jump up ^ Boston , Rob ( 2012 ) . `` A Delicate Balance '' . Conscience. 33 ( 2 ) : 12 -- 16 . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ The Founders ' Constitution Volume 5 , Amendment I ( Religion ) , Document 53 . The University of Chicago Press . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ Forgotten Purposes of the First Amendment Religion Clauses Gary D. Glenn . The Review of Politics , Vol. 49 , No. 3 ( Summer , 1987 ) , pp. 340 -- 367 . Jump up ^ Kyle G. Volk , Moral Minorities and the Making of American Democracy ( Oxford University Press , 2014 ) Jump up ^ Everson v. Board of Education , 330 U.S. 1 ( 1947 ) . Jump up ^ REYNOLDS v. U.S. , 98 U.S. 145 ( 1878 ) 98 U.S. 145 Jump up ^ Engel v. Vitale , 370 U.S. 421 ( 1962 ) Jump up ^ EPPERSON v. ARKANSAS , 393 U.S. 97 ( 1968 ) Jump up ^ Sandra Day O'Connor ( June 27 , 2005 ) . `` McCreary County vs. American Civil Liberties Union of Kentucky '' . Legal Information Institute , Cornell university Law Department . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 13 . Jump up ^ Lemon v. Kurtzman , 403 U.S. 602 , 612 -- 613 , 91 S. Ct. 2105 , 2111 , 29 L. Ed. 2d 745 ( 1971 ) . Jump up ^ Senate Pledges Allegiance Under God . Fox News , Thursday , June 27 , 2002 Jump up ^ 482 U.S. 578 ( Text of opinion in Edwards v. Aguillard from Findlaw.com ) Jump up ^ `` US federal court rejects separation of church and state '' . Catholic World News . 2005 - 12 - 22 . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 07 . Jump up ^ Onell R. Soto , City has 90 days to remove Mt . Soledad cross , The San Diego Union - Tribune , May 4 , 2006 , p . A1 . Jump up ^ June , Daniel , `` Supreme Court to Hear Case About Public Prayers '' Jump up ^ Lauren Markoe And Cathy Lynn Grossman ( May 5 , 2014 ) . `` Supreme Court approves sectarian prayer at public meetings '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved May 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ See Wikipedia article : Treaty of Tripoli Jump up ^ Ed Whelan , This Week in Liberal Judicial Activism -- Week of February 5 , National Review Online . February 5 , 2007 Jump up ^ Thomas White ( 2007 ) . First Freedom : The Baptist Perspective on Religious Liberty . B&H Publishing Group . p. 107 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8054 - 4387 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Religious discrimination in state constitutions '' . ReligiousTolerance.org . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 07 . Jump up ^ American Civil Liberties Union of Ohio and The Rev. Matthew Peterson v. Capitol Square Review & Advisory Board , 243 F. 3d 289 ( 6th Cir. 2001 ) . Jump up ^ LOCKE V. DAVEY 540 U.S. 712 ( 2004 ) Jump up ^ Book Review : Separation of Church and State Jump up ^ The Framers and the Faithful : How modern evangelicals are ignoring their own history . By Steven Waldman Jump up ^ Bellah , Robert Neelly ( Winter 1967 ) . `` Civil Religion in America '' . Journal of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences . 96 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 21 . Archived from the original on 2005 - 03 - 06 . From the issue entitled Religion in America . ^ Jump up to : Farmer , Molly ( June 15 , 2009 ) , `` U.S. is a model of how variety of religions can flourish '' , Deseret News Bibliography ( edit ) Barry McGowan , How to Separate Church & State : A Manual from the Trenches Hufton Mueller , LLC , 2012 ISBN 978 - 0 - 615 - 63802 - 7 Philip Hamburger , Separation of Church and State Harvard University Press , 2002 . ISBN 0 - 674 - 00734 - 4 OCLC : 48958015 Marci A. Hamilton , God vs. the Gavel : Religion and the Rule of Law , Cambridge University Press , 2005 , ISBN 0 - 521 - 85304 - 4 Mark DeWolfe Howe . The Garden and the Wilderness : Religion and Government in American Constitutional History ( U. of Chicago Press , 1965 ) Daniel L. Dreisbach . Thomas Jefferson and the Wall of Separation Between Church and State ( New York University Press , 2003 ) Daniel L. Dreisbach and Mark David Hall . The Sacred Rights of Conscience : Selected Readings on Religious Liberty and Church - State Relations in the American Founding ( Indianapolis : Liberty Fund Press , 2009 ) Daniel L. Dreisbach , Mark David Hall , and Jeffry Morrison . The Forgotten Founders on Religion and Public Life ( Notre Dame : University of Notre Dame Press , 2009 ) John C. Jeffries Jr. and James E. Ryan , `` A Political History of the Establishment Clause , '' 100 Michigan Law Rev. ( 2001 ) online version Mark David Hall , `` Jeffersonian Walls and Madisonian Lines : The Supreme Court 's Use of History in Religion Clause Cases , '' 85 Oregon Law Review ( 2006 ) , 563 - 614 . http://www.law.uoregon.edu/org/olr/archives/85/852hall.pdf Isaac Kramnick and R. Laurence Moore , The Godless Constitution : The Case Against Religious Correctness ( Norton , 1996 ) Philip B. Kurland , ed. , Church and State : The Supreme Court and the First Amendment ( U. of Chicago Press , 1975 ) Adam M. Samaha ; `` Separation of Church and State . '' Constitutional Commentary. 19 # 3 2002 . pp 713 +. online version Anson P. Stokes and Leo Pfeffer , Church and State in the United States ( reprint , 1964 ) Kyle G. Volk , Moral Minorities and the Making of American Democracy ( Oxford University Press , 2014 ) External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Separation of church and state in the United States American Court battles over separation ( edit ) 1947 , first case concerning separation of church and state ; supporting bussing for children to private religious schools and declaring that states were required to provide the same guarantees of religious freedom as the federal government 1948 , banning religious instruction in public schools 1952 , allowing religious instruction off school property during regular school hours 1962 , banning teacher - led prayer from public schools 1963 , banning Bible - reading and the recital of the Lord 's Prayer in public schools 1973 , allowing state funding for textbooks and teachers ' salaries in religious schools ; creating the Lemon test 1987 , declared the Creation Act invalid , which had mandated the teaching of Creation if Evolution was taught 1989 , banning religious displays depicting only one religion 1992 , banning prayers given by clergy as a part of an official public school graduation ceremony . Other ( edit ) `` Rights of the People - The Roots of Religious Liberty '' . U.S. Department of State , International Information Programs . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2004 . Retrieved April 7 , 2007 . `` Rights of the People - Religious liberty in the Modern era '' . U.S. Department of State , International Information Programs . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 07 . Christian Science Monitor analysis of George Washington 's letter and its implications `` The Intellectual Origins of the Establishment Clause '' by Noah Feldman , Asst . Professor of Law , New York University , 2002 . Royal C. Gilkey , `` The Problem of Church and State in Terms of the Nonestablishment and Free Exercise of Religion '' , William & Mary Law Review , Vol. 9 , Issue I , 1967 , 149 - 165 Robert Struble Jr. , Treatise on Twelve Lights : To Restore America the Beautiful under God and the Written Constitution , 2007 -- 08 edition . Baptist Joint Committee for Religious Liberty Separation of Church and State Misunderstanding Jefferson 's `` wall of separation '' metaphor ' A Wall of Separation ' : FBI Helps Restore Jefferson 's Obliterated Draft , Library of Congress information Bulletin , June 1998 -- Vol. 57 , No. 6 , by James H. Hutson , Chief , Manuscript Division , Library of Congress . hide United States Constitution Articles Preamble II III IV V VI VII Amendments Ratified Bill of Rights 5 6 7 8 9 10 Others 11 12 Reconstruction Amendments 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Pending Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin Amendment Child Labor Unsuccessful Equal Rights District of Columbia Voting Rights Amendment proposals in Congress Convention to propose amendments State ratifying conventions Formation History Articles of Confederation Mount Vernon Conference Annapolis Convention Philadelphia Convention Virginia Plan New Jersey Plan Connecticut Compromise Three - Fifths Compromise Committee of Detail Signing Independence Hall Syng inkstand The Federalist Papers Anti-Federalist Papers Massachusetts Compromise Virginia Ratifying Convention Hillsborough Convention Rhode Island ratification Drafting and ratification timeline Clauses Appointments Appropriations Assistance of Counsel Case or Controversy Citizenship Commerce Compact Compulsory Process Confrontation Congressional enforcement Contract Copyright and Patent Double Jeopardy Due Process Equal Protection Establishment Exceptions Excessive Bail Ex post facto Extradition Free Exercise Free Speech Fugitive Slave Full Faith and Credit General Welfare Guarantee Impeachment Import - Export Ineligibility Militia Natural - born citizen Necessary and Proper New States No Religious Test Oath or Affirmation Origination Pardon Petition Postal Presentment Privileges and Immunities Privileges or Immunities Recess appointment Recommendation Self - Incrimination Speech or Debate Speedy Trial State of the Union Supremacy Suspension Take Care Takings Taxing and Spending Territorial Title of Nobility Treaty Trial by Jury Vesting Vicinage War Powers List of clauses Interpretation Concurrent powers Constitutional law Criminal procedure Criminal sentencing Dormant Commerce Clause Enumerated powers Equal footing Executive privilege Incorporation of the Bill of Rights Judicial review Nondelegation doctrine Preemption Saxbe fix Separation of church and state Separation of powers Taxation power Unitary executive theory Display and legacy National Archives Charters of Freedom Rotunda Independence Mall Constitution Day Constitution Gardens National Constitution Center Scene at the Signing of the Constitution ( painting ) A More Perfect Union ( film ) Worldwide influence US Government Portal Law Portal Wikipedia book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States&oldid=844447441 '' Categories : Separation of church and state in the United States History of religion in the United States Separation of church and state Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from November 2012 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2007 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2012 All Wikipedia articles needing clarification Wikipedia articles needing clarification from September 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2008 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Español Edit links This page was last edited on 5 June 2018 , at 00 : 05 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | the right to choose your own religions or no religion at all is part of the _ amendment | [
"\"Separation of church and state\" is paraphrased from Thomas Jefferson and used by others in expressing an understanding of the intent and function of the Establishment Clause and Free Exercise Clause of the First Amendment to the Constitution of the United States which reads: \"Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof...\""
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-4145277840780136602 | Women's International League for Peace and Freedom | Women 's International League for Peace and Freedom - Wikipedia Women 's International League for Peace and Freedom Jump to : navigation , search Women 's International League for Peace and Freedom Formation 1915 Founders Jane Addams , Marian Cripps , Margaret E. Dungan Type NGO Headquarters Geneva The Women 's International League for Peace and Freedom ( WILPF ) is a non-profit non-governmental organization working `` to bring together women of different political views and philosophical and religious backgrounds determined to study and make known the causes of war and work for a permanent peace '' and to unite women worldwide who oppose oppression and exploitation . WILPF has national sections in 37 countries . WILPF is headquartered in Geneva and maintains a United Nations office in New York City . Contents ( hide ) 1 Organizational history 1.1 Woman 's Peace Party ( USA ) 1.2 International Congress of Women , The Hague , 1915 1.3 Second International Women 's Congress for Peace and Freedom , Zürich , 1919 1.4 WILPF and the United Nations 2 WILPF today 2.1 Positions 2.2 PeaceWomen 2.3 Famous Members 3 Congresses 4 See also 5 Notes 6 Further reading 7 External links Organizational History ( edit ) WILPF developed out of the International Women 's Congress against World War I that took place in The Hague , Netherlands , in 1915 ; the name WILPF was not chosen until 1919 . The first WILPF president , Jane Addams , had previously founded the Woman 's Peace Party in the United States , in January 1915 , this group later became the US section of WILPF . Along with Jane Addams , Marian Cripps and Margaret E. Dungan were also founding members . As of 1920 the US section of WILPF was headquartered in New York City . Marian Cripps , Baroness Parmoor , who later served as president of its British branch . Furthermore , Women 's international league for peace and freedom opposed to wars and international conflicts . Since it is an undeniable fact that wars will violate individual 's peace and freedom , the league organised and took formal actions to end the war . The major movements of the league are open letter to UN secretary general to formally end the Korean War , International day for the total elimination of nuclear weapons and statement on weapons , gender - based violence and women human rights defenders . As the league is consisted of women , concentrated professionals are allowed to improve the current issues related to women and people . Woman 's Peace Party ( usa ) ( edit ) Main article : Woman 's Peace Party The forerunner to the Women 's International League for Peace and Freedom , the Woman 's Peace Party ( WPP ) was formed in January , 1915 in Washington , D.C. at a meeting called by Jane Addams and Carrie Chapman Catt . The approximately 3,000 women attendees approved a platform calling for the extension of suffrage to women and for a conference of neutral countries to offer continuous mediation as a way of ending war . WPP sent representatives to a subsequent International Women 's Congress for Peace and Freedom , held in The Hague from April 28 -- 30 , 1915 . International Congress of Women , the Hague , 1915 ( edit ) The 1915 International Congress of Women was organized by the German feminist Anita Augspurg , Germany 's first female jurist , and Lida Gustava Heymann ( 1868 -- 1943 ) at the invitation of the Dutch pacifist , feminist and suffragist Aletta Jacobs to protest the war then raging in Europe , and to suggest ways to prevent war in the future . The Congress opened on April 28 and was attended by 1,136 participants from both neutral and belligerent nations , adopted much of the platform of WPP and established an International Committee of Women for Permanent Peace ( ICWPP ) with Jane Addams as president . WPP soon became the US Section of ICWPP . Second International Women 's Congress for Peace and Freedom , Zürich , 1919 ( edit ) Jane Addams met with President Woodrow Wilson and is said to have worked out some common ground on peace . However , at their second international congress , held in Zürich in 1919 , ICWPP denounced the final terms of the peace treaty ending World War I as a scheme of revenge of the victors over the vanquished that would sow the seeds of another world war . They decided to make their committee permanent and renamed it the Women 's International League for Peace and Freedom . WILPF moved its headquarters to Geneva to be near the proposed site of the League of Nations , although WILPF did not endorse empowering that organization to conduct food blockades or to use military pressure to enforce its resolutions . The League called for international disarmament and an end to economic imperialism . The US branch of WILPF grew in recognition and membership during the post-WWI era , despite some attacks on the organisation as `` unpatriotic '' during the First Red Scare . The WILPF supported treaties such as the Washington Naval Treaty and the Kellogg - Briand Pact , regarding them as stepping stones to a peaceful world order . During the 1930s , Vera Brittain was the WILPF 's Vice-President . Prior to the outbreak of World War Two , the League also supported measures to provide relief for Europe 's Jewish community . Although WIPLF membership is restricted to women , several male peace activists have contributed to WIPLF meetings and publications , including Bart de Ligt and J.D. Bernal . Two WILPF leaders have received the Nobel Peace Prize for their peace efforts and international outlook and work with WILPF : Jane Addams , in 1931 and Emily Greene Balch in 1946 . WILPF and the United Nations ( edit ) WILPF has had Consultative Status ( category B) with the UN Economic and Social Council ( ECOSOC ) since 1948 and has Special Consultative Relations with the United Nations Educational , Scientific and Cultural Organization ( UNESCO ) and the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development ( UNCTAD ) , as well as special relations with the International Labour Organization ( ILO ) , Food and Agriculture Organization ( FAO ) , United Nations Children 's Fund ( UNICEF ) and other organizations and agencies . WILPF has advocates and lobbies for the democratization of the UN , the Security Council and all other UN organizations and agencies ; monitors Security Council and General Assembly activities in order to promote reforms ; opposes the privatisation and corporatisation of the UN , especially the global compact with corporations ; and advocates for the abolition of the Security Council veto . WILPF today ( edit ) Positions ( edit ) WILPF envisions a world free of violence , poverty , pollution and dominance . WILPF stands for equality of all people in a world free of racism , sexism and homophobia ; the building of a constructive peace through world disarmament ; and the changing of government priorities to meet human needs . Broad areas of concern are : Disarmament , Demilitarisation and Good governance Environmental sustainability Global Economic Justice PeaceWomen ( edit ) PeaceWomen is a project of the WILPF , based out of their United Nations office in New York City . Its mission is described on its website as follows : The PeaceWomen Project promotes the role of women in preventing conflict , and the equal and full participation of women in all efforts to create and maintain international peace and security . PeaceWomen facilitates monitoring of the UN system , information sharing and the enabling of meaningful dialogue for positive impact on women 's lives in conflict and post-conflict environments . PeaceWomen 's work focuses on six core areas of action to promote its mission : monitoring the UN Security Council 's implementation of the Council 's Resolution 1325 providing a comprehensive online information source on women , peace and security at www.peacewomen.org monitoring the UN system 's implementation of Resolution 1325 advocating for the rapid and full implementation of Resolution 1325 and related resolutions managing the translation initiative and general outreach related to women , peace and security Famous members ( edit ) WILPF 's famous members include a long list of individuals . Some of which are the likes of Alice Walker , Coretta Scott King , Madeleine Rees and Brandy G. Robinson . Congresses ( edit ) WILPF 's international records are held at the University of Colorado Boulder . They contain the reports of the congresses . 1st , The Hague , 1915 2nd , Zürich , 1919 3rd , Vienna , 1921 4th , Washington , D.C. 1924 5th , Dublin , 1926 6th , Prague , 1929 7th , Grenoble , 1932 8th , Zurich , 1934 9th , Luhačovice , 1937 10th , Luxembourg , 1946 11th , Copenhagen , 1949 12th , Paris , 1953 13th , Birmingham , 1956 14th , Stockholm , 1959 15th , Asilomar , 1962 16th , The Hague , 1966 17th , Nyborg Strand , 1968 18th , New Delhi , 1971 19th , Birmingham , 1974 20th , Tokyo , 1977 21st , Hamden , 1980 22nd , Gothenburg , 1983 23rd , Woudschoten - Zeist , 1986 24th , Sydney , 1989 25th , Santa Cruz de la Sierra , 1992 26th , Helsinki , 1995 27th , Baltimore , 1998 28th , 2001 29th , Gothenberg , 2004 30th , Santa Cruz , 2007 31st , 2011 32nd , The Hague , 2015 See also ( edit ) A Single Woman ( movie ) A Single Woman ( play ) Gender and Security Sector Reform Jane Addams Jeannette Rankin People 's Council of America for Democracy and Peace Raging Grannies List of anti-war organizations List of peace activists List of women 's organizations Helene Stähelin ( mathematician ) -- President of the WILPF 's Swiss section 1948 -- 1967 Gertrude C. Bussey - President of the WILPF 's American section 1939 -- 1941 , and Honorary National President 1960 -- 1961 who wrote much of WILPF 's history . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bussey , Gertrude ; Tims , Margaret ( 1980 ) . Pioneers for Peace . Women 's International League for Peace and Freedom 1915 - 1965 . Oxford : Alden Press . Jump up ^ Women , peace and transnational activism , a century on History and Policy ( 2015 ) ^ Jump up to : Faith , Thomas I. ( 2014 ) . `` Women 's International League for Peace and Freedom '' . In Wayne , Tiffany K ; Banner , Lois W. Women 's Rights in the United States : a comprehensive encyclopedia of issues , events , and people . Santa Barbara , California : ABC - CLIO . pp. 272 -- 3 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 61069 - 214 - 4 . Jump up ^ Harriet Hyman Alonso ( 1993 ) . `` Former Suffragists for Peace during the Interwar Years , 1919 - 1935 '' . Peace As a Women 's Issue : A History of the U.S. Movement for World Peace and Women 's Rights . Syracuse University Press . pp. 85 -- 124 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8156 - 0269 - 9 . Jump up ^ Oldfield , Sybil . `` Ellis , Marian Emily '' . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography . Oxford University Press . Retrieved 6 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sir John Lavery Portrait of The Lady Parmooor Oil on canvas , 76 x 64cm ( 30 x 25 ) Signed '' . Retrieved 6 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` International Congress of Women opens at The Hague '' . History. Doc . Retrieved 12 December 2014 . Jump up ^ van der Veen , Sietske ( 22 June 2017 ) . `` Hirschmann , Susanna Theodora Cornelia ( 1871 - 1957 ) '' . Huygens ING ( in Dutch ) . The Hague , The Netherlands : Huygens Institute for the History of the Netherlands . Archived from the original on 30 August 2017 . Retrieved 30 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Deane , Patrick ( 1998 ) . History in our hands : a critical anthology of writings on literature , culture , and politics from the 1930s . London : Leicester University Press . pp. 63 -- 4 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7185 - 0143 - 3 . Jump up ^ de Ligt , Bart ( July 1929 ) . `` The Intellectual Class and Modern Warfare '' . Reconciliation . ( Speech originally given at WIPLF conference in Frankfurt - am - Main ) . Jump up ^ Swann , Brenda ; Aprahamian , Francis ( 1999 ) . J.D. Bernal : a life in science and politics . London : Verso . p. 234 . ISBN 1 - 85984 - 854 - 0 . Jump up ^ Ford , Liz ( 27 April 2015 ) . `` Centenary Stand : Female Activists Head for The Hague to Set a New Peace Agenda '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 8 December 2015 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) ^ Jump up to : About Us - PeaceWomen - A Project of the Women 's International League for Peace and Freedom Retrieved 22 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Women 's International League for Peace and Freedom ( WILPF ) Records , Accessions from 2000 - 2013 , Swarthmore College Peace Collection '' . www.swarthmore.edu . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Women 's International League for Peace and Freedom ( WILPF ) Records , Accessions from 2000 - 2013 , Swarthmore College Peace Collection '' . www.swarthmore.edu . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` WILPF Collection ( DG043 ) '' . Swarthmore College Peace Collection . Retrieved 22 June 2015 . Further reading ( edit ) Harriet Hyman Alonso , Peace as a Women 's Issue : A History of the U.S. Movement for World Peace and Women 's Rights Syracuse , NY : Syracuse University Press , 1993 . Gertrude Bussey and Margaret Tims , Pioneers for Peace : Women 's International League for Peace and Freedom 1915 - 1965 . Oxford : Alden Press , 1980 ... Carrie A. Foster , The Women and the Warriors : The U.S. Section of the Women 's International League for Peace and Freedom , 1915 - 1946 . Syracuse , NY : Syracuse University Press , 1995 . Catherine Foster , Women for All Seasons : The Story of the Women 's International League for Peace and Freedom . Athens , GA : University of Georgia Press , 1989 . Leila J. Rupp : `` Transnational Women 's Movements , '' European History Online , Mainz : Institute of European History , 2011 . Ethel Snowden , A Political Pilgrim in Europe , New York : George H. Doran , 1921 . Wiltsher , Anne ( 1985 ) . Most dangerous women : feminist peace campaigners of the Great War ( 1 . publ . ed . ) . London : Pandora Press . ISBN 0863580106 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Women 's International League for Peace and Freedom . Official website WILPF Australia Section official website , www.wilpf.org.au/ WILPF United Kingdom Section official website , www.ukwilpf.org.uk/ WILPF United States Section official website , www.wilpf.org/ Jane Addams Peace Association , www.janeaddamspeace.org/ Peace Women , www.peacewomen.org/ Reaching Critical Will , www.reachingcriticalwill.org/ Women 's International League for Peace and Freedom , International Headquarters records , University of Colorado at Boulder , ucblibraries.Colorado.edu/ Women 's International League for Peace and Freedom , American Section records , Collection DG 043 , Swarthmore College , www.swarthmore.edu/ Women 's International League for Peace and Freedom , British Section records , London School of Economics , Archives Division , archives.lse.ac.uk/ Records , 1915 - 1977 . Schlesinger Library , Radcliffe Institute , Harvard University . Women 's International League for Peace and Freedom Collection ( ARS. 0056 ) , Stanford Archive of Recorded Sound ( hide ) Anti-war movement and peace Opposition to wars or aspects of war Afghan War American Civil War Iraq War Landmines Military action in Iran Military intervention in Libya Military taxation Nuclear armament Second Boer War Sri Lankan Civil War Vietnam War War of 1812 War on Terror World War I World War II Agents of opposition Anti-nuclear organizations Anti-war movement Anti-war organizations Bed - In Central Park be-ins Conscientious objectors Counterculture Draft evasion Human Be-In List of peace activists Peace and conflict studies Peace camp Peace churches Peace commission Peace education Peace movement Peace walk Teach - in War resisters War tax resisters Related ideologies Ahimsa Anarcho - pacifism Anarcho - punks Anti-imperialism Anti-nuclear movement Antimilitarism Appeasement Christian anarchism Direct action Finvenkismo Hippie Isolationism Non-interventionism Nonkilling Nonviolence Pacificism Pacifism Satyagraha Simple living Socialism Soviet influence on the peace movement Media and cultural Art Books Films International Day of Non-Violence International Day of Peace Dialogue Among Civilizations List of places named Peace `` Make love , not war '' Monuments and memorials Museums Peace journalism Peace News Plays Promoting Enduring Peace Songs Symbols World Game Countries Canada Germany Israel Netherlands Spain United Kingdom United States VIAF : 141597508 LCCN : n50081271 ISNI : 0000 0001 2171 6452 GND : 65821 - 2 SUDOC : 035371099 BNF : cb121343361 ( data ) NDL : 00705983 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Women%27s_International_League_for_Peace_and_Freedom&oldid=821760545 '' Categories : Peace organizations Nonviolence Organizations established in 1915 International women 's organizations 1915 establishments in the United States Opposition to World War I Women 's International League for Peace and Freedom Hidden categories : CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français Italiano עברית Қазақша Latina Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 22 January 2018 , at 13 : 37 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what was the womens peace party and who formed it | [
"WILPF developed out of the International Women's Congress against World War I that took place in The Hague, Netherlands, in 1915; the name WILPF was not chosen until 1919.[1][2] The first WILPF president, Jane Addams, had previously founded the Woman's Peace Party in the United States, in January 1915, this group later became the US section of WILPF.[3] Along with Jane Addams, Marian Cripps and Margaret E. Dungan were also founding members. As of 1920 the US section of WILPF was headquartered in New York City.[4] Marian Cripps, Baroness Parmoor, who later served as president of its British branch.[5][6]"
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"Woman's Peace Party in the United States, in January 1915, this group later became the US section of WILPF"
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-8354604950296363064 | Driving in Singapore | Driving in Singapore - wikipedia Driving in Singapore Jump to : navigation , search The lead section of this article may need to be rewritten . Please discuss this issue on the article 's talk page . Use the lead layout guide to ensure the section follows Wikipedia 's norms and to be inclusive of all essential details . ( March 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Pan Island Expressway , one of the main expressways in the Singapore road network . Life in Singapore Culture Dance Demographics Driving Economy Education Film Holidays Languages Literature Music Politics Religion Singapore English Sports Transport Conscription In Singapore , cars and other vehicles drive on the left side of the road , as in neighbouring Malaysia , due to its British colonial history ( which led to British driving rules being adopted in India , Australia , New Zealand , and Hong Kong as well ) . As a result , most vehicles are right - hand drive . However , exemptions have been made to allow foreign vehicles and construction machineries to utilise the roadspace of Singapore . As such , vehicles with left hand drive configurations are required to either be driven with a sign indicating `` LEFT - HAND - DRIVE '' or towed . The per - capita car ownership rate in Singapore is 12 cars per 100 people ( or 1 car per 8.25 people ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Driving licence 2.1 Obtaining a driving licence 2.2 Foreign drivers in Singapore 2.3 Licence renewal 2.4 Riding motorcycles registered on a different holder 2.5 Driver Improvement Points System 3 Roads in Singapore 3.1 Electronic Road Pricing 3.2 Low Emission Zone 3.3 Parking 3.4 Road signs 3.5 Left turn or right turn at a red traffic light 3.6 Special Roads 4 Traffic safety 4.1 Driving safety 4.2 Car safety crash tests 5 Buying a car 5.1 Certificate of Entitlement 5.2 Preferential Additional Registration Fee 5.3 Open Market Value 5.4 Licence plates 6 Car market 6.1 Domestic car market 6.2 Aftermarket 6.3 Singapore as an automobile exporter 7 Left hand drive Vs Right hand drive 8 Petrol market 8.1 Major companies in the retail petrol market 8.2 Net exporter of refined petrol 8.3 Effects of the price of petrol in Singapore on the Australian market 9 Foreign assessment of Singapore motoring 10 Measures to reduce vehicle usage 11 See also 12 References 13 External links History ( edit ) Geylang Road was one of the earliest roads built in Singapore . The earliest roads in Singapore , after its founding in 1819 , were laid out in the Jackson Plan of 1822 in keeping with Sir Stamford Raffles 's directions . A grid system was adopted for the town with roads for carriages being 16 yards ( 15 m ) wide , and those for horses four yards wide . Pedestrian paths along the roadsides were two yards wide , allowing room for two people to walk abreast and giving rise to the five - foot ways that came to be associated with the sheltered walkways along roadside shops . These roads were fairly advanced for the time , with Macadam surfacing used on High Street as early as 1821 . Roads were also constructed across the rest of the island , although they were usually unsurfaced . Most of the roads were accessible to the kampong roads by 1845 , and finally to the HDB developed roads since the 1960s . Currently , there are a lot of roads and expressways in Singapore . The first motor car was introduced in Singapore in 1896 . As with many other urban areas of the time , all the earliest modes of transport were replaced by today 's transport . Driving licence ( edit ) Obtaining a driving licence ( edit ) A class 3 or class 3A licence permits the holder to drive motorcars weighing less than 3,000 kg when unladen and to carry no more than seven passengers . In addition , the holder may drive a motor tractor or other motor vehicles with an unladen weight of less than 2,500 kg . A class 3A licence limits the holder to drive motor vehicles without a clutch pedal , typically automatic transmission cars , whereas a class 3 licence allows the holder to drive all motor vehicles . Class 3A drivers are not allowed to drive manual transmission cars . Drivers must be 18 years old to qualify for a licence including applying for theory lessons . Once a driver passes the Basic Theory Test ( BTT ) , a Provisional Driving Licence ( PDL ) which lasts for six months before December 2017 , 2 years validity after 1 December 2017 , must be applied for before taking the practical driving lesson . It is an offence to learn to drive without a vaild PDL licence . However , a student can choose to apply and pass the Final Theory Test ( FTT ) before applying for a PDL and starting driving lessons . The last stage of obtaining a driving licence is the practical driving test , for which a student must have a FTT pass result slip and a valid PDL . Failure to do so will cause the test to be rejected by the Traffic Police Tester . The driving theory tests consists of 50 questions to be answered within 50 minutes ; to pass , you must answer 45 out of the 50 questions correctly . Results are shown immediately after the test on the same touchscreen monitor . Foreign drivers in Singapore ( edit ) The Singapore Traffic Police require foreigners residing in Singapore to have a valid foreign driver 's licence and to be at least 18 years old . Conversion to a Singaporean licence is often possible for certain classes of vehicles . Foreigners who have obtained a Singapore licence are supplied with a limited - duration licence which needs to be renewed between one month before expiry to three years after expiry . After this period , the conversion procedure or licensing theory and practical tests must be taken all over again . Licence renewal ( edit ) No renewal of a driving licence is required for Singapore citizens and permanent residents since the introduction of the photocard licence . The driving licence is for the normal lifespan of the person and can be surrendered upon request to the Traffic Police . If the person passes away , the licence will have to be surrendered to the Traffic Police for cancellation , similar to National Registration Identity Card ( NRIC ) . It is an offence for any persons to continue or to possess or use any other persons 's identity cards listed above without authorization . A person who commits 12 demerit points and is above 80 years old is subject to early termination of the driving licence indefinitely , after which it will also not accept new drivers above 79 years old . Random medical check - up screenings will be done above 62 years old for all drivers ; however this is only valid if they still want to drive . For Class 4 , 5 , bus and taxi driving licences , annual medical check - ups are done from 70 years old all the way to 80 . The upper age limit is 81 . Riding motorcycles registered on a different holder ( edit ) In Singapore , it is illegal to ride a motorcycle if the rider 's name is not entered in the insurance contract . For each motorcycle , only one co-rider can be entered , but the procedure to change the co-rider is comparatively quick and easy . The only exception is commercial insurance , where any rider can use the vehicle . Only a business registered company can register for a commercial insurance . Example : Any rider can rent a motorcycle at AloRide.com . Driver Improvement points system ( edit ) The Driver Improvement Points System ( DIPS ) is a system whereby demerit points will be added to the driver 's record . The system is meant to deter drivers from infringing the rules - of - the - road and , if they do , suspend their driving licence for a period of time . This system requires offenders to retest and pass the driving test again from the beginning . If a driver accumulates 24 demerit points within a period of two years , he / she will be suspended from driving for three months . If he / she had been suspended before , he / she will only be allowed to accumulate less than 12 demerit points in a period of 12 months . It is a driving licence scheme where those foreigners who have their licence suspended will have their licences affected , as this is from other countries . A driving licence is a statutory requirement and is commonly used worldwide . Currently , drivers are given demerit points if they commit certain traffic offences such as speeding and passengers not fastening their seat belts . Roads in Singapore ( edit ) Electronic road Pricing ( edit ) ERP gantry Main article : Electronic Road Pricing ( Singapore ) The Land Transport Authority ( LTA ) in Singapore implemented an Electronic Road Pricing ( ERP ) scheme to deter traffic congestion during peak hours at various roads . The ERP scheme requires electronic gantries to be placed over the road at designated locations and that cars be equipped with an In - Vehicle Unit ( IU ) , a rectangular device pasted on the inside bottom right of the front windscreen from the driver 's view , which will deduct the toll price from a CashCard . The CashCard must be inserted into the device , and failure to do so is in violation of law . There is no charge for entering the area during certain non-peak times . Low Emission Zone ( edit ) The LTA also implemented the Low Emission Zone to deter air pollution at various roads . SBS Transit had not extended most of the Volvo DM3500s and some Striders , including SMRT had early retired Dennis Lance 245 and Hino HS3KRK beginning 2013 , as part of the change of law . 2014 : All buses , vans , lorries and minibuses must meet minimum Euro II onwards . All taxis must meet minimum Euro III onwards 24 December 2017 : All buses , vans , lorries and minibuses must meet minimum Euro III onwards . All taxis must meet minimum Euro IV onwards Parking ( edit ) The cost of parking in many upgraded car parks can be deducted from the CashCard inserted in the IU of the vehicle , thus eliminating the need for the car park to have an attendant . Although the cost of parking ( which is published ) is variable , parking costs tend to be much less expensive compared to London and New York . For example , the Centrepoint shopping centre charges a mere S $1 ( approximately US $0.70 ) for the first hour , whereas garages in New York on Fifth Avenue and 57th Street charge between US $12 and US $26 for one hour . Some car parks in Singapore are equipped with sensors that can detect whether the position is filled or not . This information is processed and displayed in signs around the car park , directing drivers to areas where there are free spaces . Road signs ( edit ) Main article : Road signs in Singapore During British colonial rule , Singapore 's road rules and legislature which govern the design and layout of the road signs were directly imported from Britain . As such , most road signs in Singapore are similar to those in the UK . For example , warning signs are a depicted as red triangles and mandatory regulative signs are depicted as blue circles . However , several aspects of road signage and traffic - calming measures adopted locally developed standards after independence . Major deviations are as follows : 1 . A locally developed typeface is used in favour for the road signs , instead of Transport which was adopted in Britain . 2 . In 1998 , a system of black - on - yellow `` curve alignment markers '' were widely adopted and gradually replaced the British system of using white - on - black sharp deviation signs to delineate sharp turns . A few of the British system was still kept such as in Mandai Road and Suntec City . 3 . In the late 1990s , all the circular regulatory signs and triangular warning signs were mounted to a one - size - fits - all square white backing board to improve conspicuity on a complex background like trees . 4 . In the early 2000s , signs at road works are usually black - on - red - orange with diamond and rectangular shaped , which are similar to the Taiwanese system . Most roads , bridges , roundabouts , and tunnels are marked with signposts with the road 's name . The expressways in Singapore are not numbered ( unlike most other countries ) , but are named . Road signs abbreviate the full name of the expressway into three representative letters , such as the PIE for Pan Island Expressway or the ECP for East Coast Parkway respectively . Almost all road signs in Singapore are in English although many road names have a Malay origin . Typically , `` Jalan '' is used for `` Road '' and `` Lorong '' is used for `` Lane '' . Multilingual road signs exist , especially for historically ethnic enclaves like Chinatown or Little India , or for landmarks . For example , some directional signs pointing to Chinese or Hindu temples are bilingual or trilingual ( English , Chinese , or Tamil ) . Bilingual signage dates to the early days of Singapore . 5 . Curiously enough , even on the larger signs , road names are rarely spelt out in full . For example , `` road '' is almost always `` Rd '' ( `` Avenue '' as `` Ave '' , `` Bukit '' as `` Bt '' , `` Boulevard '' as `` Blvd '' , `` Close '' as `` Cl '' , `` Central '' as `` Ctrl '' , `` Crescent '' as `` Cres '' , `` Drive '' as `` Dr '' , `` Jalan '' as `` Jln '' , `` Kampong '' as `` Kg '' , `` Lane '' as `` Ln '' , `` Lorong '' as `` Lor '' , `` Upper '' as `` Upp '' , `` Place '' as `` Pl '' , `` Saint '' and `` Street '' as `` St '' , `` Tanjong '' as `` Tg '' ) . Exceptions include roads that end with less common words , such as `` walk '' , `` hill '' , and `` park '' . Left turn or right turn at a red traffic light ( edit ) Left Turn In Singapore , it is illegal to turn left ( into the nearest lane , due to the left - hand driving ) during a red light . This rule , however , does not apply if a `` Left Turn on Red '' sign is present at the junction , allowing left turning motorists to turn left , provided they stop before the stop line and give way to pedestrians and incoming traffic . Right Turn It is illegal to turn right during a red light in Singapore . Right turns are permissible only when one 's lane has the green light signal and the opposing traffic lane , travelling in the opposite direction , is clear and favourable to execute a right turn . However , green turning signals ( the outline of a right - pointing arrow ) are installed onto some traffic lights . These rules in Singapore are similar to many countries that employ left - hand traffic , and unlike countries which permit turns on red . Special roads ( edit ) Due to the limited land space in Singapore , selected roads , especially those with more lanes have been specially designated as runways for aircraft in the event of emergency or when needs arise . Traffic safety ( edit ) Driving safety ( edit ) Driving after consuming alcohol , using a phone while driving , dangerous driving , and car racing are all illegal . Car safety crash tests ( edit ) The Singapore government accepts the crash safety standards of the EU and Japan . Cars made in the EU and Japan do not need to pass additional safety standards to be sold in Singapore . Cars may be privately imported into Singapore if they have an EU Certificate of Conformity or the Japanese Completion Inspection Certificate , both of which incorporate emissions and safety standards . Not all cars sold in Singapore have been tested by the EuroNCAP , a car - safety testing organisation jointly operated by several European government agencies , that crash tests cars that can be legally sold in several European countries . Buying a car ( edit ) Many regulations concerning buying and driving a car are administered by the Land Transport Authority , the successor to the Registry of Vehicles . Certificate of Entitlement ( edit ) Main article : Certificate of Entitlement New car buyers are required to buy a Certificate of Entitlement ( COE ) , which is valid for ten years . The typical car lifespan is 10 years . Extension for two or three years of the typical car lifespan is only for those who have special difficulties . Car buyers can scrap the car earlier than the typical car lifespan . The term `` bidding '' is often used , but in practice new car dealers assist in the process . The fee of each COE is added on to the costs of a new car based on engine size -- Category A is 1,600 cc engine and below ; Category B is 1,601 cc engine and above -- and is generally lower for Category A vehicles . There are provisions for a rebate of the COE if the car is scrapped before 10 years . Preferential additional Registration fee ( edit ) A car owner may apply for a portion of the Preferential Additional Registration Fee ( PARF ) if a car is de-registered before 10 years . The term `` Additional Registration Fee ( ARF ) '' is calculated from 110 % of Open Market Value ( OMV ) . If a car is less than 5 years old , then the PARF is 75 % of the ARF . Open market value ( edit ) The Open Market Value ( OMV ) of a vehicle is determined by Singapore customs and is equivalent to the price of the car , including freight and other incidental charges . Licence plates ( edit ) Licence plate Vehicle licence plates in Singapore are the same 520mm x 110mm size found in many European countries . Red licence plates indicate that the car may be driven only during off - peak times unless a daily fee is paid . Off peak times are from 7 p.m. to 7 a.m. on weekdays and all day on Saturdays and Sundays . Since the end of January 2010 , off - peak car usage is no longer restricted on Saturday , Sunday , and the days before public holidays . Off - peak licence plates cost less than regular ones . Standard licence plates in Singapore are usually black with silver or white lettering or the newer white front / yellow rear plate combination and Off - peak licence plates are white on red . Car market ( edit ) Domestic car market ( edit ) Car brands are typically sold by only one dealer although there are rare exceptions where two dealers sell the same brand . Several dealers have more than one location . Some dealers sell more than one brand , unlike the situation in some western European countries in the past where some manufacturers prohibited dealers from selling competing brands . Negotiation during car purchases is customary but limited due to the lack of competing dealers . The limited size of the Singapore market results in some brands not offering the full model line in Singapore . Unlike in Australia , where the US Honda Accord and the Japanese Honda Accord ( re-badged as the Acura TSX in the United States ) are sold , only the Japanese Honda Accord is sold in Singapore . Some brands , such as Saab and Volvo ( except the Volvo S60R ) are only offered with automatic transmission even though manual transmission cars are sold in the car 's home market . Although car prices are high , servicing costs are reasonable compared to in the United States and Western Europe in terms of labour charges . Sport utility vehicles ( SUVs ) and pick - up trucks are not as common in Singapore as in the United States and Canada . So , pick - up trucks in Singapore are relatively expensive compared to other Southeast Asian countries , and some dealerships do not import pick - up trucks like the Nissan Navara and Thai - built Ford Ranger at all . Toyota Corolla Altis Japanese car manufacturers have the largest market share . Some Japanese cars are imported from countries other than Japan . For example , the Toyota Vios is imported from Thailand , whereas the JDM version is called Toyota Belta . Initially the ninth generation Toyota Corolla sold in Singapore was a Japanese model , while the facelift version is a wider and longer Corolla Altis from Thailand . Subaru R2 Kei cars ( like the Mitsubishi i , Subaru R2 , and Suzuki Carry ) are common in Singapore , but not as popular as in Japanese domestic market as most Japanese car manufacturers seldom release Kei cars in Singapore . Beside this , there are some grey imports of Kei cars like Daihatsu Copen . European car manufacturers are well represented . On the more expensive segment of the market , European cars sold in Singapore include Aston Martin , Ferrari , Rolls Royce , Maserati , and others . Skoda , Fiat , Renault , Peugeot and Citroen are among the less expensive European cars sold in Singapore . American cars have a low market share . Chrysler , Dodge , and Jeep vehicles are sold in Singapore , such as the Chrysler 300 C , Chrysler PT Cruiser , Dodge Caliber , and Jeep Wrangler . Chevrolet markets only Korean - made Daewoo cars , but not its American - made models . Ford markets some cars from its European line , not its American product line . Even Subaru , a Japanese car maker , did not do well with cars made by a US - based subsidiary , Subaru of Indiana Automotive , which exported the US - made Tribeca to Singapore . Non-Japanese Asian car brands sold in Singapore include Perodua , Proton , Ssangyong , Hafei Motor , Chery , Geely , Kia , Hyundai , Chana , and Holden Special Vehicles . Used cars that are more than three years old can not be imported into Singapore . In 2005 , there was significant local press coverage of the death of a car saleslady when a customer was involved in a collision during a test drive , reportedly after aggressive driving . The driver 's licence was suspended in April 2007 for this incident although the court case was still pending at the time of licence suspension . Aftermarket ( edit ) Because Singapore does not have a domestic automobile industry and thus has a very small domestic market for remanufactured and reconditioned auto parts , it has become an especially important aftermarket for businesses exporting automotive parts and accessories . This is magnified by high automobile turnover , a preference for new parts , and a high demand for `` accessories , car - care products , prestige items , and new spare parts '' . In fact , Singapore has become a major automotive components manufacturing base , as several leading multinational corporations ( MNCs ) have established international procurement offices as well as their Southeast Asia distribution centres . Singapore as an automobile exporter ( edit ) The peculiarities of Singapore 's car market has made Singapore the second largest exporter of used cars in the world ( approximately 100,000 cars exported per year ) after Japan . Singapore exports its cars to many countries , including African countries . Used cars are often exported to other countries with right - hand driving , but there are exports to left - hand - driving countries as well . New Zealand allows used cars previously registered in Singapore to be imported without any modifications . This is due in part to the reduction in the costs of COE and PARF between 2000 and 2005 , which has incentivised owners to purchase new cars before their ten years is up . Previously , the COE and PARF represented around 80 % of the cost of a medium - priced car like the Honda Accord . With the COE and PARF less expensive than in the past , in some cases the yearly drop in the COE and PARF rebate becomes significant compared to the pre-tax ( OMV ) price of a new car . Furthermore , with the PARF rebate starting to diminish after a car is five years old , the net amount of credit ( similar to resale value or trade - in value ) compared to the OMV becomes less favourable for owners of older cars . In contrast , in countries with low taxes , the most economical ownership strategy is to keep a car as long as possible until repair costs exceed a new car 's depreciation costs or financing costs . Left hand drive vs right hand drive ( edit ) In Singapore , only right - hand - drive cars are permitted on the roads . There are exceptions for special - purpose vehicles , diplomatic vehicles , and foreign - registered vehicles , with the label placed at the back windscreen of the vehicles indicating `` Left Hand Drive '' to alert other motorist that the driver 's seat is on the left side instead of on the right side . Petrol market ( edit ) Major companies in the retail petrol market ( edit ) Unlike some countries with a significant number of petrol dealers operating under their own , independent brand , petrol dealers in Singapore sell petrol under the brand of multinational companies . Royal Dutch Shell , marketing petrol under the `` Shell '' brand , has the largest retail network of stations . ExxonMobil has 23 Mobil stations and 19 Esso stations . Caltex , formerly a joint venture between Chevron and Texaco , but now a subsidiary of Chevron , which acquired Texaco has stations in Singapore . Singapore Petroleum Company , marketing petrol under the `` SPC '' brand also has significant numbers of petrol stations in Singapore . Four grades of petrol are commonly sold in Singapore . Diesel and unleaded petrol with octane levels of 92 , 95 and 98 are widely sold . Octane levels conform with European octane ratings and roughly correspond to American octane levels of 87 , 90 , and 93 , respectively . Shell also market a fifth brand of fuel under the V - Power label , in addition to 98 octane petrol. 98 octane V - Power is marketed as having an FMT additive and `` formulated to improve performance and responsiveness '' , and sells for approximately 15 cents per litre more than Shell 's other 98 octane fuel . Petrol stations frequently have loyalty schemes , such as Shell 's Escape points . The price of petrol is usually standardised such that the cost of a particular brand of fuel is the same regardless of which station sells it . Petrol is not rationed in Singapore . Petrol is cheaper in Malaysia than in Singapore , but arbitrage opportunities are limited because cars registered in Singapore crossing over into Malaysia are legally required to have at least three - quarters of a tank of fuel . Net exporter of refined petrol ( edit ) As a result of the high petrol refining capacity in Singapore , Singapore is a net exporter of refined petroleum . ExxonMobil 's refineries in Jurong Island and Singapore has a 605,000 barrel capacity . Shell 's 500,000 barrels - per - day Bukom refinery exports 90 % of its products to other countries . The Singapore Refining Company has a 285,000 barrel capacity refinery , a 50 / 50 venture between Chevron and SPC , though part of Chevron 's stake was previously owned by BP . The United States , in contrast , has a shortage of oil - refining capacity , resulting in about 10 % of petrol being imported as a refined product , as opposed to crude oil , some of it being imported from the Netherlands , a country that lacks significant oil drilling activity . Effects of the price of petrol in Singapore on the Australian market ( edit ) The wholesale price of Mogas 95 unleaded petrol is the regional benchmark , including the benchmark price for Australia . This is a result of Singapore having a large refining capacity . In 2005 , Australia imported 29 % of its petrol and diesel needs , of which 80 % came from Singapore . The retail price of Australian petrol is thus influenced by the wholesale price of petrol in Singapore . Foreign assessment of Singapore motoring ( edit ) The Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit ( GTZ ) submitted a report on Singapore 's Electronic Road Pricing ( ERP ) system to the World Bank . The report praised ERP as fair , convenient , reliable , and effective in congestion reduction . It also described its positive ramifications such as revenue collection and pollution control . An expatriate advice website states that driving and owning a car in Singapore is very expensive . Wired described Singapore as a `` living laboratory for Intelligent Transport Systems , a catchall phrase for high - tech strategies to gather data , manage flow , and inform drivers of congestion ahead '' , noting that traffic `` does indeed move noticeably smoother here than in American metropolitan areas of comparable size -- Atlanta , for instance . '' Measures to reduce vehicle usage ( edit ) Several steps have to be completed before a car - owner can drive a vehicle in Singapore . A Certificate of Entitlement ( COE ) is required , costing more than S $ 80,000 to successful bidders . This permits ownership of the vehicle for a period of 10 years after which the vehicle must be scrapped or another COE paid for allowing an additional 5 or 10 years of usage . COE is technically a lease at an inflated cost . Only ten - year COEs may be further renewed to another 7 - 10 years and no extension of the car is given . Historic vehicles are exempted from these requirements . Certain roads and expressways in Singapore are subject to the Electronic Road Pricing ( ERP ) system . COEs and the ERP system are intended to encourage people to use public transport such as the MRT and public buses instead of driving . The increasing parking charges in HDB carparks from 1 December 2016 in electronic parking and selected season parking also deter people from driving and encouraged to take public transport . See also ( edit ) List of countries by vehicles per capita References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Driving in Singapore -- Singapore Police Force '' . Archived from the original on 26 February 2015 . Retrieved 11 June 2007 . Jump up ^ http://driving-in-singapore.spf.gov.sg/services/Driving_in_Singapore/information_drivinglicence_legal.htm Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 16 January 2016 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Certificate of Insurance '' ( PDF ) . AloRide - Singapore Motorbike Rental . Jump up ^ `` About DIPS '' . Singapore Police Force . Archived from the original on 7 June 2007 . Retrieved 11 June 2007 . Jump up ^ ONE. MOTORING -- Downtown Rates Jump up ^ `` Compare Parking Rates Daily / Monthly Garages Lots '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Importing a Foreign Vehicle to Singapore '' . Angloinfo Singapore . Angloinfo . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ Euro NCAP -- For safer cars Members Jump up ^ Euro NCAP -- For safer cars Test results Jump up ^ Registering a Motor Vehicle in Singapore -- AngloINFO Singapore Jump up ^ One. Motoring -- Parf / Coe Rebates Jump up ^ Motoring Matters -- Vehicle Ownership Jump up ^ `` Revised Off - Peak Car / Weekend Car '' . Jump up ^ http://sg.news.yahoo.com/070424/5/singapore272087.html Jump up ^ http://motoring.asiaone.com.sg/motorworld/20070426_001.html Jump up ^ Ng , Haw Cheng ( November 2010 ) . `` Singapore : Automobiles and Vehicle Parts & Accessories '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Commercial Service . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 20 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Channelnewsasia.com Jump up ^ Infosheet 2.09 -- Required documentation : entry - certification of used vehicles Jump up ^ `` Should You Keep Your Old Car ? '' , Kiplinger.com Jump up ^ `` PROCEDURES ON IMPORTATION AND REGISTRATION OF A CAR IN SINGAPORE '' ( PDF ) . LTA . ^ Jump up to : Shell in Singapore -- Shell in Singapore Jump up ^ `` Esso and Mobil Service Stations in Singapore '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Shell in Singapore Jump up ^ http://www.shell.com/home/Framework?siteId=sg-en&FC2=/sg-en/html/iwgen/shell_for_motorists/fuels/discounts/zzz_lhn.html&FC3=/sg-en/html/iwgen/shell_for_motorists/fuels/discounts/price_board_0720.html Retrieved 26 April 2007 . Reference notes price of 16 April 2007 Jump up ^ Singapore Refinery Jump up ^ http://www.chevron.com/operations/docs/singapore.pdf Jump up ^ http://www.chevron.com/news/press/2004/2004-07-01.asp Jump up ^ `` U.S. Shortage of Oil Refining Capacity Called Critical '' , NPR Jump up ^ `` U.S. refiners stretch to meet demand '' , MSNBC Jump up ^ `` Press Room '' , Office of United States Senator Richard Shelby Jump up ^ `` No. 12 Netherlands -- Exchange favors the U.S. '' , WorldCity Annual Report Jump up ^ `` Pricing AIP press release '' , BP Australia Jump up ^ indesign. indd Jump up ^ Driving a car or motorcycle in Singapore Jump up ^ `` Wired 9.11 : The Ultimate Jam Session '' . Wired . External links ( edit ) Land Transport Authority Schematic drawing of ERP system which uses pair of gantries and 5 step detection sequence ( 1 ) TripSum @ Xeesa.com : 1st online Fuel / ERP / Taxi fare calculator to check and calculate Fuel , ERP and Taxi Fare amount needed for a motorist 's driving trip or taxi trip in Singapore Replacement of Driving Licence ( hide ) Singapore articles History Early history ( pre -- 1819 ) Founding of modern Singapore ( 1819 -- 1826 ) Straits Settlements ( 1826 -- 1942 ) Japanese occupation ( 1942 -- 1945 ) British Military Administration ( 1945 -- 1946 ) Post-war Singapore ( 1946 -- 1955 ) Self - governance of Singapore ( 1955 -- 1962 ) Merger with Malaysia ( 1962 -- 1965 ) Republic of Singapore ( 1965 -- present ) Geography Beaches Conservation Environmental issues Geology Islands Parks Reservoirs Rivers Urban planning Urban renewal Waterways Wildlife Politics Administrative divisions Constitution Elections Foreign relations Government Cabinet Prime Minister Human rights Law Chief Justice Military Parliament Police Political parties President Economy Economy Statistics Agriculture Aviation Monetary Authority China -- Singapore Suzhou Industrial Park Dollar ( currency ) Energy Labour Proposed developments Singapore Exchange Telecommunications Tourism Transport Society Communitarianism Caning Crime Women Education Demographics Eat Frozen Pork Five Cs Health Long hair in Singapore National Courtesy Campaign National Day Parade No U-turn syndrome OB marker Population planning Public housing Public holidays Religion Smoking Social fund Water supply and sanitation Culture Architecture Cinema Cuisine Languages Literature Media Music Sports Wushu in Singapore Symbols Anthem Coat of arms Flag Flower Lion head Merlion Pledge Outline Index Bibliography Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Driving_in_Singapore&oldid=833686894 '' Categories : Driving by country Road transport in Singapore Hidden categories : Wikipedia introduction cleanup from March 2017 All pages needing cleanup Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from March 2017 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify EngvarB from July 2014 Use dmy dates from July 2014 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2009 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Add links This page was last edited on 1 April 2018 , at 23 : 24 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | singapore left hand drive or right hand drive | [
"In Singapore, cars and other vehicles drive on the left side of the road, as in neighbouring Malaysia, due to its British colonial history (which led to British driving rules being adopted in India, Australia, New Zealand, and Hong Kong as well). As a result, most vehicles are right-hand drive. However, exemptions have been made to allow foreign vehicles and construction machineries to utilise the roadspace of Singapore. As such, vehicles with left hand drive configurations are required to either be driven with a sign indicating \"LEFT-HAND-DRIVE\" or towed."
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-1607873193190328238 | The Greatest Showman | The Greatest Showman - wikipedia The Greatest Showman Jump to : navigation , search The Greatest Showman Theatrical release poster Directed by Michael Gracey Produced by Laurence Mark Peter Chernin Jenno Topping Screenplay by Jenny Bicks Bill Condon Story by Jenny Bicks Starring Hugh Jackman Zac Efron Michelle Williams Rebecca Ferguson Zendaya Music by John Debney Joseph Trapanese Cinematography Seamus McGarvey Edited by Tom Cross Robert Duffy Joe Hutshing Michael McCusker Jon Poll Spencer Susser Production company Chernin Entertainment Seed Productions Laurence Mark Productions TSG Entertainment Distributed by 20th Century Fox Release date December 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 08 ) ( RMS Queen Mary 2 ) December 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 20 ) ( United States ) Running time 105 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $84 million Box office $432.6 million The Greatest Showman is a 2017 American musical film directed by Michael Gracey in his directorial debut , written by Jenny Bicks and Bill Condon and starring Hugh Jackman , Zac Efron , Michelle Williams , Rebecca Ferguson , and Zendaya . The film is inspired by the story of P.T. Barnum 's creation of the Barnum & Bailey Circus and the lives of its star attractions . Principal photography began in New York City in November 2016 . The film premiered on December 8 , 2017 , aboard the RMS Queen Mary 2 . It was released in the United States on December 20 , 2017 , by 20th Century Fox and has grossed $432 million worldwide , making it the fifth - highest grossing live - action musical of all time . The Greatest Showman received mixed reviews , with praise for the performances , music , and production values , but criticism for its artistic license , with some reviewers calling it `` faux - inspiring and shallow '' . It was , however , acclaimed by audiences . At the 75th Golden Globe Awards , the film received nominations for Best Motion Picture -- Musical or Comedy and Best Actor -- Musical or Comedy for Jackman . For the song `` This Is Me '' , the film won the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song and was nominated for Best Original Song at the 90th Academy Awards . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Filming 3.2 Post-production 4 Music 4.1 Musical numbers 4.2 Soundtrack 5 Release 5.1 Marketing 5.2 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Accolades 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) P.T. Barnum and his troupe perform a show at the circus ( `` The Greatest Show '' ) . In a flashback to Barnum 's childhood where he and his father Philo , a tailor , work for the Hallett family , he becomes infatuated with their daughter , Charity . Though Charity is being sent to finishing school , Barnum reassures her they will not be separated . The two keep in touch through letters until they meet again in adulthood ( `` A Million Dreams '' ) , eventually marrying and raising two daughters , Caroline and Helen , in New York City ( `` A Million Dreams '' reprise ) . They live a humble life ; though Charity is happy , Barnum dreams of more . Barnum loses his job as a clerk at a shipping company after the company goes bankrupt . Taking a risky bet , he takes out a large loan from a bank , deceiving the bank into accepting his former employer 's lost ships as collateral . He uses this loan to buy Barnum 's American Museum in downtown Manhattan , an attraction showcasing various wax models . Initially , sales are slow ; on the suggestion of his children to showcase something `` alive '' , Barnum searches for `` freaks '' to serve as performers for his museum ( `` Come Alive '' ) . This attracts a large audience despite protests and poor reviews , prompting Barnum to rename his venture `` Barnum 's Circus '' . Searching for ways to further his reputation amongst the upper class , Barnum meets playwright Phillip Carlyle and convinces him to join his venture ( `` The Other Side '' ) . Carlyle is enchanted with Anne Wheeler , an African - American trapeze artist , but he hides his feelings . During a trip Carlyle arranged for Barnum and his troupe to meet Queen Victoria , Barnum meets Jenny Lind , a famed Swedish singer , whom he convinces to perform in America , with him serving as her manager . Lind 's first American performance is a rousing success ( `` Never Enough '' ) . While Barnum gains favor with the aristocratic patrons , he begins to distance himself from his original troupe , refusing to socialize with them . Dejected , they decide to stand against their local harassers ( `` This Is Me '' ) . Carlyle and Wheeler attend the theatre together one night , only to run into Carlyle 's parents , who insult Wheeler 's lowly status , causing her to leave . Carlyle chases her and tries to convince her that they can be together , but she rejects him despite her feelings towards him ( `` Rewrite the Stars '' ) . As Barnum takes Lind on a US tour , Charity feels isolated from her husband as she stays home with their daughters ( `` Tightrope '' ) . While on tour , Lind begins falling in love with Barnum , but when he refuses her advances , she calls off the tour and kisses him at the end of her last show , which is photographed by the press ( `` Never Enough '' reprise ) . Barnum returns home to find his circus on fire , caused by a fight between the protesters and the troupe . Carlyle , who had tried to save Anne not knowing she had already escaped , is rescued by Barnum amid the chaos but suffers severe burns . Most of the sets and props are destroyed . Word of Lind 's cancellation and Barnum 's public intimacy also reaches New York , resulting in his mansion being foreclosed upon and Charity taking Caroline and Helen to her parents ' home . Depressed , Barnum retreats to a local pub , where his troupe find him there and explain that their own mothers were ashamed of them , and how unimpressed they are with him for giving up on them too , thinking that maybe he is a fraud , which causes him to realize the circus was for his friends and family rather than for himself . Meanwhile , the injured Carlyle wakes in a hospital with Wheeler by his side and they share a kiss ( `` From Now On '' ) . Barnum leaves and finds his estranged wife , and they decide to mend their relationship . Faced with the financial difficulty of rebuilding the circus , the recovering Carlyle steps in , offering to use his earnings from his share of the circus 's profits to rebuild it under the condition of becoming partners , which Barnum happily accepts . As rebuilding the circus in its original location would be too expensive , Barnum rebuilds it as an open - air tent circus by the docks . The revamped circus is a huge success , and Barnum gives full control of the show to Carlyle so he can focus on his family ( `` The Greatest Show '' reprise ) . Cast ( edit ) Hugh Jackman as P.T. Barnum , an ambitious showman and entrepreneur . Ellis Rubin as Young P.T. Barnum Ziv Zaifman provides Young P.T. Barnum 's singing voice . Zac Efron as Phillip Carlyle , a playwright who becomes Barnum 's partner . His character is partly based on James Anthony Bailey . Michelle Williams as Charity Hallett - Barnum , the wife of P.T. Barnum . Skylar Dunn as Young Charity Rebecca Ferguson as Jenny Lind , a famous Swedish singer known as the `` Swedish Nightingale '' . Loren Allred provides Lind 's singing voice . Zendaya as Anne Wheeler , an acrobat , trapeze artist , W.D. 's younger sister and Phillip Carlyle 's love interest . Her character is partly based on Ruth Louisa McCaddon . Keala Settle as Lettie Lutz , a bearded lady . She is a composite character partly based on Josephine Clofullia and Annie Jones . Yahya Abdul - Mateen II as W.D. Wheeler , an acrobat and Anne 's brother . Natasha Liu Bordizzo as Deng Yan , a Chinese blade - specialist . Paul Sparks as James Gordon Bennett , the founder , editor and publisher of the New York Herald . Sam Humphrey as Charles Stratton , a dwarf performer who is also known by his stage name , General Tom Thumb . James Babson provides Stratton 's speaking and singing voice . Austyn Johnson as Caroline Barnum , one of Barnum 's daughters . Cameron Seely as Helen Barnum , one of Barnum 's daughters . Eric Anderson as Mr. O'Malley , a former thief whom Barnum employs at his circus . Daniel Everidge as The Lord of Leeds , The Huge Man . Timothy Hughes as Strong Man Jeremy Hudson as The Elephant - skinned Man Caoife Coleman and Mishay Petronelli as the Albino Twins Shannon Holtzapffel as Prince Constantine , The Tattooed Man . Luciano Acuna Jr. as Fedor Jeftichew , The Dog Boy . Danial Son and Yusaku Komori as Chang and Eng Bunker , The `` Siamese Twins '' Jonathan Redavid as Frank Lentini , The Three - Legged Man . Nick Jantz as Jeff Harris , The Juggler Damian Young as Mr. Winthrop Tina Benko as Mrs. Winthrop Gayle Rankin as Queen Victoria . Will Swenson as Philo Barnum , a tailor and the father of P.T. Barnum . Fredric Lehne as Benjamin Hallett , father of Charity and abusive father - in - law of Barnum . Kathryn Meisle as Hannah Hallett , mother of Charity and mother - in - law of Barnum . Production ( edit ) The project was first announced in 2009 , with Jackman already set for the title role . In August 2011 , Michael Gracey was chosen to direct . In 2013 , Fox hired lyricists Pasek and Paul to write the songs . On June 15 , 2016 , Zac Efron began negotiations to star in the film , and in July 2016 , Michelle Williams was cast . The film was choreographed by Ashley Wallen . Filming ( edit ) Rehearsals on the film began in October 2016 in New York City , and principal photography began on November 22 , 2016 . Post-production ( edit ) In December 2017 , it was reported that James Mangold , who had worked with Jackman on several projects ( including 2017 's Logan ) , had been brought in to serve as an executive producer during the film 's post-production . In an interview , director Michael Gracey noted , `` There were eight producers on this film , and it was amazing having one of them be a filmmaker . '' Music ( edit ) Musical numbers ( edit ) Benj Pasek and Justin Paul wrote nine songs . `` The Greatest Show '' -- Hugh Jackman , Keala Settle , Zac Efron , Zendaya `` A Million Dreams '' -- Ziv Zaifman , Jackman , Michelle Williams `` A Million Dreams '' ( Reprise ) -- Austyn Johnson , Cameron Seely , Jackman `` Come Alive '' -- Jackman , Settle , Daniel Everidge , Zendaya `` The Other Side '' -- Jackman & Efron `` Never Enough '' -- Loren Allred `` This Is Me '' -- Settle `` Rewrite the Stars '' -- Efron & Zendaya `` Tightrope '' -- Williams `` Never Enough '' ( Reprise ) -- Allred `` From Now On '' -- Jackman Soundtrack ( edit ) Main article : The Greatest Showman : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack The soundtrack album is produced by Greg Wells , Justin Paul , and Benj Pasek , featuring eleven tracks performed by the cast . In the United Kingdom it became only the second album in 30 years to achieve 11 consecutive weeks at number 1 . The Greatest Showman now draws level with Adele 's 21 for the longest unbroken run at the UK summit in the last 30 years . The cast album is now at 465,000 combined units , according to the Official Charts Company , made up of 197,000 physical copies , 107,000 downloads and 35 % streaming . Release ( edit ) The Greatest Showman held its premiere on December 8 , 2017 , aboard the RMS Queen Mary 2 , while it was docked in New York City . The film was then released in the United States on December 20 , 2017 . Like Disney 's live - action Beauty and the Beast , a sing - along version of the film was released in the United Kingdom on February 23 , 2018 . The film had a limited IMAX release on February 2 . Marketing ( edit ) On June 28 , 2017 , 20th Century Fox released the first international trailer to promote the film . On November 13 , 2017 , the second trailer was released . On December 17 , 2017 , Fox televised a live performance of `` Come Alive '' from Warner Bros. Studios during its live musical special A Christmas Story Live ! ( which was based on fellow Pasek and Paul work A Christmas Story : The Musical ) . The number featured the film 's stars and a cast of 150 dancers . Home media ( edit ) In the United States , the film was released via digital download on March 20 , 2018 , and was released on Blu - ray , DVD and 4K Ultra HD on April 10 , 2018 . In the United Kingdom , the film was released first on digital download on April 27 , 2018 , while Blu - ray , 4K Ultra HD and DVD copies went on sale on May 14 . These versions include the sing - along version , two hours of behind - the - scenes footage and music machine jukebox features . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) As of May 22 , 2018 , The Greatest Showman has grossed $174 million in the United States and Canada , and $258.6 million in other territories , for a worldwide total of $432.6 million , against a production budget of $84 million . It is the fourth - and fifth - highest grossing musical ever in North America and globally , respectively , and Deadline Hollywood estimated the film should turn a profit between $50 -- 100 million . In the United States and Canada , The Greatest Showman was released alongside Jumanji : Welcome to the Jungle , and was projected to gross around $21 million from 3,006 theaters over its first six days . It took in $2 million on its first day and $2 million on its second . Over the three day weekend , it grossed $9 million ( for a six - day total of $19 million ) , finishing fourth at the box office , behind Star Wars : The Last Jedi , Jumanji : Welcome to the Jungle and Pitch Perfect 3 . In its second weekend , the film grossed $15.5 million , again finishing 4th at the box office . The weekend - to - weekend increase of 76.3 % marked the largest ever for a film playing in over 3,000 theaters , and the fourth biggest ever . In its third week , the film dropped 11 % to $14 million . The film made $13 million in its fourth weekend and $11 million in its fifth , finishing 4th and 5th at the box office , respectively . The film continued to hold well in its sixth week of release , grossing $9.5 million and returning to 4th place , and again finished fourth in its seventh week , this time grossing $7.8 million ( a drop of just 18 % ) . It is the 13th highest - grossing film to never top the American box office . Critical response ( edit ) On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 56 % based on 207 reviews , and an average rating of 6 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` The Greatest Showman tries hard to dazzle the audience with a Barnum - style sense of wonder -- but at the expense of its complex subject 's far more intriguing real - life story . '' On Metacritic , the film has a weighted average score of 48 out of 100 , based on 43 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A '' on an A+ to F scale , while it earned a 70 % `` definite recommend '' from comScore . Owen Gleiberman of Variety gave the film a positive review , writing , `` The Greatest Showman is a concoction , the kind of film where all the pieces click into place , yet at an hour and 45 minutes it flies by , and the link it draws between P.T. Barnum and the spirit of today is more than hype . '' Richard Roeper of the Chicago Sun - Times gave the film 3 / 4 stars , saying , `` With all that corn and cheese and old - timey sentiment , The Greatest Showman ends up scoring some very timely social arguments . P.T. Barnum himself would have approved the dramatic sleight of hand . '' Steve Persall of Tampa Bay Times gave the film an ' A ' , and said , `` The Greatest Showman is the feel - good movie the holiday season needs , '' while William Bibbiani of IGN gave The Greatest Showman a score of 7.9 / 10 , and called the film , `` wildly entertaining . '' Britton Peele of The Dallas Morning News said , `` The story is interesting and the beats are well - acted , but it 's the musical numbers that make The Greatest Showman . '' Jackie K Cooper of HuffPost gave the film a score of 10 / 10 and wrote , `` You will be overwhelmed by the music and magic that explode on the screen . The film has a message that should resonate with today 's world concerning acceptance and courage . '' Hugh Armitage of Digital Spy said , `` The Greatest Showman is a broad and solid crowd - pleaser . An undemanding spectacle for all the family . '' Alan Jones of Radio Times called it `` A joyously uplifting potpourii of visual resplendence , stylish choreography and solid gold magic , one engineered to approximate the lavish spectacle the movie musical once offered . '' Sheila O'Malley of RogerEbert.com gave it 3.5 / 4 , stating `` The Greatest Showman is an unabashed piece of pure entertainment punctuated by memorable songs . '' Douglas Davidson of CLTure called the film , `` An undeniable spectacle with a infectious soundtrack , a movie that dazzles and delights . '' James Berardinelli of ReelViews gave the film a 3 / 4 score , and said , `` The film has show - stopping well - choreographed numbers with catchy tunes , '' and Calvin Wilson of St. Louis Post-Dispatch called the film `` highly enjoyable . '' Carl Kozlowski of Pasadena Weekly gave the film an ' A ' , calling it `` Groundbreaking & grandly innovative . '' Sean P. Means of The Salt Lake Tribune gave The Greatest Showman 3.5 / 4 stars , stating , `` A strong cast give emotional power to this romanticized , tune - filled biography . '' Manuela Lazic of Little White Lies gave it 4 / 5 , saying , `` The Greatest Showman deserves to become a Christmas classic . The film 's severe romanticism and ridiculous but affecting enthusiasm make it irresistibly life - affirming . '' Pete Hammond of Deadline Hollywood gave the film 4 out of 5 stars and called it , `` A fantasia of song and dance , a joyous exercise in pure entertainment that is made for the holiday crowd . '' Conversely , Mick LaSalle of the San Francisco Chronicle gave the film a negative review , criticizing the songs and characters and saying `` There 's idiotic , and there 's magnificent , but The Greatest Showman is that special thing that happens sometimes . It 's magnificently idiotic . It 's an awful mess , but it 's flashy . The temptation is to cover your face and watch it through your fingers , because it 's so earnest and embarrassing and misguided -- and yet it 's well - made . '' In a negative review for The Hollywood Reporter , David Rooney wrote `` This ersatz portrait of American big - top tent impresario P.T. Barnum is all smoke and mirrors , no substance . It hammers pedestrian themes of family , friendship and inclusivity while neglecting the fundaments of character and story . '' Writing for Rolling Stone , Peter Travers gave the film 1.5 out of 4 stars , saying , `` How do you cast a virtuoso Hugh Jackman as P.T. Barnum , spare no expense in production values , add a score by Oscar and Tony winners Benj Pasek and Justin Paul and still end up with the shrill blast of nothing that is The Greatest Showman ? Ask first - time director Michael Gracey , who cut his teeth on commercials and music videos without ever mastering the crucial knack of building snippets of musical comedy and drama into a satisfying whole . '' Justin Chang of the Los Angeles Times wrote that the film 's failures `` are rooted in something deeper : a dispiriting lack of faith in the audience 's intelligence , and a dawning awareness of its own aesthetic hypocrisy . You 've rarely seen a more straight - laced musical about the joys of letting your freak flag fly . '' Accolades ( edit ) Award Date of ceremony Recipient ( s ) and nominee ( s ) Result Ref ( s ) AARP 's Movies for Grownups Awards February 5 , 2018 Best Grownup Love Story The Greatest Showman Won Academy Awards March 4 , 2018 Best Original Song `` This Is Me '' -- Benj Pasek and Justin Paul Nominated Casting Society of America January 18 , 2018 Big Budget -- Comedy Bernard Telsey , Tiffany Little Canfield , Rori Bergman and Patrick Goodwin Won Costume Designers Guild February 20 , 2018 Excellence in Period Film Ellen Mirojnick Nominated Critics ' Choice Movie Awards January 11 , 2018 Best Song `` This Is Me '' -- Benj Pasek and Justin Paul Nominated Dorian Awards February 24 , 2018 Campy Flick of the Year The Greatest Showman Nominated Empire Awards March 18 , 2018 Best Costume Design The Greatest Showman Nominated Best Make - up And Hairstyling The Greatest Showman Nominated Georgia Film Critics Association January 12 , 2018 Best Original Song `` This Is Me '' -- Benj Pasek and Justin Paul Nominated Golden Globe Awards January 7 , 2018 Best Actor in a Motion Picture -- Musical or Comedy Hugh Jackman Nominated Best Motion Picture -- Musical or Comedy The Greatest Showman Nominated Best Original Song -- Motion Picture `` This Is Me '' -- Benj Pasek and Justin Paul Won Golden Reel Awards February 18 , 2018 Outstanding Achievement in Sound Editing -- Musical Jen Monnar , Jim Harrison , Jeff Carson , Peter Myles and Sheri Ozeki Won Guild of Music Supervisors Awards February 8 , 2018 Best Music Supervision for Film : Budgeted Over 25 Million Dollars Benj Pasek and Justin Paul Nominated Best Song / Recording Created for a Film `` This Is Me '' -- Benj Pasek and Justin Paul Nominated Heartland Film Festival December 31 , 2017 Truly Moving Picture Award Michael Gracey Won Make - Up Artists and Hair Stylists Guild February 24 , 2018 Feature Motion Picture : Best Period and / or Character Makeup Nicki Ledermann , Tania Ribalow and Sunday Englis Nominated Saturn Awards June 2018 Best Action or Adventure Film The Greatest Showman Pending Best Costume Design Ellen Mirojnick Pending Best Music John Debney and Joseph Trapanese Pending See also ( edit ) The Greatest Show on Earth Barnum Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Greatest Showman '' . 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Jump up ^ Wilson , Calvin ( December 20 , 2017 ) . `` Hugh Jackman shines in The Greatest Showman '' . St. Louis Post-Dispatch . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kozlowski , Carl ( December 21 , 2017 ) . `` The Greatest Showman provide an eclectic feast for the senses '' . Pasadena Weekly . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Means , Sean P. ( December 20 , 2017 ) . `` Hugh Jackman and some Utah - grown talent deliver Barnum 's bravado in musical The Greatest Showman '' . The Salt Lake Tribune . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lazic , Manuela ( December 20 , 2017 ) . `` The Greatest Showman Review '' . Little White Lies . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hammond , Pete ( December 20 , 2017 ) . `` The Greatest Showman Review : Hugh Jackman Sings And Dances His Way Into Holiday Hearts In Lively Family Musical '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ LaSalle , Mick ( December 20 , 2017 ) . `` Greatest Showman starring Hugh Jackman as Barnum magnificently idiotic '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved December 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Greatest Showman : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . December 20 , 2017 . Retrieved December 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Travers , Peter ( December 19 , 2017 ) . `` Review : The Greatest Showman Is ' a Shrill Blast of Nothing ' '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chang , Justin ( December 20 , 2017 ) . `` The Greatest Showman turns Hugh Jackman 's P.T. Barnum into a hero , and cons the audience in the process '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lee , Ashley ( January 17 , 2018 ) . `` AARP 's Movies for Grownups Awards : ' The Post ' Leads Nominees '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Appelo , Tim ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` Complete List of Winners at the 2018 Movies for Grownups Awards '' . Movies for Grownups . AARP . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ THR Staff ( January 23 , 2018 ) . `` Oscars : ' Shape of Water ' Leads With 13 Noms '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Variety Staff ( March 4 , 2018 ) . `` Academy Award Winners 2018 : The Complete List '' . Variety . Jump up ^ Brockington , Ariana ; Caranicas , Peter ( January 18 , 2018 ) . `` ' Dunkirk , ' ' Black Mirror ' Among Winners at Casting Society Artios Awards '' . Variety . Retrieved January 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Stone , Sasha ( January 10 , 2018 ) . `` Costume Designers Guild Announces Nominees '' . Awards Daily . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kilday , Gregg ( December 6 , 2017 ) . `` Critics ' Choice Awards : ' The Shape of Water ' Leads With 14 Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kilday , Gregg ( January 10 , 2018 ) . `` ' Call Me by Your Name ' Leads Dorian Award Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kilday , Gregg ( January 31 , 2018 ) . `` Dorian Awards : ' Call Me by Your Name ' Hailed as Film of the Year '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ruby , Jennifer ( January 19 , 2018 ) . `` Empire Film Awards 2018 : The Last Jedi leads the pack with nine nominations including Best Actress for Daisy Ridley '' . London Evening Standard . Retrieved January 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ritman , Alex ( January 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' Star Wars : The Last Jedi ' Leads Nominations for U.K. 's Empire Awards '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Awards '' . Georgia Film Critics Association . January 8 , 2018 . Retrieved January 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Respers , Lisa ( December 11 , 2017 ) . `` Golden Globe nominations 2018 : The list '' . CNN . Retrieved December 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( January 22 , 2018 ) . `` MPSE Golden Reel Awards : Baby Driver , Dunkirk Among Sound Editors ' Nominees '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Variety staff ( January 11 , 2018 ) . `` Sufjan Stevens , Greatest Showman , Girls Among Guild of Music Supervisors Awards Nominees '' . Variety . Retrieved January 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Truly Moving Picture Award '' . Heartland Film . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2017 . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( January 5 , 2018 ) . `` Makeup Artists and Hair Stylists Guild Awards : ' Darkest Hour , ' ' Wonder ' Lead Feature Nominees '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther , ' ' Walking Dead ' Rule Saturn Awards Nominations '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2018 . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Greatest Showman The Greatest Showman on IMDb The Greatest Showman at AllMovie The Greatest Showman at Box Office Mojo The Greatest Showman at Metacritic The Greatest Showman at Rotten Tomatoes The Greatest Showman at History vs. Hollywood P.T. Barnum Acts and exhibits Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus Anna Haining Bates Eli Bowen Chang and Eng Bunker Cardiff Giant Circassian beauties Henry Alexander Cooper Captain George Costentenus Nala Damajanti John Diamond ( dancer ) Admiral Dot Colonel Routh Goshen Fiji mermaid Joice Heth Fedor Jeftichew Annie Jones ( bearded woman ) Jumbo William S. Hutchings Nellie Keeler Jenny Lind Count Primo Magri Master Juba Maximo and Bartola Millie and Christine McKoy Edmund Newell Commodore Nutt Isaac W. Sprague General Tom Thumb Charles B. 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Coup The Herald of Freedom Iranistan The Mighty Barnum Moses Kimball `` There 's a sucker born every minute '' The Greatest Showman The Greatest Show on Earth Films by Bill Condon Films directed Sister , Sister ( 1987 ) Murder 101 ( TV , 1991 ) Deadly Relations ( TV , 1993 ) Candyman : Farewell to the Flesh ( 1995 ) The Man Who Would n't Die ( TV , 1995 ) Gods and Monsters ( 1998 ) Kinsey ( 2004 ) Dreamgirls ( 2006 ) The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn -- Part 1 ( 2011 ) The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn -- Part 2 ( 2012 ) The Fifth Estate ( 2013 ) Mr. Holmes ( 2015 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) The Good Liar ( TBA ) Written only Strange Behavior ( 1981 ) Strange Invaders ( 1983 ) F / X2 ( 1991 ) Chicago ( 2002 ) Shortcut to Happiness ( 2003 ) The Greatest Showman ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Greatest_Showman&oldid=843566689 '' Categories : 2017 films English - language films 2010s biographical films 2010s drama films 2010s musical films American films American biographical films American musical drama films 20th Century Fox films Biographical films about businesspeople Circus films Directorial debut films Films set in New York City Films shot in New York City Films scored by John Debney Films scored by Joseph Trapanese Films produced by Peter Chernin Films produced by Laurence Mark Screenplays by Bill Condon Cultural depictions of P.T. Barnum Cultural depictions of Jenny Lind Cultural depictions of Queen Victoria on film Musical films based on actual events Hidden categories : Articles containing potentially dated statements from May 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca Català Čeština Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Lëtzebuergesch Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Português Русский Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 20 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018 , at 00 : 17 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who was the greatest showman based off of | [
"The Greatest Showman is a 2017 American musical film directed by Michael Gracey in his directorial debut, written by Jenny Bicks and Bill Condon and starring Hugh Jackman, Zac Efron, Michelle Williams, Rebecca Ferguson, and Zendaya. The film is inspired by the story of P. T. Barnum's creation of the Barnum & Bailey Circus and the lives of its star attractions."
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"P. T. Barnum"
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8738916088189251016 | Ralph Breaks the Internet: Wreck-It Ralph 2 | Ralph Breaks the Internet : Wreck - It Ralph 2 - wikipedia Ralph Breaks the Internet : Wreck - It Ralph 2 Jump to : navigation , search Ralph Breaks the Internet : Wreck - It Ralph 2 Teaser poster Directed by Rich Moore Phil Johnston Produced by Clark Spencer Written by Phil Johnston Pamela Ribon Starring John C. Reilly Sarah Silverman Jack McBrayer Jane Lynch Taraji P. Henson Music by Henry Jackman Production company Walt Disney Animation Studios Walt Disney Pictures Distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures Release date November 21 , 2018 ( 2018 - 11 - 21 ) Country United States Language English Ralph Breaks the Internet : Wreck - It Ralph 2 ( or WiFi Ralph in some countries ) is an upcoming American 3D computer - animated comedy - adventure film that is being produced by Walt Disney Animation Studios . It is the sequel to the 2012 film Wreck - It Ralph . It is the 57th Disney animated feature film , and is scheduled to be released on November 21 , 2018 by Walt Disney Pictures . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Voice cast 3 Production 4 Release 4.1 Marketing 5 References 6 External links Premise ( edit ) Taking place six years after the events of the first film , the story will center on Ralph 's adventures in the Internet data space when a Wi - Fi router gets plugged into the arcade as he must find a replacement part to fix Sugar Rush . Along the way , Ralph and his best friend Vanellope von Schweetz encounter new customs , worlds , and characters , such as the trendy algorithm Yesss and the Disney Princess lineup . Voice cast ( edit ) John C. Reilly as Wreck - It Ralph Sarah Silverman as Vanellope von Schweetz Jack McBrayer as Fix - It Felix , Jr . Jane Lynch as Sergeant Calhoun Taraji P. Henson as Yesss Ed O'Neill as Mr. Stan Litwak TBA as JP Alan Tudyk James Corden Ana Ortiz The film will also feature appearances of all the Disney Princesses including : Jodi Benson as Ariel , Paige O'Hara as Belle , Linda Larkin as Jasmine , Irene Bedard as Pocahontas , Ming - Na Wen as Mulan , Anika Noni Rose as Tiana , Mandy Moore as Rapunzel , and Kelly Macdonald as Merida ; all of whom are reprising their roles from previous films , while Snow White , Cinderella and Aurora will be voiced by new actresses . Other Disney characters will appear , such as Kristen Bell as Anna and Idina Menzel as Queen Elsa from Frozen , and Auli'i Cravalho as Moana . C - 3PO , R2 - D2 and Yoda from Star Wars , Iron Man and Gamora from Marvel Comics will appear in the film as well . Production ( edit ) In October 2012 , director Rich Moore said that he and Disney had ideas about a sequel that would bring the characters up to date and explore online gaming and console gaming . Moore stated that many of the crew and voice cast were open to the sequel , believing that they have `` barely scratched the surface '' of the video game world they envisioned . He also stated that he planned to include Mario and Tron in the sequel . In 2014 , the film 's composer Henry Jackman said that a story for the sequel was being written . In July 2015 , John C. Reilly said he had signed on to reprise his role of Ralph in a projected sequel . On March 24 , 2016 , Moore stated that a sequel was still being planned . Moore specifically stated that a sequel would include an appearance from Mario , citing a `` good relationship with Nintendo '' . On June 30 , 2016 , Walt Disney Animation Studios announced that the sequel would be released on March 9 , 2018 , with Reilly , Moore and writer Phil Johnston attached , and that it would focus on `` Ralph leaving the arcade and wrecking the Internet '' . The sequel 's title was officially announced in March 2017 as Ralph Breaks the Internet : Wreck - It Ralph 2 . Further , Disney affirmed that Reilly , Jane Lynch , Jack McBrayer , and Sarah Silverman are set to reprise their roles , while Moore returns as director joined by the first film 's co-writer , Phil Johnston , in his directing debut and Clark Spencer returns as producer . Release ( edit ) On June 30 , 2016 , Walt Disney Animation Studios initially announced that the sequel would be released on March 9 , 2018 , but in April 2017 , A Wrinkle in Time took over its date . The film will be released on November 21 , 2018 in 3D , 2D and IMAX . Marketing ( edit ) A new poster for the film was relased on February 26 , 2018 . 2 days later , a teaser trailer for the film was released on February 28 , 2018 , and it quickly became viral , getting more than 4.5 million views in 24 hours . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Robinson , Laurann . `` Oscars Preview : What goes in to making an Oscar - winning animated film ? '' . KETV . Retrieved February 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Serrao , Nivea ( November 4 , 2016 ) . `` Inside Slam ! the new comic series all about roller derby '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2016 . Retrieved November 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive : ' Wreck - It Ralph 2 ' Director Rich Moore Teases Internet Setting , Returning Characters , and More '' . Collider . June 30 , 2016 . Archived from the original on July 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Anderton , Ethan ( July 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wreck - It Ralph 2 ' Brings Disney Princesses Together with Marvel & Star Wars ( D23 Expo 2017 ) '' . / Film . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2017 . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Otterson , Joe . `` John C. Reilly Says He Will Star in ' Wreck - It Ralph ' Sequel '' . TheWrap . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2015 . Retrieved July 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sequel to `` Wreck - It Ralph '' Hits Theaters on March 9 , 2018 `` . The Walt Disney Company . June 30 , 2016 . Archived from the original on August 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Radish , Christina ( October 31 , 2016 ) . `` Jane Lynch on ' Mascots ' , Returning for ' Wreck - It Ralph 2 ' and More '' . Collider . Archived from the original on December 10 , 2016 . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Taraji P. Henson Joins ' Wreck - It Ralph ' Sequel , Footage Shown at D23 '' . Variety.com . Retrieved August 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Disney ( February 27 , 2018 ) . `` '' There 's no one I 'd rather be than me . '' 😇 😡 `` . Twitter . Retrieved February 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Fischer , Russ . `` Alan Tudyk Will Be Back for ' Frozen 2 ' and ' Wreck - It Ralph 2 ' , Wants In On Marvel 's ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' '' . / Film . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2016 . Retrieved December 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ana Ortiz has joined the voice cast of Disney 's Wreck - It Ralph 2 '' . tracking-board.com . February 28 , 2017 . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Holmes , Adam ( July 14 , 2017 ) . `` Wreck - It Ralph 2 Is Bringing The Original Disney Princesses Back '' . CinemaBlend . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2017 . Retrieved July 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Breznican , Anthony ( July 14 , 2017 ) . `` Wreck - It Ralph sequel will unite the Disney princesses -- and Star Wars ! '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2017 . Retrieved July 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Wreck - It Ralph 2 ' Bringing Back Original Disney Princess Voice Actresses '' . ComicBook.com . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Carbone , Gina ( July 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wreck - It Ralph 2 ' Brings All of the Disney Princesses Together ( With C - 3PO ) '' . Moviefone . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Disney Wreck - It Ralph Director Rich Moore Is a Huge Gamer . GamerHub Videos . October 25 , 2012 . Event occurs at 4 : 22 . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2013 . Retrieved October 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Dekel - Daks , Tal ( February 8 , 2013 ) . `` ' Wreck - It Ralph ' director Rich Moore wants Nintendo 's Mario for sequel '' . Digital Spy . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2013 . Retrieved September 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Vejvoda , Jim ( February 4 , 2013 ) . `` Wreck - It Ralph Director Wants Tron in the Sequel '' . IGN . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2013 . Retrieved September 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Roberts , Sheila ( April 1 , 2014 ) . `` Composer Henry Jackman Talks Captain America : The Winter Soldier , His Influences , Wreck - It Ralph 2 , The Interview , and More '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on June 12 , 2016 . Retrieved April 3 , 2014 . I ca n't tell you more , not because I 'm being coy , but I believe that it is officially on the cards . I do n't know any more other than a story is indeed being written . Jump up ^ Tilly , Chris ( March 24 , 2016 ) . `` Wreck - It Ralph 2 Still Happening , Might Feature Mario '' . IGN . Archived from the original on March 24 , 2016 . Retrieved March 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Snetiker , Marc ( June 30 , 2016 ) . `` Wreck - It Ralph 2 officially announced at Disney '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2016 . Retrieved June 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ O'Brien , Lucy ( March 28 , 2017 ) . `` Wreck - It Ralph 2 is Called Ralph Breaks the Internet '' . IGN . Archived from the original on March 29 , 2017 . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' Star Wars : Episode IX ' Sets Summer 2019 Release Date '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 26 , 2017 . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lieberman , David ( February 22 , 2017 ) . `` Disney Films To Show On Imax Through 2019 With New Distribution Deal '' . Archived from the original on February 23 , 2017 . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Disney ( February 27 , 2018 ) . `` '' There 's no one I 'd rather be than me . '' 😇 😡 `` . Twitter . Retrieved February 27 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Ralph Breaks the Internet : Wreck - It Ralph 2 on IMDb Films directed by Rich Moore Wreck - It Ralph ( 2012 ) Zootopia ( 2016 ) Ralph Breaks the Internet : Wreck - It Ralph 2 ( 2018 ) Disney theatrical animated features Walt Disney Animation Studios films Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1937 ) Pinocchio ( 1940 ) Fantasia ( 1940 ) Dumbo ( 1941 ) Bambi ( 1942 ) Saludos Amigos ( 1942 ) The Three Caballeros ( 1944 ) Make Mine Music ( 1946 ) Fun and Fancy Free ( 1947 ) Melody Time ( 1948 ) The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad ( 1949 ) Cinderella ( 1950 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 1951 ) Peter Pan ( 1953 ) Lady and the Tramp ( 1955 ) Sleeping Beauty ( 1959 ) One Hundred and One Dalmatians ( 1961 ) The Sword in the Stone ( 1963 ) The Jungle Book ( 1967 ) The Aristocats ( 1970 ) Robin Hood ( 1973 ) The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( 1977 ) The Rescuers ( 1977 ) The Fox and the Hound ( 1981 ) The Black Cauldron ( 1985 ) The Great Mouse Detective ( 1986 ) Oliver & Company ( 1988 ) The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) The Rescuers Down Under ( 1990 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) The Lion King ( 1994 ) Pocahontas ( 1995 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1996 ) Hercules ( 1997 ) Mulan ( 1998 ) Tarzan ( 1999 ) Fantasia 2000 ( 1999 ) Dinosaur ( 2000 ) The Emperor 's New Groove ( 2000 ) Atlantis : The Lost Empire ( 2001 ) Lilo & Stitch ( 2002 ) Treasure Planet ( 2002 ) Brother Bear ( 2003 ) Home on the Range ( 2004 ) Chicken Little ( 2005 ) Meet the Robinsons ( 2007 ) Bolt ( 2008 ) The Princess and the Frog ( 2009 ) Tangled ( 2010 ) Winnie the Pooh ( 2011 ) Wreck - It Ralph ( 2012 ) Frozen ( 2013 ) Big Hero 6 ( 2014 ) Zootopia ( 2016 ) Moana ( 2016 ) Ralph Breaks the Internet : Wreck - It Ralph 2 ( 2018 ) Frozen 2 ( 2019 ) Live - action films with animation The Reluctant Dragon ( 1941 ) Victory Through Air Power ( 1943 ) Song of the South ( 1946 ) So Dear to My Heart ( 1948 ) Mary Poppins ( 1964 ) Bedknobs and Broomsticks ( 1971 ) Pete 's Dragon ( 1977 ) Who Framed Roger Rabbit ( 1988 ) Enchanted ( 2007 ) DisneyToon Studios films DuckTales the Movie : Treasure of the Lost Lamp ( 1990 ) A Goofy Movie ( 1995 ) The Tigger Movie ( 2000 ) Return to Never Land ( 2002 ) The Jungle Book 2 ( 2003 ) Piglet 's Big Movie ( 2003 ) Pooh 's Heffalump Movie ( 2005 ) Bambi II ( 2006 ) Planes ( 2013 ) Planes : Fire & Rescue ( 2014 ) Other Disney units films The Nightmare Before Christmas ( 1993 ) James and the Giant Peach ( 1996 ) Doug 's 1st Movie ( 1999 ) Recess : School 's Out ( 2001 ) Teacher 's Pet ( 2004 ) A Christmas Carol ( 2009 ) Gnomeo & Juliet ( 2011 ) Mars Needs Moms ( 2011 ) Frankenweenie ( 2012 ) Strange Magic ( 2015 ) Related lists Unproduced films Book Walt Disney Animation Studios List of feature films Released Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1937 ) Pinocchio ( 1940 ) Fantasia ( 1940 ) Dumbo ( 1941 ) Bambi ( 1942 ) Saludos Amigos ( 1942 ) The Three Caballeros ( 1944 ) Make Mine Music ( 1946 ) Fun and Fancy Free ( 1947 ) Melody Time ( 1948 ) The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad ( 1949 ) Cinderella ( 1950 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 1951 ) Peter Pan ( 1953 ) Lady and the Tramp ( 1955 ) Sleeping Beauty ( 1959 ) One Hundred and One Dalmatians ( 1961 ) The Sword in the Stone ( 1963 ) The Jungle Book ( 1967 ) The Aristocats ( 1970 ) Robin Hood ( 1973 ) The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( 1977 ) The Rescuers ( 1977 ) The Fox and the Hound ( 1981 ) The Black Cauldron ( 1985 ) The Great Mouse Detective ( 1986 ) Oliver & Company ( 1988 ) The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) The Rescuers Down Under ( 1990 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) The Lion King ( 1994 ) Pocahontas ( 1995 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1996 ) Hercules ( 1997 ) Mulan ( 1998 ) Tarzan ( 1999 ) Fantasia 2000 ( 1999 ) Dinosaur ( 2000 ) The Emperor 's New Groove ( 2000 ) Atlantis : The Lost Empire ( 2001 ) Lilo & Stitch ( 2002 ) Treasure Planet ( 2002 ) Brother Bear ( 2003 ) Home on the Range ( 2004 ) Chicken Little ( 2005 ) Meet the Robinsons ( 2007 ) Bolt ( 2008 ) The Princess and the Frog ( 2009 ) Tangled ( 2010 ) Winnie the Pooh ( 2011 ) Wreck - It Ralph ( 2012 ) Frozen ( 2013 ) Big Hero 6 ( 2014 ) Zootopia ( 2016 ) Moana ( 2016 ) Upcoming films Ralph Breaks the Internet : Wreck - It Ralph 2 ( 2018 ) Frozen 2 ( 2019 ) Associated productions The Reluctant Dragon ( 1941 ) Victory Through Air Power ( 1943 ) Song of the South ( 1946 ) So Dear to My Heart ( 1949 ) Mary Poppins ( 1964 ) Bedknobs and Broomsticks ( 1971 ) Pete 's Dragon ( 1977 ) Who Framed Roger Rabbit ( 1988 ) Enchanted ( 2007 ) People Executives Edwin Catmull Roy Conli Roy E. Disney Walt Disney Don Hahn Jeffrey Katzenberg John Lasseter Peter Schneider Thomas Schumacher David Stainton Disney 's Nine Old Men Les Clark Marc Davis Ollie Johnston Milt Kahl Ward Kimball Eric Larson John Lounsbery Wolfgang Reitherman Frank Thomas Related topics History Disney animators ' strike Disney Renaissance Methods and technologies 12 basic principles of animation Computer Animation Production System Disney Animation : The Illusion of Life Multiplane camera Documentaries Frank and Ollie ( 1995 ) The Sweatbox ( 2001 ) Dream On Silly Dreamer ( 2005 ) Waking Sleeping Beauty ( 2009 ) Other Disney animation units Disney Television Animation DisneyToon Studios ( WDAS unit ) Lucasfilm Animation Marvel Animation Pixar Animation Studios Circle 7 ( defunct ) Miscellaneous Alice Comedies Laugh - O - Gram Studio List of Disney animated shorts List of Disney theatrical animated features unproduced Oswald the Lucky Rabbit Mickey Mouse ( film series ) Silly Symphonies Once Upon a Time Disney portal Cartoon portal Animation portal Film portal 2010s portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ralph_Breaks_the_Internet:_Wreck-It_Ralph_2&oldid=828337855 '' Categories : Upcoming films 2018 films English - language films 2018 3D films 2018 computer - animated films Upcoming animated films 2010s action films 2010s comedy films 2010s fantasy films 2010s sequel films American films American action comedy films American buddy films American children 's animated comedy films American children 's animated fantasy films American computer - animated films American sequel films Animated buddy films Animated comedy films Animated films about revenge Crossover animation Crossover films Directorial debut films Disney Princess Films scored by Henry Jackman Films about the Internet Films about royalty Films about video games Films directed by Rich Moore Films featuring anthropomorphic characters Parallel universes in fiction Science fantasy films Star Wars Upcoming English - language films Upcoming sequel films Walt Disney Animation Studios films Walt Disney Pictures films Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from July 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית 日本 語 Português Русский Українська 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 1 March 2018 , at 23 : 56 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did wreck it ralph 2 come out | [
"Ralph Breaks the Internet: Wreck-It Ralph 2 (or WiFi Ralph in some countries) is an upcoming American 3D computer-animated comedy-adventure film that is being produced by Walt Disney Animation Studios. It is the sequel to the 2012 film Wreck-It Ralph. It is the 57th Disney animated feature film, and is scheduled to be released on November 21, 2018 by Walt Disney Pictures."
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"scheduled to be released on November 21, 2018"
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-3593230338148703001 | Trench warfare | Trench warfare - wikipedia Trench warfare Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the development , tactics and experience of trench warfare . For a chronological history of trench warfare in France and Belgium in World War I , see Western Front ( World War I ) . Part of a series on War History ( show ) Prehistoric Ancient Post-classical Early Modern Late Modern Industrial Fourth - Gen Battlespace ( show ) Air Cyber Information Land Sea Space Weapons ( show ) Armor Artillery Biological Cavalry Chemical Conventional Cyber Electronic Infantry Nuclear Psychological Unconventional Tactics ( show ) Aerial Battle Cavalry Charge Counterattack Counter-insurgency Cover Foxhole Guerrilla warfare Morale Siege Swarming Tactical objective Trench warfare Operational ( show ) Blitzkrieg Deep operation Maneuver warfare Operational manoeuvre group Strategy ( show ) Attrition Counter-offensive Deception Defensive Goal Naval Offensive Grand strategy ( show ) Containment Economic warfare Limited war Military science Philosophy of war Strategic studies Total war Organization ( show ) Command and control Doctrine Education and training Engineers Intelligence Ranks Staff Technology and equipment Logistics ( show ) Arms industry Materiel Supply chain management Related ( show ) Asymmetric warfare Broken - Backed War Theory Court - martial Cold war Deterrence theory Horses in warfare Irregular warfare Law of war Mercenary Military campaign Military operation Network - centric warfare Operations research Principles of war Proxy war Religious war Theater Tripwire force War crime War film War game War novel Wartime sexual violence Women in war World war Colonial war Lists ( show ) Battles Military occupations Military tactics Operations Sieges War crimes Wars Weapons Writers German soldiers of the 11th Reserve Hussar Regiment fighting from a trench , on the Western Front , 1916 Trench warfare is a type of land warfare using occupied fighting lines consisting largely of military trenches , in which troops are well - protected from the enemy 's small arms fire and are substantially sheltered from artillery . The most famous use of trench warfare is the Western Front in World War I. It has become a byword for stalemate , attrition , sieges and futility in conflict . Trench warfare occurred when a revolution in firepower was not matched by similar advances in mobility , resulting in a grueling form of warfare in which the defender held the advantage . On the Western Front in 1914 -- 1918 , both sides constructed elaborate trench and dugout systems opposing each other along a front , protected from assault by barbed wire , mines , and other obstacles . The area between opposing trench lines ( known as `` no man 's land '' ) was fully exposed to artillery fire from both sides . Attacks , even if successful , often sustained severe casualties . With the development of armoured warfare , emphasis on trench warfare has declined , but still occurs wherever battle - lines become static . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 1.1 Field works 1.2 Symbol for the futility of war 2 World War I : Entrenchment 2.1 Implementation 2.2 Trench defensive systems 2.3 Trench construction 2.4 Trench geography in World War I 3 World War I : Life in the trenches 4 World War I : Death in the trenches 5 Weapons of World War I trench warfare 5.1 Infantry weapons 5.2 Wire 5.3 Machine guns 5.4 Artillery 5.5 Mortars 5.6 Helmets 5.7 Mines 5.8 Gas 5.9 Aircraft 5.10 New weapons 6 Mining 7 Trench battles 7.1 Strategy 7.2 World War I tactics 7.3 World War I communications 8 World War I -- breaking the stalemate 8.1 Infiltration tactics 8.2 Tanks 9 World War II 10 Post-1945 to modern trench warfare 11 See also 12 Notes 13 References 14 External links Overview ( edit ) Field works ( edit ) Lines of Torres Vedras Field works are as old as armies . Roman legions , when in the presence of an enemy , entrenched camps nightly when on the move . In the early - modern era troops used field works to block possible lines of advance . For example : Members of the Grand Alliance built the Lines of Stollhofen at the start of the War of the Spanish Succession of 1702 - 1714 . The works ran for about 15 km ( 10 mi ) from Stollhofen on the Rhine to the impenetrable woods on the hills east of Bühl . They played a pivotal role in manoeuvring that took place before the Battle of Blenheim ( 1704 ) . The French captured these lines in 1707 and demolished them . The French built the 19 - kilometre - long ( 12 mi ) Lines of Weissenburg during the War of the Spanish Succession under the orders of the Duke of Villars in 1706 . These were to remain in existence for just over 100 years and were last manned during Napoleon 's Hundred Days ( 1815 ) . By 1870 the Lines no longer existed , but the two central forts in the towns of Wissembourg and Altenstadt still possessed fortifications that proved useful defensive positions during the Battle of Wissembourg . The French built the Lines of Ne Plus Ultra ( Latin for `` no further '' ) during the winter of 1710 -- 1711 , which have been compared to the trenches of World War I. They ran from Arras to Cambrai and Valenciennes where they linked up with existing defensive lines fronted by the river Sambre . In the 1711 campaign season the Duke of Marlborough breached them through `` a magnificent piece of manoeuvring '' . During the Peninsular War , the British and Portuguese constructed the Lines of Torres Vedras in 1809 and 1810 ; these proved effective in stopping the French advance on Lisbon in 1810 . Though Napoleon Bonaparte started his military career in artillery , campaigning in the Napoleonic Wars generally emphasized movement rather than static entrenchment . But innovations in trench warfare became more prominent in the course of the 19th century . Trenches at the Siege of Vicksburg 1863 In the New Zealand Wars ( 1845 - 1872 ) the indigenous Maori developed elaborate trench and bunker systems , employing them successfully as early as the 1840s to withstand British cannon , muskets , and an experimental poison - gas mortar . British casualty rates of up to 45 percent , such as at the Battle of Ohaeawai in 1845 , proved that contemporary firepower was insufficient to dislodge defenders from a trench system . The Crimean War ( 1853 - 1856 ) saw `` massive trench works and trench warfare '' , even though `` the modernity of the trench war was not immediately apparent to the contemporaries '' . North American armies employed field works in the American Civil War ( 1861 - 1865 ) -- most notably in the sieges of Vicksburg ( 1863 ) and Petersburg ( 1864 - 1865 ) , the latter of which saw the first use by the Union Army of the rapid - fire Gatling gun , the important precursor to modern - day machine guns . Trenches also featured in the Paraguayan War ( which started in 1864 ) , the Second Anglo - Boer War ( 1899 - 1902 ) , and the Russo - Japanese War ( 1904 - 1905 ) . Fundamentally , as the range and rate of fire of rifled small - arms increased , a defender shielded from enemy fire ( in a trench , at a house window , behind a large rock , or behind other cover ) was often able to kill several approaching foes before they closed with his position . Attacks across open ground became even more dangerous after the introduction of rapid - firing artillery , exemplified by the `` French 75 '' , and high explosive fragmentation rounds . The increases in firepower had outstripped the ability of infantry ( or even cavalry ) to cover the ground between firing lines , and the ability of armour to withstand fire . It would take a revolution in mobility to change that . The Boer trench at the Battle of Magersfontein contributed to the surprise defeat of the Highland Brigade on 11 December 1899 during the Second Boer War . Trench warfare has become archetypically associated with the First World War of 1914 -- 1918 , when the Race to the Sea rapidly expanded trench use on the Western Front starting in September 1914 . By the end of October 1914 the whole front in Belgium and France had solidified into lines of trenches , which lasted until the last weeks of the war . Mass infantry assaults were futile in the face of artillery fire as well as rapid rifle and machine - gun fire . Both sides concentrated on breaking up enemy attacks and on protecting their own troops by digging deep into the ground . Trench warfare also took place on other fronts , including in Italy and at Gallipoli . Symbol for the futility of War ( edit ) Trench warfare has become a powerful symbol of the futility of war . Its image is of young men going `` over the top '' ( over the parapet of the trench , to attack the enemy trench line ) into a maelstrom of fire leading to near - certain death , typified by the first day of the Battle of the Somme ( on which the British Army suffered nearly 60,000 casualties ) or the grinding slaughter in the mud of Passchendaele . To the French , the equivalent is the attrition of the Battle of Verdun in which the French Army suffered 380,000 casualties . Trench warfare is associated with mass slaughter in appalling conditions . Many critics have argued that brave men went to their deaths because of incompetent and narrow - minded commanders who failed to adapt to the new conditions of trench warfare : class - ridden and backward - looking generals put their faith in the attack , believing superior morale and dash would overcome the weapons and moral inferiority of the defender . British public opinion often repeated the theme that their soldiers were `` lions led by donkeys '' . World War I generals are often portrayed as callously persisting in repeated hopeless attacks against trenches . There were failures such as Passchendaele , and Sir Douglas Haig has often been criticised for allowing his battles to continue long after they had lost any purpose other than attrition . Haig 's defenders counter that the attrition was necessary in order to cause attrition in the German army . The problems of trench warfare were recognised , and attempts were made to address them . These included improvements in artillery , infantry tactics , and the development of tanks . By 1918 , taking advantage of failing German morale , Allied attacks were generally more successful and suffered fewer casualties ; in the Hundred Days Offensive there was even a return to mobile warfare . World War I : entrenchment ( edit ) Implementation ( edit ) German forward detachments guarding the entrance to a trench line in front of Arras in 1915 Trenches of the 11th Cheshire Regiment at Ovillers - la - Boisselle , on the Somme , July 1916 . One sentry keeps watch while the others sleep . Photo by Ernest Brooks . 1st Lancashire Fusiliers , in communication trench near Beaumont Hamel , Somme , 1916 . Photo by Ernest Brooks . Although technology had dramatically changed the nature of warfare by 1914 , the armies of the major combatants had not fully absorbed the implications . The French and German armies adopted different tactical doctrines : the French relied on the attack with speed and surprise , and the Germans relied on firepower , investing heavily in howitzers and machine guns . The British lacked an official tactical doctrine , with an officer corps that rejected theory in favour of pragmatism . While the armies expected to use entrenchments and cover , they did not allow for the effect of defences in depth . They required a deliberate approach to seizing positions from which fire support could be given for the next phase of the attack , rather than a rapid move to break the enemy 's line . It was assumed that artillery could still destroy entrenched troops , or at least suppress them sufficiently for friendly infantry and cavalry to manoeuvre . French Trench in northeastern France In the face of modern warfare , digging in was standard practice by the start of WWI . To attack frontally was to court crippling losses , so an outflanking operation was the preferred method of attack against an entrenched enemy . After the Battle of the Aisne in September 1914 , an extended series of attempted flanking moves , and matching extensions to the fortified defensive lines , developed into the `` race to the sea '' , by the end of which German and Allied armies had produced a matched pair of trench lines from the Swiss border in the south to the North Sea coast of Belgium . Trench warfare prevailed on the Western Front from late 1914 until the Germans launched their Spring Offensive on 21 March 1918 . After the buildup of forces in 1915 , the Western Front became a stalemated struggle between equals , to be decided by attrition . Frontal assaults , and their associated casualties , became inevitable because the continuous trench lines had no open flanks . Casualties of the defenders matched those of the attackers , as vast reserves were expended in costly counter-attacks or exposed to the attacker 's massed artillery . There were periods in which rigid trench warfare broke down , such as during the Battle of the Somme , but the lines never moved very far . The war would be won by the side that was able to commit the last reserves to the Western Front . Hot Shower - Bath establishment installed by an ingenious French engineer , November , 1914 Early trenches were simple . They lacked traverses , and according to pre-war doctrine were to be packed with men fighting shoulder to shoulder . This doctrine led to heavy casualties from artillery fire . This vulnerability , and the length of the front to be defended , soon led to front line trenches being held by fewer men . The defenders augmented the trenches themselves with barbed wire strung in front to impede movement ; wiring parties went out every night to repair and improve these forward defences . The small , improvised trenches of the first few months grew deeper and more complex , gradually becoming vast areas of interlocking defensive works . They resisted both artillery bombardment and mass infantry assault . Shell - proof dugouts became a high priority . The space between the opposing trenches was referred to as `` no man 's land '' and varied in width depending on the battlefield . On the Western Front it was typically between 90 and 275 metres ( 100 and 300 yd ) , though only 25 metres ( 30 yd ) on Vimy Ridge . After the German withdrawal to the Hindenburg line in March 1917 , no man 's land stretched to over a kilometre in places . At the `` Quinn 's Post '' in the cramped confines of the Anzac battlefield at Gallipoli , the opposing trenches were only 15 metres ( 16 yd ) apart and the soldiers in the trenches constantly threw hand grenades at each other . On the Eastern Front and in the Middle East , the areas to be covered were so vast , and the distances from the factories supplying shells , bullets , concrete and barbed wire so great , trench warfare in the West European style often did not occur . In the Alps , trench warfare even stretched onto vertical slopes and deep into the mountains , to heights of 3,900 m ( 12,800 ft ) above sea level . The Ortler had an artillery position on its summit near the front line . The trench - line management and trench profiles had to be adapted to the rough terrain , hard rock , and harsh weather conditions . Many trench systems were constructed within glaciers such as the Adamello - Presanella group or the famous city below the ice on the Marmolada in the Dolomites . Trench defensive systems ( edit ) Very early in the war , British defensive doctrine suggested a main trench system of three parallel lines , interconnected by communications trenches . The point at which a communications trench intersected the front trench was of critical importance , and it was usually heavily fortified . The front trench was lightly garrisoned and typically only occupied in force during `` stand to '' at dawn and dusk . Between 65 and 90 m ( 70 and 100 yd ) behind the front trench was located the support ( or `` travel '' ) trench , to which the garrison would retreat when the front trench was bombarded . Between 90 and 270 metres ( 100 and 300 yd ) further to the rear was located the third reserve trench , where the reserve troops could amass for a counter-attack if the front trenches were captured . This defensive layout was soon rendered obsolete as the power of artillery grew ; however , in certain sectors of the front , the support trench was maintained as a decoy to attract the enemy bombardment away from the front and reserve lines . Fires were lit in the support line to make it appear inhabited and any damage done immediately repaired . Aerial view of opposing trench lines between Loos and Hulluch , July 1917 . German trenches at the right and bottom , British at the top - left . Temporary trenches were also built . When a major attack was planned , assembly trenches would be dug near the front trench . These were used to provide a sheltered place for the waves of attacking troops who would follow the first waves leaving from the front trench . `` Saps '' were temporary , unmanned , often dead - end utility trenches dug out into no - man 's land . They fulfilled a variety of purposes , such as connecting the front trench to a listening post close to the enemy wire or providing an advance `` jumping - off '' line for a surprise attack . When one side 's front line bulged towards the opposition , a salient was formed . The concave trench line facing the salient was called a `` re-entrant . '' Large salients were perilous for their occupants because they could be assailed from three sides . Behind the front system of trenches there were usually at least two more partially prepared trench systems , kilometres to the rear , ready to be occupied in the event of a retreat . The Germans often prepared multiple redundant trench systems ; in 1916 their Somme front featured two complete trench systems , one kilometre apart , with a third partially completed system a further kilometre behind . This duplication made a decisive breakthrough virtually impossible . In the event that a section of the first trench system was captured , a `` switch '' trench would be dug to connect the second trench system to the still - held section of the first . The Germans , who had based their knowledge on studies of the Russo - Japanese War , made something of a science out of designing and constructing defensive works . They used reinforced concrete to construct deep , shell - proof , ventilated dugouts , as well as strategic strongpoints . They were more willing than their opponents to make a strategic withdrawal to a superior prepared defensive position . They were also the first to apply the concept of `` defence in depth '' , where the front - line zone was hundreds of metres deep and contained a series of redoubts rather than a continuous trench . Each redoubt could provide supporting fire to its neighbours , and while the attackers had freedom of movement between the redoubts , they would be subjected to withering enfilade fire . The British eventually adopted a similar approach , but it was incompletely implemented when the Germans launched the 1918 Spring Offensive and proved disastrously ineffective . France , by contrast , relied on artillery and reserves , not entrenchment . The characteristic barbed wire placed before trenches , in belts 15 m ( 49 ft ) deep or more , differed , too ; the German wire was heavier gauge , and British wire cutters , designed for the thinner native product , were unable to cut it . Trench construction ( edit ) Trench construction diagram from a 1914 British infantry manual Soldiers training in trench warfare , with well - defined fire bays connected by offset traverse trenches , with zigzag communication trenches leading to the rear area A well - developed trench had to be at least 2.5 m ( 8 ft ) deep to allow men to walk upright and still be protected . Trenches were never straight but were dug in a zigzagging or stepped pattern , with all straight sections generally kept less than a dozen meters ( yards ) . Later , this evolved to have the combat trenches broken into distinct fire bays connected by traverses . While this isolated the view of friendly soldiers along their own trench , this ensured the entire trench could not be enfiladed if the enemy gained access at any one point ; or if a bomb , grenade , or shell landed in the trench , the blast could not travel far . The banked earth on the lip of the trench facing the enemy was called the parapet and had a fire step . The embanked rear lip of the trench was called the parados . The parados protected the soldier 's back from shells falling behind the trench . The sides of the trench were often revetted with sandbags , wire mesh , wooden frames and sometimes roofs . The floor of the trench was usually covered by wooden duckboards . In later designs the floor might be raised on a wooden frame to provide a drainage channel underneath . Dugouts of varying degrees of comfort would be built in the rear of the support trench . British dugouts were usually 2.5 to 5 m ( 8 to 16 ft ) deep , whereas German dugouts were typically much deeper , usually a minimum of 4 m ( 12 ft ) deep and sometimes dug three stories down , with concrete staircases to reach the upper levels . Australian light horseman using a periscope rifle , Gallipoli 1915 To allow a soldier to see out of the trench without exposing his head , a loophole could be built into the parapet . A loophole might simply be a gap in the sandbags , or it might be fitted with a steel plate . German snipers used armour - piercing bullets that allowed them to penetrate loopholes . Another means to see over the parapet was the trench periscope -- in its simplest form , just a stick with two angled pieces of mirror at the top and bottom . A number of armies made use of the periscope rifle , which enabled soldiers to snipe at the enemy without exposing themselves over the parapet , although at the cost of reduced shooting accuracy . The device is most associated with Australian and New Zealand troops at Gallipoli , where the Turks held the high ground . There were three standard ways to dig a trench : entrenching , sapping , and tunnelling . Entrenching , where a man would stand on the surface and dig downwards , was most efficient , as it allowed a large digging party to dig the full length of the trench simultaneously . However , entrenching left the diggers exposed above ground and hence could only be carried out when free of observation , such as in a rear area or at night . Sapping involved extending the trench by digging away at the end face . The diggers were not exposed , but only one or two men could work on the trench at a time . Tunnelling was like sapping except that a `` roof '' of soil was left in place while the trench line was established and then removed when the trench was ready to be occupied . The guidelines for British trench construction stated that it would take 450 men 6 hours at night to complete 250 m ( 270 yd ) of front - line trench system . Thereafter , the trench would require constant maintenance to prevent deterioration caused by weather or shelling . Breastwork `` trench '' , Armentières , 1916 The battlefield of Flanders presented numerous problems for the practice of trench warfare , especially for the Allied forces , mainly British and Canadians , who were often compelled to occupy the low ground . Heavy shelling quickly destroyed the network of ditches and water channels which had previously drained this low - lying area of Belgium . In most places , the water table was only a metre or so below the surface , meaning that any trench dug in the ground would quickly flood . Consequently , many `` trenches '' in Flanders were actually above ground and constructed from massive breastworks of sandbags filled with clay . Initially , both the parapet and parados of the trench were built in this way , but a later technique was to dispense with the parados for much of the trench line , thus exposing the rear of the trench to fire from the reserve line in case the front was breached . Trench geography in World War I ( edit ) The confined , static , and subterranean nature of trench warfare resulted in it developing its own peculiar form of geography . In the forward zone , the conventional transport infrastructure of roads and rail were replaced by the network of trenches and trench railways . The critical advantage that could be gained by holding the high ground meant that minor hills and ridges gained enormous significance . Many slight hills and valleys were so subtle as to have been nameless until the front line encroached upon them . Some hills were named for their height in metres , such as Hill 60 . A farmhouse , windmill , quarry , or copse of trees would become the focus of a determined struggle simply because it was the largest identifiable feature . However , it would not take the artillery long to obliterate it , so that thereafter it became just a name on a map . Battlefield features could be given a descriptive name ( `` Polygon Wood '' near Ypres or `` Lone Pine '' ) , a whimsical name ( `` Sausage Valley '' and `` Mash Valley '' on the Somme ) , a unit name ( `` Inniskilling Inch '' at Helles named for the Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers ) or the name of a soldier ( `` Monash Valley '' at Anzac named after General John Monash ) . Prefixing a feature with `` Dead Man 's '' was also popular for obvious reasons , such as `` Dead Man 's Road '' leading in to Pozières , or `` Dead Man 's Ridge '' at Anzac . There were numerous trench networks named `` The Chessboard '' or `` The Gridiron '' because of the pattern they described . For the Australians at Mouquet Farm , the advances were so short and the terrain so featureless that they were reduced to naming their objectives as `` points '' on the map , such as `` Point 81 '' and `` Point 55 . '' Enemy trenches , which would become objectives in an attack , needed to be named as well . Many were named for some observed event such as `` German Officers ' Trench '' at Anzac or `` Ration Trench '' on the Somme . The British gave an alcoholic flavour to the German trenches in front of Ginchy : `` Beer Trench '' , `` Bitter Trench '' , `` Hop Trench '' , `` Ale Alley '' , and `` Pilsen Trench . '' Other objectives were named according to their role in the trench system , such as the `` Switch Trench '' and `` Intermediate Trench '' on the Somme . Some sections of the British trench system read like a Monopoly board , with names such as `` Park Lane '' and `` Bond Street '' . British regular divisions habitually named their trenches after units , which resulted in names such as `` Munster Alley '' ( Royal Munster Fusiliers ) , `` Black Watch Alley '' ( Black Watch Regiment ) and `` Border Barricade '' ( Border Regiment ) . The Anzacs tended to name features after soldiers ( `` Plugge 's Plateau '' , `` Walker 's Ridge '' , `` Quinn 's Post '' , `` Johnston 's Jolly '' , `` Russell 's Top '' , `` Brind 's Road '' and so forth ) . World War I : life in the trenches ( edit ) Distribution of pinard ( ration wine ) in a French trench in winter , considered important for morale `` Studying French in the Trenches '' , The Literary Digest , October 20 , 1917 . A barber in a French trench An individual unit 's time in the front - line trench was usually brief ; from as little as one day to as much as two weeks at a time before being relieved . The 31st Australian Battalion once spent 53 days in the line at Villers - Bretonneux , but such a duration was a rare exception . The 10th Battalion , CEF , averaged front line tours of six days in 1915 and 1916 . The units who manned the front line trenches the longest were the Portuguese Expeditionary Corps from Portugal stationed in Northern France ; unlike the other allies the Portuguese could n't rotate units from the front lines due to lack of reinforcements sent from Portugal , nor could they replace the depleted units that lost manpower due to the war of attrition . With this rate of casualties and no reinforcements forthcoming most of the men were denied leave and had to serve long periods in the trenches with some units spending up to six consecutive months in the front line with little to no leave during that time . On an individual level , a typical British soldier 's year could be divided as follows : 15 % front line 10 % support line 30 % reserve line 20 % rest 25 % other ( hospital , travelling , leave , training courses , etc . ) Even when in the front line , the typical battalion would only be called upon to engage in fighting a handful of times a year -- making an attack , defending against an attack or participating in a raid . The frequency of combat would increase for the units of the `` elite '' fighting divisions -- on the Allied side ; the British regular divisions , the Canadian Corps , the French XX Corps and the Anzacs . Some sectors of the front saw little activity throughout the war , making life in the trenches comparatively easy . When the I Anzac Corps first arrived in France in April 1916 after the evacuation of Gallipoli , they were sent to a relatively peaceful sector south of Armentières to `` acclimatise '' . Other sectors were in a perpetual state of violent activity . On the Western Front , Ypres was invariably hellish , especially for the British in the exposed , overlooked salient . However , quiet sectors still amassed daily casualties through sniper fire , artillery , disease , and poison gas . In the first six months of 1916 , before the launch of the Somme Offensive , the British did not engage in any significant battles on their sector of the Western Front and yet suffered 107,776 casualties . Only 1 in 2 men would return alive and unwounded from the trenches . A sector of the front would be allocated to an army corps , usually comprising three divisions . Two divisions would occupy adjacent sections of the front and the third would be in rest to the rear . This breakdown of duty would continue down through the army structure , so that within each front - line division , typically comprising three infantry brigades ( regiments for the Germans ) , two brigades would occupy the front and the third would be in reserve . Within each front - line brigade , typically comprising four battalions , two battalions would occupy the front with two in reserve . And so on for companies and platoons . The lower down the structure this division of duty proceeded , the more frequently the units would rotate from front - line duty to support or reserve . During the day , snipers and artillery observers in balloons made movement perilous , so the trenches were mostly quiet . Consequently , trenches were busiest at night , when cover of darkness allowed the movement of troops and supplies , the maintenance and expansion of the barbed wire and trench system , and reconnaissance of the enemy 's defences . Sentries in listening posts out in no man 's land would try to detect enemy patrols and working parties or indications that an attack was being prepared . Pioneered by the Princess Patricia 's Canadian Light Infantry in February 1915 , trench raids were carried out in order to capture prisoners and `` booty '' -- letters and other documents to provide intelligence about the unit occupying the opposing trenches . As the war progressed , raiding became part of the general British policy , the intention being to maintain the fighting spirit of the troops and to deny no man 's land to the Germans . As well , they were intended to compel the enemy to reinforce , which exposed his troops to artillery fire . Such dominance was achieved at a high cost when the enemy replied with his own artillery , and a post-war British analysis concluded the benefits were probably not worth the cost . Early in the war , surprise raids would be mounted , particularly by the Canadians , but increased vigilance made achieving surprise difficult as the war progressed . By 1916 , raids were carefully planned exercises in combined arms and involved close co-operation of infantry and artillery . A raid would begin with an intense artillery bombardment designed to drive off or kill the front - trench garrison and cut the barbed wire . Then the bombardment would shift to form a `` box barrage '' , or cordon , around a section of the front line to prevent a counter-attack intercepting the raid . However , the bombardment also had the effect of notifying the enemy of the location of the planned attack , thus allowing reinforcements to be called in from wider sectors . World War I : death in the trenches ( edit ) A German machine gun position just after its capture by New Zealand soldiers , with a dead German among the debris , Grevillers , 24 August 1918 , Hundred Days Offensive Stretcher bearers , Passchendaele , August 1917 Dead German soldiers lie in the rubble of a trench destroyed by mine explosion , Messines Ridge , 1917 The intensity of World War I trench warfare meant about 10 % of all fighting soldiers were killed . This compared to 5 % killed during the Second Boer War and 4.5 % killed during World War II . For British and Dominion troops serving on the Western Front , the proportion of troops killed was 12.5 % , while the total proportion of troops who became casualties ( killed or wounded ) was 56 % . Medical services were fairly primitive and antibiotics had not yet been discovered . Relatively minor injuries could prove fatal through onset of infection and gangrene . The Germans recorded that 15 % of leg wounds and 25 % of arm wounds resulted in death , mainly through infection . The Americans recorded 44 % of casualties who developed gangrene died . Fifty percent of those wounded in the head died and 99 % of those wounded in the abdomen died . Seventy five percent of wounds came from shell fire . A wound resulting from a shell fragment was usually more traumatic than a gunshot wound . A shell fragment would often introduce debris , making it more likely that the wound would become infected . These factors meant a soldier was three times more likely to die from a shell wound to the chest than from a gunshot wound . The blast from shell explosions could also kill by concussion . In addition to the physical effects of shell fire , there was the psychological damage . Men who had to endure prolonged bombardment would often suffer debilitating shell shock , a condition not well understood at the time . Although World War I was the first war in which disease caused fewer deaths than combat , sanitary conditions in the trenches were quite poor , and common infections included dysentery , typhus , and cholera . Many soldiers suffered from parasites and related infections . Poor hygiene also led to fungal conditions , such as trench mouth and trench foot . Another common killer was exposure , since the temperature within a trench in the winter could easily fall below freezing . Burial of the dead was usually a luxury that neither side could easily afford . The bodies would lie in no man 's land until the front line moved , by which time the bodies were often unidentifiable . On some battlefields , such as at the Nek in Gallipoli , the bodies were not buried until after the war . On the Western Front , bodies continue to be found as fields are ploughed and building foundations dug . At various times during the war -- particularly early on -- official truces were organised so that the wounded could be recovered from no man 's land and the dead could be buried . Generally , senior commands disapproved of any slackening of the offensive for humanitarian reasons and so ordered their troops not to permit enemy stretcher - bearers to operate in no man 's land . However , this order was almost invariably ignored by the soldiers in the trenches , who knew that it was to the mutual benefit of the fighting men of both sides to allow the wounded to be retrieved . So , as soon as hostilities ceased , parties of stretcher bearers , marked with Red Cross flags , would go out to recover the wounded , sometimes swapping enemy wounded for their own . There were occasions when this unofficial cease fire was exploited to conduct a reconnaissance or to reinforce or relieve a garrison . One famous truce was the Christmas truce between British and German soldiers in the winter of 1914 on the front near Armentières . German soldiers began singing Christmas carols and soon soldiers left their trenches . The soldiers exchanged gifts and stories , and played several games of football . The commanders of the warring nations disapproved of this cease fire , and the British court - martialed several of their soldiers . Weapons of World War I trench warfare ( edit ) Infantry weapons ( edit ) British Mills bomb N ° 23 Mk II , with rod for launch by rifle Various trench weapons used by British and Canadian soldiers in WWI on display at the Canadian War Museum French soldiers with a Sauterelle bomb - throwing crossbow , c. 1915 At the start of the First World War , the standard infantry soldier 's primary weapons were the rifle and bayonet ; other weapons got less attention . Especially for the British , what hand grenades were issued tended to be few in numbers and less effective . This emphasis began to shift as soon as trench warfare began ; militaries rushed improved grenades into mass production , including rifle grenades . The hand grenade came to be one of the primary infantry weapons of trench warfare . Both sides were quick to raise specialist grenadier groups . The grenade enabled a soldier to engage the enemy without exposing himself to fire , and it did not require precise accuracy to kill or maim . Another benefit was that if a soldier could get close enough to the trenches , enemies hiding in trenches could be attacked . The Germans and Turks were well equipped with grenades from the start of the war , but the British , who had ceased using grenadiers in the 1870s and did not anticipate a siege war , entered the conflict with virtually none , so soldiers had to improvise bombs with whatever was available ( see Jam Tin Grenade ) . By late 1915 , the British Mills bomb had entered wide circulation , and by the end of the war 75 million had been used . Since the troops were often not adequately equipped for trench warfare , improvised weapons were common in the first encounters , such as short wooden clubs and metal maces , as well as trench knives and brass knuckles . According to the semi-biographical war novel All Quiet on the Western Front , many soldiers preferred to use a sharpened spade as an improvised melee weapon instead of the bayonet , as the bayonet tended to get `` stuck '' in stabbed opponents , rendering it useless in heated battle . The shorter length also made them easier to use in the confined quarters of the trenches . These tools could then be used to dig in after they had taken a trench . As the war progressed , better equipment was issued , and improvised arms were discarded . A specialised group of fighters called trench sweepers ( Nettoyeurs de Tranchées or Zigouilleurs ) evolved to fight within the trenches . They cleared surviving enemy personnel from recently overrun trenches and made clandestine raids into enemy trenches to gather intelligence . Volunteers for this dangerous work were often exempted from participation in frontal assaults over open ground and from routine work like filling sandbags , draining trenches , and repairing barbed wire in no - man 's land . When allowed to choose their own weapons , many selected grenades , knives and pistols . FN M1900 pistols were highly regarded for this work , but never available in adequate quantities . Colt Model 1903 Pocket Hammerless , Savage Model 1907 , Star Bonifacio Echeverria and Ruby pistols were widely used . Various mechanical devices were invented for throwing hand grenades into enemy trenches . The Germans used the Wurfmaschine , a spring - powered device for throwing a hand grenade about 200 m ( 220 yd ) . The French responded with the Sauterelle and the British with the Leach Trench Catapult and West Spring Gun which had varying degrees of success and accuracy . By 1916 , catapult weapons were largely replaced by rifle grenades and mortars . The Germans employed Flammenwerfer ( flamethrowers ) during the war for the first time against the French on 25 June 1915 , then against the British 30 July in Hooge . The technology was in its infancy , and use was not very common until the end of 1917 when portability and reliability were improved . It was used in more than 300 documented battles . By 1918 , it became a weapon of choice for Stoßtruppen ( Stormtroopers ) with a team of six Pioniere ( combat engineers ) per squad . Used by American soldiers in the Western front , the pump action shotgun was a formidable weapon in short range combat , enough so that Germany lodged a formal protest against their use on 14 September 1918 , stating `` every prisoner found to have in his possession such guns or ammunition belonging thereto forfeits his life '' , though this threat was apparently never carried out . The U.S. military began to issue models specially modified for combat , called `` trench guns '' , with shorter barrels , higher capacity magazines , no choke , and often heat shields around the barrel , as well as lugs for the M1917 bayonet . Anzac and some British soldiers were also known to use sawn - off shotguns in trench raids , because of their portability , effectiveness at close range , and ease of use in the confines of a trench . This practice was not officially sanctioned , and the shotguns used were invariably modified sporting guns . Wire ( edit ) French soldiers struggle to pass multiple lines of barbed wire The use of lines of barbed wire , razor wire , and other wire obstacles is effective in stalling infantry traveling across the battlefield . Although the barbs or razors might cause minor injuries , the purpose was to entangle the limbs of enemy soldiers , forcing them to stop and methodically pull or work the wire off , likely taking several seconds , or even longer . This is deadly when the wire is emplaced at points of maximum exposure to concentrated enemy firepower , in plain sight of enemy fire bays and machine guns . The combination of wire and firepower was the cause of most failed attacks in trench warfare and their very high casualties . Liddell Hart identified barbed wire and the machine gun as the elements that had to be broken to regain a mobile battlefield . A basic wire line could be created by draping several strands of barbed wire between wooden posts driven into the ground . Loose lines of wire can be more effective in entangling than tight ones , and it was common to use the coils of barbed wire as delivered only partially stretched out , called concertina wire . Placing and repairing wire in no man 's land relied on stealth , usually done at night by special wiring parties , who could also be tasked with secretly sabotaging enemy wires . The screw picket , invented by the Germans and later adopted by the Allies during the war , was quieter than driving stakes . Wire often stretched the entire length of a battlefield 's trench line , in multiple lines , sometimes covering a depth 30 metres ( 100 ft ) or more . Methods to defeat it are rudimentary . Prolonged artillery bombardment could damage them , but not reliably . The first soldier meeting the wire could jump onto the top of it , hopefully depressing it enough for those that followed to get over him ; this still took at least one soldier out of action for each line of wire . In World War I , British and Commonwealth forces relied on wire cutters , which proved unable to cope with the heavier gauge German wire . The Bangalore torpedo was adopted by many armies , and continued in use past the end of World War II . Machine guns ( edit ) Main article : Machine gun Vickers machine gun The Germans embraced the machine gun from the outset -- in 1904 , sixteen units were equipped with the ' Maschinengewehr ' -- and the machine gun crews were the elite infantry units ; these units were attached to Jaeger ( light infantry ) battalions . By 1914 , British infantry units were armed with two Vickers machine guns per battalion ; the Germans had six per battalion , and the Russians eight . It would not be until 1917 that every infantry unit of the American forces carried at least one machine gun . After 1915 , the Maschinengewehr 08 was the standard issue German machine gun ; its number `` 08 / 15 '' entered the German language as idiomatic for `` dead plain '' . At Gallipoli and in Palestine the Turks provided the infantry , but it was usually Germans who manned the machine guns . The British High Command were less enthusiastic about machine guns , supposedly considering the weapon too `` unsporting '' and encouraging defensive fighting ; and they lagged behind the Germans in adopting it . Field Marshal Sir Douglas Haig is quoted as saying in 1915 , `` The machine gun is a much overrated weapon ; two per battalion is more than sufficient '' . The defensive firepower of the machine gun was exemplified during the first day of the Battle of the Somme when 60,000 British soldiers were rendered casualties , `` the great majority lost under withering machine gun fire '' . In 1915 the Machine Gun Corps was formed to train and provide sufficient heavy machine gun teams . It was the Canadians that made the best practice , pioneering area denial and indirect fire ( soon adopted by all Allied armies ) under the guidance of former French Army Reserve officer Major General Raymond Brutinel . Minutes before the attack on Vimy Ridge the Canadians thickened the artillery barrage by aiming machine guns indirectly to deliver plunging fire on the Germans . They also significantly increased the number of machine guns per battalion . To match demand , production of the Vickers machine gun was contracted to firms in the United States . By 1917 , every company in the British forces were also equipped with four Lewis light machine guns , which significantly enhanced their firepower . The heavy machine gun was a specialist weapon , and in a static trench system was employed in a scientific manner , with carefully calculated fields of fire , so that at a moment 's notice an accurate burst could be fired at the enemy 's parapet or a break in the wire . Equally it could be used as light artillery in bombarding distant trenches . Heavy machine guns required teams of up to eight men to move them , maintain them , and keep them supplied with ammunition . This made them impractical for offensive manoeuvres , contributing to the stalemate on the Western Front . One machine gun nest was theoretically able to mow down hundreds of enemies charging in the open through no man 's land . However , while WWI machine guns were able to shoot hundreds of rounds per minute in theory , they were still prone to overheating and jamming , which often necessitated firing in short bursts . However , their potential was increased significantly when emplaced behind multiple lines of barbed wire to slow any advancing enemy . During WWI machine guns were adapted for use on tanks and aircraft or the first time . Artillery ( edit ) Loading a 15 in ( 380 mm ) howitzer Artillery dominated the battlefields of trench warfare . An infantry attack was rarely successful if it advanced beyond the range of its supporting artillery . In addition to bombarding the enemy infantry in the trenches , the artillery could be used to precede infantry advances with a creeping barrage , or engage in counter-battery duels to try to destroy the enemy 's guns . Artillery mainly fired fragmentation , high - explosive , shrapnel or , later in the war , gas shells . The British experimented with firing thermite incendiary shells , to set trees and ruins alight . However , all armies experienced shell shortages during the first year or two of World War I , due to underestimating their usage in intensive combat . This knowledge had been gained by the combatant nations in the Russo - Japanese War , when daily artillery fire consumed ten times more than daily factory output , but had not been applied . Artillery pieces were of two types : infantry support guns and howitzers . Guns fired high - velocity shells over a flat trajectory and were often used to deliver fragmentation and to cut barbed wire . Howitzers lofted the shell over a high trajectory so it plunged into the ground . The largest calibers were usually howitzers . The German 420 mm ( 17 in ) howitzer weighed 20 tons and could fire a one - ton shell over 10 km ( 6.2 mi ) . A critical feature of period artillery pieces was the hydraulic recoil mechanism , which meant the gun did not need to be re-aimed after each shot , permitting a tremendous increase in rate of fire . Initially each gun would need to register its aim on a known target , in view of an observer , in order to fire with precision during a battle . The process of gun registration would often alert the enemy an attack was being planned . Towards the end of 1917 , artillery techniques were developed enabling fire to be delivered accurately without registration on the battlefield -- the gun registration was done behind the lines then the pre-registered guns were brought up to the front for a surprise attack . Mortars ( edit ) French soldiers operating a compressed - air trench mortar of 86 - millimetre calibre Mortars , which lobbed a shell in a high arc over a relatively short distance , were widely used in trench fighting for harassing the forward trenches , for cutting wire in preparation for a raid or attack , and for destroying dugouts , saps and other entrenchments . In 1914 , the British fired a total of 545 mortar shells ; in 1916 , they fired over 6,500,000 . Similarly , howitzers , which fire on a more direct arc than mortars , raised in number from over 1,000 shells in 1914 , to over 4,500,000 in 1916 . The smaller numerical difference in mortar rounds , as opposed to howitzer rounds , is presumed by many to be related to the expanded costs of manufacturing the larger and more resource intensive howitzer rounds . The main British mortar was the Stokes , a precursor of the modern mortar . It was a light mortar , simple in operation , and capable of a rapid rate of fire by virtue of the propellant cartridge being attached to the base shell . To fire the Stokes mortar , the round was simply dropped into the tube , where the percussion cartridge was detonated when it struck the firing pin at the bottom of the barrel , thus being launched . The Germans used a range of mortars . The smallest were grenade - throwers ( ' Granatenwerfer ' ) which fired the stick grenades which were commonly used . Their medium trench - mortars were called mine - throwers ( ' Minenwerfer ' ) . The heavy mortar was called the ' Ladungswerfer ' , which threw `` aerial torpedoes '' , containing a 200 lb ( 91 kg ) charge to a range of 1,000 yd ( 910 m ) . The flight of the missile was so slow and leisurely that men on the receiving end could make some attempt to seek shelter . Mortars had certain advantages over artillery such as being much more portable and the ability to fire without leaving the relative safety of trenches . Moreover , Mortar were able to fire directly into the trenches , which was hard to do with artillery . Helmets ( edit ) During the first year of the First World War , none of the combatant nations equipped their troops with steel helmets . Soldiers went into battle wearing simple cloth or leather caps that offered virtually no protection from the damage caused by modern weapons . German troops were wearing the traditional leather Pickelhaube ( spiked helmet ) , with a covering of cloth to protect the leather from the splattering of mud . Once the war entered the static phase of trench warfare , the number of lethal head wounds that troops were receiving from fragmentation increased dramatically . The French were the first to see a need for greater protection and began to introduce steel helmets in the summer of 1915 . The Adrian helmet replaced the traditional French kepi and was later adopted by the Belgian , Italian and many other armies . At about the same time the British were developing their own helmets . The French design was rejected as not strong enough and too difficult to mass - produce . The design that was eventually approved by the British was the Brodie helmet . This had a wide brim to protect the wearer from falling objects , but offered less protection to the wearer 's neck . When the Americans entered the war , this was the helmet they chose , though some units used the French Adrian helmet . The traditional German ' pickelhaube ' was replaced by the Stahlhelm or `` steel helmet '' in 1916 . Some elite Italian units used a helmet derived from ancient Roman designs . None of these standard helmets could protect the face or eyes , however . Special face - covers were designed to be used by machine gunners , and the Belgians tried out goggles made of louvres to protect the eyes . Additionally , tank crews were issued with or fashioned makeshift face masks to protect against the hot metal fragments that ricocheted around the compartment when the exterior of the tank was hit with machinegun fire . Mines ( edit ) Landmines were widely used in WWI trench and tunnel warfare to destroy or disrupt enemy 's trench lines . Gas ( edit ) Main article : Chemical weapons in World War I Australian infantry wearing gas masks , Ypres , September 1917 World War I saw large - scale use of poison gasses . At the start of the war , the gas agents used were relatively weak and delivery unreliable , but by mid-war advances in this chemical warfare reached horrifying levels . The first methods of employing gas was by releasing it from a cylinder when the wind was favourable . This was prone to miscarry if the direction of the wind was misjudged . Also , the cylinders needed to be positioned in the front trenches where they were likely to be ruptured by enemy bombardment . Later , gas was delivered directly to enemy trenches by artillery or mortar shell , reducing friendly casualties significantly . Lingering agents could still affect friendly troops that advanced to enemy trenches following its use . Early on , soldiers made improvised gas masks by urinating on a handkerchief and putting it over their nose and mouth so the urea would disable the poison . Armies rushed to issue regulation gas masks as regular equipment for front line troops . Anti-gas equipment and procedures improved significantly during the war , to the point that gas attacks had become less devastating at the war 's end . Several different gas agents were used . Tear gas was first employed in August 1914 by the French , but this could only temporarily disable the enemy . In April 1915 , chlorine gas was first used by Germany at the Second Battle of Ypres . Exposure to a large dose could kill , and those not killed could suffer permanent lung damage . But the gas was easy to detect by scent and sight . Phosgene , first used in December 1915 , was the most lethal killing gas of World War I ; it was 18 times more powerful than chlorine and much more difficult to detect . However , the most effective gas was mustard gas , introduced by Germany in July 1917 . Mustard gas was not as fatal as phosgene , but it was hard to detect and lingered on the surface of the battlefield , so could inflict casualties over a long period . Even if not inhaled , it could slowly burn the skin , but quickly burned via the eyes or any wounds , causing blindness and intense suffering . Casualties from mustard gas were unlikely to be fit to fight again , yet only 2 % of mustard gas casualties died . The added burden of long - term care of casualties from mustard gas actually increased its overall effectiveness compared to more immediately lethal gas agents . Aircraft ( edit ) The fundamental purpose of the aircraft in trench warfare was reconnaissance and artillery observation . Aerial reconnaissance was so significant in exposing movements , it has been said the trench stalemate was a product of it . The role of the fighter was to protect friendly reconnaissance aircraft and destroy those of the enemy , or at least deny them the freedom of friendly airspace . This involved achieving air superiority over the battlefield by destroying the enemy 's fighters as well . Spotter aircraft would monitor the fall of shells during registration of the artillery . Reconnaissance aircraft would map trench lines , first with hand - drawn diagrams , later with photography , monitor enemy troop movements , and locate enemy artillery batteries so that they could be destroyed with counter-battery fire . New weapons ( edit ) German soldier with MP 18 , 1918 . In 1917 and 1918 , new types of weapons were fielded . They changed the face of warfare tactics and were later employed during World War II . The French introduced the CSRG 1915 Chauchat during Spring 1916 around the concept of `` walking fire '' , employed in 1918 when 250,000 weapons were fielded . More than 80,000 of the best shooters received the semi-automatic RSC 1917 rifle , allowing them to rapid fire at waves of attacking soldiers . Firing ports were installed in the newly arrived Renault FT tanks . The French Army fielded a ground version of the Hotchkiss Canon de 37 mm used by the French Navy . It was primarily used to destroy German machine gun nests and concrete reinforced pillboxes with high explosive rounds , but an armour - piercing round was designed to defeat the German tanks , making it the first anti tank gun . A new type of machine gun was introduced in 1916 . Initially an aircraft weapon , the Bergmann LMG 15 was modified for ground use , with the later dedicated ground version being the LMG 15 n . A. It was used as an infantry weapon on all European and Middle Eastern fronts until the end of World War I. It later inspired the MG 30 and the MG 34 as well as the concept of the general - purpose machine gun . What became known as the submachine gun had its genesis in World War I , developed around the concepts of infiltration and fire and movement , specifically to clear trenches of enemy soldiers when engagements were unlikely to occur beyond a range of a few feet . The MP 18 was the first practical submachine gun used in combat . It was fielded in 1918 by the German Army as the primary weapon of the stormtroopers , assault groups that specialised in trench combat . Mining ( edit ) Main article : Mining ( military ) Explosion of a mine seen from a French position . 1916 Plan of the Y Sap mine The dry chalk of the Somme was especially suited to mining , but with the aid of pumps , it was also possible to mine in the sodden clay of Flanders . Specialist tunneling companies , usually made up of men who had been miners in civilian life , would dig tunnels under no man 's land and beneath the enemy 's trenches . These mines would then be packed with explosives and detonated , producing a large crater . The crater served two purposes : it could destroy or breach the enemy 's trench and , by virtue of the raised lip that they produced , could provide a ready - made `` trench '' closer to the enemy 's line . When a mine was detonated , both sides would race to occupy and fortify the crater . If the miners detected an enemy tunnel in progress , they would often counter-mine and try to drive a tunnel under the enemy 's tunnel in which they would detonate explosives to create a camouflet to destroy the enemy 's tunnel . Night raids were also conducted with the sole purpose of destroying the enemy 's mine workings . On occasion , mines would cross and fighting would occur underground . The mining skills could also be used to move troops unseen . On one occasion a whole British division was moved through interconnected workings and sewers without German observation . The British detonated 19 mines of varying sizes on July 1 , 1916 , the first day of the Battle of the Somme . The largest mines -- the Y Sap Mine and the Lochnagar Mine -- each containing 24 tons of explosives , were blown near La Boiselle , throwing earth 4,000 feet into the air . At 3.10 AM on June 7 , 1917 , a series of mines was detonated by the British to launch the Battle of Messines . The average mine contained 21 tons of explosive and the largest , 125 feet beneath Saint - Eloi , was twice the average at 42 tons . As remarked by General Plumer to his staff the evening before the attack : `` Gentlemen , we may not make history tomorrow , but we shall certainly change the geography . '' The craters from these and many other mines on the Western Front are still visible today . Two undetonated mines remained in the ground near Messines , with their location mislaid after the war . One blew during a thunderstorm in 1955 ; the other remains in the ground . Significant mining operations were also carried out on the Italian Front . Trench battles ( edit ) German trenches in Vimy While trenches have often been dug as defensive measures , in the pre-firearm era , they were mainly a type of hindrance for an attacker of a fortified location , such as the ditch ( or moat ) around a castle . An early example of this can be seen in the Battle of the Trench . Only with the advent of accurate firearms did the use of trenches as positions for the defender of a fortification become common . Elaborate trench and bunker systems were employed by the Māori to withstand British artillery barrages and bayonet charges during the New Zealand Wars in the 1840s . Trench systems were also employed in the Russo - Japanese War and American Civil War . The military usage evolved very quickly in the First World War , until whole systems of extensive main trenches , backup trenches ( in case the first lines were overrun ) and communication trenches had been developed , often stretching dozens of kilometres along a front without interruption , and some kilometres further back from the opponent 's lines . Strategy ( edit ) The fundamental strategy of trench warfare in World War I was to defend one 's own position strongly while trying to achieve a breakthrough into the enemy 's rear . The effect was to end up in attrition ; the process of progressively grinding down the opposition 's resources until , ultimately , they are no longer able to wage war . This did not prevent the ambitious commander from pursuing the strategy of annihilation -- the ideal of an offensive battle which produces victory in one decisive engagement . The Commander in Chief of the British forces during most of World War I , General Douglas Haig , was constantly seeking a `` breakthrough '' which could then be exploited with cavalry divisions . His major trench offensives -- the Somme in 1916 and Flanders in 1917 -- were conceived as breakthrough battles but both degenerated into costly attrition . The Germans actively pursued a strategy of attrition in the Battle of Verdun , the sole purpose of which was to `` bleed the French Army white '' . At the same time the Allies needed to mount offensives in order to draw attention away from other hard - pressed areas of the line . World War I tactics ( edit ) French troopers using periscope , 1915 The popular image of a trench assault is of a wave of soldiers , bayonets fixed , going `` over the top '' and marching in a line across no man 's land into a hail of enemy fire . This was the standard method early in the war ; it was rarely successful . More common was an attack at night from an advanced post in no man 's land , having cut the barbed wire beforehand . In 1915 , the Germans innovated with infiltration tactics where small groups of highly trained and well - equipped troops would attack vulnerable points and bypass strong points , driving deep into the rear areas . The distance they could advance was still limited by their ability to supply and communicate . The role of artillery in an infantry attack was twofold . The first aim of a bombardment was to prepare the ground for an infantry assault , killing or demoralising the enemy garrison and destroying his defences . The duration of these initial bombardments varied , from seconds to days . Artillery bombardments prior to infantry assaults were often ineffective at destroying enemy defences , only serving to provide advance notice of an attack . The British bombardment that began the Battle of the Somme lasted eight days but did little damage to either the German barbed wire or their deep dug - outs , where defenders were able to wait out the bombardment in relative safety . Once the guns stopped , the defenders had time to emerge and were usually ready for the attacking infantry . The second aim was to protect the attacking infantry by providing an impenetrable `` barrage '' or curtain of shells to prevent an enemy counter-attack . The first attempt at sophistication was the `` lifting barrage '' where the first objective of an attack was intensely bombarded for a period before the entire barrage `` lifted '' to fall on a second objective farther back . However , this usually expected too much of the infantry , and the usual outcome was that the barrage would outpace the attackers , leaving them without protection . This resulted in the use of the `` creeping barrage '' which would lift more frequently but in smaller steps , sweeping the ground ahead and moving so slowly that the attackers could usually follow closely behind it . This became the standard method of attack from late 1916 onward . The main benefit of the barrage was suppression of the enemy rather than to cause casualties or material damage . Capturing the objective was half the battle , but the battle was only won if the objective was held . The attacking force would have to advance with not only the weapons required to capture a trench but also the tools -- sandbags , picks and shovels , barbed wire -- to fortify and defend from counter-attack . A successful advance would take the attackers beyond the range of their own field artillery , making them vulnerable , and it took time to move guns up over broken ground . The Germans placed great emphasis on immediately counter-attacking to regain lost ground . This strategy cost them dearly in 1917 when the British started to limit their advances so as to be able to meet the anticipated counter-attack from a position of strength . Part of the British artillery was positioned close behind the original start line and took no part in the initial bombardment , so as to be ready to support later phases of the operation while other guns were moved up . World War I communications ( edit ) British and French soldiers lay a telegraph cable in Gallipoli , 1915 With the battlefield of trench warfare being very deep and hazardous , communications is a major difficulty . Wireless communications were still in their infancy in World War I , so the available methods were telephone , telegraph , semaphore , signal lamps , signal flares , homing pigeons , and message runners . Though telephone was the most effective method , with telegraph a close second , their cables were vulnerable to artillery fire and were often broken early in the battle . To help compensate for this , the cables could be laid in the ladder - like pattern so that multiple redundant lines were available . Frequently , message delays caused them to be out - of - date by the time they were received . Communication with higher division , corps and army HQs incurred even longer delays , which were doubled if a reply was needed . Some messages were misdirected or lost completely . If a message sent out did not get a reply or confirmation back , the sender could not tell if the original message did not get through , or if it did but the reply did not get back , resulting in confusion worse than if no communication had been attempted . It was not uncommon for a commanding officer had to wait hours for messages over the course of a battle , making any changes of plans almost impossible . The outcome of many battles was left in the hands of the company and platoon commanders in the middle of the action , who often had less experience , had very limited additional resources or information , and very limited authority to deviate from the original orders given before the start of the battle . Unable to react to any changing battle situation , many opportunities were lost , and many hopeless attacks persisted . Only starting in 1916 , on the battlefield of Verdun , came the use of portable small radio stations that could transmit short Morse codes . Radio frequency overlap occurred with neighboring divisions until precise regulation and radio discipline developed . Also , enemy interception was common until effective codebook practices were enforced . These problems were not completely resolved until the war 's end . World War I -- breaking the stalemate ( edit ) Throughout World War I , the major combatants slowly developed different ways of breaking the stalemate of trench warfare ; the Germans focused more on new tactics while the British and French focused on tanks . Infiltration tactics ( edit ) Main article : Infiltration tactics German Stoßtruppen ( stormtroopers ) rising from trenches to attack As far back as the 18th century , Prussian military doctrine stressed maneuver and force concentration to achieve a decisive battle ( Vernichtungsschlacht ) . The German military searched for ways to apply this in the face of trench warfare . Experiments with new tactics by Willy Rohr , a Prussian captain serving in the Vosges mountains in 1915 , got the attention of the Minister of War . These tactics carried Prussian military doctrine down to smallest units -- specially trained troops maneuvered and massed to assault positions they chose on their own . During the next 2 years the German army tried to establish special stormtrooper detachments in all its units by sending selected men to Rohr and have those men then train their comrades in their original units . Similar tactics were developed independently in other countries , such as French Army captain André Laffargue ( fr ) in 1915 , and Russian general Aleksei Brusilov in 1916 , but these failed to be adopted as any military doctrine . The German stormtrooper methods involved men rushing forward in small groups using whatever cover was available and laying down covering fire for other groups in the same unit as they moved forward . The new tactics , intended to achieve surprise by disrupting entrenched enemy positions , aimed to bypass strongpoints and to attack the weakest parts of an enemy 's line . Additionally , they acknowledged the futility of managing a grand detailed plan of operations from afar , opting instead for junior officers on the spot to exercise initiative . The Germans employed and improved infiltration tactics in a series of smaller to larger battles , each increasingly successful , leading up to the Battle of Caporetto against the Italians in 1917 , and finally the massive German Spring Offensive in 1918 against the British and French . German infiltration tactics are sometimes called `` Hutier tactics '' by others , after Oskar von Hutier , the general leading the German 18th Army , which had the farthest advance in that offensive . After a stunningly rapid advance , the offensive failed to achieve a breakthrough ; German forces stalled after outrunning their supply , artillery , and reinforcements , which could not catch up over the shell - torn ground left ruined by Allied attacks in the Battle of the Somme in 1916 . The exhausted German forces were soon pushed back in the Allied Hundred Days Offensive , and the Germans were unable to organise another major offensive before the war 's end . In post-war years , other nations did not fully appreciate these German tactical innovations amidst the overall German defeat . Tanks ( edit ) Main article : Tanks in World War I This British Mark IV tank displays a `` tadpole tail '' extension for crossing especially wide trenches . Tanks were first introduced by the British as a means to attack enemy trenches , by combining heavy firepower ( machine guns or light artillery guns ) , protection from small - arms fire ( armour ) , and battlefield mobility ( tracks ) . These tanks were designed with rhomboid - shaped tracks to easily crush barbed wire lines and cross trenches . They were first deployed in 1916 at the Battle of the Somme in limited numbers , proving unreliable and ineffective at first , as mechanical and logistical issues overshadowed implementing a coherent tank doctrine , with the additional challenge of traversing ground torn apart by years of shell fire . At the First Battle of Cambrai in 1917 , improved tanks in larger numbers demonstrated the potential of tank warfare , though German improvised anti-tank tactics , including using direct fire from field artillery , also proved effective . By 1918 , tank capabilities and tactics improved , their numbers increased and , combined with French tanks , finally helped break the stalemate . During the last 100 days of the war , Allied forces harried the Germans back using infantry supported by tanks and by close air support . By the war 's end , tanks become a significant element of warfare ; the proposed British Plan 1919 would have employed tanks a primary factor in military strategy . However , the impact of tanks in World War I was less than it could have been , due to their late introduction and the inherent issues that plague implementing revolutionary technology . Between the two world wars many nations developed their own unique tanks and divergent theories of tank tactics , including the UK , France , the Soviet Union , Czechoslovakia , Japan , the US , and Italy . Though German tank development was restricted by the terms of the treaty ending World War I , Germany successfully combined their own tanks ( plus Czech tanks from occupied Czechoslovakia ) with infiltration tactics to produce blitzkrieg during World War II . World War II ( edit ) A retractable turret of Ouvrage Hochwald , one of the largest fortifications of the Maginot Line , 1940 In the decade leading up to World War II , the French built the Maginot Line , based on their experience with trench warfare in World War I . The Maginot Line was an extensive state - of - the - art defensive system far superior to any previous trench system : a chain of massive constructions of concrete , iron , and steel fortresses , bunkers , retractable turrets , outposts , obstacles , and sunken artillery emplacements , linked by underground tunnel networks . It covered the length of the Franco - German border , and 20 -- 25 kilometres ( 12 -- 16 mi ) wide . It was supported by numerous underground barracks , shelters , ammo dumps and depots , with its own telephone network and narrow gauge railways with armoured locomotives , backed up with heavy rail artillery . French military experts placed high value on the Line , saying it would curb German aggression , as any invasion force would be halted long enough for French forces to mobilize and counterattack through Belgium . It was only partially successful ; in the Battle of France , the main German `` Blitzkrieg '' attack struck through the weakly - held Ardennes forest , the gap between the end of the Maginot Line and the advancing Anglo - French mobile forces heading into Belgium . Small secondary German attacks concentrated at a few points in the Line had moderate success . The bulk of Maginot Line was untouched , and survives today . The return of mobile warfare in World War II reduced the emphasis of trench warfare , as defenders commonly lack the time to build up such battlefield defenses before they are forced to redeploy , due to the more rapidly - changing strategic situation . But trench systems can still be effective locally , wherever mobility was limited , the front lines are static , or around known critical objectives that can not be bypassed . More quickly improvised defensive fighting positions , using `` scrapes '' or `` foxholes '' , possibly supplemented by sand bags , local materials , debris , or rubble , remain in common use . These will typically be improved and expanded by the defenders , eventually becoming full trench systems , if given enough time and resources . Soviet soldiers running through the ruins of Stalingrad , 1942 . At the Battle of Sevastopol , Red Army forces successfully held trench systems on the narrow peninsula for several months against intense German bombardment . The Western Allies in 1944 broke through the incomplete Atlantic Wall with relative ease through a combination of amphibious landings , naval gunfire , air attack , and airborne landings . Combined arms tactics where infantry , artillery , armour and aircraft cooperate closely greatly reduced the importance of trench warfare . It was , however , still a valuable method for reinforcing natural boundaries and creating a line of defence . For example , at the Battle of Stalingrad , soldiers on both sides dug trenches within the ruins . In addition , before the start of the Battle of Kursk , the Soviets constructed a system of defence more elaborate than any they built during World War I. These defences succeeded in stopping the German armoured pincers from meeting and enveloping the salient . Soldiers of the Brazilian Expeditionary Force in a trench in Montese during the Italian Campaign of World War II , 1944 . The Italian Campaign fought from 1943 until the end of the war in Europe largely consisted of the Allies storming strongly fortified German lines which stretched from one coast , over the mountains to the other coast . When the Allies broke through one line , the Germans would retreat up the peninsula to yet another freshly prepared fortified line . At the start of the Battle of Berlin , the last major assault in the European Theatre of Operations during World War II , the Russians attacked over the river Oder against German troops dug in on the Seelow Heights , about 50 km ( 31 mi ) east of Berlin . Entrenchment allowed the Germans , who were massively outnumbered , to survive a bombardment from the largest concentration of artillery in history ; as the Red Army attempted to cross the marshy riverside terrain , they lost tens of thousands of casualties to the entrenched Germans before breaking through . In the Pacific Theatre , during World War II , the Japanese used a labyrinth of underground fixed positions to slow down the Allied advances on many Pacific Islands . The Japanese built fixed fortifications on Iwo Jima , Okinawa , and Guadalcanal using a system of underground tunnels to interconnect their fortified positions . The Japanese had on Battle of Iwo Jima several levels of honeycombed fortifications . The Japanese caused the American advance to slow down and caused massive casualties with these underground fixed positions . The Americans had to use flamethrowers to clear them out , as well as systematic hand - to - hand fighting . Post-1945 to modern trench warfare ( edit ) Afghan and U.S. soldiers provide security while standing behind a blast wall made from HESCO bastions at Zhari district , Kandahar Province , Afghanistan , 2012 . Trench warfare has been infrequent in recent wars . When two large armoured armies meet , the result has generally been mobile warfare of the type which developed in World War II . However , trench warfare reemerged in the latter stages of the Chinese Civil War ( Huaihai Campaign ) , the Korean War ( from July 1951 to its end ) , and at Dien Bien Phu and other later locations and engagements during the Vietnam War . During the Cold War , NATO forces routinely trained to fight through extensive works called `` Soviet - style trench systems '' , named after the Warsaw Pact 's complex systems of field fortifications , an extension of Soviet field entrenching practices for which they were famous in their Great Patriotic War ( the Eastern Front of World War II ) . Another example of trench warfare after World Wars I and II was the Iran -- Iraq War , in which both armies lacked training in combined arms operations . Tactics used included trench warfare , machine gun posts , bayonet charges , use of barbed wire across trenches and on no - man 's land , Iranian human wave attacks , and Iraq 's extensive use of chemical weapons such as mustard gas against Iranian troops . Although mainly a siege , it was not unusual to find an extensive trench system inside and outside the city of Sarajevo during the siege of 1992 -- 1996 . It was used mainly for transportation to the frontline or to avoid snipers inside the city . Any pre-existing structures were used as trenches ; the best known example is the bobsleigh course at Trebević , which was used by both Serb and Bosniak forces during the siege . Another example of trench stalemate was the Eritrean - Ethiopian War of 1998 -- 2000 . The front line in Korea and the front lines between Pakistan and India in Kashmir are two examples of demarcation lines which could become hot at any time . They consist of kilometres of trenches linking fortified strongpoints and in Korea surrounded by millions of land mines . A recent example of trench warfare occurred in the War in Donbass , in which Pro-Russian rebels fought the Ukrainian government . More than 6,000 people were killed in a year of combat . To consolidate and defend their territory and / or gains , government and rebel forces have dug trenches and have initiated warfare reminiscent of World War I , such as open trench warfare with troops staying in and fighting from trenches for months at a time . Despite the Minsk peace agreements low - intensity firefights and combat patrols continue to this day . See also ( edit ) World War I portal Blitzkrieg Breastwork ( fortification ) Christmas truce Defensive fighting position Harry Patch Medieval warfare Mining ( military ) Mobile warfare No man 's land Sangar ( fortification ) Shell shock Siege Tunnel warfare Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Dictionary.com Cultural Dictionary '' . Retrieved 14 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Nicholas Murray , The Rocky Road to the Great War : The Evolution of Trench Warfare to 1914 ( 2013 ) ^ Jump up to : Ripley & Dana 1859 , p. 622 . ^ Jump up to : Frey & Frey 1995 , pp. 126 -- 27 . Jump up ^ Nolan , Cathal J. ( 2008 ) , Wars of the Age of Louis XIV , 1650 -- 1715 , Greenwood encyclopedias of modern world wars , ABC - CLIO , p. 253 , ISBN 9780313359200 Jump up ^ Chisholm 1911 , pp. 499 -- 500 . Jump up ^ Konstam 2011 , p. 50 . Jump up ^ Cowen , James ( 1955 ) . `` Chapter 7 : The Attack on Ohaeawai '' . The New Zealand Wars : A History of the Maori Campaigns and the Pioneering Period ( 1845 -- 1864 ) . Volume I. Wellington : R.E. Owen , Government Printer . Jump up ^ `` Early Maori military engineering skills to be honoured by New Zealand Professional Engineers '' . New Zealand Department of Conservation. 14 February 2008 . Jump up ^ Graham , James . `` The battle for Kawiti 's Ohaeawai Pa '' . HistoryOrb.com ) . Retrieved 26 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Finnish Oriental Society , Suomen Itämainen Seura , eds. ( 2003 ) . Studia Orientalia. 95 . Finnish Oriental Society , Suomen Itämainen Seura . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 29 . The Crimean War did have its own innovations : massive trench works and trench warfare ( ... ) . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Keller , Ulrich ( 2013 ) ( 2001 ) . The Ultimate Spectacle : A Visual History of the Crimean War . New York : Routledge . ISBN 9781134392094 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 30 . The bravura of generals and soldiers became secondary to the competence of engineers designing trenches and artillery officers directing batteries - though the high expectations set in the concentration of fire - power proved as illusory before Sebastopol as it did 60 years later at the Somme . But again , the modernity of the trench war was not immediately apparent to the contemporaries . Jump up ^ Civil War Weapons And Equipment by Russ A. Pritchard Jnr . Jump up ^ Dyer , Gwynn . War ; Dupuy , Trevor N. Evolution of Weapons and Warfare Jump up ^ Ellis 1977 , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Ellis 1977 , p. 4 . Jump up ^ Griffith 1996 , p. 4 . Jump up ^ Lavalle , John in World War I -- a student encyclopaedia , ABC - Clio , 2006 , p. 1886 Jump up ^ Ellis 1977 , pp. 80 -- 87 . Jump up ^ Griffith 1996 , pp. 5 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Griffith 1996 , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Carter Malkasian ( 2002 ) . A History of Modern Wars of Attrition . Greenwood . p. 40 . Jump up ^ Bidwell & Graham 2004 , pp. 14 -- 19 . Jump up ^ Bidwell & Graham 2004 , p. 27 . Jump up ^ Bidwell & Graham 2004 , pp. 24 -- 25 . Jump up ^ Bidwell & Graham 2004 , pp. -- 25 . Jump up ^ Griffith 2004 , pp. 10 -- 11 . Jump up ^ Griffith 2004 , p. 11 . ^ Jump up to : Keegan 1999 , p. 179 . ^ Jump up to : Canada 's Army , p. 79 . Jump up ^ 1915 history Jump up ^ Hugo Rodrigues . France at War -- Portugal in the Great War . Available : `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 06 - 03 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : Canada 's Army , p. 82 . Jump up ^ Vanderlinden , Anthony American Rifleman ( October 2008 ) pp. 91 -- 120 Jump up ^ Gary Sheffield ( 2007 ) . War on the Western Front : In the Trenches of World War I. Osprey Publishing . p. 201 . ISBN 1846032105 . Jump up ^ Hugh Chisholm ( 1922 ) . The Encyclopædia Britannica : The New Volumes , Constituting , in Combination with the Twenty - nine Volumes of the Eleventh Edition , the Twelfth Edition of that Work , and Also Supplying a New , Distinctive , and Independent Library of Reference Dealing with Events and Developments of the Period 1910 to 1921 Inclusive , Volume 1 . Encyclopædia Britannica Company Limited . p. 470 . Jump up ^ `` Bangalore torpedo '' , in Fitzsimons , Bernard , editor , Encyclopedia of 20th Century Weapons and Warfare ( London : Phoebus Publishing Company 1977 ) , Volume 3 , p. 269 . Jump up ^ Jordan , Jonathan W. ( November 1 , 2002 ) . `` Weaponry : Hiram Maxim 's machine gun probably claimed more lives than any other weapon ever made '' . Military History . 19 ( 4 ) : 16 . Jump up ^ John K. Mahon and Romana Danysh ( 1972 ) . INFANTRY Part I : Regular Army . ARMY LINEAGE SERIES . United States Army Center of Military History . LOC number : 74 - 610219 . Archived from the original on 2010 - 03 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2006 - 11 - 17 . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ Saturday , 22 August 2009 Michael Duffy ( 2009 - 08 - 22 ) . `` Weapons of War : Machine Guns '' . First World War.com . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ http://www.firstworldwar.com/weaponry/machineguns.htm Jump up ^ Keegan 1999 , pp. 229 -- 30 . Jump up ^ General Sir Martin Farndale , History of the Royal Regiment of Artillery . Western Front 1914 -- 18 . London : Royal Artillery Institution , 1986 Jump up ^ http://www.bbc.co.uk/guides/zggykqt Jump up ^ https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/mine_warfare Jump up ^ `` Aces : A Story of the First World War '' , written by George Pearson , historical advisors Brereton Greenhous & Philip Markham , National Film Board of Canada , 1993 . Jump up ^ Finlayson , Damien ( 2010 ) : Crumps and Camouflets : Australian Tunnelling Companies on the Western Front . Big Sky Publishing , Newport , N.S.W. , Australia . ISBN 9780980658255 Accessed 2 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Branagan , D.F. ( 2005 ) : T.W. Edgeworth David : A Life : Geologist , Adventurer , Soldier and `` Knight in the old brown hat '' , National Library of Australia , Canberra , pp. 255 -- 314 . ISBN 0642107912 Accessed 2 January 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Battles : The Battle of Messines , 1917 '' . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 19 . Jump up ^ Hermann Cron : Geschichte des Deutschen Heeres im Welkriege 1914 - 1918 ; Berlin 1937 , p. 23 Jump up ^ CSI Report No. 13 : Tactical responses to concentrated artillery : Introduction Archived 2011 - 06 - 02 at the Wayback Machine . ( Combat Studies Institute , U.S. Army Command and General Staff College , Fort Leavenworth ) . Jump up ^ Hellmuth Gruss : Die deutschen Sturmbataillone im Weltkrieg . Aufbau und Verwendung. ; Berlin , 1939 Jump up ^ Perrett , Bryan ( 1983 ) . A History of Blitzkrieg . New York : Jove Books . pp. 30 -- 31 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 515 - 10234 - 5 . Jump up ^ Remson , Andrew and Anderson , Debbie . `` World War II Battle of Kursk : Mine / Countermine operations '' . Archived from the original on October 26 , 2009 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 10 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) 25 April 2000 , ( Prepared for U.S. Army Communications - Electronics Command , Night Vision and Electronic Sensors Directorate ) Section `` The Soviet defense system and minefields '' Jump up ^ Dagne 2000 , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Oliver Laurent , `` Go Inside the Frozen Trenches of Eastern Ukraine '' . TIME. 20 February 2015 References ( edit ) Bidwell , Shelford ; Graham , Dominick ( 2004 ) , Fire - power -- The British Army Weapons and Theory of War 1904 -- 1945 , Pen & Sword Books Chisholm , Hugh , ed. ( 1911 ) . `` Weissenburg '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 28 ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . pp. 499 -- 500 . Dagne , Theodros ( 6 July 2000 ) , The Ethiopia - Eritrea conflict ( CRS report number : RL30598 ) ( PDF ) , Foreign Affairs and National Defense Division , United States Congressional Research Service , p. 12 Ellis , John ( 1977 ) , Eye - Deep in Hell -- Life in the Trenches 1914 -- 1918 , Fontana Frey , Linda ; Frey , Marsha , eds. ( 1995 ) , `` Defensive Lines '' , The Treaties of the War of the Spanish Succession : An Historical and Critical Dictionary ( illus . ed . ) , Greenwood , pp. 126 -- 27 , ISBN 9780313278846 , retrieved 20 August 2015 Griffith , Paddy ( 1996 ) , Battle Tactics of the Western Front -- The British Army 's Art of Attack 1916 -- 18 , Yale University Press , ISBN 0 - 300 - 06663 - 5 Griffith , Paddy ( 2004 ) , Fortifications of the Western Front 1914 -- 18 , Oxford : Osprey , ISBN 978 - 1 - 84176 - 760 - 4 Keegan , John ( 1999 ) , The First World War , New York : Alfred A. Knopf , ISBN 0 - 375 - 40052 - 4 Konstam , Angus ( 2011 ) , Marlborough ( illus . ed . ) , Oxford : Osprey , ISBN 9781780962320 Murray , Nicholas . The Rocky Road to the Great War : The Evolution of Trench Warfare to 1914 ( 2013 ) Ripley , George ; Dana , Charles Anderson , eds. ( 1859 ) , `` Fortification : III Field Fortifications '' , The New American Cyclopaedia : A Popular Dictionary of General Knowledge , D. Appleton & Company , p. 622 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Trench warfare . Johnson , Patrick In Depth : A century of mud and fire , BBC News , 27 June 2006 Historic films and photos showing `` Trench Warfare in World War I '' at europeanfilmgateway.eu World War I Tanks at Tanks Encyclopedia YouTube video of excavated and restored British WWI trench near Ypres Preserved Trenches Sanctuary Wood , Ypres , Belgium YouTube video of Hill 60 on the Messines Ridge , site of a huge underground explosion Fortifications Ancient history Abatis Agger Broch Burgus Castellum Castra Castros Circular rampart City gate Crannog Ditch Defensive wall Dun Faussebraye Gatehouse Gord Hillfort Limes Oppidum Palisade Pincer gate Promontory fort Rampart Ringfort ( Rath ) Refuge castle Schwedenschanze Stockade Sudis Trou de loup Vallum Wagon fort ( Laager ) Vitrified fort Medieval history Advanced work Albarrana tower Alcazaba Alcázar Arrowslit Barbican Bartizan Bastion Battery tower Battlement Bent entrance Bergfried Bretèche Bridge castle Bridge tower Butter - churn tower Caltrop Castle Chamber gate Chartaque Chashi Chemin de ronde Chemise Cheval de frise Citadel Coercion castle Concentric castle Corner tower Counter-castle Curtain Drawbridge Enceinte Embrasure Flanking tower Fortified buildings ( church , house ) Ganerbenburg Gate tower Gabion Glacis Guard tower Gulyay - gorod Gusuku Half tower Hoarding Inner bailey Keep Kremlin ( Detinets ) Landesburg L - plan castle Machicolation Merlon Moat Motte - and - bailey Murder - hole Neck ditch Outer bailey Outwork Peel tower Portcullis Postern Reduit Ringwork Quadrangular castle Shell keep Shield wall Toll castle Tower castle Tower house Turret Wall tower Bailey ( or ward ) Watchtower Witch tower Yett Modern history 18th century and earlier Abwurfdach Bastion Blockhouse Breastwork Canal Caponier Casemate Cavalier Counterguard Counterscarp Couvreface Coupure Covertway Crownwork Device fort Entrenchment Flèche Gorge Hornwork Lunette Orillon Ostrog Place - of - arms Polygonal fort Presidio ( Spanish America ) Punji sticks Ravelin Redan Redoubt Retrenchment Sandbag Scarp Sconce Schanze Sea fort Station Star fort Tenaille 19th century Barbed wire Barbette Border outpost Bunker Coastal artillery Gun turret Land mine Martello tower Outpost Trench warfare Sangar Wire obstacles 20th century Admiralty scaffolding Air raid shelter Anti-tank trench Barbed tape Blast shelter Blast wall Border barrier Buoy Bremer wall Concertina wire Defensive fighting position British `` hedgehog '' road block Czech hedgehog Dragon 's teeth Electric fence Fallout shelter Fire support base Flak tower Hardened aircraft shelter Hesco bastion Main Line of Resistance Revetment Sentry gun Spider hole Submarine pen Tunnel warfare Underground hangar By topography Cave castle Hill castle Hill fort Hillside castle Hilltop castle Island castle Lowland castle Marsh castle Moated castle Promontory fort Ridge castle Rocca Rock castle Spur castle Water castle By role Coercion castle Counter-castle Ganerbenburg Hunting lodge Imperial castle Kaiserpfalz Landesburg Lustschloss Ordensburg Refuge castle Toll castle Urban castle By design Bridge castle Circular rampart Concentric castle L - plan castle Motte - and - bailey castle Quadrangular castle Ringfort Ringwork Tower castle See also : Category World War I Home fronts Theatres European Balkans Western Front Eastern Front Italian Front Middle Eastern Gallipoli Sinai and Palestine Caucasus Persia Mesopotamia South Arabia African South West East Kamerun Togoland North Asian and Pacific Tsingtao German New Guinea and Samoa At sea North Atlantic U-boat campaign Mediterranean North Sea Baltic Indian , Pacific and South Atlantic Oceans Papeete Madras Penang Cocos Coronel Falkland Islands Más a Tierra Principal participants ( people ) Entente powers Belgium Brazil China France French Empire Greece Italy Japan Montenegro Portuguese Empire Romania Russia Russian Empire Russian Republic Serbia United Kingdom British Empire United States Central Powers Germany Austria - Hungary Ottoman Empire Bulgaria Timeline Pre-War conflicts Scramble for Africa ( 1880 -- 1914 ) Russo - Japanese War ( 1905 ) First Moroccan ( Tangier ) Crisis ( 1905 -- 06 ) Agadir Crisis ( 1911 ) Italo - Turkish War ( 1911 -- 12 ) French conquest of Morocco ( 1911 -- 12 ) First Balkan War ( 1912 -- 13 ) Second Balkan War ( 1913 ) Prelude Origins Sarajevo assassination Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo July Crisis Autumn 1914 Battle of the Frontiers Battle of Cer First Battle of the Marne Siege of Tsingtao Battle of Tannenberg Battle of Galicia Battle of the Masurian Lakes Battle of Kolubara Battle of Sarikamish Race to the Sea First Battle of Ypres 1915 Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes Second Battle of Ypres Battle of Gallipoli Second Battle of Artois Battles of the Isonzo Gorlice -- Tarnów Offensive Great Retreat Second Battle of Champagne Kosovo Offensive Siege of Kut Battle of Loos 1916 Erzurum Offensive Battle of Verdun Lake Naroch Offensive Battle of Asiago Battle of Jutland Battle of the Somme first day Brusilov Offensive Baranovichi Offensive Battle of Romani Monastir Offensive Battle of Transylvania 1917 Capture of Baghdad First Battle of Gaza Zimmermann Telegram Second Battle of Arras Second Battle of the Aisne Kerensky Offensive Third Battle of Ypres ( Passchendaele ) Battle of Mărășești Battle of Caporetto Southern Palestine Offensive Battle of Cambrai Armistice of Erzincan 1918 Operation Faustschlag Treaty of Brest - Litovsk Spring Offensive Second Battle of the Marne Battle of Baku Hundred Days Offensive Vardar Offensive Battle of Megiddo Third Transjordan attack Meuse - Argonne Offensive Battle of Vittorio Veneto Battle of Aleppo Armistice of Salonica Armistice of Mudros Armistice of Villa Giusti Armistice with Germany Other conflicts Mexican Revolution ( 1910 -- 20 ) Somaliland Campaign ( 1910 -- 20 ) Libyan resistance movement ( 1911 -- 43 ) Maritz Rebellion ( 1914 -- 15 ) Zaian War ( 1914 -- 21 ) Indo - German Conspiracy ( 1914 -- 19 ) Senussi Campaign ( 1915 -- 16 ) Volta - Bani War ( 1915 -- 17 ) Easter Rising ( 1916 ) Anglo - Egyptian Darfur Expedition ( 1916 ) Kaocen Revolt ( 1916 -- 17 ) Central Asian Revolt ( 1916 - 17 ) Russian Revolution ( 1917 ) Finnish Civil War ( 1918 ) Post-War conflicts Russian Civil War ( 1917 -- 21 ) Ukrainian -- Soviet War ( 1917 -- 21 ) Armenian -- Azerbaijani War ( 1918 -- 20 ) Georgian -- Armenian War ( 1918 ) German Revolution ( 1918 -- 19 ) Revolutions and interventions in Hungary ( 1918 -- 20 ) Hungarian -- Romanian War ( 1918 -- 19 ) Greater Poland Uprising ( 1918 -- 19 ) Estonian War of Independence ( 1918 -- 20 ) Latvian War of Independence ( 1918 -- 20 ) Lithuanian Wars of Independence ( 1918 -- 20 ) Third Anglo - Afghan War ( 1919 ) Egyptian Revolution ( 1919 ) Polish -- Ukrainian War ( 1918 -- 19 ) Polish -- Soviet War ( 1919 -- 21 ) Irish War of Independence ( 1919 -- 21 ) Turkish War of Independence Greco - Turkish War ( 1919 -- 22 ) Turkish -- Armenian War ( 1920 ) Iraqi revolt ( 1920 ) Polish -- Lithuanian War ( 1920 ) Vlora War ( 1920 ) Franco - Syrian War ( 1920 ) Soviet -- Georgian War ( 1921 ) Irish Civil War ( 1922 -- 23 ) Aspects Opposition Pacifism Anti-war movement Deployment Schlieffen Plan ( German ) Plan XVII ( French ) Warfare Military engagements Naval warfare Convoy system Air warfare Cryptography Room 40 Horse use Poison gas Railways Strategic bombing Technology Trench warfare Total war Christmas truce Last surviving veterans Civilian impact Atrocities Prisoners Casualties Economic history 1918 flu pandemic Destruction of Kalisz Rape of Belgium German occupation of Belgium German occupation of Luxembourg German occupation of northeastern France Ober Ost Ottoman people Armenian Genocide Assyrian genocide Pontic Greek genocide Urkun ( Kyrgyzstan ) Blockade of Germany Women Australia Popular culture German prisoners of war in the United States Agreements Partition of the Ottoman Empire Sykes -- Picot Agreement Agreement of Saint - Jean - de-Maurienne French - Armenian Agreement Damascus Protocol Paris Peace Conference Venizelos -- Tittoni agreement Treaties Treaty of Brest - Litovsk Treaty of Lausanne Treaty of London Treaty of Neuilly Treaty of St. Germain Treaty of Sèvres Treaty of Trianon Treaty of Versailles Consequences Aftermath `` Fourteen Points '' League of Nations World War I memorials Centenary outbreak Category Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trench_warfare&oldid=826032330 '' Categories : Military doctrines Military strategy Subterranea ( geography ) Warfare by type Trench warfare Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from October 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2008 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2007 Interlanguage link template link number Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 February 2018 , at 20 : 28 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | world war 1 attacks often began with a of cannon fire | [
"A raid would begin with an intense artillery bombardment designed to drive off or kill the front-trench garrison and cut the barbed wire. Then the bombardment would shift to form a \"box barrage\", or cordon, around a section of the front line to prevent a counter-attack intercepting the raid. However, the bombardment also had the effect of notifying the enemy of the location of the planned attack, thus allowing reinforcements to be called in from wider sectors."
] | [
"bombardment"
] |
2635194266457482769 | Flowering plant | Flowering plant - wikipedia Flowering plant Flowering plants Temporal range : Early Cretaceous - present , 130 -- 0 Ma PreЄ Є Pg Magnolia virginiana sweet bay Scientific classification Kingdom : Plantae Subkingdom : Embryophyta ( unranked ) : Spermatophyta ( unranked ) : Angiosperms Groups ( APG IV ) Basal angiosperms Amborellales Nymphaeales Austrobaileyales Core angiosperms magnoliids Chloranthales monocots Ceratophyllales eudicots Synonyms Anthophyta Cronquist Angiospermae Lindl . Magnoliophyta Cronquist , Takht . & W. Zimm . Magnolicae Takht . The flowering plants , also known as angiosperms , Angiospermae or Magnoliophyta , are the most diverse group of land plants , with 416 families , approximately 13,164 known genera and c. 295,383 known species . Like gymnosperms , angiosperms are seed - producing plants . However , they are distinguished from gymnosperms by characteristics including flowers , endosperm within the seeds , and the production of fruits that contain the seeds . Etymologically , angiosperm means a plant that produces seeds within an enclosure ; in other words , a fruiting plant . The term comes from the Greek words angeion ( `` case '' or `` casing '' ) and sperma ( `` seed '' ) . The ancestors of flowering plants diverged from gymnosperms in the Triassic Period , 245 to 202 million years ago ( mya ) , and the first flowering plants are known from 160 mya . They diversified extensively during the Lower Cretaceous , became widespread by 120 mya , and replaced conifers as the dominant trees from 100 to 60 mya . Contents ( hide ) 1 Description 1.1 Angiosperm derived characteristics 1.2 Vascular anatomy 1.3 Reproductive anatomy 2 Taxonomy 2.1 History of classification 2.2 Modern classification 2.3 Evolution 3 Diversity 4 Reproduction 4.1 Fertilization and embryogenesis 4.2 Fruit and seed 4.3 Meiosis 4.4 Apomixis 5 Uses 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 Bibliography 9.1 Articles , books and chapters 9.2 Websites 10 External links Description ( edit ) Angiosperm derived characteristics ( edit ) Angiosperms differ from other seed plants in several ways , described in the table below . These distinguishing characteristics taken together have made the angiosperms the most diverse and numerous land plants and the most commercially important group to humans . Distinctive features of angiosperms Feature Description Flowering organs Flowers , the reproductive organs of flowering plants , are the most remarkable feature distinguishing them from the other seed plants . Flowers provided angiosperms with the means to have a more species - specific breeding system , and hence a way to evolve more readily into different species without the risk of crossing back with related species . Faster speciation enabled the Angiosperms to adapt to a wider range of ecological niches . This has allowed flowering plants to largely dominate terrestrial ecosystems . Stamens with two pairs of pollen sacs Stamens are much lighter than the corresponding organs of gymnosperms and have contributed to the diversification of angiosperms through time with adaptations to specialized pollination syndromes , such as particular pollinators . Stamens have also become modified through time to prevent self - fertilization , which has permitted further diversification , allowing angiosperms eventually to fill more niches . Reduced male parts , three cells The male gametophyte in angiosperms is significantly reduced in size compared to those of gymnosperm seed plants . The smaller size of the pollen reduces the amount of time between pollination -- the pollen grain reaching the female plant -- and fertilization . In gymnosperms , fertilization can occur up to a year after pollination , whereas in angiosperms , fertilization begins very soon after pollination . The shorter amount of time between pollination and fertilization allows angiosperms to produce seeds earlier after pollination than gymnosperms , providing angiosperms a distinct evolutionary advantage . Closed carpel enclosing the ovules ( carpel or carpels and accessory parts may become the fruit ) The closed carpel of angiosperms also allows adaptations to specialized pollination syndromes and controls . This helps to prevent self - fertilization , thereby maintaining increased diversity . Once the ovary is fertilized , the carpel and some surrounding tissues develop into a fruit . This fruit often serves as an attractant to seed - dispersing animals . The resulting cooperative relationship presents another advantage to angiosperms in the process of dispersal . Reduced female gametophyte , seven cells with eight nuclei The reduced female gametophyte , like the reduced male gametophyte , may be an adaptation allowing for more rapid seed set , eventually leading to such flowering plant adaptations as annual herbaceous life - cycles , allowing the flowering plants to fill even more niches . Endosperm In general , endosperm formation begins after fertilization and before the first division of the zygote . Endosperm is a highly nutritive tissue that can provide food for the developing embryo , the cotyledons , and sometimes the seedling when it first appears . Vascular anatomy ( edit ) Cross-section of a stem of the angiosperm flax : 1 . Pith , 2 . Protoxylem , 3 . Xylem I , 4 . Phloem I , 5 . Sclerenchyma ( bast fibre ) , 6 . Cortex , 7 . Epidermis The amount and complexity of tissue - formation in flowering plants exceeds that of gymnosperms . The vascular bundles of the stem are arranged such that the xylem and phloem form concentric rings . In the dicotyledons , the bundles in the very young stem are arranged in an open ring , separating a central pith from an outer cortex . In each bundle , separating the xylem and phloem , is a layer of meristem or active formative tissue known as cambium . By the formation of a layer of cambium between the bundles ( interfascicular cambium ) , a complete ring is formed , and a regular periodical increase in thickness results from the development of xylem on the inside and phloem on the outside . The soft phloem becomes crushed , but the hard wood persists and forms the bulk of the stem and branches of the woody perennial . Owing to differences in the character of the elements produced at the beginning and end of the season , the wood is marked out in transverse section into concentric rings , one for each season of growth , called annual rings . Among the monocotyledons , the bundles are more numerous in the young stem and are scattered through the ground tissue . They contain no cambium and once formed the stem increases in diameter only in exceptional cases . Reproductive anatomy ( edit ) Main articles : Flower and Plant reproductive morphology A collection of flowers forming an inflorescence . The characteristic feature of angiosperms is the flower . Flowers show remarkable variation in form and elaboration , and provide the most trustworthy external characteristics for establishing relationships among angiosperm species . The function of the flower is to ensure fertilization of the ovule and development of fruit containing seeds . The floral apparatus may arise terminally on a shoot or from the axil of a leaf ( where the petiole attaches to the stem ) . Occasionally , as in violets , a flower arises singly in the axil of an ordinary foliage - leaf . More typically , the flower - bearing portion of the plant is sharply distinguished from the foliage - bearing or vegetative portion , and forms a more or less elaborate branch - system called an inflorescence . There are two kinds of reproductive cells produced by flowers . Microspores , which will divide to become pollen grains , are the `` male '' cells and are borne in the stamens ( or microsporophylls ) . The `` female '' cells called megaspores , which will divide to become the egg cell ( megagametogenesis ) , are contained in the ovule and enclosed in the carpel ( or megasporophyll ) . The flower may consist only of these parts , as in willow , where each flower comprises only a few stamens or two carpels . Usually , other structures are present and serve to protect the sporophylls and to form an envelope attractive to pollinators . The individual members of these surrounding structures are known as sepals and petals ( or tepals in flowers such as Magnolia where sepals and petals are not distinguishable from each other ) . The outer series ( calyx of sepals ) is usually green and leaf - like , and functions to protect the rest of the flower , especially the bud . The inner series ( corolla of petals ) is , in general , white or brightly colored , and is more delicate in structure . It functions to attract insect or bird pollinators . Attraction is effected by color , scent , and nectar , which may be secreted in some part of the flower . The characteristics that attract pollinators account for the popularity of flowers and flowering plants among humans . While the majority of flowers are perfect or hermaphrodite ( having both pollen and ovule producing parts in the same flower structure ) , flowering plants have developed numerous morphological and physiological mechanisms to reduce or prevent self - fertilization . Heteromorphic flowers have short carpels and long stamens , or vice versa , so animal pollinators can not easily transfer pollen to the pistil ( receptive part of the carpel ) . Homomorphic flowers may employ a biochemical ( physiological ) mechanism called self - incompatibility to discriminate between self and non-self pollen grains . In other species , the male and female parts are morphologically separated , developing on different flowers . Taxonomy ( edit ) History of classification ( edit ) From 1736 , an illustration of Linnaean classification The botanical term `` Angiosperm '' , from the Ancient Greek αγγείον , angeíon ( bottle , vessel ) and σπέρμα , ( seed ) , was coined in the form Angiospermae by Paul Hermann in 1690 , as the name of one of his primary divisions of the plant kingdom . This included flowering plants possessing seeds enclosed in capsules , distinguished from his Gymnospermae , or flowering plants with achenial or schizo - carpic fruits , the whole fruit or each of its pieces being here regarded as a seed and naked . The term and its antonym were maintained by Carl Linnaeus with the same sense , but with restricted application , in the names of the orders of his class Didynamia . Its use with any approach to its modern scope became possible only after 1827 , when Robert Brown established the existence of truly naked ovules in the Cycadeae and Coniferae , and applied to them the name Gymnosperms . From that time onward , as long as these Gymnosperms were , as was usual , reckoned as dicotyledonous flowering plants , the term Angiosperm was used antithetically by botanical writers , with varying scope , as a group - name for other dicotyledonous plants . An auxanometer , a device for measuring increase or rate of growth in plants In 1851 , Hofmeister discovered the changes occurring in the embryo - sac of flowering plants , and determined the correct relationships of these to the Cryptogamia . This fixed the position of Gymnosperms as a class distinct from Dicotyledons , and the term Angiosperm then gradually came to be accepted as the suitable designation for the whole of the flowering plants other than Gymnosperms , including the classes of Dicotyledons and Monocotyledons . This is the sense in which the term is used today . In most taxonomies , the flowering plants are treated as a coherent group . The most popular descriptive name has been Angiospermae ( Angiosperms ) , with Anthophyta ( `` flowering plants '' ) a second choice . These names are not linked to any rank . The Wettstein system and the Engler system use the name Angiospermae , at the assigned rank of subdivision . The Reveal system treated flowering plants as subdivision Magnoliophytina ( Frohne & U. Jensen ex Reveal , Phytologia 79 : 70 1996 ) , but later split it to Magnoliopsida , Liliopsida , and Rosopsida . The Takhtajan system and Cronquist system treat this group at the rank of division , leading to the name Magnoliophyta ( from the family name Magnoliaceae ) . The Dahlgren system and Thorne system ( 1992 ) treat this group at the rank of class , leading to the name Magnoliopsida . The APG system of 1998 , and the later 2003 and 2009 revisions , treat the flowering plants as a clade called angiosperms without a formal botanical name . However , a formal classification was published alongside the 2009 revision in which the flowering plants form the Subclass Magnoliidae . The internal classification of this group has undergone considerable revision . The Cronquist system , proposed by Arthur Cronquist in 1968 and published in its full form in 1981 , is still widely used but is no longer believed to accurately reflect phylogeny . A consensus about how the flowering plants should be arranged has recently begun to emerge through the work of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group ( APG ) , which published an influential reclassification of the angiosperms in 1998 . Updates incorporating more recent research were published as the APG II system in 2003 , the APG III system in 2009 , and the APG IV system in 2016 . Traditionally , the flowering plants are divided into two groups , Dicotyledoneae or Magnoliopsida Monocotyledoneae or Liliopsida which in the Cronquist system are called Magnoliopsida ( at the rank of class , formed from the family name Magnoliaceae ) and Liliopsida ( at the rank of class , formed from the family name Liliaceae ) . Other descriptive names allowed by Article 16 of the ICBN include Dicotyledones or Dicotyledoneae , and Monocotyledones or Monocotyledoneae , which have a long history of use . In English a member of either group may be called a dicotyledon ( plural dicotyledons ) and monocotyledon ( plural monocotyledons ) , or abbreviated , as dicot ( plural dicots ) and monocot ( plural monocots ) . These names derive from the observation that the dicots most often have two cotyledons , or embryonic leaves , within each seed . The monocots usually have only one , but the rule is not absolute either way . From a broad diagnostic point of view , the number of cotyledons is neither a particularly handy nor a reliable character . Recent studies , as by the APG , show that the monocots form a monophyletic group ( clade ) but that the dicots do not ( they are paraphyletic ) . Nevertheless , the majority of dicot species do form a monophyletic group , called the eudicots or tricolpates . Of the remaining dicot species , most belong to a third major clade known as the magnoliids , containing about 9,000 species . The rest include a paraphyletic grouping of early branching taxa known collectively as the basal angiosperms , plus the families Ceratophyllaceae and Chloranthaceae . Modern classification ( edit ) Monocot ( left ) and dicot seedlings There are eight groups of living angiosperms : Basal angiosperms ( ANA : Amborella , Nymphaeales , Austrobaileyales ) Amborella , a single species of shrub from New Caledonia ; Nymphaeales , about 80 species , water lilies and Hydatellaceae ; Austrobaileyales , about 100 species of woody plants from various parts of the world Core angiosperms ( Mesangiospermae ) Chloranthales , several dozen species of aromatic plants with toothed leaves ; Magnoliids , about 9,000 species , characterized by trimerous flowers , pollen with one pore , and usually branching - veined leaves -- for example magnolias , bay laurel , and black pepper ; Monocots , about 70,000 species , characterized by trimerous flowers , a single cotyledon , pollen with one pore , and usually parallel - veined leaves -- for example grasses , orchids , and palms ; Ceratophyllum , about 6 species of aquatic plants , perhaps most familiar as aquarium plants ; Eudicots , about 175,000 species , characterized by 4 - or 5 - merous flowers , pollen with three pores , and usually branching - veined leaves -- for example sunflowers , petunia , buttercup , apples , and oaks . The exact relationship between these eight groups is not yet clear , although there is agreement that the first three groups to diverge from the ancestral angiosperm were Amborellales , Nymphaeales , and Austrobaileyales . The term basal angiosperms refers to these three groups . Among the remaining five groups ( core angiosperms ) , the relationship between the three broadest of these groups ( magnoliids , monocots , and eudicots ) remains unclear . Zeng and colleagues ( Fig. 1 ) describe four competing schemes . Of these , eudicots and monocots are the largest and most diversified , with ~ 75 % and 20 % of angiosperm species , respectively . Some analyses make the magnoliids the first to diverge , others the monocots . Ceratophyllum seems to group with the eudicots rather than with the monocots . The 2016 Angiosperm Phylogeny Group revision ( APG IV ) retained the overall higher order relationship described in APG III . angiosperms Amborella Nymphaeales Austrobaileyales magnoliids Chloranthales monocots Ceratophyllum eudicots 1 . Phylogeny of the flowering plants , as of APG III ( 2009 ) . angiosperms Amborella Nymphaeales Austrobaileyales monocots Chloranthales magnoliids Ceratophyllum eudicots 2 . Example of alternative phylogeny ( 2010 ) angiosperms Amborellales Nymphaeales Austrobaileyales magnoliids Chloranthales monocots Ceratophyllales eudicots basal angiosperms core angiosperms 3 . APG IV ( 2016 ) show Detailed Cladogram of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group ( APG ) IV classification . Amborellales Melikyan , Bobrov & Zaytzeva 1999 Nymphaeales Salisbury ex von Berchtold & Presl 1820 Austrobaileyales Takhtajan ex Reveal 1992 Mesangiosperms Chloranthales Mart. 1835 Magnoliids Canellales Cronquist 1957 Piperales von Berchtold & Presl 1820 Magnoliales de Jussieu ex von Berchtold & Presl 1820 Laurales de Jussieu ex von Berchtold & Presl 1820 Monocots Acorales Link 1835 Alismatales Brown ex von Berchtold & Presl 1820 Petrosaviales Takhtajan 1997 Dioscoreales Brown 1835 Pandanales Brown ex von Berchtold & Presl 1820 Liliales Perleb 1826 Asparagales Link 1829 Commelinids Arecales Bromhead 1840 Poales Small 1903 Zingiberales Grisebach 1854 Commelinales de Mirbel ex von Berchtold & Presl 1820 Ceratophyllales Link 1829 Eudicots Ranunculales de Jussieu ex von Berchtold & Presl 1820 Proteales de Jussieu ex von Berchtold & Presl 1820 Trochodendrales Takhtajan ex Cronquist 1981 Buxales Takhtajan ex Reveal 1996 Core eudicots Gunnerales Takhtajan ex Reveal 1992 Dilleniales de Candolle ex von Berchtold & Presl 1820 Superrosids Saxifragales von Berchtold & Presl 1820 Rosids Vitales de Jussieu ex von Berchtold & Presl 1820 Fabids Zygophyllales Link 1829 Celastrales Link 1829 Oxalidales von Berchtold & Presl 1820 Malpighiales de Jussieu ex von Berchtold & Presl 1820 Fabales Bromhead 1838 Rosales von Berchtold & Presl 1820 Cucurbitales de Jussieu ex von Berchtold & Presl 1820 Fagales Engler 1892 ( eurosids I ) Malvids Geraniales de Jussieu ex von Berchtold & Presl 1820 Myrtales de Jussieu ex von Berchtold & Presl 1820 Crossosomatales Takhtajan ex Reveal 1993 Picramniales Doweld 2001 Sapindales de Jussieu ex von Berchtold & Presl 1820 Huerteales Doweld 2001 Malvales de Jussieu ex von Berchtold & Presl 1820 Brassicales Bromhead 1838 ( eurosids II ) Superasterids Berberidopsidales Doweld 2001 Santalales Brown ex von Berchtold & Presl 1820 Caryophyllales Asterids Cornales Link 1829 Ericales von Berchtold & Presl 1820 Lamiids Icacinales Van Tieghem 1900 Metteniusales Takhtajan 1997 Garryales Mart. 1835 Gentianales de Jussieu ex von Berchtold & Presl 1820 Solanales de Jussieu ex von Berchtold & Presl 1820 Boraginales de Jussieu ex von Berchtold & Presl 1820 Vahliales Doweld 2001 Lamiales Bromhead 1838 ( euasterids I ) Campanulids Aquifoliales Senft 1856 Escalloniales Mart. 1835 Asterales Link 1829 Bruniales Dumortier 1829 Apiales Nakai 1930 Paracryphiales Takhtajan ex Reveal 1992 Dipsacales de Jussieu ex von Berchtold & Presl 1820 ( euasterids II ) Evolution ( edit ) Further information : Evolutionary history of plants § Flowers Fossilized spores suggest that higher plants ( embryophytes ) have lived on land for at least 475 million years . Early land plants reproduced sexually with flagellated , swimming sperm , like the green algae from which they evolved . An adaptation to terrestrialization was the development of upright meiosporangia for dispersal by spores to new habitats . This feature is lacking in the descendants of their nearest algal relatives , the Charophycean green algae . A later terrestrial adaptation took place with retention of the delicate , avascular sexual stage , the gametophyte , within the tissues of the vascular sporophyte . This occurred by spore germination within sporangia rather than spore release , as in non-seed plants . A current example of how this might have happened can be seen in the precocious spore germination in Selaginella , the spike - moss . The result for the ancestors of angiosperms was enclosing them in a case , the seed . The first seed bearing plants , like the ginkgo , and conifers ( such as pines and firs ) , did not produce flowers . The pollen grains ( male gametophytes ) of Ginkgo and cycads produce a pair of flagellated , mobile sperm cells that `` swim '' down the developing pollen tube to the female and her eggs . Flowers of Malus sylvestris ( crab apple ) The apparently sudden appearance of nearly modern flowers in the fossil record initially posed such a problem for the theory of evolution that Charles Darwin called it an `` abominable mystery '' . However , the fossil record has considerably grown since the time of Darwin , and recently discovered angiosperm fossils such as Archaefructus , along with further discoveries of fossil gymnosperms , suggest how angiosperm characteristics may have been acquired in a series of steps . Several groups of extinct gymnosperms , in particular seed ferns , have been proposed as the ancestors of flowering plants , but there is no continuous fossil evidence showing exactly how flowers evolved . Some older fossils , such as the upper Triassic Sanmiguelia , have been suggested . Based on current evidence , some propose that the ancestors of the angiosperms diverged from an unknown group of gymnosperms in the Triassic period ( 245 -- 202 million years ago ) . Fossil angiosperm - like pollen from the Middle Triassic ( 247.2 -- 242.0 Ma ) suggests an older date for their origin . A close relationship between angiosperms and gnetophytes , proposed on the basis of morphological evidence , has more recently been disputed on the basis of molecular evidence that suggest gnetophytes are instead more closely related to other gymnosperms . The evolution of seed plants and later angiosperms appears to be the result of two distinct rounds of whole genome duplication events . These occurred at 319 million years ago and 192 million years ago . Another possible whole genome duplication event at 160 million years ago perhaps created the ancestral line that led to all modern flowering plants . That event was studied by sequencing the genome of an ancient flowering plant , Amborella trichopoda , and directly addresses Darwin 's `` abominable mystery . '' Flowers and leaves of Oxalis pes - caprae ( Bermuda buttercup ) The earliest known macrofossil confidently identified as an angiosperm , Archaefructus liaoningensis , is dated to about 125 million years BP ( the Cretaceous period ) , whereas pollen considered to be of angiosperm origin takes the fossil record back to about 130 million years BP . However , one study has suggested that the early - middle Jurassic plant Schmeissneria , traditionally considered a type of ginkgo , may be the earliest known angiosperm , or at least a close relative . In addition , circumstantial chemical evidence has been found for the existence of angiosperms as early as 250 million years ago . Oleanane , a secondary metabolite produced by many flowering plants , has been found in Permian deposits of that age together with fossils of gigantopterids . Gigantopterids are a group of extinct seed plants that share many morphological traits with flowering plants , although they are not known to have been flowering plants themselves . In 2013 flowers encased in amber were found and dated 100 million years before present . The amber had frozen the act of sexual reproduction in the process of taking place . Microscopic images showed tubes growing out of pollen and penetrating the flower 's stigma . The pollen was sticky , suggesting it was carried by insects . Recent DNA analysis based on molecular systematics showed that Amborella trichopoda , found on the Pacific island of New Caledonia , belongs to a sister group of the other flowering plants , and morphological studies suggest that it has features that may have been characteristic of the earliest flowering plants . The orders Amborellales , Nymphaeales , and Austrobaileyales diverged as separate lineages from the remaining angiosperm clade at a very early stage in flowering plant evolution . The great angiosperm radiation , when a great diversity of angiosperms appears in the fossil record , occurred in the mid-Cretaceous ( approximately 100 million years ago ) . However , a study in 2007 estimated that the division of the five most recent ( the genus Ceratophyllum , the family Chloranthaceae , the eudicots , the magnoliids , and the monocots ) of the eight main groups occurred around 140 million years ago . By the late Cretaceous , angiosperms appear to have dominated environments formerly occupied by ferns and cycadophytes , but large canopy - forming trees replaced conifers as the dominant trees only close to the end of the Cretaceous 66 million years ago or even later , at the beginning of the Tertiary . The radiation of herbaceous angiosperms occurred much later . Yet , many fossil plants recognizable as belonging to modern families ( including beech , oak , maple , and magnolia ) had already appeared by the late Cretaceous . It has been proposed that the swift rise of angiosperms to dominance was facilitated by a reduction in their genome size . During the early Cretaceous period , only angiosperms underwent rapid genome downsizing , while genome sizes of ferns and gymnosperms remained unchanged . Smaller genomes -- and smaller nuclei -- allow for faster rates of cell division and smaller cells . Thus , species with smaller genomes can pack more , smaller cells -- in particular veins and stomata -- into a given leaf volume . Genome downsizing therefore facilitated higher rates of leaf gas exchange ( transpiration and photosynthesis ) and faster rates of growth . This would have countered some of the negative physiological effects of genome duplications , facilitated increased uptake of carbon dioxide despite concurrent declines in atmospheric CO concentrations , and allowed the flowering plants to outcompete other land plants . Two bees on a flower head of Creeping Thistle , Cirsium arvense It is generally assumed that the function of flowers , from the start , was to involve mobile animals in their reproduction processes . That is , pollen can be scattered even if the flower is not brightly colored or oddly shaped in a way that attracts animals ; however , by expending the energy required to create such traits , angiosperms can enlist the aid of animals and , thus , reproduce more efficiently . Island genetics provides one proposed explanation for the sudden , fully developed appearance of flowering plants . Island genetics is believed to be a common source of speciation in general , especially when it comes to radical adaptations that seem to have required inferior transitional forms . Flowering plants may have evolved in an isolated setting like an island or island chain , where the plants bearing them were able to develop a highly specialized relationship with some specific animal ( a wasp , for example ) . Such a relationship , with a hypothetical wasp carrying pollen from one plant to another much the way fig wasps do today , could result in the development of a high degree of specialization in both the plant ( s ) and their partners . Note that the wasp example is not incidental ; bees , which , it is postulated , evolved specifically due to mutualistic plant relationships , are descended from wasps . Animals are also involved in the distribution of seeds . Fruit , which is formed by the enlargement of flower parts , is frequently a seed - dispersal tool that attracts animals to eat or otherwise disturb it , incidentally scattering the seeds it contains ( see frugivory ) . Although many such mutualistic relationships remain too fragile to survive competition and to spread widely , flowering proved to be an unusually effective means of reproduction , spreading ( whatever its origin ) to become the dominant form of land plant life . Flower ontogeny uses a combination of genes normally responsible for forming new shoots . The most primitive flowers probably had a variable number of flower parts , often separate from ( but in contact with ) each other . The flowers tended to grow in a spiral pattern , to be bisexual ( in plants , this means both male and female parts on the same flower ) , and to be dominated by the ovary ( female part ) . As flowers evolved , some variations developed parts fused together , with a much more specific number and design , and with either specific sexes per flower or plant or at least `` ovary - inferior '' . Flower evolution continues to the present day ; modern flowers have been so profoundly influenced by humans that some of them can not be pollinated in nature . Many modern domesticated flower species were formerly simple weeds , which sprouted only when the ground was disturbed . Some of them tended to grow with human crops , perhaps already having symbiotic companion plant relationships with them , and the prettiest did not get plucked because of their beauty , developing a dependence upon and special adaptation to human affection . A few paleontologists have also proposed that flowering plants , or angiosperms , might have evolved due to interactions with dinosaurs . One of the idea 's strongest proponents is Robert T. Bakker . He proposes that herbivorous dinosaurs , with their eating habits , provided a selective pressure on plants , for which adaptations either succeeded in deterring or coping with predation by herbivores . In August 2017 , scientists presented a detailed description and 3D model image of what the first flower possibly looked like , and presented the hypothesis that it may have lived about 140 million years ago . A Bayesian analysis of 52 angiosperm taxa suggested that the crown group of angisperms evolved between 178 million years ago and 198 million years ago . Diversity ( edit ) A poster of twelve different species of flowers of the Asteraceae family Lupinus pilosus Bud of a pink rose The number of species of flowering plants is estimated to be in the range of 250,000 to 400,000 . This compares to around 12,000 species of moss or 11,000 species of pteridophytes , showing that the flowering plants are much more diverse . The number of families in APG ( 1998 ) was 462 . In APG II ( 2003 ) it is not settled ; at maximum it is 457 , but within this number there are 55 optional segregates , so that the minimum number of families in this system is 402 . In APG III ( 2009 ) there are 415 families . The diversity of flowering plants is not evenly distributed . Nearly all species belong to the eudicot ( 75 % ) , monocot ( 23 % ) , and magnoliid ( 2 % ) clades . The remaining 5 clades contain a little over 250 species in total ; i.e. less than 0.1 % of flowering plant diversity , divided among 9 families . The 43 most - diverse of 443 families of flowering plants by species , in their APG circumscriptions , are Asteraceae or Compositae ( daisy family ) : 22,750 species ; Orchidaceae ( orchid family ) : 21,950 ; Fabaceae or Leguminosae ( bean family ) : 19,400 ; Rubiaceae ( madder family ) : 13,150 ; Poaceae or Gramineae ( grass family ) : 10,035 ; Lamiaceae or Labiatae ( mint family ) : 7,175 ; Euphorbiaceae ( spurge family ) : 5,735 ; Melastomataceae or Melastomaceae ( melastome family ) : 5,005 ; Myrtaceae ( myrtle family ) : 4,625 ; Apocynaceae ( dogbane family ) : 4,555 ; Cyperaceae ( sedge family ) : 4,350 ; Malvaceae ( mallow family ) : 4,225 ; Araceae ( arum family ) : 4,025 ; Ericaceae ( heath family ) : 3,995 ; Gesneriaceae ( gesneriad family ) : 3,870 ; Apiaceae or Umbelliferae ( parsley family ) : 3,780 ; Brassicaceae or Cruciferae ( cabbage family ) : 3,710 : Piperaceae ( pepper family ) : 3,600 ; Bromeliaceae ( bromeliad family ) : 3,540 ; Acanthaceae ( acanthus family ) : 3,500 ; Rosaceae ( rose family ) : 2,830 ; Boraginaceae ( borage family ) : 2,740 ; Urticaceae ( nettle family ) : 2,625 ; Ranunculaceae ( buttercup family ) : 2,525 ; Lauraceae ( laurel family ) : 2,500 ; Solanaceae ( nightshade family ) : 2,460 ; Campanulaceae ( bellflower family ) : 2,380 ; Arecaceae ( palm family ) : 2,361 ; Annonaceae ( custard apple family ) : 2,220 ; Caryophyllaceae ( pink family ) : 2,200 ; Orobanchaceae ( broomrape family ) : 2,060 ; Amaranthaceae ( amaranth family ) : 2,050 ; Iridaceae ( iris family ) : 2,025 ; Aizoaceae or Ficoidaceae ( ice plant family ) : 2,020 ; Rutaceae ( rue family ) : 1,815 ; Phyllanthaceae ( phyllanthus family ) : 1,745 ; Scrophulariaceae ( figwort family ) : 1,700 ; Gentianaceae ( gentian family ) : 1,650 ; Convolvulaceae ( bindweed family ) : 1,600 ; Proteaceae ( protea family ) : 1,600 ; Sapindaceae ( soapberry family ) : 1,580 ; Cactaceae ( cactus family ) : 1,500 ; Araliaceae ( Aralia or ivy family ) : 1,450 . Of these , the Orchidaceae , Poaceae , Cyperaceae , Araceae , Bromeliaceae , Arecaceae , and Iridaceae are monocot families ; Piperaceae , Lauraceae , and Annonaceae are magnoliid dicots ; the rest of the families are eudicots . Reproduction ( edit ) Fertilization and embryogenesis ( edit ) Main articles : Fertilization and Plant embryogenesis Angiosperm life cycle Double fertilization refers to a process in which two sperm cells fertilize cells in the ovule . This process begins when a pollen grain adheres to the stigma of the pistil ( female reproductive structure ) , germinates , and grows a long pollen tube . While this pollen tube is growing , a haploid generative cell travels down the tube behind the tube nucleus . The generative cell divides by mitosis to produce two haploid ( n ) sperm cells . As the pollen tube grows , it makes its way from the stigma , down the style and into the ovary . Here the pollen tube reaches the micropyle of the ovule and digests its way into one of the synergids , releasing its contents ( which include the sperm cells ) . The synergid that the cells were released into degenerates and one sperm makes its way to fertilize the egg cell , producing a diploid ( 2n ) zygote . The second sperm cell fuses with both central cell nuclei , producing a triploid ( 3n ) cell . As the zygote develops into an embryo , the triploid cell develops into the endosperm , which serves as the embryo 's food supply . The ovary will now develop into a fruit and the ovule will develop into a seed . Fruit and seed ( edit ) Main articles : Seed and Fruit The fruit of the Aesculus or Horse Chestnut tree As the development of embryo and endosperm proceeds within the embryo sac , the sac wall enlarges and combines with the nucellus ( which is likewise enlarging ) and the integument to form the seed coat . The ovary wall develops to form the fruit or pericarp , whose form is closely associated with type of seed dispersal system . Frequently , the influence of fertilization is felt beyond the ovary , and other parts of the flower take part in the formation of the fruit , e.g. , the floral receptacle in the apple , strawberry , and others . The character of the seed coat bears a definite relation to that of the fruit . They protect the embryo and aid in dissemination ; they may also directly promote germination . Among plants with indehiscent fruits , in general , the fruit provides protection for the embryo and secures dissemination . In this case , the seed coat is only slightly developed . If the fruit is dehiscent and the seed is exposed , in general , the seed - coat is well developed , and must discharge the functions otherwise executed by the fruit . Meiosis ( edit ) Flowering plants generate gametes using a specialized cell division called meiosis . Meiosis takes place in the ovule ( a structure within the ovary that is located within the pistil at the center of the flower ) ( see diagram labeled `` Angiosperm lifecycle '' ) . A diploid cell ( megaspore mother cell ) in the ovule undergoes meiosis ( involving two successive cell divisions ) to produce four cells ( megaspores ) with haploid nuclei . One of these four cells ( megaspore ) then undergoes three successive mitotic divisions to produce an immature embryo sac ( megagametophyte ) with eight haploid nuclei . Next , these nuclei are segregated into separate cells by cytokinesis to producing 3 antipodal cells , 2 synergid cells and an egg cell . Two polar nuclei are left in the central cell of the embryo sac . Pollen is also produced by meiosis in the male anther ( microsporangium ) . During meiosis , a diploid microspore mother cell undergoes two successive meiotic divisions to produce 4 haploid cells ( microspores or male gametes ) . Each of these microspores , after further mitoses , becomes a pollen grain ( microgametophyte ) containing two haploid generative ( sperm ) cells and a tube nucleus . When a pollen grain makes contact with the female stigma , the pollen grain forms a pollen tube that grows down the style into the ovary . In the act of fertilization , a male sperm nucleus fuses with the female egg nucleus to form a diploid zygote that can then develop into an embryo within the newly forming seed . Upon germination of the seed , a new plant can grow and mature . The adaptive function of meiosis is currently a matter of debate . A key event during meiosis in a diploid cell is the pairing of homologous chromosomes and homologous recombination ( the exchange of genetic information ) between homologous chromosomes . This process promotes the production of increased genetic diversity among progeny and the recombinational repair of damages in the DNA to be passed on to progeny . To explain the adaptive function of meiosis in flowering plants , some authors emphasize diversity and others emphasize DNA repair . Apomixis ( edit ) Apomixis ( reproduction via asexually formed seeds ) is found naturally in about 2.2 % of angiosperm genera . One type of apomixis , gametophytic apomixis found in a dandelion species involves formation of an unreduced embryo sac due to incomplete meiosis ( apomeiosis ) and development of an embryo from the unreduced egg inside the embryo sac , without fertilization ( parthenogenesis ) . Uses ( edit ) Agriculture is almost entirely dependent on angiosperms , which provide virtually all plant - based food , and also provide a significant amount of livestock feed . Of all the families of plants , the Poaceae , or grass family ( providing grains ) , is by far the most important , providing the bulk of all feedstocks ( rice , maize , wheat , barley , rye , oats , pearl millet , sugar cane , sorghum ) . The Fabaceae , or legume family , comes in second place . Also of high importance are the Solanaceae , or nightshade family ( potatoes , tomatoes , and peppers , among others ) ; the Cucurbitaceae , or gourd family ( including pumpkins and melons ) ; the Brassicaceae , or mustard plant family ( including rapeseed and the innumerable varieties of the cabbage species Brassica oleracea ) ; and the Apiaceae , or parsley family . Many of our fruits come from the Rutaceae , or rue family ( including oranges , lemons , grapefruits , etc . ) , and the Rosaceae , or rose family ( including apples , pears , cherries , apricots , plums , etc . ) . In some parts of the world , certain single species assume paramount importance because of their variety of uses , for example the coconut ( Cocos nucifera ) on Pacific atolls , and the olive ( Olea europaea ) in the Mediterranean region . Flowering plants also provide economic resources in the form of wood , paper , fiber ( cotton , flax , and hemp , among others ) , medicines ( digitalis , camphor ) , decorative and landscaping plants , and many other uses . The main area in which they are surpassed by other plants -- namely , coniferous trees ( Pinales ) , which are non-flowering ( gymnosperms ) -- is timber and paper production . See also ( edit ) List of garden plants List of plant orders List of plants by common name List of systems of plant taxonomy Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The major exception to the dominance of terrestrial ecosystems by flowering plants is the coniferous forest . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : APG 2016 . Jump up ^ Cronquist 1960 . Jump up ^ Reveal , James L. ( 2011 ) ( or later ) . `` Indices Nominum Supragenericorum Plantarum Vascularium -- M '' . Retrieved 28 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Takhtajan 1964 . Jump up ^ Lindley , J ( 1830 ) . Introduction to the Natural System of Botany . London : Longman , Rees , Orme , Brown , and Green . xxxvi . Jump up ^ Cantino , Philip D. ; Doyle , James A. ; Graham , Sean W. ; Judd , Walter S. ; Olmstead , Richard G. ; Soltis , Douglas E. ; Soltis , Pamela S. ; Donoghue , Michael J. ( 2007 ) . `` Towards a phylogenetic nomenclature of Tracheophyta '' . Taxon. 56 ( 3 ) : E1 -- E44 . doi : 10.2307 / 25065865 . Jump up ^ Takhtajan 1980 . Jump up ^ Christenhusz , M.J.M. ; Byng , J.W. ( 2016 ) . `` The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase '' . Phytotaxa . Magnolia Press . 261 ( 3 ) : 201 -- 217 . doi : 10.11646 / phytotaxa. 261.3. 1 . Jump up ^ Peter H. Raven ; Ray F. Evert ; Susan E. Eichhorn ( 2005 ) . Biology of Plants . W.H. Freeman . pp. 376 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7167 - 1007 - 3 . Jump up ^ Williams , J.H. ( 2012 ) . `` The evolution of pollen germination timing in flowering plants : Austrobaileya scandens ( Austrobaileyaceae ) '' . AoB Plants . 2012 ( http://aobpla.oxfordjournals.org/content/2012/pls010.abstract ) : pls010 . doi : 10.1093 / aobpla / pls010 . PMC 3345124 . PMID 22567221 . Jump up ^ Brown R. , Character and description of Kingia , a new genus of plants found on the southwest coast of New Holland : with observations on the structure of its unimpregnated ovulum ; and on the female flower of Cycadeae and Coniferae , in : King P.P. ( Ed . ) Narrative of a Survey of the Intertropical and western coasts of Australia , performed between years 1818 and 1822 . John Murray , London , 1827 , vol. 2. , pp. 534 -- 565 , ( 1 ) . ^ Jump up to : APG 2003 . ^ Jump up to : APG 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Chase & Reveal 2009 . Jump up ^ `` As easy as APG III - Scientists revise the system of classifying flowering plants '' . The Linnean Society of London . 2009 - 10 - 08 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : Jeffrey D. Palmer ; Douglas E. Soltis ; Mark W. Chase ( 2004 ) . `` The plant tree of life : an overview and some points of view '' . American Journal of Botany. 91 ( 10 ) : 1437 -- 1445 . doi : 10.3732 / ajb. 91.10. 1437 . PMID 21652302 . , Figure 2 Jump up ^ Soltis , Pamela S. ; Soltis , Douglas E. ( 2004 ) . `` The origin and diversification of angiosperms '' . American Journal of Botany. 91 ( 10 ) : 1614 -- 1626 . doi : 10.3732 / ajb. 91.10. 1614 . PMID 21652312 . Jump up ^ Zeng et al 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bell et al 2010 . Jump up ^ Edwards , D ( 2000 ) . `` The role of mid-palaeozoic mesofossils in the detection of early bryophytes '' . Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 355 ( 1398 ) : 733 -- 755 . doi : 10.1098 / rstb. 2000.0613 . PMC 1692787 . PMID 10905607 . Jump up ^ Davies , T.J. ( 2004 ) . `` Darwin 's abominable mystery : Insights from a supertree of the angiosperms '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 101 ( 7 ) : 1904 -- 9 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 0308127100 . PMC 357025 . PMID 14766971 . 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( 2002 ) . `` Archaefructaceae , a New Basal Angiosperm Family '' . Science . 296 ( 5569 ) : 899 -- 904 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1069439 . PMID 11988572 . Jump up ^ Wing , Xin ; Duan , Shuying ; Geng , Baoyin ; Cui , Jinzhong ; Yang , Yong ( 2007 ) . `` Schmeissneria : A missing link to angiosperms ? '' . BMC Evolutionary Biology . 7 : 14 . doi : 10.1186 / 1471 - 2148 - 7 - 14 . PMC 1805421 . PMID 17284326 . Jump up ^ Taylor , David Winship ; Li , Hongqi ; Dahl , Jeremy ; Fago , Fred J. ; Zinniker , David ; Moldowan , J. Michael ( 2006 ) . `` Biogeochemical evidence for the presence of the angiosperm molecular fossil oleanane in Paleozoic and Mesozoic non-angiospermous fossils '' . Paleobiology. 32 ( 2 ) : 179 . doi : 10.1666 / 0094 - 8373 ( 2006 ) 32 ( 179 : BEFTPO ) 2.0.CO ; 2 . ISSN 0094 - 8373 . Jump up ^ Oily Fossils Provide Clues To The Evolution Of Flowers -- ScienceDaily ( April 5 , 2001 ) Jump up ^ Poinar Jr. , George O ; Chambers , Kenton L ; Wunderlich , Joerg ( 10 December 2013 ) . `` Micropetasos , a new genus of angiosperms from mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber '' . J. Bot . Res . Inst . Texas . 7 ( 2 ) : 745 -- 750 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 5 January 2014 . Lay summary ( 3 January 2014 ) . Jump up ^ NOVA -- Transcripts -- First Flower -- PBS Airdate : April 17 , 2007 Jump up ^ Soltis , D.E. ; Soltis , P.S. ( 2004 ) . `` Amborella not a `` basal angiosperm '' ? Not so fast `` . American Journal of Botany. 91 ( 6 ) : 997 -- 1001 . doi : 10.3732 / ajb. 91.6. 997 . PMID 21653455 . Jump up ^ South Pacific plant may be missing link in evolution of flowering plants -- Public release date : 17 May 2006 Jump up ^ Vialette - Guiraud , AC ; Alaux , M ; Legeai , F ; Finet , C ; et al. ( 2011 ) . `` Cabomba as a model for studies of early angiosperm evolution '' . Annals of Botany. 108 ( 4 ) : 589 -- 98 . doi : 10.1093 / aob / mcr088 . PMC 3170152 . PMID 21486926 . Jump up ^ Moore , M.J. ; Bell , C.D. ; Soltis , P.S. ; Soltis , D.E. ( 2007 ) . `` Using plastid genome - scale data to resolve enigmatic relationships among basal angiosperms '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 104 ( 49 ) : 19363 -- 8 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 0708072104 . PMC 2148295 . PMID 18048334 . Jump up ^ David Sadava ; H. Craig Heller ; Gordon H. Orians ; William K. Purves ; David M. Hillis ( December 2006 ) . Life : the science of biology . Macmillan . pp. 477 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7167 - 7674 - 1 . Retrieved 4 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Stewart , Wilson Nichols ; Rothwell , Gar W. ( 1993 ) . Paleobotany and the evolution of plants ( 2nd ed . ) . Cambridge Univ . Press . p. 498 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 23315 - 1 . Jump up ^ Simonin , K.A. ; Roddy , A.B. ( 2018 ) . `` Genome downsizing , physiological novelty , and the global dominance of flowering plants '' . 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Nature Communications . 16047 ( 2017 ) : 16047 . doi : 10.1038 / ncomms16047 . PMC 5543309 . PMID 28763051 . Retrieved 1 August 2017 . CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) Jump up ^ Foster CSP , Ho SYW ( 2017 ) Strategies for partitioning clock models in phylogenomic dating : Application to the angiosperm evolutionary timescale . Genome Biol Evol Jump up ^ Thorne , R.F. ( 2002 ) . `` How many species of seed plants are there ? '' . Taxon. 51 ( 3 ) : 511 -- 522 . doi : 10.2307 / 1554864 . JSTOR 1554864 . Jump up ^ Scotland , R.W. ; Wortley , A.H. ( 2003 ) . `` How many species of seed plants are there ? '' . Taxon. 52 ( 1 ) : 101 -- 104 . doi : 10.2307 / 3647306 . JSTOR 3647306 . Jump up ^ Govaerts , R. ( 2003 ) . `` How many species of seed plants are there ? -- a response '' . Taxon. 52 ( 3 ) : 583 -- 584 . doi : 10.2307 / 3647457 . JSTOR 3647457 . Jump up ^ Goffinet , Bernard ; William R. 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Principles of Genetics ( 5th ed . ) . Wiley . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 38825 - 9 . Jump up ^ Harrison CJ , Alvey E , Henderson IR ( 2010 ) . `` Meiosis in flowering plants and other green organisms '' . J. Exp . Bot. 61 ( 11 ) : 2863 -- 75 . doi : 10.1093 / jxb / erq191 . PMID 20576791 . Jump up ^ Mirzaghaderi G , Hörandl E ( 2016 ) . `` The evolution of meiotic sex and its alternatives '' . Proc. Biol. Sci. 283 ( 1838 ) : 20161221 . doi : 10.1098 / rspb. 2016.1221 . PMC 5031655 . PMID 27605505 . Jump up ^ Hojsgaard D , Klatt S , Baier R , Carman JG , Hörandl E ( 2014 ) . `` Taxonomy and Biogeography of Apomixis in Angiosperms and Associated Biodiversity Characteristics '' . CRC Crit Rev Plant Sci. 33 ( 5 ) : 414 -- 427 . doi : 10.1080 / 07352689.2014. 898488 . PMC 4786830 . PMID 27019547 . Jump up ^ van Baarlen P , van Dijk PJ , Hoekstra RF , de Jong JH ( 2000 ) . `` Meiotic recombination in sexual diploid and apomictic triploid dandelions ( Taraxacum officinale L . ) '' . Genome. 43 ( 5 ) : 827 -- 35 . doi : 10.1139 / gen - 43 - 5 - 827 . PMID 11081973 . Jump up ^ Loumou , Angeliki ; Giourga , Christina ( 2003 ) . `` Olive groves : ` ` The life and identity of the Mediterranean '' . Agriculture and Human Values. 20 ( 1 ) : 87 -- 95 . doi : 10.1023 / a : 1022444005336 . ISSN 0889 - 048X . Jump up ^ Dilcher et al 2016 . Bibliography ( edit ) Articles , books and chapters ( edit ) This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Chisholm , Hugh , ed. ( 1911 ) . `` Angiosperms '' . Encyclopædia Britannica ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . APG ( 2003 ) . `` An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants : APG II '' . Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society . 141 ( 4 ) : 399 -- 436 . doi : 10.1046 / j. 1095 - 8339.2003. t01 - 1 - 00158. x . APG ( 2009 ) . `` An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants : APG III '' . Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society . 161 ( 2 ) : 105 -- 121 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1095 - 8339.2009. 00996. x . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 10 . APG ( 2016 ) . `` An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants : APG IV '' . Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society . 181 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 20 . doi : 10.1111 / boj. 12385 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 20 . Becker , Kenneth M. ( February 1973 ) . `` A Comparison of Angiosperm Classification Systems '' . Taxon. 22 ( 1 ) : 19 -- 50 . doi : 10.2307 / 1218032 . Bell , Adrian D. ( 2008 ) ( 1991 ) . Plant Form . An Illustrated Guide to Flowering Plant Morphology . Portland , Oregon : Timber Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88192 - 850 - 1 . 1st edition published by Oxford University Press in 1991 ISBN 978 - 0 - 19854 - 219 - 3 Bell , C.D. ; Soltis , D.E. ; Soltis , P.S. ( 2010 ) . `` The Age and Diversification of the Angiosperms Revisited '' . American Journal of Botany. 97 ( 8 ) : 1296 -- 1303 . doi : 10.3732 / ajb. 0900346 . PMID 21616882 . Chase , Mark W. & Reveal , James L. ( 2009 ) . `` A phylogenetic classification of the land plants to accompany APG III '' . Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society . 161 ( 2 ) : 122 -- 127 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1095 - 8339.2009. 01002. x . Cromie , William J. ( December 16 , 1999 ) . `` Oldest Known Flowering Plants Identified By Genes '' . Harvard University Gazette . Cronquist , Arthur ( October 1960 ) . `` The divisions and classes of plants '' . The Botanical Review . 26 ( 4 ) : 425 -- 482 . doi : 10.1007 / BF02940572 . Cronquist , Arthur ( 1981 ) . An Integrated System of Classification of Flowering Plants . New York : Columbia Univ . Press . ISBN 0 - 231 - 03880 - 1 . Dahlgren , R.M.T. ( February 1980 ) . `` A revised system of classification of the angiosperms '' . Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society . 80 ( 2 ) : 91 -- 124 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1095 - 8339.1980. tb01661. x . Dahlgren , Rolf ( February 1983 ) . `` General aspects of angiosperm evolution and macrosystematics '' . Nordic Journal of Botany. 3 ( 1 ) : 119 -- 149 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1756 - 1051.1983. tb01448. x . Dilcher , D. ( 2000 ) . `` Toward a new synthesis : Major evolutionary trends in the angiosperm fossil record '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 97 ( 13 ) : 7030 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 97.13. 7030 . PMC 34380 . Dilcher , David L ; Cronquist , Arthur ; Zimmermann , Martin Huldrych ; Stevens , Peter ; Stevenson , Dennis William ; Berry , Paul E. ( 8 March 2016 ) . `` Angiosperm '' . Encyclopedia Britannica . Retrieved 31 January 2017 . Heywood , V.H. , Brummitt , R.K. , Culham , A. & Seberg , O. ( 2007 ) . Flowering Plant Families of the World . Richmond Hill , Ontario , Canada : Firefly Books . ISBN 1 - 55407 - 206 - 9 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Hill , Christopher ; Crane , Peter ( January 1982 ) . `` Evolutionary Cladistics and the origin of Angiosperms '' . In Joysey , Kenneth Alan ; Friday , A.E. Problems of Phylogenetic Reconstruction . Special Volumes. 21 . London : Systematics Association . pp. 269 -- 361 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 12 - 391250 - 3 . Lersten , Nels R. ( 2004 ) . Flowering plant embryology with emphasis on economic species . Ames , Iowa : Blackwell Pub . ISBN 9780470752678 . Pooja ( 2004 ) . Angiosperms . New Delhi : Discovery . ISBN 9788171417889 . Retrieved 7 January 2016 . Raven , P.H. , R.F. Evert , S.E. Eichhorn . Biology of Plants , 7th Edition . W.H. Freeman . 2004 Sattler , R. 1973 . Organogenesis of Flowers . A Photographic Text - Atlas . University of Toronto Press . Simpson , Michael G. ( 2010 ) . Plant Systematics ( 2nd ed . ) . Academic Press . ISBN 9780080922089 . Soltis , Pamela S ; Soltis , Douglas E ( April 2016 ) . `` Ancient WGD events as drivers of key innovations in angiosperms '' . Current Opinion in Plant Biology . 30 : 159 -- 165 . doi : 10.1016 / j. pbi. 2016.03. 015 . Takhtajan , A. ( June 1964 ) . `` The Taxa of the Higher Plants above the Rank of Order '' . Taxon. 13 ( 5 ) : 160 -- 164 . doi : 10.2307 / 1216134 . JSTOR 10.2307 / 1216134 . Takhtajan , A. ( July -- September 1980 ) . `` Outline of the Classification of Flowering Plants ( Magnoliophyta ) '' . Botanical Review . 46 ( 3 ) : 225 -- 359 . doi : 10.1007 / bf02861558 . JSTOR 10.2307 / 4353970 . Zeng , Liping ; Zhang , Qiang ; Sun , Renran ; Kong , Hongzhi ; Zhang , Ning ; Ma , Hong ( 24 September 2014 ) . `` Resolution of deep angiosperm phylogeny using conserved nuclear genes and estimates of early divergence times '' . Nature Communications . 5 ( 4956 ) . doi : 10.1038 / ncomms5956 . Websites ( edit ) Cole , Theodor C.H. ; Hilger , Harmut H. ; Stevens , Peter F. ( 2017 ) . `` Angiosperm Phylogeny Poster -- Flowering Plant Systematics '' ( PDF ) . Watson , L. ; Dallwitz , M.J. ( 1992 ) . `` The Families of Flowering Plants : Descriptions , Illustrations , Identification , and Information Retrieval '' . 14 December 2000 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 08 - 02 . Flowering plant at the Encyclopedia of Life External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Magnoliophyta . Wikispecies has information related to Magnoliophyta The Wikibook Dichotomous Key has a page on the topic of : Magnoliophyta Classification of Archaeplastida / Plantae sensu lato Domain Archaea Bacteria Eukaryota ( Supergroup Plant Hacrobia Heterokont Alveolata Rhizaria Excavata Amoebozoa Opisthokonta Animal Fungi ) Rhodophyta ( red algae ) Cyanidiophyceae Porphyridiophyceae Compsopogonophyceae Stylonematophyceae Rhodellophyceae Bangiophyceae Florideophyceae Glaucocystophyta ( glaucophytes ) Glaucocystophyceae Glaucocystis Cyanophora Gloeochaete Viridiplantae ( green algae , & land plants ) Mesostigmatophyceae Chlorokybophyceae Spirotaenia C + S Chlorophyta Palmophyllales Nephrophyceae Prasinophyceae Pseudoscourfieldiales Pyramimonadophyceae Scourfieldiales Pedinophyceae Chlorodendrophyceae UTC clade Ulvophyceae Trebouxiophyceae Chlorophyceae Streptophyta ( charophytes , & land plants ) Klebsormidiophyceae Phragmo - plastophyta Charophyceae Coleochaetophyceae Zygnematophyceae Mesotaeniaceae Embryophyta ( land plants ) Bryophytes ( non-vascular ) Marchantiophyta Anthocerotophyta Bryophyta `` Moss '' † Horneophytopsida Tracheophyta ( vascular ) Lycopodiophyta ( microphylls ) † Zosterophyllopsida † Sawdoniales Isoetopsida Lycopodiopsida Euphyllophyta ( megaphylls ) Moniliformopses ( ferns ) † Cladoxylopsida † Stauropteridales † Zygopteridales Equisetopsida Psilotopsida Marattiopsida Polypodiopsida Spermatophyta ( seed plants ) † Seed ferns Gymnosperms Gnetopsida Pinopsida Cycadopsida Ginkgoopsida Angiosperms or flowering plants Amborellales Nymphaeales Austrobaileyales Magnoliids Monocots Eudicots Other † Trimerophytopsida † Progymnosperm Other † Rhyniopsida † = extinct . See also the list of plant orders . 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All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from April 2012 Articles with ' species ' microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2018 Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Encyclopedia of Life ID not in Wikidata Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Taxonbar pages without Wikidata taxon IDs Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikispecies Afrikaans አማርኛ Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Basa Banyumasan Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) भोजपुरी Български Boarisch Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Dolnoserbski Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Gaelg Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Ирон Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Limburgs Lumbaart Magyar Македонски മലയാളം მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nāhuatl Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Олык марий Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Lea faka - Tonga Türkçe Українська اردو Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt West - Vlams Winaray ייִדיש 粵語 Žemaitėška 中文 ГӀалгӀай Lingua Franca Nova 98 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 June 2018 , at 19 : 11 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where does a flowering plant contains its seeds | [
"The flowering plants, also known as angiosperms, Angiospermae[5][6] or Magnoliophyta,[7] are the most diverse group of land plants, with 416 families, approximately 13,164 known genera and c. 295,383 known species.[8] Like gymnosperms, angiosperms are seed-producing plants. However, they are distinguished from gymnosperms by characteristics including flowers, endosperm within the seeds, and the production of fruits that contain the seeds. Etymologically, angiosperm means a plant that produces seeds within an enclosure; in other words, a fruiting plant. The term comes from the Greek words angeion (\"case\" or \"casing\") and sperma (\"seed\")."
] | [
"fruits"
] |
4487834888851587255 | Five-Year Plans of India | Five - Year plans of India - Wikipedia Five - Year plans of India Jump to : navigation , search From 1947 to 2017 , the Indian economy was premised on the concept of planning . This was carried through the Five - Year Plans , developed , executed , and monitored by the Planning Commission ( 1951 - 2014 ) and the NITI Aayog ( 2015 - 2017 ) . With the Prime Minister as the ex-officio Chairman , the commission has a nominated Deputy Chairman , who holds the rank of a Cabinet Minister . Montek Singh Ahluwalia is the last Deputy Chairman of the Commission ( resigned on 26 May 2014 ) . The Eleventh Plan completed its term in March 2012 and the Twelfth Plan is currently underway . Prior to the Fourth Plan , the allocation of state resources was based on schematic patterns rather than a transparent and objective mechanism , which led to the adoption of the Gadgil formula in 1969 . Revised versions of the formula have been used since then to determine the allocation of central assistance for state plans . The new government led by Narendra Modi , elected in 2014 , has announced the dissolution of the Planning Commission , and its replacement by a think tank called the NITI Aayog ( an acronym for National Institution for Transforming India ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 First Plan ( 1951 -- 1956 ) 3 Second Plan ( 1956 -- 1961 ) 4 Third Plan ( 1961 -- 1966 ) 5 Fourth Plan ( 1969 -- 1974 ) 6 Fifth Plan ( 1974 -- 1978 ) 7 Rolling Plan ( 1978 -- 1980 ) 8 Sixth Plan ( 1980 -- 1985 ) 9 Seventh Plan ( 1985 -- 1990 ) 10 Annual Plans ( 1990 -- 1992 ) 11 Eighth Plan ( 1992 -- 1997 ) 12 Ninth Plan ( 1997 -- 2002 ) 13 Tenth Plan ( 2002 -- 2007 ) 14 Eleventh Plan ( 2007 -- 2012 ) 15 Twelfth Plan ( 2012 -- 2017 ) 16 See also 17 References 18 External links History ( edit ) Five - Year Plans ( FYPs ) are centralized and integrated national economic programs . Joseph Stalin implemented the first Five Year Plan in the Soviet Union in the late 1920s . Most communist states and several capitalist countries subsequently have adopted them . China and India both continue to use FYPs , although China renamed its Eleventh FYP , from 2006 to 2010 , a guideline ( guihua ) , rather than a plan ( jihua ) , to signify the central government 's more hands - off approach to development . India launched its First FYP in 1951 , immediately after independence under socialist influence of first Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru . The First Five - Year Plan was one of the most important because it had a great role in the launching of Indian development after the Independence . Thus , it strongly supported agriculture production and it also launched the industrialization of the country ( but less than the Second Plan , which focused on heavy industries ) . It built a particular system of mixed economy , with a great role for the public sector ( with an emerging welfare state ) , as well as a growing private sector ( represented by some personalities as those who published the Bombay Plan ) . First Plan ( 1951 -- 1956 ) ( edit ) This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The first Indian Prime Minister , Jawaharlal Nehru presented the First Five - Year Plan to the Parliament of India and needed urgent attention . The First Five - year Plan was launched in 1951 which mainly focused in development of the primary sector . The First Five - Year Plan was based on the Harrod -- Domar model with few modifications . The total planned budget of Rs. 2069 crore ( 2378 crore later ) was allocated to seven broad areas : irrigation and energy ( 27.2 % ) , agriculture and community development ( 17.4 % ) , transport and communications ( 24 % ) , industry ( 8.4 % ) , social services ( 16.64 % ) , land rehabilitation ( 4.1 % ) , and for other sectors and services ( 2.5 % ) . The most important feature of this phase was active role of state in all economic sectors . Such a role was justified at that time because immediately after independence , India was facing basic problems -- deficiency of capital and low capacity to save . The target growth rate was 2.1 % annual gross domestic product ( GDP ) growth ; the achieved growth rate was 3.6 % the net domestic product went up by 15 % . The monsoon was good and there were relatively high crop yields , boosting exchange reserves and the per capita income , which increased by 8 % . National income increased more than the per capita income due to rapid population growth . Many irrigation projects were initiated during this period , including the Bhakra , Hirakud and Damodar Valley dams . The World Health Organization ( WHO ) , with the Indian government , addressed children 's health and reduced infant mortality , indirectly contributing to population growth . At the end of the plan period in 1956 , five Indian Institutes of Technology ( IITs ) were started as major technical institutions . The University Grants Commission ( UGC ) was set up to take care of funding and take measures to strengthen the higher education in the country . Contracts were signed to start five steel plants , which came into existence in the middle of the Second Five - Year Plan . The plan was quasi successful for the government . Second Plan ( 1956 -- 1961 ) ( edit ) The Second Plan was particularly in the development of the public sector and `` rapid Industrialisation '' . The plan followed the Mahalanobis model , an economic development model developed by the Indian statistician Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis in 1953 . The plan attempted to determine the optimal allocation of investment between productive sectors in order to maximise long - run economic growth . It used the prevalent state of art techniques of operations research and optimization as well as the novel applications of statistical models developed at the Indian Statistical Institute . The plan assumed a closed economy in which the main trading activity would be centred on importing capital goods . Hydroelectric power projects and five steel plants at Bhilai , Durgapur , and Rourkela were established with the help of Russia , Britain ( the U.K ) and West Germany respectively . Coal production was increased . More railway lines were added in the north east . The Tata Institute of Fundamental Research and Atomic Energy Commission of India was established as research institutes . In 1957 a talent search and scholarship program was begun to find talented young students to train for work in nuclear power . The total amount allocated under the Second Five - Year Plan in India was Rs. 48 billion . This amount was allocated among various sectors : power and irrigation , social services , communications and transport , and miscellaneous . `` The target growth rate was 4.5 % and the actual growth rate was 4.27 % . '' Third Plan ( 1961 -- 1966 ) ( edit ) The Third Five - year Plan , stressed agriculture and improvement in the production of wheat , but the brief Sino - Indian War of 1962 exposed weaknesses in the economy and shifted the focus towards the defence industry and the Indian Army . In 1965 -- 1966 , India fought a War with Pakistan . There was also a severe drought in 1965 . The war led to inflation and the priority was shifted to price stabilisation . The construction of dams continued . Many cement and fertilizer plants were also built . Punjab began producing an abundance of wheat . Many primary schools were started in rural areas . In an effort to bring democracy to the grass - root level , Panchayat elections were started and the states were given more development responsibilities . State electricity boards and state secondary education boards were formed . States were made responsible for secondary and higher education . State road transportation corporations were formed and local road building became a state responsibility . The target growth rate was 5.6 % , but the actual growth rate was 2.4 % . Due to miserable failure of the Third Plan the government was forced to declare `` plan holidays '' ( from 1966 -- 67 , 1967 -- 68 , and 1968 -- 69 ) . Three annual plans were drawn during this intervening period . During 1966 -- 67 there was again the problem of drought . Equal priority was given to agriculture , its allied activities , and industrial sector . The government of India declared `` Devaluation of Rupee '' to increase the exports of the country . The main reasons for plan holidays were the war , lack of resources , and increase in inflation after that plan holiday was created . Fourth Plan ( 1969 -- 1974 ) ( edit ) At this time Indira Gandhi was the Prime Minister . The Indira Gandhi government nationalised 14 major Indian banks and the Green Revolution in India advanced agriculture . In addition , the situation in East Pakistan ( now Bangladesh ) was becoming dire as the Indo - Pakistan War of 1971 and Bangladesh Liberation War took funds earmarked for industrial development . India also performed the Smiling Buddha underground nuclear test ( Pokhran - 1 ) in Rajasthan on May 18 , 1974 , partially in response to the United States deployment of the Seventh Fleet in the Bay of Bengal . The fleet had been deployed to warn India against attacking West Pakistan and extending the war . The target growth rate was 5.6 % , but the actual growth rate was 3.3 % . Fifth Plan ( 1974 -- 1978 ) ( edit ) The Fifth Five - Year Plan laid stress on employment , poverty alleviation ( Garibi Hatao ) , and justice . The plan also focused on self - reliance in agricultural production and defence . In 1978 the newly elected Morarji Desai government rejected the plan . The Electricity Supply Act was amended in 1975 , which enabled the central government to enter into power generation and transmission . The Indian national highway system was introduced and many roads were widened to accommodate the increasing traffic . Tourism also expanded . The twenty - point programme was launched in 1975 . It was followed from 1974 to 1979 . The Minimum Needs Programme ( MNP ) was introduced in the first year of the Fifth Five Year Plan ( 1974 -- 78 ) . The objective of the programme is to provide certain basic minimum needs and thereby improve the living standards of the people . The target growth rate was 4.4 % and the actual growth rate was 4.8 % . Rolling Plan ( 1978 -- 1980 ) ( edit ) The Janata Party government rejected the Fifth Five - Year Plan and introduced a new Sixth Five - Year Plan ( 1978 -- 1980 ) . This plan was again rejected by the Indian National Congress government in 1980 and a new Sixth Plan was made. The Rolling Plan consists of three kind of plans that were proposed . The First Plan is for the present year which comprises the annual budget and Second is a plan for a fixed number of years , which may be 3 , 4 or 5 years . Plan number two is kept changing as per the requirements of the Indian economy . The Third Plan is a perspective plan which is for long terms i.e. for 10 , 15 or 20 years . Hence there is no fixation of dates in for the commencement and termination of the plan in the rolling plans . The main advantage of the rolling plans is that they are flexible and are able to overcome the rigidity of fixed five year plans by mending targets , the object of the exercise , projections and allocations as per the changing conditions in the country 's economy . The main disadvantage of this plan is that if the targets are revised each year , it becomes very difficult to achieve them which are laid down in the five - year period and it turned out to be a complex plan . Frequent revisions resulted in lack of stability in the economy which is essential for its balanced development and progress . Sixth Plan ( 1980 -- 1985 ) ( edit ) The Sixth Five - Year Plan marked the beginning of economic liberalisation . Price controls were eliminated and ration shops were closed . This led to an increase in food prices and an increase in the cost of living . This was the end of Nehruvian socialism . The National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development was established for development of rural areas on 12 July 1982 by recommendation of the Shivaraman Committee . Family planning was also expanded in order to prevent overpopulation . In contrast to China 's strict and binding one - child policy , Indian policy did not rely on the threat of force . More prosperous areas of India adopted family planning more rapidly than less prosperous areas , which continued to have a high birth rate . The Sixth Five - Year Plan was a great success to the Indian economy . The target growth rate was 5.2 % and the actual growth rate was 5.7 % . The only Five - Year Plan which was done twice . Seventh Plan ( 1985 -- 1990 ) ( edit ) The Seventh Five - Year Plan was led by the Congress Party with Rajiv Gandhi as the prime minister . The plan laid stress on improving the productivity level of industries by upgrading of technology . The main objectives of the Seventh Five - Year Plan were to establish growth in areas of increasing economic productivity , production of food grains , and generating employment through `` Social Justice '' . As an outcome of the Sixth Five - Year Plan , there had been steady growth in agriculture , controls on the rate of inflation , and favourable balance of payments which had provided a strong base for the Seventh Five - Year Plan to build on the need for further economic growth . The Seventh Plan had strived towards socialism and energy production at large . The thrust areas of the Seventh Five - Year Plan were : social justice , removal of oppression of the weak , using modern technology , agricultural development , anti-poverty programmes , full supply of food , clothing , and shelter , increasing productivity of small - and large - scale farmers , and making India an independent economy . Based on a 15 - year period of striving towards steady growth , the Seventh Plan was focused on achieving the prerequisites of self - sustaining growth by the year 2000 . The plan expected the labour force to grow by 39 million people and employment was expected to grow at the rate of 4 % per year . Some of the expected outcomes of the Seventh Five - Year Plan India are given below : Balance of payments ( estimates ) : Export -- ₹ 330 billion ( US $5.1 billion ) , Imports -- ( - ) ₹ 540 billion ( US $8.4 billion ) , Trade Balance -- ( - ) ₹ 210 billion ( US $3.3 billion ) Merchandise exports ( estimates ) : ₹ 606.53 billion ( US $9.5 billion ) Merchandise imports ( estimates ) : ₹ 954.37 billion ( US $14.9 billion ) Projections for balance of payments : Export -- ₹ 607 billion ( US $9.5 billion ) , Imports -- ( - ) ₹ 954 billion ( US $14.9 billion ) , Trade Balance - ( - ) ₹ 347 billion ( US $5.4 billion ) Under the Seventh Five - Year Plan , India strove to bring about a self - sustained economy in the country with valuable contributions from voluntary agencies and the general populace . The target growth rate was 5.0 % and the actual growth rate was 6.01 % . and the growth rate of per capita income was 3.7 % Annual plans ( 1990 -- 1992 ) ( edit ) The Eighth Plan could not take off in 1990 due to the fast changing political situation at the centre and the years 1990 -- 91 and 1991 -- 92 were treated as Annual Plans . The Eighth Plan was finally formulated for the period 1992 -- 1997 . Eighth Plan ( 1992 -- 1997 ) ( edit ) 1989 -- 91 was a period of economic instability in India and hence no five - year plan was implemented . Between 1990 and 1992 , there were only Annual Plans . In 1991 , India faced a crisis in foreign exchange ( forex ) reserves , left with reserves of only about US $ 1 billion . Thus , under pressure , the country took the risk of reforming the socialist economy . P.V. Narasimha Rao was the tenth Prime Minister of the Republic of India and head of Congress Party , and led one of the most important administrations in India 's modern history , overseeing a major economic transformation and several incidents affecting national security . At that time Dr. Manmohan Singh ( later Prime Minister of India ) launched India 's free market reforms that brought the nearly bankrupt nation back from the edge . It was the beginning of liberalization , privatisation and globalization ( LPG ) in India . Modernization of industries was a major highlight of the Eighth Plan . Under this plan , the gradual opening of the Indian economy was undertaken to correct the burgeoning deficit and foreign debt . Meanwhile , India became a member of the World Trade Organization on 1 January 1995 . The major objectives included , controlling population growth , poverty reduction , employment generation , strengthening the infrastructure , institutional building , tourism management , human resource development , involvement of Panchayati rajs , Nagar Palikas , NGOs , decentralisation and people 's participation . Energy was given priority with 26.6 % of the outlay . The target growth rate was 5.6 % and the actual growth rate was 6.8 % . To achieve the target of an average of 5.6 % per annum , investment of 23.2 % of the gross domestic product was required . The incremental capital ratio is 4.1 . The saving for investment was to come from domestic sources and foreign sources , with the rate of domestic saving at 21.6 % of gross domestic production and of foreign saving at 1.6 % of gross domestic production . Ninth Plan ( 1997 -- 2002 ) ( edit ) The Ninth Five - Year Plan came after 50 years of Indian Independence . Atal Bihari Vajpayee was the Prime Minister of India during the Ninth Five - Year Plan . The Ninth Five - Year Plan tried primarily to use the latent and unexplored economic potential of the country to promote economic and social growth . It offered strong support to the social spheres of the country in an effort to achieve the complete elimination of poverty . The satisfactory implementation of the Eighth Five - Year Plan also ensured the states ' ability to proceed on the path of faster development . The Ninth Five - Year Plan also saw joint efforts from the public and the private sectors in ensuring economic development of the country . In addition , the Ninth Five - Year Plan saw contributions towards development from the general public as well as governmental agencies in both the rural and urban areas of the country . New implementation measures in the form of Special Action Plans ( SAPs ) were evolved during the Ninth Five - Year Plan to fulfill targets within the stipulated time with adequate resources . The SAPs covered the areas of social infrastructure , agriculture , information technology and Water policy . Budget The Ninth Five - Year Plan had a total public sector plan outlay of ₹ 859,200 crore ( US $130 billion ) . The Ninth Five - Year Plan also saw a hike of 48 % in terms of plan expenditure and 33 % in terms of the plan outlay in comparison to that of the Eighth Five - Year Plan . In the total outlay , the share of the center was approximately 57 % while it was 43 % for the states and the union territories . The Ninth Five - Year Plan focused on the relationship between the rapid economic growth and the quality of life for the people of the country . The prime focus of this plan was to increase growth in the country with an emphasis on social justice and equity . The Ninth Five - Year Plan placed considerable importance on combining growth oriented policies with the mission of achieving the desired objective of improving policies which would work towards the improvement of the poor in the country . The Ninth Five - Year Plan also aimed at correcting the historical inequalities which were still prevalent in the society . Objectives The main objective of the Ninth Five - Year Plan was to correct historical inequalities and increase the economic growth in the country . Other aspects which constituted the Ninth Five - Year Plan were : Population control Generating employment by giving priority to agriculture and rural development Reduction of poverty Ensuring proper availability of food and water for the poor Availability of primary health care facilities and other basic necessities Primary education to all children in the country Empowering the socially disadvantaged classes like Scheduled castes , Scheduled tribes and other backward classes Developing self - reliance in terms of agriculture Acceleration in the growth rate of the economy with the help of stable prices Strategies Structural transformations and developments in the Indian economy . New initiatives and initiation of corrective steps to meet the challenges in the economy of the country . Efficient use of scarce resources to ensure rapid growth . Combination of public and private support to increase employment . Enhancing high rates of export to achieve self - reliance . Providing services like electricity , telecommunication , railways etc . Special plans to empower the socially disadvantaged classes of the country . Involvement and participation of Panchayati Raj institutions / bodies and Nagar Palikas in the development process . Performance The Ninth Five - Year Plan achieved a GDP growth rate of 5.4 % against a target of 6.5 % The agriculture industry grew at a rate of 2.1 % against the target of 4.2 % The industrial growth in the country was 4.5 % which was higher than that of the target of 3 % The service industry had a growth rate of 7.8 % . An average annual growth rate of 6.7 % was reached . The Ninth Five - Year Plan looks through the past weaknesses in order to frame the new measures for the overall socio - economic development of the country . However , for a well - planned economy of any country , there should be a combined participation of the governmental agencies along with the general population of that nation . A combined effort of public , private , and all levels of government is essential for ensuring the growth of India 's economy . The target growth was 7.1 % and the actual growth was 6.8 % . Tenth Plan ( 2002 -- 2007 ) ( edit ) The main objectives of the Tenth Five - Year Plan were : Attain 8 % GDP growth per year Reduction of poverty rate by 5 % by 2007 Providing gainful and high - quality employment at least to the addition to the labor force Reduction in gender gaps in literacy and wage rates by at least 50 % by 2007 20 - point program was introduced Target growth : 8.1 % -- growth achieved : 7.7 % The tenth plan was expected to follow a regional approach rather than sectoral approach to bring down regional inequalities Expenditure of ₹ 43,825 crore ( US $6.8 billion ) for tenth five years Out of total plan outlay , ₹ 921,291 crore ( US $140 billion ) ( 57.9 % ) was for central government and ₹ 691,009 crore ( US $110 billion ) ( 42.1 % ) was for states and union territories . Eleventh Plan ( 2007 -- 2012 ) ( edit ) Rapid and inclusive growth . ( poverty reduction ) Emphasis on social sector and delivery of service therein . Empowerment through education and skill development . Reduction of gender inequality . Environmental sustainability . To increase the growth rate in agriculture , industry and services to 4 % , 10 % and 9 % respectively . Reduce total fertility rate to 2.1 . Provide clean drinking water for all by 2009 . Increase agriculture growth to 4 % . Twelfth Plan ( 2012 -- 2017 ) ( edit ) Main article : 12th Five - Year Plan ( India ) The Twelfth Five - Year Plan of the Government of India has been decided to achieve a growth rate of 8.2 % but the National Development Council ( NDC ) on 27 December 2012 approved a growth rate of 8 % for the Twelfth Five - Year Plan . With the deteriorating global situation , the Deputy Chairman of the Planning Commission Montek Singh Ahluwalia has said that achieving an average growth rate of 9 percent in the next five years is not possible . The Final growth target has been set at 8 % by the endorsement of the plan at the National Development Council meeting held in New Delhi . `` It is not possible to think of an average of 9 % ( in the 12th plan ) . I think somewhere between 8 and 8.5 percent is feasible , '' Ahluwalia said on the sidelines of a conference of State Planning Boards and departments . The approached paper for the 12th Plan , approved last year , talked about an annual average growth rate of 9 % . `` When I say feasible ... that will require major effort . If you do n't do that , there is no God given right to grow at 8 percent . I think given that the world economy deteriorated very sharply over the last year ... the growth rate in the first year of the 12th Plan ( 2012 -- 13 ) is 6.5 to 7 percent . '' He also indicated that soon he should share his views with other members of the Commission to choose a final number ( economic growth target ) to put before the country 's NDC for its approval . The government intends to reduce poverty by 10 % during the 12th Five - Year Plan . Ahluwalia said , `` We aim to reduce poverty estimates by 9 % annually on a sustainable basis during the Plan period '' . Earlier , addressing a conference of State Planning Boards and Planning departments , he said the rate of decline in poverty doubled during the 11th Plan . The commission had said , while using the Tendulkar poverty line , the rate of reduction in the five years between 2004 -- 05 and 2009 -- 10 , was about 1.5 % points each year , which was twice that when compared to the period between 1993 -- 95 to 2004 -- 05 . The plan aims towards the betterment of the infrastructural projects of the nation avoiding all types of bottlenecks . The document presented by the planning commission is aimed to attract private investments of up to US $1 trillion in the infrastructural growth in the 12th five - year plan , which will also ensure a reduction in the subsidy burden of the government to 1.5 percent from 2 percent of the GDP ( gross domestic product ) . The UID ( Unique Identification Number ) will act as a platform for cash transfer of the subsidies in the plan . See also ( edit ) Five - year plans of China Five - Year Plans of Romania Five - Year Plans for the National Economy of the Soviet Union Common minimum programme References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Planning Commission , Government of India : Five Year Plans . Planningcommission.nic.in . Retrieved on 2012 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ Planning Commission ( 24 February 1997 ) . `` A Background Note on Gadgil Formula for distribution of Central Assistance for State Plans '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ Sony Pellissery and Sam Geall `` Five Year Plans '' in Encyclopedia of Sustainability , Vol. 7 pp. 156 -- 160 Jump up ^ Jalal Alamgir , India 's Open - Economy Policy : Globalism , Rivalry , Continuity ( London and New York : Routledge 2008 ) , Chapter 2 . Jump up ^ Baldev Raj Nayar , Globalization And Nationalism : The Changing Balance Of India 's Economic Policy , 1950 -- 2000 ( New Delhi : Sage , 2001 ) . ^ Jump up to : L.N. Dash ( 2000 ) . World bank and economic development of India . APH Publishing . p. 375 . ISBN 81 - 7648 - 121 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 22 September 2013 . Retrieved 21 September 2013 . Jump up ^ http://planningcommission.nic.in/plans/planrel/fiveyr/9th/vol1/v1c2-1.htm Jump up ^ Agrawal , AN ( 1995 ) . Indian Economy : Problems of development and planning . pune : Wishwa Prakashan . p. 676 . Jump up ^ `` National Development Council approves 12th Five Year Plan '' . Indian Express . 2012 - 12 - 27 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 10 . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | which period of the five year plan is called plan holiday | [
"Due to miserable failure of the Third Plan the government was forced to declare \"plan holidays\" (from 1966–67, 1967–68, and 1968–69). Three annual plans were drawn during this intervening period. During 1966–67 there was again the problem of drought. Equal priority was given to agriculture, its allied activities, and industrial sector. The government of India declared \"Devaluation of Rupee\" to increase the exports of the country. The main reasons for plan holidays were the war, lack of resources, and increase in inflation after that plan holiday was created.",
"Due to miserable failure of the Third Plan the government was forced to declare \"plan holidays\" (from 1966–67, 1967–68, and 1968–69). Three annual plans were drawn during this intervening period. During 1966–67 there was again the problem of drought. Equal priority was given to agriculture, its allied activities, and industrial sector. The government of India declared \"Devaluation of Rupee\" to increase the exports of the country. The main reasons for plan holidays were the war, lack of resources, and increase in inflation after that plan holiday was created.",
"Due to miserable failure of the Third Plan the government was forced to declare \"plan holidays\" (from 1966–67, 1967–68, and 1968–69). Three annual plans were drawn during this intervening period. During 1966–67 there was again the problem of drought. Equal priority was given to agriculture, its allied activities, and industrial sector. The government of India declared \"Devaluation of Rupee\" to increase the exports of the country. The main reasons for plan holidays were the war, lack of resources, and increase in inflation after that plan holiday was created."
] | [
"1966–67",
"1967–68",
"1968–69"
] |
4785763682423257097 | List of former European colonies | List of former European colonies - wikipedia List of former European colonies Jump to : navigation , search This is a list of former European colonies . Contents ( hide ) 1 North America 2 West Indies and the Caribbean 3 South America 4 Africa 5 Indian Ocean 6 Middle East 7 Indian Subcontinent 8 Asia - Pacific 9 Europe 10 See also 11 References North america ( edit ) Britain and United Kingdom British America Canadian colonies Island of St. John Colony of Newfoundland Province of Nova Scotia Province of Quebec Rupert 's Land ( A private estate stretching from the Atlantic to the Rocky Mountains , and from the prairies to the Arctic Circle . ) `` Thirteen Colonies '' New England Colonies : Province of Massachusetts Bay Province of New Hampshire Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations Connecticut Colony Province of New York Province of New Jersey Province of Pennsylvania Delaware Colony Province of Maryland Colony of Virginia Province of North Carolina Province of South Carolina Province of Georgia Other North American colonies Province of East Florida Province of West Florida Indian Reserve Oregon Country ( disputed with France ) Bermuda British Honduras Mosquito Coast Denmark Greenland Norway France New France Newfoundland Île - 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2324017196497578440 | Lethal Weapon | Lethal Weapon - wikipedia Lethal Weapon Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Lethal Weapon ( disambiguation ) . `` LW1 '' redirects here . For Paralympic sports classification , see LW1 ( classification ) . Lethal Weapon Theatrical release poster Directed by Richard Donner Produced by Richard Donner Joel Silver Written by Shane Black Starring Mel Gibson Danny Glover Gary Busey Music by Michael Kamen Eric Clapton Cinematography Stephen Goldblatt Edited by Stuart Baird Production company Silver Pictures Distributed by Warner Bros . Release date March 6 , 1987 ( 1987 - 03 - 06 ) Running time 110 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $15 million Box office $120.2 million Lethal Weapon is a 1987 American buddy cop action film directed by Richard Donner , produced by Joel Silver , and written by Shane Black . It stars Mel Gibson and Danny Glover alongside Gary Busey , Tom Atkins , Darlene Love , and Mitchell Ryan . In Lethal Weapon , a pair of mismatched LAPD detectives -- Martin Riggs ( Gibson ) , a former Green Beret who has become suicidal following the death of his wife , and Roger Murtaugh ( Glover ) , a 50 - year - old veteran of the force -- work together as partners . The film was released on March 6 , 1987 . Upon its release , Lethal Weapon grossed over $120 million ( against a production budget of $15 million ) and was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Sound Mixing . It spawned a franchise that includes three sequels and a television series . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Martial arts 4 Music 5 Release 5.1 Awards 5.2 Critical reception 5.3 Home media 5.4 Alternate versions 6 Reboot 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) Shortly after his 50th birthday , LAPD Homicide Sergeant Roger Murtaugh is partnered with Sergeant Martin Riggs , a transfer from narcotics . Riggs is a former Special Forces soldier who lost his wife in a car accident three years prior , has turned suicidal , and has been taking his aggression out on suspects , leading to his superiors requesting his transfer . Murtaugh and Riggs quickly find themselves feuding with each other . Murtaugh is contacted by Michael Hunsaker , a Vietnam War buddy and banker , but before they can meet , Murtaugh learns that Hunsaker 's daughter , Amanda , apparently committed suicide by jumping from her apartment balcony . Autopsy reports show Amanda to have been poisoned with drain cleaner , making the case a possible homicide . Hunsaker tells Murtaugh that he was concerned about his daughter 's involvement in drugs , prostitution , and pornography , and was trying to get Murtaugh to help her escape that life . Murtaugh and Riggs attempt to question Amanda 's pimp , but find a drug lab on the premises , leading to a shootout . Riggs kills the pimp and saves the life of Murtaugh , who starts to tolerate his new partner . Though the case seems closed , Riggs is aware that the only witness to Amanda 's apparent suicide was Dixie , another prostitute who was working away from her normal streets . They attempt to question Dixie at her home , but it explodes as they approach it . Riggs finds parts of a mercury switch from bomb debris , indicating a professional had set the bomb ; children who had been nearby witnessed a man approach the house with a tattoo similar to Riggs ' , and Murtaugh suspects Hunsaker knows more than he has told him . The two approach Hunsaker before Amanda 's funeral , where he reveals that he had previously been part of `` Shadow Company , '' a heroin - smuggling operation run by former special forces operators from the Vietnam War , masterminded by retired General Peter McAllister and his right - hand man , Mr. Joshua . Hunsaker had been laundering the money , but wanted to get out , and when McAllister found out he 'd contacted Murtaugh , the general had Amanda killed . As they talk , Joshua arrives in a helicopter and kills Hunsaker . Shadow Company attempts to kill Riggs in a drive - by shooting , but he is saved by a bullet - proof vest . Murtaugh and Riggs fake his death to gain the upper hand . Shadow Company later kidnaps Murtaugh 's daughter Rianne and demand Murtaugh turn himself over to them for her return . Murtaugh and Riggs plan an ambush at the exchange at El Mirage Lake with Riggs providing sniper support , but Riggs is caught by McAllister and all three are taken to an unknown location . Murtaugh and Riggs are tortured for information , but Riggs manages to overpower his captors , frees Murtaugh and Rianne , and they escape to find themselves at a busy nightclub used as a front for Shadow Company . Their cover blown , McAllister and Joshua attempt to escape separately . Joshua manages to get away , but McAllister ends up crashing his car on Hollywood Boulevard and is killed when hand grenades in the car detonate . Murtaugh and Riggs race to Murtaugh 's home , knowing Joshua will be after his family . They arrive in time to stop him , and Riggs beats him in a violent fist fight on the front lawn . As officers arrive to take Joshua away , he breaks free and grabs a gun , but both Murtaugh and Riggs pull their guns and shoot him dead . After visiting his wife 's grave , Riggs spends Christmas with the Murtaughs , having become best friends with Murtaugh and bonding with the rest of the family . Riggs also gives Murtaugh a symbolic gift : an unfired hollow - point bullet which he had been saving to commit suicide , as he does not need it anymore . Cast ( edit ) Mel Gibson as Martin Riggs Danny Glover as Roger Murtaugh Gary Busey as Mr. Joshua Mitchell Ryan as Peter McAllister Tom Atkins as Michael Hunsaker Darlene Love as Trish Murtaugh Jackie Swanson as Amanda Hunsaker Traci Wolfe as Rianne Murtaugh Damon Hines as Nick Murtaugh Ebonie Smith as Carrie Murtaugh Steve Kahan as Captain Murphy Mary Ellen Trainor as Dr. Stephanie Woods Ed O'Ross as Mendez Lycia Naff as Dixie Jimmie F. Skaggs as Drug Dealer # 1 Jason Ronard as Drug Dealer # 2 Blackie Dammett as Drug Dealer # 3 Al Leong as Endo Jack Thibeau as McCaskey Grand Bush as Boyette Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Recent UCLA graduate Shane Black wrote the screenplay in mid-1985 . Black stated that his intention was to do an `` urban western '' inspired by Dirty Harry where a violent character `` reviled for what he did , what he is capable of , the things he believed in '' is eventually recruited for being the one that could solve the problem . The protagonists would be everymen policemen , `` guys shuffling in a town like Los Angeles searching for something noble as justice when they 're just guys in washed and worn suits seeking a paycheck '' . According to Black , his original first draft of the script was very different and much darker than the final film . It was 140 pages long and both the plot and characters were different , and action scenes were also much bigger . The ending of the script contained a chase scene with helicopters and a trailer truck full of cocaine exploding over Hollywood Hills with cocaine snowing over the Hollywood sign . Black hated this first draft and initially discarded it but later picked it up again and re-wrote it into the new drafts that were eventually used for filming . His agent sent the Lethal Weapon script to various studios , being rejected before Warner Bros. executive Mark Canton took a liking to it . Canton brought along producer Joel Silver , who loved the story and worked with Black to further develop the script . Director Richard Donner also brought in writer Jeffrey Boam to do some uncredited re-writes on Black 's script after he found parts of it to be too dark . Boam mostly added some more humor into the script , and later did a complete re-write of Shane Black and Warren Murphy 's rejected script for the second film . He also wrote the script for the third film and an unused draft for the fourth film . After the script was purchased for $250,000 , studio production executives offered it to director Richard Donner , who also loved it . Leonard Nimoy was one of the choices considered for directing , but he did not feel comfortable doing action films , and he was working on Three Men and a Baby at the time . With those key elements in place , the search began for the right combination of actors to play Riggs and Murtaugh . Mel Gibson was invited by Richard Donner as he was interested in working with the actor after Ladyhawke . Casting director Marion Dougherty first suggested teaming Gibson with Danny Glover , given Murtaugh had no set ethnicity in the script . She arranged for Gibson to fly in from his home in Sydney while Glover was flown in from Chicago , where he was appearing in a play , to read through the script . According to a June 2007 Vanity Fair magazine article , Bruce Willis was considered for the Riggs role . This is referenced in the spoof of the Lethal Weapon films , Loaded Weapon 1 . Bruce ( as John McClane ) appears after the villains attack the wrong beach residence , looking for the protagonist . According to Donner , `` It took about two hours and by the time we were done , I was in seventh heaven . They found innuendoes ; they found laughter where I never saw it ; they found tears where they did n't exist before ; and , most importantly , they found a relationship -- all in just one reading . So if you ask about casting ... it was magical , just total dynamite . '' Explains Gibson , `` This particular story was a cut above others I had passed on , because the action is really a sideline which heightens the story of these two great characters . I picture Riggs as an almost Chaplinesque figure , a guy who does n't expect anything from life and even toys with the idea of taking his own . He 's not like these stalwarts who come down from Mt . Olympus and wreak havoc and go away . He 's somebody who does n't look like he 's set to go off until he actually does . '' The draw for Glover was equally strong . Fresh from his success as Mister in The Color Purple , he felt the role of Roger Murtaugh offered a whole new range of character expression and experience . `` Aside from the chance to work with Mel , which turned out to be pure pleasure , one of the reasons I jumped at this project was the family aspect . The chance to play intricate relationships and subtle humor that exist in every close family group was an intriguing challenge , as was playing a guy turning 50 . Murtaugh 's a little cranky about his age until everything he loves is threatened . His reawakening parallels Riggs ' . '' Both actors were signed by early spring 1986 . Gibson and Glover then flew home to pack , and , returning to Los Angeles , began an intensive two months of physical training and preparation . Meanwhile , the crucial role of Joshua was settled when Gary Busey asked for a chance to read for the part . An established star since his Academy Award - nominated performance in The Buddy Holly Story , Busey had not auditioned for a film in years . `` I had butterflies , '' he said . `` I 'd never played a bad guy . And no one had seen me since I 'd lost 60 pounds and got back into shape . But I decided to take the initiative in order to have the opportunity to work with Dick , Joel , Mel and Danny . I 'm constantly looking for someone to pull the best performance out of me and any of those guys could . They even talked me into dyeing my hair ! '' In his E ! True Hollywood Story biography , Busey says he was hired to play Joshua because they were looking for someone big and menacing enough to be a believable foe for Mel Gibson . Busey also credits the film for reviving his failing film career . Stunt coordinator Bobby Bass planned and supervised all phases of Gibson 's and Glover 's intense pre-production training ; physical conditioning , weight workouts , and weapons handling and safety . Bass also used his own military experiences to bring a greater depth of understanding to the Riggs character . To familiarize the actors with the specialized skills and sensibilities acquired by undercover cops , arrangements were made for Gibson and Glover to spend time in the field accompanying working L.A.P.D. officers . Throughout filming , technical advisers from the L.A.P.D. as well as the L.A. County Sheriff 's Department worked closely with Donner and the actors to ensure authenticity . Martial arts ( edit ) Cedric Adams was the first expert brought in . `` Adams thought the best possible way to show just how lethal Riggs really is -- is to show his mastery of a form of martial arts never before seen onscreen , '' said Donner . Adams taught the actors the movements of Capoeira . A second technical advisor , Dennis Newsome , brought jailhouse rock to the fight sequence . The third technical advisor was Rorion Gracie , who specialized in Brazilian Jiu - Jitsu . Music ( edit ) Main article : Lethal Weapon ( soundtrack ) Michael Kamen , who just completed work on Highlander , composed the score for Lethal Weapon . The guitar part of Riggs ' theme was performed by Eric Clapton . Kamen and Clapton had worked together on the music for the 1985 BBC TV series Edge of Darkness ( the feature adaptation of which would later , by coincidence , star Mel Gibson ) . The saxophone part of Murtaugh 's theme was performed by David Sanborn . The Christmas song `` Jingle Bell Rock '' , performed by Bobby Helms , is played during the film 's opening credits . Honeymoon Suite 's song , `` Lethal Weapon , '' is played during the film 's end credits without being credited . Release ( edit ) Awards ( edit ) Released on March 6 , 1987 , Lethal Weapon was No. 1 at the box office for three weeks before Blind Date supplanted it . It grossed $ 120.2 million worldwide and was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Sound Mixing ( Les Fresholtz , Dick Alexander , Vern Poore and Bill Nelson ) ( losing to The Last Emperor ) . It is widely considered to be one of the best buddy cop films of all time , influencing numerous `` buddy cop '' films such as Tango & Cash , Bad Boys and the Rush Hour series . Critical reception ( edit ) The film holds a score of 84 % on Rotten Tomatoes based on 51 reviews ; the average score is 7 out of 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` The most successful installment in a phenomenally successful franchise , Lethal Weapon helped redefine action movies for the 1980s and 1990s '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A '' on an A+ to F scale . Variety wrote , `` Lethal Weapon is a film teetering on the brink of absurdity when it gets serious , but thanks to its unrelenting energy and insistent drive , it never quite falls . '' Richard Schickel of Time called it `` Mad Max meets The Cosby Show '' , saying that it works better than expected . Richard Harrington of The Washington Post described it as `` a vivid , visceral reminder of just how exciting an action film can be '' . At The New York Times , Janet Maslin wrote , `` The film is all fast action , noisy stunts and huge , often unflattering close - ups , but it packs an undeniable wallop . '' Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun - Times gave the film four out of four stars , saying Donner `` tops himself '' . Home Media ( edit ) Lethal Weapon has been released on VHS and DVD numerous times , along with a single Blu - ray Disc release . The first DVD was released in 1997 and featured the film 's theatrical version . The Director 's Cut was released in 2000 . Since then , numerous sets have been released that contain all four films in the series ( featuring the same DVDs ) . The theatrical version was also released on Blu - ray in 2006 . Alternate versions ( edit ) An alternate opening and ending were both filmed and can be seen on the Lethal Weapon 4 DVD . The alternate opening featured Martin Riggs drinking alone in a bar where he is accosted by a couple of thugs who attack him for his money , but are easily subdued by Riggs . Director Richard Donner felt the film should open with a brighter look at Riggs , and replaced the bar scene with the scene in which Riggs awakens in his trailer . The alternate ending featured Riggs telling Murtaugh not to retire . Without even thinking about the possibility of sequels , Donner decided that Riggs and Murtaugh 's relationship as one of friendship , and filmed the ending that appears in the completed film . In addition to the film 's theatrical release , an extended Director 's Cut version was released later on DVD . The Director 's Cut version is longer ( 117 minutes ) than the original theatrical release version ( 110 minutes ) , and features additional scenes . One extended scene depicts Riggs dispatching a sniper who had been firing at children in a playground . In another scene , Riggs picks up a street - walking prostitute , but instead of having sex with her , he takes her home to watch The Three Stooges on TV , thus illustrating his loneliness following the death of his wife . Reboot ( edit ) On January 19 , 2011 , Warner Bros. announced plans to reboot the Lethal Weapon franchise without Gibson and Glover . The new franchise was set to feature the same characters but a brand new cast . Will Beall was hired to write the script . A television version premiered in September 2016 on Fox starring Clayne Crawford as Martin Riggs and Damon Wayans as Roger Murtaugh . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Lethal Weapon ( 1987 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 12 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Psycho Pension : The Genesis of Lethal Weapon ( Documentary ) format = requires url = ( help ) . Lethal Weapon Collection , disk 5 : Warner Bros. Home Entertainment . 2012 . Jump up ^ Deans , Laurie ( January 13 , 1989 ) . `` LA CLIPS Lethal Weapon II script defused '' . The Globe and Mail . Jump up ^ Gibberman , Susan R. ( 1991 ) . Star trek : an annotated guide to resources on the development , the phenomenon , the people , the television series , the films , the novels , and the recordings . McFarland & Co. p. 393 . ISBN 0899505473 . Jump up ^ Gerard Taylor ( 24 April 2007 ) . Capoeira : The Jogo de Angola from Luanda to Cyberspace . Blue Snake Books . pp. 184 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58394 - 183 - 6 . Retrieved 4 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Thomas A. Green ; Joseph R. Svinth ( 11 June 2010 ) . Martial Arts of the World : An Encyclopedia of History and Innovation . ABC - CLIO . pp. 25 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59884 - 243 - 2 . Retrieved 4 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Active Interest Media , Inc . ( June 1992 ) . Black Belt . Active Interest Media , Inc . pp. 11 -- . ISSN 0277 - 3066 . Retrieved 4 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ' Lethal Weapon ' Is No. 1 At Box Office for Week '' . The New York Times . 1987 - 03 - 11 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` ' Lethal Weapon ' Is No. 1 At Box Office for Week '' . The New York Times . 1987 - 03 - 11 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` The 60th Academy Awards ( 1988 ) Nominees and Winners '' . oscars.org . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Lethal Weapon ( 1987 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` CinemaScore '' . cinemascore.com . Jump up ^ `` Lethal Weapon '' . Variety . 1986 - 12 - 31 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 11 . Jump up ^ Schickel , Richard ( 1987 - 03 - 23 ) . `` Cinema : Bone Crack LETHAL WEAPON '' . Time . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Lethal Weapon '' . Washington Post . 1987 - 03 - 06 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 11 . Jump up ^ Maslin , Janet ( 1987 - 03 - 06 ) . `` FILM : ' LETHAL WEAPON , ' A THRILLER WITH GIBSON '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 10 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( 1987 - 03 - 06 ) . `` Lethal Weapon '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 07 -- via RogerEbert.com . Jump up ^ Movies & TV . Amazon.com ( 2009 - 09 - 09 ) . Retrieved on 2011 - 06 - 04 . Jump up ^ Lethal Weapon Blu - ray . Blu-ray.com . Retrieved on 2011 - 06 - 04 . Jump up ^ Vejvoda , Jim . `` Lethal Weapon Reloads for Reboot '' . IGN . Jump up ^ `` Lethal Weapon , The Wild Bunch and The Dirty Dozen remakes announced '' . Metro . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Lethal Weapon Official website Lethal Weapon on IMDb Lethal Weapon at AllMovie Lethal Weapon at Box Office Mojo Lethal Weapon at Rotten Tomatoes Lethal Weapon Films Lethal Weapon ( Soundtrack ) ( 1987 ) Lethal Weapon 2 ( 1989 ) Lethal Weapon 3 ( 1992 ) Lethal Weapon 4 ( 1998 ) Television Lethal Weapon ( Episodes ) Characters Martin Riggs Roger Murtaugh Songs `` Cheer Down '' `` It 's Probably Me '' `` Runaway Train '' Games Video game Pinball Films by Shane Black Written and directed Kiss Kiss Bang Bang ( 2005 ) Iron Man 3 ( 2013 ) Edge ( 2015 ) The Nice Guys ( 2016 ) The Predator ( 2018 ) Written only Lethal Weapon ( 1987 ) The Monster Squad ( 1987 ) Lethal Weapon 2 ( 1989 ) The Last Boy Scout ( 1991 ) Last Action Hero ( 1993 ) The Long Kiss Goodnight ( 1996 ) A.W.O.L. 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who starred with mel gibson in lethal weapon | [
"Lethal Weapon is a 1987 American buddy cop action film directed by Richard Donner, produced by Joel Silver, and written by Shane Black. It stars Mel Gibson and Danny Glover alongside Gary Busey, Tom Atkins, Darlene Love, and Mitchell Ryan. In Lethal Weapon, a pair of mismatched LAPD detectives – Martin Riggs (Gibson), a former Green Beret who has become suicidal following the death of his wife, and Roger Murtaugh (Glover), a 50-year-old veteran of the force – work together as partners."
] | [
"Danny Glover"
] |
6549643113867776399 | Batman: Under the Red Hood | Batman : Under the Red Hood - Wikipedia Batman : Under the Red Hood Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the animated film . For the comic book that the film is based on , see Batman : Under the Hood . Batman : Under the Red Hood Theatrical release poster Directed by Brandon Vietti Produced by Bruce Timm Bobbie Page Written by Judd Winick Based on DC Comics characters Batman : Under the Hood by Judd Winick Doug Mahnke Starring Bruce Greenwood Jensen Ackles John DiMaggio Neil Patrick Harris Jason Isaacs Wade Williams Music by Christopher Drake Edited by Margaret Hou Production companies Warner Premiere DC Comics Warner Bros. Animation Distributed by Warner Home Video Release date July 27 , 2010 ( 2010 - 07 - 27 ) Running time 75 minutes Country United States Language English Batman : Under the Red Hood is a 2010 American animated superhero direct - to - video film produced by Warner Bros. Animation and released by Warner Home Video . It is the eighth feature in the DC Universe Animated Original Movies series . It was released on July 27 , 2010 . The film stars Bruce Greenwood as Bruce Wayne / Batman , Jensen Ackles as the Red Hood / Jason Todd , John DiMaggio as the Joker , Neil Patrick Harris as Nightwing / Dick Grayson , Jason Isaacs as Ra 's al Ghul , and Wade Williams as Black Mask . The screenplay was written by Judd Winick , who also wrote the `` Under the Hood '' run in the monthly Batman comic . The two - disc special edition and Blu - ray also includes an animated short featuring Jonah Hex . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Crew 4 Music 5 Reception 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) This film 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( February 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) At his manor , Ra 's al Ghul realizes his mistake in allying with the Joker and using him as a distraction for the Dynamic Duo while Ra 's al Ghul himself tried to cripple the economy of Europe by destroying its financial districts . Meanwhile , in Sarajevo , Bosnia , the Joker has kidnapped Jason Todd , the second Robin , and brutally beats him with a crowbar in an abandoned warehouse . The Joker then leaves Jason locked in the warehouse with a bomb . Batman arrives too late as the warehouse explodes , killing Jason . Jason Todd as Red Hood ( left ) and as Robin ( center and right ) Five years later in Gotham City , a criminal called Red Hood assembles a meeting with the city 's most notorious thugs and dealers . He announces his takeover of their drug trade , telling them that he will get only 40 % of the profit , and they will get total protection from both Black Mask , the reigning kingpin of the Gotham underworld , and Batman . Elsewhere , Batman stops an attempted theft of a shipment belonging to Black Mask , revealed to be Amazo . Batman destroys Amazo with the help of Jason 's predecessor , Nightwing / Dick Grayson . Interrogating the thieves , Batman learns they are working for Red Hood before Red Hood himself kills them . Batman chases Red Hood who leads him to Ace Chemicals - the site of the first Red Hood 's transformation into the Joker - and then sets off an explosion that destroys the facility with Batman barely escaping . Batman and Nightwing go to Arkham Asylum to interrogate the Joker about Red Hood . He merely taunts Batman about Jason 's death and denies any involvement . Meanwhile , Black Mask , enraged that Amazo was destroyed , has his assistant Ms. Li put a hit on Red Hood . After learning of Black Mask 's next shipment , Red Hood hijacks the helicopter carrying it , but is stopped by Batman and Nightwing . Red Hood flees and Batman and Nightwing pursue him . During the chase , Red Hood performs maneuvers similar to Batman and Nightwing 's , also cutting one of Batman 's cables with a custom - made knife before it went taut on Red Hood 's leg . The chase ends at a train station , where Red Hood escapes after detonating a bomb that injures Nightwing . In the Batcave , both Batman and Nightwing realize that Red Hood is not only trained but also has knowledge of the former 's tactics and gadgetry . Batman reviews audio footage of the chase , which reveals that Red Hood knows his secret identity . He then recalls Jason performing the same maneuvers he saw Red Hood use . In addition , a flashback reveals that as he got older , Jason grew darker and more violent and brutal , once even going so far as to break a criminal 's collar bone in a fight . In the present day , the Fearsome Hand of Four consisting of their leader , Baton , Bulk , and Shot lure out Red Hood by attacking Tyler Bramford , a criminal under his protection . They nearly overpower him until Batman appears and helps Red Hood battle the group . They incapacitate three , but Batman is horrified when Red Hood kills Shot with a taser . Red Hood explains that he is doing what Batman wo n't by killing the criminals who are n't afraid . Batman tries offering Red Hood help , but Red Hood refuses leaves . Batman obtains a blood sample of Red Hood off one of the assassin 's swords . The analysis shows it is a match for Jason . After exhuming the body and finding it to be a fake , Batman leaves to interrogate Ra 's al Ghul . After surviving an assassination attempt by Red Hood , Black Mask reluctantly decides to set the Joker free from Arkham Asylum and give him the task of killing Red Hood . Meanwhile , Batman confronts Ra 's al Ghul at his mansion and demands to know the truth about Jason . Ra 's al Ghul admits that he felt responsible for Jason 's death , which was not part of his agreement with the Joker , and decided not to make war with Batman anymore ; as a peace offering , he swapped Jason 's body for a fake and revived him in his Lazarus Pit . Following his resurrection however , Jason was seemingly driven insane and escaped by leaping off a cliff . Ra 's and his men believed Jason to have been killed in the fall , but deduces that recent events have since proved otherwise . On his way back to Gotham City , Batman finds that the Joker has abducted Red Hood 's crime bosses as well as Black Mask . As the Joker tries to set his hostages on fire , Red Hood appears and reveals that the Joker is his real target . Batman saves the hostages and tries to take the Joker with him , but Red Hood abducts him first , instructing Batman to come to Crime Alley if he wishes to reclaim him . At an abandoned apartment , Red Hood brutally beats the Joker with a crowbar , in revenge for his own murder , and then later confronts Batman . During the fight , Red Hood removes his helmet , confirming that he truly is Jason . Fleeing back to the apartment , Todd holds Batman at gunpoint and tells him that he forgives him for not saving him , but angrily demands to know why Joker is still alive . Batman confesses that he has always wanted to kill the Joker , but will not allow himself to do it , knowing if he kills once he will never stop . Jason then tosses Batman a gun and gives him an ultimatum : He will execute the Joker unless Batman shoots Jason to prevent it , much to the Joker 's pleasure . Batman refuses and drops the gun . Angered , Jaosn shoots at Batman , but Batman dodges the bullet and throws a batarang into the barrel of the gun , causing a small explosion that mangles Jason 's gun hand . Defeated and critically injured , Jason uses his other hand to set off a time bomb he had previously planted in the room . Wanting them all to die together , the Joker maniacally delays Batman long enough to stop him from defusing the bomb . Batman subdues the Joker and leaves him to die in an attempt to rescue Jason . The bomb goes off and while Batman and the Joker survive the explosion , Jason is nowhere to be seen . In the aftermath , the Joker is returned to Arkham Asylum and Black Mask is arrested by the police where he is awaiting trial for his alleged involvement in the Joker 's escape . Back at the Batcave , Alfred asks Batman if he should remove the memorial display case containing Jason 's Robin uniform . Batman replies that nothing has changed and departs in the Batmobile . A flashback is then shown of Jason 's first day in his Robin costume , which he declares is the best day of his life . Cast ( edit ) Top row ( l-r ) : Bruce Greenwood , Jensen Ackles Bottom row ( l-r ) : John DiMaggio , Neil Patrick Harris Bruce Greenwood as Bruce Wayne / Batman Jensen Ackles as Jason Todd / Red Hood Alexander Martella as young Jason Todd Vincent Martella as teen Jason Todd / Robin John DiMaggio as Joker Neil Patrick Harris as Dick Grayson / Nightwing Jason Isaacs as Ra 's al Ghul Wade Williams as Roman Sionis / Black Mask Gary Cole as Commissioner James Gordon ( uncredited ) , Bobo ( credited ) , Shot ( uncredited ) Jim Piddock as Alfred Pennyworth Carlos Alazraqui as Chi Chi , Thug # 1 ( uncredited ) , Baton ( uncredited ) Robert Clotworthy as Leon Brian George as Ra 's al Ghul 's Assistant Kelly Hu as Ms. Li Phil LaMarr as Rick , Bulk ( uncredited ) Kevin Michael Richardson as Tyler Bramford Dwight Schultz as Freddie , Yurp Fred Tatasciore as Mercenary # 1 , Amazo ( uncredited ) , Guard ( uncredited ) Keri Tombazian as Fearsome Hand Leader ( uncredited ) , Reporter # 2 ( credited ) Andrea Romano as Reporter # 1 Bruce Timm as Riddler Michael Villani as Reporter # 3 Crew ( edit ) Andrea Romano -- Voice Director Music ( edit ) Batman : Under The Red Hood -- Soundtrack to The Animated Original Movie Film score by Christopher Drake Released July 27 , 2010 ( July 27 , 2010 ) Length 57 : 24 Label WaterTower Music The score for Batman : Under the Red Hood was composed by Christopher Drake , who had previously scored several animated films set in the DC Universe . It was inspired by the soundtrack of the 1993 film Batman : Mask of the Phantasm , which features a traditional orchestral score , and the 2008 film The Dark Knight , which features a computer generated , electronic score . Drake said that since Under the Red Hood has a darker tone than previous DC Universe animated films , he chose not to use the music as epic and melodramatic , but instead as a bit more intimate , minimal and restrained . He added that this is the first DC film he has scored that did n't rely on using a large choir to make the fight scenes sound bigger . The music played in action scenes in the film are more percussive and rhythmic , serving the emotion of the scenes without overpowering them . Drake scored the film as a reference to modern minimalistic electronic scores , as the film 's director Brandon Vietti felt that Under the Red Hood needed to go in a different , more modern direction to separate it from previous DC animation 's scores . At that point , Drake started introducing more electronic and ambient elements , like synthesized and processed electronic guitar , while still keeping some orchestral elements . Batman : Under The Red Hood -- Soundtrack to The Animated Original Movie was released by WaterTower Music on July 27 , 2010 and features 18 tracks composed for the film . ( show ) Batman : Under The Red Hood -- Soundtrack to The Animated Original Movie No . Title Length 1 . `` A Death In The Family '' 4 : 51 2 . `` Main Titles '' 2 : 42 3 . `` Mob Boss Meeting '' 1 : 47 4 . `` Amazo '' 4 : 21 5 . `` Batwing '' 3 : 15 6 . `` Batmobile To Arkham '' 0 : 50 7 . `` Interrogation '' 1 : 19 8 . `` Rooftop Chase '' 4 : 21 9 . `` Flashback '' 2 : 19 10 . `` Black Mask Strikes Back '' 1 : 17 11 . `` Techno Ninjas '' 5 : 41 12 . `` Break Out '' 2 : 14 13 . `` Deal With The Devil '' 0 : 48 14 . `` Ra 's Story '' 5 : 47 15 . `` The Bridge '' 5 : 12 16 . `` Final Confrontation '' 4 : 44 17 . `` The Choice '' 2 : 16 18 . `` End Titles '' 3 : 34 Total length : 57 : 24 Reception ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( August 2016 ) Batman : Under the Red Hood received critical acclaim . Demeter 's review for The World 's Finest stated : `` I have to say this really was a damn good film . '' James Harvey 's review on the same website was even more positive , calling it `` a mature and faithful take on the Batman lore . '' IGN gave the movie an 8 out of 10 , calling it `` An interesting peek inside the psyche of Batman and the fine line between good and evil . '' Based on seven reviews collected on Rotten Tomatoes , Batman : Under the Red Hood has 100 % rating with an average of a 7.3 / 10 rating . It was the highest rated direct - to - video Batman film until the release of The Dark Knight Returns which is rated 8.3 / 10 as of October 20 , 2012 . The film grossed $10,249,509 in domestic home video sales . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Batman : Under the Red Hood '' . Amazon . Retrieved August 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` '' Batman : Under the Red Hood '' Trailer `` . Comic Book Resources . 2010 - 04 - 27 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Warner Premiere Formally Announces ' Batman : Under the Red Hood ' - ComicMix news '' . Comicmix.com. 2010 - 04 - 27 . Archived from the original on 29 June 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : Harvey , James ( July 9 , 2010 ) . `` Complete Cast And Crew , Features Details For `` Batman : Under The Red Hood '' `` . worldsfinestonline.com . Retrieved July 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The World 's Finest - New Cast Details For Upcoming `` Batman : Under The Red Hood '' `` . Worldsfinestonline.com . March 11 , 2010 . Retrieved December 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The World 's Finest - New Cast Details For Upcoming `` Batman : Under The Red Hood '' Animated Feature `` . Worldsfinestonline.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Christopher Drake '' . IMDb . Retrieved 15 October 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Backstage - Christopher Drake Interview ( WF Conducted ) '' . The World 's Finest . Retrieved August 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Batman : Under the Red Hood - Soundtrack to The Animated Original Movie '' . iTunes . July 27 , 2010 . Retrieved August 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Batman : Under the Red Hood Film Review '' . The World 's Finest . Retrieved April 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ White , Cindy ( July 8 , 2010 ) . `` Batman : Under the Red Hood Blu - ray Review '' . IGN . Archived from the original on July 12 , 2010 . Retrieved July 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Batman : Under the Red Hood ( 2010 ) - Financial Information '' . The Numbers . Retrieved March 21 , 2012 . 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About Wikipedia | who does neil patrick harris play in batman under the red hood | [
"Batman: Under the Red Hood is a 2010 American animated superhero direct-to-video film produced by Warner Bros. Animation and released by Warner Home Video.[1] It is the eighth feature in the DC Universe Animated Original Movies series. It was released on July 27, 2010. The film stars Bruce Greenwood as Bruce Wayne/Batman, Jensen Ackles as the Red Hood/Jason Todd, John DiMaggio as the Joker, Neil Patrick Harris as Nightwing/Dick Grayson, Jason Isaacs as Ra's al Ghul, and Wade Williams as Black Mask. The screenplay was written by Judd Winick, who also wrote the \"Under the Hood\" run in the monthly Batman comic."
] | [
"Nightwing/Dick Grayson"
] |
9070855540092699821 | Miracle on Ice | Miracle on ice - wikipedia Miracle on ice Jump to : navigation , search Miracle on Ice Total Soviet Union 0 United States 0 Date February 22 , 1980 Arena Olympic Center City Lake Placid , New York , U.S. Attendance 8,500 The Herb Brooks Arena in the Olympic Center at Lake Placid , New York hosted the match The `` Miracle on Ice '' refers to a medal - round game during the men 's ice hockey tournament at the 1980 Winter Olympics in Lake Placid , New York , played between the hosting United States , and the defending gold medalists , the Soviet Union . The Soviet Union had won the gold medal in five of the six previous Winter Olympic Games , and were the favorites to win once more in Lake Placid . The team consisted primarily of professional players with significant experience in international play . By contrast , the United States ' team -- led by head coach Herb Brooks -- consisted exclusively of amateur players , and was the youngest team in the tournament and in U.S. national team history . In the group stage , both the Soviet and U.S. teams were undefeated ; the U.S. achieved several notable results , including a 2 -- 2 draw against Sweden , and a 7 -- 3 upset victory over second - place favorites Czechoslovakia . For the first game in the medal round , the United States played the Soviets . Finishing the first period tied at 2 -- 2 , and the Soviets leading 3 -- 2 following the second , the U.S. team scored two more goals to take their first lead during the third and final period , winning the game 4 -- 3 in a major upset against the Cold War rival . Following the game , the U.S. went on to clinch the gold medal by beating Finland in their final match of the tournament . Likewise , the Soviet Union took the silver medal by beating Sweden . The victory became one of the most iconic moments of the Games and in U.S. sports . Equally well - known was the television call of the final seconds of the game by Al Michaels for ABC , in which he famously declared in the final seconds , `` Do you believe in miracles ? ! YES ! '' In 1999 , Sports Illustrated named the `` Miracle on Ice '' the top sports moment of the 20th century . As part of its centennial celebration in 2008 , the International Ice Hockey Federation ( IIHF ) named the `` Miracle on Ice '' as the best international ice hockey story of the past 100 years . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 The Soviet and American teams 1.2 Exhibitions 1.3 Olympic group play 1.4 Preparing for the medal round 2 Game summary 2.1 First period 2.2 Second period 2.3 Third period 3 American aftermath 3.1 Gold medal 3.2 After 1980 Winter Olympics 3.3 Later careers 4 Soviet aftermath 4.1 Silver medal 4.2 After 1980 Winter Olympics 4.3 NHL careers 5 Notable rematches 6 Film , television and music 7 Team rosters 7.1 United States 7.2 Soviet Union 8 Box score 9 References 10 External links History ( edit ) The Soviet and American teams ( edit ) The Soviet team 's Vladislav Tretiak ( pictured here in 2008 ) was considered the best goaltender in ice hockey in 1980 . The Americans scored two goals against him before he was pulled from the game at the end of the first period . The Soviet Union entered the Lake Placid games as the heavy favorite , having won the previous four ice hockey gold medals dating back to the 1964 games . In the four Olympics following their 1960 bronze medal finish with two losses and one tie at Squaw Valley , Soviet teams had gone 27 -- 1 -- 1 ( wins - losses - ties ) and outscored their opponents 175 -- 44 . In head - to - head match - ups against the United States , the cumulative score over that period was 28 -- 7 . Until 1977 , professional players were not able to participate in the World Championship , and it was not until 1988 that they could play in the Winter Olympics . The Soviet team was populated with amateur players who were actually full - time athletes hired as regular workers of a company ( aircraft industry , food workers , tractor industry ) or organization ( KGB , Red Army , Soviet Air Force ) that sponsored what would be presented as an after - hours social sports society hockey team for their workers . Soviet Championship League was on par with the National Hockey League at the time . Soviets were led by legendary players in world ice hockey , such as Boris Mikhailov ( a top line right winger and team captain ) , Vladislav Tretiak ( the consensus best goaltender in the world at the time ) , the speedy and skilled Valeri Kharlamov , as well as talented , young , and dynamic players such as defenseman Viacheslav Fetisov and forwards Vladimir Krutov and Sergei Makarov . From that team , Tretiak , Kharlamov , Makarov , and Fetisov would eventually be enshrined in the Hockey Hall of Fame . Many of the Soviet players had gained attention in the Summit Series eight years before and , in contrast to the American players , were de facto seasoned professionals with long histories of international play . U.S. head coach Herb Brooks had tryouts in Colorado Springs in the summer of 1979 . Of the 20 players who eventually made the final Olympic roster , Buzz Schneider was the only one returning from the 1976 Olympic team . Nine players had played under Brooks at the University of Minnesota , which included Rob McClanahan , Mike Ramsey , and Phil Verchota ; while four more were from Boston University : Dave Silk , Jack O'Callahan , goalie Jim Craig , and team captain Mike Eruzione . Boston University and Minnesota were perennial rivals in college hockey and the hostility carried over from some of the players on the Olympic team for the first few months . But part of Brooks ' selection process was a 300 - question psychological test that would give him insight on how every player would react under stress . Anyone who refused to take the test would be flunked . Brooks had to select from 68 players who started the tryout . The average age of the U.S. team was 21 years old , making it the youngest team in U.S. team history to play in the Olympics . It would be the youngest team in the Olympic tournament . But Brooks had selected carefully and knew the limits of every player . As forward John Harrington said , `` He knew exactly where to quit . He 'd push you right to the limit where you were ready to say , ' I 've had it , I 'm throwing it in ' -- and then he 'd back off . '' Brooks continued the organization by campaigning for the players ' selection of Eruzione as the captain , and Craig had been the goalie for him in the 1979 World Championship tournament . Assistant coach Craig Patrick had played with Brooks on the 1967 U.S. national team . The Soviet and American teams were natural rivals due to the decades - old Cold War . In addition , President Jimmy Carter was at the time considering a U.S. boycott of the 1980 Summer Olympics , to be held in Moscow , in protest of the December 1979 Soviet invasion of Afghanistan . On February 9 , the same day the American and Soviet teams met in an exhibition game in New York City , U.S. Secretary of State Cyrus Vance denounced the impending Moscow games at a meeting of the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) . President Carter eventually decided in favor of the boycott . Exhibitions ( edit ) Mark Johnson 's goal in the last second of the first period tied the game In exhibitions that year , Soviet club teams went 5 -- 3 -- 1 against National Hockey League ( NHL ) teams , and a year earlier , the Soviet national team had routed the NHL All - Stars 6 -- 0 to win the Challenge Cup . In 1979 -- 80 , virtually all the top North American players were Canadians , although the number of U.S. - born professional players had been on the rise throughout the 1970s . The 1980 U.S. Olympic team featured several young players who were regarded as highly promising , and some had signed contracts to play in the NHL immediately after the tournament . In September 1979 , before the Olympics , the American team started exhibition play . They played a total of 61 games in five months against teams from Europe and America . Through these games , Herb Brooks instilled a European style of play in the American team , emphasizing wide open play with sufficient body contact . He believed it would be the only way for the Americans to compete with the Soviets . From the start of the exhibitions , he conducted the team through skating windsprints consisting of end line to blue line and back , then end line to red line and back , then end line to far blue line and back , and finally end line all the way down and back . Some of the players took to calling these Herbies . On September 17 , 1979 , the team played to a 3 - 3 tie in Norway . Brooks had them skate Herbies after the game , and after a while , the lights were turned off by custodians and the practice continued in the dark . Near the end of the exhibition season , although he had supported them throughout , Brooks threatened because of subpar play to cut Eruzione ( the captain ) and replace Craig as the starting goalie with Steve Janaszak . In the last exhibition game against the Soviets at Madison Square Garden on February 9 , 1980 , the Soviets crushed the Americans 10 -- 3 . Soviet head coach Viktor Tikhonov later said that this victory `` turned out to be a very big problem '' by causing the Soviets to underestimate the American team . The game was also costly for the Americans off - ice , as defenseman Jack O'Callahan pulled a ligament in his knee ; however , Brooks kept O'Callahan on the roster which meant virtually playing with only 19 players throughout the tournament . O'Callahan would eventually return for the game against the Soviets playing limited minutes . Olympic group play ( edit ) In Olympic group play , the Americans surprised many observers with their physical , cohesive play . In their first game against favored Sweden , Team USA earned a dramatic 2 -- 2 draw by scoring with 27 seconds left after pulling goalie Jim Craig for an extra attacker . Had Team USA not scored this goal and all other results remained the same , the Soviet Union would have emerged with the gold medal on goal differential over the U.S. in the medal round . Then came a stunning 7 -- 3 victory over Czechoslovakia , who were a favorite for the silver medal . With its two toughest games in the group phase out of the way , the U.S. team reeled off three more wins , beating Norway 5 -- 1 , Romania 7 -- 2 , and West Germany 4 -- 2 to go 4 -- 0 -- 1 and advance to the medal round from its group , along with Sweden . In the other group , the Soviets stormed through their opposition undefeated , often by grossly lopsided scores . They defeated Japan 16 -- 0 , the Netherlands 17 -- 4 , Poland 8 -- 1 , Finland 4 -- 2 , and Canada 6 -- 4 to easily qualify for the next round , although both the Finns and the Canadians gave the Soviets tough games for two periods . In the end , the Soviet Union and Finland advanced from their group . Preparing for the medal round ( edit ) The U.S. and Soviet teams prepared for the medal round in different ways . Soviet coach Viktor Tikhonov rested most of his best players , preferring to let them study plays rather than actually skate . U.S. coach Herb Brooks , however , continued with his tough , confrontational style , skating hard practices and berating his players for perceived weaknesses and to build stamina . Brooks ' goal was to have his team be able to keep up with the Soviets through all three periods . The day before the match , columnist Dave Anderson wrote in The New York Times , `` Unless the ice melts , or unless the United States team or another team performs a miracle , as did the American squad in 1960 , the Russians are expected to easily win the Olympic gold medal for the sixth time in the last seven tournaments . '' Game summary ( edit ) Prior to the game , ABC requested that it be rescheduled from 5 : 00 p.m. to 8 : 00 p.m. Eastern Time , so that it could be broadcast live in primetime hours . However , the request was declined by the IIHF , after the Soviets complained that it would cause the game to air at 4 a.m. Moscow Time , as opposed to 1 a.m. Moscow Time . As a result , ABC decided not to broadcast the game live for the U.S. audience , and tape delayed it for broadcast during its primetime block of Olympics coverage instead . Before the game aired , ABC 's Olympics host Jim McKay openly stated that the game had already occurred , but that they had promised not to spoil its results . In order to accommodate coverage of the men 's slalom competition , portions of the game were also edited for time . To this day some of the people that watched the game on television still believe that it was live . With a capacity of 8,500 , the Field House was packed . The home crowd waved U.S. flags and sang patriotic songs such as `` God Bless America '' . Before the game , Brooks read his players a statement he had written out on a piece of paper , telling them that `` You were born to be a player . You were meant to be here . This moment is yours . '' Brooks believed they could win and later said , `` The Russians were ready to cut their own throats . But we had to get to the point to be ready to pick up the knife and hand it to them . So the morning of the game I called the team together and told them , ' It 's meant to be . This is your moment and it 's going to happen . ' It 's kind of corny and I could see them thinking , ' Here goes Herb again ... ' But I believed it . '' First period ( edit ) As in several previous games , the U.S. team fell behind early . Vladimir Krutov deflected a slap shot by Alexei Kasatonov past U.S. goaltender Jim Craig at the 9 : 12 mark to give the Soviets a 1 -- 0 lead , and after Buzz Schneider scored for the United States on a 50 - foot shot from the left boards at 14 : 03 to tie the game , the Soviets struck again with a Sergei Makarov goal with 17 : 34 gone . With his team down 2 -- 1 , Craig improved his play , turning away many Soviet shots before the U.S. team had another shot on goal ( the Soviet team had 39 shots on goal in the game , the Americans 16 ) . In the waning seconds of the first period , Dave Christian fired a slap shot on Tretiak from 100 feet ( 30 m ) away . The Soviet goalie saved the shot but misplayed the rebound , which bounced out some 20 feet ( 6.1 m ) in front of him . Mark Johnson sliced between the two defenders , found the loose puck , and fired it past a diving Tretiak to tie the score with one second left in the period . This would be an important judgment call by the officials , as an official announcement confirming the goal did not come until many Soviet players were off the ice and heading to the locker room for intermission . The first period ended with the game tied 2 -- 2 . Second period ( edit ) Tikhonov replaced Tretiak with backup goaltender Vladimir Myshkin immediately after Johnson 's tying goal , a move which shocked players on both teams . Tikhonov later identified this as the `` turning point of the game '' , and called it `` the biggest mistake of my career '' . Years later , when Johnson asked Viacheslav Fetisov , now an NHL teammate , about the move , Fetisov responded with `` Coach crazy '' . Myshkin allowed no goals in the second period . The Soviets dominated play in the second period , outshooting the Americans 12 -- 2 , but scored only once , on a power play goal by Aleksandr Maltsev 2 : 18 into play . After two periods the Soviet Union led 3 -- 2 . Third period ( edit ) Vladimir Krutov was sent to the penalty box at the 6 : 47 mark of the third period for high - sticking . The Americans , who had managed only two shots on Myshkin in 27 minutes , had a power play and a rare offensive opportunity . Myshkin stopped a Mike Ramsey shot , then U.S. team captain Mike Eruzione fired a shot wide . Late in the power play , Dave Silk was advancing into the Soviet zone when Valeri Vasiliev knocked him to the ice . The puck slid to Mark Johnson . Johnson fired off a shot that went under Myshkin and into the net at the 8 : 39 mark , as the power play was ending , tying the game at 3 . Only a couple of shifts later , Mark Pavelich passed to Eruzione , who was left undefended in the high slot . Eruzione , who had just come onto the ice , fired a shot past Myshkin , who was screened by Vasili Pervukhin . This goal gave Team USA a 4 -- 3 lead , its first of the game , with exactly 10 minutes remaining to play . The Soviets , trailing for the first time in the game , attacked ferociously . Moments after Eruzione 's goal , Maltsev fired a shot which ricocheted off the right goal post . As the minutes wound down , Brooks kept repeating to his players , `` Play your game . Play your game . '' Instead of going into a defensive crouch , the United States continued to play offense , even getting off a few more shots on goal . The Soviets began to shoot wildly , and Sergei Starikov admitted that `` we were panicking '' . As the clock ticked down below a minute , the Soviets got the puck back into the American zone , and Mikhailov passed to Vladimir Petrov , who shot wide . The Soviets never pulled Myshkin for an extra attacker , much to the Americans ' disbelief . Starikov later explained that `` We never did six - on - five '' , not even in practice , because `` Tikhonov just did n't believe in it '' . Craig kicked away a Petrov slap shot with 33 seconds left . Kharlamov fired the puck back in as the clock ticked below 20 seconds . A wild scramble for the puck ensued , ending when Johnson found it and passed it to Ken Morrow . As the U.S. team tried to clear the zone ( move the puck over the blue line , which they did with seven seconds remaining ) , the crowd began to count down the seconds left . Sportscaster Al Michaels , who was calling the game on ABC along with former Montreal Canadiens goalie Ken Dryden , picked up on the countdown in his broadcast , and delivered his famous call : 11 seconds , you 've got 10 seconds , the countdown going on right now ! Morrow , up to Silk . Five seconds left in the game . Do you believe in miracles ? YES ! The March 3 , 1980 cover of Sports Illustrated ran without any accompanying captions or headlines . As his team ran all over the ice in celebration , Herb Brooks sprinted back to the locker room and cried . In the locker room afterwards , players spontaneously broke into a chorus of `` God Bless America '' and received a congratulatory phone call from President Jimmy Carter . During the broadcast wrap - up after the game , ABC Olympic sports anchor Jim McKay compared the American victory over the Soviet professionals to a group of Canadian college football players defeating the Pittsburgh Steelers ( the recent Super Bowl champions and at the height of their dynasty ) . American aftermath ( edit ) Gold medal ( edit ) Jim Craig 's gear from 1980 , at the Hockey Hall of Fame The United States did not immediately win the gold medal upon defeating the USSR . In 1980 , the medal round was a round - robin , not a single elimination format as it is today . Under Olympic rules at the time , the group game with Sweden was counted along with the medal round games versus the Soviet Union and Finland so it was mathematically possible for the United States to finish anywhere from first to fourth . Needing to win to secure the gold medal , Team USA came back from a 2 -- 1 third period deficit to defeat Finland 4 -- 2 . According to Mike Eruzione , coming into the dressing room in the second intermission , Brooks turned to his players , looked at them and said , `` If you lose this game , you 'll take it to your fucking graves . He then walked towards the locker room door , paused and looked over his shoulder and said to us again `` Your fucking graves '' . '' At the time , the players ascended a podium to receive their medals and then lined up on the ice for the playing of the national anthem , as the podium was only meant to accommodate one person . Only the team captains remained on the podium for the duration . After the completion of the anthem , Eruzione motioned for his teammates to join him on the podium . Today , podiums are not used for ice hockey ; the teams line up on their respective bluelines after the final game . The cover of the March 3 , 1980 , issue of Sports Illustrated was a photograph by Heinz Kluetmeier of the American players celebrating and waving an American flag ; it did not feature any explanatory captions or headlines , because , as Kluetmeier put it , `` It did n't need it . Everyone in America knew what happened '' . The U.S. team also received the magazine 's `` Sportsmen of the Year '' award , as well as being named as Athlete of the Year by the Associated Press and ABC 's Wide World of Sports . In 2004 , ESPN , as part of its 25th anniversary , declared the Miracle on Ice to be the top sports headline moment , and game of the period 1979 -- 2004 . The victory was voted the greatest sports moment of the 20th century by Sports Illustrated . The U.S. team had the honor of lighting the Olympic cauldron at the 2002 Winter Olympics . After 1980 Winter Olympics ( edit ) At the 1981 Canada Cup , the United States , with seven players from their 1980 Olympic team , again faced the Soviet Union . The Soviets took the opening round encounter 4 -- 1 in Edmonton . At the 1982 World Championship in Finland , with Mike Ramsey , Mark Johnson , Buzz Schneider , and John Harrington , the Americans again met the Soviets , but once again the U.S. lost , 8 -- 4 . Later careers ( edit ) Of the 20 players on Team USA , 13 eventually played in the NHL . Five of them went on to play over 500 NHL games , and three would play over 1,000 NHL games . Neal Broten played one more season for the Golden Gophers before moving on to the NHL , and appeared in 1,099 NHL games over 17 seasons , with 992 of them being with the Minnesota North Stars / Dallas Stars franchise . He captained the Stars before being traded midway through the 1994 -- 95 season to the New Jersey Devils . A two - time All - Star , he tallied 923 career points ( 289 goals , 634 assists ) , became the first American player to record 100 points in a season , and won a Stanley Cup as a member of the Devils in 1995 . Broten had already won the NCAA championship in 1979 at the University of Minnesota ; this , combined with the Olympic gold medal in 1980 and the 1995 Cup win ( Broten scored the Cup - winning goal in Game 4 as Viacheslav Fetisov , playing for the Red Wings , fell down ) , made him the first player in the history of the sport to win a championship at the collegiate , professional , and Olympic levels . The Dallas Stars have since retired number 7 for Broten . Ken Morrow won the Stanley Cup in 1980 as a member of the New York Islanders , becoming the first hockey player to win an Olympic gold medal and the Cup in the same year . He went on to play 550 NHL games and win three more Cups , all with the Islanders . Morrow later worked for the Islanders as Director of Pro Scouting . Mike Ramsey played in 1,070 games over 18 years . Fourteen of those years were spent with the Buffalo Sabres , with whom he played 911 games and was a five - time All - Star , captaining the team from 1990 to 1992 . In 1995 , he played in the Stanley Cup Finals while with the Detroit Red Wings , but got swept by Neal Broten and the New Jersey Devils . In 2000 , Ramsey became an assistant coach for the Minnesota Wild . Dave Christian spent 14 years in the NHL , the bulk of them for the original Winnipeg Jets ( for whom he served as team captain ) and Washington Capitals . In 1990 , Christian played in the Stanley Cup Finals while on the Boston Bruins , but lost in five games to the Edmonton Oilers . He ended his career with 783 points ( 340 goals , 443 assists ) in 1,009 games and made the All - Star team in 1991 . Mark Johnson played for several teams in the NHL before finding a home in New Jersey , tallying 508 career points ( 203 goals , 305 assists ) in 669 games over 11 seasons . Like Christian , Ramsey , and Broten , he became an NHL All - Star ( in 1984 ) and served as team captain with the Hartford Whalers . In 2002 Johnson became the coach of the University of Wisconsin -- Madison women 's team , leading the Badgers to National Championships in 2006 , 2007 ( won in the same Lake Placid arena ) , 2009 and 2011 . Johnson also served as head coach of the women 's ice hockey team that won the silver medal at the 2010 Winter Olympics . Jack O'Callahan played 390 NHL regular season games between 1982 and 1989 for the Chicago Blackhawks and New Jersey Devils . Mark Pavelich played 355 NHL regular season games in the NHL for the New York Rangers , Minnesota North Stars and San Jose Sharks between 1981 and 1992 . Dave Silk played 249 NHL regular season games for the Boston Bruins , Winnipeg Jets , Detroit Red Wings and New York Rangers between 1980 and 1985 . The Miracle on Ice launched the professional careers of several players , and made broadcaster Al Michaels famous . Jim Craig appeared in 30 NHL games for the Atlanta Flames , Boston Bruins and Minnesota North Stars between 1980 and 1984 . Team captain Mike Eruzione did not play any high - level ice hockey after the 1980 Olympics , as he felt that he had accomplished all of his hockey goals with the gold medal win . He did work as a hockey television analyst in the 1980s and 1990s . Craig Patrick , Brooks ' assistant coach and assistant general manager , went on to both manage and coach the New York Rangers and Pittsburgh Penguins of the NHL . As a result of his success with the Penguins , who won two Stanley Cups while Patrick was the GM , he was enshrined in the Hockey Hall of Fame in 2002 . During that same year , he also served as GM to the Brooks - coached 2002 US Hockey team that won the silver medal at the Salt Lake City games . Herb Brooks , the team coach , coached several NHL teams following the Olympics , with mixed results . He returned to the Olympics as coach of the French team in 1998 , the first Olympics in which NHL professionals competed . Brooks then led Team USA to the silver medal in 2002 , which included a 2 -- 2 round robin draw and a 3 -- 2 semi-final victory over Russia ( the successor to the Soviet Union ) , the semi-final match coming 22 years to the day after the `` Miracle on Ice '' game . Brooks died in a car crash near Forest Lake , Minnesota on August 11 , 2003 at the age of 66 . In 2005 , the Olympic Center ice arena in Lake Placid where the Miracle on Ice took place was renamed in his honor . Al Michaels got the job as play - by - play man for ice hockey at Lake Placid because he was the only member of ABC 's announcing team who had previously called the sport ( at the 1972 Winter Olympics in Sapporo , Japan ) . Michaels was named `` Sportscaster of the Year '' in 1980 for his coverage of the event . Soviet aftermath ( edit ) Silver medal ( edit ) In the Soviet locker room , Tikhonov singled out first - line players Tretiak , Kharlamov , Petrov , and Mikhailov , and told each of them , `` This is your loss ! '' Two days after the Miracle on Ice , the Soviet team defeated Sweden 9 -- 2 , winning the silver medal . The Soviet players were so upset at their loss that they did not turn in their silver medals to get their names inscribed on them , as is custom . The result stunned the Soviet Union and its news media . After 1980 Winter Olympics ( edit ) Despite the loss , the USSR remained the pre-eminent power in Olympic hockey until its 1991 break - up . The Soviet team did not lose a World Championship game until 1985 and did not lose to the United States again until 1991 . Throughout the 1980s , NHL teams continued to draft Soviet players in hopes of enticing them to eventually play in North America . Soviet emigrant Victor Nechayev made a brief appearance with the Los Angeles Kings in the 1982 -- 83 season , and during the 1988 -- 89 season , the Soviet Ice Hockey Federation agreed to let veteran Sergei Pryakhin join the Calgary Flames . NHL careers ( edit ) Former Soviet National team player , Helmuts Balderis pictured in 2014 . Balderis played a season late in his career with the Minnesota North Stars of the NHL In the 1989 / 90 season , six 1980 Soviet Olympians joined NHL clubs : Helmuts Balderis , Viacheslav Fetisov , Alexei Kasatonov , Vladimir Krutov , Sergei Makarov and Sergei Starikov . Fetisov was a teammate of Mike Ramsey on the 1995 Detroit Red Wings team that lost the Stanley Cup Final . Fetisov completed his career by winning Cups with the Red Wings in 1997 and 1998 ; the first Cup win also made Fetisov a member of the Triple Gold Club , consisting of individuals who have won a Stanley Cup plus gold medals at the Olympics and World Championships . Makarov won the Calder Memorial Trophy as NHL Rookie of the Year in 1989 / 90 , becoming the oldest player to win that award . That same season , younger Soviet star Alexander Mogilny defected to play for the Buffalo Sabres , followed the next year by Sergei Fedorov who defected to play for the Detroit Red Wings . Then , with the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 , a flood of ex-Soviet stars joined the NHL , including Pavel Bure and Vladimir Konstantinov . Since then , many of the NHL 's top players have come from the post-Soviet states . Notable rematches ( edit ) The U.S. and the Soviet Union next met at the Olympics at the 1988 games . The Soviets won the first round encounter 7 -- 5 . The Soviets went on to win the gold medal , while the U.S. placed seventh . The two teams met again at the 1992 Olympics in a semi-final . There , the Unified Team ( the successor to the Soviet Union ) won 5 -- 2 . The Unified Team eventually won the gold medal , while the U.S. placed fourth . The U.S. and Russia met twice at the 1996 World Cup of Hockey , Americans won both games 5 - 2 en route to the gold medal . The U.S. , coached by Herb Brooks , and Russia , coached by Slava Fetisov , met twice in the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City , which included a 2 -- 2 round robin draw and a 3 -- 2 semi-final in favor of USA , with the semi-final match coming 22 years to the day after the `` Miracle on Ice '' game . The two teams met at the 2004 World Cup of Hockey . The U.S. obtained a decisive victory 5 - 3 in the quarterfinal . The U.S. and Russia played each other in the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi . The round robin game was tied 2 -- 2 after overtime and was won by the Americans in an 8 - round shootout , with T.J. Oshie scoring on 4 of 6 attempts for the USA . The match has been dubbed by some as the `` Marathon on Ice '' . Film , television and music ( edit ) A made - for - TV movie Miracle on Ice , starring Karl Malden as Brooks and Steve Guttenberg as Craig , aired on ABC television in March 1981 . It incorporated actual game footage and original commentary from the 1980 Winter Games . Miami punk band Principles recorded their lone cash - in single , ' USA 423 , ' on Grey Dome Records in 1980 in celebration of the United States victory . The documentary film Do You Believe in Miracles ? , narrated by Liev Schreiber , premiered on HBO in February 2001 and was subsequently released on home video . In 2004 , Walt Disney Pictures released the film Miracle , starring Kurt Russell as Brooks . Al Michaels recreated his commentary for most of the games . The final ten seconds , however , and his `` Do you believe in miracles ? YES ! '' call , were from the original broadcast and used in the film since the filmmakers felt that they could not ask him to recreate the emotion he felt at that moment . The film was dedicated to Herb Brooks , who died shortly after principal photography was completed . The movie was released by Walt Disney Pictures , by that point a sister company to ABC . The documentary Of Miracles And Men , which was directed by Jonathan Hock , premiered on ESPN on February 8 , 2015 as part of the channel 's 30 for 30 series . The story of the 1980 matchup is told from the Soviet perspective while also branching out to include what happened in the years that immediately followed . Slava Fetisov 's return to Lake Placid was focused on heavily , as he takes his daughter Anastasia on the trip to reminisce . Team rosters ( edit ) Paraguayan stamp featuring Robert McClanahan Herb Brooks Arena in 2005 United States ( edit ) No . Pos . Name Age Hometown College 30 * Jim Craig 21 North Easton , MA Boston U . * Ken Morrow 22 Flint , MI Bowling Green 5 * Mike Ramsey 19 Minneapolis , MN Minnesota 10 * Mark Johnson 22 Madison , WI Wisconsin 24 LW * Rob McClanahan 22 Saint Paul , MN Minnesota 8 RW * Dave Silk 21 Scituate , MA Boston U . 6 Bill Baker ( A ) 22 Grand Rapids , MN Minnesota 9 Neal Broten 20 Roseau , MN Minnesota 23 Dave Christian 20 Warroad , MN North Dakota 11 RW Steve Christoff 21 Richfield , MN Minnesota 21 LW Mike Eruzione ( C ) 25 Winthrop , MA Boston U . 28 RW John Harrington 22 Virginia , MN Minnesota - Duluth Steve Janaszak 22 Saint Paul , MN Minnesota 17 Jack O'Callahan 22 Charlestown , MA Boston U . 16 Mark Pavelich 21 Eveleth , MN Minnesota - Duluth 25 LW Buzz Schneider 25 Grand Rapids , MN Minnesota 19 RW Eric Strobel 21 Rochester , MN Minnesota 20 Bob Suter 22 Madison , WI Wisconsin 27 LW Phil Verchota 22 Duluth , MN Minnesota 15 Mark Wells 21 St. Clair Shores , MI Bowling Green Soviet Union ( edit ) No . Pos . Name Age Hometown 20 * Vladislav Tretiak 27 Orudyevo , Moscow Oblast , Russia * Viacheslav Fetisov 21 Moscow , Russia 7 * Alexei Kasatonov 20 Leningrad , Russia 16 * Vladimir Petrov 32 Krasnogorsk , Moscow Oblast , Russia 17 LW * Valeri Kharlamov 32 Moscow , Russia 13 RW * Boris Mikhailov ( C ) 35 Moscow , Russia 19 RW Helmuts Balderis 27 Riga , Latvia 14 Zinetula Bilyaletdinov 24 Moscow , Russia 23 RW Aleksandr Golikov 27 Penza , Russia 25 Vladimir Golikov 25 Penza , Russia 9 LW Vladimir Krutov 19 Moscow , Russia 11 RW Yuri Lebedev 28 Moscow , Russia 24 RW Sergei Makarov 21 Chelyabinsk , Russia 10 C / RW Aleksandr Maltsev 30 Kirovo - Chepetsk , Russia Vladimir Myshkin 24 Kirovo - Chepetsk , Russia 5 Vasili Pervukhin 24 Penza , Russia 26 LW Aleksandr Skvortsov 25 Gorky , Russia 12 Sergei Starikov 21 Chelyabinsk , Russia 6 Valeri Vasiliev ( A ) 30 Gorky , Russia 22 Viktor Zhluktov 26 Inta , Russia * Starting line up Box score ( edit ) February 22 , 1980 ( 1980 - 02 - 22 ) 17 : 00 EST United States 4 -- 3 ( 2 -- 2 , 0 -- 1 , 2 -- 0 ) Soviet Union Olympic Center Attendance : 8,500 ( show ) Game reference Jim Craig Goalies Vladislav Tretiak , Vladimir Myshkin Referee : Karl - Gustav Kaisla Linesmen : Nico Toemen François Larochelle 0 -- 1 9 : 12 -- Krutov ( Kasatonov ) Schneider ( Pavelich ) -- 14 : 03 1 -- 1 1 -- 2 17 : 34 -- Makarov ( Golikov ) Johnson ( Christian , Silk ) -- 19 : 59 2 -- 2 2 -- 3 22 : 18 -- Maltsev ( Krutov ) ( PP ) Johnson ( Silk ) ( PP ) -- 48 : 39 3 -- 3 Eruzione ( Pavelich , Harrington ) -- 50 : 00 4 -- 3 6 min Penalties 6 min 16 Shots 39 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The 20th Century Awards : Sports Illustrated honors world 's greatest athletes '' . Sports Illustrated . December 3 , 1999 . Retrieved June 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Top Story of the Century '' . International Ice Hockey Federation . Retrieved April 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Coffey , p. 35 Jump up ^ Coffey , p. 17 Jump up ^ IIHF ( 2008 ) . `` PROTESTING AMATEUR RULES , CANADA LEAVES INTERNATIONAL HOCKEY '' . IIHF.com . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ Coffey , p. 59 Jump up ^ Coffey , p. 59 Jump up ^ Podnieks , Andrew : Team Canada 1972 : The Official 40th Anniversary Celebration of the Summit Series ISBN 978 - 0771071195 p. 212 Jump up ^ Coffey , pp. 19 -- 20 Jump up ^ Coffey , p. 21 ^ Jump up to : `` A Reminder Of What We Can Be '' . si.com . Jump up ^ Coffey , p. 25 Jump up ^ Coffey , pp. 159 -- 160 ^ Jump up to : Allen , Kevin ( December 23 , 1997 ) . `` College kids perform Olympic miracle '' . ESPN . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Coffey , p. 26 Jump up ^ Ted , Green ( 2 February 1980 ) . `` ' We Are n't Awed ' Please ... Nobody Tell the U.S. Hockey Team It Has No Chance '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ `` 1980 Pre Olympic Tour Schedule '' . Vintage Minnesota Hockey . Jump up ^ Coffey , pp. 46 -- 48 Jump up ^ Coffey , p. 51 ^ Jump up to : Lake Placid Organizing Committee for the Olympic Games ( 1985 ) . Official Results of the XIII Olympic Winter Games -- Lake Placid 1980 ( PDF ) . Amateur Athletic Foundation of Los Angeles . pp. 105 -- 111 . Jump up ^ Kuzmiak , Eric ( June 11 , 2008 ) . `` Open - Mic : Greatest Sports Achievements -- Do You Believe in Miracles ? '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved August 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Shepard , Richard F. ( Feb 23 , 1980 ) . `` ABC - TV Unable To Offer Key Hockey Playoff Live : Federation Rejected Request '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` TV SPORTS ; ' Miracle on Ice ' of 1980 Looks Different Today '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 25 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Posnanski , Joe ( February 22 , 2010 ) . `` 10 interesting facts you may not know about the Miracle on Ice '' . Sports Illustrated . Jump up ^ Coffey , p. 68 Jump up ^ Coffey , p. 45 Jump up ^ Posnanski , Joe ( February 22 , 2010 ) . `` 10 interesting facts you may not know about the Miracle on Ice '' . Sports Illustrated . Jump up ^ Swift , E.M. ( March 3 , 1980 ) . `` The Golden Goal '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved April 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Coffey , p. 150 Jump up ^ Fitzpatrick , Jamie . `` The Miracle Unfolds '' . About.com . The New York Times Co . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Coffey , p. 152 Jump up ^ `` Pro Hockey About.com '' . Jump up ^ Coffey , pp. 350 -- 52 Jump up ^ Coffey , p. 358 Jump up ^ Coffey , p. 374 Jump up ^ Coffey , p. 377 Jump up ^ Coffey , p. 379 Jump up ^ Coffey , p. 381 Jump up ^ Coffey , p. 383 ^ Jump up to : Coffey , p. 384 Jump up ^ HBO Sports ( 2001 ) . Do You Believe in Miracles ? : The Story of the 1980 U.S. Hockey Team ( Video ) . New York : HBO Home Video . ISBN 9780783119953 . Jump up ^ Coffey , p. 387 Jump up ^ Bacon , John U. ( February 20 , 2010 ) . `` Oh , Say Can You See a New Anthem ? '' . Ann Arbor Chronicle . Retrieved April 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` President Carter phones U.S. Olympic hockey team '' . YouTube . Jump up ^ Swift , E.M. ( March 3 , 1980 ) . `` The Golden Goal '' . Sports Illustrated . Jump up ^ Coffey , pp. 412 -- 13 Jump up ^ Deitsch , Richard ( August 19 , 2008 ) . `` Heinz Q&A '' . Sports Illustrated . Jump up ^ `` The anniversary of a Miracle '' . St. Petersburg Times . February 22 , 2005 . Retrieved May 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Coffey , p. 318 Jump up ^ `` Neal Broten '' . Hockey Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Coffey , p. 200 Jump up ^ `` Ken Morrow '' . Hockey Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ken Morrow , Director of Pro Scouting '' . Retrieved February 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mike Ramsey '' . Hockey Database . Hockeydb.com . Retrieved May 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Dave Christian '' . Hockey Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dave Christian '' . Hockey Database . Hockeydb.com . Retrieved May 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Mark Johnson ( ice hockey ) '' . Hockey Database . Hockeydb.com . Retrieved May 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Jim Craig '' . Hockey Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Eruzione Wo n't Go Pro '' . Daytona Beach Morning Journal . Associated Press . March 1 , 1980 . Retrieved May 23 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` USA holds off Russia 3 -- 2 to advance to gold medal game '' . CNN . Retrieved May 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Herb Brooks killed in car accident '' . Sports Illustrated . August 11 , 2003 . Retrieved May 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Sandomir , Richard ( February 22 , 2010 ) . `` ' Miracle on Ice ' announcer Al Michaels is back in the Olympic studio '' . The Plain Dealer . Cleveland , OH . Associated Press . Jump up ^ Coffey , p. 389 Jump up ^ Coffey , p. 413 Jump up ^ Coffey , pp. 396 -- 97 Jump up ^ `` Sweeping changes : Russian hockey looked different after ' 72 Summit Series '' . Sports Illustrated . September 27 , 2002 . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Viacheslav Fetisov '' . Hockey Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sergei Makarov '' . Hockey Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Miracle on Ice on IMDb Retrieved May 3 , 2008 Jump up ^ Miracle on Ice on IMDb Retrieved May 23 , 2008 Jump up ^ Lowry , Brian . `` TV Review : ESPN 's ' Of Miracles and Men ' '' . Variety . Retrieved 25 September 2016 . Coffey , Wayne ( 2005 ) . The Boys of Winter ( E ed . ) . New York : Crown Publishers . ISBN 0 - 307 - 23731 - 1 . Jacobson , Zachary Jonathan ( 2013 ) . `` Parable on Ice : Hockey , Capitalism and American Decadence at the Lake Placid Olympics , '' UCLA Historical Journal , 24 , 61 -- 75 . Soares , John . `` The Cold War on Ice . '' The Cold War on Ice XIV. 2 ( 2008 ) : 77 - 87 . Brown.edu . The Brown Journal of World Affairs . Web . 13 Feb. 2017 . External links ( edit ) Eskenazi , Gerald ( February 23 , 1980 ) . `` U.S. Defeats Soviet Squad In Olympic Hockey by 4 -- 3 '' . The New York Times . Johnson , Mark ( October 2 , 2007 ) . `` UW Women 's Hockey Coach Mark Johnson '' . Be More Tuned In ( Interview ) . Wisconsin Public Television . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2010 . Kindred , Dave ( February 23 , 1980 ) . `` Born to Be Players , Born to the Moment '' . Washington Post . Shapiro , Leonard ( February 23 , 1980 ) . `` U.S. Shocks Soviets in Ice Hockey , 4 -- 3 '' . Washington Post . Miracle on Ice team to reunite for the 35 year anniversary Miracle on Ice in MNopedia , the Minnesota Encyclopedia President Carter phones U.S Hockey Team Links to related articles Olympic Games Preceded by Cathy Freeman Final Olympic Torchbearer ( U.S. Team only ) Salt Lake City 2002 Succeeded by Nikolaos Kaklamanakis Preceded by Midori Ito Final Winter Olympic Torchbearer ( U.S. Team only ) Salt Lake City 2002 Succeeded by Stefania Belmondo 1980 USA Men 's Olympic Hockey Team 1 Steve Janaszak 3 Ken Morrow 5 Mike Ramsey 6 Bill Baker ( A ) 8 Dave Silk 9 Neal Broten 10 Mark Johnson 11 Steve Christoff 15 Mark Wells 16 Mark Pavelich 17 Jack O'Callahan 19 Eric Strobel 20 Bob Suter 21 Mike Eruzione ( C ) 23 Dave Christian 24 Rob McClanahan 25 Buzz Schneider 27 Phil Verchota 28 John Harrington 30 Jim Craig Head Coach : Herb Brooks Assistant Coach : Craig Patrick Goalie Coach : Warren Strelow Team Physician George Nagobads Trainer : Gary Smith Sports Illustrated Sportsperson of the Year 1954 : Roger Bannister 1955 : Johnny Podres 1956 : Bobby Morrow 1957 : Stan Musial 1958 : Rafer Johnson 1959 : Ingemar Johansson 1960 : Arnold Palmer 1961 : Jerry Lucas 1962 : Terry Baker 1963 : Pete Rozelle 1964 : Ken Venturi 1965 : Sandy Koufax 1966 : Jim Ryun 1967 : Carl Yastrzemski 1968 : Bill Russell 1969 : Tom Seaver 1970 : Bobby Orr 1971 : Lee Trevino 1972 : Billie Jean King & John Wooden 1973 : Jackie Stewart 1974 : Muhammad Ali 1975 : Pete Rose 1976 : Chris Evert 1977 : Steve Cauthen 1978 : Jack Nicklaus 1979 : Terry Bradshaw & Willie Stargell 1980 : U.S. Olympic Hockey Team 1981 : Sugar Ray Leonard 1982 : Wayne Gretzky 1983 : Mary Decker 1984 : Edwin Moses & Mary Lou Retton 1985 : Kareem Abdul - Jabbar 1986 : Joe Paterno 1987 : Bob Bourne , Judi Brown King , Kipchoge Keino , Dale Murphy , Chip Rives , Patty Sheehan , Rory Sparrow , & Reggie Williams 1988 : Orel Hershiser 1989 : Greg LeMond 1990 : Joe Montana 1991 : Michael Jordan 1992 : Arthur Ashe 1993 : Don Shula 1994 : Bonnie Blair & Johann Olav Koss 1995 : Cal Ripken Jr . 1996 : Tiger Woods 1997 : Dean Smith 1998 : Mark McGwire & Sammy Sosa 1999 : U.S. Women 's Soccer Team 2000 : Tiger Woods 2001 : Curt Schilling & Randy Johnson 2002 : Lance Armstrong 2003 : David Robinson & Tim Duncan 2004 : Boston Red Sox 2005 : Tom Brady 2006 : Dwyane Wade 2007 : Brett Favre 2008 : Michael Phelps 2009 : Derek Jeter 2010 : Drew Brees 2011 : Mike Krzyzewski & Pat Summitt 2012 : LeBron James 2013 : Peyton Manning 2014 : Madison Bumgarner 2015 : Serena Williams 2016 : LeBron James 2017 : José Altuve & J.J. 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"For the first game in the medal round, the United States played the Soviets. Finishing the first period tied at 2–2, and the Soviets leading 3–2 following the second, the U.S. team scored two more goals to take their first lead during the third and final period, winning the game 4–3 in a major upset against the Cold War rival. Following the game, the U.S. went on to clinch the gold medal by beating Finland in their final match of the tournament. Likewise, the Soviet Union took the silver medal by beating Sweden."
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-6690688547679662330 | Madalyn Murray O'Hair | Madalyn Murray O'Hair - wikipedia Madalyn Murray O'Hair Jump to : navigation , search Madalyn Murray O'Hair Madalyn Murray O'Hair , 1983 . Madalyn Mays ( 1919 - 04 - 13 ) April 13 , 1919 Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , U.S. September 29 , 1995 ( 1995 - 09 - 29 ) ( aged 76 ) San Antonio , Texas , U.S. Cause of death Homicide Nationality American Education South Texas College of Law Alma mater Ashland University Occupation Activist , founder and president of American Atheists Known for Abington School District v. Schempp ( Supreme Court case ) Spouse ( s ) John Henry Roths ( m . 1941 ; div. 1946 ) Richard O'Hair ( m . 1965 ; d . 1978 ) Partner ( s ) William J. Murray , Jr . Michael Fiorillo Children William J. Murray III Jon Garth Murray Madalyn Murray O'Hair ( née Mays ; April 13 , 1919 -- September 29 , 1995 ) , who also used multiple pseudonyms ( her most preferred being M. Bible ) , was an American activist , founder of American Atheists , and the organization 's president from 1963 to 1986 . She created the first issues of American Atheist Magazine . One of her sons , Jon Garth Murray , became the nominal president of the organization from 1986 to 1995 , but she remained de facto president during these nine years . O'Hair is best known for the Murray v. Curlett lawsuit , which led to a landmark Supreme Court ruling ending official Bible - reading in American public schools in 1963 . ( This issue had been brought up earlier at the Bible riots when Irish Catholics first came over , before the civil war ) . The 1963 case came just one year after the Supreme Court prohibited officially sponsored prayer in schools in Engel v. Vitale . After O'Hair had founded the American Atheists and won Murray v. Curlett , she achieved attention to the extent that in 1964 Life magazine referred to her as `` the most hated woman in America '' . In 1995 , O'Hair , her son Jon , and her granddaughter Robin disappeared from Austin , Texas ; they had been kidnapped , murdered , and mutilated by David Roland Waters , a convicted felon out on parole , fellow career criminal Gary Karr and a third man , Danny Fry . Waters had been an employee of the American Atheists from February 1993 to April 1994 , first as a typesetter and later as office manager . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early and personal life 2 Activism 3 American Atheists 4 Court cases 5 Feminism 6 Murder 6.1 Investigation and arrests 7 Legacy 8 Books 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Early and personal Life ( edit ) Madalyn Mays was born in the Beechview neighborhood of Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , on April 13 , 1919 , the daughter of Lena Christina ( née Scholle ) and John Irwin Mays . She had an older brother , John Irwin Jr. ( known as `` Irv '' ) . The siblings had Irish ancestry on their father 's side and German ancestry on their mother 's side . At the age of four , Madalyn was baptized into her father 's Presbyterian church ; her mother was a Lutheran . In 1936 , she graduated from Rossford High School in Rossford , Ohio . In 1941 , she married John Henry Roths . They separated when they both enlisted for World War II service , he in the United States Marine Corps , she in the Women 's Army Corps . In April 1945 , while posted to a cryptography position in Italy , she began a relationship with an officer , William J. Murray , Jr. , a married Roman Catholic who refused to divorce his wife . Mays divorced Roths , adopted the name Madalyn Murray , and gave birth to a boy whom she named William J. Murray III ( nicknamed `` Bill '' ) . In 1949 , Murray completed a bachelor 's degree from Ashland University . In 1952 , she received an LL. B. degree from the then unaccredited South Texas College of Law ; however , she failed the bar examination and never practiced law . On November 16 , 1954 , she gave birth to her second son , Jon Garth Murray , fathered by her boyfriend Michael Fiorillo . It was rumored that she sought to defect to the Soviet Union at their embassy in Paris , but that the Soviets denied her entry . Murray and her sons returned to the Loch Raven section of Baltimore , Maryland in 1960 to live with her mother and brother . Murray stated that she worked for 17 years as a psychiatric social worker and that in 1960 she was a supervisor at the Baltimore public welfare department ; however , her son Bill 's published memoir My Life Without God said his mother frequently lost office jobs due to her abrasive personality . She left Maryland in 1963 and fled to Honolulu , after allegedly assaulting five Baltimore police officers who tried to retrieve a runaway girl , Bill 's girlfriend Susan ( who would later be granddaughter Robin 's mother ) . In 1965 , she married U.S. Marine and government informant Richard O'Hair . Although the marriage ended in separation , she remained married to him until his death in 1978 . Activism ( edit ) Main article : Abington School District v. Schempp Murray filed a lawsuit against the Baltimore City Public School System ( Murray v. Curlett ) in 1960 in which she asserted that it was unconstitutional for her son William to be required to participate in Bible readings at Baltimore public schools . In this litigation , she stated that her son 's refusal to partake in the Bible readings had resulted in bullying being directed against him by classmates and that administrators condoned it . After consolidation with Abington School District v. Schempp , the lawsuit reached the Supreme Court of the United States in 1963 . The Court voted 8 -- 1 in Schempp 's favor , which effectively banned mandatory Bible verse recitation at public schools in the United States . Prayer in schools other than Bible - readings had already been ended in 1962 by the Court 's ruling in Engel v. Vitale . O'Hair filed a lawsuit with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA ) in regard to the Apollo 8 Genesis reading . The case was rejected by the U.S. Supreme Court for lack of jurisdiction . The impact of the suit was limited : Although NASA asked Buzz Aldrin to refrain from quoting the Bible in the Apollo 11 mission , he was allowed to conduct the first Communion service in space . O'Hair appeared on The Phil Donahue Show several times , including the first episode in 1967 , following which Phil Donahue said O'Hair was unpleasant and had mocked him off camera for being a Catholic , although after O'Hair's death , Donahue described her message of atheism as `` very important '' . She appeared on the show again in March 1970 to debate Preacher Bob Harrington , `` The Chaplain of Bourbon Street '' . O'Hair endorsed Jimmy Carter in the 1976 presidential election because of Carter 's opposition to mandatory school prayer , his support for sex education in public schools , and his stance on ecological matters . American Atheists ( edit ) Main article : American Atheists Following her arrival in Austin , Texas , O'Hair founded American Atheists , `` a nationwide movement which defends the civil rights of non-believers , works for the separation of church and state and addresses issues of First Amendment public policy '' . She acted as the group 's first chief executive officer , the public voice and face of atheism in the United States during the 1960s and 1970s . In a 1965 interview with Playboy Magazine , she described religion as `` a crutch '' and an `` irrational reliance on superstitions and supernatural nonsense '' . In the same Playboy interview , O'Hair gave a long list of incidents of harassment , intimidation , and even death threats against her and her family for her views . She read several letters she received , including one that read ( referring to the conversion of Paul the Apostle on the road to Damascus ) , `` May Jesus , who you so vigorously deny , change you into a Paul . '' In response , O'Hair told the interviewer , `` Is n't that lovely ? Christine Jorgensen had to go to Sweden for an operation , but me they 'll fix with faith -- painlessly and for nothing . '' She stated that she left Baltimore because of persecution from residents , including mail containing photos smeared with feces , the strangulation of her son Jon Garth 's pet kitten and the stoning of her home by neighborhood residents , which she believed had caused her father 's fatal heart attack . She filed several lawsuits on issues over which she felt that the United States Constitution was violated by a collusion of church and state . One was against the city of Baltimore , demanding that it assess and collect taxes on property owned by the Catholic Church . O'Hair founded an atheist radio program in which she criticized religion and theism , and a television show she hosted , American Atheist Forum , was carried on more than 140 cable television systems . O'Hair remained a polarizing figure into the 1980s . She served as `` chief speechwriter '' for Larry Flynt 's 1984 presidential campaign , and continued to be a regular talk show guest . Her second son Jon Murray succeeded her as leader of the American Atheists ; he was not liked by many in the organization , and some chapters seceded from the main group . American Atheists remains an active organization with a growing membership . Her son William J. Murray became a Christian in 1980 . Speaking of her response to this , she commented , `` One could call this a postnatal abortion on the part of a mother , I guess ; I repudiate him entirely and completely for now and all times ... he is beyond human forgiveness . '' In 1988 , O'Hair produced several issues of Truth Seeker under her masthead as part of an attempt to take over the publication ; however , the courts ruled against her ownership . In the 1990s , American Atheists amounted to O'Hair , her son Jon Murray , her granddaughter Robin Murray O'Hair , and a handful of support personnel . ( Robin , the daughter of William Murray , was adopted by Madalyn . William had not seen nor spoken to any of them in many years . ) The trio lived in O'Hair's large home , went in the same office and took shared vacations . Court cases ( edit ) O'Hair filed numerous lawsuits in which she argued the separation of church and state had been breached . Murray v. Curlett ( 1963 ) Challenged Bible reading and prayer recitation in Maryland public schools . Murray v. United States ( 1964 ) To force the Federal Communications Commission to extend the Fairness Doctrine so that Atheists could have equal time with religion on radio and television . Murray v. Nixon ( 1970 ) Challenged weekly religious services in the White House . O'Hair v. Paine ( 1971 ) Challenged open readings from the Bible by U.S. astronauts ( who are Federal employees ) during their spaceflights , spurred by a reading from the book of Genesis by the crew of Apollo 8 . O'Hair v. Cooke ( 1977 ) Challenged the opening prayer at city council meetings in Austin , Texas . O'Hair v. Blumenthal ( 1978 ) Challenged the inclusion of the phrase `` In God We Trust '' on U.S. currency . O'Hair v. Hill ( 1978 ) To have removed from the Texas constitution a provision requiring a belief in God of persons holding offices of public trust . O'Hair v. Andrus ( 1979 ) Challenged the use of National Park facilities for the Pope to hold a Roman Catholic mass on the Mall in Washington , D.C. O'Hair v. Clements ( 1980 ) This case tried to remove the nativity scene displayed in the rotunda of the capitol building in Austin , Texas . Carter , et al. v Broadlawns Medical Center , et al. ( 1984 - 1987 ) Challenged the full - time employment of an unordained chaplain at a tax - funded county hospital , Broadlawns Medical Center in Des Moines , Iowa . Feminism ( edit ) During an interview with Playboy in 1965 , O'Hair described herself as a `` militant feminist '' and expressed her dissatisfaction with women 's inequality in America , stating during the interview `` The American male continues to use her sexually for one thing : a means to the end of his own ejaculation . It does n't seem to occur to him that she might be a worthwhile end in herself , or to see to it that she has a proper sexual release . And , to him , sex appeal is directly proportional to the immensity of a woman 's tits . I 'm not saying that all American men are this way , but nine out of ten are breast - fixated , wham - bam - thank - you - ma'am cretins who just do n't give a damn about anyone 's gratification but their own . If you 're talking about intellectual and social equality for women , we 're not much better off . We 're just beginning to break the ice . America is still very much a male - dominated society . Most American men feel threatened sexually unless they 're taller than the female , more intellectual , better educated , better paid and higher placed statuswise in the business world . They 've got to be the authority , the final word . They say they 're looking for a girl just like the girl who married dear old dad , but what they really want , and usually get , is an empty - headed little chick who 's very young and very physical -- and very submissive . Well , I just ca n't see either a man or a woman in a dependency position , because from this sort of relationship flows a feeling of superiority on one side and inferiority on the other , and that 's a form of slow poison . As I see it , men would n't want somebody inferior to them unless they felt inadequate themselves . They 're intimidated by a mature woman . '' She also expressed her discontent with the women 's liberation movement . Murder ( edit ) On August 27 , 1995 , O'Hair , her son Jon , and granddaughter Robin disappeared . The door to the office of American Atheists was locked with a typewritten note attached ( apparently with Jon 's signature ) , stating , `` The Murray O'Hair family has been called out of town on an emergency basis . We do not know how long we will be gone at the time of the writing of this memo . '' When O'Hair's home was entered , breakfast dishes were sitting on the table ; her diabetes medication was on the kitchen counter , and her dogs had been left behind without a caregiver . In phone calls a few days later , the trio claimed that they were on `` business '' in San Antonio , Texas . A few days later , Jon ordered US $ 600,000 worth of gold coins from a San Antonio jeweler , but took delivery of only $500,000 worth of coins . Until September 27 , American Atheists employees received several phone calls from Robin and Jon , but neither would explain why they left or when they would return ; while they said nothing was amiss , their voices sounded strained and disturbed . After September 28 , no further communication came from any of the O'Hairs . Investigation and arrests ( edit ) Ultimately , the investigation focused on David Roland Waters , who had worked as a typesetter and later office manager for American Atheists . Not only did Waters have previous convictions for violent crimes , there were also several suspicious burglaries at the organization during his tenure , and he had pled guilty earlier that year to stealing $54,000 from American Atheists . Shortly after his theft of the $54,000 was discovered , O'Hair had written a scathing article in the `` Members Only '' section of the American Atheists newsletter exposing Waters , the theft and Waters ' previous crimes , including a 1977 incident in which Waters allegedly beat and urinated upon his mother . O'Hair also reported on his murder of another teenager at the age of 17 , meaning that Waters was already a convicted felon . This , in conjunction with his public use of firearms , was enough to sentence Waters to prison for eight years before he could kill again . Waters ' girlfriend later testified that he was enraged by O'Hair's article , and that he fantasized about torturing her in gruesome ways and snipping off her toes . Federal agents for the FBI and the IRS , along with the police , concluded that Waters and his accomplices had kidnapped all three O'Hairs , forced them to withdraw the missing funds , gone on several huge shopping sprees with the O'Hairs ' money and credit cards , and then murdered and dismembered all three people . Waters ' accomplices were Gary Paul Karr and Danny Fry . A few days after the O'Hairs were killed , Fry was murdered by Waters and Karr . What turned out to be Fry 's body was found on a riverbed with the head and hands missing , and remained unidentified for three and a half years . A search warrant was executed on the apartment of David Waters and his girlfriend . The apartment was across the street from the Headquarters of the Department of Public Safety . The search produced various calibers of ammunition . Waters , a convicted felon , was arrested , and the contents of his apartment were examined and seized . At the same time , Gary Karr was contacted in Walled Lake , Michigan , and interviewed . As a hardened criminal who had spent the last 30 years in prison for the kidnapping of the daughter of a judge , Karr would not talk . After being read his rights , Karr was asked to listen to the information being discussed . Karr decided to talk and implicate David Waters in the death of the O'Hairs . Karr went so far as to sign an affidavit and to draw a map of where their bodies could be found . Karr was arrested for possession of two firearms and taken to jail . He lingered in Detroit , awaiting trial . The weapon seizure was dismissed , and Karr was transferred to the custody of the United States Marshals in Austin to stand trial for the death of the O'Hairs . After a three - week trial , Karr was found guilty of conspiracy to commit extortion , traveling interstate to commit violent acts , money laundering and interstate transportation of stolen property charges related to the O'Hair case . However , he was acquitted of kidnapping conspiracy , since the bodies of the O'Hairs were not found at the time . Karr was sentenced to two life sentences in prison in August 2000 by U.S. District Judge Sam Sparks . Waters was arrested and found guilty of kidnapping , robbery , and murder in the O'Hair case , and sentenced to 80 years in prison ; he was also ordered to pay back a total of $543,665 to the United Secularists of America and to the estates of Madalyn Murray O'Hair , Jon Garth Murray , and Robin Murray O'Hair . It is unlikely that these debts were paid , because Waters had no ability to earn money while in prison . Waters died of lung cancer at the Federal Medical Center in Butner , North Carolina , on January 27 , 2003 . In January 2001 , after his conviction and imprisonment , Waters informed the federal agents that the O'Hairs were buried on a Texas ranch , and subsequently led them to the bodies . When law enforcement excavated there , they discovered that the O'Hairs ' bodies had had their legs dismembered with a saw . The remains exhibited such extensive mutilation and decomposition that identification had to be made through dental records , DNA testing and , in Madalyn O'Hair's case , records of a prosthetic hip from Brackenridge Hospital in Austin ( the product number identified her body ) . The head and hands of Danny Fry were also found at the site . The gold coins extorted from the O'Hairs were put in an unsecured storage locker rented by Waters ' girlfriend , which was locked with a cheap Master padlock . Waters had taken out a small number of coins and proceeded to party with his girlfriend for a few days with Gary Karr and his former wife but , upon his return to the locker , he discovered that the remaining gold coins ( American eagles , Maple Leafs and Krugerrands ) had been stolen . A group of thieves from San Antonio operating in that area had a master key to the type of lock that the girlfriend purchased to secure the locker . In the course of their activities , the thieves had come across the locker , used the master key to open it , and found a suitcase full of gold coins . They returned to San Antonio , and with the help of friends converted the gold coins to cash . For the efforts of the friends , they were taken to Las Vegas for a weekend . The money was eventually all spent but for one coin that was given as a pendant gift to an aunt . The coin was recovered by the FBI after a Memorial Day 1999 public appeal . There was some criticism of the Austin Police Department 's apparent apathy about the disappearance . Austin reporter Robert Bryce wrote : Despite pleas from O'Hair's son , William J. Murray , several briefings from federal agents , and solid leads developed by members of the press , the Austin Police Department ( APD ) sat on the sidelines of the O'Hair investigation ... Meanwhile , investigators from the Internal Revenue Service , Federal Bureau of Investigation , and the Dallas County Sheriff 's Office are working together on the case ... a federal agent was asked to discuss APD 's actions in the O'Hair case . His only response was to roll his eyes in amazement . Legacy ( edit ) O'Hair pictured on the American Atheist Magazine 's 50th anniversary cover . Madalyn Murray 's lawsuit largely led to the removal of compulsory Bible reading from public schools in the United States , amongst other lasting and significant effects . Until the lawsuit , it was not uncommon for students to participate in a variety of religious activities while at school , such as Bible reading and prayer recitation , sometimes including religious instruction itself . Nonreligious students were expected to participate in such activities , and were not consistently given an opportunity to opt out , as state - level policies varied . While students may pray in public schools , even in organized groups , the lawsuit disallowed schools from including prayer as a compulsory activity . O'Hair was the subject of the 2006 documentary film , Godless in America , which documented her life , atheist activism , disappearance and murder . Recurring urban legends keep O'Hair's name alive , but her fame still rests in what she accomplished while living . In one story version , an e-mail claimed `` Madeline Murray O'Hare is attempting to get television programs such as Touched by an Angel and all television programs that mention God taken off the air '' . It cited petition RM - 2493 to the Federal Communications Commission , which concerned the prevention of educational radio channels from being used for religious broadcasting . The petition , which was denied in 1975 , had nothing to do with O'Hair . A variant acknowledging her death was circulating in 2003 , still warning about a threat to Touched by an Angel months after the program 's last episode had been aired . In 2007 , similar e-mails were still being reported , 12 years after O'Hair's disappearance and long after her confirmed death . A 2009 variation of Petition 2493 claims that O'Hair's organization wants the `` Removal of Joel Osteen , Joyce Meyer , Charles Stanley , David Jeremiah and other pastors from the air waves '' , and Dr. James Dobson asks petitioners to send responses and donations to `` Lisa Norman '' . Dobson denies any involvement . In 2013 , the first atheist monument on American government property was unveiled at the Bradford County Courthouse in Florida ; it is a 1,500 - pound granite bench and plinth inscribed with quotes by O'Hair , Thomas Jefferson , and Benjamin Franklin . A 2017 Netflix original movie , The Most Hated Woman in America , is a loose dramatization of O'Hair's life with a focus on the kidnapping and murder . Books ( edit ) Madalyn Murray O'Hair , Part 1 of 2 . United States . Federal Bureau of Investigation . 2013 . ISBN 1288559569 . Murray O'Hair , Madalyn ( 1972 ) . What on Earth Is an Atheist ! . ISBN 1578849187 . Murray O'Hair , Madalyn ( 1978 ) . Atheist Primer : Did You Know All the Gods Came from the Same Place ? . ISBN 0911826106 . Murray O'Hair , Madalyn ( 1988 ) . All about Atheists ( American Atheist Radio Series ) . ISBN 0910309442 . Murray O'Hair , Madalyn ( 1991 ) . Why I Am an Atheist : Including a History of Materialism . ISBN 0910309981 . Murray O'Hair , Madalyn ; Murray , Jon Garth ( 1986 ) . All the Questions You Ever Wanted to Ask American Atheists With All the Answers . ISBN 0910309035 . Dracos , Ted ( 2010 ) . UnGodly : The Passions , Torments , and Murder of Atheist Madalyn Murray O'Hair . ISBN 1439119961 . Le Beau , Bryan F. ( 2003 ) . The Atheist : Madalyn Murray O'Hair . ISBN 0814752853 . Rappoport , Jon ( 1998 ) . Madalyn Murray O'Hair : Most Hated Woman in America . ISBN 0939040042 . Murray , William Joseph ( 1992 ) . My Life Without God . ISBN 1936488345 . See also ( edit ) Charles E. Stevens American Atheist Library and Archives References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` United States Social Security Death Index : Madalyn M Ohair '' . FamilySearch.org . Retrieved June 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Dracos , Ted . UnGodly : The Passions , Torments , and Murder of Atheist Madalyn Murray O'Hair . Free Press . p. 380 . ISBN 978 - 0743228336 . Jump up ^ Goeringer , Conrad F. ( 2006 ) . `` About American Atheists '' . atheists.org . American Atheists . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : Van Biema , David ( 1997 - 02 - 10 ) . `` Where 's Madalyn ? '' . Time . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 01 . Jump up ^ Seaman , Anne Rowe ( 2005 ) . America 's Most Hated Woman : The Life and Gruesome Death of Madalyn Murray O'Hair . New York : The Continuum International Publishing Group , Inc . ISBN 0 - 8264 - 1644 - 6 , pp. 251 , 255 , 257 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ Reitwiesner , William Addams . `` Ancestry of Madalyn Murray O'Hair '' . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Woman , Atheist , Anarchist '' ( reprint ) . Freedom Writer . March 1989 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : Le Beau , Bryan F. ( 2003 ) . The Atheist : Madalyn Murray O'Hair . New York : New York University Press . ISBN 0 - 8147 - 5171 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Rossford HS Yearbook `` Maroon and Gray '' 1936 `` . Ohio Memory . p. 20 . Retrieved 17 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Murray , Madalyn ; Tregaskis , Richard ( October 1965 ) . `` Madalyn Murray '' . Playboy . Archived from the original ( reprint ) on April 14 , 2008 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : Bryce , Robert ( 1998 - 11 - 20 ) . `` Madalyn Murray O'Hair timeline '' . The Austin Chronicle . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 01 . Jump up ^ Zindler , Frank ( 2008 ) . `` Madalyn Murray O'Hair '' . In Joshi , S.T. Icons of unbelief : Atheists , Agnostics , and Secularists . Westport , Connecticut : Greenwood Press . p. 323 . ISBN 978 - 0313347597 . Jump up ^ Vitteriti , Joseph . Religion from the Public School to the Public Square . Princeton University Press 02 / 09 / 09 . p. 102 . Jump up ^ Wright , Lawrence ( 1995 - 05 - 16 ) . Saints and Sinners : Walker Railey , Jimmy Swaggart , Madalyn Murray O'Hair , Anton LaVey , Will Campbell , Matthew Fox . London : Vintage Books . ISBN 0 - 679 - 76163 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Manning , Lona ( 2003 - 09 - 29 ) . `` The Murder of Madalyn Murray O'Hair : America 's Most Hated Woman '' . Crime Magazine . Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 12 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 01 . Jump up ^ Chaikin , Andrew ( 1994 ) . A Man On The Moon : The Voyages of the Apollo Astronauts . Viking . p. 623 . ISBN 0 - 670 - 81446 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` O'Hair v. Paine , 397 U.S. 531 '' . Findlaw. 1970 . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` An Astronaut Tells of a little - known but Significant Event on the Moon '' . Guideposts. 1970 . Archived from the original on May 9 , 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Apollo Expeditions to the Moon : Chapter 8 '' . NASA . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 25 . An urban legend claiming that NASA tried to keep the Communion service secret was disproven . `` First Communion on the Moon '' . Christensen , B.M. 2009 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Atheist leader endorses Carter for President '' , Minden Press - Herald , Minden , Louisiana , October 26 , 1976 , p. 3 Jump up ^ Bryce , Robert ( 1996 - 05 - 03 ) . `` The Case of the Missing Atheists '' . The Austin Chronicle . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 01 . Jump up ^ Alan Wolfe ( 12 April 2004 ) . `` Among the Non-Believers '' . The New Republic . Jump up ^ Dracos , Ted ( 2003 ) . `` The Family Dysfunctional '' . Ungodly : The Passions , Torments , and Murder of Atheist Madalyn Murray O'Hair . New York : Free Press . p. 138 . ISBN 9781439119969 . Jump up ^ `` US District Court SD California : Jackson vs. Truth Seeker Inc . '' . google.com . Retrieved September 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/2090930/carter-v-broadlawns-medical-center/ Jump up ^ http://law.justia.com/cases/federal/district-courts/FSupp/667/1269/2158226/ Jump up ^ `` Madalyn Murray O'Hair Playboy Interview - Antitheist Atheist '' . Retrieved 18 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Madalyn Murray O'Hair 1970 Short Film Part 6 '' . Retrieved 18 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : MacCormack , John ( 1999 - 07 - 29 ) . `` Lucky Break '' . Dallas Observer . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : Bryce , Robert ( 1999 - 06 - 04 ) . `` Preying on Atheists '' . The Austin Chronicle . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : Milloy , Ross E. ( March 16 , 2001 ) . `` Bodies Identified as Those of Missing Atheist and Kin '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Jim Vertuno ( January 25 , 2001 ) , Times Daily , Judge closes hearing in O'Hair disappearance Jump up ^ McAnally , Amber ( 2001 - 04 - 02 ) . `` Waters sentenced for role in O'Hair murder '' . The Daily Texan . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2008 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 01 . Jump up ^ MacCormack , John ( 2001 - 02 - 01 ) . `` Dead Giveaway '' . Dallas Observer . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` People & Ideas : Madalyn Murray O'Hair '' . God In America . PBS . Retrieved 22 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Jean L. ; Laborde , Cecile ( eds . ) . Religion , Secularism , and Constitutional Democracy . 2016 : Columbia University Press . p. 230 . Jump up ^ `` Godless in America ( TV Movie 2006 ) - IMDb '' . IMDb . Retrieved 18 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Religious Broadcasting Rumor Denied '' . Federal Communications Commission . 2014 - 02 - 24 . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 21 . A rumor has been circulating since 1975 that the late Madalyn Murray O'Hair , a widely known , self - proclaimed atheist , proposed the Federal Communications Commission ( FCC ) consider limiting or banning religious programming . These rumors are untrue . In December 1974 , Jeremy D. Lansman and Lorenzo W. Milam filed a petition ( RM - 2493 ) asking the FCC to inquire into the operating practices of stations licensed to religious organizations , and not to grant any new licenses for new noncommercial educational broadcast stations until the inquiry had been completed . The FCC denied this petition on August 1 , 1975 . Ms. O'Hair was not a sponsor of this petition . Since that time , the FCC has received mail and telephone calls claiming that Ms. O'Hair started the petition and that the petition asked for an end to religious programs on radio and television . These rumors are false . ' The FCC has responded to numerous inquiries about these rumors and advised the public they are not true . There is no federal law that gives the FCC the authority to prohibit radio and television stations from broadcasting religious programs . Jump up ^ Emery , David ( 2007 - 10 - 19 ) . `` Petition Number 2493 : Pastor Removal from Television '' . Urban Legends . About.com . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 21 . Circulating via email , new variants of a decades - old petition expressing outrage over the alleged attempt by atheists to force a ban on religious broadcasting in the United States . Description : Email petition Circulating since : March 2003 ( Dobson version ) Status : False ^ Jump up to : Mikkelson , Barbara ( 2009 - 06 - 02 ) . `` Petition to Ban Religious Broadcasting '' . snopes.com . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` I 've received an e-mail about prayers and signatures needed to stop Petition 2493 . Is it true ? '' . Focus on the Family . 2011 - 10 - 31 . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 21 . I 've received an e-mail petition requesting that I sign a petition . It says : Christian broadcasting is going to be removed from radio and television or , Christmas carols and Christmas programs will be removed from all public schools or , Dr. Dobson is going to be on CNBC requesting prayer or , Madalyn Murray O'Hair has Petition 2493 in front of the Federal Communications Commission ( FCC ) and is attempting to have all religious programming banned or , Madalyn Murray O'Hair was behind the removal of `` Touched by an Angel '' from television programming or , Joel Osteen and other pastors will be removed from public broadcasting or , a combination of any of the above , or something that sounds similar to any of the above . Jump up ^ `` I 've received an e-mail about prayers and signatures needed to stop Petition 2493 . Is it true ? '' . custhelp.com . Jump up ^ `` First atheist monument on government property unveiled '' . The Independent Florida Alligator . Retrieved 27 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Atheists unveil monument in Florida and promise to build 50 more '' . Retrieved 27 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Fallon , Kevin ( 2017 - 03 - 21 ) . `` ' The Most Hated Woman in America ' : Melissa Leo on the Murder of Atheist Madalyn Murray O'Hair '' . The Daily Beast . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 25 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Madalyn Murray O'Hair . Biography of O'Hair at Rotten.com 1968 debate between Baptist minister Walter Martin and O'Hair -- MP3 file FBI Records : The Vault - Madalyn Murray O'Hair at fbi.gov Madalyn Murray O'Hair on IMDb Madalyn Murray O'Hair at NNDB Madalyn Murray O'Hair vs. Religious Broadcasting at urbanlegends.about.com Meeting Satan Herself : An evening with Madalyn Murray O'Hair : 14 September 1977 The Murder of Madalyn Murray O'Hair : America 's Most Hated Woman Crime Magazine Preceded by None President of American Atheists 1963 -- 1986 ( de jure ) 1986 -- 1995 ( de facto ) ( passed title to Jon Garth Murray in 1986 , but remained de facto President until her murder ) Succeeded by Jon Garth Murray ( hide ) Criticism of religion By religion Buddhism Christianity Catholic Opus Dei Jehovah 's Witnesses Latter Day Saint movement Protestantism Seventh - day Adventist Unification Church Westboro Baptist Church Hinduism Islam Islamism Twelver Shia Islam Wahhabism Jainism Judaism Monotheism New religious movement Scientology Sikhism Yazdânism Zoroastrianism Religious texts Bible Quran Hadiths Mormon sacred texts Book of Mormon Talmud Religious figures Aisha Charles Taze Russell Ellen White Jesus Moses Muhammad Mirza Ghulam Ahmad Saul Religious violence Buddhism Christianity Mormonism Judaism Islam Terrorism Christian Hindu Islamic Jewish Persecution Christian thought on persecution and tolerance War In Islam In Judaism Sectarian violence By country India Anti-Christian violence In Odisha Nigeria Pakistan Books Atheist Manifesto Breaking the Spell : Religion as a Natural Phenomenon Christianity Unveiled God in the Age of Science ? God Is Not Great God : The Failed Hypothesis Letter to a Christian Nation The Age of Reason The Blind Watchmaker The Caged Virgin The End of Faith The God Delusion The Rage Against God Why I Am Not a Christian Why I Am Not a Muslim Movements Agnosticism Antitheism Atheism Criticism of atheism Cārvāka New Atheism Nontheistic religions Parody religion VIAF : 119486527 LCCN : n50025063 SUDOC : 087181061 IATH : w6bz6m3n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Madalyn_Murray_O%27Hair&oldid=802270983 '' Categories : American Atheists ( organization ) 1919 births 1995 deaths 20th - century atheists 20th - century American women writers 20th - century American writers American anti -- Vietnam War activists American anarchists American atheists American feminists American critics American political activists American social activists American socialists American feminist writers American women activists American magazine publishers ( people ) American women writers American non-fiction writers American political writers American social commentators American columnists American skeptics American essayists American women essayists American pro-choice activists American birth control activists American social workers American people of Scottish descent American people of German descent American people of German - Jewish descent Anarcha - feminists Antitheists Anti-nationalists Ashland University alumni Atheism in the United States Free speech activists Activists for African - American civil rights Anti-racism activists Atheist feminists Atheist philosophers Atheist socialists Atheist writers Libertarian socialists Anarchist writers Anarchist theorists Critics of creationism Critics of the Catholic Church Social critics Counterculture of the 1960s Kidnapped American people First Amendment scholars Murdered activists Murdered anarchists Murdered American writers Murdered women writers Writers from Pittsburgh Writers from Austin , Texas Writers from Baltimore Pseudonymous writers Writers from Toledo , Ohio People murdered in Texas Socialist feminists South Texas College of Law alumni Members of the Socialist Workers Party ( United States ) Women critics Women founders 1995 murders in the United States Deaths by strangulation in the United States Formerly missing people found dead Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from September 2015 Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote تۆرکجه Deutsch Español فارسی Français Italiano עברית മലയാളം مصرى Português Română Simple English Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 25 September 2017 , at 02 : 15 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who was responsible for removing prayer from schools | [
"Madalyn Murray O'Hair (née Mays; April 13, 1919 – September 29, 1995),[1] who also used multiple pseudonyms (her most preferred being M. Bible),[2] was an American activist, founder of American Atheists, and the organization's president from 1963 to 1986. She created the first issues of American Atheist Magazine. One of her sons, Jon Garth Murray, became the nominal president of the organization from 1986 to 1995, but she remained de facto president during these nine years."
] | [
"Madalyn Murray O'Hair"
] |
-5390060305771057993 | Beauty & the Beast (2012 TV series) | Beauty & the Beast ( 2012 TV series ) - wikipedia Beauty & the Beast ( 2012 TV series ) Beauty & the Beast Also known as Beauty and the Beast Genre Police procedural Science fiction Suspense Based on Beauty and the Beast by Ron Koslow Developed by Sherri Cooper - Landsman Jennifer Levin Starring Kristin Kreuk Jay Ryan Max Brown Austin Basis Nina Lisandrello Sendhil Ramamurthy Brian White Nicole Gale Anderson Amber Skye Noyes Michael Roark Theme music composer Mark Isham Composer ( s ) Jim Guttridge Sean Hosein Claude Foisy Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 70 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Brian Peterson ( season 1 ) Kelly Souders ( season 1 ) Gary Fleder Sherri Cooper - Landsman Jennifer Levin Bill Haber Ron Koslow Paul Junger Witt Tony Thomas Frank Siracusa John Weber C. Anthony Thomas Brad Kern ( seasons 2 -- 4 ) Producer ( s ) Michael Maschio Thom Pretak Roger Grant Kevin Lafferty Mairzee Almas Location ( s ) Toronto , Ontario , Canada New York City , NY Cinematography D. Gregor Hagey David A. Makin David Greene Bruce Chun Theo van de Sande Editor ( s ) Padraic McKinley Jim Towne Juan Garcia Monty DeGraff Terrell Clegg Robert Ivison Sunny Hodge John Peter Bernardo Fred Peterson Stan Salfas Aaron Rottinghaus Running time 40 -- 42 minutes Production company ( s ) Witt / Thomas Productions Whizbang Films Take 5 Productions CBS Television Studios Distributor CBS Television Distribution Release Original network The CW Picture format 1080i ( HDTV ) 480i ( SDTV ) Audio format Stereo Dolby Digital 5.1 Original release October 11 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 11 ) -- September 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 15 ) Chronology Related shows Beauty and the Beast ( 1987 -- 1990 ) External links Website Production website Beauty & the Beast is an American television series filmed in Toronto , Canada , very loosely inspired by the 1987 CBS series of the same name , developed by Sherri Cooper - Landsman and Jennifer Levin that premiered October 11 , 2012 , on The CW . Kristin Kreuk and Jay Ryan star in the title roles alongside Austin Basis , Nina Lisandrello , Nicole Gale Anderson , Sendhil Ramamurthy , Max Brown , Brian J. White , Amber Skye Noyes , and Michael Roark . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast and characters 3 Development 3.1 Conception 3.2 Production 3.3 Crew 3.4 Casting 4 Episodes 5 Reception 6 Ratings 7 Awards and nominations 8 Broadcast 9 Tie - ins 9.1 Novels 10 DVD releases 11 References 12 External links Plot ( edit ) Catherine Chandler witnessed her mother 's murder and almost killed herself until someone -- or something -- saved her . Nine years later , now working as a detective for the NYPD , a case leads her to Vincent Keller , an ex-soldier believed to have been killed in action during military service , who is actually alive . As Catherine comes to know him , she finds out more about her mother 's murder and about who -- and what -- Vincent really is . Cast and characters ( edit ) See also : List of Beauty & the Beast ( 2012 TV series ) characters Kristin Kreuk as Catherine Chandler Jay Ryan as Vincent Keller Austin Basis as J.T. Forbes Nina Lisandrello as Tess Vargas Brian White as Joe Bishop ( season 1 ) Max Brown as Evan Marks ( season 1 ; guest , season 4 ) Sendhil Ramamurthy as Gabriel Lowen ( seasons 1 -- 2 ) Amber Skye Noyes as Tori Windsor ( season 2 ) Nicole Gale Anderson as Heather Chandler ( seasons 3 -- 4 ; recurring , seasons 1 -- 2 ) Michael Roark as Kyle Johnson ( season 4 ) Development ( edit ) Jennifer Levin and Sherri Cooper - Landsman promoting the show at Comic - Con `` What 's beauty and what 's beast ? There are both of those things in all of us . '' Sherri Cooper - Landsman , executive producer Conception ( edit ) The CW officially began developing the series in September 2011 . The project was described as `` a modern - day romantic love story with a procedural twist , '' unlike the original series which was a romantic drama with mystery and suspense elements . The show is the first project that Mark Pedowitz developed when he joined the network . Production ( edit ) The network ordered a pilot of the series in January 2012 . The pilot of the show was filmed in Toronto , Canada from March 22 to April 2 , 2012 . It was picked up by The CW on May 11 , 2012 , and was scheduled to premiere during the 2012 -- 13 television season . Filming of the first season continued in Toronto from July 27 and production on the thirteenth episode was completed on December 21 , 2012 . On November 9 , 2012 , a full season was ordered . On April 26 , 2013 , Beauty & the Beast was renewed for a second season . Filming of Beauty & the Beast was split between New York City , NY and Toronto from the second season . On May 8 , 2014 , Beauty & the Beast was renewed for a third season . Filming on season three commenced on August 29 , 2014 , and ended on February 12 , 2015 . On February 13 , 2015 , The CW renewed the series for a fourth season , before the third season began airing . On October 13 , 2015 , it was announced that the upcoming fourth season would be its last . Filming of the fourth and final season began on May 29 , 2015 and ended on November 17 , 2015 . The final season premiered on June 2 , 2016 , before concluding on September 15 , 2016 . Crew ( edit ) Producers Sherri Cooper - Landsman , Jennifer Levin , Ron Koslow , Gary Fleder , Paul Junger Witt , Frank Siracusa , Tony Thomas , John Weber , Bill Haber , C. Anthony Thomas and current showruner Brad Kern have served as executive producers . Roger Grant , Kevin Lafferty , Thom J. Pretak , Mairzee Almas and Michael J. Maschio serve as producers . Other producers on the show include Stuart Gillard , John A. Norris , Holly Henderson , Don Whitehead , Courtney Kemp Agboh , and Eric Tuchman as co-executive producers ; Bill Goddard , Blair Singer , and Melissa Glenn as co-producers ; Sean Sforza , Julie Lawrence , Kyle MacDonald , and Larry Goldstein as associate producers ; Rick Bota as supervising producer ; and Jeff Rake , R.R.K. Sinclair , and Rebecca Sinclair as consulting producers . Writers Sherri Cooper - Landsman and Jennifer Levin serve as executive producers and writers on the series alongside Brad Kern who joined the series as an executive producer beginning with the second season . Writers on the series include : Roger Grant , Blair Singer , Kelly Souders , Brian Wayne Peterson , John A. Norris , Eric Tuchman , Allison Moore , Emily Silver , Wendy Straker Hauser , Holly Henderson , Don Whitehead , Jeff Rake , Brian Studler , Pamela Sue Anton , Melissa Glenn , and Rupa Magge . Directors Directors who 've worked on the series include : Rick Bota , Stuart Gillard , Steven A. Adelson , Morris Claiborne , Mairzee Almas , Bradley Walsh , Fred Gerber , Kevin Fair , Mike Rohl , Gary Fleder , Paul Fox , P.J. Pesce , Paul A. Kaufman , Scott Peters , Jeff Renfroe , Michael Robison , Lee Rose , Rick Rosenthal , Bobby Roth , Norma Bailey , Grant Harvey , Allan Kroeker , Rich Newey , and Sudz Sutherland . Casting ( edit ) Casting announcements began in February 2012 , when Kristin Kreuk was first cast in the lead role of Catherine Chandler . Austin Basis was then cast in the role of J.T. Forbes , Vincent 's best friend . Nina Lisandrello and Nicole Gale Anderson were then added to the cast , with Lisandrello landing the role of Tess Vargas , Catherine 's partner and best friend . Anderson signed on to the recurring role of Heather Chandler , Catherine 's younger sister . Jay Ryan joined the series in the second lead role , Vincent Keller ( the character was originally called Vincent Koslow , though in the original series , Vincent had no last name ) . Max Brown signed on for the role of Dr. Evan Marks , a medical examiner who has feelings for Catherine . Brian White was the last actor to sign onto the series . White joined in the role of Joe Bishop , Catherine and Tess ' commanding officer at the NYPD , who becomes romantically involved with Tess . White 's character of Joe Bishop was not included in the second season of the series ; the story line was that Bishop lost his job because he focused too much attention on finding the killer of his brother instead of performing his duties . Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of Beauty & the Beast ( 2012 TV series ) episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 22 October 11 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 11 ) May 16 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 16 ) 22 October 7 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 07 ) July 7 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 07 ) 13 June 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 11 ) September 10 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 10 ) 13 June 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 02 ) September 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 15 ) Reception ( edit ) Beauty & the Beast has received negative reviews from critics . The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 20 % approval rating with an average rating of 3.2 / 10 based on 30 reviews for the first season . The website 's consensus reads , `` A thoroughly middling romantic fantasy series , Beauty and the Beast suffers from a silly premise , mediocre writing , and bland characterization . '' The series was given a 33 out of 100 score on Metacritic , indicating `` generally unfavorable '' reviews from 19 critics . Kyle Anderson of Entertainment Weekly gave the pilot of Beauty & the Beast a C - grade , stating that it lacks the same charm that the 1980s drama had , and that ' The Beast ' is more of a Hulk rather than an actual beast . David Wiegand of the San Francisco Chronicle called the series an `` overheated , badly written , wretchedly acted and unconvincing drama , which makes mincemeat out of the traditional beauty and the beast fairy tale '' . Mary McNamara of the Los Angeles Times also made similar observations but praised Nina Lisandrello who still remains as the only cast member in the show to ever receive a positive review . About Lisandrello , McNamara wrote `` the only point of light is provided by Catherine 's partner , Tess , who , as played with great common - sense appeal by Nina Lisandrello , clearly deserves to be on a better show . '' More mixed but slightly favorable reviews were provided by David Hinckley of the New York Daily News , who said the series was `` such a natural it 's downright devilish '' and Neil Genzlinger of The New York Times , who stated the `` girl - power themes will probably play well to the network 's core audience . '' Ratings ( edit ) Season Timeslot ( ET ) No. of episodes Premiered Ended TV season Rank Viewers ( in millions ) Date Premiere viewers ( in millions ) Date Finale viewers ( in millions ) Thursday 9 p.m. 22 October 11 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 11 ) 2.78 May 16 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 16 ) 1.26 2012 -- 2013 # 138 1.78 Monday 9 p.m. 22 October 7 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 07 ) 0.86 July 7 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 07 ) 0.76 2013 -- 2014 # 171 1.24 Thursday 8 p.m. 13 June 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 11 ) 0.88 September 10 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 10 ) 0.76 2014 -- 2015 N / A N / A Thursday 9 p.m. 13 June 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 02 ) 0.83 September 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 15 ) 0.70 2015 -- 2016 N / A N / A Awards and nominations ( edit ) The show has been honored with acknowledgements from the People 's Choice Awards , Teen Choice Awards and Saturn Awards as well as the Leo Awards , Canadian Screen Awards , the American Society of Cinematographers , the Canadian Society of Cinematographers and the Directors Guild of Canada . Accolades for Beauty & the Beast Year Result Award Category Recipients 2012 Nominated E ! Golden Remote Award New Fall Show You 're Most Excited For Beauty & the Beast 2013 Won People 's Choice Award Favorite New TV Drama Beauty & the Beast Nominated Teen Choice Award Choice TV Show : Fantasy / Sci - Fi Beauty & the Beast Nominated Choice TV Actress : Fantasy / Sci - Fi Kristin Kreuk Nominated Saturn Award Best Youth - Oriented Series on Television Beauty & the Beast 2014 Won People 's Choice Award Favorite Sci - Fi / Fantasy TV Show Beauty & the Beast Won Favorite Sci - Fi / Fantasy TV Actress Kristin Kreuk Nominated ASC Award Outstanding Achievement in Cinematography in One - Hour Episodic Television Series David Greene ( `` Tough Love '' ) Nominated Leo Award Best Direction in a Dramatic Series Steven A. Adelson ( `` Any Means Possible '' ) Nominated Teen Choice Award Choice TV Actress : Sci - Fi / Fantasy Kristin Kreuk Nominated DGC Craft Award Direction - Television Series Rick Roseenthal ( `` Partners in Crime '' ) 2015 Won People 's Choice Award Favorite Network Sci - Fi / Fantasy TV Show Beauty & the Beast Won Favorite Sci - Fi / Fantasy TV Actress Kristin Kreuk Nominated CSC Award Best Cinematography in a TV Series David A. Makin Nominated Canadian Screen Award Best Production Design or Art Direction in a Fiction Program or Series Cheryl Dorsey , Peter Emmink , Doug McCullough ( `` Déjà Vu '' ) Nominated DGC Craft Award Production Design - TV Series Doug McCullough ( `` Déjà Vu '' ) 2016 Won People 's Choice Award Favorite Sci - Fi / Fantasy TV Show Beauty & the Beast Nominated Canadian Screen Award Best Visual Effects Robert Vandenhoek Nominated Achievement in Visual Effects Jeff Skochko 2017 Nominated Canadian Society of Cinematographers Award TV Series Cinematography David A. Makin ( `` Monsieur et Madame Bête '' ) Broadcast ( edit ) TVGN aired the first four episodes of the second season of the show back to back from May 11 , 2014 . This was the first syndication style broadcast of the show in the United States . The first four seasons have also been released to stream on Netflix in some regions and on iTunes . In Greece Alpha TV premiered in March 27 , 2018 the series . Tie - ins ( edit ) Novels ( edit ) A series of tie - in novels , written by Nancy Holder , have been published through Titan Books . Book Title Release date Vendetta November 25 , 2014 Some Gave All March 31 , 2015 Fire at Sea May 31 , 2016 DVD releases ( edit ) Name Release dates Ep # Additional information Region 1 Region 2 Region 4 The First Season October 1 , 2013 March 10 , 2014 April 23 , 2014 22 Features Deleted Scenes Gag Reel Season in Review : The Beginning Dressing the Beauty Creating the Beast Commentary on `` Pilot '' The Second Season May 19 , 2015 March 9 , 2015 December 3 , 2015 22 Features Deleted Scenes Gag Reel Season in Review : The Beast is Back From Script to Screen : Creating an Episode Set Tour : The Gentleman 's Club The Third Season May 10 , 2016 March 14 , 2016 June 2 , 2016 13 Features Deleted Scenes Gag Reel Season In Review : The Beast Strikes Again A Day In The Life Of The Writers ' Room The Fourth Season December 6 , 2016 March 13 , 2017 May 7 , 2017 13 Features Deleted Scenes Gag Reel Season In Review : Farewell to the Beast Closing a Chapter -- A Fond Farewell The Complete Series May 30 , 2017 70 Features Deleted Scenes Gag Reel References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( August 13 , 2012 ) . `` Fall 2012 TV Premiere Dates '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved September 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Byrne , Craig ( July 29 , 2012 ) . `` Interview : Sherri Cooper & Jennifer Levin Talk About The CW 's Beauty And The Beast '' . KSite TV . Jump up ^ `` The CW Developing its Own ' Beauty and the Beast ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . September 15 , 2011 . Retrieved May 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie . `` The CW Gives Pilot Orders To ' Arrow ' , ' The Carrie Diaries ' & ' Beauty And The Beast ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gamei , Tariq ( March 22 , 2012 ) . `` CW pilots -- Filming dates ( Spoilers ) '' . SpoilerTV.com . Retrieved May 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ; Rose , Lacey ( May 11 , 2012 ) . `` CW 's ' Carrie Diaries , ' ' Arrow , ' ' Cult , ' ' First Cut , ' ' Beauty and the Beast ' Ordered to Series '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Productions currently filming in Toronto '' ( PDF ) . Toronto Film and Television Office . October 19 , 2012 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 27 , 2012 . Retrieved October 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The CW Orders Full Season of Freshman `` Beauty and the Beast '' `` . The CW . November 9 , 2012 . Archived from the original on January 27 , 2013 . Retrieved January 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 26 , 2013 ) . `` ' Hart of Dixie ' & ' Beauty and the Beast ' Renewed by The CW + ' The Originals ' Ordered to Series '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 8 , 2014 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast ' , ' The 100 ' and ' Hart of Dixie ' Renewed by The CW '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Day One of 301 in the can . This is the script ! '' . Twitter . August 29 , 2014 . Retrieved February 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` # BATB # blocking a scene # last # day # filming '' . Twitter . February 12 , 2015 . Retrieved February 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 13 , 2015 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Renewed for Fourth Season '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hurley , Laura ( October 13 , 2015 ) . `` Beauty And The Beast Has Been Cancelled '' . Cinema Blend . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty And The Beast - Season 4 - Filming Dates Revealed '' . SpoilerTV. April 11 , 2015 . Retrieved April 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( February 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' Containment ' , ' Reign ' , ' Beauty & The Beast ' Get Midseason Premiere Dates On The CW '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved February 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Michael Ausiello ( February 16 , 2012 ) . `` Kristin Kreuk Cast in Beauty and the Beast -- The CW '' . TVLine . Retrieved May 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Nellie Andreeva ( February 16 , 2012 ) . `` Jean Smart Joins ABC 's ' Smart One ' , TNT 's ' Chelsea General ' & CW 's ' Beauty ' Add Cast '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved September 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Development Update : Friday , February 24 '' . The Futon Critic . February 24 , 2012 . Retrieved September 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( March 2 , 2012 ) . `` Jay Ryan Cast in The Beauty and the Beast -- The CW '' . TV Line . Retrieved May 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 12 , 2012 ) . `` CW 's ' Beauty & The Beast ' , ' First Cut ' Add To Casts ; Jon Bernthal Set For TNT 's ' Noir ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved September 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Development Update : Friday , March 16 '' . The Futon Critic . March 16 , 2012 . Retrieved September 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.rottentomatoes.com/tv/beauty-and-the-beast/s01/ Jump up ^ `` Beauty and the Beast ( 2012 ) : Season 1 Reviews , Ratings , Credits and More '' . Metacritic . October 10 , 2012 . Retrieved October 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Kyle ( October 11 , 2012 ) . `` Tonight 's Best TV -- Beauty and the Beast '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on May 2 , 2013 . Retrieved October 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Wiegand , David ( October 9 , 2012 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast , ' ' Arrow ' reviews '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved October 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ McNamara , Mary ( October 11 , 2012 ) . `` Review : This ' Beauty and the Beast ' is n't such a beaut '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved December 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hinckley , David ( October 11 , 2012 ) . `` TV Review : ' Beauty and the Beast ' '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved October 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Genzlinger , Neil ( October 9 , 2012 ) . `` Castaways Gain New Leases on Lives of Promise '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 12 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' and ' Two and a Half Men ' Adjusted Up ; ' Up All Night ' , ' Beauty and the Beast ' and ' 30 Rock Adjusted Down ; No Adjustment for ' The Vampire Diaries ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 17 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Hannibal ' , ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' The Vampire Diaries ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' & ' Office ' Retrospective Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic ( May 23 , 2013 ) . `` Full 2012 - 2013 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Deadline . Retrieved May 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 8 , 2013 ) . `` Monday Final TV Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' Mom ' , ' Sleepy Hollow ' , ' How I Met Your Mother ' , ' Bones ' , ' 2 Broke Girls ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Blacklist ' , ' Dancing With the Stars ' , ' Beauty and the Beast ' & ' Castle ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( July 9 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' MasterChef ' Adjusted Up ; ' 24 : Live Another Day ' & ' American Ninja Warrior ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 12 , 2014 . Retrieved July 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ http://www-deadline-com.vimg.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Primetime-ratings-total-audience-2013-2014-table-updated__140523003932.jpg Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( June 12 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Bones ' Adjusted Up & Final Basketball Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 11 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Big Brother ' Adjusted Up + Final Football Ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 3 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : NBA Finals tops 2015 's Game 1 , ' Big Bang ' adjusts up , ' American Grit ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 16 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : NFL adjusts up , down from last season 's Thursday opener '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ O'Neil , Lorena ( December 15 , 2014 ) . `` Here Are the Movies and TV Shows Coming to Netflix in January '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( March 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' - Studio Confirms ' The Complete Series ' DVD Set ; Provides Package Art ; Available in stores from CBS / Paramount at the end of May '' . TVShowsOnDVD . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Beauty & the Beast ( 2012 TV series ) . 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"\nKristin Kreuk as Catherine Chandler\nJay Ryan as Vincent Keller\nAustin Basis as J.T. Forbes\nNina Lisandrello as Tess Vargas\nBrian White as Joe Bishop (season 1)\nMax Brown as Evan Marks (season 1; guest, season 4)\nSendhil Ramamurthy as Gabriel Lowen (seasons 1–2)\nAmber Skye Noyes as Tori Windsor (season 2)\nNicole Gale Anderson as Heather Chandler (seasons 3–4; recurring, seasons 1–2)\nMichael Roark as Kyle Johnson (season 4)\n",
"\nKristin Kreuk as Catherine Chandler\nJay Ryan as Vincent Keller\nAustin Basis as J.T. Forbes\nNina Lisandrello as Tess Vargas\nBrian White as Joe Bishop (season 1)\nMax Brown as Evan Marks (season 1; guest, season 4)\nSendhil Ramamurthy as Gabriel Lowen (seasons 1–2)\nAmber Skye Noyes as Tori Windsor (season 2)\nNicole Gale Anderson as Heather Chandler (seasons 3–4; recurring, seasons 1–2)\nMichael Roark as Kyle Johnson (season 4)\n",
"\nKristin Kreuk as Catherine Chandler\nJay Ryan as Vincent Keller\nAustin Basis as J.T. Forbes\nNina Lisandrello as Tess Vargas\nBrian White as Joe Bishop (season 1)\nMax Brown as Evan Marks (season 1; guest, season 4)\nSendhil Ramamurthy as Gabriel Lowen (seasons 1–2)\nAmber Skye Noyes as Tori Windsor (season 2)\nNicole Gale Anderson as Heather Chandler (seasons 3–4; recurring, seasons 1–2)\nMichael Roark as Kyle Johnson (season 4)\n",
"\nKristin Kreuk as Catherine Chandler\nJay Ryan as Vincent Keller\nAustin Basis as J.T. Forbes\nNina Lisandrello as Tess Vargas\nBrian White as Joe Bishop (season 1)\nMax Brown as Evan Marks (season 1; guest, season 4)\nSendhil Ramamurthy as Gabriel Lowen (seasons 1–2)\nAmber Skye Noyes as Tori Windsor (season 2)\nNicole Gale Anderson as Heather Chandler (seasons 3–4; recurring, seasons 1–2)\nMichael Roark as Kyle Johnson (season 4)\n",
"\nKristin Kreuk as Catherine Chandler\nJay Ryan as Vincent Keller\nAustin Basis as J.T. Forbes\nNina Lisandrello as Tess Vargas\nBrian White as Joe Bishop (season 1)\nMax Brown as Evan Marks (season 1; guest, season 4)\nSendhil Ramamurthy as Gabriel Lowen (seasons 1–2)\nAmber Skye Noyes as Tori Windsor (season 2)\nNicole Gale Anderson as Heather Chandler (seasons 3–4; recurring, seasons 1–2)\nMichael Roark as Kyle Johnson (season 4)\n",
"\nKristin Kreuk as Catherine Chandler\nJay Ryan as Vincent Keller\nAustin Basis as J.T. Forbes\nNina Lisandrello as Tess Vargas\nBrian White as Joe Bishop (season 1)\nMax Brown as Evan Marks (season 1; guest, season 4)\nSendhil Ramamurthy as Gabriel Lowen (seasons 1–2)\nAmber Skye Noyes as Tori Windsor (season 2)\nNicole Gale Anderson as Heather Chandler (seasons 3–4; recurring, seasons 1–2)\nMichael Roark as Kyle Johnson (season 4)\n",
"\nKristin Kreuk as Catherine Chandler\nJay Ryan as Vincent Keller\nAustin Basis as J.T. Forbes\nNina Lisandrello as Tess Vargas\nBrian White as Joe Bishop (season 1)\nMax Brown as Evan Marks (season 1; guest, season 4)\nSendhil Ramamurthy as Gabriel Lowen (seasons 1–2)\nAmber Skye Noyes as Tori Windsor (season 2)\nNicole Gale Anderson as Heather Chandler (seasons 3–4; recurring, seasons 1–2)\nMichael Roark as Kyle Johnson (season 4)\n",
"\nKristin Kreuk as Catherine Chandler\nJay Ryan as Vincent Keller\nAustin Basis as J.T. Forbes\nNina Lisandrello as Tess Vargas\nBrian White as Joe Bishop (season 1)\nMax Brown as Evan Marks (season 1; guest, season 4)\nSendhil Ramamurthy as Gabriel Lowen (seasons 1–2)\nAmber Skye Noyes as Tori Windsor (season 2)\nNicole Gale Anderson as Heather Chandler (seasons 3–4; recurring, seasons 1–2)\nMichael Roark as Kyle Johnson (season 4)\n",
"\nKristin Kreuk as Catherine Chandler\nJay Ryan as Vincent Keller\nAustin Basis as J.T. Forbes\nNina Lisandrello as Tess Vargas\nBrian White as Joe Bishop (season 1)\nMax Brown as Evan Marks (season 1; guest, season 4)\nSendhil Ramamurthy as Gabriel Lowen (seasons 1–2)\nAmber Skye Noyes as Tori Windsor (season 2)\nNicole Gale Anderson as Heather Chandler (seasons 3–4; recurring, seasons 1–2)\nMichael Roark as Kyle Johnson (season 4)\n",
"\nKristin Kreuk as Catherine Chandler\nJay Ryan as Vincent Keller\nAustin Basis as J.T. Forbes\nNina Lisandrello as Tess Vargas\nBrian White as Joe Bishop (season 1)\nMax Brown as Evan Marks (season 1; guest, season 4)\nSendhil Ramamurthy as Gabriel Lowen (seasons 1–2)\nAmber Skye Noyes as Tori Windsor (season 2)\nNicole Gale Anderson as Heather Chandler (seasons 3–4; recurring, seasons 1–2)\nMichael Roark as Kyle Johnson (season 4)\n"
] | [
"Kristin Kreuk as Catherine Chandler",
"Jay Ryan as Vincent Keller",
"Austin Basis as J.T. Forbes",
"Nina Lisandrello as Tess Vargas",
"Brian White as Joe Bishop (season 1)",
"Max Brown as Evan Marks (season 1; guest, season 4)",
"Sendhil Ramamurthy as Gabriel Lowen (seasons 1–2)",
"Amber Skye Noyes as Tori Windsor (season 2)",
"Nicole Gale Anderson as Heather Chandler (seasons 3–4; recurring, seasons 1–2)",
"Michael Roark as Kyle Johnson (season 4)"
] |
-5191624248156527820 | List of American Horror Story: Coven characters | List of American Horror Story : Coven characters - wikipedia List of American Horror Story : Coven characters Jump to : navigation , search American Horror Story : Coven is the third season of the FX horror anthology series American Horror Story . The season focuses on the oppression of witches , who resides in present - day New Orleans , as they try to combat organized efforts to destroy them posed by shell corporations and a racially charged Voodoo tribe . But while the witches learn to harness their supernatural powers , they learn their biggest threat comes from within the coven in the form of a greedy Supreme Witch , who enlists the help of barbaric serial killers to locate the rising Supreme and kill her so she may remain in power forever . Veteran cast members include Sarah Paulson , Taissa Farmiga , Jessica Lange , Evan Peters , Lily Rabe , Denis O'Hare , and Frances Conroy , while Emma Roberts and Kathy Bates made their debuts . Special guest stars who made appearances include Gabourey Sidibe , Angela Bassett , Danny Huston , and Patti LuPone . Recurring appearances by veteran cast members were made by Jamie Brewer , Alexandra Breckenridge , and Robin Bartlett . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast members 1.1 Main 1.2 Special guest stars 1.3 Recurring 1.4 Guest 2 Characters 2.1 Main characters 2.1. 1 Cordelia Foxx 2.1. 2 Zoe Benson 2.1. 3 Myrtle Snow 2.1. 4 Kyle Spencer 2.1. 5 Misty Day 2.1. 6 Madison Montgomery 2.1. 7 Spalding 2.1. 8 Delphine LaLaurie 2.1. 9 Fiona Goode 2.2 Supporting characters 2.3 Minor characters Cast members ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Sarah Paulson as Cordelia Foxx Taissa Farmiga as Zoe Benson Frances Conroy as Myrtle Snow Evan Peters as Kyle Spencer Lily Rabe as Misty Day Emma Roberts as Madison Montgomery Denis O'Hare as Spalding Kathy Bates as Delphine LaLaurie Jessica Lange as Fiona Goode Special guest stars ( edit ) Angela Bassett as Marie Laveau Gabourey Sidibe as Queenie Danny Huston as the Axeman Patti LuPone as Joan Ramsey Stevie Nicks as herself Recurring ( edit ) Jamie Brewer as Nan Josh Hamilton as Hank Foxx Alexander Dreymon as Luke Ramsey Lance Reddick as Papa Legba Michael Cristofer as Harrison Renard Leslie Jordan as Quentin Fleming Robin Bartlett as Cecily Pembroke Christine Ebersole as Anna - Lee Leighton Alexandra Breckenridge as Kaylee Mare Winningham as Alicia Spencer Grey Damon as Brener Ian Anthony Dale as Dr. David Zhong Lance E. Nichols as Detective Sanchez Grace Gummer as Millie Andrew Leeds as Dr. Dunphy Gavin Stenhouse as Billy P.J. Boudousqué as Jimmy Kyle Secor as Bill Guest ( edit ) Ameer Baraka as Minotaur Dana Gourrier as Chantal Raeden Greer as Pauline LaLaurie Jennifer Lynn Warren as Borquita LaLaurie Ashlynn Ross as Marie Jeanne LaLaurie Scott Michael Jefferson as Louis LaLaurie James DuMont as Dr. Morrison Characters ( edit ) Main characters ( edit ) Cordelia Foxx ( edit ) Cordelia Foxx ( portrayed by Sarah Paulson ) is the `` disappointing '' and infertile daughter of the current Supreme , Fiona Goode , and the practical headmistress of Miss Robichaux 's Academy . She is protective of her students , content with her role , and prefers to settle conflict in a peaceful manner , opposing her mother 's beliefs . However , Cordelia never backs down from doing what is best for the Coven and her students , even when that means attempting to murder her own mother , or committing self - mutilation . In `` Fearful Pranks Ensue '' , an unknown assailant throws sulphuric acid on her face when she is in a restaurant bathroom and Cordelia is blinded . As a result , Cordelia develops the gift of Second Sight , which enables her to receive visions of the past and future . This new power leads her to discover her husband Hank 's infidelity , as well as the other dark secrets of Coven members . Growing in confidence from this ability and her mother 's ever - weakening state , Cordelia begins to develop other powers and takes a more assertive leadership role when freed from her mother 's shadow . Cordelia is talented at mixing potions due to her proficiency and knowledge of botany and magical plants . Cordelia 's relationship with Fiona is complicated and contentious , and Cordelia considers Myrtle Snow , whom Cordelia calls `` Auntie Myrtle '' , her substitute mother and role model . Her personal hell is pathetically begging for her mother 's approval and being slapped for it on eternal loop . Cordelia assumes the title of Supreme after completing the 7 Wonders on the urging of Myrtle , the resulting surge of energy healing her wounded eyes . For her performance , Paulson was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Miniseries or a Movie . Zoe Benson ( edit ) Zoe Benson ( portrayed by Taissa Farmiga ) is a shy , young girl who discovers she is a witch in `` Bitchcraft '' , when she accidentally kills her boyfriend Charlie by causing him to have a severe brain aneurysm and subsequently dying when they have sex for the first time . She is then sent to Miss Robichaux 's Academy by her mother , who knew of her family 's genetic affliction and is afraid of Zoe 's power . Zoe accompanies Madison Montgomery to a college party where she meets and falls in love at first sight with Kyle Spencer , a university student -- however , Kyle is murdered by Madison that same night . Obsessed and depressed with Kyle 's death , Zoe brings about his eventual resurrection . With Kyle 's support , Zoe quickly becomes a more assertive witch and a strong contender for the next Supreme , growing from the nervous , innocent and frightened young witch into a woman willing to kill for her sister witches and the Coven . Zoe often acts as a leader and is an influence on the other students , encouraging them to act as a united team -- though she frequently comes into conflict with Madison . Unlike the other students , she is also very proficient at casting spells . In `` Burn , Witch . Burn ! '' , she demonstrates her power when she breaks a strong curse placed on the undead by voodoo priestess Marie Laveau . She also develops undefined intuitive abilities and several other powers . Her strong - willed naiveté often leads her into trouble , such as when she unwittingly revives the Axeman . Her personal version of hell is Kyle continuously breaking up with her and saying he no longer loves her . Myrtle Snow ( edit ) Myrtle Snow ( portrayed by Frances Conroy as old Myrtle , Michelle Page as young Myrtle ) is the eccentric head of the Witches ' Council with shocking orange hair . Though she adores Fiona 's daughter Cordelia as her own , Myrtle holds a lifelong grudge against Fiona , whom she ( correctly ) believes murdered the previous Supreme while the two were together at school , and makes frequent attempts to denounce or overthrow her . Fiona , in turn , scape - goats , frames , and eventually ( ineffectually ) burns Myrtle at the stake . Myrtle is a graduate and former headmistress of Miss Robichaux 's Academy . Myrtle is a Guardian of Veracity in the Vernacular , which means she has the ability to know when the truth is being told and can detect lies . She can enchant others so they will utter nothing but the truth , and she is also seen using telekinesis , which is her favorite of the powers that she possesses . Myrtle also has the power of transmutation ( teleportation ) and uses it frequently , disappearing and reappearing throughout the Academy . Myrtle is a traveled gourmand who adores exquisite food , haute couture , jewelry , romance , and associating with fashion designers . Fiercely loyal to the Coven as a whole ( though this does not stop her from gleefully murdering the remaining members of the Witches ' Council ) and to Cordelia , Myrtle wants what is best for their future and believes Misty Day or Zoe to be the strongest candidates for future Supreme . Myrtle 's last word before her second and final death is `` Balenciaga '' . For her performance , Conroy was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Miniseries or a Movie . Kyle Spencer ( edit ) Kyle Spencer ( portrayed by Evan Peters ) is a cheerful college student on a scholarship , and the leader of his fraternity . He falls in love with Zoe at first sight . The victim of extensive sexual abuse , Kyle worked hard to earn a scholarship and escape poverty for college , and Kyle 's dream was to become a civil engineer and ensure a catastrophe like Hurricane Katrina would never happen again . He is killed at the beginning of the season , when Madison flips over a bus he is riding in . He is later revived in the morgue using a spell cast by Zoe and Madison , after his severed head is attached to various body parts from other victims of the crash . He suffers severe drawbacks after his resurrection -- such as rarely being able to speak , suffering fits of murderous rage , and often being confused , as a child would be . Kyle enters into a menage - a-trois relationship with Zoe and Madison , and becomes the `` guard dog '' of the Coven . Kyle chooses Zoe exclusively once he fully regains his mental abilities . Eventually , Kyle becomes the new butler of the Academy , taking over Spalding 's role . Misty Day ( edit ) Misty Day ( portrayed by Lily Rabe ) is a young witch who is not associated with a Coven of her own . She was discovered as a witch after being ostracized and burned alive by her Pentecostal community for exhibiting the extremely rare `` gift of resurgence '' ( the ability to fully resurrect the long dead , as opposed to the Seven Wonders ' vitalum vitalis , which merely balances life forces between the healthy witch performing it , and the ill / just dead receiver ) . Her death made the news and Misty was thought to be dead , but she mysteriously revived herself and spends her time alone walking through the swamps . She is a lonely woman who is obsessed with Stevie Nicks , believing her to be a kindred spirit and a white witch . Misty is kind , despises killing , and is desperate to find a place where she 'll belong as family , though she is reluctant at first to become the next Supreme everyone assumes she will be . She helps heal Kyle 's body after Zoe and Madison revive him with a spell , and also ends up using her healing powers to revive Myrtle Snow after Myrtle is burned at the stake . Her powers seem limited based on the amount of time the body has been dead , as observed in `` The Axeman Cometh '' , when she struggles to revive Madison , who had been dead for weeks . She has also shown minor abilities controlling animals , such as making the alligators attack the poachers and also calling animals away from Myrtle 's charred body . Misty has demonstrated telekinetic abilities and has also been observed manifesting in other areas at will , potentially demonstrating teleportation ability . Misty 's personal hell is a memory from her school days , where she revives a dead frog meant for dissection in order to save it , only to be forced to murder it herself as she screams and her classmates laugh at her , and then , when she revives it again , the murder and laughter repeat . Misty perishes when she can not escape her personal hell within the allotted time , her body reduced to ash in the physical world . Madison Montgomery ( edit ) Madison Montgomery ( portrayed by Emma Roberts ) is a young Hollywood star who makes $7 million a picture . She finds out that she 's a witch after using her unknown Telekinesis to murder her director who annoyed and mistreated her . She had been in and out of rehab for many years and was the sole support of her parasitic family from a very young age . In `` Bitchcraft '' after being drugged and gang raped by the frat boys who film the event , Madison uses her power to flip the frat boy bus in revenge , killing Kyle . She forges a bond with Zoe , who uses her power to kill the surviving ring leader . The two then revive Kyle amateurishly . Madison craves popularity and fashion and proves herself to be the next Supreme after setting the curtains on fire at new neighbour Luke Ramsey ( Alexander Dreymon ) house , displaying a new power in `` The Replacements '' causing Fiona to kill Madison in the exact spot where Fiona killed Anna - Lee Leighton back in 1971 so that Fiona 's chances to stay the Supreme are more likely , regardless of her battle with cancer . She communicates with the girls using a ouija board and is hidden inside Spalding 's room . Misty revives her , but she can not feel any pain or sensation and after her resurrection due to the amount of time she was dead . She begins a love triangle with Kyle and Zoe and becomes more desperate for the throne . In the Seven Wonders , Madison refuses to revive a killed Zoe and fails to complete a challenge causing her to storm out , threatening to reveal the Coven 's secrets to the rest of the world . While packing to leave , Kyle chokes Madison to death for refusing to resurrect Zoe . Spalding ( edit ) Spalding ( portrayed by Denis O'Hare ) is the butler of the Academy . He has been mute since 1971 when he cut off his own tongue to prevent the Witches ' Council from finding out the truth about Anna - Lee 's murder . He has been in unrequited love with Fiona for many years . Spalding is fond of tea parties and has an extensive doll collection that he plays with while dressing in a woman 's nightgown . He adds Madison 's body to his collection . He later is interrogated by Zoe , Nan and Queenie about Madison 's murder , claiming he was responsible , though Zoe is skeptical . Later , Zoe recites an incantation , enchanting Spalding 's tongue and returning it to his mouth . He admits that Fiona was responsible for murdering Madison , due to his tongue being enchanted to tell the truth , and Zoe stabs Spalding in the chest , killing him . After his death , he remains in the Academy as a ghost , and , along with LaLaurie , is responsible for the death of Marie Laveau . He then acts as a mentor to Kyle as the new butler , saying that they are `` the help '' . Delphine LaLaurie ( edit ) Delphine LaLaurie ( portrayed by Kathy Bates ) is based on the true - life New Orleans socialite from the 1830s , infamous for killing and torturing her slaves . To punish Delphine for disfiguring the houseboy , Bastien , the voodoo priestess Marie Laveau tricks Delphine into drinking a potion of eternal life and buries her alive . Delphine is re-discovered by Nan and a war rekindles between the voodoo tribe and the witches when Fiona digs Delphine up and houses her to use as a bargaining chip against Laveau . Delphine is immortal because of Marie Laveau 's potion and can not die . Delphine is a complex , dualistic character , at once pitiable and monstrous . Arrogant and proud , she 's also practical and willing to get her hands dirty . She truly loves her family , but is willing to torture them to keep them from disobeying her . In the Academy , Delphine is required to be Queenie 's slave and the two form a tentatively fond relationship . Queenie 's betrayal smashes Delphine 's trust and inclinations to attempt atonement for her racist ways , and Delphine again takes up her murderous hobbies when tempted . Delphine longs for death , but her personal hell is being locked in a cage in her torture attic , just out of reach of her daughters , and forced to watch her African - American enemy torture her children in front of her , without being able to help . For her performance , Bates was nominated for the Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actress on Television and the Satellite Award for Best Supporting Actress -- Series , Miniseries or Television Film , and won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Miniseries or a Movie . Fiona Goode ( edit ) Fiona Goode ( portrayed by Jessica Lange as adult Fiona , Riley Voelkel as teen Fiona ) is the Supreme witch of her generation , the leader of the Salem witch descendants . She lives a glamorous life of luxury in Los Angeles . She returns to Miss Robichaux 's Academy after the murder of Misty Day with the intention of teaching the young witches to fight , and reconciling with her estranged daughter Cordelia . She yearns for eternal life and looks for any way to get it . Fiona , being the Supreme , embodies countless magical abilities including , but not limited to , telekinesis , pyrokinesis , vitalum vitalis , clairvoyance , concilium , descensum , resurgence , divination , and transmutation . As the Supreme , Fiona has mastered the Seven Wonders , seven magical abilities that signify a witch as the Supreme . Fiona grows terribly ill and develops terminal cancer due to a new Supreme rising within the Coven . She tries at all costs to regain her youth . At first , she attempts to obtain immortality by seeking it from an immortal voodoo priestess Marie Laveau . After failing miserably , she believes the only way to stay alive is to kill the emerging Supreme . She murders several of the students , but still continues to grow weaker . Fiona conspires with the Axeman and fakes her own death by implanting a false vision inside him , revealing that he murdered her . Fiona returns to the Academy to kill the new Supreme -- however , after realizing her daughter has taken her position , Fiona renounces her self - serving , murderous intentions and dies of her cancer . In her own personal hell , Fiona is bound to live in a shack with the Axeman for all eternity . For her performance , Lange was nominated for the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Drama Series , the Satellite Award for Best Actress -- Miniseries or Television Film , the Saturn Award for Best Actress on Television , the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress -- Miniseries or Television Film and won the Dorian Award for Best TV Performance of the Year -- Actress and the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Miniseries or a Movie . Supporting characters ( edit ) Marie Laveau ( portrayed by Angela Bassett ) is the mighty high priestess of voodoo magic . The voodoo practitioners are one of the main adversaries of the Salem witches . She is unforgiving to those who wish to hurt her people . Marie is centuries old and alive in the present , owning a hairdressing salon called Cornrow City in the 9th Ward . She claims that the American Salem witches and their descendants were given their powers as a gift from the slave woman , Tituba , before the Salem Witch Trials . She previously signed a truce with then - Supreme Anna - Lee Leighton in the 1970s , but considers Fiona Goode to be her sworn enemy . She later considers the truce to have been broken upon the killing of her lover , Bastien . She sends Bastien to attack the Academy and after his death , her undead army . It is revealed in the fifth episode that she had broken the truce many years ago , hiring the witch hunter Hank to rid the world of Salem descendants . Marie is a powerful voodoo queen , adept at performing rituals of fertility , creating potions granting eternal life and mind control , using the power of transmutation , levitation , and necromancy . Marie is also the only voodooienne to survive Hank 's massacre and subsequently seeks sanctuary amongst the witches of the Coven . She later reveals her longevity is the result of selling her soul to Papa Legba , a spiritual entity who serves as gatekeeper of sorts between worlds . In exchange for her eternal life , she must offer him a yearly sacrifice : the soul of an innocent child . After forming an unlikely alliance with Fiona Goode , the two launch a devastating attack on the witch hunter organization , ridding themselves of the threat once and for all . Marie is later attacked and dismembered by Delphine LaLaurie and her body parts are scattered across New Orleans . Unable to fulfil her repayments to Papa Legba , their contract is rendered void and the centuries - old voodoo priestess finally dies . She comes to her senses in a hellish afterlife , where she is instructed to torment the recently deceased Madame LaLaurie for all of eternity . At first she relishes the position , but when forced to torture the innocent LaLaurie daughters while their mother looks on she finds herself no better than her cruel nemesis . For her performance , Bassett was nominated for the NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actress in a Television Movie , Mini-Series or Dramatic Special , and the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Miniseries or a Movie . Queenie ( portrayed by Gabourey Sidibe ) is a young inner - city witch who grew up in the foster system in Detroit , where she worked at a fast food restaurant . She is a descendant of Tituba , one of the first witches accused of practicing witchcraft during the Salem witch trials . She is a student at the Academy and is described as a human voodoo doll thanks to her ability to transfer pain and injuries inflicted on herself onto anyone else without actual harm coming to herself . Queenie proves a special case as it is speculated that she has voodoo and Salem blood running through her , and she is as much a Salem witch as well as a voodoo priestess . In the third episode , she is attacked by Bastien , and later dies from her internal injuries . Luckily , Fiona revives her . After Fiona forces Madame LaLaurie to be her personal slave , they form an unlikely friendship despite Delphine 's racist tendencies . Queenie puts in a large effort to help Delphine overcome her bigotry and atone for her crimes . However , after LaLaurie tells Queenie that the other witches do not truly see her as their friend , she turns on the Salem witches , and turns over LaLaurie to Marie Laveau . Then , having left the Academy , she works at Cornrow City as a receptionist and voodoo assistant , helping Marie with various rituals . She is shot by Hank during the voodoo massacre , however she survives and manages to kill Hank by shooting herself in the mouth . It is later revealed that Queenie survived her wounds , demonstrating a complete resilience to the witch hunter 's silver bullets . Her powers have subsequently flourished , and she demonstrates the ability to descend spiritually into the afterlife and return again and deploys potent telekinetic abilities in saving Misty Day from her entombment and later again during the Axeman 's assault on the Coven . In the season finale , Queenie , along with Zoe , is appointed the position of Council member by the new Supreme , Cordelia . Queenie makes a return appearance in American Horror Story : Hotel , and checks into the Hotel Cortez while staying in Los Angeles to attend a taping of The Price Is Right . Queenie finds herself attacked by vampire Ramona Royale and overwhelms her before being mortally wounded by James Patrick March , whose incorporeal existence is unaffected by her voodoo powers . This allowed Ramona Royale to drink her blood . For her performance in Coven , Sidibe was nominated for the NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actress in a Television Movie , Mini-Series or Dramatic Special . Nan ( portrayed by Jamie Brewer ) is a young witch who is a student at the Academy and is sometimes underestimated and dismissed by her peers as she is perceived to be less socially sophisticated and quick - thinking than they are -- though in fact , she often picks up on things quicker than the other students , and people sometimes warm to her more quickly than the others . She has the ability of clairvoyance . She has a crush on the Academy 's new next door neighbor , Luke . She found , or `` heard '' Delphine 's thoughts from underneath her old estate . She assists in Zoe 's interrogation with Spalding , since she is the only one who can actually hear him since his tongue has been cut off . Nan is a telepathic witch . She can read the minds of others and also see various details of their lives , and is hinted to possess precognitive and retrocognitive abilities . She refers to her mindreading as `` hearing '' , as when the undead army invaded she could n't `` hear them '' . She gives details that she is quite promiscuous and has had a lot of sexual relations with many boys . Nan falls for the neighbor , Luke Ramsey , but her chances of happiness are routinely dashed by the interferences of her fellow witches and Luke 's unstable mother , Joan -- though Luke himself is quite charmed by her , clearly preferring her to Madison . When Luke is near - fatally shot in an attack by Hank , Nan uses her telepathic abilities to allow Luke and his mother to communicate , but at the same time uncovers Joan 's murderous past . Joan later smothers a comatose Luke to keep her secrets buried and cremates his remains . When Nan finds out that Luke is dead and there is no chance of a resurrection , she demonstrates previously unseen telekinetic and mind control abilities , forcing Joan to consume a fatal quantity of bleach and leaves her dead on her own kitchen floor . Nan later approaches Marie Laveau after finding a planned child sacrifice crying in a cupboard and exchanges heated words with both the voodoo priestess and Fiona Goode . Later that evening , Nan is drowned by Marie and Fiona in a bathtub as an offering for Papa Legba . The sacrifice is grudgingly accepted and Nan 's spirit happily goes into the afterlife with Legba , having had enough of the mortal coil . Joan Ramsey ( portrayed by Patti LuPone ) is a fundamentalist Christian , who moves next door to the Academy with her son , Luke . In `` The Replacements '' , Madison and Nan visit her home in an attempt to seduce Luke . Joan then forces them to leave after Madison uses her telekinesis to send a knife flying at her , after which Madison sets her curtains on fire . Later that night , Joan confronts Fiona and warns Fiona of the consequences if the girls ever set foot on her property again . She is shot multiple times by witch hunters , but is revived by necromancer Misty Day . It is later revealed that she murdered her husband after he cheated on her . Joan is later killed by Nan , who uses the power of concilium to make Joan drink bleach . Luke Ramsey ( portrayed by Alexander Dreymon ) is the son of Joan , who moves next door to the Academy . He quickly attracts the young witches and is conflicted due to his religious background . In `` Burn , Witch . Burn ! '' , he comes to the Academy to gift Nan with some cookies in return for the cake , but is later locked in when Marie Laveau 's undead attack . He thinks it as a prank so he goes out to coerce them to leave , but one manages to stab him in the back with a pickaxe and Nan comes outside to help him . The next day , it is mentioned that he is in Nan 's room recovering . He is shot in the head by witch hunters , but survives and is hospitalized in a coma . During his coma , he is able to talk to both God and Nan . Joan later suffocates him with a pillow after he discovers she murdered his father . Hank Foxx ( né Henry Renard ) ( portrayed by Josh Hamilton ) is Cordelia 's supporting husband . He is a contractor and has opposing beliefs to Fiona on his wife 's best interests . In reality , he is a witch hunter hired by Marie Laveau , who has killed over nine Salem descendants in the last 3 years , including the pyrokinetic witch , Kaylee . Marie later threatens to kill Hank as he has n't managed to clear the Academy of all its students and staff . He works under a witch hunting company known as the Delphi Trust , with his father being the CEO , though he has a constrained relationship with his father and is only delegated the task of gathering intelligence . He turns on the voodoo witches and conducts a shooting at Cornrow City . However , he is killed when Queenie shoots herself in the mouth , transferring her injuries onto him . The Axeman ( Joe ) ( portrayed by Danny Huston ) is a serial killer . He was given the moniker due to his weapon of choice . In 1919 , he was lured into Miss Robichaux 's Academy and killed by the Coven to stop his reign of terror . His spirit is discovered and brought between worlds by Zoe in the present day when she uses a ouija board to locate Madison . After threatening Cordelia , his spirit is released from the Academy by Zoe , and he locates Fiona in a bar . Fiona conspires to fake her own death with the Axeman by implanting him with a vision that he killed her . The Axeman is later killed by Zoe , Queenie , Madison and Misty who stab him to death in the same manner that he died in 1919 . He appears in Fiona 's personal Hell for all eternity . For his performance , Huston was nominated for the Saturn Award for Best Guest Star in a Television Series . Papa Legba ( portrayed by Lance Reddick ) is a god of lore from the Haitian and New Orleans voodoo traditions . He is the gatekeeper of the spirit world as well as the god of travel , opportunity and luck . In `` The Magical Delights of Stevie Nicks '' , Marie Laveau reveals the source of her immortality to Fiona Goode : `` To sell the soul to Papa Legba , an ancient voodoo spirit , and obey his commands no matter what once a year . '' In Marie 's case , this is to present to him the life of an innocent , which started with her own baby centuries ago . He is later summoned by Fiona , who offers her soul in exchange for eternal youth , willing to do anything for it . Papa Legba turns down the offer as he claims she has `` no soul to give . '' Afterwards , Marie and Fiona decide to get rid of Nan and offer her as sacrifice to Papa Legba , after drowning her in the bathtub . He reluctantly accepts the substitute for the newborn baby and warns Marie and Fiona of being `` trouble '' together . In `` Go to Hell '' , Delphine LaLaurie hacks up Marie 's body so that Marie can no longer honor her agreement with Legba . Queenie , after returning from her personal Hell , convinces Papa Legba to take away Marie Laveau and , as a result , LaLaurie 's immortality . Cecily Pembroke ( portrayed by Robin Bartlett ) is the secretary of the Witches ' Council . She is seen as very reserved and old fashioned , using a typewriter . Quentin mentions she has no charisma . It is unknown what Salem abilities she possesses as a witch . She and Quentin agree on burning Myrtle at the stake for the alleged blinding of Cordelia . After being resurrected , Myrtle murders her as revenge , claiming Pembroke had merely used the blinding as an excuse and had always wanted her gone in order to take control of the Council , and uses her eyes to give Cordelia her sight back . Quentin Fleming ( portrayed by Leslie Jordan ) is a member of the Witches ' Council , Fiona helped make him a best - selling author . He is very flamboyant and sassy , making him a polar opposite of his fellow Council member Cecily Pembroke . He is also revealed to be an alcoholic with a penchant for rent boys . Myrtle murders him , along with Cecily , as revenge . One of his eyes is then used to give Cordelia her sight back . Chantal ( portrayed by Dana Gourrier ) is a young salon stylist for Marie at Cornrow City and a voodoo practitioner , assisting Marie in her various voodoo rituals and spells . She attempts to stop Marie from reigniting the conflict between the voodoo witches and Salem witches , but ultimately agrees on helping her . Marie mentions that she 's quite young , saying that she was n't even born when the voodoo practitioners and Salem witches were at war . She is shown working as a receptionist and hair stylist for the salon . Chantal 's voodoo capability is unknown , but she is shown overseeing and helping in the rituals such as the voodoo fertility spell and assisting in Marie 's necromancy spell to raise her undead army . She is the second member of Marie 's tribe to be shot in Hank 's massacre , presumably to death . Minor characters ( edit ) Alicia Spencer ( portrayed by Mare Winningham ) is Kyle 's `` 9th ward white - trash '' mother . Raising Kyle as single mom , the flaky and abased Alicia became unhealthily dependent upon her young son for support by needing him to assume all of the adult `` man of the house '' responsibilities and take care of her , as well as sexually abusing him . She is suicidal and clingy after the death of her son , and Kyle kills her after his resurrection . Anna - Lee Leighton ( portrayed by Christine Ebersole ) is the previous generation 's Supreme witch . She is portrayed as a competent , strong , and fair Supreme . As a Supreme , she was vital in forging the truce with Marie Laveau , ending a decades - long war between Voodoos and Witches . Anna - Lee felt Fiona would be a selfish and disastrous Supreme , and vowed not to allow Fiona to assume the mantle of Supreme . She is killed by Fiona in 1971 for her position , her body is never found , and her death is blamed on the Voodoos . It is unknown what specific abilities Anna - Lee had , but it is mentioned that she could perform all Seven Wonders , so it is speculated she was a very powerful witch . Archibald `` Archie '' Brener ( portrayed by Grey Damon ) is one of Kyle 's frat brothers . He , along with some of his other friends , drug and gang rape Madison at a party after Madison rebuffs them . He is then later heavily injured when she flips their bus . Zoe comes to the hospital to see if Kyle is still alive , but sees it is Brener who survived and not Kyle . In turn , Zoe begins to fondle him and rapes him , killing him with her abilities to inflict a brain aneurysm . Bastien / Minotaur ( portrayed by Ameer Baraka ) is one of Madame LaLaurie 's slaves . He was tortured in 1834 for allegedly attempting to seduce LaLaurie 's daughter , Pauline , and had a bull 's head put onto his body . He was also Marie Laveau 's lover . He survived to the present day using her magic and was sent by Laveau to attack the Academy , injuring Queenie . He was stopped by Fiona , who sent his head back to Laveau in a box . As a Minotaur , Bastien possessed enhanced strength . Dr. Morrison ( portrayed by James DuMont ) is Cordelia 's general physician , he tells Cordelia that the fertility drugs he has prescribed her have not worked . In `` The Replacements '' , he reveals that Cordelia is completely infertile . Dr. David Zhong ( portrayed by Ian Anthony Dale ) is a top of the line biochemist who has developed a youth serum over the years . In `` Bitchcraft '' , after he refuses to give Fiona an unlimited supply of the serum , she sucks the life out of him and kills him . Harrison Renard ( portrayed by Michael Cristofer ) is Hank 's father and head of the Delphi Trust , a brotherhood organization created centuries ago to rid the world of witchcraft and voodoo . He is fond of his son , but finds and treats him as incompetent . Harrison bears the scars of Hank 's first hunt ; when the boy flinched with completing his duty , Harrison was forced to step in and complete the hunt for his son , his arm horribly burned in the process . Harrison is a greedy man , willing to ally with the witches to save his lucrative business and to use his son as a pawn for information . He is killed by Fiona , who slices his neck with an axe . Helen ( portrayed by Lyndsay Kimball ) was a student at the Academy , a few years older than Fiona . She bullied many of the younger witches , particularly Fiona . In a flashback , it shows the Axeman collapsed a bookcase on her after she forced Fiona to spill milk on herself . She is shown to display basic telekinetic abilities . Cora ( portrayed by Tonea Stewart ) is a salon hairdresser who works at Cornrow City . Although she was optimistic about the civil rights movement , her son was unfortunately lynched for being registered to an integrated white school in 1961 . In the present time , she is seen again being pampered by Marie Laveau for the Mayor 's Annual Halloween Ball . It is unknown if she was killed or present at the voodoo massacre . Chinwe ( portrayed by Philip Fornah ) is one of Marie 's cohorts . He is always seen close to Marie , possibly a bodyguard , as when Fiona sets her wigs on fire , he and another man put them out . He breaks into Hank 's hotel room in the midseason finale to give Hank Marie 's warning . Later on , he is the first person shot down by Hank in his massacre against Marie 's voodoo tribe . Gummy ( portrayed by Darcel Moreno ) is one of Marie 's cohorts and also salon stylists . She regularly takes over for Marie whilst she tends to other matters . In the midseason finale , after Hank shoots down Chinwe and Chantal , she attempts to attack Hank with a small machete but is shot down violently . Kaylee ( portrayed by Alexandra Breckenridge ) is a woman whom Hank Foxx seduces , targets , and kills after learning she is a witch . She previously rejected Cordelia 's offer to stay at the Academy , opting to repress her abilities while desperate to live a normal life and gain a family . Kaylee was shown with the ability of pyrokinesis , as Cordelia mentions she was involved in two arson incidents , and is shown setting fire to her fiancé in `` The Axeman Cometh '' . Marie - Louise Pauline `` Pauline '' LaLaurie ( portrayed by Ashlynn Ross ) is Delphine 's youngest daughter . In `` Bitchcraft '' , she had sexual relations with Bastien , which in turn caused her to be severely punished by her mother . She is lynched along with her sisters and father . Marie - Louise Jeanne `` Jeanne '' LaLaurie ( portrayed by Raeden Greer ) pleads to her mother after being locked up in the basement . Marie - Delphine Lopez `` Borquita '' LaLaurie ( portrayed by Jennifer Lynn Warren ) is Delphine 's eldest and most favored daughter . She reluctantly assists her mother with collecting the ingredients for her mother 's beauty treatments . After her mother causes one of her suitors to run away in fear of her `` Chamber of Horrors '' , she rounds up her sisters and plots to kill their mother . Unfortunately , their mother overhears and locks them up in the attic with the other tortured slaves . It is mentioned that they would be locked down there for one year and that Borquita , for being the ringleader , would have her mouth stuffed with feces on Christmas Day . Louis LaLaurie ( portrayed by Scott Jefferson ) is Madame Delphine LaLaurie 's husband . He is aware and complicit in his wife 's torturing of their slaves and children . His constant affairs are a few of the reasons for Delphine 's obsession with making beauty salves from human pancreases , and his wife 's desire to end Louis ' philandering once and for all is what lead her to drinking Marie Laveau 's potion of immortality . Louis was lynched along with his daughters after Marie captured Delphine . Stevie Nicks plays herself and makes her first appearance on the show in the episode `` The Magical Delights of Stevie Nicks '' . She is Misty 's idol , and when Misty first meets her , she faints . Nicks , who has been nicknamed the `` White Witch '' , is an actual witch in the series , and an acquaintance of Fiona Goode . Nicks plays two songs on the piano during the episode : `` Rhiannon '' and `` Has Anyone Ever Written Anything for You ? '' . She also appears in the season finale `` The Seven Wonders '' and opens the episode with the Fleetwood Mac song `` Seven Wonders '' , after which she wishes the girls good luck before they perform the Seven Wonders test . Millie ( portrayed by Grace Gummer ) is a witch who attended the Academy in 1919 and organized the attack on the Axeman . She is observed as the leader of the girls . She reads out an excerpt from a letter that was infamously written by him in real life . She gives her fellow fearful sisters a speech about being not only powerful Salem descendants , but also suffragettes and that they will not be afraid of him in their own home . Millie has the power of teleportation and , with the use of Tarot cards , stabs the Axeman with her fellow Coven sisters . Nora Benson ( portrayed by Arabella Field ) is Zoe 's mother who knew of her family 's genetic affliction to Salem , as her grandmother was also a witch . Winifred ( portrayed by Molly Conarro ) is a witch who attended the Academy in 1919 . She wears glasses and is well spoken . She asks Millie in relation to the Axeman 's future attack if playing the Victrola would suffice . She also mentions that a jazz band would be more precious than the Hope Diamond on the night of his threatened attack on Tuesday night . She helps in killing the Axeman after he enters the Academy . Charles `` Charlie '' Taylor ( portrayed by Kurt Krause ) is the boyfriend of Zoe . He dies of an apparent brain aneurysm after having sex with Zoe for the first time . ( hide ) American Horror Story Awards and nominations Cast members Episodes list Murder House `` Pilot '' `` Home Invasion '' `` Murder House '' `` Halloween , Parts 1 and 2 '' `` Piggy Piggy '' `` Open House '' `` Rubber Man '' `` Spooky Little Girl '' `` Smoldering Children '' `` Birth '' `` Afterbirth '' Asylum `` Welcome to Briarcliff '' `` Tricks and Treats '' `` Nor'easter '' `` I Am Anne Frank , Parts 1 and 2 '' `` The Origins of Monstrosity '' `` Dark Cousin '' `` Unholy Night '' `` The Coat Hanger '' `` The Name Game '' `` Spilt Milk '' `` Continuum '' `` Madness Ends '' Coven `` Bitchcraft '' `` Boy Parts '' `` The Replacements '' `` Fearful Pranks Ensue '' `` Burn , Witch , Burn ! '' `` The Axeman Cometh '' `` The Dead '' `` The Sacred Taking '' `` Head '' `` The Magical Delights of Stevie Nicks '' `` Protect the Coven '' `` Go to Hell '' `` The Seven Wonders '' Freak Show `` Monsters Among Us '' `` Massacres and Matinees '' `` Edward Mordrake , Parts 1 and 2 '' `` Pink Cupcakes '' `` Bullseye '' `` Test of Strength '' `` Blood Bath '' `` Tupperware Party Massacre '' `` Orphans '' `` Magical Thinking '' `` Show Stoppers '' `` Curtain Call '' Hotel `` Checking In '' `` Chutes and Ladders '' `` Mommy '' `` Devil 's Night '' `` Room Service '' `` Room 33 '' `` Flicker '' `` The Ten Commandments Killer '' `` She Wants Revenge '' `` She Gets Revenge '' `` Battle Royale '' `` Be Our Guest '' Roanoke `` Chapter 1 '' `` Chapter 2 '' `` Chapter 3 '' `` Chapter 4 '' `` Chapter 5 '' `` Chapter 6 '' `` Chapter 7 '' `` Chapter 8 '' `` Chapter 9 '' `` Chapter 10 '' Cult `` Election Night '' `` Do n't Be Afraid of the Dark '' `` Neighbors from Hell '' `` 11 / 9 '' `` Holes '' `` Mid-Western Assassin '' `` Valerie Solanas Died for Your Sins : Scumbag '' `` Winter of Our Discontent '' `` Drink the Kool - Aid '' `` Charles ( Manson ) in Charge '' Characters Murder House Asylum Coven Freak Show Hotel Roanoke Cult Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_American_Horror_Story:_Coven_characters&oldid=807856392 '' Categories : American Horror Story lists Horror television characters Lists of drama television characters Talk Contents About Wikipedia עברית Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2017 , at 14 : 12 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who plays kyle's mom in american horror story | [
"Alicia Spencer (portrayed by Mare Winningham) is Kyle's \"9th ward white-trash\" mother. Raising Kyle as single mom, the flaky and abased Alicia became unhealthily dependent upon her young son for support by needing him to assume all of the adult \"man of the house\" responsibilities and take care of her, as well as sexually abusing him. She is suicidal and clingy after the death of her son, and Kyle kills her after his resurrection."
] | [
"Mare Winningham"
] |
8740549010915061796 | 2017 CONCACAF Gold Cup | 2017 CONCACAF Gold Cup - wikipedia 2017 CONCACAF Gold Cup Jump to : navigation , search 2017 CONCACAF Gold Cup Tournament details Host country United States Dates July 7 -- 26 Teams 12 ( from 1 confederation ) Venue ( s ) 14 ( in 14 host cities ) Final positions Champions United States ( 6th title ) Runners - up Jamaica Tournament statistics Matches played 25 Goals scored 55 ( 2.2 per match ) Attendance 819,592 ( 32,784 per match ) Top scorer ( s ) Alphonso Davies Kévin Parsemain Jordan Morris ( 3 goals each ) Best player Michael Bradley Best young player Alphonso Davies Best goalkeeper Andre Blake Fair play award United States ← 2015 2019 → The 2017 CONCACAF Gold Cup was the 14th edition of the CONCACAF Gold Cup , the biennial international men 's football championship of the North , Central American and Caribbean region organized by CONCACAF , and 24th CONCACAF regional championship overall . The tournament was played between July 7 -- 26 , 2017 in the United States . The United States won their sixth title with their 2 -- 1 victory over Jamaica in the final . As the winners of this tournament , the United States will play against the winners of the 2019 CONCACAF Gold Cup in the 2019 CONCACAF Cup , a one - match play - off to determine CONCACAF 's qualifier for the 2021 FIFA Confederations Cup . If the United States win the 2019 Gold Cup , they will automatically qualify for the Confederations Cup . Contents ( hide ) 1 Qualified teams 2 Venues 3 Draw 4 Squads 5 Match officials 6 Group stage 6.1 Tiebreakers 6.2 Group A 6.3 Group B 6.4 Group C 6.5 Ranking of third - placed teams 7 Knockout stage 7.1 Bracket 7.2 Quarter - finals 7.3 Semi-finals 7.4 Final 8 Statistics 8.1 Goalscorers 9 Awards 9.1 Winners 9.2 Individual awards 9.3 Best XI 10 Sponsors 11 Theme songs 12 Broadcasting rights 13 Notes 14 References 15 External links Qualified teams ( edit ) A total of 12 teams qualified for the tournament . Three berths were allocated to North America , four to Central America , four to the Caribbean , and one to the winners of the play - off between the two fifth - placed teams of the Caribbean zone and the Central American zone . Team Qualification Gold Cup appearances ( + CONCACAF Championship ) Previous best performance FIFA Ranking at start of event North American zone United States Automatic 14th ( 16th ) Champions ( 1991 , 2002 , 2005 , 2007 , 2013 ) Runners - up ( 1989 ) 35 Mexico ( Title holders ) Automatic 14th ( 22nd ) Champions ( 1993 , 1996 , 1998 , 2003 , 2009 , 2011 , 2015 ) Champions ( 1965 , 1971 , 1977 ) 16 Canada Automatic 13th ( 16th ) Champions ( 2000 ) Champions ( 1985 ) 100 Central American zone qualified through the 2017 Copa Centroamericana Honduras Winners 13th ( 19th ) Runners - up ( 1991 ) Champions ( 1981 ) 72 Panama Runners - up 8th ( 9th ) Runners - up ( 2005 , 2013 ) 52 El Salvador Third Place 10th ( 16th ) Quarterfinals ( 2002 , 2003 , 2011 , 2013 ) Runners - up ( 1963 , 1981 ) 103 Costa Rica Fourth Place 13th ( 19th ) Runners - up ( 2002 ) Champions ( 1963 , 1969 , 1989 ) 26 Caribbean zone qualified through the 2017 Caribbean Cup Curaçao Winners 1st ( 5th ) Third place ( 1963 , 1969 ) 68 Jamaica Runners - up 10th ( 12th ) Runners - up ( 2015 ) 76 French Guiana Third Place 1st ( 1st ) None N / A Martinique Fourth Place 5th ( 5th ) Quarterfinals ( 2002 ) N / A Play - off winners between Caribbean zone fifth place and Central American zone fifth place Nicaragua Play - off 2nd ( 4th ) Group stage ( 2009 ) Sixth place ( 1967 ) 105 Bold indicates that the corresponding team was hosting the event . 1 . This was Curaçao 's first appearance since the dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles , as its direct successor ( with regards to membership in football associations ) , inheriting the former nation 's FIFA membership and competitive record . 2 . French Guiana and Martinique are not FIFA members , and so did not have a FIFA Ranking . Venues ( edit ) ( show ) Map all coordinates using OSM Map all coordinates using Google Export all coordinates as KML Export all coordinates as GPX Map all microformatted coordinates Place data as RDF The venues were announced on December 19 , 2016 . Levi 's Stadium was announced as the venue of the final on February 1 , 2017 . Arlington Cleveland Denver Frisco Glendale AT&T Stadium FirstEnergy Stadium Sports Authority Field Toyota Stadium University of Phoenix Stadium 32 ° 44 ′ 52 '' N 97 ° 5 ′ 34 '' W / 32.74778 ° N 97.09278 ° W / 32.74778 ; - 97.09278 ( AT&T Stadium ) 41 ° 30 ′ 22 '' N 81 ° 41 ′ 58 '' W / 41.50611 ° N 81.69944 ° W / 41.50611 ; - 81.69944 ( FirstEnergy Stadium ) 39 ° 44 ′ 38 '' N 105 ° 1 ′ 12 '' W / 39.74389 ° N 105.02000 ° W / 39.74389 ; - 105.02000 ( Sports Authority Field ) 33 ° 9 ′ 16 '' N 96 ° 50 ′ 7 '' W / 33.15444 ° N 96.83528 ° W / 33.15444 ; - 96.83528 ( Toyota Stadium ) 33 ° 31 ′ 39 '' N 112 ° 15 ′ 45 '' W / 33.52750 ° N 112.26250 ° W / 33.52750 ; - 112.26250 ( University of Phoenix Stadium ) Capacity : 100,000 Capacity : 67,431 Capacity : 76,125 Capacity : 16,000 Capacity : 63,400 Harrison Pasadena Cleveland Santa Clara Harrison Tampa Denver Arlington Houston Frisco San Antonio Philadelphia Glendale San Diego Nashville Group stage venue Quarter - final venue Semi-final venue Final venue Houston Red Bull Arena BBVA Compass Stadium 40 ° 44 ′ 12 '' N 74 ° 9 ′ 1 '' W / 40.73667 ° N 74.15028 ° W / 40.73667 ; - 74.15028 ( Red Bull Arena ) 29 ° 45 ′ 8 '' N 95 ° 21 ′ 9 '' W / 29.75222 ° N 95.35250 ° W / 29.75222 ; - 95.35250 ( BBVA Compass Stadium ) Capacity : 25,000 Capacity : 22,000 Nashville Pasadena Nissan Stadium Rose Bowl 36 ° 9 ′ 59 '' N 86 ° 46 ′ 17 '' W / 36.16639 ° N 86.77139 ° W / 36.16639 ; - 86.77139 ( Nissan Stadium ) 34 ° 9 ′ 41 '' N 118 ° 10 ′ 3 '' W / 34.16139 ° N 118.16750 ° W / 34.16139 ; - 118.16750 ( Rose Bowl ) Capacity : 69,000 Capacity : 90,000 Philadelphia San Antonio San Diego Santa Clara Tampa Lincoln Financial Field Alamodome Qualcomm Stadium Levi 's Stadium Raymond James Stadium 39 ° 54 ′ 3 '' N 75 ° 10 ′ 3 '' W / 39.90083 ° N 75.16750 ° W / 39.90083 ; - 75.16750 ( Lincoln Financial Field ) 29 ° 25 ′ 1 '' N 98 ° 28 ′ 44 '' W / 29.41694 ° N 98.47889 ° W / 29.41694 ; - 98.47889 ( Alamodome ) 32 ° 46 ′ 59 '' N 117 ° 7 ′ 10 '' W / 32.78306 ° N 117.11944 ° W / 32.78306 ; - 117.11944 ( Qualcomm Stadium ) 37 ° 24 ′ 11 '' N 121 ° 58 ′ 12 '' W / 37.40306 ° N 121.97000 ° W / 37.40306 ; - 121.97000 ( Levi 's Stadium ) 27 ° 58 ′ 33 '' N 82 ° 30 ′ 12 '' W / 27.97583 ° N 82.50333 ° W / 27.97583 ; - 82.50333 ( Raymond James Stadium ) Capacity : 69,596 Capacity : 65,000 Capacity : 70,561 Capacity : 68,500 Capacity : 65,890 Notes ^ Jump up to : This is the first time the stadium will host a Gold Cup event . Draw ( edit ) The United States and Mexico were announced as the seeded teams of Groups B and C respectively on December 19 , 2016 . Honduras , the winners of the 2017 Copa Centroamericana title were announced as being the seeded team in Group A on February 14 , 2017 . The groups and match schedule were revealed on March 7 , 2017 , 10 : 00 PST ( UTC − 8 ) , at Levi 's Stadium in Santa Clara , California . At the time of the announcement , 11 of the 12 qualified teams were known , with the identity of the CFU -- UNCAF play - off winners not yet known . Seeded teams Group A Honduras Group B United States Group C Mexico Squads ( edit ) Main article : 2017 CONCACAF Gold Cup squads The 12 national teams involved in the tournament were required to register a squad of 23 players ; only players in these squads were eligible to take part in the tournament . A provisional list of 40 players per national team was submitted to CONCACAF by June 2 , 2017 . The final list of 23 players per national team was submitted to CONCACAF by June 27 , 2017 . Three players per national team had to be goalkeepers . National teams that reached the quarter - final stage were able to swap up to six players in the final squad with six players from the provisional list within 24 hours of their final group stage game . Match officials ( edit ) The match officials , which included 17 referees and 25 assistant referees , were announced on June 23 , 2017 . Referees Joel Aguilar ( El Salvador ) Henry Bejarano ( Costa Rica ) Drew Fischer ( Canada ) Roberto García Orozco ( Mexico ) Mark Geiger ( United States ) Fernando Guerrero ( Mexico ) Walter López ( Guatemala ) Jair Marrufo ( United States ) Yadel Martínez ( Cuba ) Melvin Matamoros ( Honduras ) Óscar Moncada ( Honduras ) Ricardo Montero ( Costa Rica ) John Pitti ( Panama ) César Arturo Ramos ( Mexico ) Héctor Rodríguez ( Honduras ) Armando Villarreal ( United States ) Kimbell Ward ( St. Kitts and Nevis ) Assistant referees Frank Anderson ( USA ) Joseph Bertrand ( TRI ) Graeme Browne ( SKN ) Ronald Bruna ( PAN ) José Luis Camargo ( MEX ) Keytzel Corrales ( NCA ) Melvyn Cruz ( HON ) Carlos Fernández ( CRC ) Geonvany García ( SLV ) Miguel Hernández ( MEX ) Hermenerito Leal ( GUA ) Gerson López ( GUA ) Juan Carlos Mora ( CRC ) Charles Morgante ( USA ) Alberto Morín ( MEX ) Marcos Quintero ( MEX ) Christian Ramírez ( HON ) Ainsley Rochard ( TRI ) Corey Rockwell ( USA ) Jesús Tábora ( HON ) Marvin Torrentera ( MEX ) William Torres ( SLV ) Gabriel Victoria ( PAN ) Daniel Williamson ( PAN ) Juan Francisco Zumba ( SLV ) Group stage ( edit ) The top two teams from each group and the two best third - placed teams qualified for the quarter - finals . All match times listed are in EDT ( UTC − 4 ) . If the venue is located in a different time zone , the local time is also given . Tiebreakers ( edit ) The ranking of each team in each group was determined as follows : Greatest number of points obtained in group matches Goal difference in all group matches Greatest number of goals scored in all group matches Greatest number of points obtained in group matches between the teams concerned ; Drawing of lots by the Gold Cup Committee Group A ( edit ) Main article : 2017 CONCACAF Gold Cup Group A Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Costa Rica 0 5 + 4 7 Advance to knockout stage Canada 0 5 + 2 5 Honduras + 2 French Guiana 0 0 10 − 8 0 Source : CONCACAF French Guiana v Canada July 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 07 ) 19 : 00 French Guiana 2 -- 4 Canada Contout 69 ' Privat 71 ' Report Jakovic 28 ' Arfield 45 + 2 ' Davies 60 ' , 85 ' Red Bull Arena , Harrison Attendance : 25,817 Referee : John Pitti ( Panama ) Honduras v Costa Rica July 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 07 ) 21 : 00 Honduras 0 -- 1 Costa Rica Report Ureña 39 ' Red Bull Arena , Harrison Attendance : 25,817 Referee : Walter López ( Guatemala ) Costa Rica v Canada July 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 11 ) 19 : 30 18 : 30 CDT ( UTC − 5 ) Costa Rica 1 -- 1 Canada Calvo 42 ' Report Davies 26 ' BBVA Compass Stadium , Houston Attendance : 12,019 Referee : Mark Geiger ( United States ) Honduras v French Guiana July 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 11 ) 22 : 00 21 : 00 CDT ( UTC − 5 ) Honduras 3 -- 0 Awarded French Guiana Report BBVA Compass Stadium , Houston Referee : Yadel Martínez ( Cuba ) Costa Rica v French Guiana July 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 14 ) 19 : 30 18 : 30 CDT ( UTC − 5 ) Costa Rica 3 -- 0 French Guiana Rodríguez 4 ' Wallace 79 ' Ramírez 83 ' Report Toyota Stadium , Frisco Referee : César Arturo Ramos ( Mexico ) Canada v Honduras July 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 14 ) 22 : 00 21 : 00 CDT ( UTC − 5 ) Canada 0 -- 0 Honduras Report Toyota Stadium , Frisco Attendance : 10,048 Referee : Joel Aguilar ( El Salvador ) Group B ( edit ) Main article : 2017 CONCACAF Gold Cup Group B Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification United States ( H ) 0 7 + 4 7 Advance to knockout stage Panama 0 6 + 4 7 Martinique 0 6 − 2 Nicaragua 0 0 7 − 6 0 Source : CONCACAF ( H ) Host . United States v Panama July 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 08 ) 16 : 30 15 : 30 CDT ( UTC − 5 ) United States 1 -- 1 Panama Dwyer 50 ' Report Camargo 60 ' Nissan Stadium , Nashville Attendance : 47,622 Referee : Fernando Guerrero ( Mexico ) Martinique v Nicaragua July 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 08 ) 19 : 00 18 : 00 CDT ( UTC − 5 ) Martinique 2 -- 0 Nicaragua Parsemain 35 ' Langil 66 ' Report Nissan Stadium , Nashville Attendance : 5,515 Referee : Kimbell Ward ( Saint Kitts and Nevis ) Panama v Nicaragua July 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 12 ) 18 : 30 Panama 2 -- 1 Nicaragua Díaz 50 ' Torres 57 ' Report Chavarría 49 ' Raymond James Stadium , Tampa Referee : Drew Fischer ( Canada ) United States v Martinique July 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 12 ) 20 : 30 United States 3 -- 2 Martinique O. Gonzalez 54 ' Morris 64 ' , 76 ' Report Parsemain 66 ' , 74 ' Raymond James Stadium , Tampa Attendance : 23,368 Referee : Henry Bejarano ( Costa Rica ) Panama v Martinique July 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 15 ) 16 : 30 Panama 3 -- 0 Martinique Murillo 44 ' Arroyo 60 ' Torres 67 ' Report FirstEnergy Stadium , Cleveland Referee : Roberto García Orozco ( Mexico ) Nicaragua v United States July 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 15 ) 19 : 00 Nicaragua 0 -- 3 United States Report Corona 36 ' Rowe 56 ' Miazga 88 ' FirstEnergy Stadium , Cleveland Attendance : 27,934 Referee : Melvin Matamoros ( Honduras ) Group C ( edit ) Main article : 2017 CONCACAF Gold Cup Group C Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Mexico 0 5 + 4 7 Advance to knockout stage Jamaica 0 + 2 5 El Salvador 0 Curaçao 0 0 0 6 − 6 0 Source : CONCACAF Curaçao v Jamaica July 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 09 ) 19 : 00 16 : 00 PDT ( UTC − 7 ) Curaçao 0 -- 2 Jamaica Report Williams 58 ' Mattocks 73 ' Qualcomm Stadium , San Diego Referee : Armando Villarreal ( United States ) Mexico v El Salvador July 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 09 ) 21 : 00 18 : 00 PDT ( UTC − 7 ) Mexico 3 -- 1 El Salvador Marín 8 ' E. Hernández 29 ' Pineda 55 ' Report Bonilla 10 ' Qualcomm Stadium , San Diego Attendance : 53,133 Referee : Óscar Moncada ( Honduras ) El Salvador v Curaçao July 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 13 ) 20 : 00 18 : 00 MDT ( UTC − 6 ) El Salvador 2 -- 0 Curaçao Mayen 21 ' Zelaya 24 ' Report Sports Authority Field , Denver Referee : Héctor Rodríguez ( Honduras ) Mexico v Jamaica July 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 13 ) 22 : 00 20 : 00 MDT ( UTC − 6 ) Mexico 0 -- 0 Jamaica Report Sports Authority Field , Denver Attendance : 49,121 Referee : Ricardo Montero ( Costa Rica ) Jamaica v El Salvador July 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 16 ) 18 : 00 17 : 00 CDT ( UTC − 5 ) Jamaica 1 -- 1 El Salvador Mattocks 64 ' ( pen . ) Report Bonilla 15 ' Alamodome , San Antonio Referee : Jair Marrufo ( United States ) Curaçao v Mexico July 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 16 ) 20 : 00 19 : 00 CDT ( UTC − 5 ) Curaçao 0 -- 2 Mexico Report Sepúlveda 22 ' Álvarez 90 + 1 ' Alamodome , San Antonio Attendance : 44,232 Referee : Kimbell Ward ( Saint Kitts and Nevis ) Ranking of third - placed teams ( edit ) The best two third - placed teams which advance to the knockout stage played the winners from another group in the quarter - finals . Pos Grp Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Honduras + 2 Advance to knockout stage El Salvador 0 Martinique 0 6 − 2 Source : CONCACAF Rules for classification : 1 ) Points ; 2 ) Goal difference ; 3 ) Goals scored ; 4 ) Drawing of lots . Knockout stage ( edit ) Main article : 2017 CONCACAF Gold Cup knockout stage In the quarter - finals and semi-finals , if a match was tied after 90 minutes , extra time would not have been played and the match would be decided by a penalty shoot - out . In the final , if the match was tied after 90 minutes , extra time would have been played , where each team would have been allowed to make a fourth substitution . If still tied after extra time , the match would have been decided by a penalty shoot - out . Unlike the previous edition of the competition , there was no third place play - off . Bracket ( edit ) Quarter - finals Semi-finals Final July 19 -- Philadelphia Costa Rica July 22 -- Arlington Panama 0 Costa Rica 0 July 19 -- Philadelphia United States United States July 26 -- Santa Clara El Salvador 0 United States July 20 -- Glendale Jamaica Mexico July 23 -- Pasadena Honduras 0 Mexico 0 July 20 -- Glendale Jamaica Jamaica Canada Quarter - finals ( edit ) Costa Rica v Panama July 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 19 ) 18 : 00 Costa Rica 1 -- 0 Panama Godoy 77 ' ( o.g. ) Report Lincoln Financial Field , Philadelphia Referee : Óscar Moncada ( Honduras ) United States v El Salvador July 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 19 ) 21 : 00 United States 2 -- 0 El Salvador O. Gonzalez 41 ' Lichaj 45 + 2 ' Report Lincoln Financial Field , Philadelphia Attendance : 31,615 Referee : Drew Fischer ( Canada ) Jamaica v Canada July 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 20 ) 19 : 30 16 : 30 MST ( UTC − 7 ) Jamaica 2 -- 1 Canada Francis 6 ' Williams 50 ' Report Hoilett 61 ' University of Phoenix Stadium , Glendale Referee : Ricardo Montero ( Costa Rica ) Mexico v Honduras July 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 20 ) 22 : 30 19 : 30 MST ( UTC − 7 ) Mexico 1 -- 0 Honduras Pizarro 4 ' Report University of Phoenix Stadium , Glendale Attendance : 37,404 Referee : Walter López ( Guatemala ) Semi-finals ( edit ) Costa Rica v United States July 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 22 ) 22 : 00 21 : 00 CDT ( UTC − 5 ) Costa Rica 0 -- 2 United States Report Altidore 72 ' Dempsey 82 ' AT&T Stadium , Arlington Attendance : 45,516 Referee : Joel Aguilar ( El Salvador ) Mexico v Jamaica July 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 23 ) 21 : 00 18 : 00 PDT ( UTC − 7 ) Mexico 0 -- 1 Jamaica Report Lawrence 88 ' Rose Bowl , Pasadena Attendance : 42,393 Referee : John Pitti ( Panama ) Final ( edit ) Main article : 2017 CONCACAF Gold Cup Final United States v Jamaica July 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 26 ) 21 : 30 18 : 30 PDT ( UTC − 7 ) United States 2 -- 1 Jamaica Altidore 45 ' Morris 88 ' Report Watson 50 ' Levi 's Stadium , Santa Clara Attendance : 63,032 Referee : Walter López ( Guatemala ) Statistics ( edit ) Goalscorers ( edit ) 55 goals were scored in 25 matches , for an average of 2.2 goals per match . 3 goals Alphonso Davies Kévin Parsemain Jordan Morris 2 goals Nelson Bonilla Darren Mattocks Romario Williams Gabriel Torres Omar Gonzalez Jozy Altidore 1 goal Scott Arfield Junior Hoilett Dejan Jakovic Francisco Calvo David Ramírez Ariel Francisco Rodríguez Marco Ureña Rodney Wallace Gerson Mayen Rodolfo Zelaya Roy Contout Sloan Privat Shaun Francis Kemar Lawrence Je - Vaughn Watson Steeven Langil Edson Álvarez Elías Hernández Hedgardo Marín Orbelín Pineda Rodolfo Pizarro Ángel Sepúlveda Carlos Chavarría Abdiel Arroyo Miguel Camargo Ismael Díaz Michael Amir Murillo Joe Corona Clint Dempsey Dom Dwyer Eric Lichaj Matt Miazga Kelyn Rowe 1 own goal Aníbal Godoy ( against Costa Rica ) Awards ( edit ) Winners ( edit ) 2017 CONCACAF Gold Cup Winners United States Sixth title Individual awards ( edit ) The following awards were given at the conclusion of the tournament . Golden Ball Award : Michael Bradley Golden Boot Award : Alphonso Davies Golden Glove Award : Andre Blake Young Player Award : Alphonso Davies Fair Play Award : United States Best XI ( edit ) The technical study group selected the tournament 's best XI . Goalkeeper Defenders Midfielder Attackers Andre Blake Graham Zusi Omar Gonzalez Jermaine Taylor Kemar Lawrence Darlington Nagbe Jesús Dueñas Michael Bradley Alphonso Davies Jozy Altidore Jordan Morris Sponsors ( edit ) Allstate Cerveza Modelo de México Nike , Inc . Post Consumer Holdings Scotiabank Sprint Corporation Theme songs ( edit ) `` The Arena '' and `` Do n't Let This Feeling Fade '' by American violinist Lindsey Stirling served as the official songs of the tournament . The latter features Rivers Cuomo of the band Weezer and rapper Lecrae . `` Bia Beraghsim '' by Persian - Swedish singer Mahan Moin served as the official anthem of the tournament `` Levántate '' by Puerto Rican singer Gale served as the official Spanish - language song of the tournament . `` Thunder '' and `` Whatever It Takes '' by American rock band Imagine Dragons also served as official anthems of the tournament . Broadcasting rights ( edit ) Territory Channel Ref Canada TSN ( English ) Univision Canada ( Spanish ) RDS ( French ) China CCTV , PPTV MENA beIN Sports ( MENA ) Turkey Tivibu Spor Mexico Televisa , TV Azteca and Sky Sports Europe Eurosport 1 United States Fox Sports ( English ) Univision ( Spanish ) South America DIRECTV Sports Brazil BandSports South Africa SuperSport Croatia SportKlub France beIN Sports Netherlands Fox Sports Australia beIN Sports Portugal Sport TV Poland TVP Sport * Spain beIN Sports GOL Albania SuperSport United Kingdom BT Sport Jamaica Flow sports Only two matches live ( opening and final ) . 12 matches as a first run at 8 am in Poland . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ CONCACAF awarded Honduras a 3 -- 0 win as a result of French Guiana fielding the ineligible player Florent Malouda , after the match had finished 0 -- 0 . Malouda had previously represented France and did not meet eligibility rules . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` FIFA Council discusses vision for the future of football '' . FIFA.com . October 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` CONCACAF Gold Cup venues , seeded teams announced '' . CONCACAF.com . December 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. edges Jamaica for sixth Gold Cup title '' . CONCACAF Gold Cup . 27 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gold Cup Final awarded to Levi 's Stadium '' . CONCACAF.com . February 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gold Cup quarterfinal , semifinal venues named ; Honduras to head Group A '' . CONCACAF . February 14 , 2017 . Retrieved February 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CONCACAF Gold Cup 2017 Groups & Schedule to be Revealed at March 7 Event at Levi 's Stadium in the Bay Area '' . CONCACAF . February 8 , 2017 . Retrieved February 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gold Cup group - stage matchups , schedule unveiled '' . CONCACAF.com . March 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` CONCACAF Gold Cup 2017 Regulations '' ( pdf ) . CONCACAF.com . March 1 , 2017 . Retrieved May 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Match Officials Announced for Gold Cup '' . CONCACAF Gold Cup Official Website . June 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` French Guyana vs. Canada - 8 July 2017 '' . Soccerway . Perform Group . July 8 , 2017 . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Honduras vs. Costa Rica - 8 July 2017 '' . Soccerway . Perform Group . July 8 , 2017 . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 - 07 - 11 - Canada vs Costa Rica '' . canadasoccer.com . Canadian Soccer Association . July 11 , 2017 . Retrieved July 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CONCACAF Gold Cup Disciplinary Committee Issues Decision in French Guiana Player Eligibility Case '' . goldcup.org . CONCACAF . July 14 , 2017 . Retrieved July 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Canada vs. Honduras - 15 July 2017 '' . Soccerway . Perform Group . July 14 , 2017 . Retrieved July 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` United States vs. Panama - 8 July 2017 '' . Soccerway . Perform Group . July 8 , 2017 . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Martinique vs. Nicaragua - 9 July 2017 '' . Soccerway . Perform Group . July 9 , 2017 . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` United States vs. Martinique - 13 July 2017 '' . Soccerway . Perform Group . July 12 , 2017 . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nicaragua vs. United States - 16 July 2017 '' . Soccerway . Perform Group . July 16 , 2017 . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mexico vs. El Salvador - 10 July 2017 '' . Soccerway . Perform Group . July 10 , 2017 . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` USA 's Bradley earns Golden Ball Award presented by Scotiabank '' . www.goldcup.org . Jump up ^ `` Canada 's Davies wins Golden Boot Award '' . www.goldcup.org . Jump up ^ `` Jamaica 's Blake captures Golden Glove Award presented by Allstate '' . www.goldcup.org . Jump up ^ `` Canada 's Davies merits Young Player Award presented by Scotiabank '' . www.goldcup.org . Jump up ^ `` U.S. takes home Gold Cup Fair Play Award '' . www.goldcup.org . Jump up ^ `` TSG reveals Gold Cup Best XI '' . www.goldcup.org . Jump up ^ `` '' Levántate `` : el himno que unirá a 12 naciones en pos de un balón durante la Copa Oro '' ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved July 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TSN Becomes Canada 's Official Broadcaster of the CONCACAF GOLD CUP and CONCACAF CHAMPIONS LEAGUE - Article - TSN '' . TSN . May 16 , 2017 . Retrieved June 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bandsports transmite a fase final da Copa Ouro 2017 da Concacaf '' . TV Magazine ( in Portuguese ) . July 19 , 2017 . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CONCACAF Gold Cup : UŽIVO na Sportklub televiziji ( 7 - 26 ) '' . SportKlub . July 7 , 2017 . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CONCACAF Gold Cup 2017 w TVP Sport '' . TakSieGra . July 6 , 2017 . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to 2017 CONCACAF Gold Cup . Official website CONCACAF Gold Cup , CONCACAF.com 2017 CONCACAF Gold Cup Stages Group stage Group A Group B Group C Knockout stage Final General information Discipline Squads Official song Qualification Caribbean Cup qualification Copa Centroamericana CFU -- UNCAF playoff CONCACAF Gold Cup CONCACAF Championship ( 1963 -- 1989 ) Editions United States 1991 United States / Mexico 1993 United States 1996 United States 1998 United States 2000 United States 2002 United States / Mexico 2003 United States 2005 United States 2007 United States 2009 United States 2011 United States 2013 United States / Canada 2015 United States 2017 TBA 2019 Finals 1991 1993 1998 2000 2002 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 Squads 1991 1993 1998 2000 2002 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 CONCACAF Cup United States 2015 TBA 2019 Qualification Copa Centroamericana Caribbean Cup CONCACAF Gold Cup qualification ( CFU -- UNCAF play - off ) Statistics Finals Goalscorers Records and statistics Venues Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2017_CONCACAF_Gold_Cup&oldid=798402129 '' Categories : 2017 CONCACAF Gold Cup CONCACAF Gold Cup International association football competitions hosted by the United States 2016 -- 17 in CONCACAF football 2017 in American soccer July 2017 sports events in the United States Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) Use mdy dates from July 2017 Lists of coordinates Geographic coordinate lists Articles with Geo Commons category without a link on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 1 September 2017 , at 18 : 27 . 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"The 2017 CONCACAF Gold Cup was the 14th edition of the CONCACAF Gold Cup, the biennial international men's football championship of the North, Central American and Caribbean region organized by CONCACAF, and 24th CONCACAF regional championship overall. The tournament was played between July 7–26, 2017 in the United States.[1][2]"
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5899479750828807019 | The Breakfast Club | The Breakfast Club - wikipedia The Breakfast Club Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the 1985 film directed by John Hughes . For other uses , see The Breakfast Club ( disambiguation ) . The Breakfast Club Theatrical release poster Directed by John Hughes Produced by Ned Tanen John Hughes Written by John Hughes Starring Emilio Estevez Paul Gleason Anthony Michael Hall Judd Nelson Molly Ringwald Ally Sheedy Music by Keith Forsey Gary Chang Cinematography Thomas Del Ruth Edited by Dede Allen Production company A&M Films Channel Productions Distributed by Universal Pictures Release date February 15 , 1985 ( 1985 - 02 - 15 ) Running time 97 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $1 million Box office $51.5 million The Breakfast Club is a 1985 American coming - of - age comedy - drama film written , produced , and directed by John Hughes , starring Emilio Estevez , Paul Gleason , Anthony Michael Hall , Judd Nelson , Molly Ringwald and Ally Sheedy . The storyline follows five teenagers , each members of different high school cliques , who spend a Saturday in detention together and come to realize that they are all more than their respective stereotypes , while facing a strict disciplinarian . The film premiered in Los Angeles on February 7 , 1985 . Universal Pictures released the film in cinemas in the United States on February 15 , 1985 . It received critical acclaim and earned $51.5 million on a $1 million budget . Critics consider it one of the greatest high school films of all time , as well as one of Hughes ' most memorable and recognizable works . The media referred to the film 's five main actors as members of a group called the `` Brat Pack '' . The title comes from the nickname invented by students and staff for morning detention at New Trier High School , the school attended by the son of one of John Hughes ' friends . Thus , those who were sent to detention before school starting time were designated members of `` The Breakfast Club '' . In 2016 , the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' . The film was digitally remastered and was re-screened throughout 430 theaters in celebration of its 30th anniversary in 2015 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Casting 3.2 Filming 3.3 Poster 4 Themes 5 Release 5.1 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Critical response 6.2 Box office 6.3 Award 6.4 American Film Institute lists 7 Legacy 8 Soundtrack 8.1 Track listing 8.2 Critical reception 9 References 10 External links Plot ( edit ) On Saturday , March 24 , 1984 , five students report at 7 : 00 a.m. for all - day detention at Shermer High School in Shermer , Illinois . While not complete strangers , each of them comes from a different clique , and they seem to have nothing in common : the beautiful and pampered Claire Standish , the state champion wrestler Andrew Clark , the geekish intellect Brian Johnson , the introverted outcast Allison Reynolds , and the rebellious delinquent John Bender . They gather in the high school library , where assistant principal Richard Vernon instructs them not to speak , move from their seats , or sleep until they are released at 3 : 00 p.m. He assigns them a thousand - word essay , in which each must describe `` who you think you are . '' He then leaves , returning only occasionally to check on them . Bender , who has a particularly antagonistic relationship with Vernon , ignores the rules and frequently riles up the other students , teasing Brian and Andrew and harassing Claire . Allison is initially quiet , except for an occasional random outburst . Over the course of the day , Vernon gives Bender several weekends ' worth of additional detention and even locks him in a storage closet , but he escapes and returns to the library . The students pass the hours by talking , arguing , and , at one point , smoking marijuana that Bender retrieves from his locker . Gradually , they open up to each other and reveal their deepest personal secrets : Allison is a compulsive liar ; Andrew can not easily think for himself ; Bender comes from an abusive household ; Brian was planning suicide with a flare gun due to the inability to cope with a bad grade ; and Claire is a virgin who feels constant pressure from her friends to be a certain way . They also discover that they all have strained relationships with their parents , which are a key cause for their personal issues as well : Allison 's parents ignore her due to their own problems ; Andrew 's father constantly criticizes his efforts at wrestling and pushes him as hard as possible ; Bender 's father verbally and physically abuses him ; Brian 's overbearing parents put immense pressure on him to earn high grades ; and Claire 's parents use her to get back at each other during frequent arguments . The students realize that , even with their differences , they face similar pressures and complications in their lives . Despite their differences in social status , the group begins to form friendships as the day progresses . Claire gives Allison a makeover , to reveal just how pretty she really is , which sparks romantic interest in Andrew . Claire decides to break her `` pristine '' virgin appearance by kissing Bender in the closet and giving him a hickey . Although they suspect that the relationships will end with the end of their detention , their mutual experiences will change the way they look at their peers afterwards . As the detention nears its end , the group requests that Brian complete the essay for everyone and John returns to the storage closet to fool Vernon into thinking he has not left . Brian writes the essay and leaves it in the library for Vernon to read after they leave . As the students part ways outside the school , Allison and Andrew kiss , as do Claire and Bender . Allison rips Andrew 's state champion patch from his letterman jacket to keep , and Claire gives Bender one of her diamond earrings , which he attaches to his earlobe . Vernon reads the essay ( read by Brian in voice - over ) , in which Brian states that Vernon has already judged who they are , using simple definitions and stereotypes . One by one , the five students ' voices add , `` But what we found out is that each one of us is a brain , and an athlete , and a basket case , a princess , and a criminal . '' Brian signs the letter as `` The Breakfast Club . '' Bender raises his fist in triumph as he walks across the school football field toward home . Cast ( edit ) Judd Nelson as John Bender Molly Ringwald as Claire Standish Emilio Estevez as Andy Clark Anthony Michael Hall as Brian Johnson Ally Sheedy as Allison Reynolds Paul Gleason as Assistant Principal Vernon John Kapelos as Carl Reed Ron Dean as Mr. Clark Production ( edit ) Casting ( edit ) Molly Ringwald and Anthony Michael Hall both starred in Hughes ' 1984 film Sixteen Candles . Towards the end of filming , Hughes asked them both to be in The Breakfast Club . Hall became the first to be cast , agreeing to the role of Brian Johnson . Ringwald was originally approached to play the character of Allison Reynolds , but she was `` really upset '' because she wanted to play Claire Standish . She eventually convinced the director and the studio to give her the part . The role of Allison ultimately went to Ally Sheedy . Emilio Estevez originally auditioned for the role of John Bender . However , when Hughes was unable to find someone to play Andrew Clarke , Estevez was recast . Nicolas Cage was considered for the role of John Bender , which was the last role to be cast , though the role was narrowed down to John Cusack and Judd Nelson . Hughes eventually cast Cusack , but decided to replace him with Nelson before shooting began , because Cusack did not look threatening enough for the role . At one point , Hughes was disappointed at Nelson because he stayed in character by harassing Ringwald off - camera , and the other actors had to convince Hughes not to fire him . Rick Moranis was originally cast as the janitor but left due to creative differences and was replaced by John Kapelos . Filming ( edit ) In 1999 , Hughes said that his request to direct the film met with resistance and skepticism because he lacked filmmaking experience . Hughes ultimately convinced the film 's investors that due to the modest $1 million budget and its single location shoot , he could greatly minimize their risk . Hughes originally thought that The Breakfast Club would be his directorial debut . Hughes opted for an insular , largely one room set and wrote it about high school students , who would be played by younger actors . Principal photography began on March 28 , 1984 , and ended in May . Filming took place at Maine North High School in Des Plaines , Illinois , shuttered in 1981 . The same setting was used for interior scenes of Hughes ' 1986 film Ferris Bueller 's Day Off , which featured exterior shots from nearby Glenbrook North High School . The library at Maine North High School , considered too small for the film , prompted the crew to build the set in the school 's gymnasium . The actors rehearsed with each other for three weeks and then shot the film in sequence . On the Ferris Bueller 's Day Off DVD commentary ( featured on the 2004 DVD version ) , Hughes revealed that he shot the two films concurrently to save time and money , and some outtakes of both films feature elements of the film crews working on the other film . The first print was 150 minutes in length . During a cast reunion in honor of the film 's 25th anniversary , Ally Sheedy revealed that a Director 's Cut existed but Hughes ' widow did not disclose any details concerning its whereabouts . In 2015 the first draft of the film 's script was discovered in a Maine South High School cabinet as district employees were moving offices to a new building . Poster ( edit ) The film 's poster , featuring the five characters huddled together , was photographed by Annie Leibovitz toward the end of shooting . The shot of five actors gazing at the camera influenced the way teen films were marketed from that point on . The poster refers to the five `` types '' of the story using slightly different terms than those used in the film , and in a different sequence , stating `` They were five total strangers with nothing in common , meeting for the first time . A brain , a beauty , a jock , a rebel and a recluse . '' The poster itself was so influential , it was parodied in The Texas Chainsaw Massacre 2 a year later . Themes ( edit ) The main theme of the film is the constant struggle of the American teenager to be understood , by adults and by themselves . It explores the pressure put on teenagers to fit into their own realms of high school social constructs , as well as the lofty expectations of their parents , teachers , and other authority figures . On the surface , the students have little in common with each other . However , as the day rolls on , they eventually bond over a common disdain for the aforementioned issues of peer pressure and parental expectations . Stereotyping is another theme . Once the obvious stereotypes are broken down , the characters `` empathize with each other 's struggles , dismiss some of the inaccuracies of their first impressions , and discover that they are more similar than different . '' The main adult character , Mr. Vernon , is not portrayed in a positive light . He consistently talks down to the students and flaunts his authority throughout the film . Bender is the only one who stands up to Vernon . Release ( edit ) The film premiered in Los Angeles on February 7 , 1985 . Universal Pictures released the film in cinemas on February 15 , 1985 in the United States . On February 18 , 1985 it was released in the Soviet Union , making it one of the rare west films to be shown . Home media ( edit ) In 2003 , the film was released on DVD as part of the `` High School Reunion Collection '' . In 2008 , a `` Flashback Edition '' DVD was released with several special features , including an audio commentary with Anthony Michael Hall and Judd Nelson . A 25th Anniversary Edition Blu - ray was released in 2010 , and the same disc was re-released with a DVD and digital copy in 2012 as part of Universal 's 100th Anniversary series . On March 10 , 2015 , the 30th Anniversary Edition was released . This release was digitally remastered and restored from the original 35mm film negatives for better picture quality on DVD , Digital HD and Blu - ray . On October 16 , 2017 , The Criterion Collection announced that the film will be released in a special edition in January 2018 . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) The film received high critical acclaim . The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes gives the film an 89 % approval rating based on 56 reviews with a critical consensus that states `` The Breakfast Club is a warm , insightful , and very funny look into the inner lives of teenagers '' . Kathleen Carroll from the New York Daily News stated , `` Hughes has a wonderful knack for communicating the feelings of teenagers , as well as an obvious rapport with his exceptional cast - who deserves top grades . '' Review aggregator Metacritic assigned the film a weighted average score of 62 % based on 11 reviews from mainstream critics , considered to be `` generally favorable reviews '' . Box office ( edit ) In February 1985 , the film debuted at # 3 at the box office ( behind blockbuster film Beverly Hills Cop and Witness starring Harrison Ford ) . Grossing $45,875,171 domestically and $51,525,171 worldwide , the film is a box office success , given its alleged $1 million budget . Award ( edit ) Anthony Michael Hall , Judd Nelson , Molly Ringwald , Paul Gleason and Ally Sheedy won a Silver Bucket of Excellence Award at the 2005 MTV Movie Awards in 2005 . Award Nominee Result Silver Bucket of Excellence Award Anthony Michael Hall Judd Nelson Paul Gleason Molly Ringwald Ally Sheedy Won American film Institute lists ( edit ) AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs : `` Do n't You ( Forget About Me ) '' -- Nominated AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Cheers - Nominated AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies ( 10th Anniversary Edition ) -- Nominated AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movie Quotes : Principal Richard Vernon : `` Do n't mess with the bull , young man . You 'll get the horns ! '' -- Nominated Legacy ( edit ) The Breakfast Club is known as the `` quintessential 1980s film '' and is considered as one of the best films of the decade . In 2008 , Empire magazine ranked it # 369 on their The 500 Greatest Movies of All Time list . It then rose 331 places to rank at # 38 on their 2014 list . Similarly , The New York Times placed the film on its Best 1000 Movies Ever list and Entertainment Weekly ranked the film number 1 on its list of the 50 Best High School Movies . In the 2001 parody film Not Another Teen Movie , Gleason reprised his role as Assistant Principal Vernon in a short scene that parodies The Breakfast Club . In 2005 , the film received the Silver Bucket of Excellence Award in honor of its 20th anniversary at the MTV Movie Awards . For the event , MTV attempted to reunite the original cast . Sheedy , Ringwald , and Hall appeared together on stage , with Kapelos in the audience ; Gleason gave the award to his former castmates . Estevez could not attend because of other commitments , and Nelson appeared earlier in the show but left before the on - stage reunion , prompting Hall to joke that the two were `` in Africa with Dave Chappelle '' . Yellowcard performed Simple Minds ' anthem for the film , `` Do n't You ( Forget About Me ) '' , at the awards . At the 82nd Academy Awards ( March 7 , 2010 ) , Sheedy , Hall , Ringwald , and Nelson all appeared in a tribute to John Hughes -- who had died a few months prior -- along with other actors who had worked with him , including Jon Cryer from Pretty in Pink , Matthew Broderick from Ferris Bueller 's Day Off , and Macaulay Culkin from Home Alone . Soundtrack ( edit ) The Breakfast Club ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) Soundtrack album by various artists Released February 19 , 1985 Recorded 1984 Genre Rock , new wave Length 38 : 02 Label A&M Records Producer various artists Singles from The Breakfast Club ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) `` Do n't You '' Released : February 20 , 1985 ( US ) , April 8 , 1985 ( UK ) Audio sample Simple Minds -- Do n't You ( Forget About Me ) file help The Breakfast Club soundtrack album was released on February 19 , 1985 by A&M Records . The album peaked at No. 17 on the Billboard 200 album chart . The song `` Do n't You ( Forget About Me ) '' performed by Scottish rock band Simple Minds was released on February 20 , 1985 in the United States and on April 8 , 1985 in the United Kingdom as a single and reached No. 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 . Track listing ( edit ) `` Do n't You ( Forget About Me ) '' -- Simple Minds `` Waiting '' -- E.G. Daily `` Fire in the Twilight '' -- Wang Chung `` I 'm the Dude '' ( instrumental ) -- Keith Forsey `` Heart Too Hot to Hold '' -- Jesse Johnson and Stephanie Spruill `` Dream Montage '' ( instrumental ) -- Gary Chang `` We Are Not Alone '' -- Karla DeVito `` Reggae '' ( instrumental ) -- Keith Forsey `` Did n't I Tell You ? '' -- Joyce Kennedy `` Love Theme '' ( instrumental ) -- Keith Forsey Critical reception ( edit ) In a June 25 , 1985 review for The Village Voice , music critic Robert Christgau gave the album a `` D − '' and said that it has `` utterly negligible '' songs , and he commended Simple Minds for trying to distance themselves from their song , `` Do n't You ( Forget About Me ) , '' best known for being played during the film 's opening and closing credits . In a retrospective review for AllMusic , Stephen Thomas Erlewine gave the soundtrack three out of five stars and wrote that , apart from Simple Minds ' `` undisputed masterpiece , '' the album is largely `` disposable '' and marred by `` ' 80s artifacts '' and `` forgettable instrumentals '' . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Breakfast Club '' . Bbfc.co.uk . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The 80 's : ' The Breakfast Club ' '' . Retrieved September 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gross data for the film The Breakfast Club from movie data base site Box Office Mojo Jump up ^ `` Breakfast Club 30 '' . BreakfastClub30.com . ^ Jump up to : Itzkoff , Dave ( September 17 , 2010 ) . `` She Wo n't Forget About Him : Molly Ringwald Remembers John Hughes '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 4 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Steinberg , Julie ( September 21 , 2010 ) . `` ' The Breakfast Club ' Cast Reunites , But Where 's Emilio ? ' Working on ' Mighty Ducks 5 '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved March 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gora , Susannah ( 2010 ) . You Could n't Ignore Me If You Tried . Three Rivers Press . pp. 56 -- 57 . Jump up ^ `` Premiere , December 1999 , Oral history `` Breakfast Club '' `` . comcast.net . Jump up ^ Gora , Susannah ( 2010 ) . You Could n't Ignore Me If You Tried . Three Rivers Press . p. 47 . Jump up ^ Gora , Susannah ( 2010 ) . You Could n't Ignore Me If You Tried . Three Rivers Press . p. 58 . Jump up ^ Gora , Susannah ( 2010 ) . You Could n't Ignore Me If You Tried . Three Rivers Press . pp. 59 , 69 . Jump up ^ Dameron , Emerson ( August 11 , 2009 ) . `` John Hughes : The Director 's Cut '' . Newcity Film . Retrieved March 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Jennifer ( April 21 , 2015 ) . Chicago Tribune http://www.chicagotribune.com/suburbs/park-ridge/news/ct-prh-breakfast-club-script-tl-0423-20150420-story.html . Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Gora , Susannah ( 2010 ) . You Could n't Ignore Me If You Tried . Three Rivers Press . pp. 79 - 80 , 325 - 326 . ^ Jump up to : Loukides , Paul ( 1996 ) . Beyond the Stars 5 : Themes and Ideologies in American Popular Film . Popular Press . pp. 30 -- 32 . ISBN 9780879727017 . Jump up ^ Barsanti , Chris ( 2010 ) . Filmology : A Movie - a-Day Guide to the Movies You Need to Know . Adams Media . p. 49 . Jump up ^ `` The Breakfast Club '' . Oup.com . Retrieved September 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0088847/releaseinfo?ref_=tt_ql_dt_2 Jump up ^ `` The Breakfast Club ( High School Reunion Collection ) : Molly Ringwald , Emilio Estevez , Anthony Michael Hall , Judd Nelson , Ally Sheedy , John Kapelos , Paul Gleason , John Hughes , Ned Tanen : Movies & TV '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Breakfast Club ( Flashback Edition ) : Emilio Estevez , Anthony Michael Hall , Molly Ringwald , Ally Sheedy , Judd Nelson , Paul Gleason , Mercedes Hall , John Kapelos , Ron Dean , Perry Crawford , Fran Gargano , John Hughes , Tim Gamble , Jackie Burch , Thomas del Ruth : Movies & TV '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Breakfast Club ( 25th Anniversary Edition ) ( Blu - ray ) : Emilio Estevez , Paul Gleason , Anthony Michael Hall , Judd Nelson , Molly Ringwald , Ally Sheedy , John Hughes : Movies & TV '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Breakfast Club ( Blu - ray + DVD + Digital Copy ) : Universal 's 100th Anniversary '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved March 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Celebrating 100 years of iconic movie moments '' . Universal 100th . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Breakfast Club 30th Anniversary Edition Blu - ray '' . Blu-ray.com . Retrieved December 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Nordine , Michael ( October 16 , 2017 ) . `` The Criterion Collection Announces January 2018 Titles , Including ' The Breakfast Club ' and ' I , Daniel Blake ' '' . IndieWire . Penske Business Media , LLC . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` The Breakfast Club Movie Reviews , Pictures '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved February 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ The Breakfast Club , retrieved 2017 - 10 - 20 Jump up ^ `` The Breakfast Club , Movie Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved July 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Weekend Box Office : February 15 - 18 , 1985 -- 4 - day President 's Day Weekend '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ The Breakfast Club at Box Office Mojo Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs '' ( PDF ) . American Film Institute . Retrieved October 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Cheers Nominees ( PDF ) Jump up ^ AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies ( 10th Anniversary Edition ) Ballot ( PDF ) Jump up ^ Dunkleberger , Amy ( 2007 ) . So You Want to Be a Film Or TV Screenwriter ? . Enslow Publishers , Inc. p. 73 . Jump up ^ `` Empire 's The 500 Greatest Movies of All Time '' . Empire . Retrieved August 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The 301 Greatest Movies Of All Time -- Empire -- www.empireonline.com '' . Empire . Jump up ^ `` The Best 1,000 Movies Ever Made '' . The New York Times . April 29 , 2003 . Retrieved August 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Entertainment Weekly 's The 50 Best High School Movies '' . AMC Filmsite.org . Retrieved August 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Scott , A.O. ( December 14 , 2001 ) . `` FILM REVIEW ; Pretty in Prank : A Spoof of a Lampoon of a Satire of ... '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Christgau , Robert ( June 25 , 1985 ) . `` Christgau 's Consumer Guide '' . The Village Voice . New York . Retrieved December 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Erlewine , Stephen Thomas . `` The Breakfast Club ( Original Soundtrack ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved December 16 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) 1980s portal Film in the United States portal Comedy portal Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Breakfast Club The Breakfast Club on IMDb The Breakfast Club at the TCM Movie Database The Breakfast Club at Box Office Mojo The Breakfast Club at Rotten Tomatoes The Breakfast Club at Metacritic ( hide ) John Hughes Director and writer Sixteen Candles ( 1984 ) The Breakfast Club ( 1985 ) Weird Science ( 1985 ) Ferris Bueller 's Day Off ( 1986 ) Planes , Trains and Automobiles ( 1987 ) She 's Having a Baby ( 1988 ) Uncle Buck ( 1989 ) Curly Sue ( 1991 ) Writer only National Lampoon 's Class Reunion ( 1982 ) Mr. Mom ( 1983 ) National Lampoon 's Vacation ( 1983 ) Nate and Hayes ( 1983 ) National Lampoon 's European Vacation ( 1985 ) Pretty in Pink ( 1986 ) Some Kind of Wonderful ( 1987 ) The Great Outdoors ( 1988 ) National Lampoon 's Christmas Vacation ( 1989 ) Home Alone ( 1990 ) Career Opportunities ( 1991 ) Dutch ( 1991 ) Beethoven ( 1992 ) Home Alone 2 : Lost in New York ( 1992 ) Dennis the Menace ( 1993 ) Baby 's Day Out ( 1994 ) Miracle on 34th Street ( 1994 ) 101 Dalmatians ( 1996 ) Flubber ( 1997 ) Home Alone 3 ( 1997 ) Reach the Rock ( 1998 ) Just Visiting ( 2001 ) Maid in Manhattan ( 2002 , story ) Drillbit Taylor ( 2008 , original character ) Related Do n't You Forget About Me ( 2009 documentary ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Breakfast_Club&oldid=807048829 '' Categories : 1985 films English - language films 1980s comedy - drama films 1980s coming - of - age films 1980s teen comedy films 1980s teen drama films 1985 soundtracks A&M Records soundtracks American comedy - drama films American coming - of - age films American films American high school films American teen comedy films American teen drama films Coming - of - age comedy films Coming - of - age drama films Film soundtracks Films directed by John Hughes ( filmmaker ) Films set in 1984 Films set in Illinois Films shot in Illinois Universal Pictures films Screenplays by John Hughes ( filmmaker ) Films produced by John Hughes ( filmmaker ) A&M Films films United States National Film Registry films Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Pages using web citations with no URL Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Use mdy dates from March 2017 Articles with hAudio microformats Audio sample to be checked Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français हिन्दी Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Кыргызча Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Plattdüütsch Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 October 2017 , at 15 : 33 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what school did they film the breakfast club | [
"Principal photography began on March 28, 1984, and ended in May. Filming took place at Maine North High School in Des Plaines, Illinois, shuttered in 1981. The same setting was used for interior scenes of Hughes' 1986 film Ferris Bueller's Day Off, which featured exterior shots from nearby Glenbrook North High School. The library at Maine North High School, considered too small for the film, prompted the crew to build the set in the school's gymnasium.[10] The actors rehearsed with each other for three weeks and then shot the film in sequence.[11] On the Ferris Bueller's Day Off DVD commentary (featured on the 2004 DVD version), Hughes revealed that he shot the two films concurrently to save time and money, and some outtakes of both films feature elements of the film crews working on the other film. The first print was 150 minutes in length.[12]"
] | [
"Maine North High School"
] |
3096857446636499974 | Tenderloin, San Francisco | Tenderloin , San Francisco - wikipedia Tenderloin , San Francisco Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the San Francisco neighborhood . For other uses , see Tenderloin ( disambiguation ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Tenderloin Neighborhood Nickname ( s ) : The L 's , The Loin , The TL Tenderloin Location within Central San Francisco Coordinates : 37 ° 47 ′ 0 '' N 122 ° 25 ′ 0 '' W / 37.78333 ° N 122.41667 ° W / 37.78333 ; - 122.41667 Country USA State California City - county San Francisco Government Supervisor Jane Kim Assemblymember David Chiu ( D ) State senator Scott Wiener ( D ) U.S. rep . Nancy Pelosi ( D ) Area Total 0.35 sq mi ( 0.9 km ) Land 0.35 sq mi ( 0.9 km ) Water 0 sq mi ( 0 km ) 0 % Population ( 2008 ) Total 25,067 Density 71,694 / sq mi ( 27,681 / km ) Time zone Pacific ( UTC − 8 ) Summer ( DST ) PDT ( UTC − 7 ) ZIP Codes 94102 , 94103 , 94109 Area codes 415 / 628 The Tenderloin is a neighborhood in downtown San Francisco , California , in the flatlands on the southern slope of Nob Hill , situated between the Union Square shopping district to the northeast and the Civic Center office district to the southwest . It encompasses about 50 square blocks , is a large wedge / triangle in shape ( point faces East ) . It is historically bounded on the north by Geary Street , on the east by Mason Street , on the south by Market Street and on the west by Van Ness Avenue . The northern boundary with Lower Nob Hill historically has been set at Geary Street . The terms `` Tenderloin Heights '' and `` The Tendernob '' refer to the area around the indefinite boundary between the Upper Tenderloin and Lower Nob Hill . The eastern extent , near Union Square , overlaps with the Theater District . Part of the western extent of the Tenderloin , Larkin and Hyde Streets between Turk and O'Farrell , was officially named `` Little Saigon '' by the City of San Francisco . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Attractions and characteristics 3 Geography 4 Murals 5 Crime 6 Social issues 7 Social services 8 Culture 9 Parks and recreation 10 Renaming attempt 11 See also 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links History ( edit ) The Ambassador Hotel is a neighborhood renovated single room occupancy building that sits on the Eastern edge of the Tenderloin . The Tenderloin took its name from an older neighborhood in New York with similar characteristics . There are several explanations of how that neighborhood was named . Some said it was a reference to the neighborhood as the `` soft underbelly '' ( analogous to the cut of meat ) of the city , with allusions to vice and corruption , especially graft . Another popular explanation , probably folklore , attributes the name to a New York City police captain , Alexander S. Williams , who was overheard saying that when he was assigned to another part of the city , he could only afford to eat chuck steak on the salary he was earning , but after he was transferred to this neighborhood he was making so much money on the side soliciting bribes that now he could eat tenderloin instead . Another version of that story says that the officers who worked in the Tenderloin received a `` hazard pay '' bonus for working in such a violent area , and thus were able to afford the good cut of meat . Yet another story , also likely apocryphal , is that the name is a reference to the `` loins '' of prostitutes . The Tenderloin borders the Mission / Market Street corridor , which follows the Spaniards ' El Camino Real , which in turn traced an ancient north / south Indian trail . The Tenderloin is sheltered by Nob Hill , and far enough from the bay to be on solid ground . There is evidence that a community resided here several thousand years ago . In the 1960s , the area was excavated to develop the BART / MUNI subway station at Civic Center . During the excavation , the remains of a woman dated to be 5,000 years old were found . The Tenderloin has been a downtown residential community since shortly after the California Gold Rush in 1849 . However , the name `` Tenderloin '' does not appear on any maps of San Francisco prior to the 1930s ; before then , it was labeled as `` Downtown '' , although it was informally referred to as `` the Tenderloin '' as early as the 1890s . The area had an active nightlife in the late 19th century with many theaters , restaurants and hotels . Notorious madam Tessie Wall opened her first brothel on O'Farrell Street in 1898 . Almost all of the buildings in the neighborhood were destroyed by the 1906 earthquake and the backfires that were set by firefighters to contain the devastation . The area was immediately rebuilt with some hotels opening by 1907 and apartment buildings shortly thereafter , including the historic Cadillac Hotel . By the 1920s , the neighborhood was notorious for its gambling , billiard halls , boxing gyms , `` speakeasies '' , theaters , restaurants and other nightlife depicted in the hard boiled detective fiction of Dashiell Hammett , who lived at 891 Post Street , the apartment he gave to Sam Spade in The Maltese Falcon . Also around this time , due to Red Light Abatement Act , Prostitution and other vice began to be pushed out from the Barbary Coast district to the more southern and less business - occupied Tenderloin . Tenderloin strip club in 1991 In the mid-20th century the Tenderloin provided work for many musicians in the neighborhood 's theaters , hotels , burlesque houses , bars and clubs and was the location of the Musician 's Union Building on Jones Street . The most famous jazz club was the Black Hawk at Hyde and Turk Streets where Dave Brubeck , Miles Davis , Thelonious Monk , Gerry Mulligan , and other jazz greats recorded live albums for Fantasy Records in the late 1950s and early 1960s . With housing consisting almost entirely of single - room - occupancy hotel rooms , studio and one bedroom apartments , the Tenderloin historically housed single adults and couples . After World War II , with the decline in central cities throughout the United States , the Tenderloin lost population , creating a large amount of vacant housing units by the mid-1970s . Beginning in the late 1970s , after the Vietnam War , the Tenderloin received large numbers of refugees from Southeast Asia -- first ethnic Chinese from Vietnam , then Khmer from Cambodia and Hmong from Laos . The low - cost vacant housing , and the proximity to Chinatown through the Stockton Street Tunnel , made the area appealing to refugees and resettlement agencies . Studio apartments became home for families of four and five people and became what a local police officer called `` vertical villages . '' The Tenderloin quickly increased from having just a few children to having over 3,500 and this population has remained . A number of neighborhood Southeast Asian restaurants , bánh mì coffee shops , ethnic grocery stores , video shops , and other stores opened at this time , which still exist . The Tenderloin has a long history as a center of alternate sexualities , including several historic confrontations with police . The legendary female impersonator Ray Bourbon , a performer during the Pansy Craze , was arrested in 1933 while his show `` Boys Will Be Girls '' was being broadcast live on the radio from Tait 's Cafe at 44 Ellis Street . In the evening of August 13 , 1961 , 103 gay and lesbian patrons were raided in the Tay - Bush Inn , a café visited by gay and lesbian patrons . As a response to police harassment , S.F. bar owners formed the San Francisco Tavern Guild . A study into prostitution in the Tenderloin found that while trans women face discrimination from certain professions and their sexual partners , sex workers in the Tenderloin area were adept at overcoming some such difficulties . On New Years Day in 1965 police raided a Mardi Gras Ball at California Hall on Polk Street sponsored by the Council on Religion and the Homosexual , lining up and photographing 600 participants and arresting several prominent citizens . One of the first `` gay riots '' , pre-dating the Stonewall riots in New York , happened at Compton 's Cafeteria at Turk and Taylor Streets in August 1966 when the police , attempting to arrest a drag queen , sparked a riot that spilled into the streets . The group ended up smashing the windows of the police car and burned a nearby newspaper stand to the ground ; the riot promoted the formation of the Gay Activists Alliance . Prior to the emergence of The Castro as a major gay village , the center of the Tenderloin at Turk and Taylor and the Polk Gulch at the western side of the Tenderloin were two of the city 's first gay neighborhoods and a few of these historic gay bars and clubs still exist . The apartment where Dashiell Hammett wrote The Maltese Falcon was once in the boundaries of the Tenderloin at the corner of Hyde and Post . Both the movie and book were based in San Francisco 's Tenderloin . There is also an alley in what is now Nob Hill , named for the book 's author ( Dashiell Hammett ) . It lies outside the Tenderloin because the boundary was defined with borders different from today 's . Some locations , such as Sam Spade 's apartment and John 's Grill , also no longer lie in the Tenderloin because local economics and real estate have changed the character and labeling of areas over time . In July 2008 , the area was designated as a historic district on the National Register of Historic Places . Attractions and characteristics ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Nestled near the downtown area , the Tenderloin has historically resisted gentrification , maintaining a seedy character and reputation for crime . Squalid conditions , homelessness , crime , illegal drug trade , prostitution , liquor stores , and strip clubs give the neighborhood a seedy reputation . Part of the neighborhood forms part of the theater district . Prominent theatres include the Geary , the home of the American Conservatory Theater , and the Curran , Golden Gate and Orpheum Theatres operated by the Shorenstein Nederlander Organization . Alternative theaters in the Tenderloin include EXIT Theatre , which operates four storefront theaters and produces the San Francisco Fringe Festival , the New Conservatory Theater , the Phoenix Theater , CounterPulse , PianoFight , the New Music Center and others . Alternate galleries include The Luggage Store , the 509 Cultural Center , and others . The neighborhood had many bars dating to prohibition and before with dive bars , including some left over from when the neighborhood housed large numbers of merchant seamen but most of those have closed or been transformed . One bar is built on the site of a previous speakeasy , Bourbon and Branch , at the corner of Jones and O'Farrell Streets . The original speakeasy was restored in the bar 's basement , including many of the original decorations . Many bars have entertainment including the historic drag bar Aunt Charlie 's . Larger live music venues include the Great American Music Hall and the Warfield Theater . Historically , the Tenderloin has had a number of strip clubs , although their number has decreased in recent decades . The most well known is the Mitchell Brothers O'Farrell Theatre . The Tenderloin is also a hub for the gender diverse community . The categoriesof LGBTIQ created a new gender politics that helped to distinguish between the different groups - the Tenderloin was heavily populated by the transgender community . Many street activisits paved the way for change , such as Anne Ogborn . In his seminar ' Take Charge of Your Life ' , Jim Rohn recounted his visits to the Tenderloin to experience the `` human tragedy '' . He described his visit to a bar in the Tenderloin where the bar tender told him about a dancer by the name of Cookie , who was severely crippled and had a child suffering from leukemia . Geography ( edit ) The position held by policy - makers regarding gentrification is often divided , with one side of the debate arguing that it is of benefit to the public economy and revitalisation of the built setting , whilst the other side argues that the huge social costs and displacement of people , especially the poor , outweigh all potential strengths of the process . Murals ( edit ) The Tenderloin serves as a mecca for the art scene in San Francisco , housing the `` White Walls '' gallery and `` Shooting Gallery '' . The Tenderloin has been home to mural work by artists such as Johanna Poethig , Mona Caron , Banksy , Shepard Fairey , Barry McGee , Mike Giant , Blek Le Rat and Dan Plasma . The `` Book & Job '' gallery has become known for hosting skating legends such as Tommy Guerrero and promoting `` Zine Weekends . '' Crime ( edit ) The Tenderloin is a high - crime neighborhood , particularly violent street crime such as robbery and aggravated assault . Seven of the top 10 violent crime plots ( out of 665 in the entire city as measured by the San Francisco Police Department ) are adjacent plots in the Tenderloin and Sixth and Market area . The neighborhood was considered to be the origin of a notorious Filipino gang Bahala Na Gang or BNG , a gang imported from the Philippines . In the late 1960s to the mid-1970s , the gang was involved in extortion , drug sales , and murder for hire . Graffiti art and tagging are a common problem in the neighborhood . Dealing and use of illicit drugs occurs on the streets . Property crimes are common , especially theft from parked vehicles . Violent acts occur more often here and are generally related to drugs . The area has been the scene of escalating drug violence in 2007 , including brazen daylight shootings , as local gangs from San Francisco , and others from around the Bay Area battle for turf . 14 of the city 's 98 homicides took place in the area in 2007 . The first block of Turk Street , between Taylor and Mason , had one of the highest rates of violence and drug activity in San Francisco , according to a survey conducted by the Tenderloin Housing Clinic . On January 31 , 2014 , parking was banned on both sides of the street in an effort to reduce violence and drug activity . Without parked cars to hide illegal activity , there were fewer loiterers , and a decrease in drug activity . Social Issues ( edit ) High rates of sex work in the Tenderloin area has been associated with a high rate of sexually transmitted infections , including HIV , especially among men who have sex with other men and those who also inject drugs . Contributing factors include a lack of sex education and safe sex practices , including condom use . In a 2000 survey , 59 % of men who performed sex with other men did not report condom use , with higher rates of unsafe sex practices among those who are not engaged in paid sex work . Social services ( edit ) The Tenderloin has been the home of Raphael House , the first provider in the city of shelter for homeless parents and children , since 1971 . It is an ethnically diverse community , consisting of families , young people living in cheap apartments , downtown bohemian artists , and recent immigrants from Latin America and Southeast Asia . It is home to a large population of homeless , those living in extreme poverty , and numerous non-profit social service agencies , soup kitchens , religious rescue missions , homeless shelters and single room occupancy hotels . Many homeless youths in the Tenderloin district are at risk of serious emotional and psychological problems arising from past traumatic experiences . Lack of appropriately targeted options available in the area has meant many youths will have few viable paths to deal effectively with their problems . The Tenderloin Housing Clinic has offered important social services to the poor of this neighborhood for decades . According to its director , Randy Shaw , the clinic 's `` mission is to prevent tenant displacement , preserve and expand the city 's low cost housing stock and to provide comprehensive legal assistance to low income tenants . The Clinic is successful in fulfilling this mission by providing free legal services , securing SRO units through the Master Lease program and offering comprehensive support services to our clients . '' San Francisco 's Tenderloin , as seen on a map that tracks reports of human feces on SF 's streets . Blue dots represent reports in any given month The Care Through Touch Institute , located between Hyde and Leavenworth Streets , offers free seated massage therapy to clients in the Tenderloin community . The founder and director of CTI , Mary Ann Finch , began offering services here in 1997 , after being inspired by her volunteer work with Mother Teresa in India . Today , CTI serves primarily low - income and homeless clients at sites such as the Gubbio Project at St. Boniface Church , Tenderloin Self - Help , Tom Waddell health clinic , MCSC , and Martin de Porres House of Hospitality . CTI also offers a 180 - hour training in `` Seated Massage Therapy , Social Consciousness , and Spiritual Practice '' for people who are interested in volunteering with CTI . Sausa , Keatley & Operaria ( 2007 ) found in their study on the perceived risks and benefits of sex work among transgender women of color in San Francisco 's Tenderloin that transgender community life has been shown to be shaped by non-local structural conditions of poverty and sexual inequality - therefore , when it comes to health promotion and social service programs for transgender sex workers , it is imperative that these are informed and instructed by the fabric of such community . Religious institutions providing community services to the Tenderloin include Glide Memorial Church , which was reinvigorated by Cecil Williams in 1963 , St. Anthony 's , a program of the Franciscans and San Francisco City Impact founded in 1984 by Pastor Roger Huang . San Francisco City Impact 's K - 8 private school , the San Francisco City Academy , was the first K - 8 school in the Tenderloin District ; founded in 1997 . These all provide meals and other social services to poor and homeless residents and others . Glide and the surrounding neighborhood provided much of the setting for the 2006 film The Pursuit of Happyness . In 2008 , The Salvation Army opened the Ray and Joan Kroc Community Center , a multipurpose center featuring a gym , swimming pool and fitness center among other amenities . The funding for this center was made possible by a $1.5 billion bequest from Joan Kroc , the widow of McDonald 's founder , Ray Kroc . Adjacent to the Kroc center is Railton Place , a 110 - unit apartment complex run by the Salvation Army for former foster youth , homeless veterans , and adults recovering from addictions . In 2016 , the Tenderloin Community Benefit District ( TLCBD ) announced the implementation of a new public - private initiative , Operation Leadership , which aims to help strengthen existing street cleaning and beautification services . As transgender women often face barriers such as discrimination and stigma when accessing health care , and show reluctance to disclose their gender when seeking health related services , a collaborative project named ' TRANS ' was set up near the Tenderloin to appropriately address the multifaceted needs of this diverse population , as well as offering support . In their study , Sausa , Keatley , Operario ( 2007 ) concluded that sex work for transgender women of colour must be viewed as a forced consequence of structural barriers that they face , as well as an informed choice for survival as a result of these barriers The Tenderloin Senior Outreach Project ( TSOP ) was initiated when local university staff realized that many seniors felt afraid of crime , rent increases , and inadequate income . They facilitate interpersonal communication through coffee & refreshments , groups of elderly people were encouraged to meet each other . Larkin Street Youth Services is a non-profit organization that offers a continuum of services that inspires youth to move beyond the street . Services run the gamut from street outreach and temporary shelters to transitional living programs , health and wellness services , and comprehensive education and employment programs . Culture ( edit ) In recent years , residents have spearheaded a local arts revival . In 1987 , residents and others from the Aarti Hotel on Leavenworth Street founded the 509 Cultural Center at 509 Ellis Street . After the 1989 earthquake damaged that facility , artists founded The Luggage Store at 1007 Market , at the intersection of 6th Street , Market , Taylor and Golden Gate Avenue . In 1989 the Tenderloin Reflection and Education Center ( TREC ) spun off from St Anthony foundation and operated a cultural center including dance , music , writing quilting , and other arts workshops in the St. Boniface Neighborhood Center . Artists and activists such as Eric Ehn from the Iowa Writing Workshop and Theatre Artaud ; Miya Masoaka , a recording artist with Asian Improv Records ; Lucy Jane Bledsoe , published novelist and writer for the East Bay Express ; Pearl Ubungen , choreographer ; Ben Clarke , Founding Editor of Freedom Voices ; and Maketa Groves , poet and published author at Curbstone Press ; and Tenderloin resident and Athabaskan poet Mary TallMountain offered numerous free workshops . TREC and its publishing project Freedom Voices continue to offer workshops on an occasional basis at the Public Library , Hospitality House , the Faithful Fools and other locations in the neighborhood . Tender Leaves , the Center 's literary journal was published from 1987 to 2006 . From 2006 to 2009 , The Loin 's Mouth , conceived by its editor Rachel M. , was a semi-quarterly publication about life in the Tenderloin and Tendernob areas . Since then , others have come about to fill the gap including the Tenderloin Reading Series , which is a quarterly literary event in the neighborhood as well as The Tender , a local journal focusing on the events , food , and politics of the neighborhood . In 2006 , Gray Area Foundation for the Arts was formed to produce , exhibit , and develop creativity with the most contemporary new media technologies . Initially located on Taylor Street in an 8,000 sq ft ( 740 m ) space , they have since moved across the street to rent space from The Warfield . In years past , the local Vietnamese Community has hosted the Tết celebration of the Vietnamese Lunar New Year in the Little Saigon section of the Tenderloin . Parks and recreation ( edit ) Historically , the downtown Tenderloin had no parks between Union Square to the East and Civic Center Plaza to the West until a number of activists , who organized the City 's Citizens Committee for Open Space , advocated for more open space in the Tenderloin in the 1970s . As a result , a number of parks and playgrounds were created including first Boeddeker Park , a multi-use facility , then the youth - oriented Tenderloin Playground , followed by a number of mini-playgrounds . Boeddeker Park , located at the corner of Eddy and Jones Streets , is one of the most used parks per square foot in the City . It underwent a renovation , completed in December 2014 , which has revitalized the park . YMCA and the Boys and Girls Club occupy the clubhouse , providing programming for youth and seniors . `` It 's the hub of positive community togetherness , '' Tenderloin police Capt . Jason Cherniss said of the park . `` It 's not necessarily police , it 's community . It 's ripe for that now . We 're all getting more connected and sharing information . '' The Tenderloin Children 's Playground , on Ellis Street between Leavenworth and Hyde Streets , was opened in 1995 and has attractive indoor and outdoor recreational facilities and hosts a number of community and family events . Sgt . John Macaulay Park , named after a San Francisco police officer who was killed in the adjacent alley while on duty , is a small gated playground at the corner of O'Farrell and Larkin Streets . Although the park is located across the street from a strip club , it is frequented by parents and children from the neighborhood . The `` Tenderloin National Forest '' ( a project of the nonprofit organization The Luggage Store / 509 Cultural Center ) is an unofficial park that was established from 1987 -- present that maintains the park and opening hours . It is located on Cohen Alley just off Ellis Street . Renaming attempt ( edit ) In March 2011 , People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals ( PETA ) Vice President Tracy Reiman sent Mayor Ed Lee a letter proposing for renaming of the neighborhood and suggesting alternative name like the Tempeh District , claiming `` the city deserves a neighborhood named after a delicious cruelty - free food instead of the flesh of an abused animal '' . The proposal was met with ridicule by locals and Mayor Lee responded that it was more important to improve the lives of the residents than rename the neighborhood . See also ( edit ) San Francisco Bay Area portal Tenderloin , New York The Tender Hospitality House References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Statewide Database '' . UC Regents . Retrieved November 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` California 's 12th Congressional District - Representatives & District Map '' . Civic Impulse , LLC . ^ Jump up to : `` Tenderloin neighborhood in San Francisco , California ( CA ) , 94102 , 94103 , 94109 subdivision profile - real estate , apartments , condos , homes , community , population , jobs , income , streets '' . City-data.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ Estrella , Cicero ( February 16 , 2004 ) . `` S.F. 's ' Little Saigon ' : Stretch of Larkin Street named for Vietnamese Americans '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved April 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ MacLaren , Don ( February 1988 ) . `` 70 Years Ago in Neighborhood History - TL Morality Crusade Draws Prostitutes ' Wrath '' . The Tenderloin Times . Retrieved January 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Williams , ' Ex-Czar ' Of Tenderloin , Dies ; Picturesque Former Inspector of Police Gave the District Its Sobriquet . Figured In Lexow Inquiry ; Retired on Pension After That ; - Noted for His Love of a Fight ; 77 Years Old . He Never Shunned a Fight . Appearance Before Lexow . '' The New York Times March 26 , 1917 Jump up ^ `` The Cadillac Hotel Shaped History of San Francisco '' Jump up ^ Boyd , Nan Alamilla ( 2003 ) . `` Transgender and Gay Male Cultures From the 1890s through the 1960s '' . Wide Open Town : A queer History of San Francisco . Berkeley , CA : Berkeley : University of California Press . pp. 25 -- 62 . ISBN 9780520244740 . Jump up ^ `` Success in a Sewer '' , Time , August 3 , 1959 Jump up ^ `` Miles Davis : In Person Friday Night Live at the Blackhawk '' Jump up ^ Thelonious Monk At the Blackhawk https://www.billboard.com/artist/419482/thelonious+monk/chart Jump up ^ Shaw , Randy ( April 16 , 2015 ) . `` Gentrifying L.A. without displacing the poor : Lessons from S.F. 's Tenderloin '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ `` do n't call me madam - the life and work of ray bourbon - ray 's story - nightclubs and broadway '' . Coolcatdaddy.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ Boyd , Nan Alamilla ( 2011 - 09 - 01 ) . `` San Francisco 's Castro district : from gay liberation to tourist destination '' . Journal of Tourism and Cultural Change . 9 ( 3 ) : 237 -- 248 . doi : 10.1080 / 14766825.2011. 620122 . ISSN 1476 - 6825 . Jump up ^ Eaklor , Vicki ( 2011 ) . Queer America : A People 's GLBT History of the United States ( New Press People 's History ) . The New Press . Jump up ^ Williams , Colin J. ; Weinberg , Martin S. ; Rosenberger , Joshua G. ( 2016 - 04 - 18 ) . `` Trans Women Doing Sex in San Francisco '' . Archives of Sexual Behavior . 45 ( 7 ) : 1665 -- 1678 . doi : 10.1007 / s10508 - 016 - 0730 - 6 . ISSN 0004 - 0002 . Jump up ^ http://sfpl.lib.ca.us/librarylocations/main/glc/pdf/GLC46_Evander_Smith-California_Hall_Papers.pdf Jump up ^ Documentary movie Screaming Queens : the Riot at Compton 's Cafeteria `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 05 - 22 . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ Stryker , Susan . Transgender History . First Printing edition . Berkeley , CA : Seal Press , 2008 . Jump up ^ State Approves Uptown Tenderloin Historic District Jump up ^ `` Guidebook reference to Tenderloin as ' worst neighborhood in San Francisco ' '' Jump up ^ `` Academy of Art Students Reimagine Homeless Shelter Design in the TL ' '' Jump up ^ http://rhr.dukejournals.org/content/2008/100/145.citation Jump up ^ Atkinson , Rowland . `` Does Gentrification Help or Harm Urban Neighbourhoods ? An Assessment of the Evidence - Base In the Context of the New Urban Agenda '' . Centre for Neighbourhood Research , Paper . Jump up ^ `` Graffiti Culture & Lifestyle TM '' . Aerosol Fiends. 2010 - 04 - 05 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 01 - 04 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ Jaxon Van Derbeken , `` 3 Tenderloin slayings are called drug - related '' , San Francisco Chronicle , April 26 , 2007 Jump up ^ `` Maps '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Archived from the original on September 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Nevius , C.W. ( 6 February 2014 ) . `` Banning parking on Tenderloin block drives trouble away '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved 25 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Bacon , Oliver ( 2006 ) . `` Commercial Sex Work and Risk of HIV Infection Among Young Men '' . Sexually Transmitted Diseases . 33 ( 4 ) : 228 -- 234 . doi : 10.1097 / 01.olq.0000204914.91923.ad . Jump up ^ Central City SRO Collaborative Jump up ^ Kennedy , Michael R. ( 1991 ) . `` Homeless and Runaway Youth Mental Health Issues : No Access to the System '' . Journal of Adolescent Health . 12 : 576 -- 579 . doi : 10.1016 / 0197 - 0070 ( 91 ) 90091 - y . PMID 1772899 . Jump up ^ Stallknecht , K ( 2007 - 08 - 03 ) . `` Perceived Risk and Benefits of Sex Work among Transgender Women of Color in San Francisco '' . Archives of Sexual Behavior . 36 ( 3 ) : 768 -- 777 . doi : 10.1007 / s10508 - 007 - 9210 - 3 . PMID 17674180 . Jump up ^ `` Tenderloin Community Benefit District Receives Financial Support From San Francisco 's Office of Economic and Workforce Development , Saint Francis Foundation , Shorenstein Residential Tenderloin CBD '' . Tenderloin Community Benefit District . 2016 - 03 - 30 . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 28 . Jump up ^ Nemoto , Tooru ; Operario , Don ; Keatley , JoAnne ; Nguyen , Hongmai ; Sugano , Eiko ( 2005 ) . `` Promoting Health for Transgender Women : Transgender Resources and Neighborhood Space ( TRANS ) Program in San Francisco '' . American Journal of Public Health . 95 ( 3 ) : 382 -- 384 . doi : 10.2105 / ajph. 2004.040501 . Jump up ^ Sausa , LA ; Keatley , J ; Operario , D ( 2007 ) . `` Perceived risks and benefits of sex work among transgender women of color in San Francisco '' . Arch Sex Behav. 36 : 768 -- 77 . doi : 10.1007 / s10508 - 007 - 9210 - 3 . PMID 17674180 . Jump up ^ http://www.comminit.com/global/content/tenderloin-senior-outreach-project-tsop-usa Jump up ^ Farrar , Loren ; Schwartz , Sara L. ; Austin , Michael J. ( 2011 - 02 - 28 ) . `` Larkin Street Youth Services : Helping Kids Get Off the Street for Good ( 1982 -- 2007 ) '' . Journal of Evidence - Based Social Work . 8 ( 1 -- 2 ) : 106 -- 123 . doi : 10.1080 / 15433714.2011. 541826 . ISSN 1543 - 3714 . PMID 21416433 . Jump up ^ `` GAFFTA has moved '' The Tender , April 1 , 2011 Jump up ^ `` Tenderloin Feels Safer With Sidewalk Stewards , Boeddeker Park Makeover '' . Hoodline . Jump up ^ Schreiber , Dan ( 2 September 2015 ) . `` Where 's the beef ? PETA wants San Francisco to rename Tenderloin '' . The San Francisco Examiner . Retrieved 13 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` PETA Asks San Francisco to Rename Tenderloin District '' . Slate . Slatest ( blog ) . Jump up ^ Humin ( 29 March 2011 ) . `` PETA , get out of my Loin '' . San Francisco : The Tender . Retrieved 28 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Begin , Brent ( 1 April 2011 ) . `` Mayor Ed Lee responds to PETA 's attack on the Tenderloin '' . The San Francisco Examiner . Retrieved 2 September 2015 . Further Reading ( edit ) Kamiya , Gary ( November 2013 ) . `` Arise , Tenderloin '' . San Francisco . ISSN 1097 - 6345 . Retrieved November 4 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tenderloin , San Francisco . Central City Extra Map of Tenderloin Microhoods The Tender The Tenderloin , San Francisco Chronicle Neighborhoods of the City and County of San Francisco , California , United States Downtown Chinatown Civic Center Financial District French Quarter Mid-Market Nob Hill North Beach Mission Bay South of Market Telegraph Hill Tenderloin Union Square North of Downtown Cow Hollow Fisherman 's Wharf Marina District Pacific Heights Presidio Russian Hill Treasure Island Yerba Buena Island Outside Lands Forest Hill Ingleside Ingleside Terraces Ocean View Parkside Richmond District Sea Cliff St. Francis Wood Sunset District West Portal Westwood Highlands Westwood Park Western Addition Alamo Square Anza Vista Cathedral Hill Cole Valley Corona Heights Duboce Triangle Fillmore Haight - Ashbury Hayes Valley Japantown Laurel Heights Lower Haight Western Addition Southern Bayview - Hunters Point Bernal Heights Castro Crocker - Amazon Diamond Heights Dogpatch Eureka Valley Excelsior District Glen Park Mission District Noe Valley Outer Mission Portola Potrero Hill Visitacion Valley List Portal Ethnic enclaves African - American list Arabic Armenian Australian Cambodian Canadian Chinese Cuban Filipino Greek Hispanic and Latino American Indian Irish Italian Iranian Japanese Jewish Korean Pakistani Serbian Vietnamese Coordinates : 37 ° 47 ′ N 122 ° 25 ′ W / 37.783 ° N 122.417 ° W / 37.783 ; - 122.417 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tenderloin,_San_Francisco&oldid=832885185 '' Categories : Neighborhoods in San Francisco Red - light districts in the United States Crime in San Francisco Little Saigons 1906 San Francisco earthquake Skid Rows Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2014 Articles needing additional references from January 2010 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from October 2016 Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Deutsch Español Nederlands Português Edit links This page was last edited on 28 March 2018 , at 14 : 28 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is the tenderloin district of san francisco | [
"The Tenderloin is a neighborhood in downtown San Francisco, California, in the flatlands on the southern slope of Nob Hill, situated between the Union Square shopping district to the northeast and the Civic Center office district to the southwest. It encompasses about 50 square blocks, is a large wedge/triangle in shape (point faces East). It is historically bounded on the north by Geary Street, on the east by Mason Street, on the south by Market Street and on the west by Van Ness Avenue. The northern boundary with Lower Nob Hill historically has been set at Geary Street."
] | [
"a neighborhood in downtown San Francisco, California, in the flatlands on the southern slope of Nob Hill, situated between the Union Square shopping district to the northeast and the Civic Center office district to the southwest"
] |
-5107352530904714829 | North Carolina Tar Heels men's basketball | North Carolina Tar Heels men 's basketball - wikipedia North Carolina Tar Heels men 's basketball Jump to : navigation , search For the women 's team , see North Carolina Tar Heels women 's basketball . North Carolina Tar Heels 2017 -- 18 North Carolina Tar Heels men 's basketball team First season 1910 All - time record 2,232 -- 792 (. 739 ) Head coach Roy Williams ( 15th season ) Conference Atlantic Coast Conference Location Chapel Hill , North Carolina Arena Dean Smith Center ( Capacity : 21,750 ) Nickname Tar Heels Colors Carolina Blue and White Uniforms Home Away NCAA Tournament champions 1957 , 1982 , 1993 , 2005 , 2009 , 2017 NCAA Tournament runner - up 1946 , 1968 , 1977 , 1981 , 2016 NCAA Tournament Final Four 1946 , 1957 , 1967 , 1968 , 1969 , 1972 , 1977 , 1981 , 1982 , 1991 , 1993 , 1995 , 1997 , 1998 , 2000 , 2005 , 2008 , 2009 , 2016 , 2017 NCAA Tournament Elite Eight 1941 , 1946 , 1957 , 1967 , 1968 , 1969 , 1972 , 1977 , 1981 , 1982 , 1983 , 1985 , 1987 , 1988 , 1991 , 1993 , 1995 , 1997 , 1998 , 2000 , 2005 , 2007 , 2008 , 2009 , 2011 , 2012 , 2016 , 2017 NCAA Tournament Sweet Sixteen 1957 , 1967 , 1968 , 1969 , 1972 , 1975 , 1977 , 1981 , 1982 , 1983 , 1984 , 1985 , 1986 , 1987 , 1988 , 1989 , 1990 , 1991 , 1992 , 1993 , 1995 , 1997 , 1998 , 2000 , 2005 , 2007 , 2008 , 2009 , 2011 , 2012 , 2015 , 2016 , 2017 NCAA Tournament appearances 1941 , 1946 , 1957 , 1959 , 1967 , 1968 , 1969 , 1972 , 1975 , 1976 , 1977 , 1978 , 1979 , 1980 , 1981 , 1982 , 1983 , 1984 , 1985 , 1986 , 1987 , 1988 , 1989 , 1990 , 1991 , 1992 , 1993 , 1994 , 1995 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 , 1999 , 2000 , 2001 , 2004 , 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , 2008 , 2009 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 , 2016 , 2017 , 2018 Conference tournament champions 1922 , 1924 , 1925 , 1926 , 1935 , 1936 , 1940 , 1945 , 1957 , 1967 , 1968 , 1969 , 1972 , 1975 , 1977 , 1979 , 1981 , 1982 , 1989 , 1991 , 1994 , 1997 , 1998 , 2007 , 2008 , 2016 Conference regular season champions 1923 , 1924 , 1925 , 1926 , 1935 , 1938 , 1941 , 1944 , 1946 , 1956 , 1957 , 1959 , 1960 , 1961 , 1967 , 1968 , 1969 , 1971 , 1972 , 1976 , 1977 , 1978 , 1979 , 1982 , 1983 , 1984 , 1985 , 1987 , 1988 , 1993 , 1995 , 2001 , 2005 , 2007 , 2008 , 2009 , 2011 , 2012 , 2016 , 2017 The North Carolina Tar Heels men 's basketball program is the intercollegiate men 's basketball team of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill . The Tar Heels have won six men 's college basketball national championships ( 1957 , 1982 , 1993 , 2005 , 2009 , and 2017 ) . North Carolina 's six NCAA Tournament Championships are third-most all - time , behind UCLA and Kentucky . They have also won 18 Atlantic Coast Conference tournament titles , 31 Atlantic Coast Conference regular season titles , and an Atlantic Coast Conference record 20 outright Regular Season Championships . The program has produced many notable players who went on to play in the NBA , including three of the 50 Greatest Players in NBA History : Billy Cunningham , Michael Jordan and James Worthy . Many Tar Heel assistant coaches have gone on to become head coaches elsewhere . From the Tar Heels ' first season in 1910 -- 11 through the 2016 -- 17 season , the program has amassed a . 739 all - time winning percentage ( second highest all - time ) , winning 2,206 games and losing 781 games in 107 seasons . The Tar Heels also have the most consecutive 20 - win seasons with 31 seasons from the 1970 -- 71 season through the 2000 -- 2001 season . On March 2 , 2010 , North Carolina became the second college basketball program to reach 2,000 wins in its history . The Tar Heels are currently ranked 3rd all time in wins trailing Kentucky by 33 games and Kansas by 11 games . The Tar Heels are one of only four Division I Men 's Basketball programs to have ever achieved 2,000 victories . Kentucky , Kansas , and Duke are the other three . Carolina has played 160 games in the NCAA tournament . The Tar Heels have appeared in the NCAA Tournament Championship Game 11 times , and have been in a record 20 NCAA Tournament Final Fours . The Tar Heels have made it into the NCAA tournament 48 times ( second-most all - time ) , and have amassed 123 victories ( second most all - time ) . North Carolina also won the National Invitation Tournament in 1971 , and appeared in two NIT Finals with six appearances in the NIT Tournament . Additionally , the team has been the number one seed in the NCAA Tournament 16 times , the latest being in 2017 ( most # 1 seeds all - time ) . North Carolina has been ranked in the Top 25 in the AP Poll an all - time record 877 weeks , has beaten # 1 ranked teams a record 12 times , has the most consecutive 20 - win seasons with 31 , and the most consecutive top - 3 ACC regular season finishes with 37 . North Carolina has ended the season ranked in the Top - 25 of the AP Poll 49 times and in the Top - 25 of the Coaches ' Poll 50 times . Further , the Tar Heels have finished the season ranked # 1 in the AP Poll 5 times and ranked # 1 in Coaches ' Poll 6 times . In 2008 , the Tar Heels received the first unanimous preseason # 1 ranking in the history of either the Coaches ' Poll or the AP Poll . In 2012 , ESPN ranked North Carolina # 1 on its list of the 50 most successful programs of the past 50 years . Contents ( hide ) 1 Team history 1.1 Early years 1.2 Frank McGuire ( 1953 -- 1961 ) 1.3 Dean Smith ( 1961 -- 1997 ) 1.4 Bill Guthridge ( 1997 -- 2000 ) 1.5 Matt Doherty ( 2000 -- 03 ) 1.6 Roy Williams ( 2003 -- present ) 1.7 The Carolina Way 1.7. 1 Academic scandal 2 Streaks 3 By the numbers 3.1 Victories over AP Number 1 team 4 Honored and retired jerseys 4.1 Retired numbers 4.2 Honored jerseys 5 Notable players and coaches 5.1 Tar Heels inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame 5.2 Tar Heels in the Olympics 5.3 McDonald 's All - Americans 5.4 Mr. Basketball 5.5 Current players in the NBA 5.6 NBA coaches and executives 5.7 Other fields 6 Rivalries 6.1 Traditional rivalries 6.2 Other major programs 7 Carolina Basketball Museum 8 UNC junior varsity basketball team 9 Seasons 10 Records 11 Home venues 12 References 13 External links Team history ( edit ) Early years ( edit ) Coach Nathaniel Cartmell and the 1910 -- 11 men 's basketball team North Carolina played its first basketball game on January 27 , 1910 , beating Virginia Christian 42 - 21 . In 1921 , the school joined the Southern Conference . The 1924 Tar Heels squad went 26 -- 0 , and was retroactively awarded a ' national championship ' by the Helms Athletic Foundation in 1943 and later by the Premo - Porretta Power Poll . Overall , the Tar Heels played 32 seasons in the Southern Conference from 1921 to 1953 . During that period they won 304 games and lost 111 for a winning percentage of 73.3 % . The Tar Heels won the Southern Conference regular season 9 times and the Southern Conference Tournament Championship 8 times . Frank McGuire ( 1953 -- 1961 ) ( edit ) Lennie Rosenbluth In 1953 , North Carolina split from the Southern Conference and became a founding member of the Atlantic Coast Conference . The Tar Heels won their first NCAA Championship in 1957 under fifth year head coach Frank McGuire , who led an undefeated 32 - 0 squad dominated by Lennie Rosenbluth and several other transplants from the New York City area to a 54 - 53 triple overtime victory over Wilt Chamberlain 's Kansas Jayhawks . C.D. Chesley , a Washington , D.C. television producer , piped the 1957 championship game in Kansas City to a hastily created network of five stations across North Carolina -- the ancestor to the current syndicated ACC football and basketball package from Raycom Sports -- which helped prove pivotal in basketball becoming a craze in the state . The title game was the only triple overtime final game in championship history , which followed a triple overtime North Carolina defeat of Michigan State 74 - 70 the previous night . In 1960 , the Tar Heels were placed on NCAA probation for `` improper recruiting entertainment '' of basketball prospects . As a result , they were barred from the 1961 NCAA tournament and also withdrew from the 1961 ACC Tournament . Following the season , Chancellor William Aycock forced McGuire to resign . As a replacement , Aycock selected one of McGuire 's assistants , Kansas alumnus Dean Smith . Dean Smith ( 1961 -- 1997 ) ( edit ) Smith 's early teams were not nearly as successful as McGuire 's had been . His first team went only 8 -- 9 , and his first five teams never won more than 16 games . This grated on a fan base used to winning ; in 1965 some of them even hanged him in effigy . However , Smith would go on to take the Tar Heels to a reign of championships and national dominance . When he retired in 1997 , Smith 's 879 wins were the most ever for any NCAA Division I men 's basketball coach , and his 77.61 % winning percentage ninth best . During his tenure , North Carolina won the ACC regular season championship 17 times , the ACC tournament 13 times , and the NIT in 1971 , went to the NCAA tournament 27 times , appeared in 11 Final Fours , and won NCAA national tournament titles in 1982 and 1993 . The 1982 National Championship team was led by James Worthy , Sam Perkins , and a young Michael Jordan . The 1993 National Championship team starred Donald Williams , George Lynch and Eric Montross . While at North Carolina , Smith helped promote desegregation by recruiting the University 's first African American scholarship basketball player Charlie Scott . Bill Guthridge ( 1997 -- 2000 ) ( edit ) Smith unexpectedly retired before the start of practice for the 1997 -- 98 season . He was succeeded by Bill Guthridge , who had been an assistant coach at the school for 30 years , the last 25 as Smith 's top assistant . During Guthridge 's three seasons as head coach he posted an 80 -- 28 record , making him tied for the then - NCAA record for most wins by a coach after three seasons . The Tar Heels reached the NCAA Final Four twice , in the 1998 tournament and again in the 2000 tournament . North Carolina reached the Final Four in 2000 as an 8 - seed , their lowest seeding in a Final Four appearance . Matt Doherty ( 2000 -- 03 ) ( edit ) Guthridge retired in 2000 and North Carolina turned to Matt Doherty , the head coach at Notre Dame and a player on the 1982 championship team , to lead the Tar Heels . Doherty had little success while at North Carolina . In his first season , the Heels were ranked # 1 in the polls in the middle of the Atlantic Coast Conference schedule and finished with a 26 -- 7 record . But Doherty 's second season was the worst in recent history as the Tar Heels finished the season with a record of 8 -- 20 , missing postseason play entirely for the first time since the 1965 -- 66 season ( including a record 27 straight NCAA Tournament appearances ) and finishing with a losing record for the first time since 1962 ( Dean Smith 's first year as coach ) . They also finished 4 -- 12 in the ACC -- only the program 's second losing ACC record ever . The 12 losses were six more than the Tar Heels had ever suffered in a single season of ACC play , and placed them in a tie for 7th place -- the program 's first finish below fourth place ever . The season also saw the end of UNC 's run of 31 straight 20 - win seasons and 35 straight seasons of finishing third or higher in the ACC . After bringing in one of the top 5 incoming classes for the 2002 -- 2003 season , the Tar Heels started the season by knocking off a top 5 Kansas team and going on to win the Preseason NIT and returning to the AP top 25 . North Carolina went on to finish the season 17 -- 15 , missing the NCAA tournament . Matt Doherty led the Tar Heels to the third round of the NIT , where they ended their season with a loss to Georgetown . Roy Williams ( 2003 -- present ) ( edit ) Despite the turnaround from the year before and the NIT appearance , at the end of the season Matt Doherty was replaced as head coach by Roy Williams . Williams had served as an assistant to Smith for 11 years before leaving to spend the first 15 years of his Hall of Fame head coaching career leading Kansas to 9 conference regular season championships and four Final Fours before Smith convinced him to return home . It was hoped that Williams would restore a measure of stability to the program . Williams was UNC 's third coach in six years . The two previous to Guthridge ( McGuire and Smith ) had covered a 45 - year period . In Williams ' first season , the Tar Heels finished 19 -- 11 and were ranked in a final media poll for the first time in three years . They returned to the NCAA tournament and were ousted in the second round by Texas . The following year , the Tar Heels won their fourth NCAA title and Williams ' first as a head coach . After winning the championship , Williams lost his top seven scorers , but the 2005 -- 06 season saw the arrival of freshman Tyler Hansbrough and Williams was named Coach of the Year . The Tar Heels swept the ACC regular season and tournament titles in 2007 and 2008 . The 2008 ACC Tournament was the first time North Carolina has ever won the ACC Tournament without defeating at least one in - state rival during the tournament . North Carolina lost in the national semifinals of the 2008 NCAA tournament to Williams ' former program Kansas . In the 2008 -- 09 season , the Tar Heels won their fifth NCAA title by defeating Michigan State in the championship of the 2009 NCAA Men 's Basketball Tournament . The Tar Heels won all six of that year 's tournament games by at least 12 points , for an average victory margin of 20.2 points , and only trailed for a total of 10 minutes out of 240 through the entire tournament . Wayne Ellington was named the tournament 's Most Outstanding Player , the fourth Tar Heel so honored . The 2009 -- 2010 Tar Heels struggled throughout the regular season finishing with a 16 -- 15 record , and dropped to # 3 in Division I in all - time wins . They later lost in the first round of the ACC Tournament , playing in the first `` play - in '' Thursday game for the first time since the ACC grew to 12 teams . The Tar Heels did not receive an NCAA tournament bid , and instead accepted a bid to the NIT . During the season , the Tar Heels reached the 2,000 - win milestone with a home win over Miami on March 2 , 2010 , becoming the second fastest college team to do so ( North Carolina was in its 100th season of basketball at the time of this accomplishment ) . The Tar Heels were able to make it to the final game of the NIT , losing to Dayton in the final game finishing with a 20 - 17 record . The 2010 -- 2011 Tar Heels , with the addition of Harrison Barnes , Kendall Marshall , and Reggie Bullock , eighth in the preseason polls , struggled out the gates , starting with a 2 - 2 record , the worst start since the 2001 -- 02 season . After losses to Illinois and Texas , the Tar Heels fell out of the rankings . The losses of senior Will Graves , to dismissal , and Larry Drew II , to transfer and also the unexpected off - season transfers of David and Travis Wear did not help matters . However , the Tar Heels improved greatly during the conference season , finishing first in the ACC regular season with a 14 - 2 record . Williams was named Conference Coach of the Year for his efforts of getting his team to work through the adversity to finish strong in the regular season . Also during the season , the term Tar Heel Blue Steel was coined , referencing the Tar Heel men 's basketball walk - ons . The term was started by one of the players , Stewart Cooper , in hopes that it would be a replacement for `` walk - ons '' and other less catchy names and soon enough Roy Williams caught on , as well as the rest of the Tar Heel Nation . North Carolina lost to Duke in the ACC Tournament Finals and made a significant run in the NCAA Tournament until they were eliminated in the Elite Eight by Kentucky , finishing with a 29 - 8 record . The 2011 -- 2012 Tar Heels finished the regular season with a final record of 32 - 6 , including a 14 -- 2 record in ACC regular season play which allowed the team to win the conference regular season championship outright . The team fell to Florida State in the championship game of the 2012 ACC Men 's Basketball Tournament . The team was a # 1 seed in the Midwest Regional of the 2012 NCAA Men 's Division I Basketball Tournament ; the team reached the Elite Eight and was defeated by Kansas 80 - 67 . This defeat was the second time UNC lost to Kansas in the NCAA Tournament with Roy Williams as UNC head coach . He previously coached Kansas from 1988 to 2003 . The loss to Kansas was also UNC 's second straight loss in the Elite Eight , after losing to Kentucky the year before . Kansas later fell to Kentucky 67 - 59 in the National Championship Game . Before the Kansas game , the Tar Heels won their previous three games in the NCAA Tournament by an average of 13.7 points . In the second - round game versus Creighton , starting UNC point guard Kendall Marshall broke his right wrist with 10 : 56 remaining in the second half with UNC leading 66 - 50 . Marshall continued to play by dribbling primarily with his left hand , including getting fouled on a drive to the basket with 7 : 09 left in the second half . He left the game against Creighton with two minutes left with UNC leading 85 - 69 . Williams announced Kendall Marshall 's injury at the Creighton post-game press conference . Kendall Marshall did not play in UNC 's two following games in the NCAA Tournament , a 73 - 65 overtime win over Ohio in the Sweet 16 and the aforementioned 67 - 80 loss to Kansas in the Elite Eight . With the departures of several stars from the 2012 team , The Tar Heels would begin a slow climb back to the top following the Elite Eight loss . The 2012 - 13 season ended with a disappointing loss to Kansas in the tournament for the second year in a row . In 2013 - 14 , the Tar Heels became the only team in men 's college basketball history to beat every team ranked in the top 4 in the preseason . The Tar Heels would finish 24 - 10 that year , ending the year in heartbreak by losing to Iowa State in the final seconds of the Round of 32 . The 2014 - 15 team would improve , finishing the year 4th in the ACC Standings that year and advanced to the Sweet 16 , where they would lose to the Wisconsin Badgers . It was also the year that North Carolina would recruit Joel Berry II and Justin Jackson , who were both key contributors to the 2017 National Championship squad . In 2015 - 2016 , led by seniors Marcus Paige and Brice Johnson , the Tar Heels earned their 30th ACC regular season title , 18th ACC tournament title , and 19th Final Four . They also appeared in their 10th NCAA title game , in which they lost on a buzzer beater to Villanova , despite Marcus Paige 's dramatic three - pointer to tie the game with 4.7 seconds left . The Tar Heels finished with a 33 - 7 overall record and a 14 - 4 ACC record . The following year , the Tar Heels were ranked # 6 in the AP preseason poll , having lost Paige and Johnson but retaining 2016 ACC Tournament MVP Joel Berry II as well as forwards Kennedy Meeks and Isaiah Hicks . After early season losses to Indiana and Kentucky , the Tar Heels won their 31st ACC regular season title . Despite never being ranked # 1 in the AP Poll and losing to Duke in the semifinals of the ACC tournament , the Heels earned a # 1 seed in the NCAA tournament , where they advanced to their record 20th Final Four and 11th NCAA tournament title game . They beat Gonzaga 71 - 65 to give Williams his 3rd national championship , surpassing mentor Dean Smith for most NCAA tournament championships at Carolina , and behind only John Wooden , Mike Krzyzewski , and Adolph Rupp for most NCAA tournament championships overall . Just as in the previous year , the Tar Heels finished with a 33 - 7 overall record and a 14 - 4 ACC record . The Carolina way ( edit ) Dean Smith was widely known for his idea of `` The Carolina Way , '' in which he challenged his players to , `` Play hard , play smart , play together . '' `` The Carolina Way '' was an idea of excellence in the classroom , as well as on the court . In Coach Smith 's book , The Carolina Way , former player Scott Williams said , regarding Dean Smith , `` Winning was very important at Carolina , and there was much pressure to win , but Coach cared more about our getting a sound education and turning into good citizens than he did about winning. `` Academic scandal ( edit ) Main article : University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill academics - athletics scandal On June 6 , 2014 , the ESPN program Outside the Lines aired an interview with Rashad McCants , a starter on the NCAA championship - winning 2004 -- 05 team , in which he claimed to have taken phony classes and had tutors write his classwork to stay academically eligible . Coach Roy Williams , separately interviewed by ESPN , as well as McCants 's teammates , disputed McCants 's claims . Four months later , Kenneth L. Wainstein , a former federal prosecutor hired by the university to investigate academic fraud reported by the media , issued a 131 - page report showing at least 3,100 students took independent study classes , some receiving artificially high grades , over an 18 - year period with some athletes being funneled to these classes by academic advisers . Wainstein reported that students who had participated in varsity athletics one or more semesters made up 1,871 of the total enrollment in courses investigated , with the men 's basketball team accounting for 12.1 percent ( 226 ) the athletes . There is no evidence the coaches knew the classes were irregular , and Williams denied knowledge ( Dean Smith and Bill Guthridge , Williams ' predecessors , were not interviewed because of poor health ) . The NCAA formally notified UNC of a formal investigation on May 22 , 2015 . The notice made five allegations against the university , including providing impermissible academic benefits to athletes and what the NCAA terms `` lack of institutional control '' . The university would meet with the NCAA in three months and receive a ruling within six to nine months . Neither Williams nor any member of his staff was specifically accused of violating NCAA rules . On October 13 , 2017 , the NCAA found that North Carolina did not violate any NCAA academic rules with regards to the school 's African studies and Afro - American Studies independent study courses . Streaks ( edit ) The Tar Heels own several notable streaks in the history of college basketball . They appeared in either the NCAA Tournament or National Invitation Tournament ( NIT ) every year from 1967 to 2001 . This includes 27 straight appearances in the NCAA tourney from 1975 ( the first year that competition allowed more than one team from a conference to get a guaranteed bid ) to 2001 -- the longest such streak in tournament history until it was broken by Kansas in March 2017 . The Tar Heels also notched 37 straight winning seasons from 1964 to 2001 , the third - longest such streak in NCAA history , behind UCLA 's streak of 54 consecutive winning seasons from 1948 to 2001 , and Syracuse 's currently active streak of 46 seasons from 1971 to date . They also finished . 500 or better for 39 years in a row from 1962 ( Dean Smith 's second year ) to 2001 , the third - longest such streak in NCAA history , behind Kentucky 's streak of 61 consecutive seasons from 1926 to 1988 ( the Wildcats were barred from playing in 1952 -- 53 due to NCAA violations ) and UCLA 's 54 - season streak . From the ACC 's inception in 1953 to 2001 , the Tar Heels did not finish worse than a tie for fourth place in ACC play . By comparison , all of the ACC 's other charter members finished last at least once in that time . From 1965 to 2001 , they did not finish worse than a tie for third , and for the first 21 of those years they did not finish worse than a tie for second . All of these streaks ended in the 2001 -- 02 season , when the Tar Heels finished 8 -- 20 on the season under coach Matt Doherty . They also finished tied for 7th in conference play , behind Florida State and Clemson -- only their second losing conference record ever ( the first being in the ACC 's inaugural season ) . Additionally , the Tar Heels are 59 - 0 all - time in home games played against the Clemson Tigers ( the NCAA record for the longest home winning streak against a single opponent ) . Until the 2010 ACC Tournament , North Carolina was the only program to have never played a Thursday game in the ACC Tournament since it expanded to a four - day format . By the numbers ( edit ) All Time Wins - 2,206 All Time Winning Percentage - . 738 NCAA Championships - 6 NCAA Tournament Runner Up - 5 All Americans - 49 players chosen 78 times ACC Regular Season Titles - 30 ACC Tournament Titles - 18 NCAA Championship Games - 11 NCAA Final Fours - 20 ( This is the most Final Four appearances of all time ) NCAA Tournament Appearances - 48 NCAA Tournament Wins - 123 # 1 Seeds in the NCAA Tournament - 15 Number of Weeks Ranked All Time in the Top - 25 of the AP Poll - 808 Number of Times Defeating the # 1 Ranked Team in the Country - 13 Victories over AP number 1 team ( edit ) North Carolina has thirteen victories over the AP number one ranked team . Jan. 14 , 1959 - UNC 72 , No. 1 NC State 68 Jan. 12 , 1980 - No. 15 UNC 82 , No. 1 Duke 67 Nov. 21 , 1987 - UNC 96 , No. 1Syracuse 93 Jan 18 , 1989 - No. 13 UNC 91 , No. 1 Duke 71 Mar. 17 , 1990 - NR UNC 79 , No. 1 Oklahoma , 77 Feb. 5 , 1992 - No. 9 UNC 75 , No. 1 Duke 73 Feb. 3 , 1994 - No. 2 UNC 89 , No. 1 Duke 78 Feb. 5 , 1998 - No. 2 UNC 97 , No. 1 Duke 73 Mar. 8 , 1998 - UNC 83 , No. 1 Duke 68 Jan. 17 , 2004 - UNC 86 , No. 1 Connecticut 83 Apr. 4 , 2005 - No. 2 UNC 75 , No. 1 Illinois 70 Mar. 4 , 2006 - No. 13 UNC 83 , No. 1 Duke 76 Dec. 4 , 2013 - NR UNC 79 , No. 1 Michigan State 65 Honored and retired jerseys ( edit ) The Jerseys in the rafters . Main article : Honored North Carolina Tar Heels men 's basketball players Retired numbers ( edit ) To have his number retired , a player must win one of the following six widely recognized player of the year awards : Associated Press Player of the Year Oscar Robertson Trophy , formerly known as the United States Basketball Writers Association National Player of the Year National Association of Basketball Coaches Player of the Year Sporting News Player of the Year John R. Wooden Award Naismith College Player of the Year Eight players ( including Jack Cobb , whose jersey did not have a number ) have had their numbers retired . Tyler Hansbrough 's number 50 is the eighth to be retired , after he won all six major player of the year awards during the 2007 -- 08 season . North Carolina Tar Heels retired numbers No . Player Position Tenure 10 Lennie Rosenbluth SF 1954 -- 57 12 Phil Ford PG 1974 -- 78 20 George Glamack 1938 -- 41 23 Michael Jordan SG 1981 -- 84 33 Antawn Jamison 1995 -- 98 50 Tyler Hansbrough PF , C 2005 -- 09 52 James Worthy SF 1979 -- 82 - Jack Cobb 1923 -- 26 49 former North Carolina men 's basketball players are honored in the Smith Center with banners representing their numbers hung from the rafters . Of the 49 honored jerseys , eight are retired . Honored jerseys ( edit ) In addition to the 8 retired jerseys , an additional 41 jerseys are honored . An additional 2 players , Joel Berry II and Justin Jackson , have qualified to have their jerseys honored during the 2017 - 2018 basketball season . To have his jersey honored , a player must have met one of the following criteria : MVP of a National Championship - winning team Member of a gold medal - winning Olympic team First - or second - team All - America ACC Player of the Year NCAA Tournament MOP Notable players and coaches ( edit ) Main articles : List of North Carolina Tar Heels men 's head basketball coaches , List of North Carolina Tar Heels in the NBA Draft , and List of North Carolina Tar Heels basketball honorees Tar Heels inducted into the naismith Memorial basketball Hall of Fame ( edit ) To date ten Tar Heels have been inducted into the Basketball Hall of Fame . Year Player ( s ) Inducted As a 1970 Ben Carnevale Coach 1977 Frank McGuire Coach Dean Smith Coach 1986 Billy Cunningham Player 2000 Bob McAdoo Player 2002 Larry Brown Coach 2003 James Worthy Player 2007 Roy Williams Coach 2009 Michael Jordan Player 2018 Charlie Scott Player Tar Heels in the Olympics ( edit ) Year Tar Heel As a Country 1964 Larry Brown Player United States 1968 Charles Scott Player United States 1972 Bobby Jones Player United States 1976 Walter Davis Player United States 1976 Phil Ford Player United States 1976 Bill Guthridge Asst . Coach United States 1976 Mitch Kupchak Player United States 1976 Tommy LaGarde Player United States 1976 Dean Smith Head Coach United States 1980 Al Wood Player United States 1984 Michael Jordan Player United States 1984 Sam Perkins Player United States J.R. Reid Player United States 1992 Michael Jordan Player United States 1992 Henrik Rödl Player Germany 2000 Vince Carter Player United States 2000 Larry Brown Asst . Coach United States Larry Brown Head Coach United States Roy Williams Asst . Coach United States 2016 Harrison Barnes Player United States McDonald 's All - Americans ( edit ) The following 72 McDonald 's All - Americans have played for North Carolina : Year Player Hometown 1977 Pete Budko Lutherville , MD 1977 Al Wood Gray , GA 1979 James Worthy Gastonia , NC 1979 Jim Braddock Chattanooga , TN 1980 Matt Doherty East Meadow , NJ 1980 Sam Perkins Latham , NY 1981 Buzz Peterson Asheville , NC 1981 Michael Jordan Wilmington , NC 1982 Brad Daugherty Black Mountain , NC 1982 Curtis Hunter Durham , NC Kenny Smith Queens , NY Dave Popson Ashley , PA Joe Wolf Kohler , WI 1985 Jeff Lebo Carlisle , PA 1985 Kevin Madden Staunton , VA 1986 Steve Bucknall London , GB 1986 Pete Chilcutt Eutaw , AL 1986 Scott Williams Hacienda Heights , CA 1986 J.R. Reid Virginia Beach , VA King Rice Binghamton , NY 1989 Matt Wenstrom Katy , TX 1989 George Lynch Roanoke , VA 1990 Eric Montross Indianapolis , IN 1990 Brian Reese The Bronx , NY 1990 Derrick Phelps Pleasantville , NY 1991 Donald Williams Garner , NC 1992 Serge Zwikker Maassluis , NL 1993 Jerry Stackhouse Kinston , NC 1993 Rasheed Wallace Philadelphia , PA 1993 Jeff McInnis Charlotte , NC 1995 Antawn Jamison Charlotte , NC 1995 Vince Carter Daytona Beach , FL Ed Cota Brooklyn , NY Vasco Evtimov Sofia , BG Brendan Haywood Greensboro , NC 1998 Ronald Curry Hampton , VA 1998 Jason Capel Chesapeake , VA 1998 Kris Lang Gastonia , NC 1999 Joseph Forte Greenbelt , MD 2000 Neil Fingleton Durham , UK Jawad Williams Cleveland , OH 2002 Rashad McCants Asheville , NC 2002 Sean May Bloomington , IN 2002 Raymond Felton Latta , SC Marvin Williams Bremerton , WA 2005 Tyler Hansbrough Poplar Bluff , MO 2005 Danny Green North Babylon , NY 2005 Bobby Frasor Blue Island , IL 2006 Brandan Wright Brentwood , TN 2006 Ty Lawson Clinton , MD 2006 Wayne Ellington Wynnewood , PA 2008 Larry Drew II Woodland Hills , CA 2008 Ed Davis Richmond , VA 2008 Tyler Zeller Washington , IN 2009 David Wear Santa Ana , CA 2009 Travis Wear Santa Ana , CA 2009 Dexter Strickland Elizabeth , NJ 2009 John Henson Tampa , FL Kendall Marshall Dumfries , VA Reggie Bullock Kinston , NC Harrison Barnes Ames , IA 2011 James Michael McAdoo Norfolk , VA 2011 P.J. Hairston Greensboro , NC 2012 Marcus Paige Marion , IA 2013 Kennedy Meeks Charlotte , NC 2013 Isaiah Hicks Oxford , NC 2014 Justin Jackson Tomball , TX 2014 Joel Berry II Apopka , FL 2014 Theo Pinson Greensboro , N.C. 2016 Tony Bradley Bartow , FL 2018 Coby White Wilson , NC 2018 Nassir Little Orlando , FL Mr. basketball ( edit ) The following players won their state 's Mr. Basketball award in high school . Year Player State Notes 1973 Tom LaGarde Michigan 1976 Dave Colescott Indiana Joe Wolf Wisconsin 1986 Scott Williams California Henrik Rodl North Carolina King Rice New York 1990 Clifford Rozier Florida Transferred to Louisville 1991 Larry Davis South Carolina 1991 Donald Williams North Carolina 1995 Vince Carter Florida 1995 Antawn Jamison North Carolina 1998 Kris Lang North Carolina 2000 Adam Boone Minnesota Transferred to Minnesota 2002 Raymond Felton South Carolina 2002 Sean May Indiana 2005 2006 Brandan Wright Tennessee Div. II A 2005 Tyler Hansbrough Missouri 2006 Will Graves North Carolina 2008 2009 Leslie McDonald Tennessee Div. II AA 2008 Tyler Zeller Indiana Reggie Bullock North Carolina Harrison Barnes Iowa 2012 Marcus Paige Iowa 2012 Brice Johnson South Carolina 2012 2013 2014 Joel Berry II Florida 2013 Isaiah Hicks North Carolina 2014 Theo Pinson North Carolina 2016 Tony Bradley Florida 2016 Seventh Woods South Carolina 2017 Jalek Felton South Carolina 2018 Coby White North Carolina Current players in the NBA ( edit ) Harrison Barnes , Dallas Mavericks Tony Bradley , Utah Jazz Reggie Bullock , Detroit Pistons Vince Carter , Sacramento Kings Ed Davis , Portland Trail Blazers Wayne Ellington , Miami Heat Raymond Felton , Oklahoma City Thunder Danny Green , San Antonio Spurs John Henson , Milwaukee Bucks Isaiah Hicks , New York Knicks Justin Jackson , Sacramento Kings Brice Johnson , Los Angeles Clippers James Michael McAdoo , Philadelphia 76ers Marcus Paige , Charlotte Hornets Marvin Williams , Charlotte Hornets Brandan Wright , Memphis Grizzlies Tyler Zeller , Milwaukee Bucks NBA coaches and executives ( edit ) Larry Brown , former head coach of the Charlotte Bobcats , New York Knicks , Detroit Pistons , Philadelphia 76ers , Indiana Pacers , Los Angeles Clippers , San Antonio Spurs , New Jersey Nets , Denver Nuggets , Carolina Cougars Michael Jordan , owner and chairman of the Charlotte Hornets George Karl , former head coach of the Sacramento Kings , Denver Nuggets , Milwaukee Bucks , Seattle SuperSonics , Golden State Warriors , Cleveland Cavaliers John Kuester , former head coach of the Detroit Pistons Mitch Kupchak , former general manager of the Los Angeles Lakers Donnie Walsh , former president of basketball operations for the Indiana Pacers and New York Knicks Doug Moe , former head coach of the Philadelphia 76ers , Denver Nuggets , San Antonio Spurs Billy Cunningham , former head coach of the Philadelphia 76ers Rasheed Wallace , former assistant coach of the Detroit Pistons James Worthy , assistant coach of the Los Angeles Lakers Jerry Stackhouse , head coach of the Raptors 905 Other fields ( edit ) James Delany , commissioner of the Big Ten Conference ( 1967 -- 1970 ) Julius Peppers , Defensive End for the Carolina Panthers ( 2017 -- present ) Ronald Curry , former Wide Receiver for the Oakland Raiders ( 2002 - 2008 ) Richard Vinroot , former mayor of Charlotte , North Carolina ( 1961 -- 1963 ) Brad Daugherty , ESPN and NASCAR television analyst and part - owner of JTG Daugherty Racing NASCAR race team ( 2008 -- Present ) Brendan Haywood , college basketball announcer for CBS Sports Antawn Jamison , analyst for Time Warner Cable SportsNet . Rivalries ( edit ) Traditional rivalries ( edit ) Team UNC Record First Meeting Notes Duke 135 -- 110 1920 Carolina -- Duke rivalry NC State 155 -- 77 1913 Carolina -- State Game Wake Forest 159 -- 66 1911 Carolina -- Wake rivalry Other major programs ( edit ) Team UNC Record First Meeting Notes UCLA 8 -- 3 1968 Kentucky 24 -- 15 1924 Kentucky -- North Carolina basketball rivalry Kansas 6 -- 5 1957 First meeting was the 1957 national championship game . Indiana 6 -- 9 1961 Carolina basketball Museum ( edit ) See also : List of museums in North Carolina The Carolina Basketball Museum is located in the Ernie Williamson Athletics Center and contains 8,000 square feet . It was built to replace the old memorabilia room in the Dean Smith Center . Designed by Gallagher & Associates , the cost of construction was $3.4 million . The museum opened in January 2008 . UNC junior varsity basketball team ( edit ) Main article : North Carolina Tar Heels junior varsity basketball The UNC junior varsity basketball team was originally used at North Carolina as freshmen teams because freshmen were not allowed to play on the varsity team until the NCAA granted freshmen eligibility in the Fall of 1972 . After most schools decided to disband their J.V. squads , North Carolina 's athletic department opted to keep the team so that non-scholarship students were given the chance to play basketball for UNC . North Carolina also uses their J.V. team as a way for varsity assistant coaches to gain experience as head coaches . Roy Williams was a J.V. coach for eight years before he was hired at Kansas . Students at UNC are only allowed to play on the team for two years , and then they are given a chance to try out for the varsity . The J.V. team also serves as a way for coaches to evaluate players for two years on the J.V. so they will better know what to expect when they try out for varsity later in their careers . UNC 's J.V. team plays a combination of teams from Division II and III schools , some community colleges , and a few prep schools from around the North Carolina area . Seasons ( edit ) Main article : List of North Carolina Tar Heels men 's basketball seasons Records ( edit ) NCAA Men 's Division I Basketball Tournament Consecutive Appearances Most All time Final Four Appearances Home venues ( edit ) Bynum Gymnasium , the first home of the team Bynum Gymnasium ( 1910 -- 1924 ) Tin Can ( 1924 -- 1938 ) Woollen Gymnasium ( 1938 -- 1964 ) Carmichael Auditorium ( 1965 -- 1986 ) Dean Smith Center ( 1986 -- present ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Carolina Athletics Brand Identity Guidelines '' ( PDF ) . April 21 , 2015 . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : ESPN , ed. ( 2009 ) . ESPN College Basketball Encyclopedia : The Complete History of the Men 's Game . New York , NY : ESPN Books . p. 536 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 345 - 51392 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2008 -- 09 Quick Facts '' ( PDF ) . Tarheelblue.com . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : `` UNC - Duke Postgame Notes '' . Tarheelblue.com . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Raphielle ( 8 February 2015 ) . `` List of head coaches on Dean Smith 's coaching tree is an impressive one '' . NBCSports.com . NBC Universal . Retrieved 11 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` School Index '' . Sports-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` All - Time Winningest Teams '' ( PDF ) . NCAA.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` North Carolina Tar Heels '' . Espn.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` UNC versus NC State game notes '' . February 3 , 2007 . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` UNC Outlasts Oklahoma , 72 -- 60 '' . Tarheelblue.com . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jacobs : Numbers To Savor '' . Tarheelblue.com . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tournament History Facts '' ( PDF ) . NCAA.org . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ http://www.collegepollarchive.com ^ Jump up to : North Carolina Tar Heels Media Guide ^ Jump up to : Peeler , Tim ( November 2 , 2001 ) . `` Once again , Duke leads the way '' . CNNSI.com . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Tar Heels Are Unanimous Preseason No. 1 In Coaches Poll '' . Tarheelblue.com . October 30 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Tar Heels voted as first unanimous preseason # 1 in AP poll '' . ESPN.com . October 31 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` 50 in 50 rankings : No. 1 North Carolina '' . ESPN.com . August 24 , 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ Southern Conference Fan Guide Jump up ^ The Helms Foundation named its own national college basketball champion for each year from 1936 through 1982 . The foundation also retroactively awarded championships from 1901 through 1935 . While the 1924 team was undefeated , they did not play a single opponent from north of the Mason -- Dixon line ; indeed , intersectional play would not start on a regular basis for another decade . However , the 1924 Tar Heels did beat the Kentucky Wildcats that season in a battle of what most considered the two best teams in the nation . Jump up ^ Official ACC Web Site Archived 2012 - 10 - 14 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ UNC - TV ONLINE : Biographical Conversations With : William Friday -- Special Features Jump up ^ `` NCAA Basketball Tournament '' . InsideHoops.com. April 5 , 2006 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 16 . Jump up ^ LSDBi Jump up ^ `` bio '' . ESPN . ESPN . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` NCAA stats '' . NCAA . NCAA . Archived from the original on 2006 - 10 - 08 . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Dean Smith Biography '' . Hall of Famers . Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame , Inc . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2007 . Retrieved 2006 - 10 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` ACC 50th Anniversary Team '' . NBA.com . Retrieved 2006 - 10 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Guthridge 's Accomplishments '' . tarheelblue.cstv.com . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` NCAA TOURNAMENT -- SCHOOL STATISTICS '' . TourneyTravel.com . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 16 . Jump up ^ ESPN article on Doherty 's acceptance of head coach at North Carolina Jump up ^ `` SI.com -- My Sportsman Choice : Roy Williams -- Nov 28 , 2005 '' . CNN . 2005 - 11 - 28 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` North Carolina Mailbag '' . University of North Carolina Tar Heels Official Athletic Site . March 18 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 19 . Jump up ^ North Carolina Tar Heels 2008 -- 2009 Basketball Schedule - Tar Heel Times Jump up ^ Men 's Basketball - Schedule - University of North Carolina Tar Heels Official Athletic Site Jump up ^ `` Tar Heels get chance to extend season with NIT bid '' . Associated Press . March 15 , 2010 . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ http://tarheelblue.cstv.com/sports/m-baskbl/spec-rel/030811aac.html Jump up ^ North Carolina Men 's College Basketball - Tar Heels News , Scores , Videos - College Basketball - ESPN Jump up ^ # 1 North Carolina vs # 8 Creighton Ncaa Tournament 2012 2nd Round ( Full Game ) - YouTube Jump up ^ `` Most Popular E-mail Newsletter '' . USA Today . 2012 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` http://www.goheels.com/fls/3350/pdf/UNCBBnotes.pdf '' ( PDF ) . www.goheels.com . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 13 . External link in title = ( help ) Jump up ^ 2016 -- 17 North Carolina Tar Heels men 's basketball team Jump up ^ 2016 NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Championship Game Jump up ^ http://www.barnesandnoble.com/w/carolina-way-dean-wesley-smith/1101967410?ean=9780143034643 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ http://www.championshipcoachesnetwork.com/public/315.cfm . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Delsohn , Steve ( June 6 , 2014 ) . `` UNC 's McCants : ' Just show up , play ' '' . ESPN . Retrieved July 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Williams : McCants does n't ring true '' . ESPN . June 8 , 2014 . Retrieved July 23 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Giglio , Joe ( June 4 , 2015 ) . `` NCAA accuses UNC of lack of institutional control '' . News & Observer . Retrieved June 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ganim , Sarah ; Devon Sayers ( October 22 , 2014 ) . `` UNC report finds 18 years of academic fraud to keep athletes playing '' . CNN . Retrieved June 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Forde , Pat ( May 22 , 2015 ) . `` UNC basketball 's biggest threat to title hopes could be postseason ban '' . Yahoo Sports . Retrieved June 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Carter , Andrew ( June 4 , 2015 ) . `` Roy Williams , UNC basketball receive some clarity but questions linger after release of notice of allegations '' . News & Observer . Retrieved June 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Infractions panel could not conclude academic violations in North Carolina case '' . NCAA . October 13 , 2017 . Retrieved October 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` No. 7 North Carolina Beats Clemson 80 - 69 in ACC Opener '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : http://www.tarheelblue.com ( 2012 - 13 yearbook ) ^ Jump up to : 2012 NCAA Men 's Basketball Final Four Record Book ( available online at www.ncaa.org ) ^ Jump up to : http://www.collegepollarchive.net Jump up ^ http://abcnews.go.com/Sports/wireStory/north-carolina-beats-michigan-state-79-65-21105460 Jump up ^ Xchange , Sports ( 2013 - 12 - 04 ) . `` North Carolina upends No. 1 Michigan State '' . Chicago Tribune . Jump up ^ http://www.charlotteobserver.com/2013/12/09/4532677/arizona-at-no-1-for-1st-time-since.html#.UqfNVKVSHLY Jump up ^ http://www.heraldsun.com/sports/unc/x339032818/UNC-ROLLS-NO-1 Jump up ^ Associated Press ( March 11 , 2008 ) . `` Hansbrough is just 8th Tar Heel to have jersey retired '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Hansbrough Wins Wooden Award , Sweeping Major Individual Honors '' . University of North Carolina Tar Heels Official Athletic Site. April 12 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 12 . Jump up ^ UNC 's retired jerseys men 's basketball Jump up ^ `` UNC 's Justin Jackson Named ACC Player of the Year , Qualifies for Rafters '' . scout.com . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` UNC 's Joel Berry , always a believer , crosses national title off to - do list '' . newsobserver.com . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Tar Heel Basketball Glossary '' . University of North Carolina Tar Heels Official Athletic Site . October 6 , 2003 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 16 . Jump up ^ UNC Basketball McDonald 's All - Americans - Tar Heel Times Jump up ^ http://espn.go.com/mens-college-basketball/recap?gameId=400813749 Jump up ^ http://www.dailytarheel.com/blog/press_box/2013/03/unc-kansas-through-the-years Jump up ^ http://www.iuhoosiers.com/sports/m-baskbl/spec-rel/051412aab.html Jump up ^ `` About '' . The Carolina Basketball Museum official website . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Men 's Basketball / Carolina Basketball Museum Quick Facts Sheet '' . UNC Athletics official website . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : Walston , Turner . `` Museum a ' living , breathing ' monument to Tar Heel hoops '' . The Carolina Basketball Museum official website . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 20 . Jump up ^ Rosenthal , Sam ( January 25 , 2008 ) . `` North Carolina Basketball Museum Set To Open Monday '' . WRAL Sports . Capitol Broadcasting Company , Inc . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 20 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Greg ( January 25 , 2008 ) . `` History In The Details '' . WRAL Sports . Capitol Broadcasting Company , Inc . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 20 . External links ( edit ) Official website North Carolina Tar Heels men 's basketball Venues Bynum Gymnasium ( 1920 -- 1924 ) Tin Can ( 1924 -- 1938 ) Woollen Gymnasium ( 1938 -- 1965 ) Carmichael Auditorium ( 1965 -- 1986 ) Dean Smith Center ( 1986 -- present ) Rivalries Duke ( Carlyle Cup ) Kentucky NC State Culture & lore Rameses The Marching Tar Heels Junior varsity team Inside Carolina Four corners offense Dixie Classic / Big Four Tobacco Road Scandal People Head coaches Honorees Honored players NBA draftees Seasons 1910 -- 11 1911 -- 12 1912 -- 13 1913 -- 14 1914 -- 15 1915 -- 16 1916 -- 17 1917 -- 18 1918 -- 19 1919 -- 20 1920 -- 21 1921 -- 22 1922 -- 23 1923 -- 24 1924 -- 25 1925 -- 26 1926 -- 27 1927 -- 28 1928 -- 29 1929 -- 30 1930 -- 31 1931 -- 32 1932 -- 33 1933 -- 34 1934 -- 35 1935 -- 36 1936 -- 37 1937 -- 38 1938 -- 39 1939 -- 40 1940 -- 41 1941 -- 42 1942 -- 43 1943 -- 44 1944 -- 45 1945 -- 46 1946 -- 47 1947 -- 48 1948 -- 49 1949 -- 50 1950 -- 51 1951 -- 52 1952 -- 53 1953 -- 54 1954 -- 55 1955 -- 56 1956 -- 57 1957 -- 58 1958 -- 59 1959 -- 60 1960 -- 61 1961 -- 62 1962 -- 63 1963 -- 64 1964 -- 65 1965 -- 66 1966 -- 67 1967 -- 68 1968 -- 69 1969 -- 70 1970 -- 71 1971 -- 72 1972 -- 73 1973 -- 74 1974 -- 75 1975 -- 76 1976 -- 77 1977 -- 78 1978 -- 79 1979 -- 80 1980 -- 81 1981 -- 82 1982 -- 83 1983 -- 84 1984 -- 85 1985 -- 86 1986 -- 87 1987 -- 88 1988 -- 89 1989 -- 90 1990 -- 91 1991 -- 92 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 00 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 Helms and Premo - Porretta national championships in bold ; NCAA Final Four appearances in italics ; NCAA championships in bolded italics University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Located in : Chapel Hill , North Carolina Academics Scholarships Center for Global Initiatives Center for the Study of the American South Kenan -- Flagler Business School School of Information and Library Science School of Media and Journalism School of Law School of Medicine School of Pharmacy School of Public Health School of Social Work Southern Observatory for Astrophysical Research L.L. Thurstone Psychometric Laboratory Athletics Teams Australian Rules Football Baseball Men 's Basketball Women 's Basketball Field Hockey Football Handball Men 's Lacrosse Women 's Lacrosse Men 's Soccer Women 's Soccer Softball Men 's Tennis Women 's Tennis Facilities Bryson Field at Boshamer Stadium Bynum Gymnasium Carmichael Arena Dean Smith Center Eddie Smith Field House Fetzer Field Fetzer Hall Finley Golf Course Henry Stadium Kenan Memorial Stadium Tin Can Woollen Gymnasium Other Atlantic Coast Conference Carlyle Cup Carolina Basketball Museum Carolina blue Carolina -- Duke rivalry Carolina -- State Game The Marching Tar Heels `` Hark The Sound '' `` Here Comes Carolina '' `` I 'm a Tar Heel Born '' North Carolina -- Wake Forest rivalry Olympians Rameses The Rams Club South 's Oldest Rivalry Tar Heel Tar Heel Sports Network Tobacco Road Victory Bell Campus Ackland Art Museum Airport Botanical Garden Carolina Inn Coker Arboretum Davie Poplar Franklin Street Hospitals Hunt Arboretum Images Morehead Planetarium Old Chapel Hill Cemetery Old East Old Well Playmakers Theatre Silent Sam Wilson Library Town of Chapel Hill Student life Black Student Movement Carolina Week The Daily Tar Heel Dialectic and Philanthropic Societies Dramatic and Performing Arts Order of Gimghoul Student Television WXYC History Alumni Presidents and Chancellors William Richardson Davie UNC system Speaker ban Academics - athletics scandal Founded : 1789 Atlantic Coast Conference men 's basketball Teams Boston College Eagles Clemson Tigers Duke Blue Devils Florida State Seminoles Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets Louisville Cardinals Miami Hurricanes NC State Wolfpack North Carolina Tar Heels Notre Dame Fighting Irish Pittsburgh Panthers Syracuse Orange Virginia Cavaliers Virginia Tech Hokies Wake Forest Demon Deacons Championships & awards Regular season champions ACC Men 's Basketball Tournament Coach of the Year Player of the Year Rookie of the Year 50th Anniversary Team Seasons 1953 -- 54 1954 -- 55 1955 -- 56 1956 -- 57 1957 -- 58 1958 -- 59 1959 -- 60 1960 -- 61 1961 -- 62 1962 -- 63 1963 -- 64 1964 -- 65 1965 -- 66 1966 -- 67 1967 -- 68 1968 -- 69 1969 -- 70 1970 -- 71 1971 -- 72 1972 -- 73 1973 -- 74 1974 -- 75 1975 -- 76 1976 -- 77 1977 -- 78 1978 -- 79 1979 -- 80 1980 -- 81 1981 -- 82 1982 -- 83 1983 -- 84 1984 -- 85 1985 -- 86 1986 -- 87 1987 -- 88 1988 -- 89 1989 -- 90 1990 -- 91 1991 -- 92 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 00 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=North_Carolina_Tar_Heels_men%27s_basketball&oldid=841919203 '' Categories : North Carolina Tar Heels men 's basketball Basketball teams established in 1910 1910 establishments in North Carolina Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 errors : external links Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2015 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from November 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Português Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 May 2018 , at 23 : 22 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when was the last time unc won the acc championship | [
"\n\nNorth Carolina Tar Heels\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2017–18 North Carolina Tar Heels men's basketball team\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nFirst season\n1910\n\n\nAll-time record\n2,232–792 (.739)\n\n\nHead coach\nRoy Williams (15th season)\n\n\nConference\nAtlantic Coast Conference\n\n\nLocation\nChapel Hill, North Carolina\n\n\nArena\nDean Smith Center\n(Capacity: 21,750)\n\n\nNickname\nTar Heels\n\n\nColors\nCarolina Blue and White[1]\n \n\n\nUniforms\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nHome\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAway\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nNCAA Tournament champions\n\n\n1957, 1982, 1993, 2005, 2009, 2017\n\n\nNCAA Tournament runner-up\n\n\n1946, 1968, 1977, 1981, 2016\n\n\nNCAA Tournament Final Four\n\n\n1946, 1957, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1972, 1977, 1981, 1982, 1991, 1993, 1995, 1997, 1998, 2000, 2005, 2008, 2009, 2016, 2017\n\n\nNCAA Tournament Elite Eight\n\n\n1941, 1946, 1957, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1972, 1977, 1981, 1982, 1983, 1985, 1987, 1988, 1991, 1993, 1995, 1997, 1998, 2000, 2005, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2011, 2012, 2016, 2017\n\n\nNCAA Tournament Sweet Sixteen\n\n\n1957, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1972, 1975, 1977, 1981, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1985, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1995, 1997, 1998, 2000, 2005, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2011, 2012, 2015, 2016, 2017\n\n\nNCAA Tournament appearances\n\n\n1941, 1946, 1957, 1959, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1972, 1975, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1979, 1980, 1981, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1985, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018\n\n\nConference tournament champions\n\n\n1922, 1924, 1925, 1926, 1935, 1936, 1940, 1945, 1957, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1972, 1975, 1977, 1979, 1981, 1982, 1989, 1991, 1994, 1997, 1998, 2007, 2008, 2016\n\n\nConference regular season champions\n\n\n1923, 1924, 1925, 1926, 1935, 1938, 1941, 1944, 1946, 1956, 1957, 1959, 1960, 1961, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1971, 1972, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1979, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1985, 1987, 1988, 1993, 1995, 2001, 2005, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2011, 2012, 2016, 2017\n\n"
] | [
"2016"
] |
2462644635823164389 | Preoperative fasting | Preoperative fasting - wikipedia Preoperative fasting Jump to : navigation , search Preoperative fasting is the practice of a patient abstaining from oral food and fluid intake for a time before an operation is performed . This is intended to prevent pulmonary aspiration of stomach contents during general anesthesia . Contents ( hide ) 1 Pulmonary aspiration 2 Gastric conditions 3 Minimum fasting times 4 See also 5 References Pulmonary aspiration ( edit ) The main reason for preoperative fasting is to prevent pulmonary aspiration of stomach contents while under the effects of general anesthesia . Aspiration of as little as 30 -- 40 mL can be a significant cause of suffering and death during an operation and therefore fasting is performed to reduce the volume of stomach contents as much as possible . Several factors can predispose to aspiration of stomach contents including inadequate anesthesia , pregnancy , obesity , difficult airways , emergency surgery ( since fasting time is reduced ) , full stomach and altered gastrointestinal mobility . Increased fasting times leads to decreased injury if aspiration occurs . Gastric conditions ( edit ) In addition to fasting , antacids are administered the night before ( or in the morning of an afternoon operation ) and then once again two hours prior to surgery . This is to increase the pH ( make more neutral ) of the acid present in the stomach , helping to reduce the damage caused by pulmonary aspiration , should it occur . H2 receptor blockers should be used in high - risk situations and should be administered in the same timing intervals as antacids . Gastroparesis ( delayed gastric emptying ) may occur and is due to metabolic causes ( e.g. poorly controlled diabetes mellitus ) , decreased gastric motility ( e.g. due to head injury ) or pyloric obstruction ( e.g. pyloric stenosis ) . Delayed gastric emptying usually only affects the emptying of the stomach of high - cellulose foods such as vegetables . Gastric emptying of clear fluids such as water or black coffee is only affected in highly progressed delayed gastric emptying . Occasionally , gastroesophageal reflux ( GERD ) may be associated with delayed gastric emptying of solids , but clear liquids are not affected . Raised intra-abdominal pressure ( e.g. in pregnancy or obesity ) predisposes to regurgitation . Certain drugs such as opiates can cause marked delays in gastric emptying , as can trauma , which can be determined by certain indicators such as normal bowel sounds and patient hunger . Minimum fasting times ( edit ) The minimum fasting times prior to surgery have long been debated . The first proposition came from British anesthetists stating that patients should be nil by mouth from midnight . However , since then , the American Society of Anesthesiologists ( ASA ) , followed by the Association of Anaesthestists of Great Britain and Ireland ( AAGBI ) , recommended new fasting guidelines for the minimum fast prior to surgery . This was based upon evidence by Canadian anesthesiologists who found that drinking clear fluids two hours prior to surgery decreased pulmonary aspiration compared to those nil by mouth since midnight . The following are the recommended guidelines for nil by mouth prior to surgery in healthy patients : Age Solids Clear liquids < 6 months 4 hours 2 hours 6 -- 36 months 6 hours 3 hours > 36 months ( including adults ) 6 hours 2 hours When anaesthesia is required in an emergency , nasogastric aspiration is usually performed to reduce gastric contents and the risk of its pulmonary aspiration . See also ( edit ) Fasting Surgery General anesthesia References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Allman , Keith G. ; Iain H. Wilson ( 2006 ) . Oxford Handbook of Anaesthesia ( 2nd ed . ) . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 856609 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Maltby JR ( April 2006 ) . `` Preoperative fasting guidelines '' ( PDF ) . Can J Surg. 49 ( 2 ) : 138 -- 9 ; author reply 139 . PMC 3207537 . PMID 16630428 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ Coté CJ ( July 1999 ) . `` Preoperative preparation and premedication '' . Br J Anaesth. 83 ( 1 ) : 16 -- 28 . PMID 10616330 . doi : 10.1093 / bja / 83.1. 16 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ Legal review of need to place NG tube Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Preoperative_fasting&oldid=688828096 '' Categories : Surgery Fasting Diets Talk Contents About Wikipedia Português Edit links This page was last edited on 3 November 2015 , at 08 : 37 . About Wikipedia | why is it nil by mouth before surgery | [
"Preoperative fasting is the practice of a patient abstaining from oral food and fluid intake for a time before an operation is performed. This is intended to prevent pulmonary aspiration of stomach contents during general anesthesia.[1]"
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"to prevent pulmonary aspiration of stomach"
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-952784034680868610 | 2018 Peach Bowl | 2018 Peach Bowl - wikipedia 2018 Peach Bowl Jump to : navigation , search 2018 Chick - fil - A Peach Bowl 50th Chick - fil - A Peach Bowl The field prior to the game UCF Knights Auburn Tigers ( 12 -- 0 ) ( 10 -- 3 ) The American SEC 34 27 Head coach : Scott Frost Head coach : Gus Malzahn AP Coaches CFP 10 10 12 AP Coaches CFP 7 8 7 Total UCF 0 13 7 14 34 Auburn 14 7 27 Date January 1 , 2018 Season 2017 Stadium Mercedes - Benz Stadium Location Atlanta , Georgia MVP McKenzie Milton ( QB , UCF ) & Shaquem Griffin ( LB , UCF ) Favorite Auburn by 10.5 Referee Brandon Cruse ( Big XII ) Attendance 71,109 Payout US $ 6,000,000 per team United States TV coverage Network ESPN and ESPN Radio Announcers Dave Flemming , Brock Huard , and Allison Williams ( ESPN ) Tom Hart , Jordan Rodgers and Cole Cubelic ( ESPN Radio ) International TV coverage Network ESPN Peach Bowl < 2016 2019 > The 2018 Peach Bowl was a college football bowl game played on January 1 , 2018 , between the UCF Knights and the Auburn Tigers . It was the 50th edition of the Peach Bowl , and the first Peach Bowl to be played in Mercedes - Benz Stadium , after spending the previous 25 editions in the now demolished Georgia Dome . The 50th Peach Bowl was one of the College Football Playoff New Year 's Six bowl games , and was one of the 2017 -- 18 bowl games concluding the 2017 FBS football season . Sponsored by the Chick - fil - A restaurant franchise , the game was officially known as the Chick - fil - A Peach Bowl . The game was televised on ESPN and ESPN Deportes , and broadcast on ESPN Radio and XM Satellite Radio . Contents ( hide ) 1 Teams 2 Game summary 2.1 Scoring summary 2.2 Statistics 3 References Teams ( edit ) The two participants for the game were the UCF Knights ( automatically qualifying as the highest ranked conference champion team from the `` Group of Five '' conferences ) and the Auburn Tigers . Entering the game , the Tigers led the all - time series with the Knights , 3 -- 0 ; the most recent matchup saw the Tigers defeat the Golden Knights ( as the Knights were then known as ) by a score of 28 -- 10 on November 6 , 1999 , in Auburn . Game summary ( edit ) McKenzie Milton had a breakout game for the UCF Knights with 245 passing yards throwing for two touchdowns and a rushing touchdown . Jarrett Stidham had 331 passing yards throwing for one touchdown with two interceptions . UCF had 411 total yards compared to Auburn Tigers 421 total yards . However , the Tigers had three turnovers with Knights only having one . Shaquem Griffin had 12 tackles and a sack in the win for the Knights . Griffin was later named the game 's defensive MVP , with Milton the offensive MVP . Scoring summary ( edit ) Auburn 's Field Goal at the end of the First Half UCF 's First Field Goal ( hide ) Scoring summary Quarter Time Drive Team Scoring information Score Plays Yards TOP UCF AUB 7 : 01 9 43 3 : 51 AUB 25 - yard field goal by Daniel Carlson 0 11 : 11 12 48 3 : 04 UCF 33 - yard field goal by Matthew Wright 8 : 51 21 0 : 47 UCF McKenzie Milton 18 - yard touchdown run , Matthew Wright kick good 10 0 : 45 15 62 4 : 16 AUB 45 - yard field goal by Daniel Carlson 10 6 0 : 00 15 42 0 : 45 UCF 45 - yard field goal by Matthew Wright 13 6 14 : 05 26 0 : 43 AUB Will Hastings 26 - yard touchdown reception from Jarrett Stidham , Daniel Carlson kick good 13 13 7 : 55 10 82 3 : 37 AUB Kerryon Johnson 4 - yard touchdown run , Daniel Carlson kick good 13 20 1 : 30 7 65 2 : 44 UCF Otis Anderson 12 - yard touchdown reception from McKenzie Milton , Matthew Wright kick good 20 20 11 : 36 8 59 3 : 17 UCF Dredrick Snelson 8 - yard touchdown reception from McKenzie Milton , Matthew Wright kick good 27 20 5 : 56 UCF Interception returned 45 yards for touchdown by Chequan Burkett , Matthew Wright kick good 34 20 4 : 12 6 89 1 : 37 AUB Eli Stove 7 - yard touchdown run , Daniel Carlson kick good 34 27 `` TOP '' = time of possession . For other American football terms , see Glossary of American football . 34 27 Statistics ( edit ) Total No. 12 Knights 0 13 7 14 34 No. 7 Tigers 14 7 27 Statistics UCF AUB First downs 20 28 Plays -- yards 71 -- 411 87 -- 421 Rushes -- yards 36 -- 169 44 -- 90 Passing yards 242 331 Passing : Comp -- Att -- Int 16 -- 35 -- 0 28 -- 43 -- 2 Time of possession 25 : 45 34 : 15 Team Player Statistics UCF Passing McKenzie Milton 16 / 35 , 242 yds , 2 TD Rushing McKenzie Milton 13 car , 116 yds , 1 TD Receiving Tre'Quan Smith 5 rec , 89 yds AUB Passing Jarrett Stidham 28 / 43 , 331 yds , 1 TD , 2 INT Rushing Kerryon Johnson 23 car , 71 yds , 1 TD Receiving Ryan Davis 8 rec , 47 yds References ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to 2018 Peach Bowl . Jump up ^ Romero , Iliana Limón ( December 5 , 2017 ) . `` Scott Frost to coach UCF in Peach Bowl despite Knights ' hire of his replacement '' . Orlando Sentinel . Jump up ^ `` Recap : Central Florida 34 , Auburn 27 '' . VegasInsider.com . Retrieved January 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Chick - fil - a Peach Bowl ( @ CFAPeachBowl ) ( January 1 , 2018 ) . `` Today 's attendance : 71,109 That 's the 19th # CFAPeachBowl sellout in 21 games . THANK YOU , FANS ! pic.twitter.com/1TD8SOnbja '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : The Chick - fil - A Peach Bowl and the College Football Playoff . Chick - fil - A Peach Bowl . Jump up ^ About the College Football Playoff . ESPN . Jump up ^ `` UCF Football 2017 Media Guide '' ( PDF ) . UCF Knights . pp. 71 -- 80 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on December 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Auburn Football 2017 Media Guide '' ( PDF ) . Auburn Tigers . pp. 181 -- 185 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on December 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Milton powers No. 10 UCF to 34 - 27 Peach Bowl win over Auburn '' . New York Daily News . Associated Press . January 1 , 2018 . 2017 -- 18 NCAA football bowl game season New Mexico ( Dec. 16 ) Las Vegas ( Dec. 16 ) Camellia ( Dec. 16 ) Cure ( Dec. 16 ) New Orleans ( Dec. 16 ) Boca Raton ( Dec. 19 ) Frisco ( Dec. 20 ) Gasparilla ( Dec. 21 ) Famous Idaho Potato ( Dec. 22 ) Bahamas ( Dec. 22 ) Armed Forces ( Dec. 23 ) Birmingham ( Dec. 23 ) Dollar General ( Dec. 23 ) Hawaii ( Dec. 24 ) Quick Lane ( Dec. 26 ) Heart of Dallas ( Dec. 26 ) Cactus ( Dec. 26 ) Independence ( Dec. 27 ) Pinstripe ( Dec. 27 ) Texas ( Dec. 27 ) Foster Farms ( Dec. 27 ) Military ( Dec. 28 ) Camping World ( Dec. 28 ) Alamo ( Dec. 28 ) Holiday ( Dec. 28 ) Belk ( Dec. 29 ) Cotton ( Dec. 29 ) Sun ( Dec. 29 ) Music City ( Dec. 29 ) Arizona ( Dec. 29 ) Fiesta ( Dec. 30 ) Liberty ( Dec. 30 ) Orange ( Dec. 30 ) TaxSlayer ( Dec. 30 ) Citrus ( Jan. 1 ) Outback ( Jan. 1 ) Peach ( Jan. 1 ) College Football Playoff games : Rose ( semifinal ) ( Jan. 1 ) Sugar ( semifinal ) ( Jan. 1 ) National Championship Game ( Jan. 8 ) All - Star Games East -- West Shrine Game ( Jan. 20 ) NFLPA Collegiate Bowl ( Jan. 20 ) Senior Bowl ( Jan. 27 ) Peach Bowl Game History & conference tie - ins History Bobby Dodd Stadium Atlanta -- Fulton County Stadium Georgia Dome Mercedes - Benz Stadium College Football Playoff Broadcasters College Football Playoff At - Large Group of Five Games 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1981 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1988 1993 1993 1995 1995 1998 1998 2018 Auburn Tigers bowl games 1937 Bacardi Bowl 1938 Orange Bowl 1954 Gator Bowl 1954 Gator Bowl 1955 Gator Bowl 1964 Orange Bowl 1965 Liberty Bowl 1968 Sun Bowl 1969 Astro - Bluebonnet Bowl 1971 Gator Bowl 1972 Sugar Bowl 1972 Gator Bowl 1973 Sun Bowl 1974 Gator Bowl 1982 Tangerine Bowl 1984 Sugar Bowl 1984 Liberty Bowl 1986 Cotton Bowl Classic 1987 Florida Citrus Bowl 1988 Sugar Bowl 1989 Sugar Bowl 1990 Hall of Fame Bowl 1990 Peach Bowl 1996 Outback Bowl 1996 Independence Bowl 1998 Peach Bowl 2001 Florida Citrus Bowl 2001 Peach Bowl 2003 Capital One Bowl 2003 Music City Bowl 2005 Sugar Bowl 2006 Capital One Bowl 2007 Cotton Bowl Classic 2007 Chick - fil - A Bowl 2010 Outback Bowl 2011 BCS National Championship Game # 2011 Chick - fil - A Bowl 2014 BCS National Championship Game # 2015 Outback Bowl 2015 Birmingham Bowl 2017 Sugar Bowl 2018 Peach Bowl Pound sign ( # ) denotes national championship game . UCF Knights bowl games 2005 Hawaii Bowl 2007 Liberty Bowl 2009 St. Petersburg Bowl 2010 Liberty Bowl 2012 Beef ' O ' Brady 's Bowl 2014 Fiesta Bowl 2014 St. Petersburg Bowl 2016 Cure Bowl 2018 Peach Bowl Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2018_Peach_Bowl&oldid=837277111 '' Categories : 2017 -- 18 NCAA football bowl games 2017 -- 18 College Football Playoff Peach Bowl Auburn Tigers football bowl games UCF Knights football bowl games 2018 in sports in Georgia ( U.S. state ) January 2018 sports events in the United States Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 19 April 2018 , at 20 : 30 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who won the game between auburn and ufc | [
"\n\n2018 Chick-fil-A Peach Bowl\n\n\n50th Chick-fil-A Peach Bowl\n\n\n\n\nThe field prior to the game\n\n\n\n\n\n\nUCF Knights\nAuburn Tigers\n\n\n(12–0)\n(10–3)\n\n\nThe American\nSEC\n\n\n34\n27\n\n\nHead coach: \nScott Frost[1]\nHead coach: \nGus Malzahn\n\n\n\n\n\nAP\nCoaches\nCFP\n\n\n10\n10\n12\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAP\nCoaches\nCFP\n\n\n7\n8\n7\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1\n2\n3\n4\nTotal\n\n\nUCF\n0\n13\n7\n14\n34\n\n\nAuburn\n3\n3\n14\n7\n27\n\n\n\n\n\nDate\nJanuary 1, 2018\n\n\nSeason\n2017\n\n\nStadium\nMercedes-Benz Stadium\n\n\nLocation\nAtlanta, Georgia\n\n\nMVP\nMcKenzie Milton (QB, UCF) & Shaquem Griffin (LB, UCF)\n\n\nFavorite\nAuburn by 10.5[2]\n\n\nReferee\nBrandon Cruse (Big XII)\n\n\nAttendance\n71,109[3]\n\n\nPayout\nUS$6,000,000 per team\n\n\nUnited States TV coverage\n\n\nNetwork\nESPN and ESPN Radio\n\n\nAnnouncers\n\nDave Flemming, Brock Huard, and Allison Williams (ESPN)\nTom Hart, Jordan Rodgers and Cole Cubelic (ESPN Radio)\n\n\nInternational TV coverage\n\n\nNetwork\nESPN\n\n\n\n\n\nPeach Bowl\n\n\n 2016\n2019 > \n\n\n\n\n"
] | [
"UCF Knights"
] |
9009417407583333790 | Night at the Museum: Secret of the Tomb | Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb - wikipedia Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb Theatrical release poster Directed by Shawn Levy Produced by Shawn Levy Chris Columbus Mark Radcliffe Screenplay by David Guion Michael Handelman Story by Mark Friedman David Guion Michael Handelman Based on Characters by Thomas Lennon Robert Ben Garant Starring Ben Stiller Robin Williams Owen Wilson Steve Coogan Ricky Gervais Rachael Harris Dan Stevens Rebel Wilson Skyler Gisondo Rami Malek Patrick Gallagher Mizuo Peck Ben Kingsley Crystal the Monkey Music by Alan Silvestri Cinematography Guillermo Navarro Edited by Dean Zimmerman Production company 21 Laps Entertainment 1492 Pictures TSG Entertainment Distributed by 20th Century Fox Release date December 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 11 ) ( Ziegfeld Theatre ) December 19 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 19 ) ( United States ) Running time 97 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $127 million Box office $363.2 million Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb is a 2014 American comedy adventure film directed by Shawn Levy and written by David Guion and Michael Handelman . It is the sequel to the 2006 film Night at the Museum and the 2009 film Night at the Museum : Battle of the Smithsonian . The film stars Ben Stiller , Robin Williams , Owen Wilson , Steve Coogan , Ricky Gervais , Rachael Harris , Dan Stevens , Rebel Wilson , Skyler Gisondo , Rami Malek , Patrick Gallagher , Mizuo Peck , Ben Kingsley , and Crystal the Monkey . In Secret of the Tomb , security guard Larry Daley must travel to London to return the tablet of Ahkmenrah , an Egyptian artifact which causes the exhibits to come to life , before the magic disappears . Principal photography of Secret of the Tomb took place from January to May 2014 in London , England and British Columbia , Canada . The film premiered on December 11 , 2014 , at New York City 's Ziegfeld Theater and was released in the United States on December 19 , 2014 . Secret of the Tomb grossed over $363 million at the box office . This film was dedicated to the memory of Robin Williams , who died four months before the film 's release , and fellow Night at the Museum actor Mickey Rooney , who died before principal photography was finished . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Voices 3 Production 4 Music 4.1 Track listing 5 Release 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Accolades 7 Home media 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) In 1938 Egypt , a team of archaeologists discover the tomb of pharaoh Ahkmenrah , including a young Cecil Fredericks , finding the magical Tablet of Ahkmenrah . The locals warn the group that removing the tablet will end its magic . In present day New York City , Larry Daley remains the night guard of the American Museum of Natural History . He and the exhibits , brought to life each night by the tablet , help re-open the Hayden Planetarium . A new wax Neanderthal resembling Larry named Laaa is introduced , identifying Larry as his father . Ahkmenrah shows Larry that the tablet is corroding , which later causes the exhibits to act erratically , causing mayhem at the planetarium 's reopening . Larry catches his son Nick throwing a house party , who plans on taking a gap year to sort out his life . Larry reunites with Cecil , now in retirement , who realises the end of the tablet 's magic will cause the exhibits to become lifeless . Cecil explains Ahkmenrah 's parents , Merenkahre and Shepseheret , may be able to restore the tablet 's power , but are located in the British Museum . Larry convinces the museum 's curator , Dr. McPhee , to let him ship Ahkmenrah to London to restore the tablet , convinced that McPhee knows its secrets . Larry and Nick travel to the British Museum , bypassing the night guard Tilly . To Larry 's surprise , Theodore Roosevelt , Sacagawea , Attila the Hun , Jedediah , Octavius , Dexter the capuchin monkey , and Laaa have come as well . Laaa is left to stand guard while the others search the museum , the tablet bringing its own exhibits to life . They are joined by a wax Sir Lancelot who helps them fight off the aggressive museum exhibits like a Xiangliu statue and a Triceratops skeleton . Jedediah and Octavius fall through a ventilation shaft , but are rescued from a Pompeii model by Dexter . The group find Ahkmenrah 's parents , learning the tablet 's power can be regenerated by moonlight , since it is empowered with the magic of Khonsu . Lancelot mistakes the tablet for the Holy Grail and steals it , leaving to find Camelot . Larry and Laaa are locked in the employee break room by Tilly but escape , Laaa remaining behind to distract Tilly , but they become attracted to each other . Lancelot crashes a performance of the Camelot musical , starring Hugh Jackman and Alice Eve as King Arthur and Queen Guinevere , but Larry and the others chase him to the theatre roof , where the New York exhibits begin to die . Lancelot then sees that the quest was about them and gives the tablet back . The moonlight restores the tablet 's power , saving the exhibits . They decide that Ahkmenrah and the tablet should stay with his parents , even if it means the New York exhibits will no longer come to life . Back in New York , Larry spends some final moments with his friends before sunrise . Three years later , Larry now works as a teacher , and a travelling British Museum exhibit comes to New York . Tilly becomes the new night guard , and gives the tablet to Dr. McPhee , showing him its power , and allowing the exhibits to awaken again . Outside , Larry watches them party inside . Cast ( edit ) Ben Stiller as Larry Daley , a security guard at the American Museum of Natural History . Stiller also plays Laaa , a Neanderthal who resembles Larry . Robin Williams as Theodore Roosevelt , the wax statue of the 26th President of the United States . Owen Wilson as Jedediah , a cowboy diorama miniature . Steve Coogan as Octavius , a Roman soldier miniature . Ricky Gervais as Dr. McPhee , the director of the Museum of Natural History . Rachael Harris as Madeline Phelps , the chairwoman of the American Museum of Natural History . Dan Stevens as Sir Lancelot , the wax statue of the legendary Knight of the Round Table . Rebel Wilson as Tilly , the night security guard at the British Museum . Skyler Gisondo as Nick Daley , the son of Larry Daley . He was previously played by Jake Cherry in the first two films . Rami Malek as Ahkmenrah , the mummy of an ancient pharaoh . Patrick Gallagher as Attila the Hun , the statue of the leader of the Huns . Mizuo Peck as Sacagawea , the polyurethane model of the Lemhi Shoshone woman who is Theodore Roosevelt 's girlfriend . Ben Kingsley as Merenkahre , the mummy of an ancient pharaoh and Ahkmenrah 's father . Dick Van Dyke as Cecil `` C.J. '' Fredericks , a retired security guard from the first film . Percy Hynes White plays the younger Cecil `` C.J. '' Fredericks Mickey Rooney as Gus , a retired security guard from the first film . Bill Cobbs as Reginald , a retired security guard from the first film . Andrea Martin as Rose , an archivist at the Museum of Natural History . Brennan Elliott as Robert Fredericks , C.J. 's father in the prologue . Matt Frewer as Archibald Stanley , an archeologist who accompanies Robert and Cecil in the prologue . Anjali Jay as Shepseheret , the mummy of a Great Royal Wife of Merenkahre and mother of Ahkmenrah . Crystal the Monkey as Dexter , a Capuchin monkey . Hugh Jackman as Himself ( uncredited ) Alice Eve as Herself ( uncredited ) Voices ( edit ) Robin Williams as Garuda Artifact . Brad Garrett as Easter Island Head . Regina Taufen as New York Reporter . Production ( edit ) On January 21 , 2010 , co-writer Thomas Lennon said to Access Hollywood , `` I think it 's a really outstanding idea to do Night at the Museum 3 , in fact . I wonder if someone 's not even already working on a script for that . I can not confirm that for a fact , but I can not deny it for a fact either ... It might be in the works . '' In an October 2011 interview with The Hollywood Reporter , Stiller confirmed the sequel , however , he said that it was only in the `` ideas stage '' . In February 2013 it was announced that the film , directed by Shawn Levy , would be released on December 25 , 2014 . On September 10 , 2013 , it was announced that shooting would start in February 2014 . On November 8 , 2013 , actor Dan Stevens was cast as Lancelot . On November 15 , 2013 , it was announced that Skyler Gisondo would be replacing Jake Cherry in the role of Nicky Daley . On December 18 , 2013 , it was announced that Stiller , Robin Williams , and Ricky Gervais would be returning for the sequel . On January 9 , 2014 , it was announced that Rebel Wilson would play a security guard in the British Museum . On January 14 , 2014 , the film 's release date was moved up from December 25 , 2014 , to December 19 , 2014 . On January 23 , 2014 , it was announced Ben Kingsley would play an Egyptian Pharaoh at the British Museum . Principal photography and production began on January 27 , 2014 . On May 6 , 2014 , it was announced that the film would be titled Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb . In May 2014 , principal photography ended . Music ( edit ) Alan Silvestri returned to score the final installment of the trilogy . Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) Film score by Alan Silvestri Released January 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 06 ) Recorded 2014 Genre Film score Length 56 : 52 Label Varese Sarabande Track listing ( edit ) Varese Sarabande released a soundtrack album of the score on January 6 , 2015 . All tracks written by Alan Silvestri . Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) No . Title Length 1 . `` The Ahkmenrah Expedition '' 3 : 34 2 . `` Performance Prep '' 2 : 02 3 . `` LOL '' 2 : 22 4 . `` The Grand Re-Opening '' 3 : 13 5 . `` The End Will Come '' 2 : 19 6 . `` Sneak And Greet '' 3 : 25 7 . `` Sir Lancelot '' 3 : 33 8 . `` Where Are Jed And Octavius ? '' 2 : 50 9 . `` Main Hall '' 3 : 24 10 . `` Xiangliu '' 3 : 46 11 . `` Male Bonding '' 2 : 15 12 . `` The Legend of the Tablet '' 3 : 11 13 . `` The Escher Fight '' 3 : 45 14 . `` Camelot '' 3 : 49 15 . `` The Quest '' 2 : 35 16 . `` Seeing Your Boy Become A Man '' 3 : 14 17 . `` Laaa Love '' 1 : 53 18 . `` A Farewell Kiss '' 2 : 40 19 . `` Teddy 's Goodbye '' 3 : 02 Total length : 56 : 52 Release ( edit ) The film premiered at the Ziegfeld Theatre in New York City on December 11 , 2014 . It was then released on December 19 , 2014 in the United States . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb grossed $113.7 million in North America , and $249.5 million in other territories , for a worldwide total of $363.2 million against a budget of $127 million . In North America , early analysts were predicting a potential $25 -- $28 million opening . In North America , the film was released on December 19 , 2014 across 3,785 theaters . It opened Friday , December 19 , 2014 and earned $5.6 million on its opening day , placing at number three at the box office . The film underperformed expectations during its opening weekend , earning $17.1 million , which was relatively lower than the openings of the original film ( $30.4 million ) and its sequel ( $54.1 million ) . The film debuted at number two at the box office behind The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies . According to 20th Century Fox , the movie 's audience was 51 % male , with 54 % of the audience under the age of 25 . In CinemaScore polls conducted during the opening weekend , cinema audiences gave the film an average grade of `` B + '' , on an A+ to F scale . The film began its international rollout the same weekend as the North American premiere and earned $10.4 million from 27 markets in its opening weekend , debuting at # 3 behind at the box office behind The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies and Penguins of Madagascar . The film expanded to an additional 40 markets in its second week and grossed $31.2 million . It topped the box office outside North America in its fourth weekend with a total gross of $46.2 million , primarily because of China , where it opened at # 1 with $26 million . The other highest opening figures were from Mexico ( $5.85 million ) , Brazil ( $3.1 million ) , Malaysia ( $3.07 million ) , the UK ( $3 million ) , Australia ( $2.8 million ) , Germany ( $2.1 million ) and Singapore ( $2 million ) . For the weekend of January 16 , 2015 , the film grossed $17.8 million , which includes a $3.9 million debut in South Korea . Critical response ( edit ) On Rotten Tomatoes , the film received a 48 % approval rating , based on 104 reviews , with an average score of 5 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` While not without its moments , Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb is a less - than - inspired sendoff for the trilogy . '' On Metacritic , the film has a score of 47 out of 100 , based on 33 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . In CinemaScore polls conducted during the opening weekend , cinema audiences gave the film an average grade of `` B + '' on an A+ to F scale . Scott Foundas of Variety gave the film a positive review , praising the visual effects and calling the production values `` topnotch '' , and admiring Guillermo Navarro 's work . He added , `` A most enjoyable capper to director Shawn Levy and producer Chris Columbus ' cheerfully silly and sneakily smart family - entertainment juggernaut ... offers little in the way of secrets of surprises , but should add much holiday cheer to Fox 's box - office coffers . '' Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian gave the film three stars out of five and said , `` The third part in what absolutely no one is calling the Night at the Museum ' trilogy ' turns out to be a good - natured and entertainingly surreal panto fantasy . '' Glenn Kenny awarded the film 21⁄2 stars out of 4 praising the Indiana Jones themed - set while criticizing the performances of the cast and said , `` As talent - packed as any Night at the Museum picture may be -- in this third installment ... -- one does n't come to a movie of this sort expecting anybody 's best work . Or at least one certainly should n't , because it wo n't materialize . '' Stephanie Zacharek of The Village Voice gave the film a positive review , saying `` The third installment , Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb may be the best , and even the generally wound - too - tight Ben Stiller -- once again playing a bemused Museum of Natural History guard -- is easy to tolerate . '' Claudia Puig of USA Today gave the film two and a half stars out of four , saying `` Where the previous films felt frenetic and forced , this outing feels breezier , more enjoyable and less contrived . '' Joe Neumaier of the New York Daily News gave the film three out of five stars , saying `` There 's a serenity to museum visits , especially if it 's a place you know and love . Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb , amazingly , recaptures that feeling in big - studio franchise form . '' Bill Goodykoontz of The Arizona Republic gave the film two out of five stars , saying `` Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb is a rather lackluster affair , a cash grab that tries to aim a little higher but confuses sappy shortcuts with real emotion . '' Joe McGovern of Entertainment Weekly gave the film a B , saying `` It 's kind of fun , unembarrassingly , and not least of all because the people who made it look like they had a good time doing so . '' Tom Long of The Detroit News gave the film a B , saying `` There are some key elements that make this Night at the Museum sequel work better than its predecessor . '' Stephen Whitty of the Newark Star - Ledger gave the film two out of four stars , saying `` The exhibits in this Night at the Museum may still come to life nightly . But their latest movie stays stubbornly inert . '' Tom Russo of The Boston Globe gave the film two and a half stars out of four , saying `` Seeing Ben Stiller , the late Robin Williams , and their magically roused gang together again , this time in London , is initially all about indulgent , nostalgic smiles rather than new wows . But then comes the movie 's exceptionally clever and fresh final act , which delivers genuine surprise along with many laughs . '' Robbie Collin of The Daily Telegraph gave the film three out of five stars , saying `` The third Night at the Museum film starts strongly , with its heart in the past ... It 's an exciting opening , and perhaps too exciting for the film 's own good . It 's hard not to be disappointed when the plot moves back to the present and settles into the time - honoured formula of digitised creatures running riot and famous people in fancy dress doing shtick . '' Michael Rechtshaffen of The Hollywood Reporter gave the film a negative review , saying `` Despite relocating across the pond to the esteemed British Museum , the creaky Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb fails to capitalize on the comic potential provided by that change of venue . '' Ignatiy Vishnevetsky of The A.V. Club gave the film a C+ , saying `` Secret of the Tomb plays it as a source of corny jokes , pop - culture references , and father - son bonding moments . In other words , it 's exactly the kind of film that should n't be expected to engage with its assorted bizarre subtexts -- but what a movie it could be if it did . '' Sara Stewart of the New York Post gave the film two out of four stars , saying `` For piquing kids ' interest in history and nature , you could do worse than this goofy Ben Stiller franchise . But its third installment is more meh than manic , too reliant on wide shots of the ragtag Museum of Natural History cohorts striding down corridors . You get the feeling returning director Shawn Levy is ready to hang it up . '' Richard Roeper of the Chicago Sun - Times gave the film one and a half stars out of five , saying `` The dialogue is schmaltzy and often painfully unfunny . The special effects are often so 1980s - bad , one wonders if it was a deliberate choice , to make the creepy visuals of sculptures dancing and paintings moving less frightening to young viewers . Time and again , terrific actors sink in the equivalent of cinematic quicksand , helpless against the sucking sound of this movie . '' Drew Hunt of Slant Magazine gave the film one out of four stars , saying `` None of the entries in the Night at the Museum series could ever pass for high art , but a wealth of comedic talent gave the first two installments a madcap energy that somewhat forgave their childish premises . Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb , the third and supposedly final edition in the franchise , is nothing more than an uncomfortably transparent contractual obligation . '' Accolades ( edit ) Award Recipient ( s ) Result Ref ( s ) Teen Choice Awards Choice Movie : Comedy Nominated Choice Movie Actor : Comedy Ben Stiller Nominated Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Movie Actor Ben Stiller Won Home media ( edit ) Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb was released on Blu - ray and DVD on March 10 , 2015 . The film debuted in second place on the home media charts behind The Hunger Games : Mockingjay -- Part 1 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` NIGHT AT THE MUSEUM : SECRET OF THE TOMB ( PG ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . December 2 , 2014 . Retrieved December 2 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb ( 2014 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved February 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sneak peek : ' Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb ' '' . USA Today . Retrieved July 28 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Fleming , Mike . `` Rebel Wilson Joins ' Night at the Museum 3 ' Cast '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 28 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Fleming , Mike . `` ' Downton Abbey 's Dan Stevens Joins ' Night at the Museum 3 ' As Lancelot '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 28 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Yamato , Jen . `` Skyler Gisondo Set For ' Night at the Museum 3 ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike . `` Ben Kingsley Joins ' Night at the Museum 3 ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 28 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Raring to go ! A grinning Mickey Rooney , 93 , is pushed through airport in wheelchair as he arrives in Canada to film Night at the Museum 3 '' . The Daily Mail . January 19 , 2014 . Retrieved March 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Night at the Museum 3 ' In The Works '' . Access Hollywood . January 21 , 2010 . Retrieved January 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ben Stiller Reveals ' Zoolander ' Sequel Secrets ; Future of the Fockers and What He Thinks of ' Tower Heist ' Co-Star Eddie Murphy as Oscar Host '' . The Hollywood Reporter . October 26 , 2011 . Retrieved January 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( February 7 , 2013 ) . `` Shawn Levy Returns to Direct NIGHT AT THE MUSEUM 3 for December 25 , 2014 Release ; THE MAZE RUNNER Set to Open February 14 , 2014 '' . Collider . Retrieved February 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Night at the Museum 3 ' In The Works Access Hollywood -- Celebrity News , Photos & Videos '' . Access Hollywood . January 21 , 2010 . Retrieved October 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ricky Gervais Reprising In ' Night at the Museum 3 ′ '' . Deadline Hollywood . December 18 , 2011 . Retrieved December 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Busch , Anita . `` Fox Sets Date For ' Planet of the Apes ' Project , Moves Romancer ' The Longest Ride ' Away From ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' ; ' Night at the Museum ' Now Head to Head With ' The Hobbit ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sir Ben Kingsley Joining Shawn Levy 's Night at the Museum 3 '' . Comingsoon.net . January 23 , 2014 . Retrieved January 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` On The Set For 1 / 27 / 14 : Universal 's ' Ouija ' Wraps , ' Night at the Museum 3 ′ Starts For 20th Century Fox `` Studio System News '' . Studiosystemnews.com . Retrieved January 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Quiet on set ! Ben Stiller and Robin Williams are joined by former Downton Abbey star Dan Stevens as they film Night at the Museum 3 in London '' . The Daily Mail . January 28 , 2014 . Retrieved January 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ben Stiller 's Third Franchise Adventure is Now Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb '' . ComingSoon.net . Retrieved May 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Labrecque , Jeff ( August 11 , 2014 ) . `` Robin Williams leaves behind four upcoming films '' . Insidemovies.ew.com . Retrieved August 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb '' . movie-wave.net . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb ' Soundtrack Details '' . filmmusicreporter.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) '' . itunes.apple.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Night at the Museum : Secret Of The Tomb Soundtrack List Movie ( 2014 '' . songonlyrics.net . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb Soundtrack '' . amazon.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ben Stiller , ' Night at the Museum ' Cast Remember Robin Williams -- Variety '' . Variety . Retrieved December 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kofi Outlaw . `` ' Night at the Museum 3 ′ Trailer # 2 : Do n't Let the Magic Die '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved December 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Dave McNary ( December 18 , 2014 ) . `` Box Office : ' The Hobbit ' Finale Opens Strong with $24.5 Million '' . Variety . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ray Subers ( December 17 , 2014 ) . `` Forecast ( cont . ) : ' Night at the Museum , ' ' Annie ' Open Ahead of Christmas Holiday '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Widest Releases '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( December 20 , 2014 ) . `` Hobbit ' Wakes Up Auds ; ' Annie ' Arm Wrestling Ben Stiller For No. 2 -- Friday B.O. '' Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved December 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Brent Lang ( December 21 , 2014 ) . `` Box Office : ' The Hobbit ' Rules Them All With $90.6 Million '' . Variety . Retrieved December 22 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Ray Subers ( December 21 , 2014 ) . `` Weekend Report ( cont . ) : Final ' Night at the Museum ' Narrowly Tops ' Annie ' '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 29 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Ray Subers ( December 21 , 2014 ) . `` Around - the - World Roundup : ' Hobbit ' Finale Adds $109 Million Overseas '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Deadline Hollywood reported slightly different opening figures : $10.93 million from 29 international markets . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( December 22 , 2014 ) . `` ' Hobbit ' Rules While Chinese , Indian And French Films Make Noise : Intl BO Update '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved December 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( December 21 , 2014 ) . `` Box Office : ' Hobbit ' Finale Soars To $355 M Worldwide '' . Forbes . Retrieved December 22 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( December 29 , 2014 ) . `` ' Hobbit ' , ' Exodus ' Lead XMas Frame ; Euro , Korea Pics Boom Locally : Intl BO Update '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved December 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( January 11 , 2015 ) . `` Strong Weekend For Fox , Clint Eastwood at International Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( January 4 , 2015 ) . `` ' Hobbit ' Passes $500 M ; ' American Sniper ' , ' Taken 3 ′ Skillful : Intl Box Office Update '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Around - the - World Roundup : ' Taken ' Repeats , ' Hobbit ' Hits $800 Million '' . boxofficemojo.com . IMDB . Retrieved January 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved March 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved January 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Scott Foundas ( December 12 , 2014 ) . `` Film Review : ' Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb ' '' . Variety . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Peter Bradshaw ( December 18 , 2014 ) . `` Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb review -- surreal panto fantasy '' . The Guardian . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Glenn Kenny ( December 18 , 2014 ) . `` Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb Review '' . Rogererbert.com . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Stephanie Zacharek ( December 16 , 2014 ) . `` The Night at the Museum Movies Are Better Than Critics Say '' . The Village Voice . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Claudia Puig ( December 17 , 2014 ) . `` Third ' Night at the Museum ' is breezy , bittersweet fun '' . USA Today . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb , ' movie review '' . NY Daily News . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Review : ' Night at the Museum : Tomb ' doomed by ennui '' . The Arizona Republic . December 17 , 2014 . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb Review '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Tom Long ( December 19 , 2014 ) . `` ' Night at the Museum ' is family - friendly fun '' . The Detroit News . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb ' review : Bury it '' . Newark Star - Ledger . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Tom Russo ( December 17 , 2014 ) . `` ' Night at the Museum ' sequel shakes off the dust '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Robbie Collin ( December 18 , 2014 ) . `` Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb , review : ' so much fun ' '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Michael Rechtshaffen . `` ' Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb ' : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Review : The creepy Night At The Museum series comes to a close with Secret Of The Tomb '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` New ' Night at the Museum ' is a bit musty '' . New York Post . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb ' : Please do not touch '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Drew Hunt ( December 15 , 2014 ) . `` Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb -- Film Review '' . Slant Magazine . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` WINNERS OF TEEN CHOICE 2015 ANNOUNCED '' . Teen Choice Awards . FOX . August 16 , 2015 . Archived from the original on August 18 , 2015 . Retrieved August 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Nickelodeon Announces Nominations for the ' 28th Annual Kids ' Choice Awards ' '' . Zap2it . February 20 , 2015 . Retrieved February 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Meryl Streep gets her first Kids ' Choice Awards nomination : See the full list '' . Entertainment Weekly . February 20 , 2015 . Retrieved February 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb Blu - ray '' . Blu-ray.com . Retrieved January 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Hunger Games ' Fends Off ' Night at the Museum ' on Home Video Sales Charts '' . Variety . Retrieved August 6 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb on IMDb Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb at the TCM Movie Database Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb at Box Office Mojo Milan Trenc 's The Night at the Museum Films Night at the Museum ( 2006 ) Battle of the Smithsonian ( 2009 ) Secret of the Tomb ( 2014 ) Video games Night at the Museum : Battle of the Smithsonian Films directed by Shawn Levy Just in Time ( 1997 ) Jett Jackson : The Movie ( 2001 ) Big Fat Liar ( 2002 ) Just Married ( 2003 ) Cheaper by the Dozen ( 2003 ) The Pink Panther ( 2006 ) Night at the Museum ( 2006 ) Night at the Museum : Battle of the Smithsonian ( 2009 ) Date Night ( 2010 ) Real Steel ( 2011 ) The Internship ( 2013 ) This Is Where I Leave You ( 2014 ) Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb ( 2014 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Night_at_the_Museum:_Secret_of_the_Tomb&oldid=850576132 '' Categories : 2014 films English - language films 2010s adventure films 2010s comedy films 2010s fantasy films 1492 Pictures films 21 Laps Entertainment films American films American adventure comedy films American sequel films British Museum Cultural depictions of Attila the Hun Cultural depictions of Theodore Roosevelt Fantasy adventure films Films scored by Alan Silvestri Films about Theodore Roosevelt Films directed by Shawn Levy Films set in 1938 Films set in 2014 Films set in Egypt Films set in London Films set in museums Films set in New York City Films shot in London IMAX films Neanderthals in fiction Slapstick films Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from December 2017 Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 24 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 July 2018 , at 18 : 31 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who plays the knight in night at the museum 3 | [
"Ben Stiller as Larry Daley, a security guard at the American Museum of Natural History.[4]\nStiller also plays Laaa, a Neanderthal who resembles Larry.\nRobin Williams as Theodore Roosevelt, the wax statue of the 26th President of the United States.[4]\nOwen Wilson as Jedediah, a cowboy diorama miniature.[4]\nSteve Coogan as Octavius, a Roman soldier miniature.[4]\nRicky Gervais as Dr. McPhee, the director of the Museum of Natural History.[4]\nRachael Harris as Madeline Phelps, the chairwoman of the American Museum of Natural History.\nDan Stevens as Sir Lancelot, the wax statue of the legendary Knight of the Round Table.[5]\nRebel Wilson as Tilly, the night security guard at the British Museum.[4]\nSkyler Gisondo as Nick Daley, the son of Larry Daley.[6] He was previously played by Jake Cherry in the first two films.\nRami Malek as Ahkmenrah, the mummy of an ancient pharaoh.[4]\nPatrick Gallagher as Attila the Hun, the statue of the leader of the Huns.[4]\nMizuo Peck as Sacagawea, the polyurethane model of the Lemhi Shoshone woman who is Theodore Roosevelt's girlfriend.[4]\nBen Kingsley as Merenkahre, the mummy of an ancient pharaoh and Ahkmenrah's father.[7]\nDick Van Dyke as Cecil \"C.J.\" Fredericks, a retired security guard from the first film.[8]\nPercy Hynes White plays the younger Cecil \"C.J.\" Fredericks\nMickey Rooney as Gus, a retired security guard from the first film.[8]\nBill Cobbs as Reginald, a retired security guard from the first film.[8]\nAndrea Martin as Rose, an archivist at the Museum of Natural History.\nBrennan Elliott as Robert Fredericks, C.J.'s father in the prologue.\nMatt Frewer as Archibald Stanley, an archeologist who accompanies Robert and Cecil in the prologue.\nAnjali Jay as Shepseheret, the mummy of a Great Royal Wife of Merenkahre and mother of Ahkmenrah.\nCrystal the Monkey as Dexter, a Capuchin monkey.\nHugh Jackman as Himself (uncredited)\nAlice Eve as Herself (uncredited)"
] | [
"Dan Stevens"
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2142206778874416020 | Group 7 element | Group 7 element - wikipedia Group 7 element Jump to : navigation , search This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) For the group VIIA ( CAS ) , also referred to as `` Group 7 '' , see Halogen . Group 7 in the periodic table Hydrogen Helium Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon Sodium Magnesium Aluminium Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon Caesium Barium Lanthanum Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury ( element ) Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon Francium Radium Actinium Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium Copernicium Nihonium Flerovium Moscovium Livermorium Tennessine Oganesson group 6 ← → group 8 IUPAC group number 7 Name by element manganese group CAS group number ( US , pattern A-B-A ) VIIB old IUPAC number ( Europe , pattern A-B ) VIIA ↓ Period Manganese ( Mn ) 25 Transition metal 5 Technetium ( Tc ) 43 Transition metal 6 Rhenium ( Re ) 75 Transition metal 7 Bohrium ( Bh ) 107 Transition metal Legend primordial element element by radioactive decay synthetic element Atomic number color : black = solid Group 7 , numbered by IUPAC nomenclature , is a group of elements in the periodic table . They are manganese ( Mn ) , technetium ( Tc ) , rhenium ( Re ) , and bohrium ( Bh ) . All known elements of group 7 are transition metals . Like other groups , the members of this family show patterns in their electron configurations , especially the outermost shells resulting in trends in chemical behavior . Contents ( hide ) 1 Chemistry 2 History 3 Occurrence 4 Production 5 Applications 6 Precautions 7 Biological role and precautions 8 See also 9 References Chemistry ( edit ) Z Element No. of electrons / shell 25 manganese 2 , 8 , 13 , 2 43 technetium 2 , 8 , 18 , 13 , 2 75 rhenium 2 , 8 , 18 , 32 , 13 , 2 107 bohrium 2 , 8 , 18 , 32 , 32 , 13 , 2 Bohrium has not been isolated in pure form , and its properties have not been conclusively observed ; only manganese , technetium , and rhenium have had their properties experimentally confirmed . All three elements are typical silvery - white transition metals , hard , and have high melting and boiling points . History ( edit ) See also : Technetium § Search for element 43 Group 7 contains the two naturally occurring transition metals discovered last : technetium and rhenium . Manganese was discovered much earlier owing to its much larger abundance in nature . Rhenium was discovered when Masataka Ogawa found what he thought was element 43 in thorianite , but this was dismissed ; recent studies by H.K. Yoshihara suggest that he discovered rhenium instead , a fact not realized at the time . Walter Noddack , Otto Berg , and Ida Tacke were the first to conclusively identify rhenium ; it was thought they discovered element 43 as well , but as the experiment could not be replicated , it was dismissed . Technetium was formally discovered in December 1936 by Carlo Perrier and Emilio Segré , who discovered Technetium - 95 and Technetium - 97 . Bohrium was discovered in 1981 by a team led by Peter Armbruster and Gottfried Münzenburg by bombarding Bismuth - 209 with Chromium - 54 . Occurrence ( edit ) Manganese is the only common Group 7 element . In 2007 11 million metric tons of manganese were mined . All other elements are either incredibly rare on earth ( technetium , rhenium ) or completely synthetic ( bohrium ) . In contrast to manganese , only 40 or 50 metric tons of rhenium were mined . Technetium is only found in trace amounts in nature as a product of spontaneous fission ; almost all is produced in laboratories . Bohrium is only produced in nuclear reactors and has never been isolated in pure form . Production ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( February 2012 ) Applications ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( February 2012 ) Precautions ( edit ) Although being an essential trace element in the human body , manganese can be somewhat toxic if ingested in higher amounts than normal . Technetium should be handled with care due to its radioactivity . Biological role and precautions ( edit ) Only manganese has a role in the human body . It is an essential trace nutrient , with the body containing approximately 10 milligrams at any given time , being mainly in the liver and kidneys . Many enzymes contain manganese , making it essential for life , and is also found in chloroplasts . Technetium , rhenium , and bohrium have no known biological roles . Technetium is however used in radioimaging . See also ( edit ) ( hide ) Periodic table ( Large cells ) 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 He Li Be Ne Na Mg Al Si Cl Ar Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr 5 Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te Xe 6 Cs Ba La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Hf Ta Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn 7 Fr Ra Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og Alkali metal Alkaline earth metal Lanthanide Actinide Transition metal Post - transition metal Metalloid Polyatomic nonmetal Diatomic nonmetal Noble gas Unknown chemical properties Periodic table Periodic table forms Standard 18 - column 18 - column , large cells 32 - column , large cells Alternative Alternatives Chemical Galaxy Janet 's left step table Extended Extension beyond the 7th period Fricke model large cells Pyykkö model Sets of elements By periodic table structure Groups 1 ( Alkali metals ) 2 ( Alkaline earth metals ) 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 ( Pnictogens ) 16 ( Chalcogens ) 17 ( Halogens ) 18 ( Noble gases ) Periods 5 6 7 8 + Aufbau Fricke Pyykkö Blocks s - block p - block d - block f - block g - block Aufbau principle By metallicity Metals Alkali metals Alkaline earth metals Lanthanides Actinides Superactinides Eka - superactinides Transition metals Post-transition metals Metalloids Lists of metalloids by source Dividing line Nonmetals Polyatomic nonmetals Diatomic nonmetals Noble gases Other sets Nutritional elements Platinum - group metals ( PGM ) Rare - earth elements Refractory metals Precious metals Coinage metals Noble metal Heavy metals Native metals Transuranium elements Transactinide elements Major actinides Minor actinides Elements Lists By : Abundance ( in humans ) Atomic properties Nuclear stability Production Symbol Properties Atomic weight Crystal structure Electron affinity Electron configuration Electronegativity Allen Pauling Goldschmidt classification Maximum valence Data pages Abundance Atomic radius Boiling point Critical point Density Elasticity Electrical resistivity Electron affinity Electron configuration Electronegativity Hardness Heat capacity Heat of fusion Heat of vaporization Ionization energy Melting point Oxidation state Speed of sound Thermal conductivity Thermal expansion coefficient Vapor pressure History Element discoveries Mendeleev 's predictions Naming Etymology controversies places scientists in East Asia See also IUPAC nomenclature systematic element name Trivial name Dmitri Mendeleev Book Chemistry Portal Group 7 elements Manganese Mn Atomic Number : 25 Atomic Weight : 54.938045 Melting Point : 1519.15 K Boiling Point : 2334 K Specific mass : 7.44 g / cm Electronegativity : 1.55 Technetium Tc Atomic Number : 43 Atomic Weight : ( 98 ) Melting Point : 2473.15 K Boiling Point : 5150 K Specific mass : 11.5 g / cm Electronegativity : 1.9 Rhenium Re Atomic Number : 75 Atomic Weight : 186.207 Melting Point : 3453.15 K Boiling Point : 5869 K Specific mass : 21.02 g / cm Electronegativity : 1.9 Bohrium Bh Atomic Number : 107 Atomic Weight : ( 270 ) Melting Point : ? K Boiling Point : ? K Specific mass : ? 37 g / cm Electronegativity : ? References ( edit ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Group_7_element&oldid=810792896 '' Categories : Groups ( periodic table ) Hidden categories : Articles lacking sources from December 2009 All articles lacking sources Articles to be expanded from February 2012 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Lumbaart Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk nynorsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Русский Shqip Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 17 November 2017 , at 13 : 46 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is group 7 on the periodic table called | [
"Group 7, numbered by IUPAC nomenclature, is a group of elements in the periodic table. They are manganese (Mn), technetium (Tc), rhenium (Re), and bohrium (Bh). All known elements of group 7 are transition metals."
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829570516738626608 | YouTube Play Button | YouTube Play Button - Wikipedia YouTube Play Button This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 16 April 2018 . Jump to : navigation , search YouTube Play Buttons , a part of the YouTube Creator Rewards , are a recognition by YouTube of its most popular channels . These are distinct from the YouTube Awards , which are intended to recognize the best quality videos . YouTube Creator Rewards are based on a channel 's subscriber count , but are awarded at the sole discretion of YouTube . Each channel is reviewed before an award is issued , to ensure that the channel follows the YouTube community guidelines . Awards ( edit ) When a verified YouTuber reaches a specific milestone and is deemed eligible for a Youtube Creator Reward , they are awarded a relatively flat trophy in a metal casing with a YouTube play button symbol . The trophies are of different sizes : each button and plaque gets progressively bigger the more subscribers the channel gets . There are currently three different tiers of rewards , plus a fourth that has been awarded only once : The Silver Play Button , for channels that surpass 100,000 subscribers . The old version was made of nickel - plated cupronickel alloy . The Gold Play Button , for channels that surpass 1,000,000 subscribers . It is made of gold - plated brass . The Diamond Play Button , for channels that surpass 10,000,000 subscribers . It is made of silver - plated metal inset with a large piece of crystal in the shape of a play button triangle . The Ruby Play Button . In December 2016 , YouTuber PewDiePie received a ruby trophy as a gift for reaching 50,000,000 subscribers . It was made in the shape of his channel 's logo : a hand giving a `` bro fist '' , or a fist bump . It also came with several mini-awards to be gifted to subscribers that had been subscribed the longest and were still active . It is not referenced in the Creators Award page , and it is unknown if such a trophy will be given out to any other YouTuber who surpasses the milestone in the future . Notes ( edit ) Acuna , Kirsten ( July 19 , 2012 ) . `` YouTube Is Rewarding Its Most Popular Users With Gold '' . Business Insider . Retrieved April 12 , 2016 . Brouwer , Bree ( July 24 , 2015 ) . `` YouTube Gives New Diamond Play Button To Channels With 10 Million Subscribers '' . Tubefilter . Retrieved April 12 , 2016 . Cohen , Joshua ( June 29 , 2012 ) . `` YouTube Gives 24 - Karat Gold ' Play Button ' to Channels with 1M+ Subs '' . Tubefilter . Retrieved April 12 , 2016 . Dillon , Poppy ( August 3 , 2015 ) . `` YouTube Announced Diamond Play Button '' . TenEighty . Retrieved April 12 , 2016 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` YouTube Creator Rewards '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` YouTube Creator Hub '' . YouTube . Retrieved 1 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` What is the Gold Play Button REALLY Made Of ? '' . YouTube . Retrieved June 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` PewdiePie 's video on receiving the award '' . Retrieved 1 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` YouTube Sends PewDiePie Custom Ruby Play Button To Commemorate 50 Million Subscribers '' . TubeFilter . Retrieved 1 May 2017 . YouTube History Censorship Copyright issues Social impact Founders Steve Chen Chad Hurley Jawed Karim Channels Personalities Most - subscribed channels Spotlight Original channels YouTube Red ( List of original programs ) YouTube TV Culture and videos Elsagate Play Buttons YouTube Poop YouTube Rewind Vevo Lists Most - viewed videos Most - liked videos Most - disliked videos Most - viewed Vevo videos Multi-channel networks Events Awards CNN / YouTube presidential debates Comedy Week Live Music Awards Orchestra Playlist Live VidCon Related articles API Viacom conflict Viral video YouTube Kids YouTube Music YouTube headquarters shooting This Internet - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=YouTube_Play_Button&oldid=836689421 '' Categories : YouTube Awards established in 2012 Internet stubs Talk About Wikipedia Afrikaans Cebuano Español فارسی Français Português Русский Türkçe Українська 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 April 2018 , at 08 : 28 . About Wikipedia | when do you get a play button from youtube | [
"YouTube Play Buttons, a part of the YouTube Creator Rewards,[1] are a recognition by YouTube of its most popular channels."
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-9207477917886204221 | United States Secretary of State | United States Secretary of State - Wikipedia United States Secretary of State Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Secretary of state ( U.S. state government ) . Secretary of State of the United States of America Seal of the Secretary of State Flag of the Secretary of State Incumbent Rex Tillerson since February 1 , 2017 United States Department of State Style Mr. Secretary Member of Cabinet , National Security Council Reports to The President Seat Washington , D.C. Appointer The President with Senate advice and consent Term length Appointed Constituting instrument 22 U.S.C. § 2651 Precursor United States Secretary of Foreign Affairs Formation July 27 , 1789 ; 228 years ago ( 1789 - 07 - 27 ) First holder John Jay ( acting ) Thomas Jefferson Succession Fourth Deputy John Sullivan Salary $205,700 annually ( Executive Schedule I ) Website www.state.gov/secretary/ The Secretary of State is a senior official of the federal government of the United States of America , and as head of the U.S. Department of State , is principally concerned with foreign policy and is considered to be the U.S. government 's equivalent of a Minister for Foreign Affairs . The Secretary of State is nominated by the President of the United States and , following a confirmation hearing before the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations , is confirmed by the United States Senate . The Secretary of State , along with the Secretary of the Treasury , Secretary of Defense , and Attorney General , are generally regarded as the four most important Cabinet members because of the importance in their respective departments . Secretary of State is a Level I position in the Executive Schedule and thus earns the salary prescribed for that level ( currently $205,700 ) . The current Secretary of State is former ExxonMobil CEO Rex Tillerson , the 69th person to hold office since its creation in 1789 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Duties and responsibilities 2 Line of succession 3 List of Secretaries of State 4 References 5 External links Duties and responsibilities ( edit ) The stated duties of the Secretary of State are as follows : `` Supervises the United States Foreign Service '' and `` administers the Department of State '' Advises the President on matters relating to U.S. foreign policy including the appointment of diplomatic representatives to other nations and on the acceptance , recall , or dismissal of representatives from other nations `` Negotiates , interprets , or terminates treaties and agreements '' and `` conducts negotiations relating to U.S. foreign affairs '' `` Personally participates in or directs U.S. representatives to international conferences , organizations , and agencies '' Provides information and services to U.S. citizens living or traveling abroad such as providing credentials in the form of passports `` Ensures the protection of the U.S. Government to American citizens , property , and interests in foreign countries '' `` Supervises the administration of the U.S. immigration policy abroad '' Communicates issues relating the U.S. foreign policy to Congress and to U.S. citizens `` Promotes beneficial economic intercourse between the U.S. and other countries '' The original duties of the Secretary of State include some domestic duties such as : Receipt , publication , distribution , and preservation of the laws of the United States Preparation , sealing , and recording of the commissions of Presidential appointees Preparation and authentication of copies of records and authentication of copies under the Department 's seal Custody of the Great Seal of the United States Custody of the records of former Secretary of the Continental Congress except for those of the Treasury and War departments Most of the domestic functions of the Department of State have been transferred to other agencies . Those that remain include storage and use of the Great Seal of the United States , performance of protocol functions for the White House , and the drafting of certain proclamations . The Secretary also negotiates with the individual States over the extradition of fugitives to foreign countries . Under Federal Law , the resignation of a President or of a Vice President is only valid if declared in writing , in an instrument delivered to the office of the Secretary of State . Accordingly , the resignations of President Nixon and of Vice-President Spiro Agnew , domestic issues , were formalized in instruments delivered to the Secretary of State , Henry Kissinger . As the highest - ranking member of the cabinet , the Secretary of State is the third - highest official of the executive branch of the Federal Government of the United States , after the President and Vice President and is fourth in line to succeed the Presidency , coming after the Vice President , the Speaker of the House of Representatives , and the President pro tempore of the Senate . Six Secretaries of State have gone on to be elected President . Others , including John Kerry , William Seward , Henry Clay , William Jennings Bryan and Hillary Clinton have been unsuccessful presidential candidates , either before or after their term of office as Secretary of State . Former Secretaries of State retain the right to add the title `` Secretary '' to their surnames . As the head of the United States Foreign Service , the Secretary of State is responsible for management of the diplomatic service of the United States . The foreign service employs about 12,000 people domestically and internationally , and supports 265 United States diplomatic missions around the world , including ambassadors to various nations . The U.S. Secretary of State has the power to remove any foreign diplomat from U.S. soil for any reason . The nature of the position means that Secretaries of State engage in travel around the world . The record for most countries visited in a secretary 's tenure is 112 by Hillary Clinton . Second is Madeleine Albright with 96 . The record for most air miles traveled in a secretary 's tenure is 1.380 million miles by John Kerry . Second is Condoleezza Rice 's 1.059 million miles , and third is Clinton 's 956,733 miles . When there is a vacancy in the office of Secretary of State , the duties are exercised either by another member of the cabinet , or , in more recent times , by a high - ranking official of the State Department until the President appoints , and the United States Senate confirms , a new Secretary . What are the Qualifications of a Secretary of State ? He ought to be a Man of universal Reading in Laws , Governments , History . Our whole terrestrial Universe ought to be summarily comprehended in his Mind . `` '' -- John Adams Line of succession ( edit ) The line of succession for the Secretary of State is as follows : Deputy Secretary of State Deputy Secretary of State for Management and Resources Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs Under Secretary of State for Management Remaining Under Secretaries of State ( following in the order they took the oath of office ) Under Secretary of State for Arms Control and International Security Affairs Under Secretary of State for Public Diplomacy and Public Affairs Under Secretary of State for Civilian Security , Democracy , and Human Rights Under Secretary of State for Economic Growth , Energy , and the Environment Assistant Secretaries of States for regional bureaus ( following in the order they took the oath of office ) Assistant Secretary of State for East Asian and Pacific Affairs Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs Assistant Secretary of State for European and Eurasian Affairs Assistant Secretary of State for South and Central Asian Affairs Assistant Secretary of State for Near Eastern Affairs Assistant Secretary of State for International Organization Affairs Assistant Secretary of State for Western Hemisphere Affairs Other Officers ( following in the order they took the oath of office ) Assistant Secretary of State for Oceans and International Environmental and Scientific Affairs Assistant Secretary of State for International Security and Nonproliferation Assistant Secretary of State for International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs Assistant Secretary of State for Administration Assistant Secretary of State for Population , Refugees , and Migration Legal Adviser of the Department of State Coordinator for International Information Programs Assistant Secretary of State for Educational and Cultural Affairs Assistant Secretary of State for Legislative Affairs Assistant Secretary of State for Diplomatic Security Assistant Secretary of State for Economic and Business Affairs Assistant Secretary of State for Intelligence and Research Assistant Secretary of State for Consular Affairs Assistant Secretary of State for Democracy , Human Rights , and Labor Assistant Secretary of State for Arms Control , Verification , and Compliance Director General of the Foreign Service Assistant Secretary of State for Public Affairs Assistant Secretary of State for Conflict and Stabilization Operations Assistant Secretary of State for Political - Military Affairs Coordinator for Counterterrorism United States Ambassador to the United Nations ( New York ) Deputy United States Ambassador to the United Nations ( New York ) Remaining U.S. representatives to the United Nations ( New York ) ( following in the order they took the oath of office ) Alternative United States Representative to the United Nations for Special Political Affairs United States Representative to the United Nations for UN Management and Reform United States Representative on the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations The following Chiefs of Missions ( in the following order ) United States Ambassador to the United Kingdom United States Ambassador to Canada United States Ambassador to Australia United States Ambassador to Mexico United States Ambassador to Japan United States Ambassador to India Other officers ( following in the order they took the oath of office ) United States Ambassadors at Large Counselor of the United States Department of State Special Representatives of the President Remaining Chiefs of Missions ( following in the order they took the oath of office ) List of Secretaries of State ( edit ) Further information : List of Secretaries of State of the United States References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 3 U.S. Code § 19 - Vacancy in offices of both President and Vice President ; officers eligible to act '' . Cornell Law School . Jump up ^ `` Pay & Leave : Salaries & Wages '' . Salary Table No. 2015 - EX . United States Office of Personnel Management . January 1 , 2015 . Retrieved January 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : 5 U.S.C. § 5312 . Jump up ^ `` Heads of State , Heads of Government , Ministers for Foreign Affairs '' , Protocol and Liaison Service , United Nations . Retrieved November 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ NATO Member Countries , NATO . Retrieved November 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Cabinets and Counselors : The President and the Executive Branch ( 1997 ) . Congressional Quarterly . p. 87 . Jump up ^ `` Duties of the Secretary of State '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Duties of the Secretary of State of the United States '' . www.state.gov . United States Department of State . January 20 , 2009 . Retrieved March 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 3 U.S. Code § 20 - Resignation or refusal of office '' . ^ Jump up to : Mark Landler ( January 4 , 2013 ) . `` Scare Adds to Fears That Clinton 's Work Has Taken Toll '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Lee , Matthew ( June 28 , 2012 ) . `` Frequent flier Hillary Clinton hits 100 - country mark '' . Detroit Free Press . Associated Press . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( April 6 , 2016 ) . `` Kerry breaks record for miles traveled by secretary of state '' . Fox News . Jump up ^ Ford , Worthington C. , ed. ( 1927 ) . Statesman and Friend : Correspondence of John Adams with Benjamin Waterhouse , 1784 -- 1822 . Boston , MA : Little , Brown , and Company . p. 57 . Jump up ^ `` Providing an Order of Succession Within the Department of State '' . Federal Register . 2002 - 01 - 11 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 30 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Secretaries of State of the United States . Official website The Department of State 's organization page The Department of State 's Office of the Historian Current U.S. order of precedence ( ceremonial ) Preceded by Ambassadors from the United States ( while at their posts ) Order of Precedence of the United States as Secretary of State Succeeded by Ambassadors to the United States ( in order of tenure ) Preceded by Otherwise Barack Obama as Former President Succeeded by Otherwise António Guterres as Secretary - General of the United Nations Current U.S. presidential line of succession Preceded by President pro tempore of the Senate Orrin Hatch 4th in line Succeeded by Secretary of the Treasury Steve Mnuchin United States Secretaries of State Secretary of Foreign Affairs 1781 -- 89 R. Livingston Jay Secretary of State 1789 -- present Jefferson Randolph Pickering J. Marshall Madison Smith Monroe Adams Clay Van Buren E. Livingston McLane Forsyth Webster Upshur Calhoun Buchanan Clayton Webster Everett Marcy Cass Black Seward Washburne Fish Evarts Blaine Frelinghuysen Bayard Blaine Foster Gresham Olney Sherman Day Hay Root Bacon Knox Bryan Lansing Colby Hughes Kellogg Stimson Hull Stettinius Byrnes G. Marshall Acheson Dulles Herter Rusk Rogers Kissinger Vance Muskie Haig Shultz Baker Eagleburger Christopher Albright Powell Rice ( tenure ) Clinton ( tenure ) Kerry ( tenure ) Tillerson Agencies under the United States Department of State Headquarters : Harry S Truman Building Rex Tillerson , Secretary of State John Sullivan , Deputy Secretary of State and Deputy Secretary of State for Management and Resources Tom Shannon , Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs Deputy Secretary of State and Deputy Secretary of State for Management and Resources Counselor of the Department Executive Secretariat Office of U.S. Foreign Assistance Resources Operations Center Under Secretary for Political Affairs Bureau of African Affairs Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs Bureau of European and Eurasian Affairs Bureau of International Organization Affairs Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs Bureau of South and Central Asian Affairs Bureau of Western Hemisphere Affairs Under Secretary for Economic Growth , Energy , and the Environment Bureau of Economic and Business Affairs Bureau of Energy Resources Bureau of Oceans and International Environmental and Scientific Affairs Office of the Science and Technology Adviser to the Secretary Office of the Chief Economist Under Secretary for Arms Control and International Security Affairs Bureau of Arms Control , Verification and Compliance Bureau of International Security and Nonproliferation Bureau of Political - Military Affairs Under Secretary for Public Diplomacy and Public Affairs Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs Bureau of Public Affairs Bureau of International Information Programs Department Spokesperson Office of the Historian Office of Policy , Planning , and Resources for Public Diplomacy and Public Affairs United States Diplomacy Center Under Secretary for Management Bureau of Administration Bureau of Budget and Planning Bureau of Consular Affairs Bureau of Diplomatic Security Bureau of Human Resources Bureau of Information Resource Management Bureau of Overseas Buildings Operations Diplomatic Reception Rooms Foreign Service Institute Office of Children 's Issues Office of eDiplomacy Office of Foreign Missions Office of Management Policy , Rightsizing , and Innovation Office of Medical Services Office of White House Liaison Under Secretary for Civilian Security , Democracy , and Human Rights Bureau of Conflict and Stabilization Operations Bureau of Counterterrorism and Countering Violent Extremism Bureau of Democracy , Human Rights , and Labor Bureau of International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs Bureau of Population , Refugees , and Migration Office of Global Criminal Justice Office of Global Youth Issues Office to Monitor and Combat Anti-Semitism Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons Bureaus / Offices reporting directly to the Secretary Bureau of Intelligence and Research Bureau of Legislative Affairs Office of Civil Rights Office of Inspector General Office of the Legal Adviser Office of Policy Planning Staff Office of the Chief of Protocol Office of Global Food Security Office of Global Women 's Issues Office of the United States Global AIDS Coordinator Office of Global Partnerships Leaders of the United States federal executive departments Current Agriculture Commerce Defense Education Energy Health and Human Services Homeland Security Housing and Urban Development Interior Justice Labor State Transportation Treasury Veterans Affairs Past Commerce and Labor Health , Education , and Welfare Navy Post Office War Presidential line of succession in the United States of America Vice President ( Mike Pence ) Speaker of the House of Representatives ( Paul Ryan ) President pro tempore of the Senate ( Orrin Hatch ) Secretary of State ( Rex Tillerson ) Secretary of the Treasury ( Steven Mnuchin ) Secretary of Defense ( James Mattis ) Attorney General ( Jeff Sessions ) Secretary of the Interior ( Ryan Zinke ) Secretary of Agriculture ( Sonny Perdue ) Secretary of Commerce ( Wilbur Ross ) Secretary of Labor ( Alex Acosta ) Secretary of Health and Human Services Secretary of Housing and Urban Development ( Ben Carson ) Secretary of Transportation ( Elaine Chao ) Secretary of Energy ( Rick Perry ) Secretary of Education ( Betsy DeVos ) Secretary of Veterans Affairs ( David Shulkin ) Secretary of Homeland Security Jump up ^ Although Elaine Chao is the current Secretary of Transportation , she is not a natural - born citizen ( acquired U.S. citizenship by naturalization ) and thus ineligible for the Presidency . Listen to this article ( info / dl ) This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` United States Secretary of State '' dated 2010 - 02 - 23 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . ( Audio help ) More spoken articles Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_Secretary_of_State&oldid=803775747 '' Categories : United States Department of State United States Secretaries of State Cabinet of the United States Foreign ministers Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Spoken articles Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto فارسی Français 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Latina Latviešu Lietuvių മലയാളം მარგალური Bahasa Melayu 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots සිංහල Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 4 October 2017 , at 15 : 27 . 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"\nSuccession\nFourth[1]\n"
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3602348176316618378 | Pompeii | Pompeii - wikipedia Pompeii Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the classical Roman city . For the modern Italian city , see Pompei . For the Classical Roman leader , see Pompey . For other uses , see Pompeii ( disambiguation ) . Pompeii Via dell'Abbondanza , the main street in Pompeii . Shown within Italy Location Pompei , Province of Naples , Campania , Italy Coordinates 40 ° 45 ′ 0 '' N 14 ° 29 ′ 10 '' E / 40.75000 ° N 14.48611 ° E / 40.75000 ; 14.48611 Coordinates : 40 ° 45 ′ 0 '' N 14 ° 29 ′ 10 '' E / 40.75000 ° N 14.48611 ° E / 40.75000 ; 14.48611 Type Settlement Area 64 to 67 ha ( 170 acres ) History Founded 6th -- 7th century BC Abandoned AD 79 Site notes Website www.pompeiisites.org UNESCO World Heritage Site Official name Archaeological Areas of Pompeii , Herculaneum , and Torre Annunziata Type Cultural Criteria iii , iv , v Designated 1997 ( 21st session ) Reference no . 829 Region Europe Pompeii was an ancient Roman town - city near modern Naples , in the Campania region of Italy , in the territory of the comune of Pompei . Pompeii , along with Herculaneum and many villas in the surrounding area , was mostly destroyed and buried under 4 to 6 m ( 13 to 20 ft ) of volcanic ash and pumice in the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in AD 79 . Researchers believe that the town was founded in the 7th or 6th century BC by the Osci or Oscans . It came under the domination of Rome in the 4th century BC , and was conquered and became a Roman colony in 80 BC after it joined an unsuccessful rebellion against the Roman Republic . By the time of its destruction , 160 years later , its population was estimated at 11,000 people , and the city had a complex water system , an amphitheatre , a gymnasium , and a port . The eruption destroyed the city , killing its inhabitants and burying it under tons of ash . Evidence for the destruction originally came from a surviving letter by Pliny the Younger , who saw the eruption from a distance and described the death of his uncle Pliny the Elder , an admiral of the Roman fleet , who tried to rescue citizens . The site was lost for about 1,500 years until its initial rediscovery in 1599 and broader rediscovery almost 150 years later by Spanish engineer Rocque Joaquin de Alcubierre in 1748 . The objects that lay beneath the city have been preserved for more than a millennium because of the long lack of air and moisture . These artefacts provide an extraordinarily detailed insight into the life of a city during the Pax Romana . During the excavation , plaster was used to fill in the voids in the ash layers that once held human bodies . This allowed archaeologists to see the exact position the person was in when he or she died . Pompeii has been a tourist destination for over 250 years . Today it has UNESCO World Heritage Site status and is one of the most popular tourist attractions in Italy , with approximately 2.5 million visitors every year . Contents ( hide ) 1 Name 2 Geography 3 History 3.1 Early history 3.2 First century AD 3.3 AD 62 -- 79 3.4 Eruption of Vesuvius 3.5 Rediscovery 4 Tourism 5 Conservation 5.1 House of the Gladiators collapse 6 In popular culture 7 Documentaries 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Name ( edit ) Ruins of Pompeii from above , with Vesuvius in the background Pompeii ( pronounced ( pɔmˈpɛjjiː ) ) in Latin is a second declension plural ( Pompeiī , - ōrum ) . According to Theodor Kraus , `` The root of the word Pompeii would appear to be the Oscan word for the number five , pompe , which suggests that either the community consisted of five hamlets or , perhaps , it was settled by a family group ( gens Pompeia ) . '' Geography ( edit ) The Temple of Jupiter with Vesuvius in the distance The ruins of Pompeii are located near the modern suburban town of Pompei ( nowadays written with one ' i ' ) . It stands on a spur formed by a lava flow to the north of the mouth of the Sarno River ( known in ancient times as the Sarnus ) . Pompeii , Italy . Pompeii - Forum and Vesuvius . Brooklyn Museum Archives , Goodyear Archival Collection Today it is some distance inland , but in ancient times was nearer to the coast . Pompeii is about 8 km ( 5.0 mi ) away from Mount Vesuvius . It covered a total of 64 to 67 hectares ( 170 acres ) and was home to approximately 11,000 to 11,500 people on the basis of household counts . It was a major city in the region of Campania . History ( edit ) Early history ( edit ) The archaeological digs at the site extend to the street level of the AD 79 volcanic event ; deeper digs in older parts of Pompeii and core samples of nearby drillings have exposed layers of jumbled sediment that suggest that the city had suffered from other seismic events before the eruption . Three sheets of sediment have been found on top of the lava that lies below the city and , mixed in with the sediment , archaeologists have found bits of animal bone , pottery shards and plants . Carbon dating has placed the oldest of these layers from the 8th -- 6th centuries BC ( around the time the city was founded ) . The other two strata are separated either by well - developed soil layers or Roman pavement , and were laid in the 4th century BC and 2nd century BC . It is theorised that the layers of the jumbled sediment were created by large landslides , perhaps triggered by extended rainfall . The town was founded around the 7th -- 6th century BC by the Osci or Oscans , a people of central Italy , on what was an important crossroad between Cumae , Nola and Stabiae . It had already been used as a safe port by Greek and Phoenician sailors . According to Strabo , Pompeii was also captured by the Etruscans , and in fact recent excavations have shown the presence of Etruscan inscriptions and a 6th - century BC necropolis . Pompeii was captured for the first time by the Greek colony of Cumae , allied with Syracuse , between 525 and 474 BC . In the 5th century BC , the Samnites conquered it ( and all the other towns of Campania ) ; the new rulers imposed their architecture and enlarged the town . After the Samnite Wars ( 4th century BC ) , Pompeii was forced to accept the status of socium of Rome , maintaining , however , linguistic and administrative autonomy . In the 4th century BC , it was fortified . Pompeii remained faithful to Rome during the Second Punic War . The present Temple of Apollo was built in the 2nd century BC as the city 's most important religious structure . Pompeii took part in the war that the towns of Campania initiated against Rome , but in 89 BC it was besieged by Sulla . Although the battle - hardened troops of the Social League , headed by Lucius Cluentius , helped in resisting the Romans , in 80 BC Pompeii was forced to surrender after the conquest of Nola , culminating in many of Sulla 's veterans being given land and property , while many of those who went against Rome were ousted from their homes . It became a Roman colony with the name of Colonia Cornelia Veneria Pompeianorum . The town became an important passage for goods that arrived by sea and had to be sent toward Rome or southern Italy along the nearby Appian Way . It was fed with water by a spur from Aqua Augusta ( Naples ) built c. 20 BC by Agrippa ; the main line supplied several other large towns , and finally the naval base at Misenum . The castellum in Pompeii is well preserved , and includes many details of the distribution network and its controls . First century AD ( edit ) Illustrated reconstruction , from a CyArk / University of Ferrara research partnership , of how the Temple of Apollo may have looked before Mt . Vesuvius erupted The same location today . Annotated map of Pompeii The main Forum in Pompeii The Forum with Vesuvius in the distance Amphitheatre of Pompeii Ruins of Roman Villa Poppaea at Torre Annunziata The excavated city offers a snapshot of Roman life in the 1st century , frozen at the moment it was buried on 24 August AD 79 . The forum , the baths , many houses , and some out - of - town villas like the Villa of the Mysteries remain well preserved . Details of everyday life are preserved . For example , on the floor of one of the houses ( Sirico 's ) , a famous inscription Salve , lucru ( `` Welcome , profit '' ) indicates a trading company owned by two partners , Sirico and Nummianus ( but this could be a nickname , since nummus means `` coin ; money '' ) . Other houses provide details concerning professions and categories , such as for the `` laundry '' workers ( Fullones ) . Wine jars have been found bearing what is apparently the world 's earliest known marketing pun ( technically a blend ) , Vesuvinum ( combining Vesuvius and the Latin for wine , vinum ) . The numerous graffiti carved on the walls and inside rooms provides a wealth of information regarding Vulgar Latin , the form of Latin spoken colloquially rather than the literary language of the classical writers . Portrait of Terentius Neo with his wife found on the wall of a Pompeii house . ( Portrait of Paquius Proculo ) In 89 BC , after the final occupation of the city by Roman General Lucius Cornelius Sulla , Pompeii was finally annexed by the Roman Republic . During this period , Pompeii underwent a vast process of infrastructural development , most of which was built during the Augustan period . These include an amphitheatre , a palaestra with a central natatorium ( cella natatoria ) or swimming pool and an aqueduct that provided water for more than 25 street fountains , at least four public baths , and a large number of private houses ( domūs ) and businesses . The amphitheatre has been cited by modern scholars as a model of sophisticated design , particularly in the area of crowd control . The aqueduct branched through three main pipes from the Castellum Aquae , where the waters were collected before being distributed to the city . In extreme drought , the water supply would first fail to reach the public baths ( the least vital service ) , then private houses and businesses -- and if there were no water flow at all , the system would fail to supply the public fountains ( the most vital service ) in the streets of Pompeii . The pools in Pompeii were mostly for decoration . The large number of well - preserved frescoes provide information on everyday life and have been a major advance in art history of the ancient world , with the innovation of the Pompeian Styles ( First / Second / Third Style ) . Some aspects of the culture were distinctly erotic , including frequent use of the phallus as apotropaion or good - luck charm in various types of decoration . A large collection of erotic votive objects and frescoes were found at Pompeii . Many were removed and kept until recently in a secret collection at the University of Naples . At the time of the eruption , the town may have had some 11,000 inhabitants , and was located in an area where Romans had holiday villas . William Abbott explains , `` At the time of the eruption , Pompeii had reached its high point in society as many Romans frequently visited Pompeii on vacations . '' It is the only ancient town of which the whole topographic structure is known precisely as it was , with no later modifications or additions . Due to the difficult terrain , it was not distributed on a regular plan as most Roman towns were , but its streets are straight and laid out in a grid in the Roman tradition . They are laid with polygonal stones , and have houses and shops on both sides of the street . It followed its decumanus ( main east / west road ) and its cardo ( main north / south road ) , centred on the forum . Modern archaeologists have excavated garden sites and urban domains to reveal the agricultural staples in Pompeii 's economy prior to AD 79 . Pompeii was fortunate to have a fruitful , fertile region of soil for harvesting a variety of crops . The soils surrounding Mount Vesuvius even preceding its eruption have been revealed to have good water - holding capabilities , implying access to productive agriculture . The Tyrrhenian Sea 's airflow provided hydration to the soil despite the hot , dry climate . The rural areas surrounding Pompeii had abundant agricultural land that was very fertile and could produce much larger quantities of goods than the city needed . Some speculate that much of the flat land in Campania , surrounding the areas of Pompeii was dedicated to grain and wheat production . Cereal , barley , wheat , and millet were all produced by the locals in Pompeii . These grains , along with wine and olive oil , were produced in abundance for export to other regions . Evidence of wine imported nationally from Pompeii in its most prosperous years can be found from recovered artefacts such as wine bottles in Rome . For this reason , vineyards were of utmost importance to Pompeii 's economy . Agricultural policymaker Columella suggested that each vineyard in Rome produced a quota of three cullei of wine per jugerum , otherwise the vineyard would be uprooted . The nutrient - rich lands near Pompeii were extremely efficient at this and were often able to exceed these requirements by a steep margin , therefore providing the incentive for local wineries to establish themselves . While wine was exported for Pompeii 's economy , the majority of the other agricultural goods were likely produced in quantities relevant to the city 's consumption . Remains of large formations of constructed wineries were found in Forum Boarium , covered by cemented casts from the eruption of Vesuvius . It is speculated that these historical vineyards are strikingly similar in structure to the modern day vineyards across Italy . Water depressions have also been found in close proximity to the wineries and served as water wells for the produce and livestock . Carbonised food plant remains , roots , seeds and pollens , have been found from gardens in Pompeii , Herculaneum and from the Roman villa at Torre Annunziata . They revealed that emmer wheat , Italian millet , common millet , walnuts , pine nuts , chestnuts , hazel nuts , chickpeas , bitter vetch , broad beans , olives , figs , pears , onions , garlic , peaches , carob , grapes , and dates were consumed . All except the dates could have been produced locally . Besides the forum , many other services were found : the Macellum ( great food market ) , the Pistrinum ( mill ) , the Thermopolium ( sort of bar that served cold and hot beverages ) , and cauponae ( small restaurants ) . An amphitheatre and two theatres have been found , along with a palaestra or gymnasium . A hotel ( of 1,000 square metres ) was found a short distance from the town ; it is now nicknamed the `` Grand Hotel Murecine '' . Geothermal energy supplied channelled district heating for baths and houses . At least one building , the Lupanar , was dedicated to prostitution . In 2002 , another discovery at the mouth of the Sarno River near Sarno revealed that the port also was populated and that people lived in palafittes ( stilt - houses ) , within a system of channels that suggested a likeness to Venice to some scientists . AD 62 -- 79 ( edit ) Main article : Mount Vesuvius Precursors and foreshocks The inhabitants of Pompeii had long been used to minor quaking ( indeed , the writer Pliny the Younger wrote that earth tremors `` were not particularly alarming because they are frequent in Campania '' ) , but on 5 February 62 , a severe earthquake did considerable damage around the bay , and particularly to Pompeii . It is believed that the earthquake would have registered between about 5 and 6 on the Richter magnitude scale . On that day in Pompeii , there were to be two sacrifices , as it was the anniversary of Augustus being named `` Father of the Nation '' and also a feast day to honour the guardian spirits of the city . Chaos followed the earthquake . Fires , caused by oil lamps that had fallen during the quake , added to the panic . Nearby cities of Herculaneum and Nuceria were also affected . Temples , houses , bridges , and roads were destroyed . It is believed that almost all buildings in the city of Pompeii were affected . In the days after the earthquake , anarchy ruled the city , where theft and starvation plagued the survivors . In the time between 62 and the eruption in 79 , some rebuilding was done , but some of the damage had still not been repaired at the time of the eruption . Although it is unknown how many , a considerable number of inhabitants moved to other cities within the Roman Empire while others remained and rebuilt . An important field of current research concerns structures that were being restored at the time of the eruption ( presumably damaged during the earthquake of 62 ) . Some of the older , damaged paintings could have been covered with newer ones , and modern instruments are being used to catch a glimpse of the long hidden frescoes . The probable reason why these structures were still being repaired around 17 years after the earthquake was the increasing frequency of smaller quakes that led up to the eruption . Eruption of Vesuvius ( edit ) Main article : Eruption of Mount Vesuvius in AD 79 By the 1st century AD , Pompeii was one of a number of towns near the base of the volcano , Mount Vesuvius . The area had a substantial population , which had grown prosperous from the region 's renowned agricultural fertility . Many of Pompeii 's neighbouring communities , most famously Herculaneum , also suffered damage or destruction during the 79 eruption . The eruption occurred on 24 August AD 79 , just one day after Vulcanalia , the festival of the Roman god of fire , including that from volcanoes . Pompeii and other cities affected by the eruption of Mount Vesuvius . The black cloud represents the general distribution of ash and cinder . Modern coast lines are shown . Roman fresco with a banquet scene from the Casa dei Casti Amanti , Pompeii A multidisciplinary volcanological and bio-anthropological study of the eruption products and victims , merged with numerical simulations and experiments , indicates that at Pompeii and surrounding towns heat was the main cause of death of people , previously believed to have died by ash suffocation . The results of the study , published in 2010 , show that exposure to at least 250 ° C ( 482 ° F ) hot surges ( known as pyroclastic flows ) at a distance of 10 kilometres ( 6 miles ) from the vent was sufficient to cause instant death , even if people were sheltered within buildings . The people and buildings of Pompeii were covered in up to 12 different layers of tephra , in total 25 metres ( 82.0 ft ) deep , which rained down for about six hours . Pliny the Younger provided a first - hand account of the eruption of Mount Vesuvius from his position across the Bay of Naples at Misenum , in a version he wrote 25 years after the event . His uncle , Pliny the Elder , with whom he had a close relationship , died while attempting to rescue stranded victims . As admiral of the fleet , Pliny the Elder had ordered the ships of the Imperial Navy stationed at Misenum to cross the bay to assist evacuation attempts . Volcanologists have recognised the importance of Pliny the Younger 's account of the eruption by calling similar events `` Plinian '' . The eruption was documented by contemporary historians and is generally accepted as having started on 24 August 79 , relying on one version of the text of Pliny 's letter . However the archeological excavations of Pompeii suggest that the city was buried about three months later . This is supported by another version of the letter , which gives the date of the eruption as November 23 . People buried in the ash appear to have been wearing heavier clothing than the light summer clothes typical of August . The fresh fruit and vegetables in the shops are typical of October -- and conversely the summer fruit typical of August was already being sold in dried , or conserved form . Wine fermenting jars had been sealed , which would have happened around the end of October . Coins found in the purse of a woman buried in the ash include one with a 15th imperatorial acclamation among the emperor 's titles . These coins could not have been minted before the second week of September . There is no definitive theory as to why there should be such an apparent discrepancy . Rediscovery ( edit ) Beginning in 1757 , the eight volumes of Le Antichità di Ercolano brought knowledge of Pompeii and Herculaneum to the fore . `` Garden of the Fugitives '' . Plaster casts of victims still in situ ; many casts are in the Archaeological Museum of Naples . Roman fresco Villa dei Misteri Fresco from the Casa del Centenario bedroom After thick layers of ash covered Pompeii and Herculaneum , they were abandoned and eventually their names and locations were forgotten . The first time any part of them was unearthed was in 1599 , when the digging of an underground channel to divert the river Sarno ran into ancient walls covered with paintings and inscriptions . The architect Domenico Fontana was called in ; he unearthed a few more frescoes , then covered them over again , and nothing more came of the discovery . A wall inscription had mentioned a decurio Pompeii ( `` the town councillor of Pompeii '' ) but its reference to the long - forgotten Roman city was missed . Fontana 's covering over the paintings has been seen both as a broad - minded act of preservation for later times , and as censorship in view of the frequent sexual content of such paintings , as he would have known that paintings of the hedonistic kind later found in some Pompeian villas were not considered in good taste in the climate of the counter-reformation . Herculaneum was properly rediscovered in 1738 by workmen digging for the foundations of a summer palace for the King of Naples , Charles of Bourbon . Pompeii was rediscovered as the result of intentional excavations in 1748 by the Spanish military engineer Rocque Joaquin de Alcubierre . These towns have since been excavated to reveal many intact buildings and wall paintings . Charles of Bourbon took great interest in the findings even after becoming king of Spain because the display of antiquities reinforced the political and cultural power of Naples . Karl Weber directed the first real excavations ; he was followed in 1764 by military engineer Franscisco la Vega . Franscisco la Vega was succeeded by his brother , Pietro , in 1804 . During the French occupation Pietro worked with Christophe Saliceti . Giuseppe Fiorelli took charge of the excavations in 1863 . During early excavations of the site , occasional voids in the ash layer had been found that contained human remains . It was Fiorelli who realised these were spaces left by the decomposed bodies and so devised the technique of injecting plaster into them to recreate the forms of Vesuvius 's victims . This technique is still in use today , with a clear resin now used instead of plaster because it is more durable , and does not destroy the bones , allowing further analysis . The discovery of erotic art in Pompeii and Herculaneum left the archaeologists with a dilemma -- between the mores of sexuality in ancient Rome and in Counter-Reformation Europe lay a clash of cultures . An unknown number of discoveries were hidden away again . A wall fresco depicting Priapus , the ancient god of sex and fertility , with his extremely enlarged penis , was covered with plaster . An older reproduction was locked away `` out of prudishness '' and opened only on request -- and only rediscovered in 1998 due to rainfall . A large number of artifacts from the buried cities are preserved in the Naples National Archaeological Museum . In 1819 , when King Francis visited the Pompeii exhibition there with his wife and daughter , he was so embarrassed by the erotic artwork that he decided to have it locked away in a so - called `` secret cabinet '' ( gabinetto segreto ) , a gallery within the museum accessible only to `` people of mature age and respected morals '' . Re-opened , closed , re-opened again and then closed again for nearly 100 years , the Naples `` Secret Museum '' was briefly made accessible again at the end of the 1960s ( the time of the sexual revolution ) and was finally re-opened for viewing in 2000 . Minors are still allowed entry only in the presence of a guardian or with written permission . Tourism ( edit ) A paved street . Pedestrians used the blocks in the road to cross the street without having to step onto the road , which doubled up as Pompeii 's drainage and sewage disposal system . The spaces between the blocks let vehicles pass along the road . The House of the Faun . Pompeii has been a popular tourist destination for over 250 years ; it was on the Grand Tour . By 2008 , it was attracting almost 2.6 million visitors per year , making it one of the most popular tourist sites in Italy . It is part of a larger Vesuvius National Park and was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1997 . To combat problems associated with tourism , the governing body for Pompeii , the Soprintendenza Archaeological di Pompei , have begun issuing new tickets that allow for tourists to also visit cities such as Herculaneum and Stabiae as well as the Villa Poppaea , to encourage visitors to see these sites and reduce pressure on Pompeii . Pompeii is also a driving force behind the economy of the nearby town of Pompei . Many residents are employed in the tourism and hospitality business , serving as taxi or bus drivers , waiters or hotel operators . The ruins can be easily reached on foot from the Circumvesuviana train stop called Pompei Scavi , directly at the ancient site . There are also car parks nearby . Excavations in the site have generally ceased due to the moratorium imposed by the superintendent of the site , Professor Pietro Giovanni Guzzo . Additionally , the site is generally less accessible to tourists , with less than a third of all buildings open in the 1960s being available for public viewing today . Nevertheless , the sections of the ancient city open to the public are extensive , and tourists can spend several days exploring the whole site . Conservation ( edit ) Main article : Conservation issues of Pompeii and Herculaneum Objects buried beneath Pompeii were well - preserved for almost 2,000 years . The lack of air and moisture let objects remain underground with little to no deterioration . Once excavated , the site provided a wealth of source material and evidence for analysis , giving detail into the lives of the Pompeiians . However , once exposed , Pompeii has been subject to both natural and man - made forces , which have rapidly increased deterioration . Weathering , erosion , light exposure , water damage , poor methods of excavation and reconstruction , introduced plants and animals , tourism , vandalism and theft have all damaged the site in some way . Two - thirds of the city has been excavated , but the remnants of the city are rapidly deteriorating . The concern for conservation has continually troubled archaeologists . The ancient city was included in the 1996 World Monuments Watch by the World Monuments Fund , and again in 1998 and in 2000 . In 1996 the organisation claimed that Pompeii `` desperately need ( ed ) repair '' and called for the drafting of a general plan of restoration and interpretation . The organisation supported conservation at Pompeii with funding from American Express and the Samuel H. Kress Foundation . Today , funding is mostly directed into conservation of the site ; however , due to the expanse of Pompeii and the scale of the problems , this is inadequate in halting the slow decay of the materials . An estimated US $335 million is needed for all necessary work on Pompeii . A recent study has recommended an improved strategy for interpretation and presentation of the site as a cost - effective method of improving its conservation and preservation in the short term . In June 2013 UNESCO declared : If restoration and preservation works `` fail to deliver substantial progress in the next two years , '' Pompeii could be placed on the List of World Heritage in Danger . Fencing in the temple of Venus prevents vandalism of the site , as well as theft . Indian art also found its way into Pompeii , within the context of Indo - Roman trade : in 1938 the Pompeii Lakshmi was found in the ruins of Pompeii . House of the gladiators collapse ( edit ) The 2,000 - year - old Schola Armatorum ( House of the Gladiators ) collapsed on 6 November 2010 . The structure was not open to visitors , but the outside was visible to tourists . There was no immediate determination as to what caused the building to collapse , although reports suggested water infiltration following heavy rains might have been responsible . There has been fierce controversy after the collapse , with accusations of neglect . In popular culture ( edit ) Main article : Pompeii in popular culture Pompeii was the setting for the British comedy television series Up Pompeii ! and the movie of the series . Pompeii also featured in the second episode of the fourth season of revived BBC science fiction series Doctor Who , named The Fires of Pompeii , which featured Caecilius as a character . In 1971 , the rock band Pink Floyd recorded the live concert film Pink Floyd : Live at Pompeii , performing six songs in the ancient Roman amphitheatre in the city . The audience consisted only of the film 's production crew and some local children . Pompeii is a song by the British band Bastille , released 24 February 2013 . The lyrics refer to the city and the eruption of Mount Vesuvius . Pompeii is a 2014 German - Canadian historical disaster film produced and directed by Paul W.S. Anderson . Documentaries ( edit ) `` In Search Of '' Episode # 82 focuses entirely on Pompeii , it premiered on November 29 , 1979 . The National Geographic special In the Shadow of Vesuvius ( 1987 ) explores the sites of Pompeii and Herculaneum , interviews ( then ) leading archaeologists , and examines the events leading up to the eruption of Vesuvius . Ancient Mysteries : Pompeii : Buried Alive ( 1996 ) , an A&E television documentary narrated by Leonard Nimoy . Pompeii : The Last Day ( 2003 ) , an hour - long drama produced for the BBC that portrays several characters ( with historically attested names , but fictional life - stories ) living in Pompeii , Herculaneum and around the Bay of Naples , and their last hours , including a fuller and his wife , two gladiators , and Pliny the Elder . It also portrays the facts of the eruption . It is heavily influenced by Edward Bulwer - Lytton 's book The Last Days of Pompeii ( see Pompeii in popular culture # Books and other printed works ) , which -- while being responsible for the popularisation of Pompeii in Western culture -- has been dismissed for its lack of historical credibility . To give some historical reality to the characters , the death throes of the characters portrayed are based on actual skeletons and bodies found during excavations in the 18th century , while Pliny the Elder 's death is shown as based on the accounts of how he actually died . Although in the story the narrator uses reports that Pliny the Elder died from inhaling the fumes of the final and greatest pyroclastic surge , as many reports have found , he most likely had suffered a heart attack or stroke . Pompeii and the AD 79 eruption ( 2004 ) , a two - hour Tokyo Broadcasting System documentary . Pompeii Live ( June 28 , 2006 ) , a Channel 5 production featuring a live archaeological dig at Pompeii and Herculaneum Pompeii : The Mystery of the People Frozen in Time ( 2013 ) , a BBC One drama documentary presented by Dr. Margaret Mountford . `` The Riddle of Pompeii '' ( May 23 , 2014 ) , Discovery Channel See also ( edit ) Eumachia House of Julia Felix House of Loreius Tiburtinus House of Menander House of Sallust House of the Tragic Poet House of the Vettii Macellum of Pompeii Mastroberardino , a project with the Italian winery Mastroberardino to replant the vineyards of Pompeii Robert Rive , 1850s photographer of Pompeii Suburban Baths ( Pompeii ) Temple of Isis ( Pompeii ) Volcanic destruction Armero tragedy , a city in Colombia that suffered a similar fate in 1985 Joya de Cerén , a pre-Columbian farming village in El Salvador known as the `` Pompeii of the Americas '' Plymouth , Montserrat , former capital city buried by volcanic ash from the Soufrière Hills volcano in the 1990s Saint - Pierre , Martinique , town similarly destroyed by the volcanic eruption of Mount Pelee , in 1902 Other Dura - Europos , also known as the `` Pompeii of the desert '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ozgenel , Lalo , A Tale of Two Cities : In Search of Ancient Pompeii and Herculaneum . Jump up ^ `` Dossier Musei 2008 '' ( PDF ) ( in Italian ) . Touring Club Italiano . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 18 , 2009 . Retrieved September 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kraus 1975 , p . Jump up ^ Wilson , Andrew ( 2011 ) . `` City Sizes and Urbanization in the Roman Empire '' . In Bowman , Alan ; Wilson , Andrew . Settlement , Urbanization , and Population . Oxford Studies on the Roman Economy. 2 . Oxford , England : Oxford University Press . pp. 171 -- 172 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 960235 - 3 . Jump up ^ Senatore , Stanley & Pescatore 2004 , p . Jump up ^ Lorenz , Wayne ( June 2011 ) . `` Pompeii ( and Rome ) Water Supply Systems '' ( PDF ) . Wright Paleohydrological Institute . p. 26 . Retrieved 23 June 2017 . Jump up ^ De Carolis & Patricelli 2003 , p. 83 . Jump up ^ Clarke 2006 , pp. 262 -- 264 . Jump up ^ Berinato , Scott ( May 18 , 2007 ) . `` Crowd Control in Ancient Pompeii '' . CSO . Retrieved September 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Meyer , Frederick G ( edited by Wilhelmina Feemster Jashemski ) ( 2002 ) . The natural history of Pompeii ( 1 . publ . ed . ) . New York : Cambridge University Press . p. 65 . ISBN 978 - 0521800549 . ^ Jump up to : Bernick , Christie . `` Agriculture in Pompeii '' . Wall Paintings of the Pompeii Forum . Retrieved 3 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Meyer , Frederick G. ( October -- December 1980 ) . `` Carbonized Food Plants of Pompeii , Herculaneum , and the Villa at Torre Annunziata '' . New York Botanical Garden : Economic Botany. 34 ( 4 ) : 419 . JSTOR 4254221 . Jump up ^ Bloomquist , R. Gordon ( 2001 ) . Geothermal District Energy System Analysis , Design , and Development ( PDF ) . International Summer School . International Geothermal Association . p. 213 ( 1 ) . Retrieved November 28 , 2015 . Lay summary -- Stanford School of Earth , Energy & Environmental Sciences . During Roman times , warm water was circulated through open trenches to provide heating for buildings and baths in Pompeii . Jump up ^ Day , Michael ( November 16 , 2015 ) . `` Prostitution in Pompeii : 2,000 years after explosion , sex - for - cash is still rife '' . The Independent . the city 's most extravagant brothel , the Lupanare -- from the Latin word lupa for prostitute Jump up ^ `` Patterns of Reconstruction at Pompeii '' . University of Virginia . Retrieved September 30 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Visiting Pompeii '' . Current Archaeology . p. 3 . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2008 . Retrieved September 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Destruction of Pompeii , AD 79 '' . EyeWitness to History . 1999 . Retrieved September 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mastrolorenzo et al. 2010 , p. e11127 . Jump up ^ Gabi Laske . `` The A.D. 79 Eruption at Mt . Vesuvius '' . Lecture notes for UCSD - ERTH15 : `` Natural Disasters '' . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : Stefani 2006 , pp. 10 -- 14 . Jump up ^ Ozgenel 2008 , p. 13 . Jump up ^ Ozgenel , Lalo , A Tale of Two Cities : In Search of Ancient Pompeii and Herculaneum , METU JFA 2008 / 1 ( 25 : 1 ) , p1 - 25 . Jump up ^ Ozgenel 2008 , p. 19 . Jump up ^ Parslow 1995 , p . Jump up ^ Pagano 1997 , p . Jump up ^ POMPEIA d'Ernest Breton ( 3eme éd. 1870 ) `` Introduction -- La résurrection de la ville '' in French . Jump up ^ Nappo , Salvatore Ciro ( February 17 , 2011 ) . `` Pompeii : Its Discovery and Preservation '' . BBC . Retrieved March 2 , 2013 . Giuseppe Fiorelli directed the Pompeii excavation from 1863 to 1875 Jump up ^ Gracco , Tiberio ( 28 April 2017 ) . `` Orto dei Fuggiaschi '' . Pompei Online . Retrieved 23 June 2017 . Jump up ^ As reported by the Evangelist pressedienst press agency in March , 1998 . Jump up ^ Karl Schefold ( 2003 ) , Die Dichtung als Führerin zur Klassischen Kunst . Erinnerungen eines Archäologen ( Lebenserinnerungen Band 58 ) , edd . M. Rohde - Liegle et al. , Hamburg . p. 134 ISBN 3 - 8300 - 1017 - 6 . Jump up ^ Rowland 2014 . Jump up ^ Nadeau , Barbie Selling Pompeii , Newsweek , April 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Popham , Peter ( May 2010 ) . `` Ashes to ashes : the latter - day ruin of Pompeii '' . Prospect Magazine . London . Retrieved 23 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` World Monuments Fund , ' ' List of 100 Most Endangered Sites -- 1996 , ' ' New York , NY : 1996 , p. 31 . '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ World Monuments Fund ( 2017 ) . `` Ancient Pompeii '' . Retrieved 23 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Wallace , Alia ( 2012 ) . `` Presenting Pompeii : Steps towards Reconciling Conservation and Tourism at an Ancient Site '' . Papers from the Institute of Archaeology . Ubiquity Press . 22 : 115 -- 136 . doi : 10.5334 / pia. 406 . Jump up ^ Hammer , Joshua . `` The Fall and Rise and Fall of Pompeii '' . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Pompeii collapse prompts charges of official neglect '' . Jump up ^ `` Pompeii Gladiator Training Centre Collapses '' . Jump up ^ `` Doctor Who -- News -- Rome Sweet Rome '' . BBC . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ Sandy Schaefer ( September 18 , 2012 ) . `` Paul W.S. Anderson To Helm ' Pompeii ' '' . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` In the Shadow of Vesuvius '' . National Geographic . Retrieved August 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ancient Mysteries : Season 3 , Episode 22 '' . A&E . February 2 , 1996 . Retrieved February 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Shelley Hales ; Joanna Paul ( 2011 ) . Pompeii in the Public Imagination from Its Rediscovery to Today . Oxford University Press . p. 367 . ISBN 9780199569366 . The recent UK Channel 5 programme , transmitted live from Herculaneum on 29 June 2006 ... Jump up ^ `` Shows '' . Five . Jump up ^ `` Pompeii : The Mystery of the People Frozen in Time '' . BBC . Retrieved April 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ The Riddle of Pompeii. 23 May 2014 -- via YouTube . Further reading ( edit ) Beard , Mary ( 2008 ) . Pompeii : The Life of a Roman Town . Profile Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 86197 - 596 - 6 . Butterworth , Alex ; Laurence , Ray ( 2005 ) . Pompeii : The Living City . St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 35585 - 2 . Cioni , Rafaello ; Gurioli , L ; Lanza , R ; Zanella , E ( 2004 ) . `` Temperatures of the A.D. 79 pyroclastic density current deposits ( Vesuvius , Italy ) '' . Journal of Geophysical Research . 109 : 2207 . Bibcode : 2004JGRB ... 109.2207 C . doi : 10.1029 / 2002JB002251 . Clarke , John ( 2006 ) . Visual Representation and Non-Elite Viewers in Italy , 100 BC -- AD 315 . University of California . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 24815 - 1 . De Carolis , Ernesto ; Patricelli , Giovanni ( 2003 ) . Vesuvius , A.D. 79 : the destruction of Pompeii and Herculaneum . L'erma Di Bretschneider . ISBN 978 - 88 - 8265 - 199 - 2 . Fletcher , John ( 1835 ) . The whole works of ... John Flecter . Oxford University . * Grant , Michael ( 2001 ) . Cities of Vesuvius : Pompeii and Herculaneum . Phoenix . ISBN 9781842122198 . Hodge , Trevor ( 2001 ) . Roman Aqueducts & Water Supply . Duckworth . ISBN 9780715631713 . Kraus , Theodor ( 1975 ) . Pompeii and Herculaneum : The Living Cities of the Dead . H.N. Abrams . ISBN 9780810904187 . Maiuri , Amedeo ( 1994 ) . `` Pompeii '' . Scientific American . Mastrolorenzo , Giuseppe ; Petrone , Pierpaolo ; Pappalardo , Lucia ; Guarino , Fabio ( 2010 ) . Langowski , Jörg , ed . `` Lethal Thermal Impact at Periphery of Pyroclastic Surges : Evidences at Pompeii '' . PLOS ONE . 5 ( 6 ) : e11127 . Bibcode : 2010PLoSO ... 511127M . PMC 2886100 . PMID 20559555 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0011127 . Pagano , Mario ( 1997 ) . I Diari di Scavo di Pompeii , Ercolano e Stabiae di Francesco e Pietro la Vega ( 1764 -- 1810 ) ( in Italian ) . L'Erma di Bretschneidein . ISBN 88 - 7062 - 967 - 8 . Parslow , Christopher ( 1995 ) . Rediscovering antiquity : Karl Weber and the excavation of Herculaneum , Pompeii , and Stabiae . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 47150 - 8 . Perring , Stefania ( 1991 ) . Pompeii : The Wonders of the Ancient World Brought to Life in Vivid See - Through Reconstructions : Then and Now . Macmillan Books . ISBN 0 - 02 - 599461 - 1 . Rodríguez , Cristina ( 2008 ) . Les mystères de Pompéi ( in French ) . Éditions du Masque . ISBN 2 - 702 - 43404 - 5 . Rowland , Ingrid D. ( 2014 ) . From Pompeii : The Afterlife of a Roman Town . Cambridge , MA : Belknap Press . ISBN 978 - 0674047938 . Senatore , Maria ; Stanley , Jean - Daniel ; Pescatore , Tullio ( November 7 -- 10 , 2004 ) . `` Avalanche - associated mass flows damaged Pompeii several times before the Vesuvius catastrophic eruption in the 79 CE '' . 2004 Denver Annual Meeting . Stefani , Grete ( October 2006 ) . La vera data dell'eruzione . Archeo . Steven , Ellis ( 2004 ) . `` The distribution of bars at Pompeii : Archaeological , spatial and viewshed analyses '' . Journal of Roman Archaeology. 17 ( 1 ) . ISSN 1047 - 7594 . Zarmati , Louise ( 2005 ) . Heinemann ancient and medieval history : Pompeii and Herculaneum . Heinemann . ISBN 1 - 74081 - 195 - X . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutPompeiiat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel guide from Wikivoyage Learning resources from Wikiversity Official website Pompeii at DMOZ Data on new excavations from the International Association for Classical Archaeology ( AIAC ) Ancient History Encyclopedia - Pompeii Forum of Pompeii Digital Media Archive ( creative commons - licensed photos , laser scans , panoramas ) , data from a University of Ferrara / CyArk research partnership Romano - Campanian Wall - Painting ( English , Italian , Spanish and French introduction ) mainly focusing on wall - paintings from Pompeian houses and villas N. Purcell ; R. Talbert ; T. Elliott ; S. Gillies . `` Places : 433032 ( Pompeii ) '' . Pleiades . Retrieved March 8 , 2012 . Pompeii : The Mystery Of People Frozen In Time Annotated Google map and satellite view Archaeological sites in Campania Province of Avellino Aeclanum Compsa Province of Benevento Benevento Arch of Trajan Roman Theatre Caudium Ligures Baebiani Saticula Province of Caserta Allifae Ausona Calatia Cales Santa Maria Capua Vetere Arch of Hadrian ( Capua ) Casilinum Sant'Angelo in Formis Sinuessa Trebula Balliensis Vescia Province of Naples Atella Baiae Cumae Grotta di Cocceio Herculaneum Villa of the Papyri Liternum Miseno Piscina Mirabilis Naples Aqua Augusta Bourbon Tunnel Catacombs of San Gaudioso Catacombs of San Gennaro Crypta Neapolitana Virgil 's tomb Macellum of Naples Oplontis Villa Poppaea Palazzo a Mare Pompeii Pozzuoli Flavian Amphitheater ( Pozzuoli ) Lucrinus Lacus Lake Avernus Macellum of Pozzuoli Portus Julius Stabiae Suessula Castello Barbarossa Villa Jovis Villa Boscoreale Province of Salerno Monte Pruno Paestum Heraion at the mouth of the Sele Temple of Athena Second Temple of Hera Tomb of the Diver Pertosa Caves Velia Villa Romana of Minori Pompeii History Pompei Mount Vesuvius 62 Pompeii earthquake Eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 Villas of Pompeii Villa of the Mysteries Domus of Pompeii House of the Faun House of Sallust House of the Centenary House of Julia Felix House of Loreius Tiburtinus House of Menander House of the surgeon House of the Silver Wedding House of the Tragic Poet House of the Vettii Lupanar Public buildings of Pompeii Aqua Augusta Macellum of Pompeii Recreational buildings of Pompeii Amphitheatre Suburban Baths Temples of Pompeii Temple of Apollo Temple of Isis Temple of Jupiter Other sites destroyed in the 79 Eruption Herculaneum Villa of the Papyri Oplontis Villa Poppaea Stabiae Villa Boscoreale Archaeological Museum Naples National Archaeological Museum Art in Pompeii Achilles and Briseis Alexander Mosaic Portrait of Paquius Proculo Erotic art in Pompeii and Herculaneum Pompeian Styles Conservation issues of Pompeii and Herculaneum Pompeii in popular culture World Heritage Sites in Italy Northwest Crespi d'Adda Genoa Mantua and Sabbioneta Monte San Giorgio Porto Venere , Palmaria , Tino and Tinetto , Cinque Terre Corniglia Manarola Monterosso al Mare Riomaggiore Vernazza Residences of the Royal House of Savoy Castle of Moncalieri Castle of Racconigi Castle of Rivoli Castello del Valentino Royal Palace of Turin Palazzo Carignano Palazzo Madama , Turin Palace of Venaria Palazzina di caccia of Stupinigi Villa della Regina Rhaetian Railway in the Albula / Bernina Landscapes Rock Drawings in Valcamonica Sacri Monti of Piedmont and Lombardy Santa Maria delle Grazie , Milan Vineyard Landscape of Piedmont : Langhe - Roero and Monferrato Northeast Aquileia The Dolomites Ferrara Modena Cathedral , Torre della Ghirlandina and Piazza Grande , Modena Orto botanico di Padova Ravenna Venice Verona City of Vicenza and the Palladian Villas of the Veneto Central Assisi Basilica of Saint Francis of Assisi Etruscan Necropolises of Cerveteri and Tarquinia Florence Hadrian 's Villa Medici villas Piazza del Duomo , Pisa Pienza Rome San Gimignano Siena Urbino Val d'Orcia Villa d'Este South Alberobello Amalfi Coast Castel del Monte , Apulia Cilento and Vallo di Diano National Park , Paestum and Velia , Certosa di Padula Herculaneum Oplontis and Villa Poppaea Naples Palace of Caserta , Aqueduct of Vanvitelli and San Leucio Complex Pompeii Sassi of Matera Islands Aeolian Islands Arab - Norman Palermo and the Cathedral Churches of Cefalù and Monreale Archaeological Area of Agrigento Barumini nuraghes Mount Etna Syracuse and Necropolis of Pantalica Val di Noto Caltagirone Catania Militello in Val di Catania Modica Noto Palazzolo Acreide Ragusa Scicli Villa Romana del Casale Countrywide Longobards in Italy , Places of Power ( 568 -- 774 A.D. ) Brescia Cividale del Friuli Castelseprio Spoleto Temple of Clitumnus located at Campello sul Clitunno Santa Sofia located at Benevento Sanctuary of Monte Sant'Angelo located at Monte Sant'Angelo Prehistoric pile dwellings around the Alps Primeval Beech Forests of Europe Venetian Works of Defence between 15th and 17th centuries Bergamo Palmanova Peschiera del Garda Shared with Switzerland Shared with the Holy See Shared with Austria , France , Germany , Slovenia , and Switzerland Shared with Albania , Austria , Belgium , Bulgaria , Croatia , Germany , Poland , Romania , Slovakia , Slovenia , Spain and Ukraine Shared with Croatia and Montenegro Landmarks of Campania Amalfi Cathedral Ancient remains of Capua Cumae Caserta Palace Cilento and Vallo di Diano National Park Faraglioni Herculaneum Paestum Pompeii Santa Sofia , Benevento Solfatara Sorrento Peninsula Stabiae Trinità della Cava Vesuvius National Park Villa Poppaea VIAF : 248524211 LCCN : sh85104771 GND : 4046755 - 7 NDL : 00629258 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pompeii&oldid=802287790 '' Categories : Archaeological sites in Campania Pompeii ( ancient city ) Archaeological museums in Italy Archaeological parks Mount Vesuvius Museums in Campania Museums of Ancient Rome in Italy National museums of Italy Roman sites of Campania Ruins in Italy Tourist attractions in Campania 1748 archaeological discoveries Destroyed cities Former populated places in Italy Human remains ( archaeological ) Metropolitan City of Naples Osci Roman Empire paintings Populated places established in the 1st millennium BC World Heritage Sites in Italy Hidden categories : CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from September 2012 Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Coordinates on Wikidata Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2009 CS1 French - 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"Pompeii was an ancient Roman town-city near modern Naples, in the Campania region of Italy, in the territory of the comune of Pompei. Pompeii, along with Herculaneum and many villas in the surrounding area, was mostly destroyed and buried under 4 to 6 m (13 to 20 ft) of volcanic ash and pumice in the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in AD 79."
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"Mount Vesuvius"
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2822904541728459255 | Methodism | Methodism - wikipedia Methodism Jump to : navigation , search `` Methodist '' redirects here . For other uses , see Methodism ( disambiguation ) . Part of a series on Methodism John Wesley Background ( show ) History ( in the United States ) Anglicanism Arminianism First Great Awakening Nonconformism Pietism Wesleyanism Theology ( show ) Articles of Religion Assurance of salvation Conditional preservation of the saints Four sources of theological authority Covenant theology Substitutionary atonement Imparted righteousness New birth Prevenient grace Plain dress Real presence Sanctification Sunday Sabbatarianism Temperance Christian perfection Works of Piety Works of Mercy People ( show ) John Wesley Charles Wesley George Whitefield Richard Allen Francis Asbury Thomas Coke William Law William Williams Pantycelyn Howell Harris Albert Outler James Varick Countess of Huntingdon Bishops Theologians Groups Churches ( show ) Methodist Church of Great Britain Free Methodist Church United Methodist Church World Methodist Council Other Methodist denominations Organization ( show ) Connexionalism Methodist Circuit Related groups ( show ) Holiness movement Conservative holiness movement Pentecostalism Evangelicalism Other topics ( show ) Circuit rider Saints in Methodism Christian views on alcohol Methodist local preacher Homosexuality and Methodism Ordination of women in Methodism Methodism portal Methodism or the Methodist movement is a group of historically related denominations of Protestant Christianity which derive their inspiration from the life and teachings of John Wesley . George Whitefield and John 's brother Charles Wesley were also significant early leaders in the movement . It originated as a revival within the 18th century Church of England and became a separate denomination after Wesley 's death . The movement spread throughout the British Empire , the United States , and beyond because of vigorous missionary work , today claiming approximately 80 million adherents worldwide . Wesley 's theology focused on sanctification and the effect of faith on the character of a Christian . Distinguishing Methodist doctrines include an assurance of salvation , imparted righteousness , the possibility of perfection in love , the works of piety , and the primacy of Scripture . Most Methodists teach that Jesus Christ , the Son of God , died for all of humanity and that salvation is available for all ; in theology , this view is known as Arminianism . This teaching rejects the Calvinist position that God has pre-ordained the salvation of a select group of people . However , Whitefield and several others were considered Calvinistic Methodists and held to the Calvinistic position . Methodism emphasises charity and support for the sick , the poor , and the afflicted through the works of mercy . These ideals are put into practice by the establishment of hospitals , orphanages , soup kitchens , and schools to follow Christ 's command to spread the gospel and serve all people . The movement has a wide variety of forms of worship , ranging from high church to low church in liturgical usage . Denominations that descend from the British Methodist tradition are generally less ritualistic , while American Methodism is more so , the United Methodist Church in particular . Methodism is known for its rich musical tradition , and Charles Wesley was instrumental in writing much of the hymnody of the Methodist Church . Early Methodists were drawn from all levels of society , including the aristocracy , but the Methodist preachers took the message to labourers and criminals who tended to be left outside organised religion at that time . In Britain , the Methodist Church had a major effect in the early decades of the developing working class ( 1760 -- 1820 ) . In the United States , it became the religion of many slaves who later formed `` black churches '' in the Methodist tradition . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origins 1.1 Separation from the Anglican Church 2 Theology 2.1 Salvation 2.2 Sacraments 2.3 Sources of teaching 3 Worship and liturgy 4 Lifestyle 5 Contemporary Methodism 5.1 Europe 5.1. 1 Great Britain 5.1. 2 Ireland 5.1. 3 Italy 5.1. 4 Nordic and Baltic countries 5.1. 5 France 5.1. 6 Germany 5.1. 7 Hungary 5.1. 8 Russia 5.2 Caribbean 5.2. 1 Antigua 5.2. 2 St. Bart 's 5.2. 3 Jamaica 5.2. 4 Barbados 5.3 Africa 5.3. 1 Nigeria 5.3. 2 Ghana 5.3. 3 Southern Africa 5.4 Asia 5.4. 1 China 5.4. 2 India 5.4. 3 Malaysia and Singapore 5.4. 4 Philippines 5.4. 5 South Korea 5.5 Americas 5.5. 1 Brazil 5.5. 2 Canada 5.5. 3 Mexico 5.5. 4 United States 5.6 Oceania 5.6. 1 Australia 5.6. 2 Fiji 5.6. 3 New Zealand 5.6. 4 Samoan Islands 5.6. 5 Tonga 6 Ecumenical relations 6.1 Great Britain 6.2 United States 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 Further reading 10.1 Primary sources 11 External links Origins ( edit ) For a detailed history of Methodism in Britain , see Methodist Church of Great Britain . John Wesley Charles Wesley The Methodist revival began with a group of men , including John Wesley ( 1703 -- 1791 ) and his younger brother Charles ( 1707 -- 1788 ) , as a movement within the Church of England in the 18th century . The Wesley brothers founded the `` Holy Club '' at the University of Oxford , where John was a fellow and later a lecturer at Lincoln College . The club met weekly and they systematically set about living a holy life . They were accustomed to receiving Communion every week , fasting regularly , abstaining from most forms of amusement and luxury and frequently visited the sick and the poor , as well as prisoners . The fellowship were branded as `` Methodist '' by their fellow students because of the way they used `` rule '' and `` method '' to go about their religious affairs . John , who was leader of the club , took the attempted mockery and turned it into a title of honour . In 1735 , at the invitation of the founder of the Georgia Colony , General James Oglethorpe , both John and Charles Wesley set out for America to be ministers to the colonists and missionaries to the Native Americans . Unsuccessful in their work , the brothers returned to England conscious of their lack of genuine Christian faith . They looked for help to Peter Boehler and other members of the Moravian Church . At a Moravian service in Aldersgate on 24 May 1738 , John experienced what has come to be called his evangelical conversion , when he felt his `` heart strangely warmed '' . He records in his journal : `` I felt I did trust in Christ , Christ alone , for salvation ; and an assurance was given me that He had taken away my sins , even mine , and saved me from the law of sin and death . '' Charles had reported a similar experience a few days previously . Considered a pivotal moment , Daniel L. Burnett writes : `` The significance of ( John ) Wesley 's Aldersgate Experience is monumental ... Without it the names of Wesley and Methodism would likely be nothing more than obscure footnotes in the pages of church history . '' George Whitefield The Wesley brothers immediately began to preach salvation by faith to individuals and groups , in houses , in religious societies , and in the few churches which had not closed their doors to evangelical preachers . John Wesley came under the influence of the Dutch theologian Jacobus Arminius ( 1560 -- 1609 ) . Arminius had rejected the Calvinist teaching that God had pre-ordained an elect number of people to eternal bliss while others perished eternally . Conversely , George Whitefield ( 1714 -- 1770 ) , Howell Harris ( 1714 -- 1773 ) , and Selina Hastings , Countess of Huntingdon ( 1707 -- 1791 ) were notable for being Calvinistic Methodists . George Whitefield , returning from his own mission in Georgia , joined the Wesley brothers in what was rapidly to become a national crusade . Whitefield , who had been a fellow student of the Wesleys at Oxford , became well known for his unorthodox , itinerant ministry , in which he was dedicated to open - air preaching -- reaching crowds of thousands . A key step in the development of John Wesley 's ministry was , like Whitefield , to preach in fields , collieries and churchyards to those who did not regularly attend parish church services . Accordingly , many Methodist converts were those disconnected from the Church of England ; Wesley remained a cleric of the established church and insisted that Methodists attend their local parish church as well as Methodist meetings . Faced with growing evangelistic and pastoral responsibilities , Wesley and Whitefield appointed lay preachers and leaders . Methodist preachers focused particularly on evangelising people who had been `` neglected '' by the established Church of England . Wesley and his assistant preachers organised the new converts into Methodist societies . These societies were divided into groups called classes -- intimate meetings where individuals were encouraged to confess their sins to one another and to build each other up . They also took part in love feasts which allowed for the sharing of testimony , a key feature of early Methodism . Growth in numbers and increasing hostility impressed upon the revival converts a deep sense of their corporate identity . Three teachings that Methodists saw as the foundation of Christian faith were : People are all , by nature , `` dead in sin '' , and , consequently , `` children of wrath '' . They are `` justified by faith alone '' Faith produces inward and outward holiness . Wesley 's organisational skills soon established him as the primary leader of the movement . Whitefield was a Calvinist , whereas Wesley was an outspoken opponent of the doctrine of predestination . Wesley argued ( against Calvinist doctrine ) that Christians could enjoy entire sanctification ( Christian perfection ) in this life : loving God and their neighbours , meekness and lowliness of heart and abstaining from all appearance of evil . These differences put strains on the alliance between Whitefield and Wesley , with Wesley becoming quite hostile toward Whitefield in what had been previously very close relations . Whitefield consistently begged Wesley not to let theological differences sever their friendship and , in time their friendship was restored , though this was seen by many of Whitefield 's followers to be a doctrinal compromise . Many clergy in the established church feared that new doctrines promulgated by the Methodists , such as the necessity of a new birth for salvation , of justification by faith and of the constant and sustained action of the Holy Spirit upon the believer 's soul , would produce ill effects upon weak minds . Theophilus Evans , an early critic of the movement , even wrote that it was `` the natural Tendency of their Behaviour , in Voice and Gesture and horrid Expressions , to make People mad . '' In one of his prints , William Hogarth likewise attacked Methodists as `` enthusiasts '' full of `` Credulity , Superstition and Fanaticism . '' Other attacks against the Methodists were physically violent -- Wesley was nearly murdered by a mob at Wednesbury in 1743 . The Methodists responded vigorously to their critics and thrived despite the attacks against them . Separation from the Anglican Church ( edit ) See also : History of Methodism in the United States and John Wesley § Persecutions and lay preaching The first Methodist chapel , `` The Foundery '' , London . Initially , the Methodists merely sought reform within the Church of England ( Anglicanism ) , but the movement gradually departed from that Church . George Whitefield 's preference for extemporaneous prayer rather than the fixed forms of prayer in the BCP , in addition to his insistence on the necessity of the New Birth , set him at odds with Anglican clergy . As Methodist societies multiplied , and elements of an ecclesiastical system were , one after another , adopted , the breach between John Wesley and the Church of England gradually widened . In 1784 , Wesley responded to the shortage of priests in the American colonies due to the American Revolutionary War by ordaining preachers for America with power to administer the sacraments . This was a major reason for Methodism 's final split from the Church of England after Wesley 's death . This split created a separate , eventually worldwide , group of church denominations . With regard to the position of Methodism within Christendom , `` John Wesley once noted that what God had achieved in the development of Methodism was no mere human endeavor but the work of God . As such it would be preserved by God so long as history remained . '' The influence of Whitefield and Lady Huntingdon on the Church of England was a factor in the founding of the Free Church of England in 1844 . At the time of Wesley 's death there were over 500 Methodist preachers in British colonies and the United States . Total membership of the Methodist societies in Britain was recorded as 56,000 in 1791 , rising to 360,000 in 1836 and 1,463,000 by the national census of 1851 . Early Methodism experienced a radical and spiritual phase that allowed women authority in church leadership . The role of the woman preacher emerged from the sense that the home should be a place of community care and should foster personal growth . Methodist women formed a community that cared for the vulnerable , extending the role of mothering beyond physical care . Women were encouraged to testify their faith . However the centrality of women 's role sharply diminished after 1790 as Methodist churches became more structured and more male dominated . The Wesleyan Education Committee , which existed from 1838 to 1902 , has documented the Methodist Church 's involvement in the education of children . At first most effort was placed in creating Sunday Schools but in 1836 the British Methodist Conference gave its blessing to the creation of `` Weekday schools '' . Methodism spread throughout the British Empire and , mostly through Whitefield 's preaching during what historians call the First Great Awakening , in colonial America . After Whitefield 's death in 1770 , however , American Methodism entered a more lasting Wesleyan and Arminian phase of development . Theology ( edit ) A traditional summary of Methodist teaching All need to be saved . All may be saved . All may know themselves saved . All may be saved to the uttermost . Catechism for the Use of the People Called Methodists . Methodist churches do not adhere to a single definitive statement or `` confession '' of belief , unlike the Westminster Confession used by Reformed churches or the Augsburg Confession used by Lutheran churches . Many Methodist bodies , such as the African Methodist Episcopal Church and the United Methodist Church , base their doctrinal standards on Wesley 's Articles of Religion , an abridgment of the Thirty - nine Articles of the Church of England that excised its Calvinist features . Some Methodist denominations also publish catechisms , which concisely summarise Christian doctrine . Methodists generally accept the Apostles ' Creed and the Nicene Creed as declarations of shared Christian faith . Methodism also affirms the traditional Christian belief in the triune Godhead : Father , Son and Holy Spirit , as well as the orthodox understanding of the consubstantial humanity and divinity of Jesus Christ . Methodism is evangelical in doctrine and is characterized by Wesleyan - Arminian theology . John Wesley is studied by Methodists for his interpretation of church practice and doctrine . At its heart , the theology of John Wesley stressed the life of Christian holiness : to love God with all one 's heart , mind , soul and strength and to love one 's neighbour as oneself . One popular expression of Methodist doctrine is in the hymns of Charles Wesley . Since enthusiastic congregational singing was a part of the early evangelical movement , Wesleyan theology took root and spread through this channel . Salvation ( edit ) Methodists believe Jesus Christ died for all humanity , not a limited few : the doctrine of unlimited atonement . Wesleyan Methodists identify with the Arminian conception of free will , as opposed to the theological determinism of absolute predestination . Methodism teaches that salvation is entirely a work of God alone with no work by which it can be earned ( monergism ) , and that one can not either turn to God nor believe unless God has first drawn a person and implanted the desire in their heart ( the Wesleyan doctrine of prevenient grace ) . Methodists interpret Scripture as teaching that the saving work of Jesus Christ is for all people ( unlimited atonement ) but effective only to those who respond and believe , in accordance with the Reformation principles of sola gratia ( grace alone ) and sola fide ( faith alone ) . John Wesley taught four key points fundamental to Methodism : A person is free not only to reject salvation but also to accept it by an act of free will . All people who are obedient to the gospel according to the measure of knowledge given them will be saved . The Holy Spirit assures a Christian of their salvation directly , through an inner `` experience '' ( assurance of salvation ) . Christians in this life are capable of Christian perfection and are commanded by God to pursue it . Sacraments ( edit ) Methodists hold that sacraments are sacred acts of divine institution . Methodism has inherited its liturgy from Anglicanism , although American Methodist theology tends to have a stronger `` sacramental emphasis '' than that held by Evangelical Anglicans . In common with most Protestants , Methodists recognise two sacraments as being instituted by Christ : Baptism and Holy Communion ( also called the `` Lord 's Supper '' , rarely the `` Eucharist '' ) . Most Methodist churches practise infant baptism , in anticipation of a response to be made later ( confirmation ) , as well as believer 's baptism . The Catechism for the use of the people called Methodists states that , `` ( in the Eucharist ) Jesus Christ is present with his worshipping people and gives himself to them as their Lord and Saviour '' . The explanation of how Christ 's presence is made manifest in the Eucharistic elements is a `` Holy Mystery '' . Methodist churches generally recognise sacraments to be a means of grace . John Wesley held that God also imparted grace by other established means such as public and private prayer , Scripture reading , study and preaching , public worship , and fasting . These constitute the Works of Piety . Wesley considered means of grace to be `` outward signs , words , or actions ... to be the ordinary channels whereby ( God ) might convey to men , preventing , justifying or sanctifying grace '' . Specifically Methodist means , such as the class meetings , provided his chief examples for these prudential means of grace . Sources of teaching ( edit ) Further information : Wesleyan Quadrilateral and Prima scriptura Traditionally , Methodists declare the Bible ( Old and New Testaments ) to be the only divinely inspired Scripture and the primary source of authority for Christians . The historic Methodist understanding of Scripture is based on the superstructure of Wesleyan covenant theology . Methodists , stemming from John Wesley 's own practices of theological reflection , also make use of tradition , drawing primarily from the teachings of the Church Fathers , as a source of authority . Though not infallible like holy Scripture , tradition may serve as a lens through which Scripture is interpreted . Theological discourse for Methodists almost always makes use of Scripture read inside the wider theological tradition of Christianity . It is a historical position of the church that any disciplined theological work calls for the careful use of reason . By reason , it is said , one reads and is able to interpret the Bible coherently and consistently . By reason one asks questions of faith and seeks to understand God 's action and will . Methodism insists that personal salvation always implies Christian mission and service to the world . Scriptural holiness entails more than personal piety ; love of God is always linked with love of neighbours and a passion for justice and renewal in the life of the world . Worship and liturgy ( edit ) Methodism was endowed by the Wesley brothers with worship characterised by a twofold practice : the ritual liturgy of the Book of Common Prayer on the one hand and the informal preaching service on the other . This twofold practice became distinctive of Methodism because worship in the Church of England was based , by law , solely on the Book of Common Prayer and worship in the Non-conformist churches was almost exclusively that of `` services of the word '' , i.e. preaching services , with Holy Communion being observed infrequently . John Wesley 's influence meant that , in Methodism , the two practices were combined , a situation which remains characteristic of the movement . United Methodist minister consecrating communion In America , United Methodism has a wide variety of forms of worship , ranging from high church to low church in liturgical usage . When the Methodists in America were separated from the Church of England because of the American Revolution , John Wesley himself provided a revised version of the Book of Common Prayer called the Sunday Service of the Methodists in North America ( 1784 ) . Today , the primary liturgical books of the United Methodist Church are The United Methodist Hymnal and The United Methodist Book of Worship . Congregations employ its liturgy and rituals as optional resources , but their use is not mandatory . These books contain the liturgies of the church that are generally derived from Wesley 's Sunday Service and from the 20th century liturgical renewal movement . The British Methodist Church is less ordered or liturgical in worship , but makes use of the Methodist Worship Book ( similar to the Church of England 's Common Worship ) , containing worship services ( liturgies ) and rubrics for the celebration of other rites , such as marriage . The Worship Book is also ultimately derived from Wesley 's Sunday Service . A unique feature of American Methodism is the observance of the season of Kingdomtide , which encompasses the last 13 weeks before Advent , thus dividing the long season after Pentecost into two discrete segments . During Kingdomtide , Methodist liturgy emphasises charitable work and alleviating the suffering of the poor . A second distinctive liturgical feature of Methodism is the use of Covenant services . Although practice varies between different national churches , most Methodist churches annually follow the call of John Wesley for a renewal of their covenant with God . It is common , at least in British Methodism , for each congregation to normally hold an annual Covenant Service on the first convenient Sunday of the year , and Wesley 's Covenant Prayer is still used , with minor modification , in the order of service : Christ has many services to be done . Some are easy , others are difficult . Some bring honour , others bring reproach . Some are suitable to our natural inclinations and temporal interests , others are contrary to both ... Yet the power to do all these things is given to us in Christ , who strengthens us . ... I am no longer my own but yours . Put me to what you will , rank me with whom you will ; put me to doing , put me to suffering ; let me be employed for you or laid aside for you , exalted for you or brought low for you ; let me be full , let me be empty , let me have all things , let me have nothing ; I freely and wholeheartedly yield all things to your pleasure and disposal . Lifestyle ( edit ) Early Methodists wore plain dress , with Methodist clergy condemning `` high headdresses , ruffles , laces , gold , and ' costly apparel ' in general '' . John Wesley recommended that Methodists annually read his thoughts On Dress ; in that sermon , John Wesley expressed his desire for Methodists : `` Let me see , before I die , a Methodist congregation , full as plain dressed as a Quaker congregation '' . The 1858 Discipline of the Wesleyan Methodist Connection thus stated that `` we would ... ejoin on all who fear God plain dress '' . Peter Cartwright , a Methodist revivalist , stated that in addition to wearing plain dress , the early Methodists distinguished themselves from other members of society by fasting once a week , abstaining from alcohol , and devoutly observing the Sabbath . The early Methodists did not participate in , and condemned , `` wordly habits '' including `` playing cards , racing horses , gambling , attending the theater , dancing ( both in frolics and balls ) , and cockfighting '' . Over time , many of these practices were gradually relaxed in mainline Methodism , although practices such teetotalism and fasting are still very much encouraged , in addition to the current prohibition of gambling ; denominations of the conservative holiness movement , such as the Bible Methodist Connection of Churches , continue to reflect the spirit of the historic Methodist practice of wearing plain dress , encouraging members in `` abstaining from the wearing of extravagant hairstyles , jewelry -- to include rings , and expensive clothing for any reason '' . The General Rules of the Methodist Church in America , which are among the doctrinal standards of many Methodist Churches , promote first - day Sabbatarianism as they require `` attending upon all the ordinances of God '' including `` the public worship of God '' and prohibit `` profaning the day of the Lord , either by doing ordinary work therein or by buying or selling '' . Contemporary Methodism ( edit ) See also : List of Methodist denominations This section may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . The specific problem is : Rewrite and copy - edit needed , as are additional references ( January 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) World Methodist Council at Lake Junaluska , North Carolina -- a consultative body linking most Methodist groups of the world . The headquarters contains a museum of Methodism and a small park -- the Susannah Wesley Herb Garden Today , millions belong to Methodist churches , which are present on all populated continents . Although Methodism is declining in Great Britain and North America , it is growing in other places ; at a rapid pace in , for example , South Korea . There is no single Methodist Church with universal juridical authority ; Methodists belong to multiple independent denominations or `` connexions '' . The great majority of Methodists are members of denominations which are part of the international World Methodist Council , an association of 80 Methodist , Wesleyan and related united and uniting churches , representing over 80 million people . In 1956 , the World Methodist Council established a permanent headquarters in the United States at Lake Junaluska , North Carolina . I look on all the world as my parish ; thus far I mean , that , in whatever part of it I am , I judge it meet , right , and my bounden duty , to declare unto all that are willing to hear , the glad tidings of salvation . -- John Wesley , Journal ( 11 June 1739 ) Europe ( edit ) Methodism is prevalent in the English - speaking world but it is also organised in mainland Europe , largely due to missionary activity of British and American Methodists . British missionaries were primarily responsible for establishing Methodism across Ireland and Italy . Today the United Methodist Church ( UMC ) -- a large denomination based in the United States -- has a presence in Albania , Austria , Belarus , Belgium , Bulgaria , the Czech Republic , Croatia , Denmark , Estonia , Finland , France , Germany , Hungary , Latvia , Lithuania , Macedonia , Moldova , Norway , Poland , Romania , Sweden , Switzerland , Serbia , Slovakia and Ukraine . Collectively the European or Eurasian regions of the UMC constitute over 100,000 Methodists . Other smaller Methodist denominations exist in Europe . Great Britain ( edit ) The original body founded as a result of Wesley 's work was later known as the Wesleyan Methodist Church . Schisms within the original Church , and independent revivals , led to the formation of a number of separate denominations calling themselves `` Methodist '' . The largest of these were the Primitive Methodist church , deriving from a revival at Mow Cop in Staffordshire , the Bible Christians and the Methodist New Connexion . The original church became known as the Wesleyan Methodist Church to distinguish it from these bodies . In 1907 , a union of smaller groups with the Methodist New Connexion and Bible Christian Church brought about the United Methodist Church ( Great Britain ) , then the three major streams of British Methodism united in 1932 to form the current Methodist Church of Great Britain . The fourth - largest denomination in the country , the Methodist Church of Great Britain has about 202,000 members in 4,650 congregations . Wesley 's Chapel in London was established by John Wesley , whose statue stands in the courtyard . Early Methodism was particularly prominent in Devon and Cornwall , which were key centers of activity by the Bible Christian faction of Methodists . The Bible Christians produced many preachers , and sent many missionaries to Australia . Methodism also grew rapidly in the old mill towns of Yorkshire and Lancashire , where the preachers stressed that the working classes were equal to the upper classes in the eyes of God . In Wales , three elements separately welcomed Methodism : Welsh - speaking , English - speaking , and Calvinistic . British Methodists , in particular the Primitive Methodists , took a leading role in the temperance movement of the 19th and early 20th centuries . Methodists saw alcoholic beverages , and alcoholism , as the root of many social ills and tried to persuade people to abstain from these . Temperance appealed strongly to the Methodist doctrines of sanctification and perfection . To this day , alcohol remains banned in Methodist premises , however this restriction no longer applies to domestic occasions in private homes ( i.e. the minister may have a drink at home in the manse ) . The choice to consume alcohol is now a personal decision for any member . British Methodism does not have bishops ; however , it has always been characterised by a strong central organisation , the Connexion , which holds an annual Conference ( note that the Church retains the 18th century spelling `` connexion '' for many purposes ) . The Connexion is divided into Districts in the charge of the Chair ( who may be male or female ) . Methodist districts often correspond approximately , in geographical terms , to counties -- as do Church of England dioceses . The districts are divided into circuits governed by the Circuit Meeting and led and administrated principally by a superintendent minister . Ministers are appointed to Circuits rather than to individual churches , although some large inner - city churches , known as `` Central Halls '' , are designated as circuits in themselves -- of these Westminster Central Hall , opposite Westminster Abbey in central London , is the best known . Most circuits have fewer ministers than churches , and the majority of services are led by lay local preachers , or by supernumerary ministers ( ministers who have retired , called supernumerary because they are not counted for official purposes in the numbers of ministers for the circuit in which they are listed ) . The superintendent and other ministers are assisted in the leadership and administration of the Circuit by Circuit Stewards , lay people who may have particular skills who collectively with the ministers form what is normally known as the Circuit Leadership Team . The Methodist Council also helps to run a number of schools , including two leading public schools in East Anglia : Culford School and the Leys School . It helps to promote an all round education with a strong Christian ethos . Other Methodist denominations in Britain include : The Salvation Army , founded by Methodist minister William Booth in 1865 ; the Free Methodist Church , a holiness church ; the Church of the Nazarene ; the Wesleyan Reform Union , an early secession from the Wesleyan Methodist Church ; and the Independent Methodist Connexion . Ireland ( edit ) A Methodist chapel in Athlone , opened in 1865 . John Wesley visited Ireland on at least twenty - four occasions and established classes and societies . The Methodist Church in Ireland ( Irish : Eaglais Mheitidisteach in Éirinn ) today operates across both Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland on an all - Ireland basis . As of 2013 there are around 50,000 Methodists across Ireland . The biggest concentration -- 13,171 -- is in Belfast , with 2,614 in Dublin . As of 2011 it is the fourth - largest denomination in Northern Ireland , with Methodists accounting for 3 percent of the population . Eric Gallagher was the President of the Church in the 1970s , becoming a well - known figure in Irish politics . He was one of the group of Protestant churchmen who met with Provisional IRA officers in Feakle , County Clare to try to broker peace . The meeting was unsuccessful due to a Garda raid on the hotel . Italy ( edit ) The Methodist chapel in Rome houses Italian and English - speaking congregations . The Italian Methodist Church ( Italian : Chiese Metodista Italiana ) is a small Protestant community in Italy , with around 7,000 members . Since 1975 it is in a formal covenant of partnership with the Waldensian Church , with a total of 45,000 members . Waldensians are a Protestant movement which started in Lyon , France , in the late 1170s . Italian Methodism has its origins in the Italian Free Church , British Wesleyan Methodist Missionary Society , and the American Methodist Episcopal Mission . These movements flowered in the second half of the 19th century in the new climate of political and religious freedom that was established with the end of the Papal States and unification of Italy in 1870 . Bertrand M. Tipple , minister of the American Methodist Church in Rome , founded a college there in 1914 . In April 2016 the World Methodist Council opened an Ecumenical Office in Rome . Methodist leaders and the leader of the Roman Catholic Church , Pope Francis , jointly dedicated the new office . It helps facilitate Methodist relationships with the wider Church , especially the Roman Catholic Church . Nordic and Baltic countries ( edit ) Hammerfest Methodist Church in Norway was the world 's most northerly Methodist congregation when established in 1890 . The `` Nordic and Baltic Area '' of the United Methodist Church covers the Nordic countries ( Denmark , Sweden , Norway , Finland ) and the Baltic countries ( Estonia , Latvia , Lithuania ) . Methodism was introduced to the Nordic countries in the late 19th century . Today the United Methodist Church in Norway ( Norwegian : Metodistkirken ) is the largest church in the region with 10,684 members in total ( as of 2013 ) . France ( edit ) In France , the Methodist movement was founded in the 1820s by Charles Cook near Nîmes and Montpellier , for example in the village of Congénies in Languedoc with the most important chapel of department built in 1869 , where there had been a Quaker community since the 18th century . Sixteen Methodist congregations voted to join the Reformed Church of France in 1938 . In the 1980s , missionary work of a Methodist church in Agen led to new initiatives in Fleurance and Mont de Marsan . Methodism exists today in France under various names . The best - known is the Union of Evangelical Methodist Churches ( French : l'Union de l'Eglise Evangélique Méthodiste ) or UEEM . It is an autonomous regional conference of the United Methodist Church and is the fruit of a fusion in 2005 between the `` Methodist Church of France '' and the `` Union of Methodist Churches '' . As of 2014 , the UEEM has around 1,200 members and 30 ministers . Germany ( edit ) Evangelisch - methodistische chapel at the foot of the Achalm mountain , Baden - Württemberg . The Protestant - Methodist Church ( German : Evangelisch - methodistische Kirche ) is the name of the United Methodist Church in Germany and Austria . The German church had about 52,031 members in 2015 . Members are organised into three conferences : north , east and south . Methodism is most prevalent in southern Saxony and around Stuttgart . British Methodist missionaries introduced Methodism to Germany in 1830 , initially in the region of Württemberg . In 1859 , the first Methodist minister arrived in Württemberg . Methodism was also spread in Germany through the missionary work of the American Methodist Episcopal Church , which began in 1849 in Bremen , soon spreading to Saxony . Early opposition towards Methodism was partly rooted in theological differences -- northern and eastern regions of Germany were predominantly Lutheran and Reformed , and Methodists were dismissed as fanatics . Methodism was also hindered by its unfamiliar church structure ( Connectionalism or Konnexionalismus ) , which was more centralised than the hierarchical polity in the Lutheran and Reformed churches . After World War I , the 1919 Weimar Constitution allowed Methodists to worship freely and many new chapels were established . In 1936 , German Methodists elected their first bishop . Hungary ( edit ) The first Methodist mission in Hungary was established in 1898 in Bácska , in a then mostly German - speaking town of Verbász ( since 1918 part of the Serbian province of Vojvodina ) . In 1905 a Methodist mission was established also in Budapest . In 1974 , a group later known as the Hungarian Evangelical Fellowship seceded from the Hungarian Methodist Church over the question of interference by the communist state . Today , the United Methodist Church in Hungary , known locally as the Hungarian Methodist Church ( Hungarian : Magyarországi Metodista Egyház ) , has 453 professing members in 30 congregations . It runs two student homes , two homes for the elderly , the Forray Methodist High School , the Wesley Scouts and the Methodist Library and Archives . The church has a special ministry among the Roma . The seceding Hungarian Evangelical Fellowship ( Magyarországi Evangéliumi Testvérközösség ) also remains Methodist in its organisation and theology . It has eight full congregations and several mission groups , and runs a range of charitable organisations : hostels and soup kitchens for the homeless , a non-denominational theological college , a dozen schools of various kinds , and four old people 's homes . Today there are a dozen Methodist / Wesleyan churches and mission organisations in Hungary , but all Methodist churches lost official church status under new legislation passed in 2011 , when the number of officially recognised churches in the country fell to 14 . However , the list of recognised churches was lengthened to 32 at the end of February 2012 . This gave recognition to Hungarian Methodist Church and the Salvation Army , which was banned in Hungary in 1949 but had returned in 1990 , but not to the Hungarian Evangelical Fellowship . The legislation has been strongly criticised by the Venice Commission of the Council of Europe as discriminatory . The Hungarian Methodist Church , the Salvation Army and the Church of the Nazarene and other Wesleyan groups formed the Wesley Theological Alliance for theological and publishing purposes in 1998 . Today the Alliance has 10 Wesleyan member churches and organisations . The Hungarian Evangelical Fellowship does not belong to it and has its own publishing arm . Russia ( edit ) The Methodist Church established several strongholds in Russia -- Saint Petersburg in the west and the Vladivostok region in the east , with big Methodist centres right in the middle , in Moscow and Ekaterinburg ( former Sverdlovsk ) . Methodists began their work in the west among Swedish immigrants in 1881 and started their work in the east in 1910 . On 26 June 2009 , Methodists celebrated the 120th year since Methodism arrived in Czarist Russia by erecting a new Methodist centre in Saint Petersburg . A Methodist presence was continued in Russia for 14 years after the Russian Revolution of 1917 through the efforts of Deaconess Anna Eklund . In 1939 , political antagonism stymied the work of the Church and Deaconess Anna Eklund was coerced to return to her native Finland . After 1989 , the Soviet Union allowed greatly increased religious freedoms and this continued after the USSR 's collapse in 1991 . During the 1990s , Methodism experienced a powerful wave of revival in the nation . Three sites in particular carried the torch -- Samara , Moscow and Ekaterinburg . Today , The United Methodist Church in Eurasia has 116 congregations , each with a native pastor . There are currently 48 students enrolled in residential and extension degree programs at the United Methodist Seminary in Moscow . Caribbean ( edit ) Methodism came to the Caribbean in 1760 when the planter , lawyer and Speaker of the Antiguan House of Assembly , Nathaniel Gilbert ( c. 1719 -- 1774 ) , returned to his sugar estate home in Antigua . A Methodist revival spread in the British West Indies due to the work of British missionaries . Missionaries established societies which would later become the Methodist Church in the Caribbean and the Americas ( MCCA ) . The MCCA has about 62,000 members in over 700 congregations , ministered by 168 pastors . There are smaller Methodist denominations that have seceded from the parent church . Antigua ( edit ) The story is often told that in 1755 , Nathaniel Gilbert , while convalescing , read a treatise of John Wesley , An Appeal to Men of Reason and Religion sent to him by his brother Francis . As a result of having read this book Gilbert , two years later , journeyed to England with three of his slaves and there in a drawing room meeting arranged in Wandsworth on 15 January 1759 , met the preacher John Wesley . He returned to the Caribbean that same year and on his subsequent return began to preach to his slaves in Antigua . When Nathaniel Gilbert died in 1774 his work in Antigua was continued by his brother Francis Gilbert to approximately 200 Methodists . However , within a year Francis took ill and had to return to Britain and the work was carried on by Sophia Campbell ( `` a Negress '' ) and Mary Alley ( `` a Mulatto '' ) , two devoted women who kept the flock together with class and prayer meetings as best as they could . Baxter Memorial Church in English Harbour , Antigua . On 2 April 1778 , John Baxter , a local preacher and skilled shipwright from Chatham in Kent , England , landed at English harbour in Antigua ( now called Nelson 's Dockyard ) where he was offered a post at the naval dockyard . Baxter was a Methodist and had heard of the work of the Gilberts and their need for a new preacher . He began preaching and meeting with the Methodist leaders , and within a year the Methodist community had grown to 600 persons . By 1783 , the first Methodist chapel was built in Antigua , with John Baxter as the local preacher , its wooden structure seating some 2,000 people . St. bart 's ( edit ) It was at this time , in 1785 , that William Turton ( 1761 -- 1817 ) a Barbadian son of a planter , met John Baxter in Antigua , and later as layman assisted in the Methodist work in the Swedish colony of St. Bartholomew from 1796 . In 1786 the missionary endeavour in the Caribbean was officially recognised by the Conference in England , and that same year Rev. Dr. Thomas Coke , having been made Superintendent of the Church two years previously in America by Wesley , was travelling to Nova Scotia , but providence forced his ship to Antigua . Jamaica ( edit ) In 1818 Edward Fraser ( 1798 -- Aft. 1850 ) , a privileged Barbadian slave , moved to Bermuda and subsequently met the new minister James Dunbar . The Nova Scotia Methodist Minister noted young Fraser 's sincerity and commitment to his congregation and encouraged him by appointing him as assistant . By 1827 Fraser assisted in building a new chapel . He was later freed and admitted to the Methodist Ministry to serve in Antigua and Jamaica . Barbados ( edit ) Following William J. Shrewsbury 's preaching in the 1820s , Sarah Ann Gill ( 1779 -- 1866 ) , a free - born black woman , used civil disobedience in an attempt to thwart magistrate rulings that prevented parishioners holding prayer meetings . In hopes of building a new chapel , she paid an extraordinary £ 1,700 - 0s - 0d and ended up having militia appointed by the Governor to protect her home from demolition . In 1884 an attempt was made at autonomy with the formation of two West Indian Conferences , however by 1903 the venture had failed . It was not until the 1960s that another attempt was made at autonomy . This second attempt resulted in the emergence of the Methodist Church in the Caribbean and the Americas in May 1967 . Francis Godson ( 1864 -- 1953 ) , a Methodist minister , who having served briefly in several of the Caribbean islands , eventually immersed himself in helping those in hardship of the First World War in Barbados . He was later appointed to the Legislative Council of Barbados , and fought for the rights of pensioners . He was later followed by renowned Barbadian Augustus Rawle Parkinson ( 1864 -- 1932 ) , who also was the first principal of the Wesley Hall School , Bridgetown in Barbados ( which celebrated its 125th anniversary in September 2009 ) . In more recent times in Barbados , Victor Alphonso Cooke ( born 1930 ) and Lawrence Vernon Harcourt Lewis ( born 1932 ) are strong influences on the Methodist Church on the island . Their contemporary and late member of the Dalkeith Methodist Church , was the former secretary of the University of the West Indies , consultant of the Canadian Training Aid Programme and a man of letters -- Francis Woodbine Blackman ( 1922 -- 2010 ) . It was his research and published works that enlightened much of this information on Caribbean Methodism . Africa ( edit ) Most Methodist denominations in Africa follow the British Methodist tradition and see the Methodist Church of Great Britain as their mother church . Originally modelled on the British structure , since independence most of these churches have adopted an episcopal model . Nigeria ( edit ) The Nigerian Methodist Church is one of the largest Methodist denominations in the world and one of the largest Christian churches in Nigeria , with around two million members in 2000 congregations . It has seen exponential growth since the turn of the millennium . Christianity was established in Nigeria with the arrival in 1842 of a Wesleyan Methodist missionary . He had come in response to the request for missionaries by the ex-slaves who returned to Nigeria from Sierra Leone . From the mission stations established in Badagry and Abeokuta , the Methodist church spread to various parts of the country west of the River Niger and part of the north . In 1893 missionaries of the Primitive Methodist Church arrived from Fernando Po , an island off the southern coast of Nigeria . From there the Methodist Church spread to other parts of the country , east of the River Niger and also to parts of the north . The church west of the River Niger and part of the north was known as the Western Nigeria District and east of the Niger and another part of the north as the Eastern Nigeria District . Both existed independently of each other until 1962 when they constituted the Conference of Methodist Church Nigeria . The conference is composed of seven districts . The church has continued to spread into new areas and has established a department for evangelism and appointed a director of evangelism . An episcopal system adopted in 1976 was not fully accepted by all sections of the church until the two sides came together and resolved to end the disagreement . A new constitution was ratified in 1990 . The system is still episcopal but the points which caused discontent were amended to be acceptable to both sides . Today , the Nigerian Methodist Church has a prelate , eight archbishops and 44 bishops . Ghana ( edit ) Main article : Methodist Church Ghana Methodist Church Ghana is one of the largest Methodist denominations , with around 800,000 members in 2,905 congregations , ministered by 700 pastors . It has fraternal links with the British Methodist and United Methodist churches worldwide . Methodism in Ghana came into existence as a result of the missionary activities of the Wesleyan Methodist Church , inaugurated with the arrival of Joseph Rhodes Dunwell to the Gold Coast in 1835 . Like the mother church , the Methodist Church in Ghana was established by people of Protestant background . Roman Catholic and Anglican missionaries came to the Gold Coast from the 15th century . A school was established in Cape Coast by the Anglicans during the time of Philip Quaque , a Ghanaian priest . Those who came out of this school had Bible copies and study supplied by the Society for the Propagation of Christian Knowledge . A member of the resulting Bible study groups , William De-Graft , requested Bibles through Captain Potter of the ship Congo . Not only were Bibles sent , but also a Methodist missionary . In the first eight years of the Church 's life , 11 out of 21 missionaries who worked in the Gold Coast died . Thomas Birch Freeman , who arrived at the Gold Coast in 1838 was a pioneer of missionary expansion . Between 1838 and 1857 he carried Methodism from the coastal areas to Kumasi in the Asante hinterland of the Gold Coast . He also established Methodist Societies in Badagry and AbeoKuta in Nigeria with the assistance of William De-Graft . By 1854 , the church was organized into circuits constituting a district with T.B. Freeman as chairman . Freeman was replaced in 1856 by William West . The district was divided and extended to include areas in the then Gold Coast and Nigeria by the synod in 1878 , a move confirmed at the British Conference . The district were Gold Coast District , with T.R. Picot as chairman and Yoruba and Popo District , with John Milum as chairman . Methodist evangelisation of northern Gold Coast began in 1910 . After a long period of conflict with the colonial government , missionary work was established in 1955 . Paul Adu was the first indigenous missionary to northern Gold Coast . In July 1961 , the Methodist Church in Ghana became autonomous , and was called the Methodist Church Ghana , based on a deed of foundation , part of the church 's Constitution and Standing Orders . Southern Africa ( edit ) Main article : Methodist Church of Southern Africa Methodist chapel in Leliefontein , Northern Cape , South Africa . The Methodist Church operates across South Africa , Namibia , Botswana , Lesotho and Swaziland , with a limited presence in Zimbabwe and Mozambique . It is a member church of the World Methodist Council . Methodism in Southern Africa began as a result of lay Christian work by an Irish soldier of the English Regiment , John Irwin , who was stationed at the Cape and began to hold prayer meetings as early as 1795 . The first Methodist lay preacher at the Cape , George Middlemiss , was a soldier of the 72nd regiment of the British Army stationed at the Cape in 1805 . This foundation paved the way for missionary work by Methodist missionary societies from Great Britain , many of whom sent missionaries with the 1820 English settlers to the Western and Eastern Cape . Among the most notable of the early missionaries were Barnabas Shaw and William Shaw . The largest group was the Wesleyan Methodist Church , but there were a number of others that joined together to form the Methodist Church of South Africa , later known as the Methodist Church of Southern Africa . The Methodist Church of Southern Africa is the largest mainline Protestant denomination in South Africa -- 7.3 percent of the South African population recorded their religious affiliation as ' Methodist ' in the last national census . Asia ( edit ) China ( edit ) Flower Lane Church is the first Methodist church erected in downtown Fuzhou Methodism was brought to China in the autumn of 1847 by the Methodist Episcopal Church . The first missionaries sent out were Judson Dwight Collins and Moses Clark White , who sailed from Boston 15 April 1847 , and reached Foochow 6 September . They were followed by Henry Hickok and Robert Samuel Maclay , who arrived 15 April 1848 . In 1857 it baptised the first convert in connection with its labours . In August 1856 , a brick built church , called the `` Church of the True God '' ( 真神 堂 ) , the first substantial church building erected at Foochow by Protestant Missions , was dedicated to the worship of God . In the winter of the same year another brick built church , located on the hill in the suburbs on the south bank of the Min , was finished and dedicated , called the `` Church of Heavenly Peace '' ( 天 安堂 ) . In 1862 , the number of members was 87 . The Foochow Conference was organised by Isaac W. Wiley on 6 December 1867 , by which time the number of members and probationers had reached 2,011 . Rev. Hok Chau 周 學 ( also known as Lai - Tong Chau , 周勵堂 ) was the first Chinese ordained minister of the South China District of the Methodist Church ( incumbent 1877 -- 1916 ) . Benjamin Hobson ( 1816 -- 1873 ) , a medical missionary sent by the London Missionary Society in 1839 , set up a highly successful Wai Ai Clinic ( 惠 愛 醫 館 ) Liang Fa ( Leung Fat in Cantonese , 梁 發 , 1789 -- 1855 , ordained by the London Missionary Society ) , Hok Chau and others worked there . Rev. Liang ( age 63 ) baptized Chau ( quite young ) in 1852 . The Methodist Church based in Britain sent missionary George Piercy to China . In 1851 , Piercy went to Guangzhou ( Canton ) , where he worked in a trading company . In 1853 , he started a church in Guangzhou . In 1877 , Chau was ordained by the Methodist Church , where he pastored for 39 years . Former Methodist school in Wuhan ( founded 1885 ) In 1867 , the mission sent out the first missionaries to Central China , who began work at Kiukiang . In 1869 missionaries were also sent to the capital city Peking , where they laid the foundations of the work of the North China Mission . In November 1880 , the West China Mission was established in Sichuan Province . In 1896 the work in the Hinghua prefecture ( modern - day Putian ) and surrounding regions was also organized as a Mission Conference . In 1947 , the Methodist Church in the Republic of China celebrated its centenary . In 1949 , however , the Methodist Church moved to Taiwan with the Kuomintang government . On 21 June 1953 , Taipei Methodist Church was erected , then local churches and chapels with a baptized membership numbering over 2,500 . Various types of educational , medical and social services are provided ( including Tunghai University ) . In 1972 the Methodist Church in the Republic of China became autonomous and the first bishop was installed in 1986 . India ( edit ) See also : Church of South India and Methodist Church in India The CSI English Wesley Church in Broadway , Chennai , India , is one of the oldest Methodist chapels in India . Methodism came to India twice , in 1817 and in 1856 , according to P. Dayanandan who has done extensive research on the subject . Thomas Coke and six other missionaries set sail for India on New Year 's Day in 1814 . Coke , then 66 , died en route . Rev. James Lynch was the one who finally arrived in Madras in 1817 at a place called Black Town ( Broadway ) , later known as George Town . Lynch conducted the first Methodist missionary service on 2 March 1817 , in a stable . The first Methodist church was dedicated in 1819 at Royapettah . A chapel at Broadway ( Black Town ) was later built and dedicated on 25 April 1822 . This church was rebuilt in 1844 since the earlier structure was collapsing . At this time there were about 100 Methodist members in all of Madras , and they were either Europeans or Eurasians ( European and Indian descent ) . Among names associated with the founding period of Methodism in India are Elijah Hoole and Thomas Cryer , who came as missionaries to Madras . In 1857 , the Methodist Episcopal Church started its work in India , and with prominent evangelists like William Taylor the Emmanuel Methodist Church , Vepery , was born in 1874 . The evangelist James Mills Thoburn established the Thoburn Memorial Church in Calcutta in 1873 and the Calcutta Boys ' School in 1877 . In 1947 the Wesleyan Methodist Church in India merged with Presbyterians , Anglicans and other Protestant churches to form the Church of South India while the American Methodist Church remained affiliated as the Methodist Church in Southern Asia ( MCSA ) to the mother church in USA - the United Methodist Church until 1981 , when by an enabling act the Methodist Church in India ( MCI ) became an autonomous church in India . Today , the Methodist Church in India is governed by the General Conference of the Methodist Church of India headed by six Bishops , with headquarters at Methodist Centre , 21 YMCA Road , Mumbai , India . Malaysia and Singapore ( edit ) Main articles : Methodist Church in Malaysia and Methodist Church in Singapore Missionaries from Britain , North America , and Australia founded Methodist churches in many Commonwealth countries . These are now independent and many of them are stronger than the former `` mother '' churches . In addition to the churches , these missionaries often also founded schools to serve the local community . A good example of such schools are the Methodist Boys ' School in Kuala Lumpur , Methodist Boys ' School in George Town , and Anglo - Chinese School , Methodist Girls ' School , Paya Lebar Methodist Girls School and Fairfield Methodist Schools in Singapore . Philippines ( edit ) Main article : United Methodist Church in the Philippines See also : Protestantism in the Philippines Methodism in the Philippines began shortly after the United States acquired the Philippines in 1898 as a result the Spanish -- American War . On 21 June 1898 , after the Battle of Manila Bay but before the Treaty of Paris , executives of the American Mission Society of the Methodist Episcopal Church expressed their desire to join other Protestant denominations in starting mission work in the islands and to enter into a Comity Agreement that would facilitate the establishment of such missions . The first Protestant worship service was conducted on 28 August 1898 by an American military chaplain named Rev. George C. Stull. Rev. Stull was an ordained Methodist minister from the Montana Annual Conference of The Methodist Episcopal Church ( later part of the United Methodist Church after 1968 ) . Consecration of the first Presiding Bishop of Ang Iglesia Metodista sa Pilipinas held at Luacan Church in Bataan , Philippines Methodist and Wesleyan traditions in the Philippines are shared by three of the largest mainline Protestant churches in the country : The United Methodist Church , Iglesia Evangelica Metodista En Las Islas Filipinas ( `` Evangelical Methodist Church in the Philippine Islands '' , abbreviated IEMELIF ) , and The United Church of Christ in the Philippines . There are also evangelical Protestant churches in the country of the Methodist tradition like the Wesleyan Church of the Philippines , Inc. the Free Methodist Church of the Philippines , and the Church of the Nazarene . There are also the IEMELIF Reform Movement ( IRM ) , The Wesleyan ( Pilgrim Holiness ) Church of the Philippines , the Philippine Bible Methodist Church , Inc. , the Pentecostal Free Methodist Church , Inc. , the Fundamental Christian Methodist Church , The Reformed Methodist Church , Inc. , The Methodist Church of the Living Bread , Inc. , and the Wesley Evangelical Methodist Church & Mission , Inc . There are three Episcopal Areas of the United Methodist Church in the Philippines : the Baguio Episcopal Area , Davao Episcopal Area and Manila Episcopal Area . A call for autonomy from groups within the United Methodist Church in the Philippines was discussed at several conferences led mostly by episcopal candidates . This led to the establishment of the Ang Iglesia Metodista sa Pilipinas ( `` The Methodist Church in the Philippines '' ) in 2010 , led by Bishop Lito C. Tangonan , Rev. George Buenaventura , Chita Milan and Atty . Joe Frank E. Zuñiga . The group finally declared full autonomy and legal incorporation with the Securities and Exchange Commission was approved on 7 December 2011 with papers held by present procurators . It now has 126 local churches in Metro Manila , Palawan , Bataan , Zambales , Pangasinan , Bulacan , Aurora , Nueva Ecija , as well as parts of Pampanga and Cavite . Tangonan was consecrated as the denomination 's first Presiding Bishop on 17 March 2012 . South Korea ( edit ) Main article : Korean Methodist Church The Korean Methodist Church ( KMC ) is one of the largest churches in South Korea with around 1.5 million members and 8,306 ministers . Methodism in Korea grew out of British and American mission work which began in the late 19th century . The first missionary sent out was Robert Samuel Maclay of the Methodist Episcopal Church , who sailed from Japan in 1884 and was given the authority of medical and schooling permission from emperor Gojong . The Korean church became fully autonomous in 1930 , retaining affiliation with Methodist churches in America and later the United Methodist Church . The church experienced rapid growth in membership throughout most of the 20th century -- in spite of the Korean War -- before stabilizing in the 1990s . The KMC is a member of the World Methodist Council and hosted the first Asia Methodist Convention in 2001 . There are many Korean - language Methodist churches in North America catering to Korean - speaking immigrants , not all of which are named as Methodist . Americas ( edit ) Brazil ( edit ) The Methodist Church in Brazil was founded by American missionaries in 1867 after an initial unsuccessful founding in 1835 . It has grown steadily since , becoming autonomous in 1930 . In the 1970s it ordained its first woman minister . As of 2011 , the Brazilian Methodist Church is divided into eight annual conferences with 162,000 members . Canada ( edit ) Further information : Methodist Church , Canada and United Church of Canada Metropolitan Methodist Church , Toronto , played an important role in the city that was nicknamed the `` Methodist Rome '' . The father of Methodism in Canada was William Black ( 1760 -- 1834 ) who began preaching in settlements along the Petitcodiac River of New Brunswick in 1781 . A few years afterwards , Methodist Episcopal circuit riders from the US state of New York began to arrive in Canada West at Niagara , and the north shore of Lake Erie in 1786 , and at the Kingston region on the northeast shore of Lake Ontario in the early 1790s . At the time the region was part of British North America and became part of Upper Canada after the Constitutional Act of 1791 . Upper and Lower Canada were both part of the New York Episcopal Methodist Conference until 1810 when they were transferred to the newly formed Genesee Conference . Reverend Major George Neal began to preach in Niagara in October 1786 , and was ordained in 1810 by Bishop Philip Asbury , at the Lyons , New York Methodist Conference . He was Canada 's first saddlebag preacher , and travelled from Lake Ontario to Detroit for 50 years preaching the gospel . The spread of Methodism in the Canadas was seriously disrupted by the War of 1812 but quickly gained lost ground after the Treaty of Ghent was signed in 1815 . In 1817 the British Wesleyans arrived in the Canadas from the Maritimes but by 1820 had agreed , with the Episcopal Methodists , to confine their work to Lower Canada ( present - day Quebec ) while the latter would confine themselves to Upper Canada ( present - day Ontario ) . In the summer of 1818 the first place of public worship was erected for the Wesleyan Methodists in York , later Toronto . The chapel for the First Methodist Church was built on the corner of King Street and Jordan Street , the entire cost of the building was $250 , an amount that took the congregation three years to raise . In 1828 Upper Canadian Methodists were permitted by the General Conference in the United States to form an independent Canadian Conference and , in 1833 , the Canadian Conference merged with the British Wesleyans to form the Wesleyan Methodist Church in Canada . In 1884 , most Canadian Methodists were brought under the umbrella of the Methodist Church , Canada . During the nineteenth century Methodism played a large role in the culture and political affairs of Toronto . The city became known for being very puritanical with strict limits on the sale of alcohol and a rigorous enforcement of the Lord 's Day Act . It was occasionally nicknamed the `` Methodist Rome '' , the implication being that Toronto was as central to Canadian Methodism as Rome is to Catholicism . In 1925 , the Methodist Church , Canada and most Presbyterian congregations , then by far the largest Protestant communion in Canada , most Congregational Union of Ontario and Quebec congregations , Union Churches in Western Canada , and the American Presbyterian Church in Montreal merged to form the United Church of Canada . In 1968 , the Evangelical United Brethren Church 's Canadian congregations joined after their American counterparts joined the United Methodist Church . Mexico ( edit ) The Methodist Church came to Mexico in 1872 , with the arrival of two Methodist commissioners from the United States to observe the possibilities of evangelistic work in México . In December 1872 , Bishop Gilbert Haven arrived to Mexico City , and he was ordered by M.D. William Butler to go to México . Bishop John C. Keener arrived from the Methodist Episcopal Church , South in January 1873 . In 1874 , M.D. William Butler established the first Protestant Methodist school of México , in Puebla . The school was founded under the name `` Instituto Metodista Mexicano . '' Today the school is called `` Instituto Mexicano Madero . '' It is still a Methodist school , and it is one of the most elite , selective , expensive and prestigious private schools in the country , with two campuses in Puebla State , and one in Oaxaca . A few years later the principal of the school created a Methodist university , the first and only Protestant university in Mexico . On 18 January 1885 , the first Annual Conference of the United Episcopal Church of México was established . United States ( edit ) Main article : History of Methodism in the United States Barratt 's Chapel , built in 1780 , is the oldest Methodist Church in the United States built for that purpose . The church was a meeting place of Asbury and Coke . Wesley came to believe that the New Testament evidence did not leave the power of ordination to the priesthood in the hands of bishops but that other priests could ordain . In 1784 , he ordained preachers for Scotland , England , and America , with power to administer the sacraments ( this was a major reason for Methodism 's final split from the Church of England after Wesley 's death ) . At that time , Wesley sent Thomas Coke to America . Francis Asbury founded the Methodist Episcopal Church at the Baltimore Christmas Conference in 1784 , Coke ( already ordained in the Church of England ) ordained Asbury deacon , elder , and bishop each on three successive days . Circuit riders , many of whom were laymen , travelled by horseback to preach the gospel and establish churches in many places . One of the most famous circuit riders was Robert Strawbridge who lived in the vicinity of Carroll County , Maryland soon after arriving in the Colonies around 1760 . The First Great Awakening was a religious movement in the 1730s and 1740s , beginning in New Jersey , then spreading to New England , and eventually south into Virginia and North Carolina . The English Methodist preacher George Whitefield played a major role , traveling across the colonies and preaching in a dramatic and emotional style , accepting everyone as his audience . The new style of sermons and the way people practiced their faith breathed new life into religion in America . People became passionately and emotionally involved in their religion , rather than passively listening to intellectual discourse in a detached manner . People began to study the Bible at home . The effect was akin to the individualistic trends present in Europe during the Protestant Reformation . the number of local Methodist churches ( blue ) grew steadily ; it was the largest denomination in the US by 1820 . The Second Great Awakening was a nationwide wave of revivals , from 1790 to 1840 . In New England , the renewed interest in religion inspired a wave of social activism among Yankees ; Methodism grew and established several colleges , notably Boston University . In the `` burned over district '' of western New York , the spirit of revival burned brightly . Methodism saw the emergence of a Holiness movement . In the west , especially at Cane Ridge , Kentucky and in Tennessee , the revival strengthened the Methodists and the Baptists . Methodism grew rapidly in the Second Great Awakening , becoming the nation 's largest denomination by 1820 . From 58,000 members in 1790 , it reached 258,000 in 1820 and 1,661,000 in 1860 , growing by a factor of 28.6 in 70 years , while the total American population grew by a factor of eight . Other denominations also used revivals , but the Methodists grew fastest of all because `` they combined popular appeal with efficient organization under the command of missionary bishops . '' Disputes over slavery placed the church in difficulty in the first half of the 19th century , with the northern church leaders fearful of a split with the South , and reluctant to take a stand . The Wesleyan Methodist Connexion ( later renamed the Wesleyan Methodist Church ) and the Free Methodist Churches were formed by staunch abolitionists , and the Free Methodists were especially active in the Underground Railroad , which helped to free the slaves . In 1968 the Wesleyan Methodist Church and Pilgrim Holiness Church merged to form the Wesleyan Church ; those who dissented from this decision formed , in 1970 , the Bible Methodist Connection of Churches , which falls within the conservative holiness movement . In a much larger split , in 1845 at Louisville , the churches of the slaveholding states left the Methodist Episcopal Church and formed The Methodist Episcopal Church , South . The northern and southern branches were reunited in 1939 , when slavery was no longer an issue . In this merger also joined the Methodist Protestant Church . Some southerners , conservative in theology , opposed the merger , and formed the Southern Methodist Church in 1940 The Third Great Awakening from 1858 to 1908 saw enormous growth in Methodist membership , and a proliferation of institutions such as colleges ( e.g. , Morningside College ) . Methodists were often involved in the Missionary Awakening and the Social Gospel Movement . The awakening in so many cities in 1858 started the movement , but in the North it was interrupted by the Civil War . In the South , on the other hand , the Civil War stimulated revivals , especially in Lee 's army . In 1914 -- 1917 many Methodist ministers made strong pleas for world peace . President Woodrow Wilson ( a Presbyterian ) , promised `` a war to end all wars , '' using language of a future peace that had been a watchword for the postmillennial movement . In the 1930s many Methodists favored isolationist policies . Thus in 1936 , Methodist Bishop James Baker , of the San Francisco Conference , released a poll of ministers showing 56 % opposed warfare . However , the Methodist Federation did call for a boycott of Japan , which had invaded China and was disrupting missionary activity there . In Chicago , 62 local African Methodist Episcopal churches voted their support for the Roosevelt administration 's policy , while opposing any plan to send American troops overseas to fight . When war came in 1941 , the vast majority of Methodists strongly supported the national war effort , but there were also a few ( 673 ) conscientious objectors . The `` cross and flame '' logo of the United Methodist Church . The United Methodist Church ( UMC ) was formed in 1968 as a result of a merger between the Evangelical United Brethren Church ( EUB ) and The Methodist Church . The former church had resulted from mergers of several groups of German Methodist heritage , however there was no longer any need or desire to worship in the German language . The latter church was a result of union between the Methodist Protestant Church and the northern and southern factions of the Methodist Episcopal Church . The merged church had approximately nine million members as of the late 1990s . While United Methodist Church in America membership has been declining , associated groups in developing countries are growing rapidly . Prior to the merge that led to the formation of the United Methodist Church , the Evangelical Methodist Church entered into a schism with the Methodist Church , citing modernism in its parent body as the reason for the departure in 1946 . The United Methodist Glide Memorial Church has served as a counter-culture rallying point and has been identified as a liberal church . American Methodist churches are generally organized on a connectional model , related , but not identical to that used in Britain . Pastors are assigned to congregations by bishops , distinguishing it from presbyterian government . Methodist denominations typically give lay members representation at regional and national Conferences at which the business of the church is conducted , making it different from most episcopal government . This connectional organizational model differs further from the congregational model , for example of Baptist , and Congregationalist Churches , among others . In addition to the United Methodist Church , there are over 40 other denominations that descend from John Wesley 's Methodist movement . Some , such as the African Methodist Episcopal Church , the Free Methodists and the Wesleyan Church ( formerly Wesleyan Methodist ) , are explicitly Methodist . There are also independent Methodist churches , many of which are affiliated with the Association of Independent Methodists . Others do not call themselves Methodist , but grew out of the Methodist movement : for example , The Salvation Army and the Church of the Nazarene . Some of the charismatic or Pentecostal churches such as the Pentecostal Holiness Church and the Assemblies of God also have roots in or draw from Wesleyan thought . The Holiness Revival was primarily among people of Methodist persuasion , who felt that the church had once again become apathetic , losing the Wesleyan zeal . Some important events of this revival were the writings of Phoebe Palmer during the mid-1800s , the establishment of the first of many holiness camp meetings at Vineland , New Jersey in 1867 , and the founding of Asbury College , ( 1890 ) , and other similar institutions in the U.S. around the turn of the twentieth century . Oceania ( edit ) Australia ( edit ) Various branches of Methodism in Australia merged during the 20 years from 1881 , with a union of all groups except the Lay Methodists forming the Methodist Church of Australasia in 1902 . In 1945 the Rev. Dr. Kingsley Ridgway offered himself as a Melbourne - based `` field representative '' for a possible Australian branch of the Wesleyan Methodist Church of America , after meeting an American serviceman who was a member of that denomination . The Wesleyan Methodist Church of Australia was founded on his work . The Methodist Church of Australasia merged with the majority of the Presbyterian Church of Australia and the Congregational Union of Australia in 1977 , becoming the Uniting Church . Wesley Mission in Pitt Street , Sydney , the largest parish in the Uniting Church , is strongly in the Wesleyan tradition . The Wesleyan Methodist Church of Australia continues to operate independently . There are also other independent Methodist congregations , some of which were established by , or have been impacted by , Tongan immigrants . A new Methodist denomination in Australia is the Chinese Methodist Church in Australia . It was started by members from the Methodist Churches of Malaysia and Singapore who were either sent to Australia or emigrated there and is found in all the major cities of Australia . It was originally known as the Methodist Church in Australia , but disagreement rose over its name with the Uniting Church in Australia , with the latter refusing to allow its entry into the World Methodist Council . To solve this disagreement , the name was changed to the Chinese Methodist Church in Australia and after the Uniting Church in Australia dropped its veto , it was subsequently welcomed into the World Methodist Council . Fiji ( edit ) As a result of the early efforts of missionaries , most of the natives of the Fiji Islands were converted to Methodism in the 1840s and 1850s . Most ethnic Fijians are Methodists today ( the others are largely Roman Catholic and further divided into minor denominations such as Baptist , All Nations , Assemblies of God , Christian Mission Fellowship , Jehovah 's Witnesses , Church of Latter Day Saints , Souls to Jesus and a few others ) , and the Methodist Church of Fiji and Rotuma is an important social force . New Zealand ( edit ) The Methodist Church of New Zealand was the fourth most frequent religious affiliation chosen by those who declared one in the 2006 national census . Samoan Islands ( edit ) In 1868 , Piula Theological College was established in Lufilufi on the north coast of Upolu island in Samoa and serves as the main headquarters of the Methodist church in the country . The college includes the historic Piula Monastery as well as Piula Cave Pool , a natural spring situated beneath the church by the sea . The Methodist Church is the third largest denomination throughout the Samoan Islands , in both Samoa and American Samoa . Tonga ( edit ) Methodism had a particular resonance with the inhabitants of Tonga . As of 2006 somewhat more than a third of Tongans adhered to the Methodist tradition . Methodism is represented on the island by a number of churches including the Free Church of Tonga and the Free Wesleyan Church , which is the largest church in Tonga . The royal family of the country are prominent members , and the late king was a lay preacher . Ecumenical relations ( edit ) Part of a series on Protestantism Topics ( show ) Reformation Great Awakenings History Culture Demographics Persecution Criticism Major branches ( show ) Adventism Anabaptism Anglicanism Baptist churches Calvinism Lutheranism Methodism Pentecostalism Minor branches ( show ) Hussitism Waldensianism Plymouth Brethren Holiness movement Quakerism Multiple others Interdenominational movements ( show ) Evangelicalism Charismatic movement Neo-charismatic movement Other developments ( show ) Arminianism Pietism Puritanism Neo-orthodoxy Paleo - orthodoxy Christian fundamentalism Modernism and liberalism Related movements ( show ) Nondenominational churches House churches Many Methodists have been involved in the ecumenical movement , which has sought to unite the fractured denominations of Christianity . Because Methodism grew out of the Church of England , a denomination from which neither of the Wesley brothers seceded , some Methodist scholars and historians , such as Rupert E. Davies have regarded their ' movement ' more as a preaching order within wider Christian life than as a church , comparing them with the Franciscans , who formed a religious order within the medieval European church and not a separate denomination . Certainly , Methodists have been deeply involved in early examples of church union , especially the United Church of Canada and the Church of South India . Also , a disproportionate number of Methodists take part in inter-faith dialogue . For example , Wesley Ariarajah , a long - serving director of the World Council of Churches ' sub-unit on `` Dialogue with People of Living Faiths and Ideologies '' is a Methodist . In October 1999 , an executive committee of the World Methodist Council resolved to explore the possibility of its Member Churches becoming associated with the doctrinal agreement which had been reached by the Catholic Church and Lutheran World Federation ( LWF ) . In May 2006 , the International Methodist -- Catholic Dialogue Commission completed its most recent report , entitled `` The Grace Given You in Christ : Catholics and Methodists Reflect Further on the Church , '' and submitted the text to Methodist and Catholic authorities . In July of the same year , in Seoul , South Korea , the Member Churches of the World Methodist Council ( WMC ) voted to approve and sign a `` Methodist Statement of Association '' with the Joint Declaration on the Doctrine of Justification ( JDDJ ) , the agreement which was reached and officially accepted in 1999 by the Catholic Church and the Lutheran World Federation and which proclaimed that : `` Together we confess : By grace alone , in faith in Christ 's saving work and not because of any merit on our part , we are accepted by God and receive the Holy Spirit , who renews our hearts while equipping and calling us to good works ... as sinners our new life is solely due to the forgiving and renewing mercy that God imparts as a gift and we receive in faith , and never can merit in any way , '' affirming `` fundamental doctrinal agreement '' concerning justification between the Catholic Church , the LWF , and the World Methodist Council . This is not to say there is perfect agreement between the three denominational traditions ; while Catholics and Methodists believe that salvation involves cooperation between God and man , Lutherans believe that God brings about the salvation of individuals without any cooperation on their part . Commenting on the ongoing dialogues with Catholic Church leaders , Rev. Ken Howcroft , Methodist minister and the Ecumenical Officer for the Methodist Church of Great Britain , noted that `` these conversations have been immensely fruitful . '' Methodists are increasingly recognizing that the 15 centuries prior to the Reformation constitute a shared history with Catholics , and are gaining new appreciation for neglected aspects of the Catholic tradition . There are , however , important unresolved doctrinal differences separating Roman Catholicism and Methodism , which include `` the nature and validity of the ministry of those who preside at the Eucharist , the precise meaning of the Eucharist as the sacramental ' memorial ' of Christ 's saving death and resurrection , the particular way in which Christ is present in Holy Communion , and the link between eucharistic communion and ecclesial communion . Great Britain ( edit ) In the 1960s , the Methodist Church of Great Britain made ecumenical overtures to the Church of England , aimed at denominational union . Formally , these failed when they were rejected by the Church of England 's General Synod in 1972 ; conversations and co-operation continued , however , leading in 2003 to the signing of a covenant between the two churches . From the 1970s onward , the Methodist Church also started several Local Ecumenical Projects ( LEPs , later renamed Local Ecumenical Partnerships ) with local neighbouring denominations , which involved sharing churches , schools and in some cases ministers . In many towns and villages there are United Churches which are sometimes with Anglican or Baptist churches , but most commonly are Methodist and URC , simply because in terms of belief , practice and churchmanship , many Methodists see themselves as closer to the United Reformed Church than to other denominations such as the Church of England . In the 1990s and early 21st century , the British Methodist Church was involved in the Scottish Church Initiative for Union , seeking greater unity with the established and Presbyterian Church of Scotland , the Scottish Episcopal Church and the United Reformed Church in Scotland . The Methodist Church in Great Britain is a member of several ecumenical organisations , including the World Council of Churches , the Conference of European Churches , the Community of Protestant Churches in Europe , Churches Together in Britain and Ireland , Churches Together in England , Action of Churches Together in Scotland and Cytûn ( Wales ) . United States ( edit ) A United Methodist chapel in Kent , Ohio There are seven World Methodist Council denominations in the United States : the African Methodist Episcopal Church ; the African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church ; the Christian Methodist Episcopal Church ; the Church of the Nazarene ; the Free Methodist Church ; the Wesleyan Church ; and the United Methodist Church . The AME , AMEZ and CME are historically African Methodist denominations . The Church of the Nazarene , Free Methodists and Wesleyans are Wesleyan Holiness churches . Methodist churches in the United States have also strengthened ties with other Christian traditions . In April 2005 , bishops in the United Methodist Church approved A Proposal for Interim Eucharistic Sharing . This document was the first step toward full communion with the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America ( ELCA ) . The ELCA approved this same document in August 2005 . At the 2008 General Conference , the United Methodist Church approved full communion with the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America . The UMC is also in dialogue with the Episcopal Church for full communion by 2012 . The two denominations are working on a document called `` Confessing Our Faith Together . '' See also ( edit ) Christianity portal Methodism portal Arminianism portal List of Methodists List of Methodist theologians Saints in Methodism List of Methodist churches List of Methodist denominations Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The term Methodist was originally a pejorative expression used to deride the strict religious regularity of those students belonging to the `` Holy Club '' at the University of Oxford ; it was adopted by John Wesley in his later ministry . Jump up ^ This figure is an estimate by the World Methodist Council and includes members of united and uniting churches with Methodist participation . It represents approximately 60 million committed members and a further 20 million adherents . ^ Jump up to : Arminianism is named after Jacobus Arminius , a Dutch theologian who was trained to preach Calvinism but concluded that some aspects of Calvinism had to be modified in the light of Scripture . His opposition to some of the teachings of the Belgic Confession was formalized into Five Articles of Remonstrance , published posthumously by his followers in 1610 . Arminians as well as Calvinists appeal to various Scriptures and the early Church Fathers to support their respective views , however the differences remain -- Arminianism holds to the role free will in salvation and rejects the doctrines of predestination and election . John Wesley was perhaps the clearest English proponent of Arminian theology . Jump up ^ This social analysis is a summary of a wide variety of books on Methodist history , articles in The Methodist Magazine , etc . Most of the Methodist aristocracy were associated with Selina Hastings , Countess of Huntingdon , who invited Methodist preachers to gatherings which she hosted . Methodists were leaders among Christians at that time in reaching out to the poorest of the working classes . A number of soldiers were also Methodists . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Fairchild , Mary . `` Methodist Church History : A Brief History of the Methodist Denomination '' . About.com : Christianity . Retrieved 26 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Holy Club '' . The Methodist Church in Britain . Retrieved 20 October 2016 . Jump up ^ American Methodism . S.S. Scranton & Co . Retrieved 18 October 2007 . But the most - noticeable feature of British Methodism is its missionary spirit , and its organized , effective missionary work . It takes the lead of all other denominations in missionary movements . From its origin , Methodism has been characterised for its zeal in propagandism . It has always been missionary . Jump up ^ `` Member Churches '' . World Methodist Council . Retrieved 17 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : A Catechism for the Use of the People Called Methodists . Peterborough ( England ) : Methodist Publishing House . 2000 . ISBN 9781858521824 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wesley on Social Holiness '' ( PDF ) . The Methodist Church in Britain . Retrieved 18 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Models for Christian Higher Education : Strategies for Survival and Success in the Twenty - First Century . William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company . Retrieved 18 October 2007 . Wesleyan institutions , whether hospitals , orphanages , soup kitchens or schools , historically were begun with the spirit to serve all people and to transform society . Jump up ^ Tucker , Karen B. Westerfield ( 2001 ) . American Methodist Worship . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 9780198029267 . Jump up ^ A Collection of Hymns , for the use of the people called Methodists . T. Blanshard . Retrieved 31 December 2007 . Jump up ^ JA Clapperton , `` Romance and Heroism in Early Methodism '' , ( 1901 ) Jump up ^ `` What We Believe -- Founder of the United Methodist Church '' . United Methodist Church of Whitefish Bay . Archived from the original on 25 March 2008 . Retrieved 1 August 2007 . Jump up ^ An introduction to world Methodism . Cambridge University Press . Retrieved 31 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Lincoln College , Oxford , Famous Alumni , John Wesley ( 1703 -- 1791 ) '' . Lincoln College , Oxford University . Retrieved 24 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Ross , Kathy W. ; Stacey , Rosemary . `` John Wesley and Savannah '' . Retrieved 1 January 2017 . Jump up ^ John Wesley 's Heart Strangely Warmed , www.christianity.com Jump up ^ Dreyer , Frederick A. ( 1999 ) . The Genesis of Methodism . Lehigh University Press . p. 27 . ISBN 0 - 934223 - 56 - 4 . Jump up ^ Burnett , Daniel L. ( 2006 ) . In the Shadow of Aldersgate : An Introduction to the Heritage and Faith of the Wesleyan Tradition . Wipf and Stock . p. 36 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59752 - 573 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Hylson - Smith , Kenneth ( 1992 ) . Evangelicals in the Church of England 1734 - 1984 . Bloomsbury . pp. 17 -- 21 . Jump up ^ Richard Bennett , `` Howell Harris and the Dawn of Revival '' , ( 1909 , Eng . tr. 1962 ) , ISBN 1 - 85049 - 035 - X Jump up ^ `` Methodist Church '' . BBC . Retrieved 4 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Stutzman , Paul Fike . Recovering the Love Feast : Broadening Our Eucharistic Celebrations . Wipf and Stock Publishers . p. 159 . ISBN 9781498273176 . Retrieved 4 January 2017 . Jump up ^ John Wesley , The Works of the Reverend John Wesley , A.M. ( 1831 ) `` A short history of Methodism , '' II. 1 . Retrieved on 21 October 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` John Wesley : Methodical pietist '' . Christianity Today . Retrieved 4 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Wesley Center Online : A Plain Account of Christian Perfection '' . wesley.nnu.edu . Northwest Nazarene University . Retrieved 5 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Dallimore . George Whitefield . ^ Jump up to : Robert Glen , `` Methodism , Religious Dissent and Revolution in the English Satiric Prints , 1780 -- 1815 , '' Consortium on Revolutionary Europe , 1750 -- 1850 : Proceedings 19 ( 1989 ) , 173 -- 88 Jump up ^ Charles H. Goodwin , `` Vile or reviled ? The causes of the anti-Methodist riots at Wednesbury between May , 1743 and April , 1744 in the light of New England revivalism . '' Methodist history 35.1 ( 1996 ) : 14 -- 28 . Jump up ^ On anti-Methodist literary attacks see Brett C. McInelly , `` Writing the Revival : The Intersections of Methodism and Literature in the Long 18th Century . '' Literature Compass 12.1 ( 2015 ) : 12 -- 21 ; McInelly , Textual Warfare and the Making of Methodism ( Oxford , UP , 2014 ) . Jump up ^ Prichard , Robert ; Prichard , Robert . History of The Episcopal Church ( Third Revised Edition ) . Jump up ^ Indiana Annual Conference of the United Methodist Church `` The Christmas Gift : A New Church '' ( 1 ) Jump up ^ William J. Abraham ( 25 August 2016 ) . `` The Birth Pangs of United Methodism as a Unique , Global , Orthodox Denomination '' . Retrieved 30 April 2017 . Jump up ^ John Cannon and Robert Crowcroft , eds. ( 2015 ) . The Oxford Companion to British History . Oxford UP . p. 1040 . ISBN 9780191044816 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Kathryn A. Broyles , `` Mothering , catechesis , and ecclesial leadership : The women of early Methodism and their call to witness to the gospel of Christ . '' Methodist History 46.3 ( 2008 ) : 141 - 156 . Jump up ^ `` A historical perspective on Methodist involvement in school education after Wesley '' ( PDF ) . The Methodist Church in Britain . Retrieved 6 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Pritchard , Frank Cyril ( 1949 ) Methodist Secondary Education : A History of the Contribution of Methodism to Secondary Education in the United Kingdom . Epworth . Jump up ^ Vickers , Jason ( 1 November 2016 ) . A Wesleyan Theology of the Eucharist : The Presence of God for Christian Life and Ministry . BookBaby . p. 350 . ISBN 9780938162513 . Retrieved 11 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Melton , J. Gordon ( 1 January 2005 ) . Encyclopedia of Protestantism . Infobase Publishing . p. 48 . ISBN 9780816069835 . Among the items deleted by Wesley as unnecessary for Methodists were articles on Of Works Before Justification , which in Calvinism are largely discounted , but in Methodism lauded ; Of Predestination and Election , which Wesley felt would be understood in a Calvinist manner that the Methodists rejected ; and Of the Traditions of the Church , which Wesley felt to be no longer at issue . Jump up ^ `` Why do we say creeds ? '' . The United Methodist Church . Retrieved 16 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Communications , United Methodist . `` The Articles of Religion of the Methodist Church '' . United Methodist Communications . The United Methodist Church . Retrieved 7 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Tillett , Wilbur Fisk ( 1907 ) . A Statement of the Faith of World - wide Methodism . Publishing House of the M.E. Church , South . p. 12 . Retrieved 11 March 2017 . Jump up ^ See Mark 12 : 31 Jump up ^ Communications , United Methodist . `` Our Wesleyan Heritage '' . The United Methodist Church . Retrieved 18 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Preface to The Methodist Hymn Book , December 1933 Jump up ^ John Wesley 's `` Preface to A collection of Hymns for use of the People called Methodists , 20 October 1779 Jump up ^ Roger E. Olson ( 2009 ) . Arminian Theology : Myths and Realities . InterVarsity Press . p. 33 . Jump up ^ Edgar Parkyns , `` His Waiting Bride '' , ( 1996 ) , pp 169 -- 170 , ISBN 0 - 9526800 - 0 - 9 Jump up ^ Ashby , Stephen `` Reformed Arminianism '' Four Views on Eternal Security ( Grand Rapids : Zondervan , 2002 ) , 137 Jump up ^ John Wesley , Sermons on Several Occasions for further detail . ^ Jump up to : J. Steven Harper , `` The Way to Heaven : The Gospel According to John Wesley '' , ( 1983 ) , ISBN 0 - 310 - 25260 - 1 Jump up ^ Gwyn Davies , `` A Light in the Land '' , ( 2002 ) , p. 46 , ISBN 1 - 85049 - 181 - X Jump up ^ Kennedy , David J. ( 22 April 2016 ) . Eucharistic Sacramentality in an Ecumenical Context : The Anglican Epiclesis . Routledge . p. 75 . ISBN 9781317140115 . Retrieved 16 March 2017 . Evangelical Anglicans in the main did not follow the sacramental emphasis of the Wesleys but tended to be Cranmerian in their eucharistic theology , rejecting any notion of an objective presence of Christ in the elements . Jump up ^ Herbermann , Charles , ed. ( 1913 ) . `` Methodism '' . Catholic Encyclopedia . New York : Robert Appleton Company . Jump up ^ A Catechism for the use of people called Methodists . Peterborough , England : Methodist Publishing House . 2000 . p. 26 . ISBN 9781858521824 . Jump up ^ `` This Holy Mystery '' . The United Methodist Church . 2004 . Retrieved 23 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Means of Grace '' ( PDF ) . Methodist Church in Ireland . Retrieved 20 October 2016 . Jump up ^ John Wesley , Standard Sermons ( 1871 ) `` Sermon 16 - The Means of Grace , '' II. 1 . Retrieved on 20 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Phillips , L. Edward ( 2014 ) . `` The Holy Communion as a Means of Grace and the Question of On - line Communion '' ( PDF ) . UMC General Board of Higher Education and Ministry . Retrieved 20 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Rodes , Stanley J. ( 25 September 2014 ) . From Faith to Faith : John Wesley 's Covenant Theology and the Way of Salvation . James Clarke & Co . ISBN 9780227902202 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Wesleyan Quadrilateral , the '' . Glossary . United Methodist Church . Retrieved 13 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Dawes , Stephen B . `` The Spirituality of ' Scriptural Holiness ' '' ( PDF ) . The European Methodist Theological Commission . Retrieved 20 October 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Firth , Richard . `` Methodist Worship '' ( PDF ) . University of Birmingham . Retrieved 7 February 2016 . Jump up ^ White , with an introduction by James F. ( 1984 ) . John Wesley 's Sunday service of the Methodists in North America . Nashville : Quarterly Review . ISBN 978 - 0687406326 . Jump up ^ `` Methodist Publishing : Resources Catalogue '' ( PDF ) . Methodist Publishing . Retrieved 24 March 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Lyerly , Cynthia Lynn ( 24 September 1998 ) . Methodism and the Southern Mind , 1770 - 1810 . Oxford University Press . p. 39 . ISBN 9780195354249 . Retrieved 19 June 2017 . 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Oxford University Press . p. 46 . ISBN 9780199774159 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Abraham , William J. ; Kirby , James E. ( 24 September 2009 ) . The Oxford Handbook of Methodist Studies . Oxford University Press . p. 253 . ISBN 9780191607431 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Cracknell and White ( 2005 ) , p. ' i ' ( frontmatter ) Jump up ^ `` Korean Methodist Church '' . World Council of Churches . Retrieved 23 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Who We Are '' . worldmethodistcouncil.org . World Methodist Council . Retrieved 8 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Central and Southern Europe '' . www.umc-europe.org . United Methodist Church Europe UMC / Evangelisch - Methodistische Kirche Europa . Retrieved 20 January 2017 . The United Methodist Church in Central and Southern Europe consists of about 33'500 members and friends living in 16 countries . ^ Jump up to : `` 3.7. 1 Statistical Reports , details '' ( Word doc . ) . The United Methodist Church - Northern Europe & Eurasia . Retrieved 20 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Statistische Zahlen '' . Evangelisch - methodistische Kirche ( in German ) . Retrieved 20 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Deed of Union '' ( PDF ) . The Constitutional Practice and Discipline of the Methodist Church . The Methodist Church in Britain . Retrieved 5 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Methodism in Numbers -- Statistics at a Glance '' ( PDF ) . methodist.org.uk . The Methodist Conference . July 2015 . Retrieved 23 December 2015 . Jump up ^ H.B. Workman ( 2012 ) . Methodism . Cambridge UP . p. 97 . Jump up ^ Glen O'Brien ; Hilary M. Carey ( 2016 ) . Methodism in Australia : A History . Routledge . p. 62 . Jump up ^ S.J.D. Green , Religion in the Age of Decline : Organisation and Experience in Industrial Yorkshire , 1870 - 1920 ( 1996 ) Jump up ^ Charles Yrigoyen Jr ( 2010 ) . T&T Clark Companion to Methodism . A&C Black . p. 502 . Jump up ^ Phil Carradice . `` The temperance movement in Wales '' . BBC . Retrieved 20 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Alcohol '' . Views of the Church . The Methodist Church in Britain . Retrieved 20 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Wesleyan Reform Union of Churches '' . Thewru.com . Retrieved 19 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to IMCGB - Home page '' . Retrieved 15 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` John Wesley in Ireland '' . Irish History Links . Retrieved 20 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Going beyond the church buildings and into the community '' . The Irish Times . 12 June 2013 . Retrieved 20 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Census 2011 : Key Statistics for Northern Ireland '' ( PDF ) . nisra.gov.uk . Retrieved 21 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Taggart , Norman W. ( 2004 ) . `` Conflict , controversy and co-operation '' . Columba Press . p. 133 . Retrieved 21 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Opera per le Chiese Metodiste in Italia '' . Evangelical Methodist Church in Italy . Retrieved 22 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` La diaspora Valdese '' ( in Italian ) . Chiesa Evangelica Valdese . Retrieved 22 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Italian fact sheet '' ( Microsoft Word document ) . The Methodist Church in Britain . Retrieved 22 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` METHODISTS BUY ROME SITE ; Will Build a College in Connection with Mission Work '' . The New York Times . 26 January 1914 . Jump up ^ `` World Methodist Council opens new ecumenical office in Rome '' . en.radiovaticana.va . Vatican Radio . 6 April 2016 . Retrieved 21 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` About the Methodist Ecumenical Office Rome '' . Methodist Church in Britain . Retrieved 21 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Hassing , Arne ( 1991 ) . Religion og makt : metodismen i norsk historie ( in Norwegian ) . Trondheim : Tapir . pp. 35 , 56 . ISBN 82 - 519 - 0954 - 6 . ISSN 0333 - 029X . ^ Jump up to : `` France '' . www.umc-europe.org . United Methodist Church Europe UMC / Evangelisch - Methodistische Kirche Europa . Retrieved 20 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` France - General Board of Global Ministries '' . www.umcmission.org . Retrieved 20 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` History of The United Methodist Church in Europe - The United Methodist Church '' . United Methodist Communications . Jump up ^ `` The EMF in Hungary '' ( in German ) . United Methodist Church Europe UMC / Evangelisch - Methodistische Kirche Europa . Retrieved 20 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Church site in Hungarian : Retrieved 18 September 2011 . Jump up ^ John Wesley Theological College site : Retrieved 26 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Fellowship site : ( 2 ) . College site : `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2 April 2012 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 18 ... Both in Hungarian . Retrieved 18 September 2011 . `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 15 August 2015 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 19 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Die Welt , 21 March 2012 : Retrieved 26 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Opinion on Act CCVI / 2011 : Retrieved 26 March 2012 . Archived 17 January 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Hungarian Salvation Army site : Retrieved 18 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Wesley Kiadó site in Hungarian : Retrieved 26 March 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Centennial of Methodism in Russia observed '' . United Methodist Church . Retrieved 29 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Develop United Methodist Center in St. Petersburg '' . United Methodist Church . Archived from the original on 15 June 2010 . Retrieved 29 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Soviets OK New Religious Freedoms '' . deseretnews . Retrieved 11 May 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Blackman , Francis ' Woodie ' John Wesley 300 : Pioneers , Preachers and Practitioners ( Barbados : Dalkeith Methodist Church , 2003 , 89 pp , ISBN 976 - 8080 - 61 - 2 ) ^ Jump up to : `` Methodist Church in the Caribbean and the Americas '' . oikoumene.org . World Council of Churches . Retrieved 20 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Baxter Memorial '' . methodistchurchantigua.org . Methodist Church of Antigua & Barbuda . Retrieved 20 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Blackman , Francis , National heroine of Barbados : Sarah Ann Gill ( Barbados : Methodist Church , 1998 , 27 pp ) Jump up ^ Clarke , S. , Black History Month : Augustus Rawle Parkinson , Nation News ( Barbados ) , 24 February 2014 , accessed 17 June 2016 Jump up ^ Blackman , Francis , Methodism : 200 Years in British Virgin Islands ( British Virgin Islands : Methodist Church , 1989 , 151 pp , ISBN 976 - 8001 - 36 - 4 ) Jump up ^ Blackman , Francis , Methodism , 200 years in Barbados ( Barbados : Caribbean Contact , 1988 , 160 pp ) ^ Jump up to : `` Methodist Church Nigeria '' . World Council of Churches . Retrieved 25 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Life Coalition International - Jesus Is The Standard '' . Retrieved 15 September 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Methodist Church Ghana '' . oikoumene.org . World Council of Churches . Retrieved 20 January 2017 . Jump up ^ F.L. Bartels . The Roots of Ghana Methodism . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 1965 , pp. 12 -- 18 . Jump up ^ Millard - Jackson , J `` Who called the tune ? Methodist Missionary policy in South Africa during the 19th century '' in Forster , D and Bentley , W. Methodism in Southern Africa : A celebration of Wesleyan Mission . Kempton Park . AcadSA publishers ( 2008 : 31 ) . Jump up ^ Forster , D. `` God 's mission in our context , healing and transforming responses '' in Forster , D and Bentley , W. Methodism in Southern Africa : A celebration of Wesleyan Mission . Kempton Park . AcadSA publishers ( 2008 : 79 -- 80 ) Jump up ^ Millard - Jackson , J `` Who called the tune ? Methodist Missionary policy in South Africa during the 19th century '' in Forster , D and Bentley , W. Methodism in Southern Africa : A celebration of Wesleyan Mission . Kempton Park . AcadSA publishers ( 2008 : 34 -- 37 ) Jump up ^ Forster , D. `` God 's mission in our context , healing and transforming responses '' in Forster , D and Bentley , W. Methodism in Southern Africa : A celebration of Wesleyan Mission . Kempton Park . AcadSA publishers ( 2008 : 80 ) Jump up ^ Grassow , P. `` William Shaw '' in Forster , D and Bentley , W. Methodism in Southern Africa : A celebration of Wesleyan Mission . Kempton Park . AcadSA publishers ( 2008 : 13 -- 25 ) Jump up ^ `` Official website of the Methodist Church of Southern Africa '' . Methodist.org.za . Retrieved 19 April 2013 . Jump up ^ For a discussion of Church membership statistics in South Africa please refer to Forster , D. `` God 's mission in our context , healing and transforming responses '' in Forster , D. and Bentley , W. Methodism in Southern Africa : A celebration of Wesleyan Mission . Kempton Park . AcadSA publishers ( 2008 : 97 -- 98 ) Jump up ^ `` 回眸 : 当年 传教 士 进 羊城 - MW 悦 读 室 之 岭南 话 廊 - 凤凰 网 博客 '' . Blog.ifeng.com . Retrieved 19 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 合 信 的 《 全体 新 论 》 与 广东 士 林 - 《 广东 史 志 》 1999 年 01 期 - 中国 知 网 '' . Mall.cnki.net. 3 February 2012 . Retrieved 19 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Rebecca Chan Chung , Deborah Chung and Cecilia Ng Wong , `` Piloted to Serve '' , 2012 Jump up ^ `` Piloted to Serve '' . Facebook . Retrieved 19 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Stephen Livingstone Baldwin , Foreign Missions of the Protestant Churches , 1900 Jump up ^ `` In commemoration of John Wesley '' . The Hindu . Chennai , India . 29 October 2004 . Jump up ^ `` The Methodist Church in India : Bangalore Episcopal Area '' . Gbgm-umc.org . Archived from the original on 24 May 2012 . Retrieved 19 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` uccp.ph '' . Retrieved 15 September 2014 . Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Archived 11 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Philippines Church of the Nazarene - Mabuhay ! '' . Retrieved 15 September 2014 . Jump up ^ ( 4 ) Archived 3 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ ( 5 ) Archived 3 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Manila Episcopal Area '' . Retrieved 15 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` AIM Pilipinas Website '' . AIM Pilipinas . Retrieved 28 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Philippine Methodist '' . AIM Pilipinas . Retrieved 28 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` AIM Pilipinas Blogsite '' . AIM Pilipinas . Retrieved 28 March 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Korean Methodist Church '' . oikoumene.org . World Council of Churches . Retrieved 23 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Kim , Sebastian C.H. ; Kim , Kirsteen . A History of Korean Christianity . Cambridge University Press . p. 100 . ISBN 9781316123140 . Jump up ^ Yrigoyen , Charles ; Warrick , Susan E. ( 2013 ) . Historical Dictionary of Methodism . Scarecrow Press . p. 219 . ISBN 9780810878945 . ^ Jump up to : `` The way we were in Toronto in 1892 '' Trish Worron . Toronto Star . 1 November 2002 . p . A. 29 Jump up ^ G.S. French , `` William black '' Dictionary of Canadian Biography Jump up ^ Peppiatt , Liam . `` Chapter 48 : The First Methodist Church '' . Robertson 's Landmarks of Toronto Revisited . Jump up ^ John Wesley Butler , History of the Methodist Episcopal Church in Mexico ( Theclassics Us , 2013 ) . Jump up ^ Karl M. Schmitt , `` American Protestant Missionaries and the Diaz Regime in Mexico : 1876 - 1911 . '' Journal of Church & State 25 ( 1983 ) : 253 . Jump up ^ `` Instituto Mexicano Madero Plantel Centro '' . Imm.edu.mx . Retrieved 19 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Universidad Madero de Puebla '' . Umad.edu.mx . Retrieved 19 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Data from Edwin Scott Gaustad , Historical Atlas of Religion in America ( 2nd ed. 1976 ) pp 4 , 4 Jump up ^ U.S. Bureau of the Census , Historical Statistics of the United States : From : the Colonial Times to the Present ( 1976 ) pp 8 , 392 Jump up ^ Bratt , James D. ( 2006 ) . Antirevivalism in Antebellum America : A Collection of Religious Voices . Rutgers UP . p. 15 . Jump up ^ Lewis , James R. ( 2002 ) . The Encyclopedia of Cults , Sects , and New Religions . Prometheus Books , Publishers . p. 356 . ISBN 9781615927388 . The Bible Methodist Connection of Tennessee , the Bible Holiness Church , and the Bible Methodist Connection of Churches were formed as a result of the opposition to the merger of the Wesleyan Methodist Church and the Pilgrim Holiness Church into the Wesleyan Church ( 1968 ) . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Jewett , Robert ; Wangerin , Ole ( 2008 ) . Mission and menace : four centuries of American religious zeal . Fortress Press . p. 213 . Jump up ^ ( Meyer 200 , 354 ) Jump up ^ Methodist World Peace Commission administered Civilian Public Service units at Duke University Hospital in Durham , North Carolina and Cherokee State ( Psychiatric ) Hospital in Cherokee , Iowa ( list of CPS Camps ) . Jump up ^ `` World Growth of the United Methodist Church in Comparative Perspective : A Brief Statistical Analysis - Robert '' . Retrieved 15 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Garrett , James Leo ; Hinson , E. Glenn ; Tull , James E. ( 1983 ) . Are Southern Baptists `` Evangelicals '' ? . Mercer University Press . p. 47 . ISBN 9780865540330 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Crespino , Joseph ( 2007 ) . In Search of Another Country : Mississippi and the Conservative Counterrevolution . Princeton University Press . p. 169 . ISBN 9780691122090 . Retrieved 30 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Humphreys , Robert ; Rowland Ward ( 1986 ) . Religious Bodies in Australia . Melbourne : Robert Humphreys and Rowland Ward . p. 45 . ISBN 1 - 86252 - 709 - 1 . Jump up ^ O'Brien , Glen ( 1996 ) . Kingsley Ridgway : Pioneer with a Passion . Melbourne : Wesleyan Methodist Church . Jump up ^ Humphreys , Robert ; Rowland Ward ( 1986 ) . Religious Bodies in Australia . Melbourne : Robert Humphreys and Rowland Ward . p. 47 . ISBN 1 - 86252 - 709 - 1 . Jump up ^ World Council of Churches , Methodist Church in Fiji and Rotuma . Archived 8 February 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Table 25 in 2006 Census Data > QuickStats About Culture and Identity - Tables '' . Statistics New Zealand . Retrieved 14 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Fairbairn - Dunlop , Peggy ( 2003 ) . Samoan women : widening choices . University of the South Pacific . p. 127 . ISBN 982 - 02 - 0360 - 0 . Retrieved 2 February 2010 . Jump up ^ ( cf . Ernst , Manfred / Winds of Change . Suva : PCC , 1994 , p. 146 ) Jump up ^ `` government census of 2006 SPC - Tonga religion facts '' . Spc.int . Retrieved 19 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Abraham , William J. ; Kirby , James E. ( 2009 ) . The Oxford Handbook of Methodist Studies . Oxford University Press . p. 394 . ISBN 9780191607431 . Jump up ^ Davies , Rupert E. ( 1985 ) . Methodism ( 2nd rev . ed . ) . London : Epworth Press . ISBN 0 - 7162 - 0280 - 8 . Jump up ^ Wesley Ariarajah . `` S. Wesley Ariarajah '' . Drew University . Retrieved 21 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Methodist Association with the Joint Declaration on the Doctrine of Justification '' . Vatican.va . Archived from the original on 3 March 2013 . Retrieved 19 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Vatican Radio , 2012 , Methodist Viewpoint on Ecumenical Dialogue '' . Retrieved 15 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Rev. Donald Bolan , Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity , ' Catholic - Methodist relations : Working for a `` joint living out of the Gospel Archived 3 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine . '' ' 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Joint Commission for Dialogue Between the Roman Catholic Church and the World Methodist Council , 2006 , `` The Grace Given You in Christ : Catholics and Methodists Reflect Further on the Church '' . Archived from the original on 29 May 2014 . Retrieved 15 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Anglican - Methodist Covenant '' . Anglican-methodist.org.uk. 1 November 2003 . Retrieved 19 April 2013 . Jump up ^ The Methodist Church in Britain The Scottish Church Initiative For Union ( SCIFU ) . Methodist.org.uk . Retrieved on 11 December 2011 . Archived 18 June 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Lutheran -- United Methodist Dialogue '' . Evangelical Lutheran Church in America . Retrieved 8 June 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Methodists yes to full communion with Lutherans ; no on gay change '' . Ecumenical News International . Archived from the original on 9 January 2009 . Retrieved 16 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Council approves interim pacts with Episcopalians , Lutherans '' . The United Methodist Church . Retrieved 8 June 2007 . Further reading ( edit ) Abraham , William J. and James E. Kirby , eds . The Oxford Handbook of Methodist Studies ( 2009 ) . 780pp ; historiography ; excerpt World Cracknell , Kenneth and White , Susan J. ( 2005 ) An Introduction to World Methodism , Cambridge University Press , ISBN 0 - 521 - 81849 - 4 . Forster , DA and Bentley , W ( eds . ) ( 2008 ) What are we thinking ? Reflections on Church and Society from Southern African Methodists . Methodist Publishing House , Cape Town . ISBN 978 - 1 - 919883 - 52 - 6 Forster , DA and Bentley , W ( eds . ) ( 2008 ) Methodism in Southern Africa : A celebration of Wesleyan Mission AcadSA Publishers , Kempton Park . ISBN 978 - 1 - 920212 - 29 - 2 Harmon , Nolan B. ( ed . ) ( 2 vol. 1974 ) The Encyclopedia of World Methodism , Nashville : Abingdon Press , ISBN 0 - 687 - 11784 - 4 . 2640pp Heitzenrater , Richard P. ( 1994 ) Wesley and the People Called Methodists , Nashville : Abingdon Press , ISBN 0 - 687 - 01682 - 7 Hempton , David ( 2005 ) Methodism : Empire of the Spirit , Yale University Press , ISBN 0 - 300 - 10614 - 9 Wilson , Kenneth . Methodist Theology . London , T & T Clark International , 2011 ( Doing Theology ) . Yrigoyen Jr , Charles , and Susan E. Warrick . Historical dictionary of Methodism ( 2nd ed . Scarecrow Press , 2013 ) Great Britain Borgen , Ole E. John Wesley on the Sacraments : a Theological Study . Grand Rapids , Mich. : Francis Asbury Press , 1985 , cop . 1972 . 307 p . ISBN 0 - 310 - 75191 - 8 Brooks , Alan ( 2010 ) West End Methodism : The Story of Hinde Street , London : Northway Publications , 400pp . Dowson , Jean and Hutchinson , John ( 2003 ) John Wesley : His Life , Times and Legacy ( CD - ROM ) , Methodist Publishing House , TB214 Edwards , Maldwyn . Methodism and England : A study of Methodism in its social and political aspects during the period 1850 -- 1932 ( 1944 ) Halevy , Elie , and Bernard Semmel . The Birth of Methodism in England ( 1971 ) Hempton , David ( 1984 ) Methodism and Politics in British Society , 1750 -- 1850 , Stanford University Press , ISBN 0 - 8047 - 1269 - 7 Jones , David Ceri et al . The Elect Methodists : Calvinistic Methodism in England and Wales , 1735 - 1811 ( 2012 ) Kent , John ( 2002 ) Wesley and the Wesleyans , Cambridge University Press , ISBN 0 - 521 - 45532 - 4 Madden , Lionel . Methodism in Wales : A Short History of the Wesley Tradition ( 2003 ) Stigant , P. `` Wesleyan Methodism and working - class radicalism in the north , 1792 -- 1821 . '' Northern History ( 1971 ) 6 # 1 pp : 98 - 116 . Thompson , Edward Palmer . The making of the English working class ( 1963 ) a famous classic stressing the role of Methodism . Turner , John Munsey . John Wesley : The Evangelical Revival and the Rise of Methodism in England ( 2003 ) Turner , John M. Modern Methodism in England , 1932 - 1996 ( 1997 ) Warner , Wellman J. ( 1930 ) The Wesleyan Movement in the Industrial Revolution , London : Longmans , Green . African Americans Campbell , James T. ( 1995 ) Songs of Zion : The African Methodist Episcopal Church in the United States and South Africa , Oxford University Press , ISBN 0 - 19 - 507892 - 6 George , Carol V.R. ( 1973 ) Segregated Sabbaths : Richard Allen and the Rise of Independent Black Churches , 1760 -- 1840 , New York : Oxford University Press , LCCN 73076908 Montgomery , William G. ( 1993 ) Under Their Own Vine and Fig Tree : The African - American Church in the South , 1865 -- 1900 , Louisiana State University Press , ISBN 0 - 8071 - 1745 - 5 Walker , Clarence E. ( 1982 ) A Rock in a Weary Land : The African Methodist Episcopal Church During the Civil War and Reconstruction , Louisiana State University Press , ISBN 0 - 8071 - 0883 - 9 Wills , David W. and Newman , Richard ( eds . ) ( 1982 ) Black Apostles at Home and Abroad : Afro - American and the Christian Mission from the Revolution to Reconstruction , Boston , MA : G.K. Hall , ISBN 0 - 8161 - 8482 - 8 US and Canada Cameron , Richard M. ( ed . ) ( 1961 ) Methodism and Society in Historical Perspective , 4 vol. , New York : Abingdon Press Lyerly , Cynthia Lynn ( 1998 ) Methodism and the Southern Mind , 1770 -- 1810 , Religion in America Series , Oxford University Press , ISBN 0 - 19 - 511429 - 9 Meyer , Donald ( 1988 ) The Protestant Search for Political Realism , 1919 -- 1941 , Wesleyan University Press , ISBN 0 - 8195 - 5203 - 8 Rawlyk , G.A. ( 1994 ) The Canada Fire : Radical Evangelicalism in British North America , 1775 -- 1812 , Kingston : McGill - Queen 's University Press , ISBN 0 - 7735 - 1221 - 7 Schmidt , Jean Miller ( 1999 ) Grace Sufficient : A History of Women in American Methodism , 1760 -- 1939 , Nashville , TN : Abingdon Press ISBN 0 - 687 - 15675 - 0 Semple , Neil ( 1996 ) The Lord 's Dominion : The History of Canadian Methodism , Buffalo : McGill - Queen 's University Press , ISBN 0 - 7735 - 1367 - 1 Sweet , William Warren ( 1954 ) Methodism in American History , Revision of 1953 , Nashville : Abingdon Press , 472 p . Wigger , John H. ( 1998 ) Taking Heaven by Storm : Methodism and the Rise of Popular Christianity in America , Oxford University Press , ISBN 0 - 19 - 510452 - 8 -- pp. ix & 269 focus on 1770 -- 1910 Primary sources ( edit ) Richey , Russell E. , Rowe , Kenneth E. and Schmidt , Jean Miller ( eds . ) ( 2000 ) The Methodist Experience in America : a sourcebook , Nashville : Abingdon Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 687 - 24673 - 1 . 756 p. of original documents Sweet , William Warren ( ed . ) ( 1946 ) Religion on the American Frontier : Vol. 4 , The Methodists , 1783 -- 1840 : A Collection of Source Materials , New York : H. Holt & Co. , -- 800 p. of documents regarding the American frontier The Archive of the Methodist Missionary Society is held at the School of Oriental and African Studies , London . http://www.soas.ac.uk/library/archives/ External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Methodism . Wikisource has original text related to this article : Methodism Methodist History Bookmarks World Methodist Council ( Official Website ) List of Member Churches World Methodist Evangelical Institute ( Official Website ) ( hide ) Christianity Jesus Christ Jesus in Christianity Virgin birth Crucifixion Resurrection Son of God Foundations Church Creed Gospel New Covenant Bible Books Canon Old Testament New Testament Theology God Trinity Father Son Holy Spirit Apologetics Baptism Christology Ecclesiology History of theology Mission Salvation History and tradition Mary Joseph Apostles Peter Paul Fathers Early Constantine Ecumenical councils Augustine East -- West Schism Crusades Aquinas Reformation Luther Denomi - nations and traditions ( list ) Western Adventist Anabaptist Anglican Baptist Calvinist Catholic Charismatic Evangelical Holiness Lutheran Methodist Pentecostal Protestant Eastern Eastern Orthodox Oriental Orthodox ( Miaphysite ) Assyrian Church of the East ( `` Nestorian '' ) Eastern Catholic Churches Nontrinitarian Jehovah 's Witnesses Latter Day Saint movement Oneness Pentecostalism Related topics Art Criticism Culture Ecumenism Liturgy Music Other religions Prayer Sermon Symbolism Christianity portal History of Christianity Centuries : 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th 17th 18th 19th 20th 21st Ministry of Jesus and Apostolic Age Jesus Ministry Crucifixion Resurrection Holy Spirit Leadership Apostles Seventy disciples Paul the Apostle Council of Jerusalem Great Commission New Testament Background Gospels Acts Pauline epistles General epistles Revelation Ante - Nicene Period Judaism split Justin Martyr Ignatius Persecution Fathers Irenaeus Marcionism Canon Tertullian Montanism Origen Late ancient Constantine Monasticism Councils : Nicaea I Creed Athanasius Arianism Jerome Augustine Constantinople I Ephesus I Chalcedon Eastern Christianity Eastern Orthodoxy Church of the East Oriental Orthodoxy Chrysostom Nestorianism Iconoclasm Great Schism Fall of Constantinople Armenia Georgia Greece Egypt Syria Ethiopia Bulgaria Ottoman Empire Russia America Middle Ages Pelagianism Gregory I Celtic Germanic Scandinavian Kievan Rus ' Investiture Anselm Abelard Bernard of Clairvaux Bogomils Cathars Crusades Waldensians Inquisition Scholasticism Dominic Francis Bonaventure Aquinas Wycliffe Avignon Papal Schism Bohemian Reformation Hus Conciliarism Catholicism Primacy development Papacy Timeline Lateran IV Trent Counter-Reformation Thomas More Leo X Guadalupe Jesuits Jansenists Xavier Monastery dissolution Wars Teresa Vatican I and II Modernism Reformation Protestantism Erasmus Five solae Eucharist Calvinist v. Arminian Arminianism Dort Wars Lutheranism Martin Luther 95 Theses Diet of Worms Melanchthon Orthodoxy Eucharist Book of Concord Calvinism Zwingli Calvin Presbyterianism Scotland Knox TULIP Dort Three Forms of Unity Westminster Anglicanism Timeline Henry VIII Cranmer Settlement 39 Articles Common Prayer Puritans Civil War Anabaptism Radical Reformation Grebel Swiss Brethren Müntzer Martyrs ' Synod Menno Simons Smyth 1640 -- 1789 Revivalism English denominations Baptists Congregationalism Great Awakening Methodism Millerism Pietism Neo - and Old Lutherans 1789 -- present Camp meeting Holiness movement Independent Catholic denominations Second Great Awakening Restoration Movement Jehovah 's Witnesses Mormonism Seventh - day Adventist Adventism Third Great Awakening Azusa Revival Fundamentalism Ecumenism Evangelicalism Jesus movement Mainline Protestant Pentecostalism Charismatics Liberation theology Christian right Christian left Genocide by ISIL Timeline Missions Timeline Martyrs Theology Eastern Orthodoxy Oriental Orthodoxy Protestantism Catholicism NDL : 00567619 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Methodism&oldid=809323333 '' Categories : Methodism Christian movements Christian terminology Reclaimed words Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 Norwegian - language sources ( no ) CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use dmy dates from November 2016 Articles needing cleanup from January 2017 All pages needing cleanup Cleanup tagged articles with a reason field from January 2017 Articles using small message boxes Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from January 2017 Articles containing Irish - language text Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2013 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2011 Articles containing Italian - language text Articles containing Norwegian - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2011 Articles containing French - language text Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2014 Articles containing German - language text Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2015 Articles containing Hungarian - language text Articles with unsourced statements from April 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016 All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from June 2016 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2006 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2009 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Arpetan Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Nouormand Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 8 November 2017 , at 12 : 29 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who is credited with starting the methodist church | [
"Methodism or the Methodist movement[nb 1] is a group of historically related denominations of Protestant Christianity which derive their inspiration from the life and teachings of John Wesley. George Whitefield and John's brother Charles Wesley were also significant early leaders in the movement. It originated as a revival within the 18th century Church of England and became a separate denomination after Wesley's death. The movement spread throughout the British Empire, the United States, and beyond because of vigorous missionary work,[3] today claiming approximately 80 million adherents worldwide.[4][nb 2]",
"Methodism or the Methodist movement[nb 1] is a group of historically related denominations of Protestant Christianity which derive their inspiration from the life and teachings of John Wesley. George Whitefield and John's brother Charles Wesley were also significant early leaders in the movement. It originated as a revival within the 18th century Church of England and became a separate denomination after Wesley's death. The movement spread throughout the British Empire, the United States, and beyond because of vigorous missionary work,[3] today claiming approximately 80 million adherents worldwide.[4][nb 2]",
"Methodism or the Methodist movement[nb 1] is a group of historically related denominations of Protestant Christianity which derive their inspiration from the life and teachings of John Wesley. George Whitefield and John's brother Charles Wesley were also significant early leaders in the movement. It originated as a revival within the 18th century Church of England and became a separate denomination after Wesley's death. The movement spread throughout the British Empire, the United States, and beyond because of vigorous missionary work,[3] today claiming approximately 80 million adherents worldwide.[4][nb 2]"
] | [
"John Wesley",
"George Whitefield",
"Charles Wesley"
] |
3546375635367743887 | Ruth's Chris Steak House | Ruth 's Chris Steak House - Wikipedia Ruth 's Chris Steak House Ruth 's Chris Steak House Industry Restaurants Founded Broad Street , New Orleans , Louisiana ( 1965 ) Headquarters Winter Park , Florida Number of locations 100 + steakhouses Areas served United States Canada Key people Mike O'Donnell ( Chairman & CEO ) , Kevin Toomy ( Chief Operating Officer ) , Ruth Fertel ( founder ) Products Food service Number of employees 6,102 ( 2008 ) Parent Ruth 's Hospitality Group Website www.ruthschris.com Ruth 's Chris Steak House is a chain of over 100 steakhouses across the United States , Canada and Mexico . The restaurant is regarded as an upscale fine dining establishment , marking a gradual elevation in its status since its founding in the 1960s . Ruth 's Chris is currently the largest luxury steakhouse company in number of locations , operating income , and overall profit , larger than The Palm and Morton 's . On May 22 , 2008 , the company underwent rebranding and became part of Ruth 's Hospitality Group after its acquisition of Mitchell 's Fish Market . The group has its headquarters in Winter Park , Florida . Contents 1 History 1.1 The original Chris Steak House ( 1927 -- 1965 ) 1.2 Ownership by Ruth Fertel , 1965 -- 1999 1.2. 1 Acquisition , 1965 1.2. 2 Name change to Ruth 's Chris Steak House , 1976 1.2. 3 Expansion and franchising , 1976 -- 1999 1.3 Acquisition by Madison Dearborn 1999 -- 2005 1.4 Public company , 2005 onwards 1.4. 1 Relocation to Florida , 2005 1.4. 2 Recent expansion and current performance 2 Dining 2.1 Menu 2.2 Beverages 3 References 4 External links History ( edit ) The original Chris Steak House ( 1927 -- 1965 ) ( edit ) Chris Steak House was founded on February 27 , 1927 by New Orleans entrepreneur Chris Matulich . It was located at 1100 North Broad Street near the New Orleans Fairgrounds Racetrack , seated 60 people , and had no parking lot . During Matulich 's 38 - year management , the business was sold six times , failing each time , and enabling him to buy the restaurant back cheaply from the purchasers . Ownership by Ruth Fertel , 1965 -- 1999 ( edit ) Acquisition , 1965 ( edit ) Ruth Fertel was a divorced single mother who needed money to send her teenage sons to college . Ignoring the advice of her banker , lawyer , and friends , Ruth purchased the restaurant in 1965 . She used her brother 's restaurant , Sig 's Antique Restaurant in Port Sulphur , Louisiana , along with family recipes to lay the foundation for her restaurant . She initially planned to raise just $18,000 to cover the purchase price , until it was pointed out to her that she would need an additional $4,000 to cover the cost of renovations and food . On her first day , May 24 , 1965 , she sold 35 steaks at $5 each . Fertel personally took a hand in every part of the business . She had to teach herself how to butcher steak , and despite being just five - foot - two and 110 - pounds , would saw up 30 - pound short loins by hand until she could afford an electric band saw . She staffed her restaurant with single mothers , saying that they were hard workers and reliable . For many years , Chris Steak House was the only upscale restaurant in New Orleans with an all - female wait staff . From the beginning , her restaurant attracted local politicians as well as athletes , businessmen and reporters . Political reporter Rosemary James noted that she `` would not have missed a Friday before a major election at Ruth 's Chris Steak House . That was the place to be if you wanted to get some scoops . '' Local celebrities like Fats Domino were regulars . Name change to Ruth 's Chris Steak House , 1976 ( edit ) In early 1976 , shortly after Fertel signed a new ten - year lease on the restaurant , a fire destroyed the building . Fertel had recently acquired a second property nearby to rent out as party space . Within seven days , she had relocated the restaurant to its new location a few blocks away at 711 North Broad Street and re-opened it , expanding to 160 seats in the process . The sales agreement with Matulich prevented her from using the original name at any other address , so she named the new restaurant Ruth 's Chris Steak House in order to keep some continuity with the previous location . She admitted later to Fortune Magazine that `` I 've always hated the name , but we 've always managed to work around it . '' Expansion and franchising , 1976 -- 1999 ( edit ) The first franchised restaurant was opened in 1977 by a loyal customer , Thomas J. `` T.J. '' Moran ( c. 1931 -- 2015 ) , in Baton Rouge , who went on to open several more franchised Ruth 's Chris locations , TJ Ribs , and Ruffino 's restaurants through his company T.J. Moran Associates . Fertel noted , `` All our franchisees were people who had eaten at one time or another in one of our restaurants . We never looked for franchisees . They came to us . '' The chain expanded rapidly over the next two decades , with 66 locations in the U.S. and overseas by mid-1998 , and achieving over $200 million in annual revenues . This success earned Fertel a number of accolades as an entrepreneur , and the epithet The First Lady of American Restaurants or The Empress of Steak . Acquisition by Madison Dearborn 1999 -- 2005 ( edit ) In 1999 , Fertel , then 72 , developed lung cancer . She sold a 79.3 percent interest in the chain in August 1999 to investment company Madison Dearborn Partners of Chicago , remaining as a shareholder until her death in 2002 . In that period , the chain expanded to 86 restaurants , including 10 overseas locations . Revenues fell to $167.8 million in 2003 , before rising again to $192.2 million in 2004 . Public company , 2005 onwards ( edit ) On August 9 , 2005 , under President & CEO Craig Miller , Ruth 's Chris Steak House became a public company following a successful IPO valuing the company at $235 million and an increase of 15 percent in first - day trading . Relocation to Florida , 2005 ( edit ) In late August 2005 Hurricane Katrina devastated Greater New Orleans ( see : Effect of Hurricane Katrina on New Orleans ) , and the chain moved its corporate headquarters to Heathrow , Florida . Like most businesses in the city , two of the chain 's locations in the New Orleans area were forced to close because of the storm . The Metairie location has since reopened . Members of the Fertel family , particularly Ruth 's son Randy , were bitterly opposed to the move . Amid much criticism by local officials and media , and on the heels of the announcement by Morton 's that it would reopen its own New Orleans branch , the corporate offices announced that , due to extensive damage , the old flagship location on Broad Street would be permanently closed and donated to charity . Tulane University was the recipient of the gift , remodeling and reopening the site in 2012 as the Ruth U. Fertel / Tulane Community Health Center . In May 2008 , Ruth 's Chris reopened in New Orleans and is centrally located downtown in Harrah 's Hotel at 525 Fulton Street . In 2011 , the corporate headquarters was relocated to its current location in Winter Park , Florida . Recent expansion and current performance ( edit ) Ruth 's Hospitality Group logo In February 2008 , the company purchased the Mitchell 's Fish Restaurant and Columbus Fish Market brands from Cameron Mitchell Restaurants for $92 million . As the recession began to bite , the acquisition was not initially successful . The stock price fell from $22 in 2006 to under $5 and company debts rose to $185 million . CFO Tom Pennison resigned , and CEO Craig Miller was ousted by the board to be replaced by Mike O'Donnell . O'Donnell restructured and rebranded the company , creating Ruth 's Hospitality Group ( RHGI ) as the parent entity in May 2008 , allowing each of the individual restaurant brands to have their own identity within the group . The current President and COO is Kevin Toomy , formerly owner and president of the award - winning Goldcoast Seafood Grill in South Florida . In February 2013 , RHGI reported that fourth quarter sales at Ruth 's Chris restaurants were up by 7.0 percent on the previous year , representing the 11th consecutive quarterly increase in sales . Ruth 's Chris continues to add new restaurants , most recently in Harrah 's casino in Las Vegas in January 2013 , after the previous Las Vegas location on Flamingo closed in 2009 . The company has announced plans for 2013 that include an expansion into China , a new restaurant in Denver , Colorado , and four or five new franchised locations . In 2015 , it was announced that the restaurant was expanding into Albuquerque , New Mexico . In 2016 , Ruth 's Chris opened its newest restaurant in Odenton , Maryland . Dining ( edit ) Ruth 's Chris Steak House in Charlotte , North Carolina Most restaurants are open for dinner only , although some locations also offer lunch . The dress code is usually a range from business / dressy to business casual . Most locations have private dining facilities and offer business communications via satellite . The company also offers outside catering and a wedding service through the Ruth 's Weddings brand . Menu ( edit ) The restaurant 's signature is serving USDA prime steaks that are seared at 1800 ° Fahrenheit ( approximately 980 ° C ) and served on ceramic plates heated to 500 ° Fahrenheit ( 260 ° C ) . Half an ounce ( 1 Tbsp ) of butter is added just before the plates leave the kitchen in order to create the signature ' sizzle ' . Fertel firmly believed that the success of her steaks was due as much to the sound and smell of the ' sizzle ' as well as the taste . `` You hear that sizzle , and you think , ' I wonder if that 's my steak ' '' , she commented in an interview shortly before her death . In addition to steaks , the restaurant also serves entrees of chicken , lamb , fish , shrimp and lobster . Portions generally are large enough to serve two or more diners . Family style side dishes include au gratin potatoes , topped with a bechamel sauce and Cheddar cheese . Some recipes , such as the BBQ shrimp , New Orleans style creamed spinach or the sweet potato casserole , are traditional 19th century Louisiana recipes that originate with Ruth Fertel 's family , particularly her great - uncle Martin , a Louisiana Delta farmer from a French - Alsatian family . Some of these recipes have been made publicly available by the family and by the company . Also available are dessert selections , with the restaurant 's signature creme brulee being a staple item throughout the chain . In 2009 , Ruth 's Chris introduced their `` Ruth 's Classics '' menu of prix fixe meals where guests choose a three - course meal ; starter , entree and side , and dessert . This menu is updated seasonally every three months . Beverages ( edit ) The wine list includes over 200 wines , primarily from leading Californian vineyards such as Mondavi , Beringer and Stag 's Leap . Twenty - five or more wines are available by the glass , depending on location . The seasonal `` vintage - inspired '' cocktail selection , introduced in 2011 by Beverage Director Helen Mackey , includes both classic and contemporary `` hand - crafted '' cocktails . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : http://phx.corporate-ir.net/phoenix.zhtml?c=190038&p=irol-homeprofile Jump up ^ `` Ruth 's Hospitality Group , Inc . Company profile from Hoover 's 407 - 333 - 7440 '' . Hoovers.com. 2010 - 10 - 21 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Ruth 's Chris Steak House '' . Funding Universe . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 22 . Jump up ^ Farkis , David ( 2005 - 12 - 01 ) . `` Raising the Stakes '' . Chain Leader Magazine . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 22 . Jump up ^ Ruth 's Chris vying to change name , First of Columbus , March 27 , 2008 Jump up ^ `` Heathrow CDP , Florida Archived 2011 - 06 - 06 at the Wayback Machine ... '' U.S. Census Bureau . Retrieved on February 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Home Office Archived 2010 - 02 - 25 at the Wayback Machine ... '' Ruth 's Hospitality Group . Retrieved on February 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Fortune Magazine , October 2003 Jump up ^ `` Ruth 's Chris Steak House History '' . Funding Universe . Retrieved 4 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ruth Fertel : A Pioneer in the Restaurant Industryauthor = Katie Bloor & Linda J Shea '' . HTM 591S -- Foundations in Hospitality and Tourism Management . University of Massachusetts Amherst . Archived from the original on 2 April 2015 . Retrieved 4 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Randy Fertel . `` The BP Oil Spill and the Bounty of Plaquemines Parish '' . Gastronomica The Journal of Critical Food Studies . Retrieved 2 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Steamroller -- Ruth Fertel '' . Capitalist Chicks . Retrieved 4 February 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Her Life Is The Stuff Of Legend '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 24 October 2013 . Retrieved 4 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Randy Fertel , philanthropist and son of steakhouse founder Ruth and ' Gorilla Man ' Rodney puts family 's legacy into print '' . The Times - Picayune . Retrieved 4 February 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` An Author Finds His Therapy Inside A Family Memoir '' . De Soto : Exploring the South . January 2012 . Retrieved 4 February 2013 . Jump up ^ McDowell , Bill , `` Ruth 's Chris Steak House , '' Restaurants & Institutions , August 1 , 1994 , 54 . Jump up ^ `` Ruth Fertel of Steakhouse Fame Is Dead at 75 '' . NY Times . April 18 , 2002 . Retrieved 4 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Bill Lodge . `` Philanthropist , founder of TJ Ribs , Ruffino 's restaurants T.J. Moran dies at age 84 , family friend says : Restaurateur funded medical outreach '' . Baton Rouge Advocate . Archived from the original on May 20 , 2015 . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` So Just What Does ' Ruth 's Chris ' Mean ? '' . CNN Money . July 6 , 1998 . Archived from the original on 9 April 2013 . Retrieved 19 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Never Give Up : Ruth 's Chris Steak House , '' Entrepreneur Magazine , September 1997 , 81 . ^ Jump up to : `` Madison Dearborn Finds Ruth 's Chris To Be Tasty Morsel '' . Chicago Tribune . July 20 , 1999 . Retrieved 19 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ruth 's Chris IPO to raise $235 M '' . Tampa Bay Business Journal . April 25 , 2005 . Retrieved 19 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ruth 's Chris Steak IPO sizzles '' . Wall Street Journal . August 9 , 2005 . Archived from the original on 11 April 2013 . Retrieved 19 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Dash , Craig ( 2005 - 09 - 05 ) . `` Ruth Built the Steakhouse . Katrina Intervened '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 22 . Jump up ^ http://www.ruthschris.com/Restaurant-Locations/metairie Jump up ^ Fitzmorris , Tim ( 2006 - 02 - 27 ) . `` Morton 's beefs up city 's diminished steak offerings '' . New Orleans City Business . Archived from the original on 2007 - 09 - 28 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 22 . Jump up ^ Press Release Archived 2006 - 12 - 31 at the Wayback Machine. , Ruth 's Chris Steakhouse , Inc. , November 18 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Rickard , Mary ( 2012 - 04 - 25 ) . `` Fertel Tulane health clinic moves to new home in Mid-City '' . Times - Picayune . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Ruth 's Hospitality Group moving to Winter Park '' . Orlando Sentinel , July 20 , 2011 . Retrieved 19 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Home Suite Home '' . Winter Park Magazine . Archived from the original on 12 April 2013 . Retrieved 19 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ruth 's Chris Completes Acquisition of Mitchell 's '' . Seafood Source , 20 February 2008 . Retrieved 19 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` GOP Senate hopeful defends moving Ruth 's Chris HQ here after Katrina '' . Orlando Sentinel , 7 Sept , 2011 . Retrieved 19 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Former Ruth 's Chris CEO Craig Miller joins Republican field for U.S. Senate '' . Tampa Bay Times . 12 July 2011 . Archived from the original on 29 January 2012 . Retrieved 19 February 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ruth 's Hospitality Group , Inc . Reports Full Year and Fourth Quarter 2012 Financial Results '' . Retrieved 19 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ruth 's Chris Rumbles Back into Las Vegas '' . Retrieved 19 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ruth 's Chris on Flamingo closing '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal , 8 August 2009 . Retrieved 19 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ruth 's Chris Steak House Expands Global Presence to China '' . Retrieved 19 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Jessica Dyer ( May 6 , 2015 ) . `` Ruth 's Chris Steak House coming to Albuquerque '' . Albuquerque Journal . Jump up ^ `` Ruth 's Chris Private Dining '' . Retrieved 20 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ruth 's Weddings '' . Retrieved 20 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Savor Perfection with a Steak from Ruth 's Chris Steak House Archived 2007 - 06 - 30 at the Wayback Machine. , Ruth 's Chris Steak House , accessed July 2 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Do What You Love ( video 2013 ) ^ Jump up to : Sample menu Archived 2007 - 04 - 05 at the Wayback Machine. , ruthschris.com , accessed April 22 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The origin of Ruth 's Chris Creamed Spinach recipe '' . The Times - Picayune . Nov 30 , 2012 . Retrieved 19 February 2013 . Jump up ^ http://pinterest.com/RuthsChrisSteak/ruth-s-recipes/ Jump up ^ http://chowhound.chow.com/topics/594144 Jump up ^ http://www.ruthschris.com/Promotions/ruths-classics/ Jump up ^ `` Ruth 's Chris Taps Growth Opportunity With Creative By The Glass Wine Program '' . Shanken News Daily . July 7 , 2011 . Retrieved 19 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ruth 's Chris Steak House Introduces a New Vintage - Inspired Cocktail Program '' . Restaurant Magazine . Retrieved 19 February 2013 . External links ( edit ) Official website Ruth 's Hospitality Group , Inc. , Official Site Updated financials from Yahoo ! Finance Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ruth%27s_Chris_Steak_House&oldid=854304177 '' Categories : Steakhouses in the United States Companies based in Orange County , Florida Restaurants established in 1965 Madison Dearborn Partners companies Restaurant chains in the United States 1965 establishments in Louisiana Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Pages using deprecated image syntax Pages using infobox company with unsupported parameters Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 10 August 2018 , at 10 : 37 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who is the owner of ruth's chris steakhouse | [
"Ruth's Chris Steak House is a chain of over 100 steakhouses[1] across the United States, Canada and Mexico. The restaurant is regarded as an upscale fine dining establishment, marking a gradual elevation in its status since its founding in the 1960s.[3] Ruth's Chris is currently the largest luxury steakhouse company in number of locations, operating income, and overall profit,[4] larger than The Palm and Morton's. On May 22, 2008, the company underwent rebranding and became part of Ruth's Hospitality Group after its acquisition of Mitchell's Fish Market.[5] The group has its headquarters in Winter Park, Florida.[6][7]\n"
] | [
"Mitchell's Fish Market"
] |
-4291826181187022569 | Property Brothers | Property Brothers - Wikipedia Property Brothers Jump to : navigation , search Property Brothers Genre Reality Starring Drew Scott Jonathan Scott Country of origin Canada Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 10 No. of episodes 131 ( as of March 15 , 2017 ) Production Running time 45 minutes Release Original network W Network HGTV Picture format 1080i ( HDTV ) Original release January 4 , 2011 ( 2011 - 01 - 04 ) -- present External links Website www.cineflixproductions.com/shows/85-Property-Brothers - Property Brothers is a Canadian reality television series produced by Cineflix , and is the original show in the Property Brothers franchise . It airs on W Network in Canada and HGTV in the United States . The series features identical twin brothers Jonathan and Drew Scott . Drew is a real estate expert who scouts neglected houses and negotiates their purchases . His brother , Jonathan , is a licensed contractor who renovates houses . Together , the Property Brothers help families find , buy , and transform fixer - uppers into dream homes on a strict timeline and budget . Contents ( hide ) 1 Development 2 Premise 3 Production 4 Presenters 5 Reception 6 Episodes 7 See also 8 Footnotes 8.1 Notes 8.2 References 8.3 Works cited 9 External links Development ( edit ) Drew was offered a gig as a host of a real estate competition show that ultimately did n't materialize . Cineflix , however , wanted Drew for a show tentatively called My Dream Home , with the intention of finding a female co-host . When they learned he had a brother who was also in real estate , the production company asked the brothers to make a sizzle reel . Jonathan and Drew submitted themselves making over their older brother 's living room . Six months went by before Cineflix responded favorably , and a week later they began filming a pilot for the show in Toronto . Originally , the network wanted Drew to work as the contractor because of his physique ; when they realized that Jonathan was licensed , however , they switched the roles . As Cineflix searched for a distributor , six months went by with no offers , when ( off the strength of the pilot ) the W Network in Canada ordered a full season ; meanwhile HGTV passed . Taking note of the show 's success in Canada led HGTV to condense the existing episodes to 30 minutes and air them on a trial basis . After the show scored number - one ratings for its timeslot , the network picked the show up for distribution in the US . Premise ( edit ) Using the expertise of the Scott brothers , prospective homebuyers find a `` fixer - upper '' and remodel it into their dream home while staying within their budget . The featured families and individuals are often working towards a deadline , like the birth of a child or a special occasion . Historically , each episode started with Drew showing potential homebuyers a house with everything on their wish list , only to later reveal that the house was outside of their reach financially . However , beginning with season 6 ( 10 ) , Drew began to explain from the start that the home would exceed their budget , and should only serve as inspiration . In either scenario , he and Jonathan then highlight the advantages of purchasing an older home . Afterwards , Drew takes the buyers on a tour of homes that are significantly less ideal , but have renovation potential , and they are asked to narrow their choices down to two . Jonathan then uses computer - generated imagery to reveal his re-imagined vision for the home after significant renovations . The graphics are made by an outside company using Neezo Renders software at a cost of about $10,000 per episode . After the family makes a final decision , Drew leads them through the process of bidding on and purchasing a home . Once a purchase is made , Jonathan and his team begin renovations . After initial demolition , the family is kept away from site , and are brought back at the conclusion for the final reveal . Production ( edit ) The show 's producers choose cities for filming based a variety of factors including fan interest , proximity to a major airport , and diversity of architecture . As is typical of home improvement shows with an accelerated renovation format , three experienced crews work on the house in tandem to finish within the four to seven week timeline . The brothers hire local design , real estate , and construction companies in the cities where they film . Additionally , building permits are typically ready prior to construction , and their projects take priority with their suppliers . The buyers own the property and pay for the remodeling , but the show is able to provide about $20,000 to $25,000 worth of cash and furnishings . The brothers do not charge for their services . The total budget presented is for the three or four rooms featured on the show ; the rest of the renovations are done off - camera on a separate budget and timeline . Persons interested in appearing on the show must come with a shortlist of homes or a home they plan to buy , though Drew provides additional options , and reserves the right to reject their selection if the home is unsafe . Producers screen applicants for their ability to make quick decisions and their availability to film for at least eight weekdays during the project . Applicants must apply as a couple ( whether they be spouses , partners , friends , or family ) . While financial requirements for prospective couples vary from season to season , the casting call for filming that began in September 2017 required applicants to have a budget of at least $90,000 with an additional contingency for unexpected expenses . The brothers have maintained that their shows are not contrived or scripted . Homeowners are not provided with storylines or dialog and unforeseen construction challenges are real . Additionally , the homebuyers work with real project budgets , However , the brothers concede that conversations may be re-shot and incidents may be reconstructed due to disruptions on set ( e.g. a plane flying overhead ) , to highlight how protracted problems were resolved , or because the cameras did not capture the real - time shot . The show started out in Toronto , Ontario , Canada . Season 3 ( 3 and 5 ) of the show was filmed in Austin , Texas , for half of the year and Toronto for the rest . Part of the reason for the move was the fact that American audiences could n't relate to the higher market prices in Canada . The brothers returned to their hometown of Vancouver , British Columbia to film in 2013 . In 2014 , the show filmed several episodes in Atlanta , Georgia and Toronto . Between 2015 and 2016 they filmed in Westchester County , New York . In 2017 , they have been filming in Nashville , Tennessee and Toronto . The show is broadcast in over 150 countries , and is dubbed in many languages . The voices of both brothers is provided by the same voice actor in Spanish . Presenters ( edit ) Main articles : Jonathan Scott ( Canadian actor ) and Drew Scott Drew ( left ) and Jonathan Scott at the 2015 World Dog Awards Before going into real estate as a profession , the brothers tried acting , including minor roles in Breaker High , Smallville , and X-Files . Drew aspired to be an actor , while Jonathan sought a career as an illusionist . In 1996 , they bought their first house when they were 18 - year - old university students and , after renovations , sold it a year later for a $50,000 profit . Jonathan and Drew Scott then began working in the real estate and design fields to financially support themselves as entertainers . In 2004 , they founded Scott Real Estate , Inc. , a company that oversees the sale and construction of residential and commercial projects , with offices in Vancouver , Calgary , and Las Vegas . While their business did well , after ten years went by with little to no acting jobs , Drew decided to return to acting full - time . In 2009 , he was finally approached for what would become Property Brothers . At the show 's start , the twins had managed real estate holdings for 15 years . Both brothers are licensed real estate agents , and Drew continues to be a licensed agent with Keller Williams Elite in British Columbia . Jonathan is also a licensed contractor . Reception ( edit ) The show quickly rose to number one and , as of 2017 , Property Brothers remains HGTV 's highest rated show ... The fifth season viewers attracted more than 10 million US viewers on HGTV in the 24 -- 54 age demographic , and consistently ranked as a top five cable program among upscale women in the 25 -- 54 age group . In 2016 , the show averaged 1.3 million viewers weekly . Consumer Reports put it on its list of best home improvement shows , saying , `` We all wish Drew and Jonathan were our big brothers -- and that they 'd help us find our dream home . '' Property Brothers has won multiple awards . After being nominated in 2011 , Drew and Jonathan won the 2012 Leo Award ( the awards program for the British Columbia film and television industry ) for `` Best Host ( s ) in an Information or Lifestyle Series '' for Property Brothers . In 2012 , they were nominated for a Rose d'Or award in the lifestyle show category . The show 's been nominated for a Cablefax Award and for Outstanding Structured Reality Program at the 2015 Emmy Awards . The program has had an impact on popular culture , and has been the subject of multiple jokes on Brooklyn 99 , Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt , The Late Show with Stephen Colbert , and Saturday Night Live . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Property Brothers episodes Season HGTV Season Episodes Filming Location First aired Last aired 13 Toronto January 4 , 2011 ( 2011 - 01 - 04 ) March 29 , 2011 ( 2011 - 03 - 29 ) 13 Toronto October 20 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 20 ) January 31 , 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 31 ) 13 Austin February 7 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 07 ) May 1 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 01 ) 13 Austin / Toronto January 9 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 09 ) April 3 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 03 ) 5 13 Vancouver August 28 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 28 ) November 20 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 20 ) 6 13 Atlanta March 12 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 12 ) August 27 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 27 ) 7 13 Toronto January 7 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 07 ) May 17 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 17 ) 5 8 14 Westchester County October 7 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 07 ) February 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 10 ) 9 13 Westchester County February 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 17 ) November 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 02 ) 6 10 13 Westchester County November 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 16 ) March 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 15 ) 11 13 Nashville 2018 ( 2018 ) See also ( edit ) Love It or List It Income Property Divine Design Fixer Upper Footnotes ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : The W Network and HGTV broadcast episodes of the show on different timelines and schedules . Seasons on the W Network are longer , and are generally divided into two seasons on HGTV . Individual episodes are sometimes broadcast in different orders . In this article , season and episode numbers are first listed according to the W Network , and the corresponding HGTV numbers follow in parenthesis . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Wilson , Jennifer ( 14 October 2011 ) . `` ' We have the same creative spirit ' ; Drew and Jonathan Scott -- twin brothers -- are the perfect designing duo '' . Toronto Star . Retrieved 17 January 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Interview : Property Brothers Jonathan and Drew Scott Fix Up Canada '' . Real Style . 25 January 2011 . Retrieved 17 January 2012 . ^ Jump up to : HGTV . `` Drew Scott and Jonathan Scott '' . Retrieved 15 April 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Berk , Nancy ( August 14 , 2015 ) , `` Property Brother Jonathan Scott Discusses the Power of 15 - Minute Renovations '' . Parade . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Robert Laura ( Jan 21 , 2013 ) . Robert Laura 's Interview With The Property Brothers Jonathan and Drew Scott. wmv ( Video ) . YouTube . ^ Jump up to : Glionna , John ( March 8 , 2015 ) . `` Twins Flip Homes and Expectations '' . Los Angeles Times . ^ Jump up to : Rypka , Marsala ( February 2016 ) . `` Property Brothers '' ( PDF ) . Luxury Las Vegas : 35 -- 38 , 107 . Retrieved 4 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott & Scott 2017 , p. 211 . ^ Jump up to : Scott & Scott 2016 , p. 21 . Jump up ^ Scott & Scott 2017 , p. 218 . Jump up ^ Real Style staff ( September 2012 ) , `` Interview : Property Brothers Drew & Jonathan Scott On Women , Dating & The New Season '' . Real Style . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hussain , Tania ( March 13 , 2012 ) , `` The Two Skillful Brothers Scott : TV 's ' Property Brothers ' Finding and Building Dream Homes '' . West Life Bunny . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Nicole Villalpando , `` Property Brothers transforming Austin homes for TV '' , Austin American - Statesman , February 25 , 2012 , accessed May 1 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Scott & Scott 2017 , p. 230 . Jump up ^ Stevens , Kimberly ( September 6 , 2014 ) , `` For Home - Improvement Show Hosts , a Paradox : Every House but Their Own '' . LA Times . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Gold , Kerry ( March 18 , 2013 ) , `` The Property Brothers are back home -- and on the hunt for bargains '' . The Globe and Mail . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott & Scott 2017 , p. 226 -- 227 . ^ Jump up to : Winterfeldt , Maggie ( 2015 - 11 - 30 ) . `` The Truth About Getting Your Home Renovated on Property Brothers '' . MSN . Retrieved 25 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Property Brothers Season 6 '' . Property Brothers . Retrieved 27 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott & Scott 2017 , p. 214 . Jump up ^ Scott & Scott 2017 , p. 215 . Jump up ^ Scott & Scott 2017 , pp. 214 -- 215 . ^ Jump up to : Rosman , Katherine ( May 10 , 2017 ) , `` The Property Brothers Are Fixing to Take Over the World '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Adair , Connie . `` Property Brothers the Latest Real Estate TV Stars '' . Retrieved 26 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` HGTV 's Property Brothers Finish Run in Atlanta '' ( 29 April 2014 ) RadioTV Talk Jump up ^ Propety Brothers Filming in Westchester '' ( 3 March 2015 ) Lohud Jump up ^ STEIN , MEGAN ( MARCH 24 , 2017 ) , `` Jonathan Scott on Property Brothers Superfans and If He 'll Ever Go Solo : ' There 's an Opportunity for a Show Called Property Brother ' '' . People . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Lauren Brown ( 20 June 2012 ) , `` 10 Amazing Secrets About HGTV 's Property Brothers Jonathan and Drew Scott -- AKA Your New Crushes '' . Glamour . Retrieved May 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ HURT , MELONEE MCKINNEY ( May 2012 ) , `` Bet on the House '' . Men 's Health . 27 ( 4 ) : 66 Jump up ^ Cockrell , Katie ( 7 February 2011 ) . `` Meet the Property Brothers '' . Archived from the original on 14 March 2011 . Retrieved 15 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Kurutz , Steven ( August 21 , 2014 ) , `` Hey , Here 's an Idea for a Show '' . New York Times . 163 ( 56600 ) : D1 - D7 ^ Jump up to : Lifestyle staff , `` Jonathan Scott and Drew Scott '' . Lifestyle.com . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tablang , Kristin ( January 26 , 2017 ) , `` Online Exclusive : ' Property Brothers ' Jonathan and Drew Scott Launch Dream Homes by Scott Living . '' . Forbes . Retrieved February 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` HGTV 's Property Brothers return with 2nd seasons of Buying and Selling and Brother vs. Brother '' ( Press release ) . Scripps Networks Interactive . November 21 , 2013 . Retrieved March 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Blas , Lorena ( November 21 , 2016 ) , `` The twin ' Property Brothers ' are stars of HGTV '' . USA TODAY . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Consumer Reports staff ( March 2015 ) , `` The Best & Worst Home Shows on TV '' . Consumer Reports . 80 ( 3 ) : 31 Jump up ^ `` Drew Scott Awards '' . IMDB . Jump up ^ `` 3 Canadians up for Rose D'or Award '' . CBC Canada . February 2012 . Retrieved September 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Program Awards '' . Cablefax . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Property Brothers Awards & Nominations '' . Emmys . Retrieved January 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pape , Allie ( April 6 , 2016 ) . `` Brooklyn Nine - Nine Recap : Let 's Go to Prison '' . Vulture . Retrieved 24 May 2017 . Jump up ^ @ MrDrewScott ( 21 May 2017 ) . `` Another reason I love @ Brooklyn99FOX ! 😂 # PropertyBrothers @ JoeLoTruglio @ iamstephbeatz @ terrycrews @ thelonelyisland '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Kimmy Kidnaps Gretchen ! '' . Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt . Season 2 . Episode 4 . April 15 , 2016 . Netflix . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . Titus , I 'm the one who 'd have to Property Brothers this gut job . Jump up ^ Scott , Jonathan ( May 21 , 2017 ) . `` You pegged Drew at least 😂 @ unbreakablekimmyschmidt # JaneKrakowski '' . Instagram . Retrieved 24 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott , Jonathan ( 30 September 2017 ) . `` Bahaha . Wait for it ! ! Finally somebody said it ! ! Thanks @ stephenathome '' . Twitter . Twitter . Retrieved 3 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` JD Scott '' ( Video ) . Facebook . February 16 , 2015 . Retrieved 3 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Mikey Day , Alex Moffat , and Ryan Gosling ( September 30 , 2017 ) . The Fliplets - SNL ( YouTube Video ) . Saturday Night Live . Works cited ( edit ) Scott , Drew ; Scott , Jonathan ( April 2016 ) . Dream Home : The Property Brothers ' Ultimate Guide to Finding & Fixing Your Perfect House . New York : Houghton Mifflin Harcourt . ISBN 0 - 544715 - 67 - 5 . Scott , Jonathan ; Scott , Drew ( September 5 , 2017 ) . It Takes Two : Our Story . Houghton Mifflin Harcourt . p. 304 . ISBN 1328771474 . External links ( edit ) The Scott Brothers site W Network site HGTV site Property Brothers on IMDb ( hide ) Property Brothers franchise Brothers Drew Scott Jonathan Scott J.D. Scott Scott Brothers Entertainment Property Brothers Episodes Buying and Selling Brother Vs. Brother Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Property_Brothers&oldid=804952417 '' Categories : Property Brothers 2011 Canadian television series debuts 2010s Canadian television series Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Wikipedia articles scheduled for update tagging Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Italiano Português Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 12 October 2017 , at 03 : 21 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where does property brothers take place in 2017 | [
"The show started out in Toronto, Ontario, Canada.[24] Season 3 (3 and 5)[N 1] of the show was filmed in Austin, Texas, for half of the year and Toronto for the rest.[13] Part of the reason for the move was the fact that American audiences couldn't relate to the higher market prices in Canada.[12] The brothers returned to their hometown of Vancouver, British Columbia to film in 2013.[16] In 2014, the show filmed several episodes in Atlanta, Georgia and Toronto. Between 2015 and 2016 they filmed in Westchester County, New York.[25][26] In 2017, they have been filming in Nashville, Tennessee and Toronto.[27][19]",
"The show started out in Toronto, Ontario, Canada.[24] Season 3 (3 and 5)[N 1] of the show was filmed in Austin, Texas, for half of the year and Toronto for the rest.[13] Part of the reason for the move was the fact that American audiences couldn't relate to the higher market prices in Canada.[12] The brothers returned to their hometown of Vancouver, British Columbia to film in 2013.[16] In 2014, the show filmed several episodes in Atlanta, Georgia and Toronto. Between 2015 and 2016 they filmed in Westchester County, New York.[25][26] In 2017, they have been filming in Nashville, Tennessee and Toronto.[27][19]"
] | [
"Toronto",
"Nashville, Tennessee"
] |
-31834670349419009 | Gibbons v. Ogden | Gibbons v. Ogden - wikipedia Gibbons v. Ogden United States Supreme Court case Gibbons v. Ogden Supreme Court of the United States Argued February 5 , 1824 Decided March 2 , 1824 Full case name Thomas Gibbons , Appellant v. Aaron Ogden , Respondent Citations 22 U.S. 1 ( more ) 9 Wheat . 1 ; 16 L. Ed . 23 ; 1824 U.S. LEXIS 370 Prior history Appeal from the Court for the Trial of Impeachments and Correction of Errors of the State of New York Holding New York law was invalid because the Commerce Clause of the Constitution designated power to Congress to regulate interstate commerce and that the broad definition of commerce included navigation . Court membership Chief Justice John Marshall Associate Justices Bushrod Washington William Johnson Thomas Todd Gabriel Duvall Joseph Story Smith Thompson Case opinions Majority Marshall , joined by Washington , Todd , Duvall , Story Concurrence Johnson Thompson took no part in the consideration or decision of the case . Laws applied U.S. Const . art . I sec. 8 clause 3 Gibbons v. Ogden , 22 U.S. ( 9 Wheat . ) 1 ( 1824 ) , was a landmark decision in which the Supreme Court of the United States held that the power to regulate interstate commerce , granted to Congress by the Commerce Clause of the United States Constitution , encompassed the power to regulate navigation . The case was argued by some of America 's most admired and capable attorneys at the time . Exiled Irish patriot Thomas Addis Emmet and Thomas J. Oakley argued for Ogden , while U.S. Attorney General William Wirt and Daniel Webster argued for Gibbons . Contents 1 Background 2 Case 3 Decision of the U.S. Supreme Court 4 Opinion excerpts 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Background ( edit ) In 1808 the Legislature of the State of New York granted to Robert R. Livingston and Robert Fulton exclusive navigation privileges of all the waters within the jurisdiction of that State , with boats moved by fire or steam , for a term of thirty years . Livingston and Fulton subsequently also petitioned other states and territorial legislatures for similar monopolies , hoping to develop a national network of steamboat lines , but only the Orleans Territory accepted their petition and awarded them a monopoly on the lower Mississippi . Aware of the potential of the new steamboat navigation , competitors challenged Livingston and Fulton by arguing that the commerce power of the federal government was exclusive and superseded state laws . Legal challenges followed , and in response , the monopoly attempted to undercut its rivals by selling them franchises or buying their boats . Former New Jersey Gov. Aaron Ogden had tried to defy the monopoly , but ultimately purchased a license from the Livingston and Fulton assignees in 1815 , and entered business with Thomas Gibbons from Georgia . The partnership collapsed three years later , however , when Gibbons operated another steamboat on Ogden 's route between Elizabethtown and New York City , that had been licensed by the United States Congress under a 1793 law regulating the coasting trade . The partners ended up in the New York Court of Errors , which granted a permanent injunction against Gibbons in 1820 . In the interim Gibbons also had taken on Cornelius Vanderbilt as his ferry captain , and later , his business manager . Case ( edit ) Aaron Ogden filed a complaint in the Court of Chancery of New York asking the court to restrain Thomas Gibbons from operating on these waters . Ogden 's lawyer contended that states often passed laws on issues regarding interstate matters and that states should have fully concurrent power with Congress on matters concerning interstate commerce . Gibbons ' lawyer , Daniel Webster , argued that Congress had exclusive national power over interstate commerce according to Article I , Section 8 , Clause 3 of the Constitution and that to argue otherwise would result in confusing and contradictory local regulatory policies . The Court of Chancery of New York and the Court of Errors of New York found in favor of Ogden and issued an injunction to restrict Gibbons from operating his boats . Gibbons appealed to the Supreme Court , arguing as he did in New York that the monopoly conflicted with federal law . After several delays , the court began discussing the meaning of the commerce clause in 1824 , which by that time had become an issue of wider interest . Congress was debating a bill to provide a federal survey of roads and canals . Southerners , in particular , were growing more sensitive to what the resolution of these issues would mean to them as sectional disputes , especially over slavery , were increasing . Decision of the U.S. Supreme Court ( edit ) The U.S. Supreme Court ruled in favor of Gibbons . Congress had the right to regulate interstate commerce . The sole decided source of Congress 's power to promulgate the law at issue was the Commerce Clause . Accordingly , the Court had to answer whether the law regulated `` commerce '' that was `` among the several states . '' With respect to `` commerce , '' the Court held that commerce is more than mere traffic -- that it is the trade of commodities . This broader definition includes navigation . The Court interpreted `` among '' as `` intermingled with . '' `` If , as has always been understood , the sovereignty of Congress , though limited to specified objects , is plenary as to those objects , the power over commerce with foreign nations and among the several states is vested in Congress as absolutely as it would be in a single government , having in its constitution the same restrictions on the exercise of the power as are found in the Constitution of the United States . '' The part of the ruling which stated that any license granted under the Federal Coasting Act of 1793 takes precedence over any similar license granted by a state is also in the spirit of the Supremacy Clause , although the Court did not specifically cite this clause . The Court did not discuss the argument pressed for Gibbons by U.S. Attorney General Wirt that the federal patent laws preempted New York 's patent grant to Fulton and Livingston . That question remained undecided for the next 140 years until the Supreme Court held in Sears , Roebuck & Co. v. Stiffel Co. ( 1964 ) that federal patent law preempted similar state laws . Opinion excerpts ( edit ) The power to `` regulate Commerce '' is : the power to regulate ; that is , to prescribe the rule by which commerce is to be governed . This power , like all others vested in Congress , is complete in itself , may be exercised to its utmost extent , and acknowledges no limitations , other than are prescribed in the Constitution . In interpreting the power of Congress as to commerce `` among the several states '' : The word `` among '' means intermingled with . A thing which is among others , is intermingled with them . Commerce among the States , can not stop at the external boundary line of each State , but may be introduced into the interior ... . Comprehensive as the word `` among '' is , it may very properly be restricted to that commerce which concerns more States than one . Defining how far the power of Congress extends : The power of Congress , then , comprehends navigation , within the limits of every State in the Union ; so far as that navigation may be , in any manner , connected with `` commerce with foreign nations , or among the several States . '' See also ( edit ) List of United States Supreme Court cases , volume 22 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Gibbons v. Ogden , 22 U.S. ( 9 Wheat . ) 1 ( 1824 ) . This article incorporates public domain material from this U.S government document . Jump up ^ John Steele Gordon Archived 2008 - 04 - 20 at the Wayback Machine . `` 10 Moments That Made American Business , '' American Heritage , February / March 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Todd Shallat , Water and Bureaucracy : Origins of the Federal Responsibility for Water Resources , 1787 - 1838 Archived 2014 - 02 - 02 at the Wayback Machine. , pp 13 - 15 , Natural Resources Journal 32 ( Winter 1992 ) ^ Jump up to : David P. Billington , Donald C. Jackson , Martin V. Melosi , The History of Large Federal Dams : Planning , Design , and Construction in the Era of Big Dams , pp 13 - 14 , U.S. Department of the Interior , Bureau of Reclamation , Denver , Colorado , 2005 Jump up ^ `` A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation : U.S. Congressional Documents and Debates , 1774 - 1875 '' . loc.gov . Jump up ^ Grabas , Joseph A. `` '' Why does n't New Jersey dump their garbage on Staten Island ? `` '' ( PDF ) . The Grabas Institute . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 29 October 2013 . Retrieved 23 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Stiles , T.J. ( n.d. ) , `` Cornelius Vanderbilt '' , The New York Times , retrieved 2011 - 07 - 16 , Perhaps the greatest turning point in his life came on November 24 , 1817 , when he agreed to serve as ferry captain for Thomas Gibbons of New Jersey . Gibbons 's vessel ( which ran between New Jersey and New York ) was a steamboat , which gave Vanderbilt an education in this new technology . More important , Vanderbilt assisted Gibbons in a battle against a legal monopoly on steamboats in New York waters that had been granted to the patrician Livingston family . Gibbons 's lawsuit against the monopoly , Gibbons v. Ogden , was finally decided in his favor by the United States Supreme Court on March 2 , 1824 . Chief Justice John Marshall ruled that the monopoly had no force against interstate shipping ; states , he declared , could not interfere with interstate commerce . The decision overturned lower court precedent to guarantee freedom of trade within the nation 's borders . It allowed Gibbons 's ferry to operate unhindered , and cleared the way for Vanderbilt 's own future in transportation . Jump up ^ Marshall did say , as the last two sentences of his opinion , `` I have not touched upon the right of the States to grant patents for inventions or improvements generally , because it does not necessarily arise in this cause . It is enough for all the purposes of this decision if they can not exercise it so as to restrain a free intercourse among the States . '' 221 U.S. at 239 . Further reading ( edit ) Herbert A. Johnson . `` Gibbons v. Ogden '' : John Marshall , Steamboats , and the Commerce Clause ( University Press of Kansas ; 2010 ) 198 pages Thomas H. Cox . Gibbons v. Ogden , Law , and Society in the Early Republic ( Ohio University Press , 2009 ) 264 pages Thomas H. Cox . `` Contesting Commerce : Gibbons v. Ogden , Steam Power , and Social Change , '' in Journal of Supreme Court History 34 ( March 2008 ) , 55 - 73 . External links ( edit ) Text of Gibbons v. Ogden , 22 U.S. ( 9 Wheat . ) 1 ( 1824 ) is available from : CourtListener Google Scholar Justia OpenJurist Oyez Gibbons v. Ogden , Law , and Society in the Early Republic The short film Gibbons v. Ogden ( 1977 ) is available for free download at the Internet Archive Summary of Gibbons v. Ogden Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gibbons_v._Ogden&oldid=855508716 '' Categories : United States Supreme Court cases Legal history of the United States Legal history of New Jersey 1824 in United States case law 1824 in New Jersey Port of New York and New Jersey United States Supreme Court cases of the Marshall Court Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles incorporating text from public domain works of the United States Government Webarchive template wayback links Articles with short description Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource 한국어 Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 18 August 2018 , at 20 : 41 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | the supreme court ruled that congress had the power to regulate interstate commerce in | [
"Gibbons v. Ogden, 22 U.S. (9 Wheat.) 1 (1824),[1] was a landmark decision in which the Supreme Court of the United States held that the power to regulate interstate commerce, granted to Congress by the Commerce Clause of the United States Constitution, encompassed the power to regulate navigation.[2] The case was argued by some of America's most admired and capable attorneys at the time. Exiled Irish patriot Thomas Addis Emmet and Thomas J. Oakley argued for Ogden, while U.S. Attorney General William Wirt and Daniel Webster argued for Gibbons.\n"
] | [
"Gibbons v. Ogden, 22 U.S. (9 Wheat.) 1 (1824)"
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3638855475095954481 | Finding Nemo | Finding Nemo - Wikipedia Finding Nemo This article is about the film . For the franchise , see Finding Nemo ( franchise ) . For the video game , see Finding Nemo ( video game ) . Finding Nemo Theatrical release poster Directed by Andrew Stanton Produced by Graham Walters Screenplay by Andrew Stanton Bob Peterson David Reynolds Story by Andrew Stanton Starring Albert Brooks Ellen DeGeneres Alexander Gould Willem Dafoe Music by Thomas Newman Cinematography Sharon Calahan Jeremy Lasky Edited by David Ian Salter Production company Walt Disney Pictures Pixar Animation Studios Distributed by Buena Vista Pictures Distribution Release date May 30 , 2003 ( 2003 - 05 - 30 ) Running time 100 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $94 million Box office $940.3 million Finding Nemo is a 2003 American computer - animated adventure film produced by Pixar Animation Studios and released by Walt Disney Pictures . Written and directed by Andrew Stanton with co-direction by Lee Unkrich , the film stars the voices of Albert Brooks , Ellen DeGeneres , Alexander Gould , and Willem Dafoe . It tells the story of the overprotective ocellaris clownfish named Marlin who , along with a regal blue tang named Dory , searches for his abducted son Nemo all the way to Sydney Harbour . Along the way , Marlin learns to take risks and comes to terms with Nemo taking care of himself . Finding Nemo was released on May 30 , 2003 ; the film won the Academy Award for Best Animated Feature , and was nominated in three more categories , including Best Original Screenplay . Finding Nemo became the highest - grossing animated film at the time and was the second - highest - grossing film of 2003 , earning a total of $871 million worldwide by the end of its initial theatrical run . The film is the best - selling DVD title of all time , with over 40 million copies sold as of 2006 , and was the highest - grossing G - rated film of all time before Pixar 's own Toy Story 3 overtook it . The film was re-released in 3D in 2012 . In 2008 , the American Film Institute named it the 10th greatest animated film ever made as part of their 10 Top 10 lists . In a 2016 poll of international critics conducted by BBC , Finding Nemo was voted one of the 100 greatest motion pictures since 2000 . A sequel , Finding Dory , was released on June 17 , 2016 in the United States . Contents 1 Plot 2 Voice cast 3 Production 4 Video game 5 Reception 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Box office 5.2. 1 3D re-release 5.3 Accolades 5.4 Environmental concerns and consequences 6 Home media 7 Soundtrack 8 Theme park attractions 9 Sequel 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Plot ( edit ) Two clownfish , Marlin and Coral , are admiring their new home in the Great Barrier Reef , Australia , and their clutch of hundreds of eggs , when a barracuda attacks . Marlin is knocked unconscious , and wakes up to find Coral and all but one of the eggs gone . He names this last egg Nemo , a name that Coral had chosen . On the first day of school , Marlin embarrasses Nemo during a field trip . While Marlin talks to the teacher , Mr. Ray , Nemo sneaks away from the reef toward a boat and is captured by a scuba diver . As the boat departs , one of the divers accidentally knocks his diving mask overboard . Marlin chases after the boat and meets Dory , a blue tang who suffers from short - term memory loss . The two encounter Bruce , Anchor , and Chum , three reformed sharks who have renounced eating other fish . While at their meeting , Marlin discovers the diver 's mask and notices an address written on it . However , Dory and Marlin fight over the mask , giving Dory a bloody nose . The blood sends Bruce into a feeding frenzy , and he attacks Marlin and Dory , who narrowly escape . Nemo is placed in a fish tank in a dentist 's office , where he meets the Tank Gang , led by Gill . The gang learn Nemo is to be given to the dentist 's niece Darla , who has killed previous fish given to her . Gill devises a plan to escape : jam the tank 's filter with a pebble so the dentist will put the fish in plastic bags to clean the tank , then roll out the window and into the harbor . Nemo attempts to jam the filter but fails , nearly dying in the process . The mask falls into a trench in the deep sea , where , while battling an anglerfish , Dory reads the address as 42 Wallaby Way , Sydney . To her own disbelief , Dory remembers the address despite her short - term memory loss . Dory and Marlin receive directions to Sydney from a school of moonfish . On the way , they encounter a bloom of jellyfish that traps and nearly stings them to death . Marlin loses consciousness and awakens on the back of a sea turtle named Crush , who shuttles Marlin and Dory on the East Australian Current . Marlin tells the story of his journey to a group of young sea turtles led by Crush 's son Squirt . News of his quest spreads across the ocean . Near the harbor , a pelican named Nigel flies to the dentist 's office and brings news of Marlin 's efforts . Inspired , Nemo makes a second attempt to jam the filter . He succeeds , but the dentist installs a new high - tech filter before the Tank Gang can escape . Marlin and Dory exit the East Australian Current and are engulfed by a blue whale . Dory communicates with the whale , which carries them to Sydney Harbour and expels them through his blowhole . They meet Nigel , who helps the pair escape from a flock of seagulls and takes them to the dentist 's office . Darla has just arrived , and the dentist is handing Nemo to her . Nemo plays dead to save himself as Nigel arrives , terrifying Darla and throwing the office into chaos . After Nigel is violently thrown out by the dentist , Gill helps Nemo escape into a drain that leads to the ocean . Having mistaken Nemo for dead , Marlin thanks Dory and starts his return journey . Dory meets Nemo when he reaches the ocean , but she has lost her memory . Eventually , Dory 's memory returns when she reads the word Sydney on a drainpipe . She reunites Nemo with Marlin , but she is caught in a fishing net with a school of grouper . Nemo enters the net and orders the grouper to swim downward to break the net and escape . Later , having returned home , Marlin and Dory proudly watch Mr. Ray carry Nemo and his friends to school . Voice cast ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Albert Brooks as Marlin , a clownfish , Coral 's husband and Nemo 's father . Ellen DeGeneres as Dory , a regal blue tang with short - term memory loss . Alexander Gould as Nemo , Marlin 's only surviving son , who is excited about life and exploring the ocean , but gets captured and domesticated as a pet . Willem Dafoe as Gill , a moorish idol fish living in an aquarium in a dentist clinic , and the leader of the Tank Gang . Brad Garrett as Bloat , the aquarium 's pufferfish . Allison Janney as Peach , the aquarium 's starfish . Stephen Root as Bubbles , the aquarium 's yellow tang fish . Austin Pendleton as Gurgle , the aquarium 's royal gramma fish . Vicki Lewis as Deb / Flo , the aquarium 's striped damselfish . Joe Ranft as Jacques , the aquarium 's cleaner shrimp . Geoffrey Rush as Nigel , an Australian pelican , who often visits the dentist clinic and is friends with the aquarium fish . Andrew Stanton as Crush , a green sea turtle , and the Seagulls . Elizabeth Perkins as Coral , Marlin 's wife and Nemo 's mother . Nicholas Bird as Squirt , Crush 's son . Bob Peterson as Mr. Ray , a spotted eagle ray and Nemo 's schoolteacher . Barry Humphries as Bruce , a vegetarian great white shark , who fights his instinctive wills to eat innocent fish and is friends with Anchor and Chum . Eric Bana as Anchor , a hammerhead shark , who is friends with Bruce and Chum . Bruce Spence as Chum , a mako shark who is friends with Bruce and Anchor . Bill Hunter as The Dentist . LuLu Ebeling as Darla , the dentist 's rambunctious young niece . Jordy Ranft as Tad , a butterfly fish fingerling and Nemo 's friend at school . Erica Beck as Pearl , a young flapjack octopus and Nemo 's friend at school . Erik Per Sullivan as Sheldon , a young seahorse , and Nemo 's friend at school . John Ratzenberger as the school of moonfish . Production ( edit ) The inspiration for Nemo sprang from multiple experiences , going back to director Andrew Stanton 's childhood , when he loved going to the dentist to see the fish tank , assuming that the fish were from the ocean and wanted to go home . In 1992 , shortly after his son was born , he and his family took a trip to Six Flags Discovery Kingdom ( which was called Marine World at the time ) . There , after seeing the shark tube and various exhibits , he felt that the underwater world could be done beautifully in computer animation . Later , in 1997 , he took his son for a walk in the park , but realized that he was overprotecting him and lost an opportunity to have a father - son experience that day . In an interview with National Geographic magazine , Stanton said that the idea for the characters of Marlin and Nemo came from a photograph of two clownfish peeking out of an anemone : `` It was so arresting . I had no idea what kind of fish they were , but I could n't take my eyes off them . And as an entertainer , the fact that they were called clownfish -- it was perfect . There 's almost nothing more appealing than these little fish that want to play peekaboo with you . '' In addition , clownfish are colourful , but do not tend to come out of an anemone often . For a character who has to go on a dangerous journey , Stanton felt a clownfish was the perfect type of fish for the character . Pre-production of the film began in early 1997 . Stanton began writing the screenplay during the post-production of A Bug 's Life . As a result , Finding Nemo began production with a complete screenplay , something that co-director Lee Unkrich called `` very unusual for an animated film '' . The artists took scuba diving lessons to study the coral reef . Andrew Stanton wrote and directed the film . The idea for the initiation sequence came from a story conference between Andrew Stanton and Bob Peterson while they were driving to record the actors . Stanton was inspired to cast Ellen DeGeneres when he watched an episode of Ellen in which he saw her `` change the subject five times before finishing one sentence '' . The pelican character named Gerald ( who in the final film ends up swallowing and choking on Marlin and Dory ) was originally a friend of Nigel . They were going to play against each other with Nigel being neat and fastidious and Gerald being scruffy and sloppy . The filmmakers could not find an appropriate scene for them that did not slow the pace of the picture , so Gerald 's character was minimized . Stanton himself provided the voice of Crush the sea turtle . He originally did the voice for the film 's story reel , and assumed they would find an actor later . When Stanton 's performance became popular in test screenings , he decided to keep his performance in the film . He recorded all his dialogue while lying on a sofa in Unkrich 's office . Crush 's son Squirt was voiced by Nicholas Bird , the young son of fellow Pixar director Brad Bird . According to Stanton , the elder Bird was playing a tape recording of his young son around the Pixar studios one day . Stanton felt the voice was `` this generation 's Thumper '' and immediately cast Nicholas . Megan Mullally was originally going to provide a voice in the film . According to Mullally , the producers were dissatisfied to learn that the voice of her character Karen Walker on the television show Will & Grace was not her natural speaking voice . The producers hired her anyway , and then strongly encouraged her to use her Karen Walker voice for the role . When Mullally refused , she was dismissed . To ensure that the movements of the fish in the film were believable , the animators took a crash course in fish biology and oceanography . They visited aquariums , went diving in Hawaii and received in - house lectures from an ichthyologist . As a result , Pixar 's animator for Dory , Gini Cruz Santos , integrated `` the fish movement , human movement , and facial expressions to make them look and feel like real characters . '' The film was dedicated to Glenn McQueen , a Pixar animator who died of melanoma in October 2002 . Finding Nemo shares many plot elements with Pierrot the Clownfish , a children 's book published in 2002 , but allegedly conceived in 1995 . The author , Franck Le Calvez , sued Disney for infringement of his intellectual rights and to bar Finding Nemo merchandise in France . The judge ruled against him , citing the color differences between Pierrot and Nemo . Video game ( edit ) Main article : Finding Nemo ( video game ) A video game based on the film was released in 2003 , for PC , Xbox , PlayStation 2 , Nintendo GameCube , and Game Boy Advance . The goal of the game is to complete different levels under the roles of Nemo , Marlin or Dory . It includes cut scenes from the movie , and each clip is based on a level . It was also the last Pixar game developed by Traveller 's Tales . Upon release , the game received mixed reviews . A Game Boy Advance sequel , titled Finding Nemo : The Continuing Adventures , was released in 2004 . Reception ( edit ) Critical Response ( edit ) The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 99 % approval rating , with a rating average of 8.7 / 10 , based on 260 reviews . The site 's consensus reads : `` Breathtakingly lovely and grounded by the stellar efforts of a well - chosen cast , Finding Nemo adds another beautifully crafted gem to Pixar 's crown . '' Another review aggregation website , Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 top reviews from mainstream critics , calculated a score of 90 out of 100 , based on 38 reviews , indicating `` universal acclaim . '' Roger Ebert gave the film four out of four stars , calling it `` one of those rare movies where I wanted to sit in the front row and let the images wash out to the edges of my field of vision '' . Broadway star Nathan Lane , who was the voice of Timon the meerkat in The Lion King , has said Finding Nemo was his favorite animated film . Ed Park of The Village Voice gave the film a positive review , saying `` It 's an ocean of eye candy that tastes fresh even in this ADD - addled era of SpongeBob SquarePants . '' Mark Caro of the Chicago Tribune gave the film four out of four stars , saying `` You connect to these sea creatures as you rarely do with humans in big - screen adventures . The result : a true sunken treasure . '' Hazel - Dawn Dumpert of LA Weekly gave the film a positive review , saying `` As gorgeous a film as Disney 's ever put out , with astonishing qualities of light , movement , surface and color at the service of the best professional imaginations money can buy . '' Jeff Strickler of the Star Tribune gave the film a positive review , saying it `` proves that even when Pixar is not at the top of its game , it still produces better animation than some of its competitors on their best days . '' Gene Seymour of Newsday gave the film three - and - a-half stars out of four , saying `` The underwater backdrops take your breath away . No , really . They 're so lifelike , you almost feel like holding your breath while watching . '' Rene Rodriguez of the Miami Herald gave the film four out of four stars , saying `` Parental anxiety may not be the kind of stuff children 's films are usually made of , but this perfectly enchanting movie knows how to cater to its kiddie audience without condescending to them . '' Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times gave the film three - and - a-half out of five , saying `` The best break of all is that Pixar 's traditionally untethered imagination ca n't be kept under wraps forever , and `` Nemo '' erupts with sea creatures that showcase Stanton and company 's gift for character and peerless eye for skewering contemporary culture . '' Stephen Holden of The New York Times gave the film four out of five stars , saying `` Visual imagination and sophisticated wit raise Finding Nemo to a level just below the peaks of Pixar 's Toy Story movies and Monsters , Inc ... '' Terry Lawson of the Detroit Free Press gave the film three out of four , saying `` As we now expect from Pixar , even the supporting fish in `` Finding Nemo '' are more developed as characters than any human in the Mission : Impossible movies . '' Claudia Puig of USA Today gave the film three and half out of four , saying `` Finding Nemo is an undersea treasure . The most gorgeous of all the Pixar films -- which include Toy Story 1 and 2 , A Bug 's Life and Monsters , Inc. -- Nemo treats family audiences to a sweet , resonant story and breathtaking visuals . It may lack Monsters , Inc. 's clever humor , but kids will identify with the spunky sea fish Nemo , and adults will relate to Marlin , Nemo 's devoted dad . '' Bruce Westbrook of the Houston Chronicle gave the film an A - , saying `` Finding Nemo lives up to Pixar 's high standards for wildly creative visuals , clever comedy , solid characters and an involving story . '' Tom Long of The Detroit News gave the film an A - , saying `` A simple test of humanity : If you do n't laugh aloud while watching it , you 've got a battery not a heart . '' Lou Lumenick of the New York Post gave the film four out of four , saying `` A dazzling , computer - animated fish tale with a funny , touching script and wonderful voice performances that make it an unqualified treat for all ages . '' Moira MacDonald of The Seattle Times gave the film four out of four , saying `` Enchanting ; written with an effortless blend of sweetness and silliness , and animated with such rainbow - hued beauty , you may find yourself wanting to freeze - frame it . '' Daphne Gordon of the Toronto Star gave the film four out of five , saying `` One of the strongest releases from Disney in years , thanks to the work of Andrew Stanton , possibly one of the most successful directors you 've never heard of . '' Ty Burr of The Boston Globe gave the film three and a half out of four , saying `` Finding Nemo is n't quite up there with the company 's finest work -- there 's finally a sense of formula setting in -- but it 's hands down the best family film since Monsters , Inc . '' C.W. Nevius of The San Francisco Chronicle gave the film four out of four , saying `` The visuals pop , the fish emote and the ocean comes alive . That 's in the first two minutes . After that , they do some really cool stuff . '' Ann Hornaday of The Washington Post gave the film a positive review , saying `` Finding Nemo will engross kids with its absorbing story , brightly drawn characters and lively action , and grown - ups will be equally entertained by the film 's subtle humor and the sophistication of its visuals . '' David Ansen of Newsweek gave the film a positive review , saying `` A visual marvel , every frame packed to the gills with clever details , Finding Nemo is the best big - studio release so far this year . '' Richard Corliss of Time gave the film a positive review , saying `` Nemo , with its ravishing underwater fantasia , manages to trump the design glamour of earlier Pixar films . '' Lisa Schwarzbaum of Entertainment Weekly gave the film an A , saying `` In this seamless blending of technical brilliance and storytelling verve , the Pixar team has made something as marvelously soulful and innately , fluidly American as jazz . '' Carrie Rickey of The Philadelphia Inquirer gave the film three out of four , saying `` As eye - popping as Nemo 's peepers and as eccentric as this little fish with asymmetrical fins . '' David Germain of the Associated Press gave the film a positive review , saying `` Finding Nemo is laced with smart humor and clever gags , and buoyed by another cheery story of mismatched buddies : a pair of fish voiced by Albert Brooks and Ellen DeGeneres . '' Anthony Lane of The New Yorker gave the film a positive review , saying `` The latest flood of wizardry from Pixar , whose productions , from Toy Story onward , have lent an indispensable vigor and wit to the sagging art of mainstream animation . '' The 3D re-release prompted a retrospective on the film nine years after its initial release . Stephen Whitty of The Star - Ledger described it as `` a genuinely funny and touching film that , in less than a decade , has established itself as a timeless classic . '' On the 3D re-release , Lisa Schwarzbaum of Entertainment Weekly wrote that its emotional power was deepened by `` the dimensionality of the oceanic deep '' where `` the spatial mysteries of watery currents and floating worlds are exactly where 3D explorers were born to boldly go '' . Box Office ( edit ) During its original theatrical run , Finding Nemo grossed $339,714,978 in North America , and $559,492,275 in other countries , for a worldwide total of $940,335,536 . It is currently the forty - third - highest - grossing film , the ninth highest - grossing animated film , and the second - highest - grossing film of 2003 , behind The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King . Worldwide , it was the highest - grossing Pixar film , up until 2010 , when Toy Story 3 surpassed it . The film sold an estimated 56,337,500 tickets in the US in its initial theatrical run . In North America , Finding Nemo set an opening weekend record for an animated feature , making $70,251,710 ( first surpassed by Shrek 2 ) and ended up spending 11 weeks in the top 10 domestically ( including 7 weeks in the top 5 ) , remaining there until August 14 . It became the highest - grossing animated film in North America ( $339.7 million ) , outside North America ( $528.2 million ) , and worldwide ( $867.9 million ) , in all three occasions out - grossing The Lion King . In North America , it was surpassed by both Shrek 2 in 2004 and Toy Story 3 in 2010 . After the re-release of The Lion King in 2011 , and then Despicable Me 2 and Frozen in 2013 , Minions in 2015 , Zootopia , its sequel Finding Dory in 2016 , Despicable Me 3 in 2017 , and Incredibles 2 in 2018 , passed it , it stands as the tenth highest - grossing animated film in these regions . Outside North America , it stands as the fifth - highest - grossing animated film . Worldwide , it now ranks fourth among animated films . The film had impressive box office runs in many international markets . In Japan , its highest - grossing market after North America , it grossed ¥ 11.2 billion ( $102.4 million ) , becoming the highest - grossing foreign animated film in local currency ( yen ) . It has only been surpassed by Frozen ( ¥ 12.1 billion ) . Following in biggest grosses are the U.K. , Ireland and Malta , where it grossed £ 37.2 million ( $67.1 million ) , France and the Maghreb region ( $64.8 million ) , Germany ( $53.9 million ) , and Spain ( $29.5 million ) . 3D re-release ( edit ) After the success of the 3D re-release of The Lion King , Disney re-released Finding Nemo in 3D on September 14 , 2012 , with a conversion cost estimated to be below $5 million . For the opening weekend of its 3D re-release in North America , Finding Nemo grossed $16.7 million , debuting at the No. 2 spot behind Resident Evil : Retribution . The film earned $41.1 million in North America and $31.0 million internationally , for a combined total of $72.1 million , and a cumulative worldwide total of $940.3 million . Accolades ( edit ) Main article : List of Pixar awards and nominations : Finding Nemo Finding Nemo won the Academy Award and Saturn Award for Best Animated Film . It also won the award for Best Animated Film at the Kansas City Film Critics Circle Awards , the Las Vegas Film Critics Society Awards , the National Board of Review Awards , the Online Film Critics Society Awards , and the Toronto Film Critics Association Awards . The film received many other awards , including : Kids Choice Awards for Favorite Movie and Favorite Voice from an Animated Movie ( Ellen DeGeneres ) , and the Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actress ( Ellen DeGeneres ) . The film was also nominated for two Chicago Film Critics Association Awards , for Best Picture and Best Supporting Actress ( Ellen DeGeneres ) , a Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture -- Musical or Comedy , and two MTV Movie Awards , for Best Movie and Best Comedic Performance ( Ellen DeGeneres ) . In June 2008 , the American Film Institute revealed its `` Ten Top Ten '' , the best 10 films in 10 `` classic '' American film genres , after polling over 1,500 people from the creative community . Finding Nemo was acknowledged as the 10th best film in the animation genre . It was the most recently released film among all 10 lists , and one of only three movies made after the year 2000 ( the others being The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring and Shrek ) . American Film Institute recognition : AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies -- Nominated AFI 's 10 Top 10 -- No. 10 Animated film Environmental concerns and consequences ( edit ) The film 's use of clownfish prompted mass purchase of the fish breed as pets in the United States , even though the story portrayed the use of fish as pets negatively and suggested that saltwater aquariums are notably tricky and expensive to maintain . The demand for clownfish was supplied by large - scale harvesting of tropical fish in regions like Vanuatu . The Australian Tourism Commission ( ATC ) launched several marketing campaigns in China and the United States to improve tourism in Australia , many of them utilizing Finding Nemo clips . Queensland used Finding Nemo to draw tourists to promote its state for vacationers . According to National Geographic , `` Ironically , Finding Nemo , a movie about the anguish of a captured clownfish , caused home - aquarium demand for them to triple . '' The reaction to the film by the general public has led to environmental devastation for the clownfish , and has provoked an outcry from several environmental protection agencies , including the Marine Aquarium Council , Australia . The demand for tropical fish skyrocketed after the film 's release , causing reef species decimation in Vanuatu and many other reef areas . After seeing the film , some aquarium owners released their pet fish into the ocean , but failed to release them into the correct oceanic habitat , which introduced species that are harmful to the indigenous environment , a practice that is harming reefs worldwide . Home media ( edit ) Finding Nemo was released on VHS and DVD on November 4 , 2003 . The DVD release included an original short film , Exploring the Reef , and the short animated film , Knick Knack ( 1989 ) . It would go on to become the best - selling DVD of its time , selling over 2 million units in its first two weeks of release . The film was then released on both Blu - ray and Blu - ray 3D on December 4 , 2012 , with both a 3 - disc and a 5 - disc set . Soundtrack ( edit ) Finding Nemo was the first Pixar film not to be scored by Randy Newman . The original soundtrack album , Finding Nemo , was scored by Thomas Newman , his cousin , and released on May 20 , 2003 . The album was nominated for the Academy Award for Original Music Score , losing to The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King . Theme Park attractions ( edit ) Finding Nemo has inspired numerous attractions and properties at Disney Parks around the world , including : Turtle Talk with Crush , which opened in 2004 at Epcot , 2005 in Disney California Adventure Park , 2008 in Hong Kong Disneyland , and 2009 in Tokyo DisneySea ; Finding Nemo Submarine Voyage , which opened in 2007 in Disneyland Park ; The Seas with Nemo & Friends , which opened in 2007 at Epcot ; Finding Nemo -- The Musical , which opened in 2007 in Disney 's Animal Kingdom ; and Crush 's Coaster , which opened in 2007 at Walt Disney Studios Park . Sequel ( edit ) Main article : Finding Dory In 2005 , after disagreements between Disney 's Michael Eisner and Pixar 's Steve Jobs over the distribution of Pixar 's films , Disney announced that they would be creating a new animation studio , Circle 7 Animation , to make sequels to the seven Disney - owned Pixar films ( which consisted of the films released between 1995 and 2006 ) . The studio had put Toy Story 3 and Monsters University into development , and had hired screenwriter Laurie Craig to write a draft for Finding Dory . Circle 7 was subsequently shut down after Robert Iger replaced Eisner as CEO of Disney and arranged the acquisition of Pixar . In July 2012 , it was reported that Andrew Stanton was developing a sequel to Finding Nemo , to be titled Finding Dory , with Victoria Strouse writing the script , and the film scheduled to be released in 2016 . The same day the news of a potential sequel broke , Stanton called into question the accuracy of the reports . The message said , `` Did n't you all learn from Chicken Little ? Everyone calm down . Do n't believe everything you read . Nothing to see here now . # skyisnotfalling '' . According to the report by The Hollywood Reporter published in August 2012 , Ellen DeGeneres was in negotiations to reprise her role of Dory . In September 2012 , Stanton confirmed , saying , `` What was immediately on the list was writing a second Carter movie . When that went away , everything slid up . I know I 'll be accused by more sarcastic people that it 's a reaction to Carter not doing well , but only in its timing , but not in its conceit '' . In February 2013 , it was confirmed by the press that Albert Brooks would reprise the role of Marlin in the sequel . In April 2013 , Disney announced the sequel Finding Dory , confirming that DeGeneres and Brooks would be reprising their roles as Dory and Marlin , respectively . It was scheduled to be released on November 25 , 2015 , but the film 's ending was revised after Pixar executives viewed Blackfish . On September 18 , 2013 , it was announced that the film would be pushed back to a UK July 29 , 2016 release . Pixar 's The Good Dinosaur was moved to the November 25 , 2015 slot to allow more time for production of the film . See also ( edit ) List of animated feature films of the 2000s List of Pixar films 2000s portal Film portal Animation portal Disney portal References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Finding Nemo ( 2003 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 5 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Finding Nemo ( 2003 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on August 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Boone , Louis E. Contemporary Business 2006 , Thomson South - Western , page 4 -- ISBN 0 - 324 - 32089 - 2 ^ Jump up to : `` Top 10 Animation '' . American Film Institute . Retrieved June 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The 21st Century 's 100 greatest films '' . BBC . August 23 , 2016 . Retrieved December 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Finding Nemo , 2004 DVD , commentary Jump up ^ The Pixar Story by Leslie Iwerks , 2007 documentary Jump up ^ Beautiful Friendship National Geographic magazine , January 2010 Jump up ^ `` Megan Mullally -- Megan Mullally Dropped From Finding Nemo '' . WENN . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . 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Jump up ^ Subers , Ray ( August 29 , 2010 ) . `` ' Toy Story 3 ' Reaches $1 Billion '' . Box Office Mojo . Amazon.com . Retrieved August 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Japan Box Office April 26 -- 27 , 2014 '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office Mojo International '' . Boxofficemojo.com . Retrieved September 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Smith , Grady ( October 4 , 2011 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast , ' ' The Little Mermaid , ' ' Finding Nemo , ' ' Monsters , Inc . ' get 3 - D re-releases '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved October 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Segers , Frank ( September 16 , 2012 ) . `` Foreign Box Office : ' Resident Evil : Retribution ' Rules Overseas , Grossing $50 Million in 65 Markets '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weekend Report : ' Resident Evil 5 , ' ' Nemo 3D ' Lead Another Slow Weekend '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Finding Nemo - 2003 Academy Awards Profile '' . Boxofficemojo.com . May 30 , 2003 . Retrieved January 9 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Finding - Nemo -- Cast , Crew , Director and Awards '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 9 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` AFI Crowns Top 10 Films in 10 Classic Genres '' . ComingSoon.net . American Film Institute . June 17 , 2008 . Retrieved August 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Elizabeth ( November 29 , 2002 ) . `` Acquiring Nemo '' . The Business Report . Retrieved November 10 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Corcoran , Mark ( November 9 , 2002 ) . `` Vanuatu -- Saving Nemo '' . ABC Foreign Correspondent . Retrieved October 23 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Tourism authorities hope `` Nemo '' will lead Chinese tourists to Australia `` . China Daily . August 18 , 2003 . Archived from the original on October 7 , 2003 . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Peter ( November 3 , 2002 ) . `` Nemo - led recovery hope '' . The Age . Melbourne , Australia . Retrieved October 23 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Dennis , Anthony ( February 11 , 2003 ) . `` Sydney ignores Nemo '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved October 23 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Clown Anemonefish '' . Nat Geo Wild : Animals . National Geographic Society . Retrieved December 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Marine Aquarium Council 's request to `` Leave Nemo in the Water '' `` . Jump up ^ Arthur , Charles ( July 1 , 2004 ) . `` ' Finding Nemo ' pets harm ocean ecology '' . The Independent . London . Jump up ^ `` Revealing Nemo 's True Colors '' . Jump up ^ `` Finding Nemo DVD '' . Blu-ray.com . November 4 , 2003 . Retrieved January 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The No. 1 Film of the Year Becomes The No. 1 DVD on Nov. 4 ! ; Walt Disney Pictures Presentation of a Pixar Animation Studios Film Finding Nemo '' . Business Wire . July 28 , 2003 . Retrieved November 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ 2003 Annual Report ( Report ) . The Walt Disney Company . 2004 . Jump up ^ `` Finding Nemo Hitting 2D and 3D Blu - ray on December 4 '' . ComingSoon.net . June 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Finding Nemo ( An Original Soundtrack ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` iTunes -- Music -- Finding Nemo ( An Original Soundtrack ) by Thomas Newman '' . iTunes Store . May 20 , 2003 . Retrieved April 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2003 Academy Awards Nominations and Winners by Category '' . Boxofficemojo.com . Retrieved April 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Seas with Nemo & Friends Walt Disney World Resort '' . Disney . Retrieved January 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Finding Nemo : Submarine Voyage at Disneyland '' . Themeparkinsider.com . January 6 , 2014 . Retrieved January 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Finding Nemo - The Musical Walt Disney World Resort '' . Disney . Retrieved January 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hill , Jim ( August 7 , 2005 ) . `` The Skinny on Circle Seven '' . Retrieved March 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Armstrong , Josh ( March 5 , 2012 ) . `` Bob Hilgenberg and Rob Muir on the Rise and Fall of Disney 's Circle 7 Animation '' . Retrieved March 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' John Carter ' Helmer Andrew Stanton Dives Back into Animation With ' Finding Nemo ' Sequel '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved July 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( July 17 , 2012 ) . `` Andrew Stanton to Direct Pixar 's ' Finding Nemo ' Sequel '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Cooper , Gael Fashingbauer ; Garcia , Courtney ( July 18 , 2012 ) . `` Sequel to ' Finding Nemo ' ? Maybe . ' Toy Story 4 ' ? Not so fast ... '' NBCNews.com . Retrieved October 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rose , Lacey ( August 21 , 2012 ) . `` Ellen DeGeneres in Talks to Return for ' Finding Nemo ' Sequel ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Keegan , Rebecca ( September 8 , 2012 ) . `` Director Andrew Stanton looks back on ' John Carter 's ' rocky path '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved September 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr. , Mike ( February 12 , 2013 ) . `` Albert Brooks Hooks Deal To Reprise In ' Finding Nemo 2 ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved February 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( July 7 , 2012 ) . `` Andrew Stanton to Direct Pixar 's ' Finding Nemo ' Sequel '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Farley , Christopher John ( April 2 , 2013 ) . `` Ellen DeGeneres to Star in ' Nemo ' Sequel ' Finding Dory ' '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved April 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kaufman , Amy ( August 9 , 2013 ) . `` ' Blackfish ' gives Pixar second thoughts on ' Finding Dory ' plot '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved August 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Brooks ( August 9 , 2013 ) . `` ' Finding Nemo ' Sequel Is Altered in Response to Orcas Documentary '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lussier , Germain ( September 18 , 2013 ) . `` Pixar Skips 2014 as ' The Good Dinosaur ' Shifts to 2015 and ' Finding Dory ' to 2016 '' . / Film . Retrieved September 27 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Finding Nemo . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Finding Nemo Official website from Disney Official website from Pixar Finding Nemo on IMDb Finding Nemo at the TCM Movie Database Finding Nemo at AllMovie Finding Nemo at The Big Cartoon DataBase Finding Nemo at Rotten Tomatoes Finding Nemo at Metacritic Finding Nemo at Box Office Mojo Finding Nemo Films Finding Nemo ( 2003 ) Finding Dory ( 2016 ) Video games Finding Nemo ( 2003 ) Rush : A Disney -- Pixar Adventure ( 2017 ) Shorts Exploring the Reef ( 2003 ) Marine Life Interviews ( 2016 ) Attractions Crush 's Coaster Finding Nemo Submarine Voyage Finding Nemo -- The Musical Nemo & Friends SeaRider The Seas with Nemo & Friends Turtle Talk with Crush Pixar Animation Studios Feature films Released Toy Story ( 1995 ) A Bug 's Life ( 1998 ) Toy Story 2 ( 1999 ) Monsters , Inc. ( 2001 ) Finding Nemo ( 2003 ) The Incredibles ( 2004 ) Cars ( 2006 ) Ratatouille ( 2007 ) WALL - E ( 2008 ) Up ( 2009 ) Toy Story 3 ( 2010 ) Cars 2 ( 2011 ) Brave ( 2012 ) Monsters University ( 2013 ) Inside Out ( 2015 ) The Good Dinosaur ( 2015 ) Finding Dory ( 2016 ) Cars 3 ( 2017 ) Coco ( 2017 ) Incredibles 2 ( 2018 ) Upcoming Toy Story 4 ( 2019 ) Short films Luxo Jr. ( 1986 ) Red 's Dream ( 1987 ) Tin Toy ( 1988 ) Knick Knack ( 1989 ) Geri 's Game ( 1997 ) For the Birds ( 2000 ) Mike 's New Car ( 2002 ) Boundin ' ( 2003 ) Jack - Jack Attack ( 2005 ) Mr. Incredible and Pals ( 2005 ) One Man Band ( 2005 ) Mater and the Ghostlight ( 2006 ) Lifted ( 2006 ) Your Friend the Rat ( 2007 ) Presto ( 2008 ) BURN - E ( 2008 ) Partly Cloudy ( 2009 ) Dug 's Special Mission ( 2009 ) George and A.J. ( 2009 ) Day & Night ( 2010 ) La Luna ( 2011 ) Hawaiian Vacation ( 2011 ) Small Fry ( 2011 ) Partysaurus Rex ( 2012 ) The Legend of Mor'du ( 2012 ) The Blue Umbrella ( 2013 ) Party Central ( 2013 ) Lava ( 2014 ) Sanjay 's Super Team ( 2015 ) Riley 's First Date ? ( 2015 ) Piper ( 2016 ) Lou ( 2017 ) Bao ( 2018 ) Series Cars Toons ( 2008 -- 2014 ) Toy Story Toons ( 2011 -- 2012 ) Compilations Tiny Toy Stories ( 1996 ) Pixar Short Films Collection , Volume 1 ( 2007 ) Cars Toons : Mater 's Tall Tales ( 2010 ) Pixar Short Films Collection , Volume 2 ( 2012 ) Other works Beach Chair ( 1986 ) Flags and Waves ( 1986 ) Light & Heavy ( 1990 ) Surprise ( 1991 ) Nemo & Friends SeaRider ( 2016 ) Television specials Toy Story of Terror ! ( 2013 ) Toy Story That Time Forgot ( 2014 ) Franchises Toy Story Monsters , Inc . Finding Nemo The Incredibles Cars Associated productions The Adventures of André & Wally B. ( 1984 ) It 's Tough to Be a Bug ! ( 1998 ) Buzz Lightyear of Star Command : The Adventure Begins ( 2000 ) Buzz Lightyear of Star Command ( 2000 -- 2001 ) Exploring the Reef ( 2003 ) Turtle Talk with Crush ( 2004 ) John Carter ( 2012 ) Planes ( 2013 ) Planes : Fire & Rescue ( 2014 ) Borrowed Time ( 2016 ) Documentaries The Pixar Story ( 2007 ) Products Pixar Image Computer RenderMan Presto Animation System People John Lasseter Edwin Catmull Steve Jobs Alvy Ray Smith Jim Morris Pete Docter See also List of Pixar characters Luxo Jr . List of Pixar awards and nominations feature films short films List of Pixar film references Computer Graphics Lab Industrial Light & Magic Lucasfilm Animation Circle 7 Animation Pixar Canada Pixar Photoscience Team A Computer Animated Hand The Works The Shadow King Kingdom Hearts III Pixar universe theory Walt Disney Animation Studios The Walt Disney Studios Book Andrew Stanton Films directed Finding Nemo ( 2003 ) WALL - E ( 2008 ) John Carter ( 2012 ) Finding Dory ( 2016 ) Films written Toy Story ( 1995 ) A Bug 's Life ( 1998 ) Toy Story 2 ( 1999 ) Monsters , Inc. ( 2001 ) BURN - E ( 2008 , short ) Toy Story 3 ( 2010 ) Toy Story 4 ( 2019 ) Awards for Finding Nemo Academy Award for Best Animated Feature 2000s Shrek -- Aron Warner ( 2001 ) Spirited Away -- Hayao Miyazaki ( 2002 ) Finding Nemo -- Andrew Stanton ( 2003 ) The Incredibles -- Brad Bird ( 2004 ) Wallace & Gromit : The Curse of the Were - Rabbit -- Nick Park and Steve Box ( 2005 ) Happy Feet -- George Miller ( 2006 ) Ratatouille -- Brad Bird ( 2007 ) WALL - E -- Andrew Stanton ( 2008 ) Up -- Pete Docter ( 2009 ) 2010s Toy Story 3 -- Lee Unkrich ( 2010 ) Rango -- Gore Verbinski ( 2011 ) Brave -- Mark Andrews and Brenda Chapman ( 2012 ) Frozen -- Chris Buck , Jennifer Lee , and Peter Del Vecho ( 2013 ) Big Hero 6 -- Don Hall , Chris Williams , and Roy Conli ( 2014 ) Inside Out -- Pete Docter and Jonas Rivera ( 2015 ) Zootopia -- Byron Howard , Rich Moore , and Clark Spencer ( 2016 ) Coco -- Lee Unkrich and Darla K. Anderson ( 2017 ) Annie Award for Best Animated Feature 1990s Beauty and the Beast ( 1992 ) Aladdin ( 1993 ) The Lion King ( 1994 ) Pocahontas ( 1995 ) Toy Story ( 1996 ) Cats Do n't Dance ( 1997 ) Mulan ( 1998 ) The Iron Giant ( 1999 ) 2000s Toy Story 2 ( 2000 ) Shrek ( 2001 ) Spirited Away ( 2002 ) Finding Nemo ( 2003 ) The Incredibles ( 2004 ) Wallace & Gromit : The Curse of the Were - Rabbit ( 2005 ) Cars ( 2006 ) Ratatouille ( 2007 ) Kung Fu Panda ( 2008 ) Up ( 2009 ) 2010s How to Train Your Dragon ( 2010 ) Rango ( 2011 ) Wreck - It Ralph ( 2012 ) Frozen ( 2013 ) How to Train Your Dragon 2 ( 2014 ) Inside Out ( 2015 ) Zootopia ( 2016 ) Coco ( 2017 ) Critics ' Choice Movie Award for Best Animated Feature 1998 -- 2000 A Bug 's Life -- John Lasseter and Andrew Stanton / The Prince of Egypt -- Simon Wells , Brenda Chapman , and Steve Hickner ( 1998 ) Toy Story 2 -- John Lasseter , Lee Unkrich , and Ash Brannon ( 1999 ) Chicken Run -- Peter Lord and Nick Park ( 2000 ) 2001 -- 2010 Shrek -- Andrew Adamson and Vicky Jenson ( 2001 ) Spirited Away -- Hayao Miyazaki ( 2002 ) Finding Nemo -- Andrew Stanton and Lee Unkrich ( 2003 ) The Incredibles -- Brad Bird ( 2004 ) Wallace & Gromit : The Curse of the Were - Rabbit -- Nick Park and Steve Box ( 2005 ) Cars -- John Lasseter and Joe Ranft ( 2006 ) Ratatouille -- Brad Bird and Jan Pinkava ( 2007 ) WALL - E -- Andrew Stanton ( 2008 ) Up -- Pete Docter and Bob Peterson ( 2009 ) Toy Story 3 -- Lee Unkrich ( 2010 ) 2011 -- present Rango -- Gore Verbinski ( 2011 ) Wreck - It Ralph -- Rich Moore ( 2012 ) Frozen -- Chris Buck and Jennifer Lee ( 2013 ) The Lego Movie -- Phil Lord and Christopher Miller ( 2014 ) Inside Out -- Pete Docter and Ronnie del Carmen ( 2015 ) Zootopia -- Byron Howard and Rich Moore ( 2016 ) Coco -- Lee Unkrich ( 2017 ) Saturn Award for Best Animated Film Watership Down ( 1978 ) The Secret of NIMH ( 1982 ) Spirited Away ( 2002 ) Finding Nemo ( 2003 ) The Incredibles ( 2004 ) Tim Burton 's Corpse Bride ( 2005 ) Cars ( 2006 ) Ratatouille ( 2007 ) WALL - E ( 2008 ) Monsters vs. Aliens ( 2009 ) Toy Story 3 ( 2010 ) Puss in Boots ( 2011 ) Frankenweenie ( 2012 ) Frozen ( 2013 ) The Lego Movie ( 2014 ) Inside Out ( 2015 ) Finding Dory ( 2016 ) Coco ( 2017 ) GND : 4741712 - 2 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Finding_Nemo&oldid=856872854 '' Categories : 2003 films English - language films Finding Nemo 2003 computer - animated films 2000s American animated films 3D re-releases American 3D films American computer - animated films American films Animated films about fish Best Animated Feature Academy Award winners Best Animated Feature Annie Award winners Best Animated Feature Broadcast Film Critics Association Award winners Films scored by Thomas Newman Films directed by Andrew Stanton Films featuring anthropomorphic characters Films set in Sydney Pixar animated films Screenplays by Andrew Stanton Walt Disney Pictures films Hidden categories : Good articles Use mdy dates from January 2018 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2006 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles needing additional references from November 2016 All articles needing additional references Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം مصرى Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt ייִדיש 中文 56 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 August 2018 , at 02 : 27 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what kind of fish is at the beginning of finding nemo | [
"Two clownfish, Marlin and Coral, are admiring their new home in the Great Barrier Reef, Australia, and their clutch of hundreds of eggs, when a barracuda attacks. Marlin is knocked unconscious, and wakes up to find Coral and all but one of the eggs gone. He names this last egg Nemo, a name that Coral had chosen.\n"
] | [
"clownfish"
] |
-8778768787915440641 | The Adventures of Sharkboy and Lavagirl in 3-D | The Adventures of Sharkboy and Lavagirl in 3 - D - wikipedia The Adventures of Sharkboy and Lavagirl in 3 - D Jump to : navigation , search The Adventures of Sharkboy and Lavagirl Theatrical release poster Directed by Robert Rodriguez Produced by Elizabeth Avellán Written by Robert Rodriguez Marcel Rodriguez Story by Racer Rodriguez Starring Taylor Lautner Taylor Dooley Cayden Boyd David Arquette Kristin Davis George Lopez Music by John Debney Graeme Revell Robert Rodriguez Cinematography Robert Rodriguez Edited by Robert Rodriguez Production company Troublemaker Studios Dimension Films Lionsgate Distributed by Miramax Films ( United States ) Columbia Pictures ( International ) Release date June 10 , 2005 ( 2005 - 06 - 10 ) Running time 94 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $50 million Box office $69.4 million The Adventures of Sharkboy and Lavagirl ( also known simply as Sharkboy and Lavagirl ) is a 2005 American adventure film written and directed by Robert Rodriguez and originally released in the United States on June 10 , 2005 by Miramax Films , Columbia Pictures and Dimension Films . The film uses the anaglyph 3 - D technology , similar to the one used in Spy Kids 3 - D : Game Over ( 2003 ) . The film stars Taylor Lautner , Taylor Dooley , Cayden Boyd , David Arquette , Kristin Davis and George Lopez . Many of the concepts and much of the story were conceived by Rodriguez 's children . The special effects were done by Hybride Technologies , CafeFX , The Orphanage , Post Logic , Hydraulx , Industrial Light & Magic , R ! ot Pictures , Tippett Studio , Amalgamated Pixels , Intelligent Creatures and Troublemaker Digital . The film received negative reviews from critics with much of the criticism directed at the decision to post-convert the film into 3 - D which damaged the film 's visual look , and earned $69.4 million on a $50 million budget . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Reception 4.1 Critical response 4.2 Box office 4.3 Lawsuit 5 Soundtrack 6 Books 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) Max is a lonely child in the suburbs of Austin who creates an imaginary dreamworld named Planet Drool , where all of his dreams come to life . He creates two characters ; Sharkboy , who was raised by sharks after losing his father at sea , and Lavagirl , who can produce fire and lava , but has trouble touching objects without setting them alight . The two left Max to guard Planet Drool . In reality , Max 's parents have little time for him , and their marital relationship is not going well . Max is also bullied by fellow schoolmate Linus . However , he does receive friendship from Marissa , the daughter of his teacher Mr. Electricidad , whose name is Spanish for `` electricity '' . After a chase , Linus steals Max 's dream journal ( where all of his most precious dreams are kept ) and vandalizes it . The next day , as Max attempts to retaliate , twin tornadoes form outside the school . Sharkboy and Lavagirl emerge from the tornadoes and have Max accompany them to Planet Drool , which he learns is turning bad because of Mr. Electric , the dreamworld 's now - corrupt electrician . They confront Mr. Electric , who drops them in the Dream Graveyard , where some of Max 's dreams have been dumped . They find Tobor , a robot toy that Max never finished building in the real world after being discouraged by his father . Tobor gives them a lift to other parts of the planet . The three form a friendship during their journey , but they face hardships , such as Sharkboy 's anger for the oceans being frozen over , and Lavagirl 's desperation to find her true purpose on Planet Drool . They are pursued by Mr. Electric and his `` plughounds '' across the planet . They plan to visit the Ice Princess and obtain the Crystal Heart , which can freeze time , giving them enough time to get to the center of Planet Drool and fix the dreamworld using Max 's daydreaming . However , they are captured by Mr. Electric , and delivered to Linus 's Planet Drool incarnation Minus , who has altered the dreamworld with Max 's own dream journal , and traps the three in a cage . Sharkboy gets annoyed by Minus and has a shark frenzy , destroying the cage . After they escape , Max retrieves the dream journal from Minus while he is sleeping . Max informs Sharkboy that his father is alive in his book , but when Lavagirl wishes to learn what it says about her true identity , she burns the book to ash . In rage , Lavagirl asks Max why she was made out of lava , but Sharkboy tells him to let her cool down . After an encounter with the Ice Guardian , Max , Sharkboy , and Lavagirl reach the Ice Princess , the Planet Drool incarnation of Marissa Electricidad . She hands over the Crystal Heart , but they are too late to stop the corruption since the ice princess is the only one who can use the Crystal Heart 's power , and she can not leave her home . Mr. Electric fools Sharkboy into jumping into water filled with electric eels , seemingly killing him . Lavagirl also dies after jumping into the water to retrieve Sharkboy . Tobor appears and convinces Max to dream a better and unselfish dream , which in turn revives Sharkboy , who then races Lavagirl to a volcano to revive her . Max concludes that her purpose is as a light against the dark clouds which have engulfed Planet Drool 's skies . Max gains reality warping as the Daydreamer and defeats Minus , then offers to make a better dreamworld between the two of them , to which Minus agrees . Mr. Electric refuses to accept the new dreamworld , and flies to Earth to kill Max while he is dreaming . Max awakens back in his classroom during the tornado storm . Mr. Electric materializes , and Max 's parents get sucked into the storm , but are saved by Sharkboy and Lavagirl . Max gives the Crystal Heart to Marissa so she can use the Ice Princess 's powers to destroy Mr. Electric . Mr. Electricidad , Linus and Max make peace with one another , and Max reunites with his parents . Max later informs his class that Planet Drool became a proper dreamworld again , Sharkboy became the King of the Ocean , and Lavagirl became Queen of the Volcanoes , and as the film shows Max finally finishing Tobor , he reminds the class to `` dream a better dream , and work to make it real . '' Cast ( edit ) Cayden Boyd as Max . An imaginative 10 - year - old boy , known as the `` day - dreamer '' on Planet Drool . `` At first he 's dreaming all for himself ; he wants Shark Boy and Lava Girl to take him away '' , says Boyd about the role . `` I like that he 's selfish in the beginning and he 's not selfish in the end '' . Taylor Lautner as Sharkboy . Lautner said about the character , `` He 's very self - confident and sometimes his confidence gets him into trouble . He 's also kinda jealous of the character , Max , because he has an inside crush on Lava Girl and she 's overly motherly to Max . '' Lautner 's martial arts skills helped him to obtain the role of Sharkboy . `` When I auditioned for the film , Robert Rodriguez , the director , did n't know that I had my martial arts ( background ) , and while we there in Austin , TX he saw a DVD of me and asked me to choreograph my own fight scenes '' , said Lautner . Lautner was the first to audition for the film , says Rodriguez , and was chosen immediately . Taylor Dooley as Lavagirl . The role was cast after the two other main characters , Sharkboy and Max , had already been cast . Her lava bike was computer - generated , like many of the elements in the film ; Dooley and Lautner described the on - set versions of the lava bike and Sharkboy 's shark - themed jetski as `` a green box with handles '' . David Arquette and Kristin Davis play Max 's parents . Max 's father is an unemployed writer . They are on the brink of a divorce . They mean well for Max but are unable to settle his troubles . On Planet Drool , Max 's parents appear as a pair of `` Cookie Giants , '' who live happily in the Land of Milk and Cookies . George Lopez as Mr. Electricidad , Mr. Electric , and the voices of Tobor and the Ice Guardian . Rodriguez states that he kept asking Lopez to play additional characters . Lopez spent a total of two weeks working on the film . Jacob Davich as Linus / Minus . He is a bully at Max 's school and steals his Dream Journal . With it , he enters Max 's dreamworld and , using the name `` Minus '' ( a nickname bestowed by Mr. Electricidad for Linus ' habit of disliked conduct ) , alters it to his version before ultimately befriending Max . Sasha Pieterse as Marissa Electricidad / Ice Princess . Marissa is the daughter of Mr. Electricidad , and at first the only student who befriends Max . On Planet Drool , she appears as the Ice Princess , keeper of the Crystal Heart , which is a necklace she wears which can freeze anything , including time . Robert Rodriguez has an uncredited role voicing a shark . As seen in the credits , two of Robert Rodriguez 's children , Rebel and Racer , portray Sharkboy at age five and age seven respectively . Rico Torres plays Sharkboy 's father . Marc Musso and Shane Graham play children at Max 's school . Production ( edit ) Parts of the film were shot on location in Texas , where Max resides and goes to school in the film . Much of the film was shot in a studio against green screen . Most of the ships , landscapes and other effects including some creatures and characters , were accomplished digitally . According to Lautner and Dooley , when filming the scene with the dream train , the front part of the train was an actual physical set piece . `` The whole inside was there and when they have all the gadgets you can pull on , that was all there but everything else was a green screen , '' said Dooley . Eleven visual effects companies ( Hybride Technologies , CafeFX , The Orphanage , Post Logic , Hydraulx , Industrial Light & Magic , R ! ot Pictures , Tippett Studio , Amalgamated Pixels and Intelligent Creatures and Rodriguez 's Texas - based Troublemaker Digital ) worked on the film in order to accomplish over 1,000 visual effect shots . Robert Rodriguez appears in the credits fourteen times , most notably as director , a producer , a screenwriter ( along with Marcel Rodriguez ) , visual effects supervisor , director of photography , editor , a camera operator , and a composer and performer . The story is credited to Racer Max Rodriguez , with additional story elements by Rebecca Rodriguez , who also wrote the lyrics for the main song , `` Sharkboy and Lavagirl '' . Other members of the Rodriguez family can be seen in the film or were involved in the production . Miley Cyrus had auditioned for the film with Lautner , and said it came down to her and another girl who was also auditioning ; however , Cyrus began production on Hannah Montana . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) The Adventures of Sharkboy and Lavagirl received a 20 % rating on Rotten Tomatoes and the consensus : `` The decision to turn this kiddie fantasy into a 3 - D film was a miscalculation . '' Roger Ebert gave the film 2 out of 4 stars and agreed with the other criticisms in which the 3 - D process used was distracting and muted the colors , thus , he believes , `` spoiling '' much of the film and that the film would look more visually appealing when released in the home media market . Box office ( edit ) For its opening weekend , the film earned $12.6 million in 2,655 theaters . It also was placed # 5 at the box office , being overshadowed by Mr. & Mrs. Smith , Madagascar , Star Wars : Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith , and The Longest Yard . The film was not very successful in the US , taking in $39,177,541 and was a box office bomb . However , it did manage to gross $30,248,282 overseas , for a total of $69,425,966 worldwide . Lawsuit ( edit ) The Total Nonstop Action professional wrestler Dean Roll , who trademarked the name `` Shark Boy '' in 1999 , sued Miramax on June 8 , 2005 , claiming that his trademark had been infringed and demanding `` ( any ) money , profits and advantages wrongfully gained '' . In April 2007 , the suit was settled for a disclosed amount of $200,000 . Soundtrack ( edit ) Original Motion Picture Soundtrack : The Adventures of Sharkboy and Lavagirl in 3 - D Soundtrack album by various artists Released June 28 , 2005 Genre Soundtrack , rock , pop Length 43 : 26 Label Varèse Sarabande Robert Rodriguez film soundtrack chronology Sin City ( 2005 ) Sin City 2005 The Adventures of Sharkboy and Lavagirl in 3 - D ( 2005 ) Planet Terror ( 2007 ) Planet Terror 2007 Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating Filmtracks Music from the Movies SoundtrackNet Director Robert Rodriguez composed parts of the score himself , with contributions by composers John Debney and Graeme Revell . Green Day were reportedly set to contribute `` Wake Me Up When September Ends '' to the soundtrack , but Robert Rodriguez declined it . No . Title Writer ( s ) Performer ( s ) Length 1 . `` The Shark Boy '' Robert Rodriguez , John Debney 3 : 47 2 . `` The Lava Girl '' Rodriguez 1 : 28 3 . `` Max 's Dream '' Rodriguez 1 : 37 4 . `` Sharkboy and Lavagirl Return '' Rodriguez 1 : 44 5 . `` Planet Drool '' Rodriguez 2 : 12 6 . `` Mount Never Rest '' Graeme Revell 2 : 35 7 . `` Passage of Time '' Rodriguez , Carl Thiel 1 : 30 8 . `` Mr. Electric '' Revell 1 : 09 9 . `` Train of Thought '' Debney 2 : 01 10 . `` Dream Dream Dream Dream ( Dream Dream ) '' Rodriguez Shark Boy and the Lava Girls 1 : 54 11 . `` Stream of Consciousness '' Debney 1 : 33 12 . `` Sea of Confusion '' Debney 3 : 04 13 . `` The LaLa 's '' Nicole Weinstein 1 : 09 14 . `` The Ice Princess '' Rodriguez , Debney 2 : 51 15 . `` Sharkboy vs. Mr. Electric '' Revell 0 : 55 16 . `` Lavagirl 's Sacrifice '' Rodriguez 2 : 10 17 . `` The Light '' Rodriguez 2 : 21 18 . `` Battle of the Dreamers '' Rodriguez 1 : 21 19 . `` Mr. Electric on Earth '' Revell 1 : 15 20 . `` Unplugged '' Rodriguez , Debney 1 : 12 21 . `` The Day Dreamer '' Rodriguez , Debney 1 : 29 22 . `` Sharkboy and Lavagirl '' Rodriguez , Rebecca Rodriguez Ariel Abshire & The Lava Girls 4 : 09 Total length : 43 : 26 Books ( edit ) Around the time of the film 's debut Rodriguez co-wrote a series of children 's novels entitled Sharkboy and Lavagirl Adventures with acclaimed science fiction writer Chris Roberson . They include Book 1 , The Day Dreamer , and Book 2 , Return to Planet Drool , which announces that it will be continued in a third volume , Deep Sleep , which has yet to appear . They are illustrated throughout by Alex Toader , who designed characters and environments for the film and the previous Spy Kids franchise . In the first book , the story of the film is told from Lavagirl 's and Sharkboy 's perspective , with at least one new event . In Return to Planet Drool , Sharkboy , remembering his encounter with the Imagineer in the first book , continues the search for his father by seeking to return to the Dream World . He meets a very bored Lavagirl in the underwater city of Vent , where she now reigns as queen , and together they embark on a subterranean journey . They encounter piranhas , a gargantuan red bear , and a city of inhabited by the dreams of bygone eras , where they are held captive by superheroes , pirates , and cowboys . By the end , after learning the city 's secrets , Sharkboy still hopes to find his father , and Lavagirl the secrets of her origin . Jeff Jensen of Entertainment Weekly praised another book appearing around the time of the film , The Adventures of SharkBoy and LavaGirl : The Movie Storybook ( by Racer Max Rodriguez and Robert Rodriguez ) , as a far cry from the usual movie storybook tie - in , and also praised Alex Toader 's `` cartoony yet detailed '' illustrations . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Detail view of Movies Page '' . ^ Jump up to : `` The Adventures of Sharkboy and Lavagirl in 3 - D '' . ^ Jump up to : `` The Adventure of Sharkboy and Lavagirl in 3D ( 2005 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Scholastic News Online : Cayden Boyd , Taylor Lautner , loves Taylor Dooley talk to Scholastic News Online about their exciting new movie '' . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Lautner Interview at Kidzworld.com '' . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Movieweb Interview With Taylor Lautner '' . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 22 . Jump up ^ Vena , Joceyln . `` Taylor Lautner 's Success Does n't Surprise Robert Rodriguez '' . VH1.com . MTV Networks . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` RadioFree.com Interviews : Taylor Dooley , Taylor Lautner and Cayden Boyd '' . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` RadioFree.com Interviews : George Lopez and Robert Rodriguez '' . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ Barker , Lynn ( June 8 , 2005 ) . `` Hangin ' with Sharkboy , Lavagirl ... and Max '' . TeenHollywood.com . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ DiLullo , Tara ( June 10 , 2005 ) . `` Shark Boy and Lava Girl : Back to 3D '' . Animation World Magazine . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Interview with Miley Cyrus '' . B96.radio.com . October 30 , 2009 . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` The Adventures of Sharkboy and Lavagirl in 3 - D '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 30 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( June 9 , 2005 ) . `` The Adventures of Shark Boy & Lava Girl in 3 - D ( PG ) '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 23 . Movie review Jump up ^ Gray , Brandon ( June 13 , 2005 ) . `` ' Mr. and Mrs. Smith ' Honeymoons at the Top '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Winnick , Zach . `` Shark Boy Attacks Amazon Over Pint - Size Infringer '' . Law 360 . Retrieved May 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Filmtracks : The Adventures of Sharkboy and Lavagirl in 3 - D ( Robert Rodriguez / Graeme Revell / John Debney ) '' . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived December 28 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Other reviews by Mike Brennan ( August 31 , 2005 ) . `` SoundtrackNet : The Adventures of SharkBoy and LavaGirl in 3D Soundtrack '' . Soundtrack.net . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 30 . Jump up ^ Rodriguez , Robert ; Roberson , Chris ( 2005 ) . Sharkboy and Lavagirl Adventures : Book 2 : Return to Planet Drool . Cover design and illustrations by Alex Toader . Troublemaker Publishing . ISBN 1 - 933104 - 05 - 8 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Jeff ( June 6 , 2005 ) . `` Book Review : The Adventures of SharkBoy and LavaGirl : The Movie Storybook ( 2005 ) '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 17 . External links ( edit ) The Adventures of Sharkboy and Lavagirl in 3 - D on IMDb The Adventures of Sharkboy and Lavagirl in 3 - D at AllMovie The Adventures of Sharkboy and Lavagirl in 3 - D at Box Office Mojo The Adventures of Sharkboy and Lavagirl in 3 - D at Rotten Tomatoes ( hide ) Works of Robert Rodriguez Films Bedhead ( short film , 1991 ) El Mariachi ( 1992 ) Roadracers ( 1994 ) Desperado ( 1995 ) Four Rooms ( Segment : `` The Misbehavers '' , 1995 ) From Dusk till Dawn ( 1996 ) The Faculty ( 1998 ) Spy Kids ( 2001 ) Spy Kids 2 : The Island of Lost Dreams ( 2002 ) Spy Kids 3 - D : Game Over ( 2003 ) Once Upon a Time in Mexico ( 2003 ) Sin City ( 2005 ) The Adventures of Sharkboy and Lavagirl in 3 - D ( 2005 ) Planet Terror ( 2007 ) Shorts : The Adventures of the Wishing Rock ( 2009 ) Machete ( 2010 ) Spy Kids : All the Time in the World ( 2011 ) Machete Kills ( 2013 ) Sin City : A Dame to Kill For ( 2014 ) 100 Years ( 2015 ; releasing in 2115 ) Alita : Battle Angel ( 2018 ) Films produced From Dusk Till Dawn 2 : Texas Blood Money ( 1999 ) Death Proof ( 2007 ) Predators ( 2010 ) Television From Dusk till Dawn : The Series ( 2014 -- ) The Director 's Chair ( 2014 -- ) See also Chingon Mexican Spaghetti Western Mexico Trilogy Spy Kids franchise Rebel Without a Crew ( 1995 ) Grindhouse ( 2007 ) El Rey Network Troublemaker Studios Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Adventures_of_Sharkboy_and_Lavagirl_in_3-D&oldid=815991906 '' Categories : 2005 films English - language films 2000s 3D films 2000s comedy films 2000s fantasy films 2000s teen films 2000s superhero films American 3D films American films American children 's adventure films American children 's comedy films American children 's fantasy films American superhero films Child superheroes Columbia Pictures films Dimension Films films Fantasy - comedy films Films scored by John Debney Films scored by Graeme Revell Films scored by Robert Rodriguez Film superheroes Films about dreams Films about orphans Films directed by Robert Rodriguez Films produced by Elizabeth Avellán Films set in Austin , Texas Films shot in Austin , Texas Screenplays by Robert Rodriguez Superhero comedy films Teen superhero films Troublemaker Studios films Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from September 2016 Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2014 Track listings with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 18 December 2017 , at 15 : 04 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | the adventures of sharkboy and lavagirl in 3d cast | [
"\n\nThe Adventures of\nSharkboy and Lavagirl\n\n\n\nTheatrical release poster\n\n\n\nDirected by\nRobert Rodriguez\n\n\nProduced by\nElizabeth Avellán\n\n\nWritten by\n\n\n\nRobert Rodriguez\nMarcel Rodriguez\n\n\n\n\n\nStory by\nRacer Rodriguez\n\n\nStarring\n\n\n\nTaylor Lautner\nTaylor Dooley\nCayden Boyd\nDavid Arquette\nKristin Davis\nGeorge Lopez\n\n\n\n\n\nMusic by\n\n\n\nJohn Debney\nGraeme Revell\nRobert Rodriguez[1]\n\n\n\n\n\nCinematography\nRobert Rodriguez\n\n\nEdited by\nRobert Rodriguez\n\n\n\nProduction\ncompany\n\n\n\n\n\nTroublemaker Studios\nDimension Films\nLionsgate\n\n\n\n\n\n\nDistributed by\n\n\n\nMiramax Films (United States)\nColumbia Pictures (International)[1]\n\n\n\n\n\n\nRelease date\n\n\n\n\nJune 10, 2005 (2005-06-10)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n[2]\n\n\n\nRunning time\n\n94 minutes\n\n\nCountry\nUnited States\n\n\nLanguage\nEnglish\n\n\nBudget\n$50 million\n\n\nBox office\n$69.4 million[3]\n\n",
"\n\nThe Adventures of\nSharkboy and Lavagirl\n\n\n\nTheatrical release poster\n\n\n\nDirected by\nRobert Rodriguez\n\n\nProduced by\nElizabeth Avellán\n\n\nWritten by\n\n\n\nRobert Rodriguez\nMarcel Rodriguez\n\n\n\n\n\nStory by\nRacer Rodriguez\n\n\nStarring\n\n\n\nTaylor Lautner\nTaylor Dooley\nCayden Boyd\nDavid Arquette\nKristin Davis\nGeorge Lopez\n\n\n\n\n\nMusic by\n\n\n\nJohn Debney\nGraeme Revell\nRobert Rodriguez[1]\n\n\n\n\n\nCinematography\nRobert Rodriguez\n\n\nEdited by\nRobert Rodriguez\n\n\n\nProduction\ncompany\n\n\n\n\n\nTroublemaker Studios\nDimension Films\nLionsgate\n\n\n\n\n\n\nDistributed by\n\n\n\nMiramax Films (United States)\nColumbia Pictures (International)[1]\n\n\n\n\n\n\nRelease date\n\n\n\n\nJune 10, 2005 (2005-06-10)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n[2]\n\n\n\nRunning time\n\n94 minutes\n\n\nCountry\nUnited States\n\n\nLanguage\nEnglish\n\n\nBudget\n$50 million\n\n\nBox office\n$69.4 million[3]\n\n",
"\n\nThe Adventures of\nSharkboy and Lavagirl\n\n\n\nTheatrical release poster\n\n\n\nDirected by\nRobert Rodriguez\n\n\nProduced by\nElizabeth Avellán\n\n\nWritten by\n\n\n\nRobert Rodriguez\nMarcel Rodriguez\n\n\n\n\n\nStory by\nRacer Rodriguez\n\n\nStarring\n\n\n\nTaylor Lautner\nTaylor Dooley\nCayden Boyd\nDavid Arquette\nKristin Davis\nGeorge Lopez\n\n\n\n\n\nMusic by\n\n\n\nJohn Debney\nGraeme Revell\nRobert Rodriguez[1]\n\n\n\n\n\nCinematography\nRobert Rodriguez\n\n\nEdited by\nRobert Rodriguez\n\n\n\nProduction\ncompany\n\n\n\n\n\nTroublemaker Studios\nDimension Films\nLionsgate\n\n\n\n\n\n\nDistributed by\n\n\n\nMiramax Films (United States)\nColumbia Pictures (International)[1]\n\n\n\n\n\n\nRelease date\n\n\n\n\nJune 10, 2005 (2005-06-10)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n[2]\n\n\n\nRunning time\n\n94 minutes\n\n\nCountry\nUnited States\n\n\nLanguage\nEnglish\n\n\nBudget\n$50 million\n\n\nBox office\n$69.4 million[3]\n\n",
"\n\nThe Adventures of\nSharkboy and Lavagirl\n\n\n\nTheatrical release poster\n\n\n\nDirected by\nRobert Rodriguez\n\n\nProduced by\nElizabeth Avellán\n\n\nWritten by\n\n\n\nRobert Rodriguez\nMarcel Rodriguez\n\n\n\n\n\nStory by\nRacer Rodriguez\n\n\nStarring\n\n\n\nTaylor Lautner\nTaylor Dooley\nCayden Boyd\nDavid Arquette\nKristin Davis\nGeorge Lopez\n\n\n\n\n\nMusic by\n\n\n\nJohn Debney\nGraeme Revell\nRobert Rodriguez[1]\n\n\n\n\n\nCinematography\nRobert Rodriguez\n\n\nEdited by\nRobert Rodriguez\n\n\n\nProduction\ncompany\n\n\n\n\n\nTroublemaker Studios\nDimension Films\nLionsgate\n\n\n\n\n\n\nDistributed by\n\n\n\nMiramax Films (United States)\nColumbia Pictures (International)[1]\n\n\n\n\n\n\nRelease date\n\n\n\n\nJune 10, 2005 (2005-06-10)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n[2]\n\n\n\nRunning time\n\n94 minutes\n\n\nCountry\nUnited States\n\n\nLanguage\nEnglish\n\n\nBudget\n$50 million\n\n\nBox office\n$69.4 million[3]\n\n",
"\n\nThe Adventures of\nSharkboy and Lavagirl\n\n\n\nTheatrical release poster\n\n\n\nDirected by\nRobert Rodriguez\n\n\nProduced by\nElizabeth Avellán\n\n\nWritten by\n\n\n\nRobert Rodriguez\nMarcel Rodriguez\n\n\n\n\n\nStory by\nRacer Rodriguez\n\n\nStarring\n\n\n\nTaylor Lautner\nTaylor Dooley\nCayden Boyd\nDavid Arquette\nKristin Davis\nGeorge Lopez\n\n\n\n\n\nMusic by\n\n\n\nJohn Debney\nGraeme Revell\nRobert Rodriguez[1]\n\n\n\n\n\nCinematography\nRobert Rodriguez\n\n\nEdited by\nRobert Rodriguez\n\n\n\nProduction\ncompany\n\n\n\n\n\nTroublemaker Studios\nDimension Films\nLionsgate\n\n\n\n\n\n\nDistributed by\n\n\n\nMiramax Films (United States)\nColumbia Pictures (International)[1]\n\n\n\n\n\n\nRelease date\n\n\n\n\nJune 10, 2005 (2005-06-10)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n[2]\n\n\n\nRunning time\n\n94 minutes\n\n\nCountry\nUnited States\n\n\nLanguage\nEnglish\n\n\nBudget\n$50 million\n\n\nBox office\n$69.4 million[3]\n\n",
"\n\nThe Adventures of\nSharkboy and Lavagirl\n\n\n\nTheatrical release poster\n\n\n\nDirected by\nRobert Rodriguez\n\n\nProduced by\nElizabeth Avellán\n\n\nWritten by\n\n\n\nRobert Rodriguez\nMarcel Rodriguez\n\n\n\n\n\nStory by\nRacer Rodriguez\n\n\nStarring\n\n\n\nTaylor Lautner\nTaylor Dooley\nCayden Boyd\nDavid Arquette\nKristin Davis\nGeorge Lopez\n\n\n\n\n\nMusic by\n\n\n\nJohn Debney\nGraeme Revell\nRobert Rodriguez[1]\n\n\n\n\n\nCinematography\nRobert Rodriguez\n\n\nEdited by\nRobert Rodriguez\n\n\n\nProduction\ncompany\n\n\n\n\n\nTroublemaker Studios\nDimension Films\nLionsgate\n\n\n\n\n\n\nDistributed by\n\n\n\nMiramax Films (United States)\nColumbia Pictures (International)[1]\n\n\n\n\n\n\nRelease date\n\n\n\n\nJune 10, 2005 (2005-06-10)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n[2]\n\n\n\nRunning time\n\n94 minutes\n\n\nCountry\nUnited States\n\n\nLanguage\nEnglish\n\n\nBudget\n$50 million\n\n\nBox office\n$69.4 million[3]\n\n"
] | [
"Taylor Lautner",
"Taylor Dooley",
"Cayden Boyd",
"David Arquette",
"Kristin Davis",
"George Lopez"
] |
-4658142799992752173 | Celebrity Big Brother (U.S. TV series) | Celebrity Big Brother ( U.S. TV series ) - wikipedia Celebrity Big Brother ( U.S. TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the celebrity edition . For the regular edition , see Big Brother ( U.S. TV series ) . For other uses , see Celebrity Big Brother . Celebrity Big Brother Winter 2018 ( show ) HouseGuests Name Entered Exited Marissa Day 1 Day 26 Ross Day 1 Day 26 Mark Day 1 Day 26 Ariadna Day 1 Day 26 Omarosa Day 1 Day 26 James Day 1 Day 24 Brandi Day 1 Day 24 Metta Day 1 Day 20 Shannon Day 1 Day 17 Keshia Day 1 Day 13 Chuck Day 1 Day 10 Winner $250,000 Runner - up ( $50,000 ) + America 's Favorite HouseGuest ( $25,000 ) Evicted Celebrity Big Brother , also known as Big Brother : Celebrity Edition , is a spin - off series of the American reality television series Big Brother . This season aired during the winter of the 2017 -- 18 network television season on CBS and was the second U.S. Big Brother season to air outside the usual summer television season , the first being Big Brother 9 in 2008 . Julie Chen returned as host , with Allison Grodner and Rich Meehan returning as executive producers . The season was produced by Fly on the Wall Entertainment in association with Endemol Shine North America . The season premiered on February 7 , 2018 . The promotional logo was released on December 20 , 2017 . The logo is similar to that used for Big Brother season 19 , with the word `` celebrity '' added . The first teaser was also released the same day . In January 2018 official photos of the house and backyard were released through a press release and an Instagram livestream with Julie Chen . On January 28 , 2018 , the official cast was announced during The 60th Annual Grammy Awards . The season officially concluded on February 25 , 2018 when Marissa Jaret Winokur beat Ross Mathews by a final jury vote of 6 to 3 . Ross was also later named America 's Favorite HouseGuest . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Production 2.1 Series changes 2.2 Broadcasts 2.2. 1 International broadcasts 2.3 Prize 3 HouseGuests 4 Episodes 4.1 Notes 5 Voting history 5.1 Notes 6 Reception 6.1 Viewing figures 7 References 8 External links Background After the first season of the British version of Big Brother proved to be a success in the ratings for Channel 4 , the network collaborated with the BBC for the first British season of Celebrity Big Brother in aid of Comic Relief . The season ran for a condensed run of eight days and featured six British celebrities moving into the house used for the first British season . Due to the success of the first celebrity edition , a second season was ordered and shown exclusively on Channel 4 in November 2002 . The celebrity version took a two year break before returning for its third season in 2005 , and became a regular staple alongside the regular British version . Starting with the third season , the show began to feature celebrities outside the United Kingdom alongside well known British celebrities . Many notable American celebrities have since taken part in the British version of Celebrity Big Brother . American actor Gary Busey took part in the fourteenth season in the summer of 2014 and became the first American celebrity to win Celebrity Big Brother in the United Kingdom . An American version of Celebrity Big Brother has been speculated since 2002 , along with a celebrity version of Survivor . In an interview , Julie Chen and CBS CEO Leslie Moonves revealed talks of a celebrity edition of Big Brother as far back as Big Brother 2 . It was rumored that CBS was looking to air a celebrity edition in the fall after Big Brother 3 with radio personality Howard Stern speculated as a possible houseguest . Chen revealed that Paris Hilton had agreed to do it and Roseanne Barr initially agreed to take part , but then backed out . Barr would later take part in another celebrity spin - off of Big Brother called Big Brother : Celebrity Hijack in the United Kingdom in 2008 , where she watched over a group of non-celebrity housemates for a day , set tasks and talked to them in the Diary Room . Julie Chen announced on September 7 , 2017 , during a live double eviction episode of Big Brother 19 that Celebrity Big Brother would air sometime during the winter , before the twentieth season of Big Brother in the summer of 2018 . CBS later confirmed via a press release that Julie Chen would return to host the new season , and Allison Grodner and Rich Meehan will be executive producers . The season will be produced by Fly on the Wall Entertainment in association with Endemol Shine North America . On September 13 , 2017 , it was revealed by Chen that her husband , CBS chief executive Leslie Moonves , forced her to take a pay cut for the celebrity edition to happen . Moonves stated , `` You should n't be expected to be paid as if it 's a full series . It 's a condensed version . '' Production The format of the show remained similar to the American version of Big Brother . Competitions for Head of Household and Power of Veto had been confirmed to returned for this edition along with live evictions . On December 1 , 2017 , CBS revealed that the series would premiere on February 7 , 2018 and wrap on February 25 , 2018 . Series changes Celebrity Big Brother was a condensed version of the game and would not last as long as a regular season of Big Brother , with episodes only shown over two weeks instead of three months . Unlike the parent series Jury members were not sequestered separately and were allowed to return to the outside world as well as watch the show . Beginning with an incident that led to a lawsuit in Big Brother 2 when HouseGuest Justin Sebik got drunk and threatened fellow HouseGuest Krista Stegall by holding a knife to her throat and stating `` Wait , hang on , I 'm going to slash your throat . Would you get mad if I killed you now ? '' there has been an alcohol restriction in the house . The alcohol restriction was lifted for the Celebrity HouseGuests . For the celebrity version of America 's Favorite HouseGuest the term Favorite Celebrity HouseGuest was also being used interchangeably . For the first time since the beginning of the U.S. series , five players were featured in the season 's finale night versus the usual three . Broadcasts The main television coverage of Celebrity Big Brother was screened on CBS during the winter of the 2017 -- 18 network television season . CBS decided to schedule the spin - off during the February 2018 sweeps period to counterprogram NBC 's coverage of the 2018 Winter Olympics . Episodes aired on Sundays , Mondays , Wednesdays , and Fridays with two special episodes on Thursday , February 8 and Saturday , February 24 . All episodes aired for one hour and aired from 8 : 00 - 9 : 00 p.m. EST ; the Friday episodes and the season finale , however , ran for two hours each ( from 8 : 00 - 10 : 00 p.m. EST ) . The live Internet feeds returned for the American version of Celebrity Big Brother as part of CBS All Access . Alongside the weekly shows on CBS , the companion series Big Brother : After Dark returned on Pop under the title Celebrity Big Brother : After Dark . The show provided live coverage nightly from inside the House . International broadcasts The series was screened in Canada on Global in simulcast with CBS . The celebrity series is also the first American Big Brother season to be screened in Australia. . The program aired on the Nine Network 's secondary channel ; 9Go ! from the 11th of February and air 5 times a week ( Sundays to Thursdays ) with Sunday and Thursday episodes set to air at 8 : 30pm and with other episodes set to air at 9 : 30pm . Additionally , episodes were made available to Australian viewers on Nine 's streaming service 9Now the shortly after the American airing of the show . However , low ratings saw the series bumped to a later timeslot on 9Go ! Prize The HouseGuests competed for the main grand prize of $250,000 . HouseGuests Main article : List of Celebrity Big Brother houseguests ( U.S. ) The cast of Celebrity Big Brother L -- R : Metta World Peace , Brandi Glanville , Keshia Knight Pulliam , Ross Mathews , Shannon Elizabeth , Mark McGrath , Omarosa Manigault , James Maslow , Marissa Jaret Winokur , Ariadna Gutiérrez , and Chuck Liddell The HouseGuests were revealed during a live pre-show of the 2018 Grammy Awards on January 28 , 2018 . Name Age Notoriety Residence Ariadna Gutiérrez 24 Miss Colombia 2014 , runner - up in Miss Universe 2015 Miami , Florida Brandi Glanville 45 Former The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills star Los Angeles , California Chuck Liddell 48 Mixed martial artist , UFC Hall of Famer Calabasas , California James Maslow 27 Big Time Rush singer and actor Venice , California Keshia Knight Pulliam 38 Former The Cosby Show actress Atlanta , Georgia Marissa Jaret Winokur 45 Broadway actress Toluca Lake , California Mark McGrath 49 Singer and television host Studio City , California Metta World Peace 38 Former NBA player Los Angeles , California Omarosa Manigault 44 Reality television star and former White House political aide Jacksonville , Florida Ross Mathews 38 Television host Palm Springs , California Shannon Elizabeth 44 Actress Cape Town , South Africa Jump up ^ Brandi Glanville previously participated on the twentieth season of Celebrity Big Brother in the United Kingdom , where she finished in 11th place . Episodes No . overall No. in season Title Timeline Original air date US viewers ( millions ) Rating / share ( 18 - 49 ) Week 1 `` Episode 1 '' Day 1 February 7 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 07 ) 7.27 1.8 / 7 The eleven celebrities enter the new Celebrity Big Brother House after being sequestered from the public for a week . Prior to the first Head of Household competition Julie Chen informed the HouseGuests she was holding an envelope with a random number inside , all HouseGuests were instructed to stand on a number between 1 through 11 and the HouseGuest standing on the winning number would be awarded immunity for the week . Omarosa was standing on the number five which was the winning number and was safe from being nominated for eviction this week . Head of Household competition : ( Award Squeezin ' ) The HouseGuests are tasked with holding onto a life size spinning trophy elevated in the air without letting go or falling off for as long as possible . The last HouseGuest holding onto their trophy after everyone else was eliminated would win the challenge and become the first Celebrity Head of Household . During the competition several past Big Brother HouseGuests perform a Broadway - style musical number where Marissa is the first to fall off her trophy . James and Shannon become the last two in the competition after everyone else drops . Shannon wins the Head of Household competition after James falls off his trophy . Julie instructs the HouseGuests to grab a `` celebrity gift bag '' before going back inside the House and not to open them . She also informs them that one bag contains a special power allowing the holder to `` recast '' the role of Head of Household with someone else . `` Episode 2 '' Days 2 - 5 February 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 08 ) 5.49 1.4 / 5 When the producers inform the HouseGuests that it 's time to choose who wants to open their bags , a small standoff occurs . However when Chuck is the first one to enter the Diary Room to say he wants to open his bag most of the women do too . Because more than one person wished to open their bag the Head of Household performed a random draw to decide who would open their bag . At them nomination ceremony Keshia was the winner and immediately opened her bag . She became the new HoH and immediately assumed HoH duties . She nominated Chuck and James for eviction . `` Episode 3 '' Days 6 - 10 February 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 09 ) 4.34 1.0 / 4 Following the nomination ceremony the HouseGuests competed in the Power of Veto ceremony . The competitors were the HoH , the two nominees , Ariadna , Shannon and Mark . Power of Veto : ( `` The Four Sneezons Spiritual Spa '' ) In this competition HouseGuests had to search for letters and take them back to their spelling station . Once the HouseGuest is satisfied with their word they must lock in their time . The HouseGuest that spelled the longest word correctly in the shortest amount of time will win the Power of Veto . Shannon was the winner . Shannon chose not to use the Power of Veto On Day 10 by a vote of 7 - 1 with Omarosa voting to evict James , Chuck was the first one evicted from the house . Week 2 `` Episode 4 '' Day 11 February 11 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 11 ) 4.79 1.2 / 5 Following the eviction the HouseGuests compete in the next Head of Household competition . Head of Household : ( `` Celebrity Bowlerina '' ) The HouseGuests compete head to head in a bowling competition . The competing players must spin around twelve times to lower the barricade located on their bowling lane . Once lowered the HouseGuests has twelve seconds to bowl down the four pins in their lane before the barricade raises again . The first HouseGuest to bowl down all pins in their lane wins the round . Ross was the winner and became the new Head of Household . During the competition Omarosa had a asthma attack and was hospitalized . The next day HouseGuests were informed of her hospitalization and it was announced that she would be returning to the house prior to the nomination ceremony . Following her return to the house on Day 11 , Ross nominated Keshia and Omarosa for eviction . 5 5 `` Episode 5 '' Days 11 - 13 February 12 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 12 ) 5.16 1.3 / 5 Following the nomination ceremony the HouseGuests participated in a live veto competition , live veto ceremony and live eviction . Power of Veto : ( `` Now You See It '' ) The HouseGuests will see a billboard containing an advertisement for a new cruise line . The answer will either be either `` More '' , `` Exactly '' , or `` Less '' . The first HouseGuest to buzz in with the correct answer will win the round and choose the next two competitors to face off . The one to guess wrong or not answer at all will be eliminated . The last remaining HouseGuest will win the competition . Marissa was the winner and chose not to use the Power of Veto . On Day 13 by a unanimous vote of 7 - 0 Keshia was evicted from the Big Brother house and became the second jury member . 6 6 `` Episode 6 '' Days 13 - 14 February 14 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 14 ) 5.21 1.3 / 5 Following the eviction the HouseGuests competed in the next Head of Household competition Head of Household : ( `` Get Your Putt Into Gear '' ) The HouseGuests take turns playing rounds of golf . The HouseGuest who scores three holes - in - ones in the shortest amount of time wins Head of Household . Ariadna was the winner with a time of two minutes and eighteen seconds . On Day 14 Ariadna nominated James and Shannon for eviction . 7 7 `` Episode 7 '' Days 14 - 17 February 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 16 ) 4.38 1.0 / 4 Following the nomination ceremony the HouseGuests participated in the Power of Veto ceremony the competitors were the HoH , the two nominees , Ross , Omarosa , and Brandi Power of Veto : ( `` Dining in the Dark '' ) The competing HouseGuests must enter a dark room and find their seat . Once they find their seat eat the first course of their meal . Following that they must move on to the next room and find the next seat for that course . Once all four courses have been found they must turn on the lights . The HouseGuest that moves through all four rooms and turns on their lights the fastest will win the Power of Veto . James was the winner with a time of six minutes and twenty - four seconds . James received the Power of Veto and used it to remove himself from the block . On Day 16 , Ariadna named Mark as a replacement nominee . On Day 17 , by a vote of 5 - 1 , Shannon was evicted from the Big Brother house and became the third member of the jury . Head of Household : ( `` Courtside Seats '' ) The celebrities must hold on and sit in their seat as long as possible . The last HouseGuest sitting in their seat will become the next Head of Household . The first three HouseGuests to drop from their seats will be on a slop only diet for two days . Week 3 8 8 `` Episode 8 '' Days 17 - 18 February 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 18 ) 4.91 1.2 / 5 Head of Household : ( `` Courtside Seats '' ) For being the first three HouseGuests to drop from their seats , Metta , Ross , and Mark were put on a slop - only diet for 48 hours , which began after the competition . Omarosa won after more than an hour and a half . On Day 18 Omarosa nominated Ross and Brandi for eviction . 9 9 `` Episode 9 '' Days 18 - 20 February 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 19 ) 5.11 1.2 / 5 Following the nomination ceremony the HouseGuests participated in a special Power of Veto competition . For this Power of Veto America was allowed to vote between the Diamond Veto , Spotlight Veto , and the VIP Veto . America voted for the VIP Veto which allows the winner to use the veto once , twice , or not at all . If the winning HouseGuest chooses to use the Power of Veto to save one of the nominees they are also able to save the replacement nominee or the other nominee if they choose . The competitors in the competition were Brandi , Mark , Marissa , Metta , Omarosa , and Ross . VIP Power of Veto : ( `` Invitation Only '' ) When the competition starts the HouseGuests must race to grab their puzzle pieces . Once they have pieces they must race to the other end and begin to put the puzzle together . The first HouseGuest to successfully build their puzzle and press their button will win the VIP Power of Veto . The winner was Ross . On Day 20 Ross used the VIP Veto to remove himself from the block . Omarosa then named Metta as the replacement nominee and Ross chose not to use the veto a second time . On Day 20 by a unanimous vote of 5 - 0 , Metta was evicted from the house and became the fourth member of the jury . 10 10 `` Episode 10 '' Days 20 - 21 February 21 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 21 ) 5.54 1.4 / 5 Following Metta 's eviction the HouseGuests competed in the next Head of Household competition Head of Household : ( `` Red Carpet Ride '' ) In this competition when the horn begins the HouseGuests must try to get across their red carpet without touching the ground . If they touch the ground they must go back to the beginning and start over . When they reach the other side they must lock in their time . Throughout the round the carpets tighten and loosen to make the carpets easier and harder to cross . The HouseGuests competed in two rounds of three . The three HouseGuests with the three fastest times competed against each other in the final round . Brandi , James , and Mark competed in the final round . Mark was the winner and became the next Head of Household . Mark nominated Brandi and Ariadna for eviction . 11 11 `` Episode 11 '' Days 21 - 24 February 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 23 ) 4.60 1.1 / 4 Following the HoH competition the HouseGuests competed in the next Power of Veto competition . Power of Veto : ( `` BB Celebrity Toy Factory '' ) When the competition starts the celebrity competing must hit their buzzer to reveal an action figure . Once the action figure appears they must figure out who 's mouth , eyes , and nose are on the action figure . When they think they have correctly matched the three they must hit their buzzer . If it is incorrect they must correct themselves or if it is correct they move onto the next action figure . Once the HouseGuest has four action figures figured out they must lock in their time . The HouseGuest who figures out all four action figures in the fastest amount of time wins the next Power of Veto . Ariadna was the winner with a time of 9 minutes and 10 seconds . Ariadna used the veto to remove herself from the block . Mark named Marissa as the replacement nominee . Following the Power of Veto ceremony Julie informed the HouseGuests of the double eviction . On Day 24 by a vote of 3 - 1 Brandi was evicted from the house and became the fifth member of the jury . Following Brandi eviction the HouseGuests participated in the next Head of Household competition . Head of Household : ( `` BB Auction '' ) Julie will ask the competitors a question based on the BB Works of Arts viewed earlier that day . The answer is either true or false . If the correct answer is chosen they will receive a point . The HouseGuest with the most point at the end of 7 questions will be the next Head of Household . A tiebreaker was held between James and Omarosa . The answer this time was a number . The HouseGuest who got closest to the number without going over will win . If both HouseGuests went over the one closest will win . Omarosa was the winner and became the next HoH . Omarosa nominated Marissa and Ross for eviction . Due to there only being six HouseGuests all HouseGuests were able to compete in the Power of Veto competition . Power of Veto : ( `` Art - Rageous '' ) The HouseGuests must enter the Big Brother house and look at the four paintings in the kitchen . They must then compare them to the other paintings in the house and figure out which paintings is an exact replica of one in the kitchen . When the HouseGuest thinks they have figured it out the must race back to the yard and lock in their guess . If incorrect they are out of the competition . Ross was the winner and received the Power of Veto . Ross used the veto to remove himself from the block . Omarosa named James as the replacement nominee . On Day 24 by a vote of 2 - 1 James was evicted from the house and became the sixth member of the jury . Week 4 12 12 `` Episode 12 '' Days 24 - 25 ; Various February 24 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 24 ) 3.54 0.9 / 4 Following James ' eviction from the house the final five HouseGuests had time to think back on their time in the Big Brother house . Head of Household : ( `` Rocky Mountain Fly '' ) HouseGuests must step onto their ski 's and hold on . The ski 's will `` fly '' into the air and the HouseGuests must hold on as long as possible . If a HouseGuest falls off of their ski 's they will be eliminated . The last HouseGuest standing will become the next to last Head of Household of the season . 13 13 `` Episode 13 '' Days 25 - 26 February 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 25 ) 5.21 1.4 / 5 Head of Household : ( `` Rocky Mountain Fly '' ) Marissa was the first to fall followed by Ariadna , and then Mark . Ross was the last one standing and became the next Head of Household . Following the HoH competition Ross nominated Ariadna and Omarosa for eviction . Power of Veto : ( `` Get Your Story Straight '' ) When the timer starts the competing HouseGuest must look at the supersized laptop . There are eight stories on the laptop however they are missing days . The HouseGuest must climb on the laptop and transport the day tiles from the search bar to match the correct event on the website . When they finish they must lock in their time by hitting the enter button on the laptop . The HouseGuest with the fastest time and most days correct will win the Power of Veto . Marissa and Ross tied with a total of 8 correct however because Ross finished faster with a time of five minutes and twenty - one seconds he was awarded the final Power of Veto of the season . Ross chose not to use the veto effectively keeping his nominations the same . On Day 26 by a unanimous vote of 2 - 0 Omarosa was evicted from the house becoming the seventh member of the jury . Head of Household : ( `` Hash It Out '' ) In this competition Julie will read tweets from evicted HouseGuests over their time in the house , one of the tweets will be an incorrect statement . The competing HouseGuests must figure out who tweeted the incorrect statement . Each time the HouseGuests guess correctly the will get a point . The HouseGuest with the most points after eight rounds will win the final Head of Household of the season . Mark , Marissa , and Ross tied . In the tiebraker the Julie asked the HouseGuests a question . The answer was a number . The HouseGuest who got closest without going over became the next Head of Household . If everyone went over the one closest HouseGuest will become the next Head of Household . Marissa was the winner and became the final Head of Household of the season . On Day 26 Marissa chose to take Ross to the final two evicting Ariadna and Mark who became the eighth , ninth , and final two members of the jury . Following this , the jurors had a chance to ask questions to the final two . The Jury then voted one by one on who they think should win the game . Marissa became the first winner of Celebrity Big Brother receiving $250,000 making Ross the runner - up who received $50,000 . Ross was later named America 's Favorite HouseGuest and received an additional $25,000 . Notes ^ Note 1 This Head of Household competition began in Episode 7 on Day 17 . However , completion was not broadcast on television until episode 8 . ^ Note 2 In episode 12 the HouseGuests looked back over their time in the game . The current day in the house was 24 however flashbacks featured content from Days 1 - 25 . ^ Note 3 This Head of Household competition began in episode 12 on Day 25 . However , completion was not broadcast on television until episode 13 . Voting history Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Day 11 Day 14 Day 18 Day 21 Day 24 Day 25 Day 26 Finale Head of Household Shannon Keshia Ross Ariadna Omarosa Mark Omarosa Ross Marissa ( none ) Nominations ( pre-veto ) Chuck James Keshia Omarosa James Shannon Brandi Ross Ariadna Brandi Marissa Ross Ariadna Omarosa Ariadna Mark Ross Veto Winner Shannon Marissa James Ross Ariadna Ross Ross ( none ) Nominations ( post-veto ) Chuck James Keshia Omarosa Mark Shannon Brandi Metta Brandi Marissa James Marissa Ariadna Omarosa Marissa Chuck Keshia Shannon Metta Nominated Nominated Omarosa Ariadna Mark Winner ( Day 26 ) Ross Chuck Head of Household Shannon Metta Brandi James Head of Household Nominated Runner - up ( Day 26 ) Mark Chuck Keshia Nominated Metta Head of Household Marissa Omarosa Evicted ( Day 26 ) Ross Ariadna Chuck Keshia Head of Household Metta Marissa James Nominated Evicted ( Day 26 ) Marissa Omarosa James Nominated Shannon Head of Household Brandi Head of Household Nominated Evicted ( Day 26 ) Marissa James Nominated Keshia Shannon Metta Brandi Nominated Evicted ( Day 24 ) Marissa Brandi Chuck Keshia Mark Nominated Nominated Evicted ( Day 24 ) Ross Metta Chuck Keshia Shannon Nominated Evicted ( Day 20 ) Ross Shannon Chuck Keshia Nominated Evicted ( Day 17 ) Marissa Keshia Head of Household Nominated Evicted ( Day 13 ) Marissa Chuck Nominated Evicted ( Day 10 ) Marissa Notes 1 , 2 none 3 , 4 none 5 none 6 7 Evicted Chuck 7 of 8 votes to evict Keshia 7 of 7 votes to evict Shannon 5 of 6 votes to evict Metta 5 of 5 votes to evict Brandi 3 of 4 votes to evict James 2 of 3 votes to evict Omarosa 2 of 2 votes to evict Ariadna Marissa 's choice to evict Ross 3 votes to win Mark Marissa 's choice to evict Marissa 6 votes to win Notes ^ Note 1 : Before the first HoH competition , the HouseGuests were instructed to stand on a number . The HouseGuest standing on the winning number would be awarded immunity that week . Omarosa was the winner and was immune from nominations for the week . Since she was immune , she became ineligible to compete in the HoH competition . ^ Note 2 : Due to the Gift Bag twist , Keshia opened her bag to reveal she had the `` Recast '' Power , dethroning Shannon , who then became immune from nominations for the round . ^ Note 3 : Mark , Metta , and Ross were the first three HouseGuests to fall in the HoH competition and were therefore put on slop for 48 hours . ^ Note 4 : Viewers were able to choose which veto would be played for this eviction . The Diamond Veto allows the winner to save a nominee and choose their replacement . The VIP Veto gives the winner the option to use the veto once , twice , or not at all ; if the winner chooses to use it they are able to save one of the nominees and then save the replacement nominee if the veto winner wishes to . The Spotlight Veto forces the winner to use the veto to save one of the nominees . America chose the VIP Veto . ^ Note 5 : There was a double eviction on Day 24 . Following the first eviction , the remaining HouseGuests played a round worth of games -- including HoH and Veto competitions and Nomination , Veto and Eviction ceremonies -- during the remainder of the live show , culminating in a second eviction for the night . ^ Note 6 : All four remaining houseguests competed in the final Head of Household competition . Marissa won the final HoH competition and chose to evict Mark and then Ariadna , who were officially announced as 9th and 8th jurors , respectively . ^ Note 7 : During the finale , the jury members voted for which finalist should win Celebrity Big Brother . Reception Viewing figures # Air Date United States Source 18 -- 49 ( rating / share ) Viewers ( millions ) Rank ( timeslot ) Rank ( night ) Wednesday , February 7 , 2018 1.8 / 7 7.27 Thursday , February 8 , 2018 1.4 / 5 5.49 Friday , February 9 , 2018 1.0 / 4 4.34 Sunday , February 11 , 2018 1.2 / 5 4.79 5 Monday , February 12 , 2018 1.3 / 5 5.16 6 Wednesday , February 14 , 2018 1.3 / 5 5.21 7 Friday , February 16 , 2018 1.0 / 4 4.38 8 Sunday , February 18 , 2018 1.2 / 5 4.91 9 Monday , February 19 , 2018 1.2 / 5 5.11 10 Wednesday , February 21 , 2018 1.4 / 5 5.54 11 Friday , February 23 , 2018 1.1 / 5 4.64 12 Saturday , February 24 , 2018 0.9 / 4 3.54 13 Sunday , February 25 , 2018 1.4 / 5 5.21 References Jump up ^ Chen , Julie ( January 16 , 2018 ) . `` JULIE LIVE FROM THE HOUSE # BBCelebrity # CBBUS Clues throughout the day ! '' . Instagram . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Webb Mitovich , Matt ( December 1 , 2017 ) . `` CBS Pits Celeb Big Brother vs. Olympics , Sets Date for 30th Amazing Race '' . TV Line . Retrieved December 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Boyer , Matthew ( December 20 , 2017 ) . `` Celebrity Big Brother Gets Its First CBS Teaser ( Video ) '' . Big Brother Network . Retrieved December 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Big Brother - Celebrity Big Brother ( Preview ) '' . Youtube . December 20 , 2017 . Retrieved December 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Boyer , Matt ( January 16 , 2018 ) . `` Celebrity Big Brother House Photos & Julie Chen Tour '' . Big Brother Network . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Boyer , Matt ( January 7 , 2018 ) . `` Celebrity Big Brother Sneak Peek : First Look At New Backyard ( PICS ) '' . Big Brother Network . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Celebrity Big Brother launched '' . BBC News . February 15 , 2001 . Retrieved September 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Powell , John ( September 7 , 2017 ) . `` Celebrity Big Brother USA Announced by CBS For Winter 2018 '' . Global Television Network . Retrieved September 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jones , Adrienne ( September 8 , 2017 ) . `` Celebrity Big Brother Is Coming To CBS '' . CinemaBlend . Retrieved September 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Smith , Ryan ( September 12 , 2014 ) . `` Gary Busey becomes first American winner of Celebrity Big Brother '' . Mail Online . Retrieved September 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Big - Name Hunting for Celeb ' Big Bro ' '' . New York Post . February 27 , 2002 . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2003 . Retrieved September 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porreca , Brian ( September 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Brother ' Team Reveals Celebrity Winter Edition ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mainelli , John ( February 28 , 2002 ) . `` Stern 's a Go for ' Big Bro ' '' . New York Post . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2002 . Retrieved September 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Holmwood , Leigh ( January 29 , 2008 ) . `` Big Brother : Celebrity Hijack quietly leaves the room '' . The Guardian . Retrieved September 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Breaking News -- CBS to Broadcast Its First Celebrity Edition of Reality Hit `` Big Brother '' '' ( Press release ) . The Futon Critic . Retrieved September 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Julie Chen Took a Pay Cut to Make Celebrity Big Brother Happen '' . TVGuide.com. 2017 - 09 - 13 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ O'Connell , Michael ( December 1 , 2017 ) . `` CBS Will Air a Lot of ' Big Brother ' During the Olympics '' . Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hautman , Nicholas ( December 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Brother ' Celebrity Edition Premiere Date Announced : Find Out How Many Weeks It 'll Run ! '' . US Weekly . Retrieved February 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ng , Philiana ( February 9 , 2018 ) . `` ' Celebrity Big Brother ' Evicts First Houseguest in Dramatic Fashion '' . Entertainment Tonight . Retrieved February 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Davidson , Denton ( February 10 , 2018 ) . `` Chuck Liddell ( ' Celebrity Big Brother ' ) exit interview : I really want to be on ' The Amazing Race ' '' . Gold Derby . Retrieved February 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Big Controversy on ' Big Brother 2 ' '' . ABC News . July 12 , 2002 . Retrieved February 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Susman , Gary ( July 8 , 2002 ) . `` '' Big Brother '' knife incident results in lawsuit `` . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Celebrity Big Brother No Alcohol Restrictions Houseguests / '' . TMZ . February 9 , 2018 . Retrieved February 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' Celebrity Big Brother ' Contestants Get Unlimited Alcohol '' . IMDb . February 9 , 2018 . Retrieved February 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Favorite Houseguest Vote '' . Retrieved February 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Episode 10 '' . Celebrity Big Brother U.S . Season 1 . Episode 10 . February 21 , 2018 . CBS . Retrieved February 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rice , Lynette ( February 23 , 2018 ) . `` Celebrity Big Brother producer on Omarosa 's asthma , quitters , and Sunday 's finale '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Romano , Nick ( December 1 , 2017 ) . `` Celebrity Big Brother to air opposite the Winter Olympics '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schultz , Cody ( September 7 , 2017 ) . `` Celebrity Big Brother coming to CBS this winter for first time ever '' . Hidden Remote . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Global Announces BIG 2018 Winter Lineup '' ( Press release ) . Corus Entertainment . December 20 , 2017 . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2017 . Retrieved February 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( February 4 , 2018 ) . `` Courtney Act wins Celebrity Big Brother UK '' . TV Tonight . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2018 . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ https://tvtonight.com.au/wp-content/uploads/Program-Guide-TCN-GO-Sun-Feb-11-2018.pdf Jump up ^ https://tvtonight.com.au/2018/02/airdate-celebrity-big-brother-us.html Jump up ^ Knox , David ( February 14 , 2018 ) . `` Bumped : Celebrity Big Brother ( US ) '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Boyer , Matt ( January 29 , 2018 ) . `` Celebrity Big Brother Grand Prize : Houseguests Competing For $250 K '' . Big Brother Network . Retrieved January 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porreca , Brian ( January 28 , 2018 ) . `` Omarosa Goes from White House to Cast of ' Celebrity Big Brother ' '' . Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ross , Dalton ( January 28 , 2018 ) . `` Celebrity Big Brother cast ( including Omarosa ) revealed '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Gennis , Sadie ( January 28 , 2018 ) . `` Celebrity Big Brother Cast '' . TV Guide . Retrieved January 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ http://www.cbs.com/shows/celebrity-big-brother/photos/1008130/meet-the-famous-cast-of-celebrity-big-brother/ Jump up ^ Vena , Jocelyn ( 2018 - 01 - 28 ) . `` Brandi Glanville and Omarosa Are Teaming Up for Celebrity Big Brother '' . Bravo TV Official Site . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 29 . Jump up ^ Rosa , Joanne ( February 23 , 2018 ) . `` CELEBRITY BIG BROTHER : OMAROSA 'S PLANS TO RULE '' . Wendy Show . Jump up ^ Crane , Emily ( February 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' You have to know how to watch your own back ' : Ex-Trump staffer Omarosa enters the Celebrity Big Brother house and repeatedly mentions White House ' backstabbing ' '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved February 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The First - Ever Head Of Household Is Crowned On Celebrity Big Brother '' . CBS . February 8 , 2018 . Retrieved February 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Longretta , Emily ( February 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' Celebrity Big Brother ' Becomes Battle of the Sexes : 6 Key Moments from the Premiere '' . US Weekly . Retrieved February 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Piester , Lauren ( February 7 , 2018 ) . `` The Big Brother : Celebrity Edition Premiere Was a Surprising Amount of Fun '' . E ! Online . Retrieved February 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Reiher , Andrea ( February 8 , 2018 ) . `` Celebrity Big Brother recap : Gift bag it up '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Boyer , Matt ( February 8 , 2018 ) . `` Celebrity Big Brother Spoilers : Eviction Target Set In Round 1 '' . Big Brother Network . Retrieved February 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 9 , 2018 ) . `` Olympics adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 12 , 2018 ) . `` Olympics opening ceremony adjusts up : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 12 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 13 , 2018 ) . `` ' 60 Minutes ' and Olympics adjust up : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 13 , 2018 ) . `` ' Big Brother : Celeb Edition , ' Olympics and everything else unchanged : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 15 , 2018 ) . `` Olympics , ' Celebrity Big Brother , ' others steady : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 15 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 20 , 2018 ) . `` Olympics adjust down , ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' rerun up : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 21 , 2018 ) . `` Winter Olympics adjust up : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 21 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 21 , 2018 ) . `` Olympics adjust up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 21 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 23 , 2018 ) . `` ' Goldbergs ' and ' American Housewife ' reruns adjust down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 26 , 2018 ) . `` Winter Olympics adjust up : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 26 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metclaf , Mitch ( February 27 , 2018 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2 / 24 / 2018 '' . SHOWBUZZDAILY . Retrieved February 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 27 , 2018 ) . `` ' AP Bio , ' Olympics closing adjust up , ' Olympic Gold ' down : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Celebrity Big Brother America 's Vote '' . Retrieved February 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 9 , 2018 ) . `` Olympics adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 13 , 2018 ) . `` ' 60 Minutes ' and Olympics adjust up : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 13 , 2018 ) . `` ' Big Brother : Celeb Edition , ' Olympics and everything else unchanged : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 15 , 2018 ) . `` Olympics , ' Celebrity Big Brother , ' others steady : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 20 , 2018 ) . `` Olympics adjust down , ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' rerun up : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 21 , 2018 ) . `` Winter Olympics adjust up : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 21 , 2018 ) . `` Olympics adjust up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 23 , 2018 ) . `` ' Goldbergs ' and ' American Housewife ' reruns adjust down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 26 , 2018 ) . `` Winter Olympics adjust up : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metclaf , Mitch ( February 27 , 2018 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2 / 24 / 2018 '' . SHOWBUZZDAILY . Retrieved February 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 27 , 2018 ) . `` ' AP Bio , ' Olympics closing adjust up , ' Olympic Gold ' down : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 27 , 2018 . External links Official website Big Brother ( U.S. TV series ) Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Over the Top 19 Celebrity Houseguests 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Over the Top 19 Celebrity Winners Eddie McGee Will Kirby Lisa Donahue Jun Song Drew Daniel Maggie Ausburn Mike Malin Dick Donato Adam Jasinski Dan Gheesling Jordan Lloyd Hayden Moss Rachel Reilly Ian Terry Andy Herren Derrick Levasseur Steve Moses Nicole Franzel Morgan Willett Josh Martinez Marissa Jaret Winokur Other contestants Jamie Kern Lima George Boswell Brittany Petros Danielle Reyes Jason Guy Marcellas Reynolds Alison Irwin Erika Landin Diane Henry Adria Montgomery - Klein and Natalie Montgomery - Carroll Will Wikle Janelle Pierzina Howie Gordon James Rhine Daniele Donato Sheila Kennedy Jessie Godderz Steven Daigle Jeff Schroeder Chima Simone Brendon Villegas Jenn Arroyo Frank Eudy Kara Monaco Aaryn Gries Candice Stewart Cody Calafiore Caleb Reynolds Frankie Grande Liz and Julia Nolan Vanessa Rousso Austin Matelson James Huling Paul Abrahamian Cody Nickson Jessica Graf Related shows House Calls After Dark Gran Hermano USA Big Brother Africa Africa Angola Nigeria South Africa Location of different versions of Big Brother . 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( TBA ) Coordinates : 34 ° 8 ′ 40.12 '' N 118 ° 23 ′ 20.71 '' W / 34.1444778 ° N 118.3890861 ° W / 34.1444778 ; - 118.3890861 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Celebrity_Big_Brother_(U.S._TV_series)&oldid=831862550 '' Categories : 2018 American television seasons Big Brother ( U.S. ) Celebrity Big Brother Hidden categories : Wikipedia pages semi-protected from banned users Use mdy dates from September 2017 Official website not in Wikidata Coordinates not on Wikidata Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 22 March 2018 , at 15 : 09 . About Wikipedia | when does the 2018 season of big brother start | [
"Celebrity Big Brother, also known as Big Brother: Celebrity Edition,[1] is a spin-off series of the American reality television series Big Brother. This season aired during the winter of the 2017–18 network television season on CBS and was the second U.S. Big Brother season to air outside the usual summer television season, the first being Big Brother 9 in 2008. Julie Chen returned as host, with Allison Grodner and Rich Meehan returning as executive producers. The season was produced by Fly on the Wall Entertainment in association with Endemol Shine North America. The season premiered on February 7, 2018.[2]"
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"February 7, 2018"
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6898718652054027783 | United States House Committee on Ways and Means | United States House Committee on Ways and Means - wikipedia United States House Committee on Ways and Means `` Ways and Means Committee '' redirects here . For the general concept , see Ways and means committee . Committee on Ways and Means 115th United States Congress Committee seal History Founded December 21 , 1795 ( 1795 - 12 - 21 ) New session started January 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 03 ) Leadership Chairman Kevin Brady ( R ) Since November 5 , 2015 Ranking member Richard Neal ( D ) Structure Seats 39 members Political groups Majority ( 24 ) Republican ( 24 ) Minority ( 15 ) Democratic ( 15 ) Website waysandmeans.house.gov This article is part of a series on the United States House of Representatives History of the United States House of Representatives Members Current members ( by seniority by age non-voting ) Former members Hill committees ( DCCC NRCC ) Congressional districts Speaker of the United States House of Representatives ( list ) Party leaders Democratic Caucus Republican Conference Politics and procedure Committee of the Whole Closed session ( list ) Saxbe fix Committees ( list ) Procedures Origination Clause Quorum call Unanimous consent Salaries Apportionment ( Huntington -- Hill method ) Redistricting Gerrymandering Articles of impeachment Self - executing rule Rules suspension General ticket Plural district Places United States Capitol House office buildings ( Cannon Ford Longworth Rayburn ) The Committee on Ways and Means is the chief tax - writing committee of the United States House of Representatives . Members of the Ways and Means Committee are not allowed to serve on any other House Committee unless they apply for a waiver from their party 's congressional leadership . The Committee has jurisdiction over all taxation , tariffs , and other revenue - raising measures , as well as a number of other programs including : Social Security Unemployment benefits Medicare Enforcement of child support laws Temporary Assistance for Needy Families , a federal welfare program Foster care and adoption programs The U.S. Constitution requires that all bills regarding taxation must originate in the House of Representatives . Since House procedure is that all bills regarding taxation must go through this committee , the committee is very influential , as is its Senate counterpart , the U.S. Senate Committee on Finance . Recent chairs have included Bill Thomas , Charlie Rangel , Sander Levin , and Dave Camp . On November 4 , 2015 Representative Kevin Brady of Texas was chosen to succeed Representative Paul Ryan as chairman . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Political significance 3 Members , 115th Congress 4 Subcommittees , 115th Congress 5 Chairman 6 See also 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) The idea of a ways and means committee to handle the financial matters of a legislature is an old one , having been used in the British Parliament and the colonial and early state legislatures in America . The Committee was first established during the first Congress , in 1789 . However , this initial version was disbanded after only 8 weeks ; for the next several years , only ad hoc committees were formed , to write up laws on notions already debated in the whole House . It was first established as a standing committee by resolution adopted December 21 , 1795 , and first appeared among the list of regular standing committees on January 7 , 1802 . Upon its original creation , it held power over both taxes and spending , until the spending power was given to the new Appropriations Committee in 1865 . During the Civil War the key policy - maker in Congress was Thaddeus Stevens , as chairman of the Committee and Republican floor leader . He took charge of major legislation that funded the war effort and permanently transformed the nation 's economic policies regarding tariffs , bonds , income and excise taxes , national banks , suppression of money issued by state banks , greenback currency , and western railroad land grants . Stevens was one of the major policymakers regarding Reconstruction , and obtained a House vote of impeachment against President Andrew Johnson ( who was acquitted by the Senate in 1868 ) . Hans Trefousse , his leading biographer , concludes that Stevens `` was one of the most influential representatives ever to serve in Congress . ( He dominated ) the House with his wit , knowledge of parliamentary law , and sheer willpower , even though he was often unable to prevail . '' Historiographical views of Stevens have dramatically shifted over the years , from the early 20th - century view of Stevens and the Radical Republicans as tools of big business and motivated by hatred of the white South , to the perspective of the neoabolitionists of the 1950s and afterwards , who applauded their efforts to give equal rights to the freed slaves . Three future presidents - James Polk , Millard Fillmore , and William McKinley - served as Committee Chairman . Before the official roles of floor leader came about in the late 19th century , the Chairman of Ways and Means was considered the Majority Leader . The Chairman is one of very few Representatives to have office space within the Capitol building itself . Political significance ( edit ) Because of its wide jurisdiction , Ways and Means has always been one of the most important committees with respect to impact on policy . Although it lacks the prospects for re-election help that comes with the Appropriations Committee , it is seen as a valuable post for two reasons . First , since its range is so broad , members with a wide array of policy concerns often seek positions , simply to be able to influence policy decisions . Some recent major issues that have gone through this committee include welfare reform , a Medicare prescription drug benefit , Social Security reform , George W. Bush 's tax cuts , and trade agreements including the North American Free Trade Agreement ( NAFTA ) and the Central America Free Trade Agreement ( CAFTA ) . Second , given the wide array of interests that are affected by the committee , a seat makes it very easy to collect campaign contributions . Until 1974 , the Ways and Means Committee decided which chairmanships newly elected members of Congress would have , along with its regular financial duties . When Ways and Means chair Wilbur Mills ' career ended in scandal , Congressman Phillip Burton transferred the committee 's selection powers to a separate , newly created committee . Members , 115th Congress ( edit ) Chairman Kevin Brady of Texas Majority Minority Republican Democratic Kevin Brady , Texas 's 8th , Chair Sam Johnson , Texas 's 3rd Devin Nunes , California 's 22nd Dave Reichert , Washington 's 8th Peter Roskam , Illinois 's 6th Vern Buchanan , Florida 's 16th Adrian Smith , Nebraska 's 3rd Lynn Jenkins , Kansas 's 2nd Erik Paulsen , Minnesota 's 3rd Kenny Marchant , Texas 's 24th Diane Black , Tennessee 's 6th Tom Reed , New York 's 23rd Mike Kelly , Pennsylvania 's 3rd Jim Renacci , Ohio 's 16th Pat Meehan , Pennsylvania 's 7th Kristi Noem , South Dakota 's at - large George Holding , North Carolina 's 2nd Jason T. Smith , Missouri 's 8th Tom Rice , South Carolina 's 7th David Schweikert , Arizona 's 6th Jackie Walorski , Indiana 's 2nd Carlos Curbelo , Florida 's 26th Mike Bishop , Michigan 's 8th Darin LaHood , Illinois 's 18th Richard Neal , Massachusetts 's 1st , Ranking Member Sander Levin , Michigan 's 9th , Former Chair John Lewis , Georgia 's 5th Lloyd Doggett , Texas 's 35th Mike Thompson , California 's 5th John B. Larson , Connecticut 's 1st Earl Blumenauer , Oregon 's 3rd Ron Kind , Wisconsin 's 3rd Bill Pascrell , New Jersey 's 9th Joseph Crowley , New York 's 14th Danny K. Davis , Illinois 's 7th Linda Sánchez , California 's 38th Brian Higgins , New York 's 26th , Vice Ranking Member Terri Sewell , Alabama 's 7th Suzan DelBene , Washington 's 1st Judy Chu , California 's 27th Resolutions electing members : H. Res. 6 ( Chair ) ; H. Res. 7 ( Ranking Member ) ; H. Res. 29 , H. Res. 131 , ( Republicans ) ; H. Res. 45 , H. Res. 95 ( Democrats ) . Subcommittees , 115th Congress ( edit ) There are six subcommittees in the 115th Congress . In 2011 , the Subcommittee on Income Security and Family Support was renamed the Subcommittee on Human Resources , returning to the name it held prior to the 110th Congress . In 2015 , the Select Revenue Measures was renamed the Subcommittee on Tax Policy . Subcommittee Chair Ranking Member Health Pat Tiberi ( R - OH ) Sander Levin ( D - MI ) Human Resources Adrian Smith ( R - NE ) Danny K. Davis ( D - IL ) Oversight Vern Buchanan ( R - FL ) John Lewis ( D - GA ) Tax Policy Peter Roskam ( R - IL ) Lloyd Doggett ( D - TX ) Social Security Sam Johnson ( R - TX ) John B. Larson ( D - CT ) Trade Dave Reichert ( R - WA ) Bill Pascrell ( D - NJ ) Chairman ( edit ) # Chair Party State Start of Service End of Service Thomas Fitzsimons Federalist PA 1789 1789 William L. Smith Federalist SC 1794 1797 Robert G. Harper Federalist SC 1797 1800 Roger Griswold Federalist CT 1800 1801 5 John Randolph Democratic - Republican VA 1801 1805 6 Joseph Clay Democratic - Republican PA 1805 1807 7 George W. Cambpell Democratic - Republican TN 1807 1809 8 John W. Eppes Democratic - Republican VA 1809 1811 9 Ezekiel Bacon Democratic - Republican SC 1811 1812 10 Langdon Cheves Democratic - Republican SC 1812 1813 11 John W. Eppes Democratic - Republican VA 1813 1815 12 William Lowndes Democratic - Republican SC 1815 1818 13 Samuel Smith Democratic - Republican MD 1818 1822 14 Louis McLane Democratic - Republican DE 1822 1827 15 John Randolph Democratic VA 1827 1827 16 George McDuffie Democratic SC 1827 1832 17 Gulian C. Verplanck Democratic NY 1832 1833 18 James K. Polk Democratic TN 1833 1835 19 Churchill C. Cambreleng Democratic NY 1835 1839 20 John W. Jones Democratic VA 1839 1841 21 Millard Fillmore Whig NY 1841 1843 22 James I. McKay Democratic NC 1843 1847 23 Samuel F. Vinton Whig OH 1847 1849 24 Thomas H. Bayly Democratic VA 1849 1851 25 George S. Houston Democratic AL 1851 1855 26 Lewis D. Campbell Republican OH 1856 1857 27 J. Glancy Jones Democratic PA 1857 1858 28 John S. Phelps Democratic MO 1858 1859 29 John Sherman Republican OH 1860 1861 30 Thaddeus Stevens Republican PA 1861 1865 31 Justin Morrill Republican VT 1865 1867 32 Robert C. Schenck Republican OH 1867 1871 33 Samuel Hooper Republican MA 1871 1871 34 Henry L. Dawes Republican MA 1871 1875 35 William R. Morrison Democratic IL 1875 1877 36 Fernando Wood Democratic NY 1877 1881 37 John R. Tucker Democratic VA 1881 1881 38 William D. Kelley Republican PA 1881 1883 39 William R. Morrison Democratic IL 1883 1887 40 Roger Q. Mills Democratic TX 1887 1889 41 William McKinley Republican OH 1889 1891 42 William M. Springer Democratic IL 1891 1893 43 William L. Wilson Democratic WV 1893 1895 44 Nelson Dingley , Jr . Republican ME 1895 1899 45 Sereno E. Payne Republican NY 1899 1911 46 Oscar W. Underwood Democratic AL 1911 1915 47 Claude Kitchin Democratic NC 1915 1919 48 Joseph Fordney Republican MI 1919 1923 49 William R. Green Republican IA 1923 1928 50 Willis C. Hawley Republican OR 1928 1931 51 James W. Collier Democratic MS 1931 1933 52 Robert L. Doughton Democratic NC 1933 1947 53 Harold Knutson Republican MN 1947 1949 54 Robert L. Doughton Democratic NC 1949 1953 55 Daniel A. Reed Republican NY 1953 1955 56 Jere Cooper Democratic TN 1955 1957 57 Wilbur Mills Democratic AR 1957 Al Ullman ( acting ) Democratic OR 1973 58 Al Ullman Democratic OR 1981 59 Dan Rostenkowski Democratic IL 1981 1994 Sam Gibbons ( acting ) Democratic FL 1994 1995 60 Bill Archer Republican TX 1995 2001 61 Bill Thomas Republican CA 2001 2007 62 Charles Rangel Democratic NY 2007 Pete Stark ( acting ) Democratic CA 63 Sander Levin ( acting ) Democratic MI 2011 64 Dave Camp Republican MI 2011 2015 65 Paul Ryan Republican WI 2015 2015 66 Kevin Brady Republican TX 2015 Present See also ( edit ) Government of the United States portal List of current United States House of Representatives committees References ( edit ) H. Doc . 100 - 244 , The Committee on Ways and Means a Bicentennial History 1789 - 1989 Jump up ^ Ways and Means Bicentennial History , Page 38 Jump up ^ Ways and Means Bicentennial History , Page 58 Jump up ^ Heather Cox Richardson ( 1997 ) . The Greatest Nation of the Earth : Republican Economic Policies During the Civil War . Harvard University Press . pp. 9 , 41 , 52 , 111 , 116 , 120 , 182 , 202 . Jump up ^ Hans L. Trefousse ( 1991 ) . Historical Dictionary of Reconstruction . Greenwood . p. 214 . Jump up ^ Grier , Kevin ; Munger , Michael ( 1991 ) . `` Committee Assignments , Constituent Preferences and Campaign Contributions '' . Economic Inquiry. 29 ( 1 ) : 24 -- 43 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1465 - 7295.1991. tb01250. x . ^ Jump up to : Frum , David ( 2000 ) . How We Got Here : The ' 70s . New York , New York : Basic Books . pp. 276 -- 279 . ISBN 0 - 465 - 04195 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Chairman Camp Announces Republican Membership on Ways & Means Subcommittees for 113th Congress '' . January 15 , 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Chairman Brady Announces Republican Subcommittee Chairs , Members '' . November 18 , 2015 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 18 . External links ( edit ) Official Committee web site ( Archive ) House Ways and Means Committee . Legislation activity and reports , Congress.gov . House Ways and Means Committee Hearings and Meetings Video . Congress.gov . hide Current United States congressional committees Senate ( list ) Aging ( Special ) Agriculture , Nutrition and Forestry Appropriations Armed Services Banking , Housing , and Urban Affairs Budget Commerce , Science , and Transportation Energy and Natural Resources Environment and Public Works Ethics ( Select ) Finance Foreign Relations Health , Education , Labor and Pensions Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs Indian Affairs Intelligence ( Select ) Judiciary Narcotics ( Caucus ) Rules and Administration Small Business and Entrepreneurship Veterans ' Affairs House ( list ) Agriculture Appropriations Armed Services Budget Education and the Workforce Energy and Commerce Ethics Financial Services Foreign Affairs Homeland Security House Administration Intelligence ( Permanent Select ) Judiciary Natural Resources Oversight and Government Reform Rules Science , Space , and Technology Small Business Transportation and Infrastructure Veterans ' Affairs Ways and Means ( Whole ) Joint ( list ) Budget and Appropriations Process Reform ( Select ) Economic Inaugural Ceremonies ( Special ) Library Printing Solvency of Multiemployer Pension Plans ( Select ) Taxation ( Conference ) Standing committees , Defunct committees Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_House_Committee_on_Ways_and_Means&oldid=835934422 '' Categories : Committees of the United States House of Representatives 1789 establishments in the United States United States federal taxation legislation Hidden categories : Infobox legislature with background color All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch فارسی Simple English 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 April 2018 , at 17 : 23 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what role does the house ways and means committee play in tax legislation | [
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7787974237229928067 | Juliet O'Hara | Juliet O'Hara - wikipedia Juliet O'Hara Juliet O'Hara Psych character Maggie Lawson as Juliet O'Hara First appearance `` Spellingg Bee '' Last appearance Psych : The Movie Created by Steve Franks Portrayed by Maggie Lawson Information Nickname ( s ) Jules ( by Shawn ) , Jewel ( by her father ) , Mrs. Tostig , Maniac , Crazy Cat Lady Aliases Mary Lou Baumgartner ( 1.15 ) , Maniac ( 3.07 ) , Helene ( 7.02 ) Gender Female Occupation San Francisco Police Department Head Detective ( 2014 -- present ) SBPD Junior Detective ( 2006 -- 14 ) Miami Police Department Police Officer ( ? -- 2006 ) Family Frank O'Hara ( father ) Maryanne O'Hara ( mother ) Lloyd French ( stepfather ) Ewan O'Hara ( brother ) Spouse ( s ) Shawn Spencer Significant other ( s ) Scott Seaver ( 1999 -- 2003 ) Cameron Luntz ( formerly ) Declan Rand ( 2010 ) Relatives Unnamed sister - in - law Drake O'Hara ( nephew ) Finn O'Hara ( nephew ) Isaac O'Hara ( nephew ) Head Detective Juliet Lynn `` Jules '' O'Hara is a character on the American comedy Psych played by Maggie Lawson . She attended the University of Miami . Fictional biography ( edit ) Juliet O'Hara first appears undercover in the show 's second episode , `` Spellingg Bee '' , as a recently transferred junior detective from Miami Beach where she attended the University of Miami , replacing Lucinda Barry as Head Detective Carlton Lassiter 's partner . Born in 1981 , she was raised in a family of brothers and is shown to be close with both her parents and her siblings . Although she is initially frustrated by her coworkers not taking her seriously enough due to her relatively young age , as the series progresses she is given more responsibility , being left in charge in the absence of Lassiter and then Interim Chief Karen Vick . She has grown more assertive with her partner , and actors Maggie Lawson and Timothy Omundson ( who plays Lassiter ) both suggest that a strange mutual respect has developed between them . Juliet seems to present a gentle counterpoint to Lassiter 's gruff , rigid style . She reminds her partner repeatedly to `` be sensitive '' with the media , the victims , and the witnesses of their cases . Unlike Lassiter , she is friendly with Shawn Spencer and more willing to work with him and Burton Guster . Lawson says that , although Juliet is bemused by Shawn at first , she has slowly gained respect for him and by the second season , Juliet reveals a `` very friendly , comfortable relationship '' . The actress says she thinks that , despite some skepticism , Juliet does believe that Shawn is psychic . By the end of the fifth season , Shawn and Juliet are romantically involved . By the middle of the sixth season , Shawn is ready for marriage . Her older brother Ewan , played by John Cena , is an army soldier whom she had to arrest when he attempted to murder an actual killer to protect the army . Ewan was supposed to go to prison but his high level bosses made him vanish . Juliet claims Ewan was the reason she became a cop , that him joining the military gave her enough confidence to join the police force . Her estranged con artist father Frank O'Hara is played by William Shatner . She seems to be Scots Irish , with her family hailing from Inverness . Relationship with Shawn Spencer ( edit ) Season one `` Spellingg Bee '' ( 1.02 ) - Shawn and Juliet meet for the first time when Juliet unknowingly steals his seat in a diner . Shawn attempts to flirt with her , but Juliet 's reception is cool . Shawn eventually figures out that Juliet is a cop and that she is staking out the diner . `` Speak Now or Forever Hold Your Piece '' ( 1.03 ) - When Shawn `` reads '' Juliet 's palm , the two have a moment of mutual understanding . They agree to help each other out on the case , thus beginning their camaraderie . `` Weekend Warriors '' ( 1.06 ) - Shawn called Juliet `` Jules '' for the first time , when they are both watching a Civil War reenactment . `` Shawn vs. the Red Phantom '' ( 1.08 ) - At the beginning of the episode , Shawn calls Juliet apparently from somewhere he can see her . She asks Shawn where he is , and he responds by asking if she really wants to know the answer . She says , `` I do n't ask questions I do n't want to know the answer to . '' Shawn then advises her not to ask `` your boyfriend if he thinks your sister 's hot . '' She informs him she does not have a sister , to which he asks , `` How about a boyfriend ? '' Shawn then takes on a missing - person 's case as a `` favor '' to Juliet , informing Gus that he hopes for bigger favors in the future , ones that he can not share `` with nuns and men of the cloth . '' `` From the Earth to the Starbucks '' ( 1.10 ) - Shawn and Juliet team up to solve a case for Lassiter . Juliet admits that Shawn does makes her laugh ... occasionally . `` He Loves Me , He Loves Me Not , He Loves Me , Oops He 's Dead '' ( 1.11 ) - When Shawn and Juliet go under cover at a speed - dating event , the hostess informs them that their personality questionnaires were a 100 % compatibility match , `` a speed - dating first . '' Shawn later claims to have copied hers verbatim . Shawn is also clearly jealous when he runs into Juliet on a date at the bowling alley . Season two `` Meat Is Murder , But Murder Is Also Murder '' ( 2.06 ) - Shawn goes under cover as a horoscope writer at the newspaper where the victim worked . He directs his horoscopes at specific people , such as Detective Lassiter and his dad . In the one meant for Juliet , he writes , `` Your one true love will be wearing sneakers and an Apple Jacks T - shirt . '' Shawn then wears sneakers and an Apple Jacks T - shirt , and Jules seems to get the message , though she does not say anything . After solving the case , Juliet says to Shawn , `` Looks like you 're finally able to communicate your visions again . '' and Shawn says , `` Im having another vision right now , you and me celebrating over dinner and drinks . '' Juliet replies , `` Hmm . Sounds like you 're still a little off . '' Shawn took her rejection pretty well . `` Rob - a-Bye Baby '' ( 2.08 ) - While investigating a nanny agency , Shawn and Juliet go under cover as a married couple . `` Bounty Hunters ! '' ( 2.09 ) - When Juliet makes a mistake that results in a suspected murderer escaping custody , Shawn saves the day by reapprehending the prisoner . When Juliet thanks Shawn , he assures her that it was a mistake and `` that 's what friends are for . '' Shawn leans in to kiss Juliet , but she refuses to kiss him , saying it would be `` a mistake . '' Shawn pulls away , respecting her wishes , but nevertheless walks away smiling . Once alone , Juliet disassembles and reassembles her gun , a stress - relieving exercise she learned in the police academy . `` Gus ' Dad May Have Killed an Old Guy '' ( 2.10 ) - Shawn and Gus are going around the station giving everyone Christmas presents , but after giving Juliet hers , Shawn states that it is just from him . She then makes him think that she is going to give him a hug , and he opens his arms to hug her back , and is visibly disappointed when she brushes past him . Season three `` Murder ? ... Anyone ? ... Anyone ? ... Bueller ? '' ( 3.02 ) - While talking to his high - school crush Abigail Lytar at their reunion , Shawn spots Juliet across the gymnasium and murmurs , `` Pretty much perfect . '' `` The Greatest Adventure in the History of Basic Cable '' ( 3.04 ) - When Shawn will not stop cracking jokes in the interrogation room , Juliet leans across the table and demands that he share what he knows , to which Shawn marvels , `` My God that was so hot . '' When Shawn leaves the room with the supposed men of the Spanish government , he hands Jules a paper , telling her the truth about the `` Spanish '' . He also wrote , `` You smell nice '' on the paper . Later , after Juliet leads the SBPD to Shawn and Gus ' rescue , Shawn and Juliet share a meaningful glance . `` Talk Derby to Me '' ( 3.07 ) - Shawn sets up a romantic dinner for Juliet and himself , complete with music , candles , and flowers . She can not stay , however , because she has to follow a lead . When that lead turns out to be a red herring , Shawn takes the blame for the mistake . After the case is closed , Shawn and Juliet go on a couples skate - alone at the roller rink and brush hands several times ; as the camera zooms out , their hands pressed together , though they are not actually holding hands . `` Gus Walks into a Bank '' ( 3.08 ) - Shawn and Juliet have a minor squabble about her decision to date Cameron Luntz , the head of SWAT . Shawn eventually tells her it is okay , he just wants her to be happy . When Juliet 's date with Luntz for that evening is cancelled , she finds Shawn at the Psych office . The two take a stroll on the boardwalk eating hot dogs . `` Christmas Joy '' ( 3.09 ) - Shawn , while discussing an old flame with Juliet , says , `` Do n't worry , it was long before I knew you . '' Juliet insists that it is irrelevant , meaning that from her point of view , no relationship exists between them . Shawn , however , does not seem convinced . `` Six Feet Under the Sea '' ( 3.10 ) - Juliet befriends a woman named April , who expresses an interest in Shawn and asks for Juliet 's opinion of him . Juliet 's reaction implies that she has feelings for Shawn . Later , Shawn asks April out , but she turns him down because she does not want to `` get in the way . '' She wishes Shawn good luck , leaving him confused . `` Lassie Did a Bad , Bad Thing '' ( 3.11 ) - Officer Drimmer asks Shawn if Juliet and he are an item . He then proceeds to tell Shawn that Juliet talks about him a lot , calling him `` witty and urbane . '' `` Any Given Friday Night at 10PM , 9PM Central '' ( 3.13 ) - Juliet is checking out one of the football players as he runs out onto the field . When he turns around , Juliet is astonished to discover that he is Shawn ! Later , Juliet smiles widely as she watches Shawn leading a football team out onto the field , but quickly hides it when Gus notices . `` Tuesday the 17th '' ( 3.15 ) - When Shawn is introducing Juliet , he calls her `` one of Santa Barbara 's finest , both literally and figuratively '' , and Juliet is flattered rather than annoyed . Also , after Juliet saves Shawn 's life by shooting his assailant in the hand , Shawn tells her , `` That level of markmanship is easily one of the sexiest things that I 've ever - '' Juliet cuts him off , but smiles softly nonetheless . `` An Evening with Mr. Yang '' ( 3.16 ) - Juliet finally asks out Shawn on a date , and owns up to the fact that she has been sending mixed signals . Unfortunately , Shawn tells her the timing is awful , as he is on a date with his old high - school flame , Abigail . When Shawn explains the situation , Juliet understands . She kisses him on the cheek and leaves . Shawn is obviously affected by the kiss , but rejoins Abigail . Season four `` Extradition : British Columbia '' ( 4.01 ) - Shawn does not know how to act around Juliet , now that he is dating Abigail . He tells Juliet , `` I refuse to feel uncomfortable around you . It 's silly . You mean too much to me , and I am perfectly capable of keeping this ( their friendship ) platonic , as long as you are . '' Juliet replies , `` I am too ! Great ! '' As she walks away , Shawn questions , `` But how ? '' They also take what feels like a romantic stroll , as pointed out by Juliet , on a suspension bridge overlooking a river . `` High Noon - ish '' ( 4.03 ) - Shawn tips his cowboy hat at Juliet and winks at her . Juliet smiles , but quickly looks down as if embarrassed . `` Bollywood Homicide '' ( 4.06 ) - When Shawn asks if Juliet believes in love curses , she says whenever someone is looking for their soulmate , it can feel like outsides forces are conspiring against them . Shawn moves closer to Juliet , and she leans back , probably thinking that Shawn is going to kiss her . She asks , `` Shawn , what are you doing ? '' Shawn does not answer the question , instead pointing out a clue that he had seen while they were moving toward each other . When Raj and Juliet go on their pretend date , Shawn , watching from a car , is clearly jealous when Raj starts to hold Juliet 's hand , as noted by Gus and Lassiter . Later , Shawn rescues Juliet from an unstable suspect threatening her with a knife . Abigail tells Shawn that she was very impressed that he would risk his life for a random coworker . Shawn glances over at Juliet and says , `` She 's not random . '' So Abigail would not get the wrong impression , Shawn quickly corrects himself , saying he would do that for anyone . `` Shawn Takes a Shot in the Dark '' ( 4.09 ) - After Shawn 's kidnapping , Juliet goes to his apartment with Gus to search for clues . When she sees Abigail 's toothbrush and some items , she becomes very curious if Abigail moved in . Gus replies that they have reached the `` he has a drawer , she has a toothbrush '' stage to which Juliet seems affected . Shawn , who has been shot and kidnapped , tells one of his kidnappers that he has a girlfriend named Abigail and that he wants to call her to say goodbye before they kill him . Shawn then calls Juliet and proceeds to give her clues about his whereabouts . The kidnapper tells Shawn to tell `` Abigail '' that he loves her . Shawn does . Juliet , believing the profession of love to be real , responds by saying , `` Shawn , I think I ... '' Shawn interrupts her by saying , `` Goodbye , Abigail . '' He hangs up . Juliet is clearly confused , but is able to use his clues to track down his whereabouts , and he is saved . After the ordeal , Shawn discusses with Gus the possibility that Juliet was going to say , `` I love you '' back . Although Gus states the possibility that she was just doing what she had to do , Shawn does not seem convinced . `` You Ca n't Handle This Episode '' ( 4.10 ) - Juliet 's brother , Ewan O'Hara , reveals that Juliet has said a lot of good things about Shawn . Later , Ewan says explicitly that Juliet `` likes ( Shawn ) a lot '' , and he puts his stamp of approval on Shawn , as well . Meanwhile , Abigail leaves for Uganda . `` A Very Juliet Episode '' ( 4.12 ) - Juliet receives news that her college boyfriend Scott might be dead . After receiving the awful news , Shawn and she take a long walk together through the park , during which Shawn gives Juliet a friendly hug . Shawn then searches high and low for Scott , who turns out to be in witness protection . Once the couple is reunited , Shawn is clearly jealous . Shawn bargains with the criminal Scott put in jail to not have Scott harmed if Shawn will prove the criminal 's innocence . Shawn holds up his end of the bargain , and though Scott was no longer in danger , Juliet and he parted ways , agreeing to meet again in a year . `` Death Is in the Air '' ( 4.13 ) - At the beginning of the episode , Shawn and Gus are talking about all the things Shawn can do since he is single and does not need to impress anyone , but then Juliet walks up and he immediately throws away his stinky snack - obviously he wants to impress Juliet . More importantly , Juliet gets exposed to the Thornburg virus and Shawn rushes to find the antidote . Upon returning , Shawn explains to Gus that the threat of Juliet 's mortality made him realize he does not have as much time as he thought ; he has to tell her how he feels . Gus informs them both that Juliet has not contracted the virus after all , but Shawn tries to go through with his admission , anyway . He ultimately stumbles and fails to tell Juliet how he feels , which is immediately followed by Lassiter 's entry into the room , effectively killing the moment . `` Mr. Yin Presents '' ( 4.16 ) - A serial killer named Mr. Yin kidnaps both Juliet and Abigail , who just returned from Uganda . Yin forces Shawn to choose one of them to save , but only has Juliet read him the clue to save her life . Juliet tries to tell Shawn he can save Abigail , but Yin cuts her off . Shawn gets the clue to save Abigail from Yang 's book , and sends Gus with Lassie to save Juliet , saying the only way he would be able to not be there for Jules is if he knows that Gus is . Lassiter and Gus arrive and they are able to save Juliet in time , while Shawn is able to save Abigail . At the end , Juliet breaks down sobbing as Lassiter hugs her . Abigail tells Shawn she can not handle the danger and breaks up with him . Season five `` Romeo and Juliet and Juliet '' ( 5.01 ) - Juliet was temporarily reassigned to City Hall sometime shortly after her ordeal with Mr. Yin to deal with the stress from it . Shawn seeks her help on a case from which his father has barred him , involving a kidnapping within two rival Chinese gangs . Juliet gives him information , but does not return to the SBPD . Shawn calls her for back up before confronting kidnapper , Teno Tan . He is easily outmatched , but Teno surrenders when Juliet arrives before Shawn is killed . They thank each other and agree to hug , but Lassiter interrupts . Shawn calls for a rain check . `` Feet Do n't Kill Me Now '' ( 5.02 ) - Henry allows Shawn and Juliet to team up after Lassiter chooses Gus to help on the case . Their partnership does not hold up , as Shawn realizes he works best with Gus , as does Juliet with Lassiter . Shawn and Juliet attend a tap recital together to support their respective partners . `` Shawn 2.0 '' ( 5.08 ) - Shawn plans to invite Juliet to a friend 's wedding , but `` criminal profiler '' Declan Rand beats him to the punch . Juliet offers to reschedule , but Shawn plays it off not wanting her to be forced . Shawn becomes increasingly jealous of Declan , whom Gus dubs `` Shawn 2.0 '' because of their similarities . Like Shawn , Declan is a fraud who acquired his profiling expertise from his father . Both threaten to expose each other if either one of them does not come clean himself . Like he has the entire episode , Declan beats Shawn , making his confession to Juliet first . She forgives Declan and they go for coffee , leaving Shawn unable to say anything . `` One , Maybe Two , Ways Out '' ( 5.09 ) - Juliet is now in a serious relationship with Declan , of which Shawn is very jealous . Declan is even planning a vacation for Juliet and himself . After Shawn and Gus cause Nadia 's capture , Juliet overhears Shawn telling Gus that he can not be happy without her , though he knows he should be glad that she is happily in a relationship . Juliet is visibly affected by his words . After Nadia is freed and Fong is taken into custody , Shawn and Gus again arrive at Declan 's residence . Declan tells them to make their visit quick , as he is bidding 30 million euros on an item over the phone . Gus , intrigued by this , follows Declan upstairs . Shawn is left alone in the foyer , at which point Juliet enters the room , surprised to see him . She questions Shawn about how he solved such an intricate case and why there might be three creme brulé dishes at Declan 's computer , but he does not rat out Declan for helping . Shawn wishes her a great four days off , but she corrects that it is two weeks , visibly upsetting him . He makes Juliet promise to enjoy her vacation , and tells her to take many mental photographs . As Shawn starts going off on a tangent , Juliet abruptly kisses him . She then pulls back , and both Shawn and she are left speechless from the kiss . Declan and Gus return , and Shawn , too stunned to make any witty remarks , simply wishes them a good vacation . Declan goes to pack as Shawn and Gus leave , and Shawn takes one more look at Juliet before he closes the door . Juliet is left standing in the foyer , alone . `` Extradition II : The Actual Extradition Part '' ( 5.10 ) - Shawn and Gus are invited to visit Despereaux in Canada . Before Shawn leaves , his father advises him to speak with Juliet , as he overheard Shawn talk about her via butt dialing . Shawn asks after her at the station , but Buzz tells him she already has her passport . Juliet and Lassiter arrive to take Despereaux to the United States , to Shawn 's visible shock , and he asks Juliet to talk . Later , Juliet comes to his hotel room and tells him that she had broken up with Declan , but Shawn can not talk with her as Gus and Despereaux are inside , resulting in Jules walking away upset . At the end of the episode , Shawn asks Lassiter where Juliet is , with the answer `` Grabbin ' a muffin '' . He finds her at a platform overlooking the ocean , but she is still upset , claiming they missed their moment . Shawn does not give up and explains to Juliet that since they met , he has thought about replacing his motorcycle , a beloved symbol of freedom , with a car . They kiss passionately , but are disrupted by the tourists at the overlook . Then , they move to a gift shop , where they are interrupted by a customer who calls Juliet a `` slut '' . They then go to a car , and are once more interrupted by a cop . Shawn realizes that he has a room before the camera pans to the sky . `` In Plain Fright '' ( 5.11 ) - At the beginning of the episode , t Shawn and Juliet are revealed to be officially a couple . `` Dual Spires '' ( 5.12 ) Shawn and Gus are standing near the lake where their murder victim was found , and where the only cell service zone in the town is . When Juliet shows up unexpectedly . Shawn distracts Gus by saying , `` Dude , labradoodle ! '' , and Juliet and Shawn share a quick kiss . `` Yang 3 in 2D '' ( 5.16 ) - Juliet seems uneasy as Shawn ( now her boyfriend ) sides with a supposed Yin kidnap victim . When Shawn and Gus are trapped inside Yin 's house , she is the first to get Yang out of confinement , and when Yang tries to make a deal with the police , Jules agrees . Yang gets to take an updated picture with Shawn , and Juliet is the only person to accompany her into the house . Juliet does not hesitate to agree to the conditions and the two enter the house . Shawn is saved , and after Yang gets her picture , she says to Shawn , `` Catch up with you later , Mr. Spencer . '' After finishing his statement on the Yin case , Shawn goes looking for Jules , and finds her in the interrogation room . She says she can not finish her statement because it is like `` marking the time ' til the next crazy rolls in . '' To that , Shawn replies that he is there for her and will `` always protect her '' , and she responds the same and Shawn kisses her hand . He then tells her he will see her that night later on and kisses her on the lips . The camera pans to reveal that Lassiter has seen and heard their entire conversation and now knows about their secret romantic relationship . Season six `` Shawn Rescues Darth Vader '' ( 6.01 ) - Lassiter hooks Juliet to a lie detector and tries to trick her into admitting she is in a relationship with Shawn . She later confesses to Lassiter outright that she is dating Shawn , but he feels their trust has been broken . Lassiter puts Shawn in the same lie detector when the latter seemingly was at the crime scene . Shawn declares this has to do with Juliet and his romantic involvement , and he blurts out that he loves her , shocking everyone in the room and himself . He also admits while under the lie detector that he is a psychic , which further deepens Juliet 's trust in Shawn . Later , Lassiter warns Shawn if he hurts Juliet , he will discharge his weapon ... repeatedly . `` Last Night Gus '' ( 6.02 ) - Due to some drugged drinks , Shawn forgets a conversation he had with Juliet when she tells him they need to talk about it , and saying it was serious causing him to freak out . She reveals that he had asked her to move in and is surprised he does not remember . They agree that it is probably too soon . `` The Amazing Psych - Man and Tap Man , Issue # 2 '' ( 6.04 ) - Shawn quickly becomes jealous as Juliet shows admiration for the Mantis , a vigilante who is competing with the SBPD to catch the Camino drug syndicate . When they are on a date , Shawn realizes that Juliet got a text from the SBPD that requires her to leave . Though reluctant , she departs . `` Shawn , Interrupted '' ( 6.06 ) - Juliet shows concern for Shawn when he goes under cover at a mental institution , admitting that her deepest fear was that Shawn would not be able to come out , after Shawn makes an off - hand comment about enjoying it there , `` Spoiler . I 'm making you a wallet . '' Shawn reassures her , but Juliet is still not at ease . `` In for a Penny ... '' ( 6.07 ) - Shawn invites Juliet 's estranged con - artist dad , Frank , to her birthday party , then hires him to assist on a case . Juliet is furious with Shawn and has no intention of reconciling with her father . She changes her mind when Frank tells her he attended all her recitals and talent shows . At her birthday party , Juliet has made peace with her dad and forgiven Shawn , since his heart was in the right place . `` Neil Simon 's Lover 's Retreat '' ( 6.09 ) - Shawn and Juliet go away on a romantic vacation , but they are robbed by their new ' friends ' , who call themselves `` Barbie and Clive '' , possibly taken from the 1930s criminals , Bonnie and Clyde . While tracking down the thieves , they come across a murder , effectively spoiling their plans . Shawn apologizes , since Juliet had `` definite expectations '' for their vacation , including the `` M word '' , causing Juliet to explain that she had not been expecting a marriage proposal , since it is too soon and she was in no way ready to get married . Shawn agrees seemingly relieved . The clerk returns Shawn 's stolen Nintendo DS , which Shawn had been having a fit about throughout the episode when discovering it had been stolen , much to Juliet 's annoyance and confusion . Gus hears a rattle from inside it ; he opens the battery case and finds an engagement ring , revealing that Shawn had actually planned to propose to Juliet during their vacation . `` Indiana Shawn and the Temple of the Kinda Crappy , Rusty Old Dagger '' ( 6.10 ) - The episode opens up to Gus confronting Shawn over the ring he found , and Gus is clearly upset because Shawn was going to propose to Juliet , and never told Gus about it . Shawn apologizes , telling Gus that he `` had to be ready for a Shamu moment . '' Shawn promises that when he pops the question to Juliet , Gus will be there , and offers a fist bump , which Gus ignores , saying , `` That 's storybook right there . '' `` Heeeeere 's Lassie '' ( 6.11 ) - Shawn keeps looking for a spot to stash the ring , since he is not ready to give it to Juliet . Gus suggests putting it back in Henry 's drawer if he is not going to propose . Juliet 's dad Frank arrives from Tanzania , stating he got Shawn 's voicemail saying he had something important to discuss . Shawn left the voicemail when he was considering proposing and wanted to ask Frank for his blessing . He asks for permission to marry Juliet in case he needs it in the future . Frank explains to Shawn he wants his daughter to marry someone honest and asks if Shawn has ever lied to Juliet , which Shawn hesitates before answering . Gus answers in the affirmative and Frank leaves without offering or denying his blessing , leaving Shawn confused about whether or not he had Juliet 's father 's blessing to one day propose to Juliet . `` Shawn and the Real Girl '' ( 6.12 ) - Juliet proves to be jealous as Shawn infiltrates into a reality show in which several men vie for the heart of a woman . Later , Shawn admits to considering himself lucky to have her in his life . `` Santabarbaratown '' ( 6.16 ) - At the end , Juliet and Shawn are walking by the station , talking about Shawn moving in with her . Season seven `` Juliet Takes a Luvvah '' ( 7.02 ) - Juliet and Shawn decide to live together . `` No Country for Two Old Men '' ( 7.04 ) - After a homewarming party for Juliet and Shawn , her stepfather Lloyd runs into trouble with Mexican gangsters over his gambling debts . `` Deez Nups '' ( 7.07 ) - During Lassiter 's wedding reception , Juliet confronts Shawn about inconsistencies that she found in his latest `` vision '' , leading her to deduce that he is a mentalist , not a psychic , which Shawn confirms . Heartbroken , Juliet splashes her drink in Shawn 's face , tearfully exiting the scene . `` Right Turn or Left for Dead '' ( 7.08 ) - Juliet tells Shawn to move out . `` Juliet Wears the Pantsuit '' ( 7.09 ) - Shawn moves out , reluctantly . At the end of the episode , he helps Juliet repair a window and they are seen to still have chemistry . However , Juliet is not ready to forgive him for lying . `` Santa Barbarian Candidate '' ( 7.10 ) - Juliet attends the Founders Gala as Shawn 's date . As they dance , Juliet learns that Shawn went back to take dancing lessons that he had previously lied about going to when he learned what it meant to her . Juliet asks where `` this Shawn '' was when they were dating , to which he says that he 's `` right here '' . After dancing with him , she admits to Shawn that she still has feelings for him , but tells him that he has to tell Chief Vick about his lie about being a psychic . He refuses to , as he would not be able to do good or help people 's lives like he always has . Juliet tells him that what he does is not good for everyone . At the end of the episode , Shawn decides to confess his lie to Chief Vick for the sake of smoothing things back over with Juliet . He almost tells Chief Vick that he is not a psychic , but Juliet comes in claiming that Shawn led her to Mike 's house to get the photos . She tells Shawn later on that she could not be selfish and have him reveal his lie . She seems to be slowly beginning to trust him again . Shawn makes an attempt to kiss her , but she says that she is not ready to get back together yet . Despite telling him this , the two agree to go out to eat together . `` Office Space '' ( 7.11 ) - After going out to eat together from the previous episode , Juliet and Shawn are shown asleep next to each other in bed at her place . While sleeping , he wakes up to Gus tapping on the window , and leaves to help him . Later , at the station , Shawn and she are talking , and he remarks , `` ( they are ) back in the saddle '' . However , Juliet says that nothing is back yet , what they did was a `` one - time thing '' , and since they were adults , `` it happens '' . `` Nip and Suck It '' ( 7.13 ) - At the end of the episode , Shawn tells Gus that Juliet and he are officially back together . Shawn remarks that Juliet made him `` work '' for it , but that they are finally together again . `` No Trout About It '' ( 7.14 ) - Shawn and Juliet make a romantically goofy phone call as revealed by Shawn when retelling a case to a police consultant , much to Juliet 's embarrassment . She later voices her concerns about her position at the department due to intraoffice dating with Shawn , which is usually against police regulations . Season eight `` The Break Up '' ( 8.10 ) - Shawn and Juliet get engaged to be married outside a crime scene in San Francisco , only to have the engagement ring get stolen by a mugger . Psych : The Movie Shawn and Juliet finally marry after the engagement ring is retrieved . Note - Throughout the series Shawn 's and Juliet , ( dubbed Shules ) by fans ( Psycho - s ) has a `` will they - wo n't they '' relationship throughout the series and are constantly flirty ( excluding the brief time Shawn was dating Abigail Lytar ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : episode `` In for a Penny ... '' Jump up ^ Psych , Episode 1.02 : `` Spellingg Bee . '' Original airdate : July 14 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Psych , Episode 1.03 : `` Speak Now or Forever Hold Your Piece '' . Original airdate : July 21 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Psych , Episode 1.15 : `` Scary Sherry : Bianca 's Toast '' . Original airdate : March 2 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Lawson , Maggie . Relationships . USA Network . Retrieved on January 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Psych , Episode 2.10 : `` Gus ' Dad May Have Killed an Old Guy '' . Original airdate : December 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Psych : The Movie Psych Seasons 6 7 8 Episodes `` Pilot '' `` Spellingg Bee '' `` Speak Now or Forever Hold Your Piece '' `` Woman Seeking Dead Husband : Smokers Okay , No Pets '' `` Who Ya Gonna Call ? '' `` American Duos '' `` Mr. Yin Presents ... '' `` Dual Spires '' `` Yang 3 in 2D '' `` Psych : The Musical '' Television movie Psych : The Movie Characters Shawn Spencer Burton `` Gus '' Guster Carlton Lassiter Juliet O'Hara Karen Vick Henry Spencer Other Awards and nominations Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Juliet_O%27Hara&oldid=853692574 '' Categories : Fictional Santa Barbara Police Department detectives Psych characters Fictional characters introduced in 2006 Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk About Wikipedia Français Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 6 August 2018 , at 11 : 35 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | when do juliet and shawn get back together | [
"\"Nip and Suck It\" (7.13) - At the end of the episode, Shawn tells Gus that Juliet and he are officially back together. Shawn remarks that Juliet made him \"work\" for it, but that they are finally together again."
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7495356071116454419 | List of Marvel Cinematic Universe television series | List of Marvel Cinematic Universe television series - wikipedia List of Marvel Cinematic Universe television series Jump to : navigation , search Marvel Cinematic Universe television series Promotional image for Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. season two and Agent Carter season one . Based on Characters published by Marvel Comics Starring See below Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 13 ( across 8 series ) No. of episodes 182 Production Executive producer ( s ) Alan Fine Stan Lee Joe Quesada Jim Chory Jeph Loeb Running time 30 minutes ( NW ) 41 -- 65 minutes Production company ( s ) ABC Studios ( ABC & Netflix series ) ABC Signature Studios ( Hulu & Freeform series ) Marvel Television Distributor Disney -- ABC Domestic Television Netflix Hulu Release Original network ABC Netflix Hulu Freeform Picture format 720p ( HDTV ) ( ABC series ) 4K ( Ultra HD ) ( Netflix series ) IMAX ( Inh. ) Audio format 5.1 surround sound Original release September 24 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 24 ) -- present ( present ) The Marvel Cinematic Universe ( MCU ) television series are American superhero television shows based on characters that appear in publications by Marvel Comics . The shows have been in production since 2013 , and in that time Marvel Television and ABC Studios , along with its production division ABC Signature Studios , have premiered six series , with seven more in various stages of development , across broadcast , streaming , and cable television on ABC , Netflix and Hulu , and Freeform , respectively . The ABC series have averaged around 4 -- 8 million viewers a season , with many of the MCU series receiving strong critical responses . The first series in the universe , Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. , began airing on ABC during the 2013 -- 14 television season , and was joined by Marvel 's Agent Carter in the 2014 -- 15 television season . Marvel formed a unique partnership with IMAX Corporation to premiere Marvel 's Inhumans in IMAX theaters in September 2017 before it is scheduled to air on ABC during the 2017 -- 18 television season ; a put pilot for another ABC series , Marvel 's Damage Control , has also been ordered . Netflix 's Marvel series began in 2015 with Marvel 's Daredevil and Marvel 's Jessica Jones , followed by Marvel 's Luke Cage in 2016 . Marvel 's Iron Fist and the crossover miniseries Marvel 's The Defenders released in 2017 , with Marvel 's The Punisher also scheduled to be released in 2017 . Additionally , the MCU will expand to Hulu with Marvel 's Runaways in 2017 , and to Freeform with Marvel 's Cloak & Dagger and Marvel 's New Warriors in 2018 . Starring in the series are Clark Gregg as Phil Coulson , in Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. , and Hayley Atwell as Peggy Carter , in Agent Carter , both reprising their roles from MCU films , while Anson Mount headlines Inhumans as Black Bolt . Daredevil introduces Charlie Cox in the title role of Matt Murdock / Daredevil as well as Jon Bernthal as the Punisher in its second season , who reprises his role as the star of The Punisher . Jessica Jones introduces Krysten Ritter as Jessica Jones and Mike Colter as Luke Cage , with the latter also headlining Luke Cage . Finn Jones stars as Danny Rand / Iron Fist in Iron Fist , and joins Cox , Ritter , and Colter for The Defenders . The Runaways cast consists of the titular group , including Rhenzy Feliz as Alex Wilder , and their parents , including Ryan Sands as Geoffrey Wilder . Olivia Holt and Aubrey Joseph star in Cloak & Dagger as Tandy Bowen / Dagger and Tyrone Johnson / Cloak , respectively , while Milana Vayntrub and Derek Theler lead New Warriors as Doreen Green / Squirrel Girl and Craig Hollis / Mister Immortal , respectively . Contents ( hide ) 1 ABC series 1.1 Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ( 2013 -- ) 1.2 Marvel 's Agent Carter ( 2015 -- 16 ) 1.3 Marvel 's Inhumans ( 2017 ) 2 Netflix series 2.1 Marvel 's Daredevil ( 2015 -- ) 2.2 Marvel 's Jessica Jones ( 2015 -- ) 2.3 Marvel 's Luke Cage ( 2016 -- ) 2.4 Marvel 's Iron Fist ( 2017 -- ) 2.5 Marvel 's The Defenders ( 2017 ) 2.6 Marvel 's The Punisher 3 Hulu series 3.1 Marvel 's Runaways 4 Freeform series 4.1 Marvel 's Cloak & Dagger 4.2 Marvel 's New Warriors 5 Recurring cast and characters 5.1 ABC series 5.2 Netflix series 6 Reception 6.1 Ratings 6.2 Critical response 7 Potential projects 7.1 Marvel 's Damage Control 7.2 Other 8 Marvel 's Most Wanted 9 References 10 External links ABC series ( edit ) Series Season Episodes First aired Last aired Showrunner ( s ) Status Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. 22 September 24 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 24 ) May 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 13 ) Jed Whedon , Maurissa Tancharoen , and Jeffrey Bell Released 22 September 23 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 23 ) May 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 12 ) 22 September 29 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 29 ) May 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 17 ) 22 September 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 20 ) May 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 16 ) 5 22 December 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 01 ) TBA Filming Marvel 's Agent Carter 8 January 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 06 ) February 24 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 24 ) Tara Butters , Michele Fazekas , and Chris Dingess Released 10 January 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 19 ) March 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 01 ) Marvel 's Inhumans 8 September 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 29 ) TBA Scott Buck Airing Jump up ^ A version of the first two episodes debuted in IMAX theaters on September 1 , 2017 , and ran for two weeks , before their television premiere on ABC on September 29 . Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ( 2013 -- ) ( edit ) Main article : Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ( L to R ) Jed Whedon , Maurissa Tancharoen and Jeffrey Bell serve as the showrunners for Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. Agent Phil Coulson assembles a small team of S.H.I.E.L.D. ( Strategic Homeland Intervention , Enforcement and Logistics Division ) agents to handle strange new cases . After discovering that Project Centipede and their leader , `` The Clairvoyant '' , were affiliated with Hydra , a terrorist organization , Coulson and his team must deal with Hydra members still at large following Hydra 's infiltration of , and the destruction of , S.H.I.E.L.D. , while also looking to restore trust from the government and public . In the wake of S.H.I.E.L.D. 's wars with Hydra and the Inhumans , a race of superhumans , Coulson begins a secret mission to protect the world from new threats . After the defeat of the Inhuman Hive and with Hydra destroyed , S.H.I.E.L.D. is made a legitimate organization once again , with Coulson returning to being a field agent , and is tasked with tracking down more enhanced people -- including Robbie Reyes / Ghost Rider -- while Agent Leo Fitz and Dr. Holden Radcliffe complete their work on Life Model Decoys . Coulson and members of his team are eventually abducted to deep space , where they must try and save humanity while figuring out how to get home . In August 2012 , ABC ordered a pilot for a show called S.H.I.E.L.D. , to be written by Joss Whedon , Jed Whedon , and Maurissa Tancharoen , and directed by Joss Whedon . On April 6 , 2013 , ABC announced that the show would be titled Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. , and it was officially ordered to series on May 10 , 2013 . Jed Whedon , Tancharoen and Jeffrey Bell act as the series ' showrunners , while Clark Gregg reprises his role from the films as Phil Coulson . The series was renewed for a second season on May 8 , 2014 , a third on May 7 , 2015 , a fourth on March 3 , 2016 , and a fifth on May 11 , 2017 . The first season , which premiered on September 24 , 2013 , aired episodes that directly relate to events in the films Thor : The Dark World and Captain America : The Winter Soldier . The revelation in Captain America : The Winter Soldier that S.H.I.E.L.D. had been infiltrated by Hydra had a huge impact on the series . Regarding the synergy the show had with addressing events from the film , Loeb said , `` It 's an extremely unique experience that does n't exist anywhere else out there in the entertainment business . '' The second season , which premiered on September 23 , 2014 , introduces Inhumans to the MCU , ahead of their own television series . Additionally , a recurring plot point in the first two seasons involved the body of a member of the Kree race , who play a significant role in Guardians of the Galaxy . The third season , which premiered on September 29 , 2015 , introduces the concept of the Secret Warriors , with new Inhuman characters inspired by the comic of the same name , as well as Life Model Decoys . The fourth season , which premiered on September 20 , 2016 , sees Robbie Reyes / Ghost Rider introduced to the MCU , and ties to the second season of Agent Carter and Doctor Strange . The fifth season is scheduled to premiere on December 1 , 2017 . In the first season , Samuel L. Jackson , Cobie Smulders , Maximiliano Hernández , Titus Welliver and Jaimie Alexander all reprise their roles as Nick Fury , Maria Hill , Jasper Sitwell , Felix Blake , and Sif , respectively , from previous MCU films and One - Shots . In the second season , Alexander and Smulders return , while Hayley Atwell , Neal McDonough , Kenneth Choi , and Henry Goodman also reprise their roles as Peggy Carter , Timothy `` Dum Dum '' Dugan , Jim Morita , and List , respectively , from previous MCU films . In the third season , William Sadler reprises his role as Matthew Ellis from the MCU films , and Powers Boothe recurs as his previously unnamed The Avengers character , Gideon Malick . Marvel 's Agent Carter ( 2015 -- 16 ) ( edit ) Main article : Agent Carter ( TV series ) In 1946 , Peggy Carter must balance the routine office work she does for the Strategic Scientific Reserve while secretly assisting Howard Stark , who finds himself framed for supplying deadly weapons to enemies of the United States . Carter is assisted by Stark 's butler , Edwin Jarvis , to find those responsible and dispose of the weapons . Carter eventually moves from New York City to Los Angeles to deal with the threats of the new atomic age in the wake of World War II , gaining new friends , a new home and potential new love . By September 2013 , Marvel was developing a series inspired by the Agent Carter One - Shot , featuring Peggy Carter , and in January 2014 , the series was confirmed to be in development , with the script for a potential pilot to be written by Captain America : The First Avenger and Captain America : The Winter Soldier writers Christopher Markus & Stephen McFeely . On May 8 , 2014 , ABC officially ordered Marvel 's Agent Carter to series . Tara Butters , Michele Fazekas and Chris Dingess act as showrunners on the series , while Hayley Atwell reprises her role from the films as Peggy Carter . The series was renewed for a second season on May 7 , 2015 , and was officially canceled by ABC on May 12 , 2016 . The first season , which premiered on January 6 , 2015 , introduces the origins of the Black Widow and Winter Soldier programs , which both appear in several MCU films . The second season , which premiered on January 19 , 2016 , features the Darkforce , which ties to the character Marcus Daniels in Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. and Doctor Strange . In the first season , Dominic Cooper reprise his role of Howard Stark from Captain America : The First Avenger . James D'Arcy portrays Edwin Jarvis , Stark 's butler in the series who eventually serves as inspiration for Tony Stark 's artificial intelligence J.A.R.V.I.S. Costa Ronin portrays a young Anton Vanko , the co-creator of the arc reactor with Stark . Chris Evans appears as Steve Rogers / Captain America via archive footage from The First Avenger . McDonough and Toby Jones reprise their roles as Dugan and Arnim Zola , respectively . In the second season , Cooper returns to reprise his role . Marvel 's Inhumans ( 2017 ) ( edit ) Main article : Inhumans ( TV series ) Scott Buck serves as showrunner for both Inhumans on ABC and the first season of Iron Fist on Netflix . After a military coup , the Inhuman Royal Family , led by Black Bolt , escape to Hawaii where they must save themselves and the world . In November 2016 , Marvel Television and IMAX Corporation announced Marvel 's Inhumans , to be produced in conjunction with ABC Studios . The series ' first two episodes were filmed entirely on IMAX digital cameras , and premiered on IMAX screens on September 1 , 2017 , for two weeks . ABC will then broadcast the series weekly starting with the first two episodes on September 29 , 2017 , with the network airing of the first two episodes featuring exclusive content , outside of the versions screened on IMAX . Select action sequences in the rest of the series were also shot on IMAX . The series was neither intended to be a reworking of the planned film from Marvel Studios , nor a spin - off from Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. Ben Sherwood , president of Disney -- ABC Television Group , added that `` We 've worked very carefully with our friends at Marvel Studios -- and this is a critical point -- to make sure that calendar-wise and content-wise we are only enhancing '' the MCU ; the theatrical debut of the series was timed to not interfere with the release of any Marvel Studios films . In December 2016 , Scott Buck was announced as showrunner and executive producer for the series . In February 2017 , Anson Mount was cast as Black Bolt . Filming began in March 2017 in Hawaii , and concluded in June . Netflix series ( edit ) Series Season Episodes Originally released Showrunner ( s ) Status Marvel 's Daredevil 13 April 10 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 10 ) Steven S. DeKnight Released 13 March 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 18 ) Doug Petrie and Marco Ramirez TBA TBA Pre-production Marvel 's Jessica Jones 13 November 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 20 ) Melissa Rosenberg Released 13 2018 ( 2018 ) Preparing for release Marvel 's Luke Cage 13 September 30 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 30 ) Cheo Hodari Coker Released 13 2018 ( 2018 ) Filming Marvel 's Iron Fist 13 March 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 17 ) Scott Buck Released TBA TBA Raven Metzner In development Marvel 's The Defenders 8 August 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 18 ) Marco Ramirez Released Marvel 's The Punisher 13 2017 ( 2017 ) Steve Lightfoot Preparing for release By October 2013 , Marvel was preparing four drama series and a miniseries to present to video on demand services and cable providers , with Netflix , Amazon , and WGN America expressing interest . That November , it was announced that Disney would provide Netflix with live - action series based on Daredevil , Jessica Jones , Iron Fist , and Luke Cage , leading up to a miniseries based on the Defenders . Marvel 's Daredevil ( 2015 -- ) ( edit ) Main article : Daredevil ( TV series ) Lawyer - by - day Matt Murdock uses his heightened senses from being blinded as a young boy to fight crime at night on the streets of Hell 's Kitchen as Daredevil , juxtaposed with the rise of crime lord Wilson Fisk . Murdock eventually crosses paths with Frank Castle / Punisher , a vigilante with far deadlier methods , and sees the return of his old girlfriend , Elektra Natchios . In December 2013 , Marvel confirmed that Drew Goddard would be the executive producer and showrunner for Daredevil , and would write and direct the first episode , though at the end of May 2014 , it was announced that Goddard would no longer be the showrunner for the series , being replaced by Steven S. DeKnight . Goddard , who wrote the first two episodes , remained with the show as an executive producer . It was also revealed that the series would be titled Marvel 's Daredevil . A few days later , Charlie Cox was cast as Daredevil . A second season was ordered on April 21 , 2015 , with Doug Petrie and Marco Ramirez taking over as showrunners from DeKnight , who could not return to the series due to a prior commitment . A third season was ordered in July 2016 . The first season , which debuted in its entirety on April 10 , 2015 , features references to The Avengers and the Battle of New York , as well as mentioning Carl `` Crusher '' Creel , who appears on Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. The insignia for the Iron Fist antagonist Steel Serpent is also seen in the season . The second season , which premiered on March 18 , 2016 , features the motorcycle gang Dogs of Hell , who appeared on Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. , along with numerous references to the events of the first season of Jessica Jones . In the second season , Jon Bernthal was cast in a leading role as Frank Castle / Punisher , before headlining his own series , while Michelle Hurd and Carrie - Anne Moss reprise their roles of Samantha Reyes and Jeri Hogarth from Jessica Jones . Marvel 's Jessica Jones ( 2015 -- ) ( edit ) Main article : Jessica Jones ( TV series ) Melissa Rosenberg is Jessica Jones ' creator and showrunner . Former superhero Jessica Jones , who suffers from post-traumatic stress disorder , opens her own detective agency to help people . In November 2013 , Melissa Rosenberg was announced to write and executive produce the series , and the following March , Loeb stated that filming would begin after Daredevil . In December 2014 , Krysten Ritter was cast as Jessica Jones in the series , officially titled Marvel 's Jessica Jones . A second season was ordered on January 17 , 2016 . The first season , which debuted in its entirety on November 20 , 2015 , features references to the events and characters of The Avengers . The second season is scheduled to debut in 2018 . In the first season , Mike Colter was cast as Luke Cage , a recurring role in the series before headlining his own series . Rosario Dawson reprises her Daredevil role of Claire Temple , as does Royce Johnson in his role of Brett Mahoney . Marvel 's Luke Cage ( 2016 -- ) ( edit ) Main article : Luke Cage ( TV series ) When a sabotaged experiment gives him super strength and unbreakable skin , Luke Cage becomes a fugitive attempting to rebuild his life in Harlem , and must soon confront his past and fight a battle for the heart of his city . Colter reprises his role as Carl Lucas / Luke Cage in his own series , titled Marvel 's Luke Cage . In March 2014 , Loeb stated that the series would begin filming after Iron Fist , being the fourth of the individual series . By March 2015 , it was instead slated to be the third of the individual series , beginning production after Jessica Jones . The series was switched with Iron Fist after the positive reception Luke Cage received on Jessica Jones , becoming that series ' breakout star and Marvel wanting to `` follow the momentum '' . Also in March , Cheo Hodari Coker was announced as showrunner and executive producer of the series . A second season was ordered on December 3 , 2016 . The first season , which premiered on September 30 , 2016 , features references to The Avengers , the second season of Daredevil , the first season of Jessica Jones , and a flier for Colleen Wing 's martial arts class , and mentions Justin Hammer , Wilson Fisk and Frank Castle . Dawson , Rob Morgan , Rachel Taylor , Stephen Rider , Parisa Fitz - Henley , and Danny Johnson reprise their roles as Claire Temple , Turk Barrett , Trish Walker , Blake Tower , Reva Connors and Ben Donovan in the series , respectively . The second season is scheduled to premiere in 2018 . Finn Jones will reprise his role as Danny Rand in the season . Marvel 's Iron Fist ( 2017 -- ) ( edit ) Main article : Iron Fist ( TV series ) Danny Rand returns to New York City , after being missing for fifteen years , to reclaim his family company . However , when a threat emerges , Rand must choose between his family 's legacy and his duties as the Iron Fist . In March 2014 , Loeb initially stated that the series would begin filming after Jessica Jones as the third of the individual series . By March 2015 , it was expected to be the fourth of the individual series , entering production following Luke Cage . The series was switched with Luke Cage after the positive reception Luke Cage received on Jessica Jones , becoming that series ' breakout star and Marvel wanting to `` follow the momentum '' . In April 2015 , the title of the series was revealed to be Marvel 's Iron Fist . In December 2015 , Marvel announced that Scott Buck would serve as showrunner and executive producer of the series . In February 2016 , Finn Jones was cast as Rand . A second season was revealed to be in development in July 2017 , with Raven Metzner announced as the new showrunner for the season , replacing Buck . The first season , which premiered on March 17 , 2017 , makes references to the events of The Avengers , the Hulk , Stark Industries , Jessica Jones , Daredevil , Luke Cage , and Seagate Prison , and mentions the Dogs of Hell biker gang , New York Bulletin editor - in - chief Mitchell Ellison and reporter Karen Page , Roxxon Oil and Midland Circle . Events from the second season of Daredevil are also noted throughout . Moss , Dawson , Wai Ching Ho , Marquis Rodriguez , Tijuana Ricks , and Suzanne H. Smart reprise their roles as Jeri Hogarth , Claire Temple , Gao , Darryl , Thembi Wallace , and Shirley Benson , respectively , in the series . The second season will see Simone Missick reprise her role as Misty Knight . Marvel 's the Defenders ( 2017 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Defenders ( miniseries ) The superheroes Daredevil , Jessica Jones , Luke Cage , and Iron Fist team - up in New York City . The Defenders sees Cox , Ritter , Colter , and Jones reprise their roles as Matt Murdock / Daredevil , Jessica Jones , Luke Cage , and Danny Rand / Iron Fist , respectively , from the previous television series . In March 2014 , Loeb stated that the miniseries , officially titled Marvel 's The Defenders , would begin filming after Iron Fist . In April 2016 , Marvel announced that Douglas Petrie and Marco Ramirez would act as showrunners for The Defenders . However , by the start of filming in New York City in October 2016 , Petrie had left the series as co-showrunner . Filming concluded in March 2017 . The eight - episode event premiered on August 18 , 2017 . The miniseries also sees many supporting characters from the individual series reprise their roles , including , Deborah Ann Woll , Elden Henson , Scott Glenn , Élodie Yung , Eka Darville , Moss , Taylor , Simone Missick , Jessica Henwick , Dawson , Ho , Ramón Rodríguez , Peter McRobbie , Morgan , Amy Rutberg , Susan Varon , and Nichole Yannetty as Karen Page , Franklin `` Foggy '' Nelson , Stick , Elektra Natchios , Malcolm Ducasse , Jeri Hogarth , Trish Walker , Misty Knight , Colleen Wing , Claire Temple , Gao , Bakuto , Lantom , Turk Barrett , Marci Stahl , Josie and Nicole , respectively . Midland Circle , which was referenced in previous Netflix series , is revealed to be an operation of the Hand , who bought the building to search for the life substance hidden beneath the property . The miniseries also references the events of The Avengers . Marvel 's the Punisher ( edit ) Main article : The Punisher ( TV series ) Frank Castle is haunted and hunted after the murder of his family and becomes a vigilante known in the criminal underworld as `` the Punisher '' , who aims to fight crime by any means necessary . By January 2016 , ahead of the debut of Bernthal as armed vigilante Frank Castle / Punisher in the second season of Daredevil , Netflix was in `` very early development '' on a spin - off series titled The Punisher , and was looking for a showrunner . The series would be centered on Bernthal as Castle , and was described as a stand - alone series , outside of the series leading up to The Defenders . Loeb implied that Marvel Television had not instigated the development of the spin - off and were focusing on making `` the best 13 episodes of Daredevil season two '' at the time , but did say , `` I 'm never going to discourage a network from looking at one of our characters and encouraging us to do more ... If we are lucky enough that through the writing , through the direction , through the actor that people want to see more of that person , terrific . '' In April 2016 , Marvel and Netflix ordered The Punisher , along with confirming Bernthal 's involvement and naming Steve Lightfoot as showrunner . Filming began in Brooklyn , New York in October 2016 , and concluded in April 2017 . The series is set to be released in 2017 . Woll and Morgan reprise their roles as Karen Page and Turk Barrett , respectively . Hulu series ( edit ) Series Season Episodes First aired Last aired Showrunner ( s ) Status Marvel 's Runaways 10 November 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 21 ) TBA Josh Schwartz and Stephanie Savage Filming Marvel 's Runaways ( edit ) Main article : Runaways ( TV series ) When six teenagers discover their parents are villains , they reluctantly unite to go against them . In August 2016 , Marvel announced Marvel 's Runaways had received a pilot order , along with additional scripts , from the streaming service Hulu , based on the team of the same name . The pilot is written by Josh Schwartz and Stephanie Savage , who also serve as executive producers and showrunners of the series . In February 2017 , Marvel announced the cast of the Runaways , with Rhenzy Feliz as Alex Wilder , Lyrica Okano as Nico Minoru , Virginia Gardner as Karolina Dean , Ariela Barer as Gert Yorkes , Gregg Sulkin as Chase Stein , and Allegra Acosta as Molly Hernandez . Shortly after , they announced the cast of the Pride , the parents of the Runaways , with Randy Sands as Geoffrey Wilder , Angel Parker as Catherine Wilder , Brittany Ishibashi as Tina Minoru , James Yaegashi as Robert Minoru , Kevin Weisman as Dale Yorkes , Brigid Brannagh as Stacey Yorkes , Annie Wersching as Leslie Dean , Kip Pardue as Frank Dean , James Marsters as Victor Stein , and Ever Carradine as Janet Stein . Hulu ordered the series in May 2017 . Filming began in Los Angeles in February 2017 . The first season , consisting of 10 episodes , is set to premiere on November 21 , 2017 . Tina Minoru previously appeared in Doctor Strange , in a minor role as a Master of the Mystic Arts portrayed by Linda Louise Duan . Freeform series ( edit ) Series Season Episodes First aired Last aired Showrunner ( s ) Status Marvel 's Cloak & Dagger 10 2018 ( 2018 ) TBA Joe Pokaski Filming Marvel 's New Warriors 10 2018 ( 2018 ) TBA Kevin Biegel Pre-production Marvel 's Cloak & Dagger ( edit ) Main article : Cloak & Dagger ( TV series ) Tandy Bowen and Tyrone Johnson , two teenagers from different backgrounds , acquire superpowers while forming a romantic relationship . They soon realize that their powers work better when they are together , `` but their feelings for each other make their already complicated world even more challenging . '' In April 2016 , the ABC - owned network Freeform announced a straight - to - series order for Marvel 's Cloak & Dagger , based on the characters of the same name , calling it their `` first venture into the Marvel Cinematic Universe '' , and describing the show as a `` superhero love story '' . In January 2017 , Olivia Holt and Aubrey Joseph were cast as Tandy Bowen / Dagger and Tyrone Johnson / Cloak , respectively . Joe Pokaski serves as showrunner for the series . Filming began in New Orleans in February 2017 . The first season , consisting of 10 episodes , is set to air in 2018 . Roxxon Oil is seen in the series . Marvel 's New Warriors ( edit ) Doreen Green / Squirrel Girl , Craig Hollis / Mister Immortal , Dwayne Taylor / Night Thrasher , Robbie Baldwin / Speedball , Zach Smith / Microbe , and Deborah Fields / Debrii , are superpowered young people with abilities very different from the Avengers , who want to make a positive impact in the world even if they are not quite ready to be heroes . By the end of August 2016 , Marvel Television and ABC Studios were developing a half - hour comedy series based on the New Warriors featuring Squirrel Girl , with the series being offered to cable networks and streaming outlets . In April 2017 , Freeform announced a straight - to - series order for Marvel 's New Warriors , with Kevin Biegel serving as the series ' showrunner and writing the first script . In July 2017 , the cast was revealed with Milana Vayntrub starring as Doreen Green / Squirrel Girl and Derek Theler as Craig Hollis / Mister Immortal . The first season , consisting of 10 episodes , is set to air in 2018 , with Biegel serving as showrunner for the series . Recurring cast and characters ( edit ) Further information : List of Marvel Cinematic Universe television series actors ABC series ( edit ) List indicator ( s ) This table includes recurring , main characters , who have appeared in at least two seasons and as a member of the principal ( `` main '' ) cast for at least one of those . Please see the FAQ for more information . Series seasons , within the network season , are ordered based on their premiere date . A dark grey cell indicates the character was not in the season , or that the character 's presence in the season has not yet been announced . An indicates the actor had a recurring role for the season . A indicates the actor made a guest appearance in the season . Character 2013 -- 14 season 2014 -- 15 season 2015 -- 16 season 2016 -- 17 season 2017 -- 18 season Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. season 1 Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. season 2 Agent Carter season 1 Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. season 3 Agent Carter season 2 Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. season 4 Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. season 5 Lincoln Campbell Luke Mitchell Luke Mitchell Peggy Carter Hayley Atwell Hayley Atwell Hayley Atwell Phil Coulson Clark Gregg Clark Gregg Clark Gregg Leo Fitz Iain De Caestecker Iain De Caestecker Iain De Caestecker Lance Hunter Nick Blood Nick Blood Nick Blood Edwin Jarvis James D'Arcy James D'Arcy Daisy `` Skye '' Johnson Quake Chloe Bennet Chloe Bennet Chloe Bennet Alphonso `` Mack '' MacKenzie Henry Simmons Henry Simmons Henry Simmons Melinda May Ming - Na Wen Ming - Na Wen Ming - Na Wen Bobbi Morse Adrianne Palicki Adrianne Palicki Holden Radcliffe John Hannah John Hannah Elena `` Yo - Yo '' Rodriguez Natalia Cordova - Buckley Natalia Cordova - Buckley Natalia Cordova - Buckley Jemma Simmons Elizabeth Henstridge Elizabeth Henstridge Elizabeth Henstridge Daniel Sousa Enver Gjokaj Enver Gjokaj Jack Thompson Chad Michael Murray Chad Michael Murray Grant Ward Brett Dalton Brett Dalton Brett Dalton Netflix series ( edit ) List indicator ( s ) This table includes recurring , main characters , who have appeared in at least two series as a member of the principal ( `` main '' ) cast for at least one of those . Please see the FAQ for more information . A dark grey cell indicates the character was not in the series , or that the character 's presence in the series has not yet been announced . An indicates the actor had a recurring role in the series . A indicates the actor made a guest appearance in the series . Character Daredevil Jessica Jones Luke Cage Iron Fist The Defenders The Punisher Bakuto Ramón Rodríguez Luke Cage Mike Colter Mike Colter Frank Castle Punisher Jon Bernthal Jon Bernthal Malcolm Ducasse Eka Darville Eka Darville Jeri Hogarth Carrie - Anne Moss Carrie - Anne Moss Carrie - Anne Moss Jessica Jones Krysten Ritter Krysten Ritter Mercedes `` Misty '' Knight Simone Missick Simone Missick Simone Missick Matt Murdock Daredevil Charlie Cox Charlie Cox Elektra Natchios Élodie Yung Élodie Yung Franklin `` Foggy '' Nelson Elden Henson Elden Henson Karen Page Deborah Ann Woll Deborah Ann Woll Danny Rand Iron Fist Finn Jones Finn Jones Stick Scott Glenn Scott Glenn Claire Temple Rosario Dawson Rosario Dawson Rosario Dawson Blake Tower Stephen Rider Stephen Rider Patricia `` Trish '' Walker Rachael Taylor Rachael Taylor Rachael Taylor Colleen Wing Jessica Henwick Reception ( edit ) For more details on the reception of each series , see the `` Reception '' section on each series ' article . Ratings ( edit ) Series Season Originally aired Nielsen ratings First aired Total viewers ( in millions ) Last aired Total viewers ( in millions ) Average total viewers ( inc . DVR ) ( in millions ) Rank 18 -- 49 rating ( rank ) Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. September 24 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 24 ) 12.12 May 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 13 ) 5.45 8.31 43 3.0 ( 20 ) September 23 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 23 ) 5.98 May 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 12 ) 3.88 7.46 24 2.8 ( 11 ) September 29 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 29 ) 4.90 May 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 17 ) 3.03 5.52 85 2.0 ( 47 ) September 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 20 ) 3.44 May 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 16 ) 2.08 4.22 110 1.5 / 6 ( 70 ) Agent Carter January 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 06 ) 6.91 February 24 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 24 ) 4.02 7.61 29 2.4 ( 29 ) January 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 19 ) 3.18 March 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 01 ) 2.35 4.37 109 1.4 ( 88 ) Critical response ( edit ) Series Season Rotten Tomatoes Metacritic Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. 87 % ( 47 reviews ) 74 ( 33 reviews ) 94 % ( 18 reviews ) N / A 100 % ( 13 reviews ) N / A 100 % ( 13 reviews ) N / A Agent Carter 95 % ( 41 reviews ) 72 ( 27 reviews ) 81 % ( 16 reviews ) N / A Daredevil 98 % ( 51 reviews ) 75 ( 22 reviews ) 74 % ( 35 reviews ) 68 ( 13 reviews ) Jessica Jones 92 % ( 61 reviews ) 81 ( 32 reviews ) Luke Cage 96 % ( 54 reviews ) 79 ( 30 reviews ) Iron Fist 17 % ( 54 reviews ) 37 ( 21 reviews ) The Defenders 74 % ( 77 reviews ) 63 ( 30 reviews ) Inhumans 8 % ( 37 reviews ) 29 ( 13 reviews ) With the release of the second season of Daredevil , Brian Lowery of Variety felt the Netflix series `` have already leapfrogged ABC 's forays into the Marvel universe in terms of their appeal , in part by tapping into the avid fan base that supports pay models and does n't need to be spoon - fed plot points . In the process , they have demonstrated that it 's possible to deliver a credible superhero show without a lot of pyrotechnics '' . After the release of the first season of Luke Cage , The Atlantic 's David Sims wrote on the pacing issue of Marvel 's Netflix series , a common complaint to that point , stating , `` After two seasons of Daredevil , one of Jessica Jones , and now one of Luke Cage , the Netflix model feels fundamentally flawed , encouraging the kind of molasses - slow plotting comic books are designed to eschew . The problem is n't that these shows are bad , necessarily ... But they all take far too long to get going , by which point many viewers will have already tuned out . '' He felt one of the problems was the fact that Netflix does not rely on viewers tuning into a particular series as broadcast series do each week , but rather subscribers who , if they lose interest , `` can take as long as they want to catch up ... as long as they keep paying their subscription fee every month . '' The Netflix series are also afforded the opportunity to explore elements in more detail , with Sims noting `` A lot of this detail ( is ) good , but it could have been considerably compressed -- none of the Marvel Netflix series , so far , would have lost much by being squeezed into 10 episodes , or even 8 . If Netflix shaved the 60 - minute running time down quite a bit , it would likely inspire more economical -- and better -- storytelling from its shows . '' Sims concluded by saying , `` What 's most frustrating of all is that Netflix is n't getting rid of this approach anytime soon . Daredevil season three , Jessica Jones season two , Iron Fist , and The Punisher are all on their way , and each will follow the same 13 - episode structure ... The only respite may come in the form of The Defenders , a planned crossover series ... over the course of just eight episodes . Who knows ? The show might even surprise viewers and explain its villain 's motivations within the first hour . Until then , fans will be stuck needlessly giving over entire days to these series , while others are deterred from watching at all . '' In her review for the first season of Iron Fist , Allison Keene of Collider.com spoke more on the pacing of Marvel 's Netflix series , stating , `` By focusing so intently on making these series ... much more grounded in a gritty real world than what we typically expect from a superhero show ( like DC 's candy - colored ( Arrowverse ) on The CW ) , the problem is that they miss out on the key element : this should be fantastical entertainment . '' With The Defenders , Jeff Jansen of Entertainment Weekly felt many improvements were made to the general complaints the previous seasons received . He said , `` The Defenders is far from perfect . But it 's an enjoyable superhero adventure distinguished by improvements and innovations that I hope Marvel will carry forward . Shorter seasons . More team - ups . Fewer shows . Start the consolidation by letting go of Iron Fist . If Danny Rand must persist , add him to the other shows and let the stronger players carry him . '' Potential projects ( edit ) Marvel 's Damage Control ( edit ) Further information : Damage Control ( comics ) § Live action The show follows the overworked , underpaid , clean up crew of the Marvel Cinematic Universe , who specialize in dealing with the aftermath of superhero conflicts , rescheduling events because of the conflicts , and retrieving lost items . In October 2015 , ABC ordered a put pilot for a half - hour live - action comedy series Marvel 's Damage Control , based on the comics construction company of the same name . The series is being developed by Ben Karlin for ABC Studios and Marvel Television , with Karlin also writing the script for the project and serving as executive producer . In January 2016 , ABC Entertainment president Paul Lee said Damage Control was `` going to be coming out this season , '' seemingly implying it would air in the 2016 -- 17 television season . Other ( edit ) Marvel has been working with screenwriter John Ridley since mid-April 2015 to craft a new television series , `` reinventing '' an existing Marvel character or property . In January 2016 , Ridley confirmed that the project was `` still in development '' . He stated that he was looking to `` bring some of the socially conscious nature '' of Jessica Jones and his series American Crime to the show , while also creating something that is `` straight entertainment '' . A year later , Channing Dungey revealed that Ridley 's project was still progressing , with Ridley working on a rewrite of his script . Ridley added that the rewrite was not because `` anything did n't work the first time around '' , but rather trying to make sure the series does something viewers have not necessarily seen before in a superhero television series , hoping it would occupy `` a space that is not currently being filled '' by Marvel . He also stated that he hoped to create the series `` in the near term . '' By August 2017 , Dungey was `` not sure '' if Ridley was still working on the project . In January 2016 , Lee announced that ABC Studios was developing a second comedy series with Marvel in hope it would air on ABC , while Netflix CCO Ted Sarandos stated that `` all the characters in the universe could also spin out '' into their own series at some point . That May , Dungey said that there were `` a handful of projects in development '' , after passing on Most Wanted and canceling Agent Carter , and that Marvel and ABC were looking `` at series that would be beneficial to both brands . '' Marvel 's Most Wanted ( edit ) Main article : Most Wanted ( TV pilot ) By April 2015 , Marvel was developing a spinoff series of Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. The series , which was being developed by Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. executive producer Jeffrey Bell and writer Paul Zbyszewski , would be based on storylines occurring at the end of the second season of Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. , and would receive its own pilot rather than a backdoor pilot . Adrianne Palicki and Nick Blood entered into discussions to headline the potential new series as their characters Bobbi Morse and Lance Hunter , respectively . By May 7 , 2015 , when ABC announced their series renewals and cancellations , and new series pickups , the Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. spinoff was passed on . In August 2015 , the Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. spinoff series received new life as a reworked series , titled Marvel 's Most Wanted , with a pilot order . Bell and Zbyszewski once again developed the series , while also serving as co-writers of the pilot , executive producers , and showrunners , with Jeph Loeb also attached as executive producer . The series would still focus on Morse and Hunter , with Palicki and Blood both attached , and was described as `` a new take focusing on the same duo and their continuing adventures . '' In May 2016 , the series was passed on by ABC once again . 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Archived from the original on February 13 , 2015 . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Truitt , Brian ( April 20 , 2015 ) . `` ' S.H.I.E.L.D. ' leads into ' Avengers ' sequel '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on April 21 , 2015 . Retrieved April 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fitzpatrick , Kevin ( September 29 , 2015 ) . `` Review : ' Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' Breaks the ' Laws of Nature , ' Gets Inhumanly Good in Season 3 '' . Screen Crush . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2015 . Retrieved September 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( October 15 , 2015 ) . `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. adds Powers Boothe in ' incredibly menacing ' role '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2015 . Retrieved October 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Strom , Marc ( May 10 , 2014 ) . `` First Details on Marvel 's Agent Carter '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on May 10 , 2014 . Retrieved May 10 , 2014 . 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Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on February 28 , 2015 . Retrieved February 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( December 1 , 2015 ) . `` Obama 's State Of The Union Address Thwarts ABC 's ' Marvel 's Agent Carter ' Return '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2015 . Retrieved December 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Huver , Scott ( July 21 , 2015 ) . `` SDCC : `` Agent Carter '' Showrunners Promise Romance , Glamour and ... the Darkforce ? `` . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2015 . Retrieved July 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Strom , Marc ( September 30 , 2014 ) . `` Dominic Cooper Returns as Howard Stark in Marvel 's Agent Carter '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2014 . Retrieved September 30 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kroll , Justin ( September 16 , 2014 ) . `` James D'Arcy to Co-Star With Hayley Atwell in Marvel 's ' Agent Carter ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Archived from the original on September 16 , 2014 . Retrieved September 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Trumbore , Dave ( July 25 , 2014 ) . `` Agent Carter to Feature Edwin Jarvis , aka Howard Stark 's Butler and Inspiration for Tony Stark 's AI '' . Collider . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2014 . Retrieved July 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Steinbeiser , Andrew ( November 5 , 2014 ) . `` Exclusive : Costa Ronin Cast as Anton Vanko in Marvel 's Agent Carter '' . Comicbook.com . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2014 . Retrieved November 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Goldman , Eric ( January 3 , 2015 ) . `` Peggy Vs . The World '' . IGN . Archived from the original on January 3 , 2015 . Retrieved January 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ White , Brett ( January 7 , 2015 ) . `` The Howling Commandos Return In New `` Agent Carter '' Promo `` . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2015 . Retrieved January 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Terri ( February 24 , 2015 ) . `` ' Agent Carter ' Season 1 finale surprise gets HYDRA 's return started '' . Zap2it . Archived from the original on February 25 , 2015 . Retrieved February 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( October 9 , 2015 ) . `` Agent Carter casts Whitney Frost and more season 2 additions '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2015 . Retrieved October 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Damore , Meagan ( April 5 , 2017 ) . `` New Inhumans Synopsis Teases Military Coup , Royal Family in Hawaii '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on April 6 , 2017 . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( February 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Marvel 's Inhumans ' : ' Hell On Wheels ' Anson Mount To Star As Black Bolt In ABC Series '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on February 28 , 2017 . Retrieved February 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Lesley ( November 21 , 2016 ) . `` Why ABC 's Deal to Bring Marvel 's ' The Inhumans ' to Imax Is a `` Quadruple Win '' `` . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on November 21 , 2016 . Retrieved November 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Brooks ( November 14 , 2016 ) . `` Marvel 's ' Inhumans ' TV Series Will Arrive via Imax Theaters '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2016 . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Shimogawa , Duane ( February 8 , 2017 ) . `` Disney , Marvel head to Hawaii to film ' Marvel : The Inhumans ' IMAX movie and TV series '' . The Business Journals . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2017 . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Iwan Rheon ( @ @ iwanrheon ) ( June 12 , 2017 ) . `` Thank you Hawai'i and to the beautiful Hawai'ians . Yes , you to Kāne ! I 'll never be the same again . Hang loose 🤙 🤙 🏻 🤙 🏼 🤙 🏽 🤙 🏾 🤙 🏿 # Inhumans '' ( Tweet ) . Archived from the original on June 13 , 2017 . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : `` Steven S. DeKnight Joins ' Marvel 's Daredevil ' '' . Marvel.com . May 24 , 2014 . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2014 . Retrieved May 24 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Cavanaugh , Patrick ( April 21 , 2015 ) . `` Netflix Orders a Second Season of ' Marvel 's Daredevil ' '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on April 22 , 2015 . Retrieved April 21 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Lesley ; Bucksbaum , Sydney ( July 21 , 2016 ) . `` Comic - Con : ' Daredevil ' Renewed for Third Season at Netflix '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2016 . Retrieved July 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Couch , Aaron ( November 12 , 2013 ) . `` Melissa Rosenberg to Oversee Marvel 's Jessica Jones Series for Netflix '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2014 . Retrieved February 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Friedlander , Whitney ( January 17 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jessica Jones ' Renewed for Season 2 on Netflix '' . Variety . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2016 . Retrieved January 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Schwartz , Terri ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` Marvel Exclusive NYCC Posters Tease Jessica Jones : Season 2 And Cloak & Dagger '' . IGN . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2017 . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Spangler , Todd ( March 31 , 2015 ) . `` Netflix , Marvel Pick ' Luke Cage ' Showrunner , Cheo Hodari Coker '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 31 , 2015 . Retrieved March 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( July 31 , 2017 ) . `` Marvel TV - Netflix New York Projects Will Count 135 Episodes By Year 's End ; Record Production Commitment In State 's History '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on July 31 , 2017 . Retrieved July 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Strom , Marc ( July 5 , 2017 ) . `` Mustafa Shakir & Gabrielle Dennis Join Netflix Original Series ' Marvel 's Luke Cage ' '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2017 . Retrieved July 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Strom , Marc ( December 7 , 2015 ) . `` Scott Buck to Showrun the Netflix Original Series ' Marvel 's Iron Fist ' '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2015 . Retrieved December 7 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Otterson , Joe ( July 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Iron Fist ' Renewed for Season 2 at Netflix '' . Variety . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2017 . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( July 22 , 2017 ) . `` Iron Fist changing showrunners for season 2 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2017 . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Li , Shirley ( January 13 , 2017 ) . `` The Defenders EP talks juggling four heroes -- and the ' crisis ' that unites them '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on January 13 , 2017 . Retrieved January 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Netflix Orders ' Marvel 's The Punisher ' To Series '' . Marvel.com. April 29 , 2016 . Archived from the original on April 29 , 2016 . Retrieved April 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Netflix Original Series ' Marvel 's The Punisher ' Announces Three New Cast Members '' . Marvel.com . October 6 , 2016 . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2016 . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( April 29 , 2016 ) . `` Marvel 's The Punisher spin - off ordered by Netflix '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on April 29 , 2016 . Retrieved April 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( October 14 , 2013 ) . `` Marvel Preps 60 - Episode Package Of Four Series & A Mini For VOD & Cable Networks '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2013 . Retrieved October 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lieberman , David ( November 7 , 2013 ) . `` Disney To Provide Netflix With Four Series Based On Marvel Characters '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on April 8 , 2014 . Retrieved November 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Charlie Cox is the Man Without Fear in Marvel 's Daredevil '' . Marvel.com . May 27 , 2014 . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2014 . Retrieved May 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Cavanaugh , Patrick ( October 7 , 2015 ) . `` ' Marvel 's Daredevil ' Season 2 Concept Art Unveiled '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on October 8 , 2015 . Retrieved October 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gerding , Stephen ( January 7 , 2016 ) . `` The Punisher Looms Large In New `` Daredevil '' Season 2 Poster `` . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2016 . Retrieved January 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Drew Goddard Joins Daredevil on Netflix '' . Marvel.com . December 6 , 2013 . Archived from the original on April 8 , 2014 . Retrieved December 6 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Charlie Cox to Star in ' Daredevil ' TV Series for Marvel and Netflix '' . Variety . May 27 , 2014 . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2014 . Retrieved May 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Strom , Marc ( January 7 , 2015 ) . `` Marvel & Netflix Announce Release Date for Marvel 's Daredevil '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2015 . Retrieved January 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Baxter , Joseph ( February 26 , 2015 ) . `` Will Captain America 3 Include Daredevil ? '' . Cinema Blend . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2015 . Retrieved February 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nicholson , Max ( April 8 , 2015 ) . `` Jeph Loeb Confirms Daredevil 's Connection to an Agents of SHIELD Villain '' . IGN . 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Retrieved March 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Zalben , Alex ( March 18 , 2016 ) . `` '' Daredevil '' Season 2 Binge - Blog , Part 1 : Easter Eggs , Spoilers and Lots of Punisher `` . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on March 19 , 2016 . Retrieved March 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Zalben , Alex ( March 21 , 2016 ) . `` '' Daredevil '' Season 2 Bing - Blog , Part 2 : Elektra , A Surprise Return And The Deadly Finale `` . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2016 . Retrieved March 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jon Bernthal Cast as Frank Castle in the Netflix Original Series ' Marvel 's Daredevil ' '' . Marvel.com . June 9 , 2015 . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2015 . Retrieved June 9 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( November 19 , 2014 ) . `` Marvel 's ' Jessica Jones ' : Krysten Ritter , Alexandra Daddario , Teresa Palmer , Marin Ireland , Jessica De Gouw Testing For Lead '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on November 20 , 2014 . Retrieved November 20 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Marvel TV head : ' Daredevil ' starts shooting in July , ' Jessica Jones ' next up '' . HitFix . March 24 , 2014 . Archived from the original on March 25 , 2014 . Retrieved March 25 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( December 4 , 2014 ) . `` Krysten Ritter Nabs Lead In Marvel 's ' Jessica Jones ' '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2014 . Retrieved November 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Jayson , Jay ( June 8 , 2015 ) . `` Confirmed ! Marvel Drops AKA From Jessica Jones Title '' . ComicBook.com . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2015 . Retrieved June 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( September 10 , 2015 ) . `` Marvel 's ' Jessica Jones ' Gets Premiere Date '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2015 . Retrieved September 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Aronowitz , Myles ( November 20 , 2015 ) . `` Everything you need to know before binge - watching `` Jessica Jones '' `` . CBS News . Archived from the original on November 23 , 2015 . Retrieved November 23 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Strom , Marc ( December 22 , 2014 ) . `` Mike Colter to Star as Luke Cage in Marvel 's A.K.A. Jessica Jones '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2014 . Retrieved December 22 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Boone , John ( July 30 , 2015 ) . `` ' Jessica Jones ' Showrunner Teases a Super Suit for Krysten Ritter , Confirms ' Daredevil ' Crossover '' . Entertainment Tonight . Archived from the original on July 31 , 2015 . Retrieved July 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dyce , Andrew ( November 23 , 2015 ) . `` Jessica Jones Easter Eggs , Marvel Connections , & Comic Nods '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on November 24 , 2015 . Retrieved November 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Strom , Marc ( September 15 , 2015 ) . `` Alfre Woodard Joins ' Marvel 's Luke Cage ' for Netflix '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on September 16 , 2015 . Retrieved September 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Schwartz , Terri ( September 30 , 2016 ) . `` Marvel 's Luke Cage Episode 4 : `` Step In The Arena '' Review `` . IGN . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2016 . Retrieved October 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : White , Brett ( March 31 , 2015 ) . `` Marvel Names `` Southland '' Producer Hodari Coker As `` Luke Cage '' Showrunner `` . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on April 1 , 2015 . Retrieved April 1 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Walzer , Graham ( September 27 , 2016 ) . `` Mike Colter , Luke Cage , and the `` Wu - Tang - ification '' of the Marvel Universe `` . Complex . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2016 . Retrieved September 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stedman , Alex ( December 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' Luke Cage ' Renewed for Season 2 on Netflix '' . Variety . Archived from the original on December 4 , 2016 . Retrieved December 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lovett , Jamie ( March 11 , 2016 ) . `` Marvel 's Luke Cage To Debut On Netflix On September 30th '' . ComicBook.com . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2016 . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Zalben , Alexander ( September 30 , 2016 ) . `` Marvel 's Luke Cage : Every Easter Egg and Reference '' . TV Guide . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2016 . Retrieved October 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( September 2 , 2015 ) . `` Marvel 's ' Luke Cage ' : Theo Rossi Cast , Rosario Dawson To Reprise ' Daredevil ' Role '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Keene , Allison ( September 7 , 2016 ) . `` ' Luke Cage ' Review : Netflix Delivers the Hero We Need '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2016 . Retrieved September 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nguyen , Hanh ( October 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' Luke Cage ' Easter Eggs : Stan Lee , Iron Man and More '' . IndieWire . Archived from the original on November 16 , 2016 . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Li , Shirley ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` Marvel 's Luke Cage first look : Iron Fist joins Luke in season 2 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2017 . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Gallaway , Lauren ( October 4 , 2016 ) . `` Marvel 's Iron Fist Announces Release Date '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on October 4 , 2016 . Retrieved October 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( February 25 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones actor Finn Jones to play Iron Fist '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on February 25 , 2016 . Retrieved February 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Strom , Marc ( March 17 , 2016 ) . `` Finn Jones to Star in the Netflix Original Series ' Marvel 's Iron Fist ' '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2016 . Retrieved March 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Commandeur , Jordan ( March 25 , 2017 ) . `` Iron Fist : 15 Easter Eggs And References '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on March 26 , 2017 . Retrieved March 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dyce , Andrew ( March 20 , 2017 ) . `` Marvel 's Iron Fist : Easter Eggs & Comic References '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on March 26 , 2017 . Retrieved March 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Leston , Ryan ( March 20 , 2017 ) . `` Every Iron Fist Easter egg , cameo , and reference you might have missed '' . GamesRadar . Archived from the original on March 26 , 2017 . Retrieved March 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Bell , Crystal ( March 24 , 2017 ) . `` 6 Essential Iron Fist Spoilers To Know If You Have No Plans To Binge - Watch '' . MTV News . Archived from the original on March 26 , 2017 . Retrieved March 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Strom , Marc ( May 20 , 2016 ) . `` Carrie - Anne Moss Joins Netflix Original Series ' Marvel 's Iron Fist ' '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on May 20 , 2016 . Retrieved May 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Damore , Meagan ( October 8 , 2016 ) . `` NYCC : Iron Fist Cast Makes First - Ever Live Appearance '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2016 . Retrieved October 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Farokhmanesh , Megan ( February 7 , 2017 ) . `` Watch Iron Fist punch his way out of trouble with magical martial arts '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on February 7 , 2017 . Retrieved February 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Vejvoda , Jim ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` Marvel 's Iron Fist Episode 2 : `` Shadow Hawk Takes Flight '' Review `` . IGN . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2017 . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Vejvoda , Jim ( March 17 , 2016 ) . `` Marvel 's Iron Fist : Game Of Thrones ' Finn Jones Cast In Title Role Of Netflix Series '' . IGN . Archived from the original on February 26 , 2016 . Retrieved March 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Strom , Marc ( April 15 , 2015 ) . `` Netflix Original Series ' Marvel 's The Defenders ' Finds Its Showrunners '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2016 . Retrieved April 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hood , Cooper ( October 31 , 2016 ) . `` Marvel 's The Defenders : Krysten Ritter Spotted On Set '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on November 1 , 2016 . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Perry , Spencer ( November 1 , 2016 ) . `` Jessica Jones Meets Misty Knight in First Defenders Set Photos ! '' . ComingSoon.net . Archived from the original on November 1 , 2016 . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hood , Cooper ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` The Defenders Has Finished Filming '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2017 . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Boone , Josh ( July 25 , 2016 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : Marvel 's Head of TV Reveals How ' The Defenders ' Will Be Different From ' The Avengers ' '' . Entertainment Tonight . Archived from the original on July 28 , 2016 . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Romano , Nick ( April 4 , 2017 ) . `` Marvel 's The Defenders gets premiere date in new teaser '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2017 . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Perry , Spencer ( October 31 , 2016 ) . `` Deborah Ann Woll Confirmed to Appear in Marvel 's The Defenders '' . ComingSoon.net . Archived from the original on October 31 , 2016 . Retrieved October 31 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Hill , Jacob ( November 1 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix 's Defenders Cast Grows By Three '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2016 . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Perry , Spencer ( November 2 , 2016 ) . `` Scott Glenn , Rachael Taylor , and Rosario Dawson Confirmed for The Defenders '' . ComingSoon.net . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2016 . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Li , Shirley ( November 7 , 2016 ) . `` The Defenders : Elodie Yung to return as Elektra -- exclusive '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2016 . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Nilma , Carina ( April 15 , 2016 ) . `` Interview : Eka Darville Chats About The Convention Experience , Marvel 's Jessica Jones , And What He Learned From Cast Mates David Tennant And Krysten Ritter '' . The Iris AU Review . Archived from the original on April 18 , 2016 . Retrieved April 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Ge , Linda ( September 28 , 2016 ) . `` ' Luke Cage ' Star Reveals Misty Knight Will Appear in ' The Defenders ' ( Exclusive ) '' . TheWrap . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2016 . Retrieved September 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Mueller , Matthew ( November 3 , 2016 ) . `` Colleen Wing Joins Defenders And Debuts New Footage '' . Comicbook.com . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2016 . Retrieved November 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Collura , Scott ( July 21 , 2017 ) . `` Comic - Con 2017 : The Defenders - We Just Saw The First Episode '' . IGN . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2017 . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hood , Cooper ( August 19 , 2017 ) . `` The Defenders Showrunner on The Hand 's Future on Netflix '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2017 . Retrieved August 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Arrant , Chris ( July 23 , 2017 ) . `` And Now A Scene From Marvel 's The Defenders '' . Newsarama . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2017 . Retrieved July 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Levine , Daniel S. ( August 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' Marvel 's The Defenders ' : Episode 2 ' Mean Right Hook ' Recap & Spoilers '' . Heavy.com . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2017 . Retrieved August 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Li , Shirley ( January 12 , 2017 ) . `` This Week 's Cover : Meet The Defenders in EW 's exclusive first look '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on January 13 , 2017 . Retrieved January 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Li , Shirley ( August 18 , 2017 ) . `` Marvel 's The Defenders postmortem : Showrunner answers burning questions '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2017 . Retrieved August 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Punisher Netflix Series Updates : Is Jon Bernthal Filming Now ? '' . Den of Geek . October 3 , 2016 . Archived from the original on October 4 , 2016 . Retrieved October 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( January 16 , 2016 ) . `` Punisher Spinoff Starring Jon Bernthal in Development at Netflix '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2016 . Retrieved January 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Leslie ( January 16 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix Plotting ' Punisher ' Spinoff Starring Jon Bernthal '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on January 16 , 2016 . Retrieved January 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( January 17 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix open to more Marvel shows : Any character could get spin - off '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2016 . Retrieved January 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Topel , Fred ( January 18 , 2016 ) . `` Marvel TV 's Jeph Loeb on a Possible ' Punisher ' Spinoff and Elektra 's Relationship With Daredevil '' . / Film . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2016 . Retrieved January 19 , 2016 . 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Archived from the original on July 20 , 2017 . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( August 17 , 2016 ) . `` Hulu Orders ' Marvel 's Runaways ' Series From Josh Schwartz & Stephanie Savage '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2016 . Retrieved August 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Strom , Marc ( February 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Marvel 's Runaways ' Finds Its Cast '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2017 . Retrieved February 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dinh , Christine ( February 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Marvel 's Runaways ' Sets Remaining Cast For Television Project With Hulu '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2017 . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( May 3 , 2017 ) . `` Marvel 's ' Runaways , ' From ' The O.C. ' Creators , Ordered to Series at Hulu '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 3 , 2017 . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ James Marsters ( @ JamesMarstersOf ) ( February 10 , 2017 ) . `` Here 's the sitch . I 'm filming Marvel 's ' Runaways ' ! Set photos are strictly forbidden , but I snuck this pic of the carpet in my trailer ... '' ( Tweet ) . Archived from the original on February 11 , 2017 . Retrieved February 11 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Kincaid , Rhiannon ( January 7 , 2017 ) . `` Working Titles For Black Panther , Runaways , and Cloak & Dagger Revealed '' . MCUExchange . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2017 . Retrieved January 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Couto , Anthony ( July 6 , 2016 ) . `` '' Doctor Strange '' Prequel Comic Hints At Movie Secrets , Introduces Another Marvel Villain `` . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2016 . Retrieved July 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lovett , Jamie ( August 17 , 2016 ) . `` Marvel And Hulu Announce Runaways TV Series '' . Comicbook.com . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2016 . Retrieved August 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Former Colchester schoolgirl lands role in latest Marvel blockbuster '' . Clacton Gazette . October 24 , 2016 . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2016 . Retrieved October 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Dredge , Stuart ( April 4 , 2017 ) . `` MIP Drama pre-LA Screenings showcase : Marvel , Marc Cherry , Candy Crush and more '' . MIPTrends . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2017 . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Lesley ( November 11 , 2016 ) . `` Freeform 's Fraught Year : Inside the Rebranded Network 's Chase for Millennials ( and a Hit Show ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on November 11 , 2016 . Retrieved November 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Lesly ( April 5 , 2017 ) . `` Marvel 's ' New Warriors , ' With Squirrel Girl , Ordered Straight - to - Series at Freeform ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2017 . Retrieved April 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( April 7 , 2016 ) . `` Freeform Greenlights Marvel Romance Superhero Series ' Cloak and Dagger ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2016 . Retrieved April 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Freeform Continues to Grow Its Programming Slate with New Series , Pilots , Returning Series and More '' . The Futon Critic. April 7 , 2016 . Archived from the original on April 8 , 2016 . Retrieved April 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( January 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' Marvel 's Cloak & Dagger ' : Olivia Holt & Aubrey Joseph Land Title Roles In Series For Freeform '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on January 30 , 2017 . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Louisiana Economic Development ( February 8 , 2017 ) . `` Marvel Selects Louisiana For New Television Series '' ( Press release ) . Louisiana Economic Development . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2017 . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cave , Rob ( April 21 , 2017 ) . `` Cloak And Dagger Offers A Glimpse Of A Wider Marvel Cinematic Universe '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on April 23 , 2017 . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Truitt , Brian ( April 19 , 2017 ) . `` Exclusive sneak peek : Squirrel Girl leads the team of Freeform 's ' New Warriors ' '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2017 . Retrieved April 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( August 30 , 2016 ) . `` Squirrel Girl on TV ? Marvel Developing New Warriors Comedy Series '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on August 31 , 2016 . Retrieved August 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Morse , Ben ( April 19 , 2017 ) . `` Freeform Announces Characters For ' Marvel 's New Warriors ' '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2017 . Retrieved April 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Lesley ( July 10 , 2017 ) . `` Marvel 's ' New Warriors ' Sets Its Cast -- Including Squirrel Girl ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2017 . Retrieved July 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cavanaugh , Patrick ( March 20 , 2015 ) . `` Declassifying ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' : Afterlife '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2015 . Retrieved March 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Luke Mitchell Joins ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' as Series Regular '' . Marvel.com . June 1 , 2015 . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2015 . Retrieved June 1 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` ABC 's `` Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. '' Star Natalia Cordova - Buckley Upped to Series Regular for Season Five of Hit Series '' ( Press release ) . The Futon Critic . October 5 , 2017 . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2017 . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Lesley ( November 13 , 2012 ) . `` Joss Whedon 's ' S.H.I.E.L.D. ' Pilot Adds Two Agents ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2012 . Retrieved November 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( July 25 , 2014 ) . `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. Reveals New Characters , Carter Adds Captain Directors '' . TV Guide . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2014 . Retrieved July 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( September 8 , 2017 ) . `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. : Nick Blood returning as Lance Hunter '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2017 . Retrieved September 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( June 30 , 2015 ) . `` Agent Carter : James D'Arcy , Enver Gjokaj returning for season 2 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2015 . Retrieved July 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( December 19 , 2012 ) . `` Joss Whedon 's ' S.H.I.E.L.D. ' Pilot Enlists ' Nashville ' Actress ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on December 19 , 2012 . Retrieved December 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Strom , Marc ( December 10 , 2014 ) . `` Debriefing the Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. Winter Finale '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on December 10 , 2014 . Retrieved December 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bucksbaum , Sydney ( May 17 , 2016 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD ' Bosses Talk Finale Deaths , Time Jump and Agent Carter 's Future in the MCU '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2016 . Retrieved May 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Strom , Marc ( August 7 , 2014 ) . `` Henry Simmons Joins Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2014 . Retrieved August 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Strom , Marc ( June 4 , 2015 ) . `` Henry Simmons Re-Enlists With ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' as Series Regular '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on June 5 , 2015 . Retrieved June 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( October 24 , 2012 ) . `` Ming - Na To Star In Joss Whedon 's ABC Pilot ' Marvel 's S.H.I.E.L.D. ' '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2012 . Retrieved October 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 319 ) `` Failed Experiments '' `` . The Futon Critic . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2016 . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Damore , Meagan ( July 29 , 2016 ) . `` '' Agents Of SHIELD '' Reveals Ghost Rider Details , Talk Up The New Director & More `` . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2016 . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Knox - Smith , Michael ( September 21 , 2016 ) . `` Agents of SHIELD : Season Four Premiere ' The Ghost ' ( Review ) '' . Mike 's Film Talk . Archived from the original on September 22 , 2016 . Retrieved September 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lovett , Jamie ( February 16 , 2016 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. Casts Natalia Cordova - Buckley As Slingshot '' . Comicbook.com . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2016 . Retrieved February 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Birnbaum , Debra ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Agents of Shield ' Star Natalia Cordova - Buckley Joins ' Bates Motel ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Archived from the original on July 31 , 2017 . Retrieved July 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic ( October 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Marvel 's Agents Of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' Ups Natalia Cordova - Buckley To Series Regular For Season 5 -- NY Comic - Con '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2017 . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Marvel 's Agent Carter Casts 2 Key Roles '' . Marvel.com . August 29 , 2014 . Archived from the original on August 29 , 2014 . Retrieved August 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( July 10 , 2015 ) . `` Agent Carter bosses preview glamorous and gritty season 2 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 11 , 2015 . Retrieved July 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( November 27 , 2012 ) . `` Exclusive : Joss Whedon 's Red - Hot S.H.I.E.L.D. Pilot Adds ' Deadly ' New Agent '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2012 . Retrieved November 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( February 21 , 2017 ) . `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. welcomes back original cast member '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2017 . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Polo , Susana ( March 20 , 2017 ) . `` Who the heck is Iron Fist 's Bakuto ? '' . Polygon . Archived from the original on March 25 , 2017 . Retrieved March 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Strom , Marc ( February 19 , 2015 ) . `` Three More Join Marvel 's A.K.A. Jessica Jones for Netflix '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2015 . Retrieved February 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Riesman , Abraham ( October 11 , 2015 ) . `` Jessica Jones Has Hot Sex and Nuanced Sexuality ( Especially for a Marvel Show ) '' . Vulture . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2015 . Retrieved October 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Netflix Original Series ' Marvel 's Luke Cage ' Adds to the Cast '' . Marvel.com . September 16 , 2015 . Archived from the original on September 16 , 2015 . Retrieved September 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Elodie Yung Cast as Elektra in the Netflix Original Series ' Marvel 's Daredevil ' '' . Marvel.com . July 7 , 2015 . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2015 . Retrieved July 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Elden Henson Joins Marvel 's Daredevil For Netflix '' . Marvel.com . June 26 , 2014 . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2014 . Retrieved June 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( July 17 , 2014 ) . `` ' True Blood ' Star to Romance ' Daredevil ' for Netflix '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2014 . Retrieved July 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Scott Glenn Joins Marvel 's Daredevil For Netflix '' . Marvel.com . September 15 , 2014 . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2014 . Retrieved September 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rosario Dawson Joins Marvel 's Daredevil For Netflix '' . Marvel.com . June 20 , 2014 . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2014 . Retrieved June 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( September 3 , 2015 ) . `` Marvel 's ' Daredevil ' Casts Stephen Rider As New Regular For Season 2 '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on September 4 , 2015 . Retrieved September 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rachael Taylor the Latest to Join Marvel 's A.K.A. Jessica Jones '' . Marvel.com . January 29 , 2015 . Archived from the original on January 29 , 2015 . Retrieved January 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( April 1 , 2016 ) . `` Marvel 's Iron Fist casts The Force Awakens actress in lead role '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on April 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 25 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' , ' The Voice ' & ' NCIS ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Goldbergs ' & ' Chicago Fire ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2014 . Retrieved September 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 14 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' & ' The Goldbergs ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Originals ' , ' Supernatural ' & ' About A Boy ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2014 . Retrieved May 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Full 2013 -- 2014 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Deadline.com . May 22 , 2014 . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2014 . Retrieved May 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 24 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' , ' Forever ' , ' The Voice ' , and ' Dancing With the Stars ' Adjusted Up ; ' Chicago Fire ' & ' Person of Interest ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Archived from the original on September 25 , 2014 . Retrieved September 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 13 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Flash ' , ' NCIS ' , & ' American Idol ' Adjusted Up ; ' iZombie ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved May 13 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( June 8 , 2015 ) . `` Live + 7 Ratings : Complete 2014 -- 15 Season ' The Big Bang Theory ' Leads Adults 18 -- 49 Ratings Increase ; ' The Messengers ' Earns Biggest Percentage Increase , ' The Blacklist ' Tops Viewership Gains '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Archived from the original on June 27 , 2015 . Retrieved June 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dixon , Dani ( September 30 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' + ' NCIS ' Adjusted Up ; ' Best Time Ever ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2015 . Retrieved September 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 18 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' NCIS ' and ' Chicago Fire ' finales adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 19 , 2016 . Retrieved May 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : de Moraes , Lisa ( May 26 , 2016 ) . `` Full 2015 -- 16 TV Season Series Rankings : ' Blindspot ' , ' Life In Pieces ' & ' Quantico ' Lead Newcomers '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2016 . Retrieved May 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 21 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' NCIS , ' ' Brooklyn Nine - Nine ' adjust up , ' This Is Us ' & ' Bull ' steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 23 , 2016 . Retrieved September 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' NCIS ' finale and ' Bull ' adjust up , ' The Middle ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2017 . Retrieved May 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( May 26 , 2017 ) . `` Final 2016 - 17 TV Rankings : ' Sunday Night Football ' Winning Streak Continues '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2017 . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( January 8 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : No Adjustments to ' Agent Carter ' , ' Person of Interest ' or ' Forever ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved January 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 25 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' Adjusted Up ; ' NCIS ' , ' NCIS : New Orleans ' , ' Fresh Off the Boat ' , ' New Girl ' & ' TV 's Hottest Commercials ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved February 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 21 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' Chicago Fire ' and ' Hollywood Game Night ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on January 21 , 2016 . Retrieved January 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 2 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' New Girl ' adjusts up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2016 . Retrieved March 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. : Season 1 ( 2013 -- 2014 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved January 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D -- Season 1 Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS . Retrieved August 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. : Season 2 ( 2014 -- 2015 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved January 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. : Season 3 ( 2015 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. : Season 4 ( 2016 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved September 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel 's Agent Carter : Season 1 ( 2015 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved January 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Agent Carter : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . CBS . Retrieved January 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel 's Agent Carter : Season 2 ( 2016 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved January 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel 's Daredevil : Season 1 ( 2015 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved May 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel 's Daredevil : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . CBS . Retrieved April 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel 's Daredevil : Season 2 ( 2016 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel 's Daredevil : Season 2 '' . Metacritic . CBS . Retrieved March 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel 's Jessica Jones : Season 1 ( 2015 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel 's Jessica Jones : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . CBS . Retrieved November 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel 's Luke Cage : Season 1 ( 2016 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel 's Luke Cage : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved September 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel 's Iron Fist : Season 1 ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel 's Iron Fist : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel 's The Defenders : Season 1 ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved September 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel 's The Defenders : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel 's Inhumans : Season 1 ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel 's Inhumans : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lowery , Brian ( February 24 , 2016 ) . `` TV Review : ' Marvel 's Daredevil , ' Season 2 '' . Variety . Archived from the original on February 24 , 2016 . Retrieved February 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sims , David ( October 6 , 2016 ) . `` The Biggest Problem With Netflix 's Comic - Book Shows '' . The Atlantic . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2017 . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Keene , Allison ( March 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' Iron Fist ' Review : Come for the Fights , Stay ... for the Corporate Litigation ? '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2017 . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jansen , Jeff ( August 10 , 2017 ) . `` Netflix 's The Defenders proves the power of team - ups , shorter seasons : EW review '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 11 , 2017 . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( October 2 , 2015 ) . `` Marvel Comics ' Damage Control ' Adapted As Comedy TV Series By ABC '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2015 . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Stanhope , Kate ( October 2 , 2015 ) . `` ABC Prepping Marvel Comedy ' Damage Control ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on October 3 , 2015 . Retrieved October 3 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Schwartz , Terri ( January 11 , 2016 ) . `` Second Marvel Comedy In Development At ABC '' . IGN . Archived from the original on January 11 , 2016 . Retrieved January 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( April 17 , 2015 ) . `` Marvel teaming with John Ridley for mysterious superhero project -- exclusive '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2015 . Retrieved April 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Terri ( January 9 , 2016 ) . `` John Ridley 's Marvel Series is `` Still Very Much Alive '' `` . IGN . Archived from the original on January 10 , 2016 . Retrieved January 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rice , Lynette ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` ABC chief addresses Scandal - free fall lineup and the future of OUAT '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on January 10 , 2017 . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Terri ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` John Ridley Promises Marvel TV Project Is A ' Unique ' Take On Superhero Genre '' . IGN . Archived from the original on January 11 , 2017 . Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ge , Linda ( August 6 , 2017 ) . `` ABC President `` Not Sure '' If John Ridley Marvel Project Is Still Happening `` . The Tracking Board . Archived from the original on August 10 , 2017 . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rose , Lacey ( May 17 , 2016 ) . `` ABC Entertainment Chief Talks ' Castle 's ' Demise , Shonda Rhimes ' Future and More Marvel '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2016 . Retrieved May 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( April 9 , 2015 ) . `` Marvel developing Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. spinoff for ABC -- exclusive '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on April 9 , 2015 . Retrieved April 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( April 20 , 2015 ) . `` Adrianne Palick & Nick Blood Eyed To Topline Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. Spinoff '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on April 21 , 2015 . Retrieved April 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 7 , 2015 ) . `` ' Agents Of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' Spinoff Not Going Forward At ABC '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2015 . Retrieved May 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Lesley ( August 20 , 2015 ) . `` Adrianne Palicki , Nick Blood to Star in Marvel Pilot for ABC '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2015 . Retrieved August 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( August 20 , 2015 ) . `` Marvel 's Mockingbird Series Starring Adrianne Palicki Lands ABC Pilot Order ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2015 . Retrieved August 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( May 12 , 2016 ) . `` ' Marvel 's Most Wanted ' Not Going Forward at ABC '' . Variety . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2016 . Retrieved May 13 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Marvel Cinematic Universe Feature films Phase One Iron Man The Incredible Hulk Iron Man 2 Thor Captain America : The First Avenger The Avengers accolades Phase Two Iron Man 3 Thor : The Dark World Captain America : The Winter Soldier Guardians of the Galaxy Avengers : Age of Ultron Ant - Man Phase Three Captain America : Civil War Doctor Strange Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 Spider - Man : Homecoming Thor : Ragnarok Black Panther Avengers : Infinity War production Ant - Man and the Wasp Untitled Avengers film production Television series ABC Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. episodes season 1 5 characters Agent Carter season 1 characters Inhumans `` Behold ... The Inhumans '' `` Those Who Would Destroy Us '' Netflix Daredevil season 1 characters Jessica Jones season 1 characters Luke Cage season 1 characters Iron Fist season 1 characters The Defenders The Punisher Hulu Runaways Freeform Cloak & Dagger Unaired pilot Most Wanted Other Short films Item 47 Agent Carter All Hail the King Digital series WHIH Newsfront Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. : Slingshot Tie - in comics Fury 's Big Week Cast and characters Film cast Television series cast Phil Coulson Erik Selvig Trevor Slattery Claire Temple Music Iron Man The Incredible Hulk Iron Man 2 Thor Captain America : The First Avenger The Avengers Iron Man 3 Thor : The Dark World Captain America : The Winter Soldier Guardians of the Galaxy Avengers : Age of Ultron Ant - Man Captain America : Civil War Luke Cage Doctor Strange Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 Spider - Man : Homecoming MCU - inspired media Video games Iron Man The Incredible Hulk Iron Man 2 Thor : God of Thunder Captain America : Super Soldier Iron Man 3 Lego Marvel 's Avengers Attraction Guardians of the Galaxy -- Mission : Breakout ! Book Portal Live - action television programs based on Marvel Comics TV series Current Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ( since 2013 ) Daredevil ( since 2015 ) Jessica Jones ( since 2015 ) Luke Cage ( since 2016 ) Legion ( since 2017 ) Iron Fist ( since 2017 ) The Defenders ( since 2017 ) Inhumans ( since 2017 ) The Gifted ( since 2017 ) Former Spidey Super Stories ( 1974 -- 77 ) The Amazing Spider - Man ( 1977 -- 79 ) The Incredible Hulk ( 1978 -- 82 ) Spider - Man ( Toei ) ( 1978 -- 79 ) Night Man ( 1997 -- 99 ) Mutant X ( 2001 -- 04 ) Blade : The Series ( 2006 ) Agent Carter ( 2015 -- 16 ) Powers ( 2015 -- 16 ) Upcoming The Punisher ( 2017 ) Runaways ( 2017 ) Cloak & Dagger ( 2018 ) Unaired pilot Most Wanted TV films Spider - Man The Incredible Hulk The Return of the Incredible Hulk Dr. Strange Captain America Captain America II : Death Too Soon The Incredible Hulk Returns The Trial of the Incredible Hulk The Death of the Incredible Hulk Power Pack Generation X Nick Fury : Agent of S.H.I.E.L.D. Man - Thing See also Marvel Television List of Marvel Cinematic Universe television series Marvel Cinematic Universe portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Marvel_Cinematic_Universe_television_series&oldid=804840139 '' Categories : Marvel Cinematic Universe television programs Hidden categories : All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from January 2017 Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Polski Português Suomi 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 October 2017 , at 13 : 14 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when does the defender series start on netflix | [
"\n\nSeries\nSeason\nEpisodes\nOriginally released\nShowrunner(s)\nStatus\n\n\nMarvel's Daredevil\n\n1\n13\nApril 10, 2015 (2015-04-10)\nSteven S. DeKnight[75]\nReleased\n\n\n\n2\n13\nMarch 18, 2016 (2016-03-18)\nDoug Petrie and Marco Ramirez[76]\n\n\n\n3[77]\nTBA\nTBA\nPre-production\n\n\nMarvel's Jessica Jones\n\n1\n13\nNovember 20, 2015 (2015-11-20)\nMelissa Rosenberg[78]\nReleased\n\n\n\n2\n13[79]\n2018 (2018)[80]\nPreparing for release\n\n\nMarvel's Luke Cage\n\n1\n13\nSeptember 30, 2016 (2016-09-30)\nCheo Hodari Coker[81]\nReleased\n\n\n\n2\n13[82]\n2018 (2018)[83]\nFilming\n\n\nMarvel's Iron Fist\n\n1\n13\nMarch 17, 2017 (2017-03-17)\nScott Buck[84]\nReleased\n\n\n\n2[85]\nTBA\nTBA\nRaven Metzner[86]\nIn development\n\n\nMarvel's The Defenders\n\n1\n8\nAugust 18, 2017 (2017-08-18)\nMarco Ramirez[87]\nReleased\n\n\nMarvel's The Punisher\n\n1\n13[88]\n2017 (2017)[89]\nSteve Lightfoot[90]\nPreparing for release\n\n"
] | [
"August 18, 2017"
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3472255376565520722 | Specialized high schools in New York City | Specialized High schools in New York City - wikipedia Specialized High schools in New York City The specialized high schools of New York City are nine selective public high schools , established and run by the New York City Department of Education to serve the needs of academically and artistically gifted students . The Specialized High Schools Admissions Test ( SHSAT ) examination is required for admission to all the schools except LaGuardia , which requires an audition or portfolio for admission . Contents 1 The Schools 1.1 The Bronx High School of Science 1.2 Brooklyn Latin School 1.3 Brooklyn Technical High School 1.4 Fiorello H. LaGuardia High School of Music & Art and Performing Arts 1.5 High School for Math , Science and Engineering at City College 1.6 High School of American Studies at Lehman College 1.7 Queens High School for the Sciences at York College 1.8 Staten Island Technical High School 1.9 Stuyvesant High School 2 History 3 See also 4 References 5 External links The schools ( edit ) The Bronx High School of Science ( edit ) Main article : The Bronx High School of Science The Bronx High School of Science was founded in 1938 as a specialized science and math high school for boys , by resolution of the Board of Education of the City of New York , with Morris Meister as the first principal of the school . They were given use of an antiquated Gothic - gargoyled edifice located at Creston Avenue and 184th Street . The building , built in 1918 for Evander Childs High School , had been successively occupied by Walton High School ( 1930 ) and by an annex of DeWitt Clinton High School ( 1935 ) . The initial faculty were comprised in part by a contingent from Stuyvesant High School . Principal Meister put his imprint on the school from its formation , for example selecting as school colors `` green to represent chlorophyll and gold the sun , both of which are essential to the chain of life . '' Brooklyn Latin School ( edit ) Brooklyn Latin Main article : Brooklyn Latin School Unlike nearly all other specialized high schools , Brooklyn Latin has a strong focus on the humanities and classics . All students are required to take four years of English , History , Latin and a modern foreign language . All classes regularly hold Socratic Seminars , in which students lead roundtable question - and - answer discussions , and all students take part in declamation ( public speaking ) exercises . Because of the small class size , Brooklyn Latin offers a relatively small student - to - teacher ratio ( currently around 16 : 1 ) . All students are required to take International Baccalaureate courses in junior and senior year . Brooklyn Technical High School ( edit ) Brooklyn Technical Main article : Brooklyn Technical High School One of the original three specialized high schools in New York City ( the other two being Stuyvesant High School and Bronx High School of Science ) . In 1918 , Dr. Albert L. Colston , chair of the Math Department at Manual Training High School , recommended establishing a technical high school for Brooklyn boys . His plan envisioned a heavy concentration of math , science , and drafting courses with parallel paths leading either to college or to a technical career in industry . By 1922 , Dr. Colston 's concept was approved by the Board of Education , and Brooklyn Technical High School opened in a converted warehouse at 49 Flatbush Avenue Extension , with 2,400 students . This location , in the shadow of the Manhattan Bridge , is the reason the school seal bears the image of this bridge , rather than the Brooklyn Bridge . Brooklyn Tech would occupy one more location before settling into its current site , for which the groundbreaking was held in 1930 . Fiorello H. LaGuardia High School of music & Art and Performing arts ( edit ) LaGuardia in 2008 Main article : Fiorello H. LaGuardia High School of Music & Art and Performing Arts Fiorello H. LaGuardia High School is the only specialized high school in New York City that does not require that an applicant take the SHSAT . Rather , students are accepted through auditions in the fields of vocal music , instrumental music , visual arts , dance , drama , and technical theatre . High School for math , Science and engineering at City College ( edit ) Main article : High School for Math , Science and Engineering at City College The High School for Math , Science and Engineering at City College was created in 2002 , with an emphasis on engineering . HSMSE was designed to be a small school with only about four hundred students . High School of American Studies at Lehman College ( edit ) Main article : High School of American Studies at Lehman College The High School of American Studies at Lehman College is located on the Lehman College campus , in the Bedford Park section of the Bronx . Unlike the rest of the specialized high schools , American Studies curriculum emphasizes U.S. History , offering three years ( as opposed to only one ) of AP - level U.S. History . The partnership with Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History has allowed the school to plan multiple trips outside of New York City , with students paying relatively cheap fees . In 2008 , U.S. News & World Report ranked American Studies as the 29th best public high school in the country and 2nd in New York State . In 2009 , the school rose to be the 19th best public high school in the country . In 2014 , HSAS was ranked # 1 in New York State . Queens High School for the Sciences at York College ( edit ) Main article : Queens High School for the Sciences at York College The Queens High School for the Sciences at York College was formed in 2002 and continued to grow each year as a new class entered , reaching its present size in 2006 , when the fifth class was admitted . There are now more than 400 students . Staten Island Technical High School ( edit ) Main article : Staten Island Technical High School Staten Island Technical High School began in 1982 as an annex of Ralph R. McKee Vocational - Technical High School , located in the New Dorp neighborhood of Staten Island , after New Dorp High School , which had occupied the building since it was built in the 1930s , moved to its current location on New Dorp Lane . The technical courses were taught in the annex , while the vocational courses stayed in St. George . Through the advocacy of parents , staff , and students , Staten Island Tech was made an independent high school by the New York City Board of Education in May 1988 . Nicholas M. Bilotti , who had been serving as director of the annex , was appointed principal of the new high school . Stuyvesant High School ( edit ) Stuyvesant HS Main article : Stuyvesant High School Stuyvesant High School is named after Peter Stuyvesant , the last Dutch governor of New Netherland before the colony was transferred to England in 1664 . Of the nine Specialized high schools , Stuyvesant has the highest score cutoff for entry . The school was established in 1904 as a manual training school for boys , hosting 155 students and 12 teachers . In 1907 , it moved from its original location at 225 East 23rd Street to a building designed by C.B.J. Snyder at 345 East 15th Street , where it remained for 85 years . It moved to its current location , a building on the Hudson River at 345 Chambers Street , in 1992 . History ( edit ) In 1934 , Stuyvesant implemented a system of entrance examinations . The examination was developed with the assistance of Columbia University , and the program was later expanded to include the newly founded Bronx Science and Brooklyn Tech . Their status as specialized schools was frequently threatened by factions within the New York City school system and government . As a way to preserve their special status , in 1972 , the Hecht - Calandra Act was passed by the New York State Legislature , designating these schools as specialized science and math high schools for New York City . The Act called for a uniform exam in math and science to be administered for admission to these schools , in keeping with the uniform examination that had already been required by the New York City Board of Education for admission to these schools . The School of Performing Arts and The High School of Music & Art ( consolidated in 1984 into LaGuardia High School ) were also designated by the legislature as specialized high schools , and admission was by audition and portfolio rather than examination , in keeping with their artistic mission . Staten Island Tech began in 1982 as an annex of Ralph R. McKee Vocational - Technical High School and was made an independent high school in May 1988 . HSAS , HSMSE , and QHSSYC were opened in 2002 . Brooklyn Latin was established in 2006 . All of these schools are required by state law to admit students based on the uniform Specialized High Schools Admissions Test , and positions are assigned on a ranked system , depending on numbers of seats available and how many applicants requested a given school . See also ( edit ) Empowerment School List of high schools in New York City Hunter College High School References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Specialized High Schools Student Handbook '' ( PDF ) . New York City Department of Education . 2011 . Retrieved February 20 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` ( Former ) Stuyvesant High School '' ( PDF ) . Landmarks Preservation Commission . May 20 , 1997 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 23 , 2006 . Retrieved May 28 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` About Bronx Science '' . The Bronx High School . of Science . Retrieved February 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Blaufarb , Eugene ( 2005 ) . `` History of Stuyvesant High School '' ( PDF ) . Stuyvesant High School Parent Handbook . Stuyvesant Parents Association . Retrieved May 28 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Mac Donald , Heather ( Spring 1999 ) . `` How Gotham 's Elite High Schools Escaped the Leveller 's Ax '' . City Journal . Retrieved May 28 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Finnegan , Megan ; Johnson , Stephon ( May 12 , 2011 ) . `` Benign Neglect ? : Who Killed the Discovery Program ? '' . New York Press . Retrieved November 12 , 2012 . Admissions to The Bronx High School of Science , Stuyvesant High School and Brooklyn Technical High School and such similar further special high schools which may be established shall be solely and exclusively by taking a competitive , objective and scholastic achievement examination , which shall be open to each and every child in the City of New York in the eighth or ninth year of study , in accordance with the rules promulgated by the N.Y.C. Board of Education , without regard to any school district wherein the child may reside . No candidate may be admitted to a special high school unless he has successfully achieved a score above the cut - off score for the openings in the school for which he has taken the examination . External links ( edit ) Specialized High Schools Student Handbook ( 2011 - 2012 ) New York City Department of Education List of public elementary schools List of high schools Empowerment Schools Schools Chancellor Specialized High Schools Admissions Test Panel for Educational Policy Specialized high schools The Bronx Bronx HS of Science HS of American Studies at Lehman College Brooklyn Brooklyn Latin Brooklyn Technical HS Manhattan Fiorello H. LaGuardia HS HS for Math , Science and Engineering at City College Stuyvesant HS Queens Queens HS for the Sciences Staten Island Staten Island Tech HS Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Specialized_high_schools_in_New_York_City&oldid=844779365 '' Categories : Specialized high schools in New York City Hidden categories : Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2014 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 7 June 2018 , at 03 : 28 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | what are the specialized high schools in nyc | [
"The specialized high schools of New York City are nine selective public high schools, established and run by the New York City Department of Education to serve the needs of academically and artistically gifted students. The Specialized High Schools Admissions Test (SHSAT) examination is required for admission to all the schools except LaGuardia, which requires an audition or portfolio for admission.[1]\n"
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"nine selective public high schools, established and run by the New York City Department of Education to serve the needs of academically and artistically gifted students"
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-8941024085335493449 | The Blue Lagoon (1980 film) | The Blue Lagoon ( 1980 film ) - wikipedia The Blue Lagoon ( 1980 film ) For other uses , see Blue Lagoon . The Blue Lagoon Promotional film poster Directed by Randal Kleiser Produced by Randal Kleiser Screenplay by Douglas Day Stewart Based on The Blue Lagoon by Henry De Vere Stacpoole Starring Brooke Shields Christopher Atkins Leo McKern William Daniels Music by Basil Poledouris Cinematography Néstor Almendros Edited by Robert Gordon Production company Columbia Pictures Distributed by Columbia Pictures Release date June 20 , 1980 ( 1980 - 06 - 20 ) Running time 104 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $4.5 million Box office $58.8 million ( North America ) The Blue Lagoon is a 1980 American romantic survival drama film directed by Randal Kleiser from a screenplay written by Douglas Day Stewart based on the 1908 novel of the same name by Henry De Vere Stacpoole . The film stars Brooke Shields and Christopher Atkins . The music score was composed by Basil Poledouris and the cinematography was by Néstor Almendros . It tells the story of two young children marooned on a tropical island paradise in the South Pacific . With neither the guidance nor the restrictions of society , emotional feelings and physical changes arise as they reach puberty and fall in love . The film contained a substantial amount of sexual content , and both main characters were depicted in the nude . This was controversial , as Shields was 14 years old at the time of the filming . A body double was used for all of her nude scenes , and her breasts remained covered in frontal shots . The Blue Lagoon was theatrically released on June 20 , 1980 by Columbia Pictures . The film was panned by the critics , who disparaged its screenplay and execution and Shields 's performance , although Almendros 's cinematography received praise . In spite of criticism , the film was a commercial success , grossing over $58 million on a $4.5 million budget , becoming the ninth highest grossing film of 1980 . The film received a significant amount of awards attention . It was nominated for the Saturn Award for Best Fantasy Film , Almendros received a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Cinematography , Atkins was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for New Star of the Year -- Actor , and Shields won the inaugural Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Actress . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Reception 4.1 Critical reception 4.2 Box office 5 Awards and honors 5.1 Other honors 6 Versions and adaptations 6.1 DVD and Blu - ray 6.2 Streaming 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) In the early Victorian period , two young cousins , Richard ( Glenn Kohan ) and Emmeline Lestrange ( Elva Josephson ) , and a galley cook , Paddy Button ( Leo McKern ) , survive a shipwreck in the South Pacific and reach a lush tropical island . Paddy cares for the children and forbids them by `` law '' from going to the other side of the island , as he had found remains from bloody human sacrifices on an altar . He also warns them against eating a deadly scarlet berry . Several years later , Paddy dies after a drunken binge . Now alone , the children go to another part of the island and rebuild their home . Years pass and they grow into tall , strong teenagers . They live in their hut , spending their days fishing , swimming , and diving for pearls . Richard and Emmeline ( now portrayed by Christopher Atkins and Brooke Shields ) begin to fall in love . This is stressful for them , because of their lack of education on human sexuality . Emmeline is frightened by her first menstrual period ; she refuses to allow Richard to inspect her for what he imagines is a wound . Richard becomes physically attracted to Emmeline , but she does not reciprocate his feelings , inciting Richard to go off alone and masturbate . A ship appears for the first time in years , but Emmeline does not light the signal fire . As a result , the ship passes by without noticing them . When Richard angrily confronts Emmeline about this , she tells him that the island is their home now and they should stay , to Richard 's disbelief . Emmeline secretly ventures to the forbidden side of the island , and sees the altar . She associates the blood on the altar with the blood of Christ 's crucifixion . She comes to the conclusion that the altar is God , and tries to persuade Richard to go to the other side of the island to pray with her . Richard is shocked at the idea of breaking the Law . They insult each other and Emmeline reveals she knows about his masturbating , and threatens to tell her Uncle Arthur about it . They throw coconuts at each other , and she hits him on the head . Following the fight , Richard kicks Emmeline out of their hut . Emmeline accidentally steps on a stonefish . Sick and weak , she pleads with Richard to `` take her to God . '' Richard carries her to the other side of the island and places her on the altar , offering a prayer to God . Emmeline recovers and Richard admits his fear of losing her . After Emmeline regains her ability to walk , they go skinny dipping in the lagoon and then swim to shore . Still naked , Richard and Emmeline discover sexual intercourse and passionate love . They regularly make love from then on . Emmeline becomes pregnant . Richard and Emmeline are stunned when they feel the baby move inside her , and assume it is her stomach causing the movements . Emmeline gives birth to a baby boy , whom they name Paddy . Emmeline holds him and learns how to feed him as the baby instinctively starts suckling . The young parents teach Paddy how to swim , fish , and build things . A ship led by Richard 's father Arthur ( William Daniels ) approaches the island and sees the family playing on the shore . When they notice the ship , they walk away instead of signaling for help , content with their lives . As they are covered in mud , their appearance is difficult to determine , and Arthur assumes they are natives . One day , the family takes the lifeboat to visit their original homesite . Richard goes off and finds bananas for them , leaving Emmeline and Paddy with the boat . Emmeline does not notice when Paddy brings a branch of the scarlet berries into the boat . Emmeline and Paddy slowly drift away , and Paddy tosses one of the oars out . Unable to reach the oar , Emmeline shouts to Richard and he swims to her , followed closely by a shark . Emmeline throws the other oar at the shark , striking it and giving Richard time to get into the boat . They are unable to retrieve the oars without risking a shark attack . They paddle with their hands to no avail ; the boat is caught in the current and drifts out to sea . After drifting for days , Richard and Emmeline awake to find Paddy eating the berries he picked . Hopeless , Richard and Emmeline eat the berries as well , lying down to await death . A few hours later , Arthur 's ship finds them . Arthur asks , `` Are they dead ? '' The captain ( Gus Mercurio ) answers , `` No , sir . They 're asleep . '' Cast ( edit ) Brooke Shields as Emmeline Lestrange Elva Josephson as Young Emmeline Christopher Atkins as Richard Lestrange Glenn Kohan as Young Richard Bradley Pryce as Little Paddy Chad Timmermans as Infant Paddy Leo McKern as Paddy Button William Daniels as Arthur Lestrange Alan Hopgood as Captain Gus Mercurio as Officer Production ( edit ) The Fiji Crested Iguana became known to herpetologists through The Blue Lagoon . The movie was a passion project of Randal Kleiser , who had long admired the original novel . He hired Douglas Day Stewart , who had written Boy in the Plastic Bubble , to write the script , and met up with Richard Franklin , the Australian director , who was looking for work in Hollywood . This gave him the idea to use an Australian crew , which Franklin helped supervise . The film was shot in Jamaica and Nanuya Levu , a privately owned island in Fiji . The flora and fauna featured in the film includes an array of animals from multiple continents . As it turned out , the iguanas filmed on Fiji were a species hitherto unknown to biologists ; this was noted by the herpetologist John Gibbons when he watched the film , and after traveling to the island where the iguanas were filmed , he described the Fiji crested iguana ( Brachylophus vitiensis ) in 1981 . The blue lagoon scenes were shot in Comino Island , Malta and Champagne Bay , Vanuatu . All of Brooke Shields ' nude scenes were performed by the film 's 32 - year - old stunt coordinator , Kathy Troutt . Shields did many of her topless scenes with her hair glued to her breasts . Atkins appeared nude ( including frontal nudity ) in the film . Underwater moving picture photography was performed by Ron and Valerie Taylor . Reception ( edit ) Critical reception ( edit ) The Blue Lagoon was panned by critics . It holds a score of 9 % on Rotten Tomatoes out of 22 reviews . Among the more common criticisms were the ludicrously idyllic portrayal of how children would develop outside of civilized society , the unfulfilled buildup of the island 's natives as a climactic threat , and the way the film , while teasing a prurient appeal , conspicuously obscures all sexual activities and body parts . Roger Ebert gave the film 11⁄2 stars out of 4 , claiming that it `` could conceivably have been made interesting , if any serious attempt had been made to explore what might really happen if two 7 - year - old kids were shipwrecked on an island . But this is n't a realistic movie . It 's a wildly idealized romance , in which the kids live in a hut that looks like a Club Med honeymoon cottage , while restless natives commit human sacrifice on the other side of the island . '' He also deemed the ending a blatant cop - out . He and Gene Siskel selected the film as one of their `` dogs of the year '' in a 1980 episode of Sneak Previews . Time Out commented that the film `` was hyped as being about ' natural love ' ; but apart from ' doing it in the open air ' , there is nothing natural about two kids ( unfettered by the bonds of society from their early years ) subscribing to marriage and traditional role - playing . '' Gary Arnold of The Washington Post similarly called the film `` a picturesque rhapsody to Learning Skills , Playing House , Going Swimming , Enjoying the Scenery and Starting to Feel Sexy in tropical seclusion . '' He particularly ridiculed the lead characters ' persistent inability to make obvious inferences . Box Office ( edit ) The film was the ninth biggest box office hit of 1980 in North America according to Box Office Mojo , grossing US $58,853,106 in the United States and Canada on a $4.5 million budget . Awards and honors ( edit ) Main awards Nominee : Academy Award for Best Cinematography -- Néstor Almendros Nominee : Saturn Award -- Best Fantasy Film Nominee : Golden Globe Award , New Star of the Year -- Christopher Atkins 1st Golden Raspberry Award Won : Worst Actress ( Brooke Shields ) Young Artist Awards Nominee : Best Major Motion Picture -- Family Entertainment Nominee : Best Young Motion Picture Actor -- Christopher Atkins Nominee : Best Young Motion Picture Actress -- Brooke Shields Other honors ( edit ) The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists : 2002 : AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Passions -- Nominated Versions and adaptations ( edit ) The Blue Lagoon was based on Henry De Vere Stacpoole 's novel by the same name , which first appeared in 1908 . The first film adaptation of the book was the British silent 1923 film of that name . There was another British adaptation in 1949 . The 1980 version includes much more nudity and sex scenes than the 1949 version , though far less than the book . The sequel Return to the Blue Lagoon ( 1991 ) loosely picks up where The Blue Lagoon left off , except that Richard and Emmeline are found dead in the boat . Their son is rescued . As Paddy 's name is unknown to his rescuers , he is renamed Richard , after his father . The movie was briefly parodied in a flashback scene of the movie Top Secret ! ( 1984 ) . The Quantum Leap episode `` Leaping of the Shrew '' guest - starred Brooke Shields , and was about a young man and woman marooned on a deserted island . It was also parodied in the movie Going Berserk ( 1983 ) when John Candy reveals his recurring nightmare inspired by the movie . The end of the dream spoofs Christopher Atkins ' masturbation scene when Candy is spotted masturbating by the jeering passengers of a ship that happens to pass by . On December 9 , 2011 , the cable TV network Lifetime greenlit the television film Blue Lagoon : The Awakening . It premiered on the channel on June 16 , 2012 . Atkins appears in the 2012 film as one of the teachers on the ship - borne field trip where Emma and Dean are lost at sea and end up on an island . DVD and Blu - ray ( edit ) The Special Edition DVD , with both widescreen and full - screen versions , was released on October 5 , 1999 . Its special features include the theatrical trailer , the original featurette , a personal photo album by Brooke Shields , audio commentary by Randal Kleiser and Christopher Atkins , and another commentary by Randal Kleiser , Douglas Day Stewart and Brooke Shields . The film was re-released in 2005 as part of a two pack with its sequel , Return to the Blue Lagoon . A limited edition Blu - ray Disc of the film was released on December 11 , 2012 , by Twilight Time . Special features on the Blu - ray include an isolated score track , original trailer , three original teasers , a behind the scenes featurette called An Adventure in Filmmaking : The Making of The Blue Lagoon , as well as audio commentary by Randal Kleiser , Douglas Day Stewart and Brooke Shields and a second commentary by Randal Kleiser and Christopher Atkins . Streaming ( edit ) The 1980 movie was made available for streaming through services such as Amazon Video and Vudu . See also ( edit ) The Blue Lagoon ( 1923 film ) The Blue Lagoon ( 1949 film ) Return to the Blue Lagoon Blue Lagoon : The Awakening , a Lifetime television movie Paradise State of nature Martin Popplewell , an English journalist who was inspired by The Blue Lagoon to intentionally strand himself and his lover on a desert island at age 15 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Scott Murray , `` The Blue Lagoon : Interview with Randal Kleiser '' , Cinema Papers , June -- July 1980 ( 166 - 169 , 212 ) Jump up ^ McMurran , Kristin ( August 11 , 1980 ) . `` Too Much , Too Young ? '' . People . Retrieved April 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Robert George Sprackland ( 1992 ) . Giant lizards. Neptune , New Jersey : T.F.H. Publications . ISBN 0 - 86622 - 634 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Arnord , Gary ( July 11 , 1980 ) . `` Depth Defying '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 6 June 2018 . Jump up ^ The Blue Lagoon ( DVD special edition ) . Released October 5 , 1999 . Jump up ^ `` SCREEN ARCHIVES ENTERTAINMENT '' . Screenarchives.com . Retrieved 7 January 2018 . Jump up ^ McMurrin , Kristin ( August 11 , 1980 ) . `` Too Much , Too Young ? '' . People . Retrieved August 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Christopher Atkins : Poster Child for Gay Rights Movement ? '' . Advocate.com . January 9 , 2009 . Retrieved August 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Atkins '' . HollywoodShow.com . Retrieved August 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Valerie and Ron Taylor join the action in ' THE BLUE LAGOON ' , The Australian Women 's Weekly , November 19 , 1980 , pages 64 and 65 , Retrieved February 17 , 2013 Jump up ^ `` The Blue Lagoon '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 7 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Ebert , Roger . `` The Blue Lagoon Movie Review & Film Summary ( 1980 ) - Roger Ebert '' . Rogerebert.com . Retrieved 7 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to : FF . `` The Blue Lagoon ( 1980 ) '' . Time Out . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Sneak Previews : Worst of 1980 '' . Siskelandebert.org . Retrieved 7 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1980 Yearly Box Office Results '' . Boxofficemojo.com . Retrieved 7 January 2018 . Jump up ^ https://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Blue-Lagoon-The#tab=summary Jump up ^ http://catalog.afi.com/Catalog/MovieDetails/56372 Jump up ^ http://www.tcm.com/this-month/article/21857%7C0/The-Blue-Lagoon.html Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Passions Nominees '' ( PDF ) . Afi.com . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( December 9 , 2011 ) . `` Lifetime Greenlights ' Blue Lagoon ' Remake '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Blue Lagoon '' . Amazon.com. 5 October 1999 . Retrieved 7 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Blue Lagoon / Return to the Blue Lagoon '' . Amazon.com. 1 February 2005 . Retrieved 7 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Blue Lagoon Blu - ray '' . Blu-ray.com . Retrieved 7 January 2018 . Jump up ^ The Blue Lagoon Blu - ray , Twilight Time , 2012 Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : The Blue Lagoon : Christopher Atkins , Brooke Shields , William Daniels , Leo McKern : Amazon Digital Services LLC '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 7 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` VUDU - Watch Movies '' . Vudu.com . Retrieved 7 January 2018 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Blue Lagoon The Blue Lagoon on IMDb The Blue Lagoon at the TCM Movie Database The Blue Lagoon at AllMovie The Blue Lagoon at the American Film Institute Catalog The Blue Lagoon at Box Office Mojo The Blue Lagoon at Rotten Tomatoes The Blue Lagoon by Henry De Vere Stacpoole Novels The Blue Lagoon ( 1908 ) The Garden of God ( 1923 ) The Gates of Morning ( 1925 ) Films The Blue Lagoon ( 1923 ) The Blue Lagoon ( 1949 ) The Blue Lagoon ( 1980 ) Pengantin Pantai Biru ( 1983 ) Return to the Blue Lagoon ( 1991 ) Blue Lagoon : The Awakening ( 2012 ) Films directed by Randal Kleiser Peege ( 1973 ) Dawn : Portrait of a Teenage Runaway ( 1976 ) The Boy in the Plastic Bubble ( 1976 ) The Gathering ( 1977 ) Grease ( 1978 ) The Blue Lagoon ( 1980 ) Summer Lovers ( 1982 ) Grandview , U.S.A. ( 1984 ) Flight of the Navigator ( 1986 ) Big Top Pee - wee ( 1988 ) Getting It Right ( 1989 ) White Fang ( 1991 ) Honey , I Blew Up the Kid ( 1992 ) It 's My Party ( 1996 ) Shadow of Doubt ( 1998 ) Love Wrecked ( 2005 ) Red Riding Hood ( 2006 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Blue_Lagoon_(1980_film)&oldid=865619591 '' Categories : 1980 films English - language films 1980s adventure films 1980s romantic drama films 1980s teen drama films 1980s teen romance films American films American adventure drama films American coming - of - age films American remakes of British films American romantic drama films American survival films American teen drama films American teen romance films Columbia Pictures films Coming - of - age drama films Coming - of - age romance films Films scored by Basil Poledouris Films about castaways Films about cousins Films about survivors of seafaring accidents or incidents Films about virginity Films about children Films based on British novels Films based on romance novels Films based on works by Henry De Vere Stacpoole Films directed by Randal Kleiser Films set in Oceania Films set in the 19th century Films set in the Victorian era Films set on beaches Films set on uninhabited islands Films shot in Fiji Films shot in Jamaica Films shot in Vanuatu Incest in film Screenplays by Douglas Day Stewart Teenage pregnancy in film Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська 21 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 October 2018 , at 02 : 21 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what was on the other side of the island in blue lagoon | [
"In the early Victorian period, two young cousins, Richard (Glenn Kohan) and Emmeline Lestrange (Elva Josephson), and a galley cook, Paddy Button (Leo McKern), survive a shipwreck in the South Pacific and reach a lush tropical island. Paddy cares for the children and forbids them by \"law\" from going to the other side of the island, as he had found remains from bloody human sacrifices on an altar. He also warns them against eating a deadly scarlet berry.\n"
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"remains from bloody human sacrifices on an altar"
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3887058104655041252 | Rick and Morty | Rick and Morty - wikipedia Rick and Morty Jump to : navigation , search Rick and Morty Genre Animated sitcom Science fiction Created by Justin Roiland Dan Harmon Voices of Justin Roiland Chris Parnell Spencer Grammer Sarah Chalke Composer ( s ) Ryan Elder Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 31 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Dan Harmon Justin Roiland James A. Fino ( seasons 1 -- 2 ) Joe Russo II ( seasons 1 -- 2 ) Producer ( s ) J. Michael Mendel Kenny Micka ( pilot ) Running time 22 minutes Production company ( s ) Justin Roiland 's Solo Vanity Card Productions Harmonious Claptrap Starburns Industries ( seasons 1 -- 2 ) Williams Street Distributor Cartoon Network Warner Bros. Television Distribution Release Original network Adult Swim Picture format 1080i ( 16 : 9 HDTV ) Original release December 2 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 02 ) -- present External links Website Rick and Morty is an American adult animated science - fiction sitcom created by Justin Roiland and Dan Harmon for Cartoon Network 's late - night programming block Adult Swim . The series follows the misadventures of cynical mad scientist Rick Sanchez and his fretful , easily influenced grandson Morty Smith , who split their time between domestic life and interdimensional adventures . The series premiered on December 2 , 2013 , and the third season concluded on October 1 , 2017 . A fourth season has been mentioned , first by Harmon in a September 2017 interview , and later in the post-credits scene of the third season 's finale . Roiland voices the eponymous characters , with Chris Parnell , Spencer Grammer , and Sarah Chalke voicing the rest of the family . The series originated from an animated short parody film of Back to the Future , The Real Animated Adventures of Doc and Mharti , created by Roiland for Channel 101 , a short film festival co-founded by Harmon . When Adult Swim approached Harmon for television show ideas , he and Roiland decided to develop a program based on the short . The series has received universal acclaim for its originality , creativity , and humor . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Production 2.1 Development 2.2 Writing 2.3 Animation and voice recording 2.4 Future 3 Themes and analysis 4 Home media 5 Reception 5.1 Critical reception 5.2 Awards and nominations 6 Other media and products 6.1 Comics 6.2 Video games 6.3 Tabletop games 6.4 Other 7 References 8 External links Premise ( edit ) See also : List of Rick and Morty characters The members of the Smith household . From the left : Jerry Smith , Beth Smith , Summer Smith , Morty Smith and Rick Sanchez The show revolves around the adventures of the members of the Smith household , which consists of parents Jerry and Beth , their kids Summer and Morty , and Beth 's father , Rick Sanchez , who lives with them as a guest . According to Justin Roiland , the family lives outside of Seattle in the U.S. state of Washington . The adventures of Rick and Morty , however , take place across an infinite number of realities , with the characters travelling to other planets and dimensions through portals and Rick 's flying car . Rick is an eccentric and alcoholic mad scientist , who eschews many ordinary conventions such as school , marriage , love , and family . He frequently goes on adventures with his 14 - year - old grandson , Morty , a kind but easily distressed boy , whose naive but grounded moral compass plays counterpoint to Rick 's Machiavellian ego . Morty 's 17 - year - old sister , Summer , is a more conventional teenager , who worries about improving her status among her peers and sometimes follows Rick and Morty on their adventures . The kids ' mother , Beth , is a generally level - headed person and assertive force in the household , though self - conscious about her professional role as a horse doctor . She is dissatisfied with her marriage with Jerry , a simple - minded and insecure person , who disapproves of Rick 's influence over his family . Different versions of the characters inhabit other dimensions throughout the multiverse and their personal characteristics can vary from one reality to another . The show 's original Rick identifies himself as `` Rick Sanchez of Earth Dimension C - 137 '' , in reference to his original universe , but this does not necessarily apply to every other member of the Smith household . For instance , in the first - season episode `` Rick Potion # 9 '' , after turning the entire world population into monsters , Rick and Morty move to a different dimension , leaving Summer , Beth and Jerry behind . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Creators Dan Harmon ( left ) and Justin Roiland Rick and Morty was created by Justin Roiland and Dan Harmon . The duo first met at Channel 101 , a non-profit monthly short film festival in Los Angeles co-founded by Harmon . At Channel 101 , participants submit a short film in the format of a pilot , and a live audience decides which pilots continue as a series . Roiland , then a producer on reality programming , began submitting content to the festival a year after its launch , in 2004 . His pilots typically consisted of shock value -- `` sick and twisted '' elements that received a confused reaction from the audience . Nevertheless , Harmon took a liking to his humor and the two began collaborating . In 2006 , Roiland was fired from working on a television series he regarded as intensely creatively stifling , and funneled his creative energies into creating a webisode for Channel 101 . The result was The Real Animated Adventures of Doc and Mharti , an animated short starring parodies of Doc Brown and Marty McFly , characters from the Back to the Future film trilogy . In the short , which Harmon would dub `` a bastardization , a pornographic vandalization '' , Doc Smith urges Mharti that the solution to all of his problems is to give him oral sex . The audience reacted to it wildly , and Roiland began creating more shorts involving the characters , which soon evolved beyond his original intentions and their obvious origin within the film from which it was culled . Harmon would later create and produce Community , an NBC sitcom , while Roiland would work primarily in voice acting for Disney 's Fish Hooks and Cartoon Network 's Adventure Time . In 2012 , Harmon was briefly fired from Community . Adult Swim , searching for a more prime - time , `` hit '' show , approached Harmon shortly afterward , who initially viewed the channel as unfit for his style . He also was unfamiliar with animation , and his process for creating television focuses more heavily on dialogue , characters , and story . Instead , he phoned Roiland to inquire if he had any ideas for an animated series . Roiland immediately brought up the idea of using the Doc and Mharti characters , renamed Rick and Morty . Roiland initially wanted the show 's run time to consist of one eleven - minute segment , but Adult Swim pushed for a half - hour program . Harmon felt the best way to extend the voices into a program would be to build a family around the characters , while Adult Swim development executive Nick Weidenfeld suggested that Rick be Morty 's grandfather . Having pitched multiple television programs that did not get off the ground , Roiland was initially very unreceptive to others attempting to give notes on his pitch . Prior to developing Rick and Morty , he had created three failed animated pilots for Fox , and he had begun to feel `` burned out '' with developing television . The first draft was completed in six hours on the Paramount Pictures lot in Dan Harmon 's unfurnished Community office . The duo had broken the story that day , sold the pilot , and then sat down to write . Roiland , while acknowledging a tendency for procrastination , encouraged Harmon to stay and write the entire first draft . `` We were sitting on the floor , cross-legged with laptops and I was about to get up and go home and he said , ' Wait , if you go home , it might take us three months to write this thing . Stay here right now and we can write it in six hours . ' He just had a premonition about that , '' recalled Harmon . Adult Swim was initially unsure of Roiland doing both voices , partially due to the undeveloped nature of the character of Morty . Harmon wrote four short premises in which Morty took a more assertive role and sent it to Mike Lazzo . Adult Swim placed a tamer TV - 14 rating on the program , which initially was met with reluctance from the show 's staff . The network 's reason behind the rating was that it would soon begin broadcasting in prime - time , competing with major programs . The main theme for Rick and Morty by Ryan Elder was originally used in a rejected Cartoon Network pilot Roiland made called `` Dog World '' , which was referenced in the episode `` Lawnmower Dog '' . Writing ( edit ) The general formula of Rick and Morty consists of the juxtaposition of two conflicting scenarios : an extremely selfish , alcoholic grandfather dragging his grandson along for intergalactic and / or interdimensional adventures , intercut with domestic family drama . This has led Harmon to describe the series as a cross between Matt Groening 's two shows The Simpsons and Futurama , balancing family life with heavy science fiction . The series is inspired by British - style storytelling , as opposed to traditional American family TV stories . Roiland has stated his and Harmon 's intentions for the series to lack traditional continuity , opting for discontinuous storylines `` not bound by rules '' . In producing the series ' first season , episodes were occasionally written out of order . For example , `` Rick Potion # 9 '' was the second episode written for the series , but was instructed to be animated as the fifth , as it would make more sense within the series ' continuity . Many episodes are structured with use of a story circle , a Harmon creation based largely on Joseph Campbell 's monomyth , or The Hero 's Journey . Its two - act structure places the act break at an odd location in the stages of the monomyth : after The Meeting with the Goddess , instead of Atonement with the Father . Harmon has stated that his inspiration behind much of the concept and humor for the series comes from various British television series , such as The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy and Doctor Who . He figures that the audience will only understand developments from Morty 's point of view , but stated `` we do n't want to be the companions . We want to hang out with the Doctor , we idolize the Doctor , but we do n't think like him , and that 's really interesting , Rick is diseased , he 's mentally ill , he 's an absolute lunatic because he lives on this larger scale . '' Harmon has noted that the writers room at the show 's studio bears a striking resemblance to the one used for Community . In comparing the two , he noted that the writing staff of Rick and Morty was significantly smaller , and more `` rough and tumble verbally '' . The first season writing staff consisted of Roiland , Harmon , Tom Kauffman , Ryan Ridley , Wade Randolph , and Eric Acosta , while writer 's assistant Mike McMahan was also given writing credit . Described as a `` very , very tiny little writers ' room with a lot of heavy lifting from everybody , '' the show 's writing staff , like many Adult Swim productions , is not unionized with the Writers ' Guild of America . The writing staff first meets and discusses ideas , which evolve into a story . Discussions often include anecdotes from personal life as well as thoughts on the science fiction genre . After breaking the story -- which consists of developing its consistency and logical beginning , middle , and conclusion -- a writer is assigned to create an outline . Roiland and Harmon do a `` pass '' on the outline , and from there the episode undergoes several more drafts . The final draft of the script is last approved by either of the co-creators . Harmon has admitted that his perfectionism can some times be disruptive and cause writing schedule delays . For the most part , this was the reason why the third season of the show consisted of only ten episodes instead of fourteen , as was initially intended . Animation and Voice recording ( edit ) Animation for the show is done using Toon Boom Harmony , post-production work is done in Adobe After Effects , and background art is done in Adobe Photoshop . Production of animation is handled by Bardel Entertainment in Canada . Roiland 's cartooning style is heavily indebted to The Simpsons , a factor he acknowledged in a 2013 interview , while also comparing his style to that of Pendleton Ward ( Adventure Time ) and J.G. Quintel ( Regular Show ) : `` You 'll notice mouths are kind of similar and teeth are similar , but I think that 's also a stylistic thing that ... all of us are kind of the same age , and we 're all inspired by The Simpsons and all these other shows we 're kind of subconsciously tapping into . '' John Kricfalusi 's The Ren & Stimpy Show was another strong influence for Rick and Morty , which is why , according to Roiland , the small `` w - shaped mouths '' that the characters occasionally make is a reference to a similar expression that Ren frequently makes . When recording dialogue , Roiland does a considerable amount of improvisation , in order to make the characters feel more natural . Future ( edit ) Although there has not been an official renewal announcement by Adult Swim , Dan Harmon talked about the possibility of creating more than ten episodes per season , in a September 2017 interview , where he stated `` I 'm about to do season 4 of Rick and Morty and want to prove that I 've grown . '' On October 1 , 2017 , similarly to the second - season finale , the animated character Mr. Poopybutthole re-appeared in the post-credits scene of the third - season finale and said that it will be a long wait until the fourth season of the show . Writer Ryan Ridley , in a December 2017 interview with The Detroit Cast , said that he `` highly doubts '' there will not be a fourth season , but he does not expect it to air any sooner than late 2019 . In January 2018 , Adult Swim told Variety that `` there is no timing to share on premiere or status of production . '' Themes and analysis ( edit ) Nobody exists on purpose , nobody belongs anywhere , everybody 's gon na die . Come watch TV . `` '' Morty Smith ( character ) , `` Rixty Minutes '' Rick and Morty has been described as `` a never - ending fart joke wrapped around a studied look into nihilism . '' The series addresses the insignificance of human existence as compared to the size of the universe , with no recognizable divine presence , as described by Lovecraft 's philosophy of cosmicism . The characters of the show find ways to deal with cosmic horror and existential dread , either by asserting the utility of science over magic or by choosing a life in ignorant bliss . Co-creator Dan Harmon , talking about the philosophy guiding the show and Rick 's nihilistic apathy , stated that `` the knowledge that nothing matters , while accurate , gets you nowhere . '' To find a sense of purpose and live a better life , one needs to focus on human relationships and experiences , and not preoccupy our minds with unanswerable questions . According to Harmon , this contrast is evident in the final scene of `` Auto Erotic Assimilation '' , where Jerry is joyfully removing the weeds from his driveway , while Rick appears in the background passed out drunk , after a failed suicide attempt . Other philosophies that have been referenced in the characters ' behavior and observations include : existentialism , anarchism , absurdism , and the work of Friedrich Nietzsche . Home media ( edit ) The 11 - episode first season , was released on DVD ( 2 - disc set ) and Blu - ray ( single BD - 50 disc ) on October 7 , 2014 . Special features include commentary and animatics for every episode , deleted scenes , behind the scenes featurette and commentaries by special guests Matt Groening , Robert Kirkman , Pendleton Ward , Al Jean and others . The 10 - episode second season , was released on DVD ( 2 - disc set ) and Blu - ray ( single BD - 50 disc ) on June 7 , 2016 . Special features include behind the scenes , commentary and animatics for every episode , deleted animatic sketches and a `` Plumbus Owner 's Manual '' booklet . The 10 - episode third season , will be released on DVD and Blu - ray on May 15 , 2018 . Special features include exclusive commentary and animatics for every episode , `` inside the episode '' , the origins of Rick and Morty , and an exclusive `` inside the recording booth '' session . Uncensored versions of the show are also available to purchase on various digital platforms , including iTunes and Amazon , with the digital releases of each season containing bonus material . The digital release of the first season includes the 2013 Rick and Morty Comic - Con panel , the digital release of the second season includes the 2015 ATX Television Festival panel , and the digital release of the third season includes commentary on every episode , as well as seven more short videos featuring co-creators Dan Harmon and Justin Roiland . The first two seasons of the show are available to stream on Hulu . The first season was made available on May 1 , 2015 , and the second season was made available on June 26 , 2016 . The show is also available to watch on Netflix , in a number of countries outside the United States , including the United Kingdom . Following the conclusion of the show 's third season , Adult Swim has made a livestream marathon of Rick and Morty available to watch on its official website in select regions , hoping to dissuade viewers from watching other illegal livestreams . Reception ( edit ) Critical reception ( edit ) Rick and Morty has received universal critical acclaim , holding a 97 % approval rating by critics on review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes . David Weigand of San Francisco Chronicle described it as `` offbeat and occasionally coarse ... the take - away here is that it works '' . He praised the animation direction by James McDermott for being `` fresh , colorful and as wacky as the script '' , and states that the series possesses `` shades of Futurama , South Park and even Beetlejuice '' , ultimately opining that its humor felt `` entirely original '' . Neil Genzlinger of The New York Times praised the series and stated that it was `` Grandparenting at its unhinged finest . '' Todd Spangler of Variety gave the series a lukewarm review ; while he found the series was passable , he contrasted it with other Adult Swim series as `` often seems overly reliant on simply being frenetic at the expense of being witty '' and enjoyed it as `` a welcome attempt to dream just a little bigger '' . David Sims of The A.V. Club gave the series an `` A − '' . In reviewing the first two episodes , he complimented the animation for its `` clean , simple style '' . He stated that while the series has `` a dark , sick sensibility '' , he praised its `` effort to give each character a little bit of depth '' , further applauding Roiland 's voice talent for the eponymous characters . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Category Nominee ( s ) Result Ref . Season 1 2014 BTVA Voice Acting Awards Best Male Vocal Performance in a Television Series in a Supporting Role -- Comedy / Musical Chris Parnell Nominated Best Female Vocal Performance in a Television Series in a Supporting Role -- Comedy / Musical Sarah Chalke Nominated IGN Awards Best TV Animated Series Rick and Morty Nominated IGN People 's Choice Award Best TV Animated Series Rick and Morty Nominated 2015 BTVA Voice Acting Awards Best Male Lead Vocal Performance in a Television Series -- Comedy / Musical Justin Roiland Won Annie Awards Best General Audience Animated TV / Broadcast Production Rick and Morty Nominated Season 2 2015 IGN Awards Best Animated Series Rick and Morty Won IGN People 's Choice Award Best Animated Series Rick and Morty Won 2016 BTVA Voice Acting Awards Best Male Lead Vocal Performance in a Television Series Justin Roiland Nominated Best Vocal Ensemble in a Television Series Rick and Morty Nominated Gold Derby Awards Best Animated Series Rick and Morty Nominated Season 3 2017 Teen Choice Awards Choice Animated TV Show Rick and Morty Nominated IGN Awards TV Series of the Year Rick and Morty Nominated Best TV Episode `` The Ricklantis Mixup '' Nominated Best Animated Series Rick and Morty Won Best Comedy Series Rick and Morty Nominated Best Comedic TV Performance Justin Roiland Won IGN People 's Choice Award TV Series of the Year Rick and Morty Won Best TV Episode `` The Ricklantis Mixup '' Nominated Best Animated Series Rick and Morty Won Best Comedy Series Rick and Morty Won Best Comedic TV Performance Justin Roiland Won 2018 Critics ' Choice Television Awards Best Animated Series Rick and Morty Won Annie Awards Best General Audience Animated Television / Broadcast Production `` Pickle Rick '' Won Outstanding Achievement for Writing in an Animated Television / Broadcast Production Ryan Ridley , Dan Guterman ( for `` The Ricklantis Mixup '' ) Won Golden Reel Awards Outstanding Achievement in Sound Editing -- Animation Short Form Hunter Curra , Kailand Reily , Andrew Twite , Joy Elett , Jeff Halbert , Konrad Pinon ( for `` Pickle Rick '' ) Nominated Other media and products ( edit ) Comics ( edit ) At New York Comic Con 2014 , editor - in - chief of Oni Press , James Lucas Jones , announced that a Rick and Morty comic book adaptation would be released in early 2015 . On April 1 , 2015 , the series debuted with its first monthly issue , entitled `` BAM ! '' The series is written by Zac Gorman and illustrated by CJ Cannon . Artist Tom Fowler wrote a multi-issue story arc that began in March 2016 . Using the television series ' established premise of alternate timelines , the comic book expressly features the Rick and Morty ( and supporting cast ) of a different timeline , allowing the comics to tell stories without conflicting with the canon of the show . Video games ( edit ) In 2014 , Rick and Morty 's Rushed Licensed Adventure , a Flash point - and - click adventure game , was released on the Adult Swim website . In December 2014 , Rick and Morty : Jerry 's Game was released for iOS and Android . The game consists of the player popping balloons and air filled condoms endlessly . Characters show up from time to time . The amount of balloons popped is counted and used as currency for unlocking special balloons , backdrops , and features . The game is based on a game Jerry was seen playing in an episode . The game includes micro-transactions . On August 10 , 2015 , a Rick and Morty - themed announcer pack was released for the competitive multiplayer video game Dota 2 . The announcer pack can be purchased by players and replaces the Default announcer and Mega-Kills announcer with characters from Rick and Morty , voiced by Justin Roiland . Pocket Mortys is a Pokémon parody game set in the `` Rick and Morty Rickstaverse '' , released on iOS and Android as a free - to - play game from Adult Swim Games , released early on January 13 , 2016 . Coinciding with the many - worlds interpretation , the game follows versions of Rick and Morty that belong to an alternate timeline , rather than the duo followed in the show . The game uses a style and concept similar to the Pokémon games , with catching various `` wild '' Mortys , battling them with a variety of Aliens , Ricks , and Jerrys . The game features voice acting from Roiland and Harmon . Rick and Morty : Virtual Rick - ality , announced on July 15 , 2016 and released on April 20 , 2017 , is a VR game for HTC Vive VR and Oculus Rift developed by Owlchemy Labs , the developers of Job Simulator . Tabletop games ( edit ) On June 22 , 2016 , Cryptozoic Entertainment released Total Rickall , a co-operative strategy card game based on the plot of the second - season episode of the same name , where players must determine which characters are real or parasites . On August 3 , 2016 , Cryptozoic Entertainment released Mr. Meeseeks ' Box o ' Fun , a game combining elements of dice games and truth or dare featuring the popular Mr. Meeseeks character from the first - season episode `` Meeseeks and Destroy '' . On July 12 , 2017 , Cryptozoic Entertainment released Anatomy Park -- The Game , a co-operative tile - placing strategy game based on the plot of the first - season episode of the same name , where players score points by placing park tiles into the best spots within the body . Other ( edit ) On May 11 , 2017 , the Rickmobile , a traveling shop with exclusive merchandise , made its first stop in Atlanta for the Rick and Morty Do n't Even Trip Road Trip . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Justin Roiland ( @ JustinRoiland ) ( September 4 , 2016 ) . `` Washington state - outside of Seattle '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved September 30 , 2017 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Cohen , Ivan ( January 24 , 2014 ) . `` Dan Harmon and Justin Roiland on Rick and Morty , How Community Is Like Star Trek , and Puberty '' . Vulture . Retrieved October 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Czajkowski , Elise ( November 12 , 2013 ) . `` Dan Harmon 's Rick and Morty Premieres on Adult Swim on Dec. 2 '' . Splitsider . The Awl . 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Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Best TV Episode -- Best of 2017 Awards -- IGN '' . IGN . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Best Animated Series -- Best of 2017 Awards -- IGN '' . IGN . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Best Comedy Series -- Best of 2017 Awards -- IGN '' . IGN . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Best Comedic TV Performance -- Best of 2017 Awards -- IGN '' . IGN . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sheehan , Paul ( January 11 , 2018 ) . `` 2018 Critics ' Choice Awards : Full winners list in the 25 film and 22 TV categories '' . GoldDerby . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ; Haithman , Diane ( February 4 , 2018 ) . `` ' Coco ' Dominates Annies ; ' Rick And Morty ' Tops TV : Complete Winners List '' . Deadline . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( February 18 , 2018 ) . `` Golden Reel Awards : Oscar Nominees ' Blade Runner 2049 , ' ' Dunkirk ' Among Sound Editor Winners '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Matt D. ( October 13 , 2014 ) . `` Oni Brings ' Rick And Morty ' To The Universe Of Comics ( NYCC ) Read More : Oni Brings ' Rick And Morty ' To The Universe Of Comics ( NYCC ) '' . ComicsAlliance . Archived from the original on April 23 , 2015 . Retrieved April 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rick and Morty ( 2015 ) - # 1 '' . Comicbookdb . Retrieved April 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Steinbeiser , Andrew ( January 22 , 2015 ) . `` Rick and Morty Comic Book Preview Revealed '' . Comicbook.com . Retrieved April 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Barry ( January 20 , 2016 ) . `` Exclusive : Incoming Rick and Morty Comic Writer Tom Fowler Takes Series to Sad , Absurd Extremes '' . Paste . Retrieved January 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Heintz , Cody ( March 23 , 2014 ) . `` Flash Game of the Week : Rick and Morty 's Rushed Licensed Adventure '' . Leviathyn . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dornbush , Jonathon ( December 10 , 2014 ) . `` ' Rick and Morty ' mobile game lets you pop balloons all day like Jerry '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rick and Morty Announcer Pack '' . Valve Corporation . Retrieved August 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mufson , Beckett ( January 6 , 2016 ) . `` Wubba Lubba Dub Dub ! ' Rick and Morty ' Becomes a Pokémon - Style Game '' . The Creators Project . Retrieved July 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rossignol , Derrick ( January 13 , 2016 ) . `` Review : POCKET MORTYS Is A Funny & Somewhat Deep Ode to POKEMON '' . Nerdist . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kuchera , Ben ( July 15 , 2016 ) . `` Watch the stunning first trailer for the Rick and Morty VR game '' . Polygon . Retrieved July 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Devore , Jordan ( July 15 , 2016 ) . `` The HTC Vive is getting an official Rick and Morty simulator '' . Destructoid . Retrieved July 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rick and Morty `` Total Rickall '' Cooperative Card Game `` . Cryptozoic Entertainment . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rick and Morty Mr. Meeseeks Box ' o Fun : Game of Dice & Dares '' . Cryptozoic Entertainment . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rick and Morty : Anatomy Park -- The Game '' . Cryptozoic Entertainment . Retrieved December 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wheeler , Dekan ( February 20 , 2017 ) . `` Rick and Morty : Anatomy Park -- The Game -- Gameplay Basics , Part 1 : Theme and Actions '' . Cryptozoic Entertainment . Retrieved December 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rick and Morty 's Do n't Even Trip Road Trip '' . Adult Swim . Retrieved July 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Page , Justin ( May 8 , 2017 ) . `` Rick and Morty Is Touring America in a ' Rickmobile ' Merch Truck Shaped Like Rick Sanchez '' . Laughing Squid . Retrieved November 14 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rick and Morty . 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"Rick and Morty is an American adult animated science-fiction sitcom created by Justin Roiland and Dan Harmon for Cartoon Network's late-night programming block Adult Swim. The series follows the misadventures of cynical mad scientist Rick Sanchez and his fretful, easily influenced grandson Morty Smith, who split their time between domestic life and interdimensional adventures. The series premiered on December 2, 2013, and the third season concluded on October 1, 2017. A fourth season has been mentioned, first by Harmon in a September 2017 interview, and later in the post-credits scene of the third season's finale."
] | [
"December 2, 2013"
] |
-5361367687179819537 | Ottoman Empire | Ottoman Empire - Wikipedia Ottoman Empire Jump to : navigation , search `` Turkish Empire '' redirects here . For empires with Turkic origins , see List of Turkic dynasties and countries . Ottoman Empire دولت عليه عثمانیه Devlet - i ʿAlīye - i ʿOsmānīye The Exalted Ottoman State c. 1299 -- 1922 / 1923 Flag ( 1844 -- 1922 ) Coat of arms ( 1882 design ) Motto دولت ابد مدت Devlet - i Ebed - müddet `` The Eternal State '' Anthem ( various ) ( during 1808 -- 1922 ) The Ottoman Empire at its greatest extent in Europe , under Sultan Mehmed IV . Capital Söğüt ( c. 1299 -- 1335 ) Bursa ( 1335 -- 1363 ) Edirne ( 1363 -- 1453 ) Constantinople ( present - day Istanbul ) ( 1453 -- 1922 ) Languages Ottoman Turkish ( official ) many others Religion Sunni Islam ( Creed : Maturidi ; Madhab : Hanafi ) Government Absolute monarchy ( c. 1299 -- 1876 ) ( 1878 -- 1908 ) ( 1920 -- 1922 ) Constitutional monarchy ( 1876 -- 1878 ) ( 1908 -- 1920 ) Sultan c. 1299 -- 1323 / 4 Osman I ( first ) 1918 -- 1922 Mehmed VI ( last ) Caliph 1512 -- 1520 Selim I ( first ) 1922 -- 1924 Abdülmecid II ( last ) Grand Vizier 1320 -- 1331 Alaeddin Pasha ( first ) 1920 -- 1922 Ahmet Tevfik Pasha ( last ) Legislature General Assembly Upper house Senate Lower house Chamber of Deputies History Founded c. 1299 Interregnum 1402 -- 1414 Transformation to empire 1453 1st Constitutional 1876 -- 1878 2nd Constitutional 1908 -- 1920 Raid on the Sublime Porte 23 January 1913 Sultanate abolished 1 November 1922 Republic of Turkey established 29 October 1923 Caliphate abolished 3 March 1924 Area 1683 5,200,000 km ( 2,000,000 sq mi ) 1914 1,800,000 km ( 690,000 sq mi ) Population 1856 est . 35,350,000 1906 est . 20,884,000 1912 est . 24,000,000 Currency Akçe , Para , Sultani , Kuruş , Lira Preceded by Succeeded by Anatolian Seljuks Adal Sultanate Anatolian beyliks Byzantine Empire Kingdom of Bosnia Second Bulgarian Empire Serbian Despotate Kingdom of Hungary Kingdom of Croatia Mamluk Sultanate Hafsid dynasty Hospitallers of Tripolitania Kingdom of Tlemcen Empire of Trebizond Principality of Samtskhe Turkish Prov . Gov . Hellenic Republic Caucasus Viceroyalty Bosnia and Herzegovina Revolutionary Serbia Albania Kingdom of Romania Principality of Bulgaria OETA Mandatory Iraq Kingdom of Hejaz French Algeria British Cyprus French Tunisia Italian Libya Part of a series on the History of the Ottoman Empire Rise ( 1299 -- 1453 ) ( show ) Gaza Thesis Interregnum ( 1402 -- 1413 ) Fall of Constantinople Classical Age ( 1453 -- 1566 ) ( show ) Sultanate of Women Transformation ( 1566 -- 1703 ) ( show ) Köprülü Era ( 1656 -- 1703 ) Old Regime ( 1703 -- 1789 ) ( show ) Tulip Era ( 1718 -- 1730 ) Decline and modernization ( 1789 -- 1908 ) ( show ) Nizam - i Djedid Tanzimat Era ( 1839 -- 1876 ) 1st Constitutional Era ( 1876 -- 1878 ) Defeat and dissolution ( 1908 -- 1922 ) ( show ) 2nd Constitutional Era ( 1908 -- 1920 ) World War I ( 1914 -- 1918 ) Partitioning Historiography The Ottoman Empire ( / ˈɒtəmən / ; Ottoman Turkish : دولت عليه عثمانیه , Devlet - i ʿAlīye - i ʿOsmānīye , literally The Exalted Ottoman State ; Modern Turkish : Osmanlı İmparatorluğu or Osmanlı Devleti ; also historically known in Western Europe as the Turkish Empire , Ottoman Turkey or simply Turkey ) was an empire founded at the end of the 13th century in northwestern Anatolia in the town of Söğüt ( modern - day Bicelik Province ) by the Oghuz Turkish tribal leader Osman . After 1354 , the Ottomans crossed into Europe , and with the conquest of the Balkans , the Ottoman Beylik was transformed into a transcontinental empire . The Ottomans ended the Byzantine Empire with the 1453 conquest of Constantinople by Mehmed the Conqueror . During the 16th and 17th centuries , at the height of its power under the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent , the Ottoman Empire was a multinational , multilingual empire controlling much of Southeast Europe , parts of Central Europe , Western Asia , the Caucasus , North Africa , and the Horn of Africa . At the beginning of the 17th century , the empire contained 32 provinces and numerous vassal states . Some of these were later absorbed into the Ottoman Empire , while others were granted various types of autonomy during the course of centuries . With Constantinople as its capital and control of lands around the Mediterranean basin , the Ottoman Empire was at the centre of interactions between the Eastern and Western worlds for six centuries . While the empire was once thought to have entered a period of decline following the death of Suleiman the Magnificent , this view is no longer supported by the majority of academic historians . The empire continued to maintain a flexible and strong economy , society , and military throughout the seventeenth and much of the eighteenth century . However , during a long period of peace from 1740 to 1768 , the Ottoman military system fell behind that of their European rivals , the Habsburg and Russian Empires . The Ottomans consequently suffered severe military defeats in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries , which prompted them to initiate a comprehensive process of reform and modernisation known as the Tanzimat . Thus over the course of the nineteenth century the Ottoman state became vastly more powerful and organised , despite suffering further territorial losses , especially in the Balkans , where a number of new states emerged . The empire allied with Germany in the early 20th century , hoping to escape from the diplomatic isolation which had contributed to its recent territorial losses , and thus joined World War I on the side of the Central Powers . While the Empire was able to largely hold its own during the conflict , it was struggling with internal dissent , especially with the Arab Revolt in its Arabian holdings . During this time , major atrocities were committed by the Ottoman government against the Armenians , Assyrians and Pontic Greeks . The Empire 's defeat and the occupation of part of its territory by the Allied Powers in the aftermath of World War I resulted in its partitioning and the loss of its Middle Eastern territories , which were divided between the United Kingdom and France . The successful Turkish War of Independence against the occupying Allies led to the emergence of the Republic of Turkey in the Anatolian heartland and the abolition of the Ottoman monarchy . Contents ( hide ) 1 Name 2 History 2.1 Rise ( c. 1299 -- 1453 ) 2.2 Expansion and apogee ( 1453 -- 1566 ) 2.3 Stagnation and reform ( 1566 -- 1827 ) 2.3. 1 Revolts , reversals , and revivals ( 1566 -- 1683 ) 2.3. 2 Russian threat grows 2.4 Decline and modernization ( 1828 -- 1908 ) 2.5 Defeat and dissolution ( 1908 -- 1922 ) 3 Historical debate on the origins and nature of the Ottoman state 4 Government 4.1 Law 4.2 Military 5 Administrative divisions 6 Economy 7 Demographics 7.1 Language 7.2 Religion 7.2. 1 Islam 7.2. 2 Christianity and Judaism 8 Culture 8.1 Literature 8.2 Architecture 8.3 Decorative arts 8.4 Music and performing arts 8.5 Cuisine 9 Science and technology 10 Sports 11 See also 12 Notes 13 References 14 Further reading 14.1 General surveys 14.2 Early Ottomans 14.3 Military 14.4 Miscellaneous 14.5 Historiography 15 External links Name ( edit ) Main article : Names of the Ottoman Empire The word Ottoman is a historical anglicisation of the name of Osman I , the founder of the Empire and of the ruling House of Osman ( also known as the Ottoman dynasty ) . Osman 's name in turn was the Turkish form of the Arabic name ʿUthmān ( عثمان ) . In Ottoman Turkish , the empire was referred to as Devlet - i ʿAlīye - yi ʿOsmānīye ( دولت عليه عثمانیه ) , ( literally `` The Supreme Ottoman State '' ) or alternatively ʿOsmānlı Devleti ( عثمانلى دولتى ) . In Modern Turkish , it is known as Osmanlı İmparatorluğu ( `` The Ottoman Empire '' ) or Osmanlı Devleti ( `` The Ottoman State '' ) . The Turkish word for `` Ottoman '' ( Osmanlı ) originally referred to the tribal followers of Osman in the fourteenth century , and subsequently came to be used to refer to the empire 's military - administrative elite . In contrast , the term `` Turk '' ( Türk ) was used to refer to the Anatolian peasant and tribal population , and was seen as a disparaging term when applied to urban , educated individuals . As a sophisticated ruling class , the Ottomans looked down upon the Turkish peasantry , calling them Eşek Turk ( the donkey Turk ) and Kaba Turk ( stupid Turk ) . Expressions like `` Turk - head '' and `` Turk - person '' were contemptuously used by Ottomans when they wanted to denigrate each other . In the early modern period , an educated urban - dwelling Turkish - speaker who was not a member of the military - administrative class would refer to himself neither as an Osmanlı nor as a Türk , but rather as a Rūmī ( رومى ) , or `` Roman '' , meaning an inhabitant of the territory of the former Byzantine Empire in the Balkans and Anatolia . The term Rūmī was also used to refer to Turkish - speakers by the other Muslim peoples of the empire and beyond . In Western Europe , the two names `` Ottoman Empire '' and `` Turkey '' were often used interchangeably , with `` Turkey '' being increasingly favoured both in formal and informal situations . This dichotomy was officially ended in 1920 -- 23 , when the newly established Ankara - based Turkish government chose Turkey as the sole official name . Most scholarly historians avoid the terms `` Turkey '' , `` Turks '' , and `` Turkish '' when referring to the Ottomans , due to the empire 's multinational character . History ( edit ) Main article : History of the Ottoman Empire See also : Territorial evolution of the Ottoman Empire Rise ( C. 1299 -- 1453 ) ( edit ) Main article : Rise of the Ottoman Empire Further information : Osman I , Ottoman dynasty , and Gaza Thesis As the power of the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum declined in the 13th century , Anatolia was divided into a patchwork of independent Turkish principalities known as the Anatolian Beyliks . One of these beyliks , in the region of Bithynia on the frontier of the Byzantine Empire , was led by the Turkish tribal leader Osman ( d . 1323 / 4 ) , a figure of obscure origins from whom the name Ottoman is derived . Osman 's early followers consisted both of Turkish tribal groups and Byzantine renegades , many but not all converts to Islam . Osman extended the control of his principality by conquering Byzantine towns along the Sakarya River . It is not well understood how the early Ottomans came to dominate their neighbours , due to the scarcity of the sources which survive from this period . One school of thought which was popular during the twentieth century argued that the Ottomans achieved success by rallying religious warriors to fight for them in the name of Islam . This theory , known as the Gaza Thesis , is now highly criticised and no longer generally accepted by historians , but no consensus on the nature of the early Ottoman state has yet emerged to replace it . Battle of Nicopolis in 1396 . Painting from 1523 . In the century after the death of Osman I , Ottoman rule began to extend over Anatolia and the Balkans . Osman 's son , Orhan , captured the northwestern Anatolian city of Bursa in 1326 , and made it the new capital of the Ottoman state . This conquest meant the loss of Byzantine control over northwestern Anatolia . The important city of Thessaloniki was captured from the Venetians in 1387 . The Ottoman victory at Kosovo in 1389 effectively marked the end of Serbian power in the region , paving the way for Ottoman expansion into Europe . The Battle of Nicopolis in 1396 , widely regarded as the last large - scale crusade of the Middle Ages , failed to stop the advance of the victorious Ottoman Turks . With the extension of Turkish dominion into the Balkans , the strategic conquest of Constantinople became a crucial objective . The empire had managed to control nearly all former Byzantine lands surrounding the city , but in 1402 the Byzantines were temporarily relieved when the Turco - Mongol leader Timur , founder of the Timurid Empire , invaded Anatolia from the east . In the Battle of Ankara in 1402 , Timur defeated the Ottoman forces and took Sultan Bayezid I as a prisoner , throwing the empire into disorder . The ensuing civil war lasted from 1402 to 1413 as Bayezid 's sons fought over succession . It ended when Mehmed I emerged as the sultan and restored Ottoman power , bringing an end to the Interregnum , also known as the Fetret Devri . Part of the Ottoman territories in the Balkans ( such as Thessaloniki , Macedonia and Kosovo ) were temporarily lost after 1402 but were later recovered by Murad II between the 1430s and 1450s . On 10 November 1444 , Murad II defeated the Hungarian , Polish , and Wallachian armies under Władysław III of Poland ( also King of Hungary ) and John Hunyadi at the Battle of Varna , the final battle of the Crusade of Varna , although Albanians under Skanderbeg continued to resist . Four years later , John Hunyadi prepared another army ( of Hungarian and Wallachian forces ) to attack the Turks but was again defeated by Murad II at the Second Battle of Kosovo in 1448 . Expansion and apogee ( 1453 -- 1566 ) ( edit ) Main article : Growth of the Ottoman Empire Sultan Mehmed II 's entry into Constantinople ; painting by Fausto Zonaro ( 1854 -- 1929 ) The son of Murad II , Mehmed the Conqueror , reorganized the state and the military , and conquered Constantinople on 29 May 1453 . Mehmed allowed the Orthodox Church to maintain its autonomy and land in exchange for accepting Ottoman authority . Because of bad relations between the states of western Europe and the later Byzantine Empire , the majority of the Orthodox population accepted Ottoman rule as preferable to Venetian rule . Albanian resistance was a major obstacle to Ottoman expansion on the Italian peninsula . In the 15th and 16th centuries , the Ottoman Empire entered a period of expansion . The Empire prospered under the rule of a line of committed and effective Sultans . It also flourished economically due to its control of the major overland trade routes between Europe and Asia . Sultan Selim I ( 1512 -- 1520 ) dramatically expanded the Empire 's eastern and southern frontiers by defeating Shah Ismail of Safavid Persia , in the Battle of Chaldiran . Selim I established Ottoman rule in Egypt , and created a naval presence on the Red Sea . After this Ottoman expansion , a competition started between the Portuguese Empire and the Ottoman Empire to become the dominant power in the region . Battle of Mohács in 1526 Suleiman the Magnificent ( 1520 -- 1566 ) captured Belgrade in 1521 , conquered the southern and central parts of the Kingdom of Hungary as part of the Ottoman -- Hungarian Wars , and , after his historic victory in the Battle of Mohács in 1526 , he established Turkish rule in the territory of present - day Hungary ( except the western part ) and other Central European territories . He then laid siege to Vienna in 1529 , but failed to take the city . In 1532 , he made another attack on Vienna , but was repulsed in the Siege of Güns . Transylvania , Wallachia and , intermittently , Moldavia , became tributary principalities of the Ottoman Empire . In the east , the Ottoman Turks took Baghdad from the Persians in 1535 , gaining control of Mesopotamia and naval access to the Persian Gulf . In 1555 , the Caucasus became officially partitioned for the first time between the Safavids and the Ottomans , a status quo that would remain until the end of the Russo - Turkish War ( 1768 -- 74 ) . By this partitioning of the Caucasus as signed in the Peace of Amasya , Western Armenia , and Western Georgia fell into Ottoman hands , while southern Dagestan , Eastern Armenia , Eastern Georgia , and Azerbaijan remained Persian . Barbarossa Hayreddin Pasha defeats the Holy League of Charles V under the command of Andrea Doria at the Battle of Preveza in 1538 France and the Ottoman Empire , united by mutual opposition to Habsburg rule , became strong allies . The French conquests of Nice ( 1543 ) and Corsica ( 1553 ) occurred as a joint venture between the forces of the French king Francis I and Suleiman , and were commanded by the Ottoman admirals Barbarossa Hayreddin Pasha and Turgut Reis . A month before the siege of Nice , France supported the Ottomans with an artillery unit during the 1543 Ottoman conquest of Esztergom in northern Hungary . After further advances by the Turks , the Habsburg ruler Ferdinand officially recognized Ottoman ascendancy in Hungary in 1547 . In 1559 , after the first Ajuran - Portuguese war , the Ottoman Empire would later absorb the weakened east African Adal Sultanate into its domain . This expansion furthered Ottoman rule in Somalia and the Horn of Africa . This also increased its influence in the Indian Ocean to compete against the Portuguese with its close ally the Ajuran Empire . By the end of Suleiman 's reign , the Empire spanned approximately 877,888 sq mi ( 2,273,720 km ) , extending over three continents . In addition , the Empire became a dominant naval force , controlling much of the Mediterranean Sea . By this time , the Ottoman Empire was a major part of the European political sphere . The success of its political and military establishment was compared to the Roman Empire , by the likes of Italian scholar Francesco Sansovino and the French political philosopher Jean Bodin . Stagnation and reform ( 1566 -- 1827 ) ( edit ) Revolts , reversals , and revivals ( 1566 -- 1683 ) ( edit ) Main article : Transformation of the Ottoman Empire Further information : Ottoman Decline Thesis This article 's factual accuracy may be compromised due to out - of - date information . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( September 2016 ) The extent of the Ottoman Empire in 1566 , upon the death of Suleiman the Magnificent Ottoman miniature about the Szigetvár campaign showing Ottoman troops and Tatars as avant - garde In the second half of the sixteenth century the Ottoman Empire came under increasing strain from inflation and the rapidly rising costs of warfare that were impacting both Europe and the Middle East . These pressures led to a series of crises around the year 1600 , placing great strain upon the Ottoman system of government . The empire underwent a series of transformations of its political and military institutions in response to these challenges , enabling it to successfully adapt to the new conditions of the seventeenth century and remain powerful , militarily and economically . Historians of the mid-twentieth century once characterized this period as one of stagnation and decline , but this view is now rejected by the majority of academics . The discovery of new maritime trade routes by Western European states allowed them to avoid the Ottoman trade monopoly . The Portuguese discovery of the Cape of Good Hope in 1488 initiated a series of Ottoman - Portuguese naval wars in the Indian Ocean throughout the 16th century . Despite the growing European presence in the Indian Ocean , Ottoman trade with the east continued to flourish . Cairo in particular benefitted from the rise of Yemeni coffee as a popular consumer commodity . As coffeehouses appeared in cities and towns across the empire , Cairo developed into a major center for its trade , contributing to its continued prosperity throughout the seventeenth and much of the eighteenth century . Under Ivan IV ( 1533 -- 1584 ) , the Tsardom of Russia expanded into the Volga and Caspian region at the expense of the Tatar khanates . In 1571 , the Crimean khan Devlet I Giray , supported by the Ottomans , burned Moscow . The next year , the invasion was repeated but repelled at the Battle of Molodi . The Crimean Khanate continued to invade Eastern Europe in a series of slave raids , and remained a significant power in Eastern Europe until the end of the 17th century . In southern Europe , a Catholic coalition led by Philip II of Spain won a victory over the Ottoman fleet at the Battle of Lepanto ( 1571 ) . It was a startling , if mostly symbolic , blow to the image of Ottoman invincibility , an image which the victory of the Knights of Malta against the Ottoman invaders in the 1565 Siege of Malta had recently set about eroding . The battle was far more damaging to the Ottoman navy in sapping experienced manpower than the loss of ships , which were rapidly replaced . The Ottoman navy recovered quickly , persuading Venice to sign a peace treaty in 1573 , allowing the Ottomans to expand and consolidate their position in North Africa . Battle of Lepanto in 1571 By contrast , the Habsburg frontier had settled somewhat , a stalemate caused by a stiffening of the Habsburg defences . The Long War against Habsburg Austria ( 1593 -- 1606 ) created the need for greater numbers of Ottoman infantry equipped with firearms , resulting in a relaxation of recruitment policy . This contributed to problems of indiscipline and outright rebelliousness within the corps , which were never fully solved . Irregular sharpshooters ( Sekban ) were also recruited , and on demobilization turned to brigandage in the Jelali revolts ( 1590 -- 1610 ) , which engendered widespread anarchy in Anatolia in the late 16th and early 17th centuries . With the Empire 's population reaching 30 million people by 1600 , the shortage of land placed further pressure on the government . In spite of these problems , the Ottoman state remained strong , and its army did not collapse or suffer crushing defeats . The only exceptions were campaigns against the Safavid dynasty of Persia , where many of the Ottoman eastern provinces were lost , some permanently . This 1603 -- 1618 war eventually resulted in the Treaty of Nasuh Pasha , which ceded the entire Caucasus , except westernmost Georgia , back into Iranian Safavid possession . Map from 1654 Second Siege of Vienna in 1683 During his brief majority reign , Murad IV ( 1623 -- 1640 ) reasserted central authority and recaptured Iraq ( 1639 ) from the Safavids . The resulting Treaty of Zuhab of that same year decisively parted the Caucasus and adjacent regions between the two neighbouring empires as it had already been defined in the 1555 Peace of Amasya . The Sultanate of women ( 1623 -- 1656 ) was a period in which the mothers of young sultans exercised power on behalf of their sons . The most prominent women of this period were Kösem Sultan and her daughter - in - law Turhan Hatice , whose political rivalry culminated in Kösem 's murder in 1651 . During the Köprülü Era ( 1656 -- 1703 ) , effective control of the Empire was exercised by a sequence of Grand Viziers from the Köprülü family . The Köprülü Vizierate saw renewed military success with authority restored in Transylvania , the conquest of Crete completed in 1669 , and expansion into Polish southern Ukraine , with the strongholds of Khotyn and Kamianets - Podilskyi and the territory of Podolia ceding to Ottoman control in 1676 . This period of renewed assertiveness came to a calamitous end in 1683 when Grand Vizier Kara Mustafa Pasha led a huge army to attempt a second Ottoman siege of Vienna in the Great Turkish War of 1683 -- 1699 . The final assault being fatally delayed , the Ottoman forces were swept away by allied Habsburg , German and Polish forces spearheaded by the Polish king John III Sobieski at the Battle of Vienna . The alliance of the Holy League pressed home the advantage of the defeat at Vienna , culminating in the Treaty of Karlowitz ( 26 January 1699 ) , which ended the Great Turkish War . The Ottomans surrendered control of significant territories , many permanently . Mustafa II ( 1695 -- 1703 ) led the counterattack of 1695 -- 96 against the Habsburgs in Hungary , but was undone at the disastrous defeat at Zenta ( in modern Serbia ) , 11 September 1697 . Russian threat grows ( edit ) The borders of the Ottoman Empire after the 1699 Treaty of Karlowitz . Aside from the loss of the Banat and the temporary loss of Belgrade ( 1717 -- 39 ) , the Ottoman border on the Danube and Sava remained exceedingly stable during the eighteenth century . Austrian troops led by Prince Eugene of Savoy capture Belgrade in 1717 . During this period Russian warm seas expansion presented a large and growing threat . Accordingly , King Charles XII of Sweden was welcomed as an ally in the Ottoman Empire following his defeat by the Russians at the Battle of Poltava of 1709 in central Ukraine ( part of the Great Northern War of 1700 -- 1721 . ) Charles XII persuaded the Ottoman Sultan Ahmed III to declare war on Russia , which resulted in an Ottoman victory in the Pruth River Campaign of 1710 -- 1711 , in Moldavia . After the Austro - Turkish War of 1716 -- 1718 the Treaty of Passarowitz confirmed the loss of the Banat , Serbia and `` Little Walachia '' ( Oltenia ) to Austria . The Treaty also revealed that the Ottoman Empire was on the defensive and unlikely to present any further aggression in Europe . The Austro - Russian -- Turkish War , which was ended by the Treaty of Belgrade in 1739 , resulted in the recovery of Serbia and Oltenia , but the Empire lost the port of Azov , north of the Crimean Peninsula , to the Russians . After this treaty the Ottoman Empire was able to enjoy a generation of peace , as Austria and Russia were forced to deal with the rise of Prussia . Educational and technological reforms came about , including the establishment of higher education institutions such as the Istanbul Technical University . In 1734 an artillery school was established to impart Western - style artillery methods , but the Islamic clergy successfully objected under the grounds of theodicy . In 1754 the artillery school was reopened on a semi-secret basis . In 1726 , Ibrahim Muteferrika convinced the Grand Vizier Nevşehirli Damat İbrahim Pasha , the Grand Mufti , and the clergy on the efficiency of the printing press , and Muteferrika was later granted by Sultan Ahmed III permission to publish non-religious books ( despite opposition from some calligraphers and religious leaders ) . Muteferrika 's press published its first book in 1729 and , by 1743 , issued 17 works in 23 volumes , each having between 500 and 1,000 copies . Ottoman troops attempt to halt advancing Russians during the Siege of Ochakov in 1788 . In 1768 Russian - backed Ukrainian Haidamaks , pursuing Polish confederates , entered Balta , an Ottoman - controlled town on the border of Bessarabia in Ukraine , and massacred its citizens and burned the town to the ground . This action provoked the Ottoman Empire into the Russo - Turkish War of 1768 -- 1774 . The Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca of 1774 ended the war and provided freedom to worship for the Christian citizens of the Ottoman - controlled provinces of Wallachia and Moldavia . By the late 18th century , after a number of defeats in the wars with Russia led some people in the Ottoman Empire to conclude that the reforms of Peter the Great had given the Russians an edge , and the Ottomans would have to keep up with Western technology in order to avoid further defeats . Selim III ( 1789 -- 1807 ) made the first major attempts to modernize the army , but reforms were hampered by the religious leadership and the Janissary corps . Jealous of their privileges and firmly opposed to change , the Janissary created a revolt . Selim 's efforts cost him his throne and his life , but were resolved in spectacular and bloody fashion by his successor , the dynamic Mahmud II , who eliminated the Janissary corps in 1826 . Selim III receiving dignitaries during an audience at the Gate of Felicity , Topkapı Palace The Serbian revolution ( 1804 -- 1815 ) marked the beginning of an era of national awakening in the Balkans during the Eastern Question . In 1811 , the fundamentalist Wahhabis of Arabia , led by the al - Saud family revolted against the Ottomans . Unable to defeat the Wahhabi rebels , the Sublime Porte had Mohammad Ali the Great , the vali ( governor ) of Egypt tasked with retaking Arabia which ended with the destruction of the Emirate of Diriyah in 1818 . The Suzerainty of Serbia as a hereditary monarchy under its own dynasty was acknowledged de jure in 1830 . In 1821 , the Greeks declared war on the Sultan . A rebellion that originated in Moldavia as a diversion was followed by the main revolution in the Peloponnese , which , along with the northern part of the Gulf of Corinth , became the first parts of the Ottoman Empire to achieve independence ( in 1829 ) . In 1830 , the French invaded Algeria , which was lost to the empire . In 1831 , Mohammad Ali revolted with the aim of making himself sultan and founding a new dynasty , and his French - trained army under his son Ibrahim Pasha defeated the Ottoman Army as it marched on Constantinople , coming within 200 miles of the capital . In desperation , the Sultan Mahmud II appealed to the empire 's traditional archenemy Russia for help , asking the Emperor Nicholas I to sent an expeditionary force to save him . In return for signing the Treaty of Hünkâr İskelesi , the Russians sent the expeditionary force , which deterred Ibrahim from taking Constantinople . Under the terms of Peace of Kutahia , signed on 5 May 1833 Mohammad Ali agreed to abandon his claim to the throne , in exchange for which he was made the vali of the vilayets ( provinces ) of Crete , Aleppo , Tripoli , Damascus and Sidon ( the latter four comprising modern Syria and Lebanon ) , and given the right to collect taxes in Adana . Had it not been for the Russian intervention , it is almost certain Mahumd II would have been overthrown and Mohammad Ali would have become the new sultan , marking the beginning of a recurring pattern where the Sublime Porte needed the help of outsiders to save itself . In 1839 , the Sublime Porte attempted to take back what it lost to the de facto independent vilayet of Egypt , and suffered a crushing defeat , leading to the Oriental Crisis as Mohammad Ali was very close to France , and the prospect of him as Sultan was widely viewed as putting the entire empire into the French sphere of influence . As the Sublime Porte had proved itself incapable of defeating the Egyptians , Britain and Austria intervened to defeat Egypt . By the mid-19th century , the Ottoman Empire was called the `` sick man '' by Europeans . The suzerain states -- the Principality of Serbia , Wallachia , Moldavia and Montenegro -- moved towards de jure independence during the 1860s and 1870s . Decline and modernization ( 1828 -- 1908 ) ( edit ) Main article : Decline of the Ottoman Empire During the Tanzimat period ( 1839 -- 1876 ) , the government 's series of constitutional reforms led to a fairly modern conscripted army , banking system reforms , the decriminalization of homosexuality , the replacement of religious law with secular law and guilds with modern factories . The Ottoman Ministry of Post was established in Istanbul on 23 October 1840 . Samuel Morse received a Turkish patent for the telegraph in 1847 , which was issued by Sultan Abdülmecid who personally tested the new invention . Following this successful test , work on the first Turkish telegraph line ( Istanbul - Edirne - Şumnu ) began on 9 August 1847 . The reformist period peaked with the Constitution , called the Kanûn - u Esâsî . The empire 's First Constitutional era was short - lived . The parliament survived for only two years before the sultan suspended it . The Christian population of the empire , owing to their higher educational levels , started to pull ahead of the Muslim majority , leading to much resentment on the part of the latter . In 1861 , there were 571 primary and 94 secondary schools for Ottoman Christians with 140,000 pupils in total , a figure that vastly exceeded the number of Muslim children in school at the same time , who were further hindered by the amount of time spent learning Arabic and Islamic theology . Stone further suggested that the Arabic alphabet , which Turkish was written in until 1928 , was very ill - suited to reflect the sounds of the Turkish language ( which is a Turkic as opposed to Semitic language ) , which imposed a further difficulty on Turkish children . In turn , the higher educational levels of the Christians allowed them to play a larger role in the economy , with the rise in prominence of groups such as the Sursock family indicative of this shift in influence . In 1911 , of the 654 wholesale companies in Istanbul , 528 were owned by ethnic Greeks . In many cases , Christians and also Jews were able to gain protection from European consuls and citizenship , meaning they were protected from Ottoman law and not subject to the same economic regulations as their Muslim comrades . The Bulgarian martyresses ( 1877 ) by Konstantin Makovsky , a Russian propaganda painting which depicts the rape of Bulgarian women by the bashi - bazouks during the April Uprising , with the purpose of mobilizing public support for the Russo - Turkish War ( 1877 -- 78 ) . Unrestrained by the laws that governed regular soldiers in the Ottoman Army , the bashi - bazouks became notorious for preying on civilians . The Crimean War ( 1853 -- 1856 ) was part of a long - running contest between the major European powers for influence over territories of the declining Ottoman Empire . The financial burden of the war led the Ottoman state to issue foreign loans amounting to 5 million pounds sterling on 4 August 1854 . The war caused an exodus of the Crimean Tatars , about 200,000 of whom moved to the Ottoman Empire in continuing waves of emigration . Toward the end of the Caucasian Wars , 90 % of the Circassians were ethnically cleansed and exiled from their homelands in the Caucasus and fled to the Ottoman Empire , resulting in the settlement of 500,000 to 700,000 Circassians in Turkey . Some Circassian organisations give much higher numbers , totaling 1 -- 1.5 million deported or killed . Crimean Tartar refugees in the late 19th century played an especially notable role in seeking to modernize Ottoman education and in first promoting both Pan-Turkicism and a sense of Turkish nationalism . In this period , the Ottoman Empire spent only small amounts of public funds on education ; for example in 1860 -- 61 only 0.2 per cent of the total budget was invested in education . As the Ottoman state attempted to modernize its infrastructure and army in response to threats from the outside , it also opened itself up to a different kind of threat : that of creditors . Indeed , as the historian Eugene Rogan has written , `` the single greatest threat to the independence of the Middle East '' in the nineteenth century `` was not the armies of Europe but its banks . '' The Ottoman state , which had begun taking on debt with the Crimean War , was forced to declare bankruptcy in 1875 . By 1881 , the Ottoman Empire agreed to have its debt controlled by an institution known as the Ottoman Public Debt Administration , a council of European men with presidency alternating between France and Britain . The body controlled swaths of the Ottoman economy , and used its position to insure that European capital continued to penetrate the empire , often to the detriment of local Ottoman interests . The Ottoman bashi - bazouks brutally suppressed the Bulgarian uprising of 1876 , massacring up to 100,000 people in the process . The Russo - Turkish War ( 1877 -- 78 ) ended with a decisive victory for Russia . As a result , Ottoman holdings in Europe declined sharply ; Bulgaria was established as an independent principality inside the Ottoman Empire , Romania achieved full independence . Serbia and Montenegro finally gained complete independence , but with smaller territories . In 1878 , Austria - Hungary unilaterally occupied the Ottoman provinces of Bosnia - Herzegovina and Novi Pazar . In return for British Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli 's advocacy for restoring the Ottoman territories on the Balkan Peninsula during the Congress of Berlin , Britain assumed the administration of Cyprus in 1878 , and later sent troops to Egypt in 1882 to put down the Urabi Revolt as the Sultan Abdul Hamid II was too paranoid to mobilize his own army , fearing this would result in a coup d'état , effectively gaining control in both territories . Abdul Hamid II , popularly known as `` Abdul Hamid the Damned '' on the account of his cruelty and paranoia was so fearful of the threat of a coup that he did not allow his army to conduct war games , least this serve as the cover for a coup , but he did see the need for military mobilization . In 1883 , a German military mission under General Baron Colmar von der Goltz arrived to train the Ottoman Army , leading to the so - called `` Goltz generation '' of German - trained officers who were to play a notable role in the politics of the last years of the empire . From 1894 to 1896 , between 100,000 and 300,000 Armenians living throughout the empire were killed in what became known as the Hamidian massacres . As the Ottoman Empire gradually shrank in size , some 7 -- 9 million Muslims from its former territories in the Caucasus , Crimea , Balkans , and the Mediterranean islands migrated to Anatolia and Eastern Thrace . After the Empire lost the First Balkan War ( 1912 -- 13 ) , it lost all its Balkan territories except East Thrace ( European Turkey ) . This resulted in around 400,000 Muslims fleeing with the retreating Ottoman armies ( with many dying from cholera brought by the soldiers ) , and with some 400,000 non-Muslims fleeing territory still under Ottoman rule . Justin McCarthy estimates that during the period 1821 to 1922 several million Muslims died in the Balkans , with the expulsion of a similar number . Sultan Abdul Hamid II going to the Friday Prayer ( Friday Procession ) Opening ceremony of the First Ottoman Parliament at the Dolmabahçe Palace in 1876 . The First Constitutional Era lasted for only two years until 1878 . The Ottoman Constitution and Parliament were restored 30 years later with the Young Turk Revolution in 1908 . Turkish troops storming Fort Shefketil during the Crimean War of 1853 -- 1856 Belgrade , c. 1865 . In 1867 , Britain and France forced the Ottoman military to retreat from northern Serbia , securing its de facto independence ( formalized after the Russo - Turkish War of 1877 -- 78 and the Congress of Berlin in 1878 . ) Defeat and dissolution ( 1908 -- 1922 ) ( edit ) Main articles : Defeat and dissolution of the Ottoman Empire and History of the Ottoman Empire during World War I Declaration of the Young Turk Revolution by the leaders of the Ottoman millets in 1908 Mehmed V proclaimed Sultan of the Ottoman Empire after the Young Turk Revolution The defeat and dissolution of the Ottoman Empire ( 1908 -- 1922 ) began with the Second Constitutional Era , a moment of hope and promise established with the Young Turk Revolution . It restored the Ottoman constitution of 1876 and brought in multi-party politics with a two - stage electoral system ( electoral law ) under the Ottoman parliament . The constitution offered hope by freeing the empire 's citizens to modernize the state 's institutions , rejuvenate its strength , and enable it to hold its own against outside powers . Its guarantee of liberties promised to dissolve inter-communal tensions and transform the empire into a more harmonious place . Instead , this period became the story of the twilight struggle of the Empire . Young Turks movement members once underground ( named committee , group , etc . ) established ( declared ) their parties . Among them `` Committee of Union and Progress , '' and `` Freedom and Accord Party '' were major parties . On the other end of the spectrum were ethnic parties which included Poale Zion , Al - Fatat , and Armenian national movement organized under Armenian Revolutionary Federation . Profiting from the civil strife , Austria - Hungary officially annexed Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1908 . The last of the Ottoman censuses was performed in 1914 . Despite military reforms which reconstituted the Ottoman Modern Army , the Empire lost its North African territories and the Dodecanese in the Italo - Turkish War ( 1911 ) and almost all of its European territories in the Balkan Wars ( 1912 -- 1913 ) . The Empire faced continuous unrest in the years leading up to World War I , including the Ottoman countercoup of 1909 , the 31 March Incident and two further coups in 1912 and 1913 . Mehmed VI , the last Sultan of the Ottoman Empire , leaving the country after the abolition of the Ottoman sultanate , 17 November 1922 The history of the Ottoman Empire during World War I began with the Ottoman surprise attack on the Russian Black Sea coast on 29 October 1914 . Following the attack , Russia and its allies , France and Britain , declared war on the Ottomans . There were several important Ottoman victories in the early years of the war , such as the Battle of Gallipoli and the Siege of Kut . The Armenian Genocide was the Ottoman government 's systematic extermination of its Armenian subjects . The number of killed is an estimated 1.5 million . In 1915 the Ottoman government started the extermination of its ethnic Armenian population , resulting in the death of approximately 1.5 million Armenians in the Armenian Genocide . The genocide was carried out during and after World War I and implemented in two phases : the wholesale killing of the able - bodied male population through massacre and subjection of army conscripts to forced labour , followed by the deportation of women , children , the elderly and infirm on death marches leading to the Syrian desert . Driven forward by military escorts , the deportees were deprived of food and water and subjected to periodic robbery , rape , and systematic massacre . Large - scale massacres were also committed against the Empire 's Greek and Assyrian minorities as part of the same campaign of ethnic cleansing . The Arab Revolt which began in 1916 turned the tide against the Ottomans on the Middle Eastern front , where they initially seemed to have the upper hand during the first two years of the war . The Armistice of Mudros was signed on 30 October 1918 , and set the partition of the Ottoman Empire under the terms of the Treaty of Sèvres . This treaty , as designed in the conference of London , allowed the Sultan to retain his position and title . The occupation of Constantinople and İzmir led to the establishment of a Turkish national movement , which won the Turkish War of Independence ( 1919 -- 22 ) under the leadership of Mustafa Kemal ( later given the surname `` Atatürk '' ) . The sultanate was abolished on 1 November 1922 , and the last sultan , Mehmed VI ( reigned 1918 -- 22 ) , left the country on 17 November 1922 . The caliphate was abolished on 3 March 1924 . Historical debate on the origins and nature of the Ottoman state ( edit ) Main article : Gaza Thesis This section relies largely or entirely on a single source . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources . ( May 2017 ) Several historians such as British historian Edward Gibbon and the Greek historian Dimitri Kitzikis have argued that after the fall of Constantinople , the Ottoman state took over the machinery of the Roman state , and that in essence the Ottoman Empire was a continuation of the Eastern Roman Empire under a thin Turkish Islamic guise . Kitzikis called the Ottoman state `` a Greek - Turkish condominium '' . The American historian Speros Vryonis wrote that the Ottoman state was centered on `` a Byzantine - Balkan base with a veneer of the Turkish language and the Islamic religion '' . Other historians have followed the lead of the Austrian historian Paul Wittek who emphasized the Islamic character of the Ottoman state , seeing the Ottoman state as a `` Jihad state '' dedicated to expanding the world of Islam . Another group of historians led by the Turkish historian M. Fuat Koprulu championed the `` gazi thesis '' that saw the Ottoman state as a continuation of the way of life of the nomadic Turkic tribes who had come from East Asia to Anatolia via Central Asia and the Middle East on a much larger scale , and argued that the most important cultural influences on the Ottoman state came from Persia . More recently , the American historian Heath Lowry called the Ottoman state a `` predatory confederacy '' led in equal parts by Turks and Greeks converted to Islam . The British historian Norman Stone suggested many continuities between the Eastern Roman and Ottoman empires such as the zeugarion tax of Byzantium becoming the Ottoman Resm - i çift tax , the pronoia land - holding system that linked the amount of land one owned with one 's ability to raise cavalry becoming the Ottoman timar system , and the Ottoman measurement for land the donum was the same as the Byzantine stremma . Stone also pointed out that despite the fact that Sunni Islam was the state religion , the Eastern Orthodox Church was supported and controlled by the Ottoman state , and in return to accepting that control became the largest land - holder in the Ottoman Empire . Despite the similarities , Stone argued that a crucial difference was that the land grants under the timar system were not hereditary at first . Even after land grants under the timar system became inheritable , land ownings in the Ottoman Empire remained highly insecure , and the sultan could and did revoke land grants whenever he wished . Stone argued this insecurity in land tenure strongly discouraged Timariots from seeking long - term development of their land , and instead led the timariots to adopt a strategy of short term exploitation , which ultimately had deleterious effects on the Ottoman economy . Government ( edit ) Main article : State organisation of the Ottoman Empire Ambassadors at the Topkapı Palace Before the reforms of the 19th and 20th centuries , the state organisation of the Ottoman Empire was a system that had two main dimensions , which were the military administration and the civil administration . The Sultan was the highest position in the system . The civil system was based on local administrative units based on the region 's characteristics . The Ottomans practiced a system in which the state ( as in the Byzantine Empire ) had control over the clergy . Certain pre-Islamic Turkish traditions that had survived the adoption of administrative and legal practices from Islamic Iran remained important in Ottoman administrative circles . According to Ottoman understanding , the state 's primary responsibility was to defend and extend the land of the Muslims and to ensure security and harmony within its borders within the overarching context of orthodox Islamic practice and dynastic sovereignty . The Ottoman Empire or , as a dynastic institution , the House of Osman was unprecedented and unequaled in the Islamic world for its size and duration . In Europe , only the House of Habsburg had a similarly unbroken line of sovereigns ( kings / emperors ) from the same family who ruled for so long , and during the same period , between the late 13th and early 20th centuries . The Ottoman dynasty was Turkish in origin . On eleven occasions , the sultan was deposed ( replaced by another sultan of the Ottoman dynasty , who were either the former sultan 's brother , son or nephew ) because he was perceived by his enemies as a threat to the state . There were only two attempts in Ottoman history to unseat the ruling Ottoman dynasty , both failures , which suggests a political system that for an extended period was able to manage its revolutions without unnecessary instability . As such , the last Ottoman sultan Mehmed VI ( r . 1918 -- 1922 ) was a direct patrilineal ( male - line ) descendant of the first Ottoman sultan Osman I ( d . 1323 / 4 ) , which was unparallelled in both Europe ( e.g. the male line of the House of Habsburg became extinct in 1740 ) and in the Islamic world . The primary purpose of the Imperial Harem was to ensure the birth of male heirs to the Ottoman throne and secure the continuation of the direct patrilineal ( male - line ) descendance of the Ottoman sultans . Bâb - ı Âlî , the Sublime Porte The highest position in Islam , caliphate , was claimed by the sultans starting since Murad I , which was established as Ottoman Caliphate . The Ottoman sultan , pâdişâh or `` lord of kings '' , served as the Empire 's sole regent and was considered to be the embodiment of its government , though he did not always exercise complete control . The Imperial Harem was one of the most important powers of the Ottoman court . It was ruled by the Valide Sultan . On occasion , the Valide Sultan would become involved in state politics . For a time , the women of the Harem effectively controlled the state in what was termed the `` Sultanate of Women '' . New sultans were always chosen from the sons of the previous sultan . The strong educational system of the palace school was geared towards eliminating the unfit potential heirs , and establishing support among the ruling elite for a successor . The palace schools , which would also educate the future administrators of the state , were not a single track . First , the Madrasa ( Ottoman Turkish : Medrese ) was designated for the Muslims , and educated scholars and state officials according to Islamic tradition . The financial burden of the Medrese was supported by vakifs , allowing children of poor families to move to higher social levels and income . The second track was a free boarding school for the Christians , the Enderûn , which recruited 3,000 students annually from Christian boys between eight and twenty years old from one in forty families among the communities settled in Rumelia or the Balkans , a process known as Devshirme ( Devşirme ) . Though the sultan was the supreme monarch , the sultan 's political and executive authority was delegated . The politics of the state had a number of advisors and ministers gathered around a council known as Divan . The Divan , in the years when the Ottoman state was still a Beylik , was composed of the elders of the tribe . Its composition was later modified to include military officers and local elites ( such as religious and political advisors ) . Later still , beginning in 1320 , a Grand Vizier was appointed to assume certain of the sultan 's responsibilities . The Grand Vizier had considerable independence from the sultan with almost unlimited powers of appointment , dismissal and supervision . Beginning with the late 16th century , sultans withdrew from politics and the Grand Vizier became the de facto head of state . Yusuf Ziya Pasha , Ottoman ambassador to the United States , in Washington , 1913 Throughout Ottoman history , there were many instances in which local governors acted independently , and even in opposition to the ruler . After the Young Turk Revolution of 1908 , the Ottoman state became a constitutional monarchy . The sultan no longer had executive powers . A parliament was formed , with representatives chosen from the provinces . The representatives formed the Imperial Government of the Ottoman Empire . This eclectic administration was apparent even in the diplomatic correspondence of the Empire , which was initially undertaken in the Greek language to the west . The Tughra were calligraphic monograms , or signatures , of the Ottoman Sultans , of which there were 35 . Carved on the Sultan 's seal , they bore the names of the Sultan and his father . The statement and prayer , `` ever victorious , '' was also present in most . The earliest belonged to Orhan Gazi . The ornately stylized Tughra spawned a branch of Ottoman - Turkish calligraphy . Law ( edit ) Main article : Ottoman law The Ottoman legal system accepted the religious law over its subjects . At the same time the Qanun ( or Kanun ) , a secular legal system , co-existed with religious law or Sharia . The Ottoman Empire was always organized around a system of local jurisprudence . Legal administration in the Ottoman Empire was part of a larger scheme of balancing central and local authority . Ottoman power revolved crucially around the administration of the rights to land , which gave a space for the local authority to develop the needs of the local millet . The jurisdictional complexity of the Ottoman Empire was aimed to permit the integration of culturally and religiously different groups . The Ottoman system had three court systems : one for Muslims , one for non-Muslims , involving appointed Jews and Christians ruling over their respective religious communities , and the `` trade court '' . The entire system was regulated from above by means of the administrative Qanun , i.e. laws , a system based upon the Turkic Yassa and Töre , which were developed in the pre-Islamic era . An Ottoman trial , 1877 These court categories were not , however , wholly exclusive : for instance , the Islamic courts -- which were the Empire 's primary courts -- could also be used to settle a trade conflict or disputes between litigants of differing religions , and Jews and Christians often went to them to obtain a more forceful ruling on an issue . The Ottoman state tended not to interfere with non-Muslim religious law systems , despite legally having a voice to do so through local governors . The Islamic Sharia law system had been developed from a combination of the Qur'an ; the Hadīth , or words of the prophet Muhammad ; ijmā ' , or consensus of the members of the Muslim community ; qiyas , a system of analogical reasoning from earlier precedents ; and local customs . Both systems were taught at the Empire 's law schools , which were in Istanbul and Bursa . An unhappy wife complains to the Qadi about her husband 's impotence , Ottoman miniature . The Ottoman Islamic legal system was set up differently from traditional European courts . Presiding over Islamic courts would be a Qadi , or judge . Since the closing of the ijtihad , or Gate of Interpretation , Qadis throughout the Ottoman Empire focused less on legal precedent , and more with local customs and traditions in the areas that they administered . However , the Ottoman court system lacked an appellate structure , leading to jurisdictional case strategies where plaintiffs could take their disputes from one court system to another until they achieved a ruling that was in their favor . In the late 19th century , the Ottoman legal system saw substantial reform . This process of legal modernization began with the Edict of Gülhane of 1839 . These reforms included the `` fair and public trial ( s ) of all accused regardless of religion , '' the creation of a system of `` separate competences , religious and civil , '' and the validation of testimony on non-Muslims . Specific land codes ( 1858 ) , civil codes ( 1869 -- 1876 ) , and a code of civil procedure also were enacted . These reforms were based heavily on French models , as indicated by the adoption of a three - tiered court system . Referred to as Nizamiye , this system was extended to the local magistrate level with the final promulgation of the Mecelle , a civil code that regulated marriage , divorce , alimony , will , and other matters of personal status . In an attempt to clarify the division of judicial competences , an administrative council laid down that religious matters were to be handled by religious courts , and statute matters were to be handled by the Nizamiye courts . Military ( edit ) Main article : Military of the Ottoman Empire Ottoman sipahis in battle , holding the crescent banner ( by Józef Brandt ) Ottoman officers in Istanbul , 1897 Selim III watching the parade of his new army , the Nizam - ı Cedid ( New Order ) troops , in 1793 Ottoman pilots in early 1912 Ahmet Ali Celikten is amongst the first black military pilots in history , clearly showing military diversification in the Ottoman Empire . The Ottoman Imperial Army in 1900 The first military unit of the Ottoman State was an army that was organized by Osman I from the tribesmen inhabiting the hills of western Anatolia in the late 13th century . The military system became an intricate organization with the advance of the Empire . The Ottoman military was a complex system of recruiting and fief - holding . The main corps of the Ottoman Army included Janissary , Sipahi , Akıncı and Mehterân . The Ottoman army was once among the most advanced fighting forces in the world , being one of the first to use muskets and cannons . The Ottoman Turks began using falconets , which were short but wide cannons , during the Siege of Constantinople . The Ottoman cavalry depended on high speed and mobility rather than heavy armour , using bows and short swords on fast Turkoman and Arabian horses ( progenitors of the Thoroughbred racing horse ) , and often applied tactics similar to those of the Mongol Empire , such as pretending to retreat while surrounding the enemy forces inside a crescent - shaped formation and then making the real attack . The Ottoman army continued to be an effective fighting force throughout the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries , falling behind the empire 's European rivals only during a long period of peace from 1740 -- 1768 . The modernization of the Ottoman Empire in the 19th century started with the military . In 1826 Sultan Mahmud II abolished the Janissary corps and established the modern Ottoman army . He named them as the Nizam - ı Cedid ( New Order ) . The Ottoman army was also the first institution to hire foreign experts and send its officers for training in western European countries . Consequently , the Young Turks movement began when these relatively young and newly trained men returned with their education . The Ottoman Navy vastly contributed to the expansion of the Empire 's territories on the European continent . It initiated the conquest of North Africa , with the addition of Algeria and Egypt to the Ottoman Empire in 1517 . Starting with the loss of Greece in 1821 and Algeria in 1830 , Ottoman naval power and control over the Empire 's distant overseas territories began to decline . Sultan Abdülaziz ( reigned 1861 -- 1876 ) attempted to reestablish a strong Ottoman navy , building the largest fleet after those of Britain and France . The shipyard at Barrow , England , built its first submarine in 1886 for the Ottoman Empire . A German postcard depicting the Ottoman Navy at the Golden Horn in the early stages of World War I . At top left is a portrait of Sultan Mehmed V . However , the collapsing Ottoman economy could not sustain the fleet 's strength for too long . Sultan Abdülhamid II distrusted the admirals who sided with the reformist Midhat Pasha , and claimed that the large and expensive fleet was of no use against the Russians during the Russo - Turkish War . He locked most of the fleet inside the Golden Horn , where the ships decayed for the next 30 years . Following the Young Turk Revolution in 1908 , the Committee of Union and Progress sought to develop a strong Ottoman naval force . The Ottoman Navy Foundation was established in 1910 to buy new ships through public donations . The establishment of Ottoman military aviation dates back to between June 1909 and July 1911 . The Ottoman Empire started preparing its first pilots and planes , and with the founding of the Aviation School ( Tayyare Mektebi ) in Yeşilköy on 3 July 1912 , the Empire began to tutor its own flight officers . The founding of the Aviation School quickened advancement in the military aviation program , increased the number of enlisted persons within it , and gave the new pilots an active role in the Ottoman Army and Navy . In May 1913 the world 's first specialized Reconnaissance Training Program was started by the Aviation School and the first separate reconnaissance division was established . In June 1914 a new military academy , the Naval Aviation School ( Bahriye Tayyare Mektebi ) was founded . With the outbreak of World War I , the modernization process stopped abruptly . The Ottoman aviation squadrons fought on many fronts during World War I , from Galicia in the west to the Caucasus in the east and Yemen in the south . Administrative divisions ( edit ) Main article : Administrative divisions of the Ottoman Empire Eyalets in 1795 The Ottoman Empire was first subdivided into provinces , in the sense of fixed territorial units with governors appointed by the sultan , in the late 14th century . The Eyalet ( also Pashalik or Beylerbeylik ) was the territory of office of a Beylerbey , and was further subdivided in Sanjaks . The Vilayets were introduced with the promulgation of the `` Vilayet Law '' ( Turkish : Teskil - i Vilayet Nizamnamesi ) in 1864 , as part of the Tanzimat reforms . Unlike the previous eyalet system , the 1864 law established a hierarchy of administrative units : the vilayet , liva / sanjak , kaza and village council , to which the 1871 Vilayet Law added the nabiye . Economy ( edit ) Main article : Economic history of the Ottoman Empire Ottoman government deliberately pursued a policy for the development of Bursa , Edirne , and Istanbul , successive Ottoman capitals , into major commercial and industrial centres , considering that merchants and artisans were indispensable in creating a new metropolis . To this end , Mehmed and his successor Bayezid , also encouraged and welcomed migration of the Jews from different parts of Europe , who were settled in Istanbul and other port cities like Salonica . In many places in Europe , Jews were suffering persecution at the hands of their Christian counterparts , such as in Spain after the conclusion of Reconquista . The tolerance displayed by the Turks was welcomed by the immigrants . A European bronze medal from the period of Sultan Mehmed the Conqueror , 1481 The Ottoman economic mind was closely related to the basic concepts of state and society in the Middle East in which the ultimate goal of a state was consolidation and extension of the ruler 's power , and the way to reach it was to get rich resources of revenues by making the productive classes prosperous . The ultimate aim was to increase the state revenues without damaging the prosperity of subjects to prevent the emergence of social disorder and to keep the traditional organization of the society intact . The Ottoman economy greatly expanded during the Early Modern Period , with particularly high growth rates during first half of the eighteenth century . The empire 's annual income quadrupled between 1523 and 1748 , adjusted for inflation . The organization of the treasury and chancery were developed under the Ottoman Empire more than any other Islamic government and , until the 17th century , they were the leading organization among all their contemporaries . This organization developed a scribal bureaucracy ( known as `` men of the pen '' ) as a distinct group , partly highly trained ulama , which developed into a professional body . The effectiveness of this professional financial body stands behind the success of many great Ottoman statesmen . The Ottoman Bank was founded in 1856 in Istanbul ; in August 1896 , the bank was captured by members of the Armenian Revolutionary Federation . Modern Ottoman studies indicate that the change in relations between the Ottoman Turks and central Europe was caused by the opening of the new sea routes . It is possible to see the decline in the significance of the land routes to the East as Western Europe opened the ocean routes that bypassed the Middle East and Mediterranean as parallel to the decline of the Ottoman Empire itself . The Anglo - Ottoman Treaty , also known as the Treaty of Balta Liman that opened the Ottoman markets directly to English and French competitors , would be seen as one of the staging posts along this development . By developing commercial centres and routes , encouraging people to extend the area of cultivated land in the country and international trade through its dominions , the state performed basic economic functions in the Empire . But in all this the financial and political interests of the state were dominant . Within the social and political system they were living in , Ottoman administrators could not have seen the desirability of the dynamics and principles of the capitalist and mercantile economies developing in Western Europe . In the early 19th century , Ottoman Egypt had an advanced economy , with a per - capita income comparable to that of leading Western European countries such as France , and higher than the overall average income of Europe and Japan . Economic historian Jean Barou estimated that , in terms of 1960 dollars , Egypt in 1800 had a per - capita income of $232 ( $1,025 in 1990 dollars ) . In comparison , per - capita income in terms of 1960 dollars for France in 1800 was $240 ( $1,060 in 1990 dollars ) , for Eastern Europe in 1800 was $177 ( $782 in 1990 dollars ) , and for Japan in 1800 was $180 ( $795 in 1990 dollars ) . Economic historian Paul Bairoch argues that free trade contributed to deindustrialization in the Ottoman Empire . In contrast to the protectionism of China , Japan , and Spain , the Ottoman Empire had a liberal trade policy , open to foreign imports . This has origins in capitulations of the Ottoman Empire , dating back to the first commercial treaties signed with France in 1536 and taken further with capitulations in 1673 and 1740 , which lowered duties to 3 % for imports and exports . The liberal Ottoman policies were praised by British economists such as J.R. McCulloch in his Dictionary of Commerce ( 1834 ) , but later criticized by British politicians such as Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli , who cited the Ottoman Empire as `` an instance of the injury done by unrestrained competition '' in the 1846 Corn Laws debate . Demographics ( edit ) Main article : Demographics of the Ottoman Empire A population estimate for the empire of 11,692,480 for the 1520 -- 1535 period was obtained by counting the households in Ottoman tithe registers , and multiplying this number by 5 . For unclear reasons , the population in the 18th century was lower than that in the 16th century . An estimate of 7,230,660 for the first census held in 1831 is considered a serious undercount , as this census was meant only to register possible conscripts . Smyrna under Ottoman rule in 1900 Censuses of Ottoman territories only began in the early 19th century . Figures from 1831 onwards are available as official census results , but the censuses did not cover the whole population . For example , the 1831 census only counted men and did not cover the whole empire . For earlier periods estimates of size and distribution of the population are based on observed demographic patterns . However , it began to rise to reach 25 -- 32 million by 1800 , with around 10 million in the European provinces ( primarily the Balkans ) , 11 million in the Asiatic provinces and around 3 million in the African provinces . Population densities were higher in the European provinces , double those in Anatolia , which in turn were triple the population densities of Iraq and Syria and five times the population density of Arabia . View of Galata ( Karaköy ) and the Galata Bridge on the Golden Horn , c. 1880 -- 1893 Towards the end of the empire 's existence life expectancy was 49 years , compared to the mid-twenties in Serbia at the beginning of the 19th century . Epidemic diseases and famine caused major disruption and demographic changes . In 1785 around one sixth of the Egyptian population died from plague and Aleppo saw its population reduced by twenty percent in the 18th century . Six famines hit Egypt alone between 1687 and 1731 and the last famine to hit Anatolia was four decades later . The rise of port cities saw the clustering of populations caused by the development of steamships and railroads . Urbanization increased from 1700 to 1922 , with towns and cities growing . Improvements in health and sanitation made them more attractive to live and work in . Port cities like Salonica , in Greece , saw its population rise from 55,000 in 1800 to 160,000 in 1912 and İzmir which had a population of 150,000 in 1800 grew to 300,000 by 1914 . Some regions conversely had population falls -- Belgrade saw its population drop from 25,000 to 8,000 mainly due to political strife . Economic and political migrations made an impact across the empire . For example , the Russian and Austria - Habsburg annexation of the Crimean and Balkan regions respectively saw large influxes of Muslim refugees -- 200,000 Crimean Tartars fleeing to Dobruja . Between 1783 and 1913 , approximately 5 -- 7 million refugees flooded into the Ottoman Empire , at least 3.8 million of whom were from Russia . Some migrations left indelible marks such as political tension between parts of the empire ( e.g. Turkey and Bulgaria ) whereas centrifugal effects were noticed in other territories , simpler demographics emerging from diverse populations . Economies were also impacted with the loss of artisans , merchants , manufacturers and agriculturists . Since the 19th century , a large proportion of Muslim peoples from the Balkans emigrated to present - day Turkey . These people are called Muhacir . By the time the Ottoman Empire came to an end in 1922 , half of the urban population of Turkey was descended from Muslim refugees from Russia . Language ( edit ) Main article : Languages of the Ottoman Empire 1911 Ottoman calendar in Ottoman Turkish , Arabic , Greek , Armenian , Hebrew , French and Bulgarian Ottoman Turkish was the official language of the Empire . It was an Oghuz Turkic language highly influenced by Persian and Arabic . The Ottomans had several influential languages : Turkish , spoken by the majority of the people in Anatolia and by the majority of Muslims of the Balkans except in Albania and Bosnia ; Persian , only spoken by the educated ; Arabic , spoken mainly in Arabia , North Africa , Iraq , Kuwait , the Levant and parts of the Horn of Africa ; and Somali throughout the Horn of Africa . In the last two centuries , usage of these became limited , though , and specific : Persian served mainly as a literary language for the educated , while Arabic was used for religious rites . Turkish , in its Ottoman variation , was a language of military and administration since the nascent days of the Ottomans . The Ottoman constitution of 1876 did officially cement the official imperial status of Turkish . Because of a low literacy rate among the public ( about 2 -- 3 % until the early 19th century and just about 15 % at the end of 19th century ) , ordinary people had to hire scribes as `` special request - writers '' ( arzuhâlcis ) to be able to communicate with the government . The ethnic groups continued to speak within their families and neighborhoods ( mahalles ) with their own languages ( e.g. , Jews , Greeks , Armenians , etc . ) . In villages where two or more populations lived together , the inhabitants would often speak each other 's language . In cosmopolitan cities , people often spoke their family languages ; many of those who were not ethnic Turks spoke Turkish as a second language . Religion ( edit ) This section 's representation of one or more viewpoints about a controversial issue may be unbalanced or inaccurate . Please improve the article or discuss the issue on the talk page . ( November 2010 ) Abdülmecid II was the last caliph of Islam and a member of the Ottoman dynasty . In the Ottoman imperial system , even though there existed an hegemonic power of Muslim control over the non-Muslim populations , non-Muslim communities had been granted state recognition and protection in the Islamic tradition . The officially accepted state Dīn ( Madh'hab ) of the Ottomans was Sunni ( Hanafi jurisprudence ) . Until the second half of the 15th century the empire had a Christian majority , under the rule of a Muslim minority . In the late 19th century , the non-Muslim population of the empire began to fall considerably , not only due to secession , but also because of migratory movements . The proportion of Muslims amounted to 60 % in the 1820s , gradually increasing to 69 % in the 1870s and then to 76 % in the 1890s . By 1914 , only 19.1 % of the empire 's population was non-Muslim , mostly made up of Jews and Christian Greeks , Assyrians , and Armenians . Islam ( edit ) Main articles : Islam in the Ottoman Empire , Ottoman Caliphate , and Ottoman persecution of Alevis Calligraphic writing on a fritware tile , depicting the names of God , Muhammad and the first caliphs , c. 1727 Turkic peoples practiced a variety of shamanism before adopting Islam . Abbasid influence in Central Asia was ensured through a process that was greatly facilitated by the Muslim conquest of Transoxiana . Many of the various Turkic tribes -- including the Oghuz Turks , who were the ancestors of both the Seljuks and the Ottomans -- gradually converted to Islam , and brought the religion with them to Anatolia beginning in the 11th century . Muslim sects regarded as heretical , such as the Druze , Ismailis , Alevis , and Alawites , ranked below Jews and Christians . In 1514 , Sultan Selim I ordered the massacre of 40,000 Anatolian Alevis ( Qizilbash ) , whom he considered a fifth column for the rival Safavid empire . Selim was also responsible for an unprecedented and rapid expansion of the Ottoman Empire into the Middle East , especially through his conquest of the entire Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt . With these conquests , Selim further solidified the Ottoman claim for being an Islamic caliphate , although Ottoman sultans had been claiming the title of caliph since the 14th century starting with Murad I ( reigned 1362 to 1389 ) . The caliphate would remain held by Ottoman sultans for the rest of the office 's duration , which ended with its abolition on 3 March 1924 by the Grand National Assembly of Turkey and the exile of the last caliph , Abdülmecid II , to France . Christianity and judaism ( edit ) Main articles : Christianity in the Ottoman Empire and History of the Jews in the Ottoman Empire Mehmed the Conqueror and Patriarch Gennadius II In the Ottoman Empire , in accordance with the Muslim dhimmi system , Christians were guaranteed limited freedoms ( such as the right to worship ) . They were forbidden to carry weapons or ride on horseback , their houses could not overlook those of Muslims , in addition to various other legal limitations . Many Christians and Jews voluntarily converted to secure full status in the society . Most , however , continued to practice their old religions without restriction . Under the millet system , non-Muslim people were considered subjects of the Empire , but were not subject to the Muslim faith or Muslim law . The Orthodox millet , for instance , was still officially legally subject to Justinian 's Code , which had been in effect in the Byzantine Empire for 900 years . Also , as the largest group of non-Muslim subjects ( or zimmi ) of the Islamic Ottoman state , the Orthodox millet was granted a number of special privileges in the fields of politics and commerce , and had to pay higher taxes than Muslim subjects . Similar millets were established for the Ottoman Jewish community , who were under the authority of the Haham Başı or Ottoman Chief rabbi ; the Armenian Orthodox community , who were under the authority of a head bishop ; and a number of other religious communities as well . The millet system has been called an example of pre-modern religious pluralism . Culture ( edit ) Main article : Culture of the Ottoman Empire Depiction of a hookah shop in Lebanon , Ottoman Empire Yeni Cami and Eminönü bazaar , Constantinople , c. 1895 The Ottomans absorbed some of the traditions , art and institutions of cultures in the regions they conquered , and added new dimensions to them . Numerous traditions and cultural traits of previous empires ( in fields such as architecture , cuisine , music , leisure and government ) were adopted by the Ottoman Turks , who elaborated them into new forms , resulting in a new and distinctively Ottoman cultural identity . Despite newer added amalgamations , the Ottoman dynasty , like their predecessors in the Sultanate of Rum and the Seljuk Empire , were thoroughly Persianised in their culture , language , habits and customs , and therefore the empire has been described as a Persianate empire . Intercultural marriages also played a part in creating the characteristic Ottoman elite culture . When compared to the Turkish folk culture , the influence of these new cultures in creating the culture of the Ottoman elite was clear . Slavery was a part of Ottoman society , with most slaves employed as domestic servants . Agricultural slavery , such as that which was widespread in the Americas , was relatively rare . Unlike systems of chattel slavery , slaves under Islamic law were not regarded as movable property , but maintained basic , though limited , rights . This gave them a degree of protection against abuse . Female slaves were still sold in the Empire as late as 1908 . During the 19th century the Empire came under pressure from Western European countries to outlaw the practice . Policies developed by various Sultans throughout the 19th century attempted to curtail the slave trade but , since slavery did have centuries of religious backing and sanction , they never directly abolished the institution outright . Plague remained a major scourge in Ottoman society until the second quarter of the 19th century . `` Between 1701 and 1750 , 37 larger and smaller plague epidemics were recorded in Istanbul , and 31 between 1751 and 1801 . '' Literature ( edit ) Main article : Ottoman literature The two primary streams of Ottoman written literature are poetry and prose . Poetry was by far the dominant stream . Until the 19th century , Ottoman prose did not contain any examples of fiction : there were no counterparts to , for instance , the European romance , short story , or novel . Analogue genres did exist , though , in both Turkish folk literature and in Divan poetry . Ottoman Divan poetry was a highly ritualized and symbolic art form . From the Arabic and Persian poetry that largely inspired it , it inherited a wealth of symbols whose meanings and interrelationships -- both of similitude ( مراعات نظير mura'ât - i nazîr / تناسب tenâsüb ) and opposition ( تضاد tezâd ) were more or less prescribed . Divan poetry was composed through the constant juxtaposition of many such images within a strict metrical framework , thus allowing numerous potential meanings to emerge . The vast majority of Divan poetry was lyric in nature : either gazels ( which make up the greatest part of the repertoire of the tradition ) , or kasîdes . There were , however , other common genres , most particularly the mesnevî , a kind of verse romance and thus a variety of narrative poetry ; the two most notable examples of this form are the Leyli and Majnun of Fuzûlî and the Hüsn ü Aşk of Şeyh Gâlib . Ahmet Nedîm Efendi , one of the most celebrated Ottoman poets Until the 19th century , Ottoman prose did not develop to the extent that contemporary Divan poetry did . A large part of the reason for this was that much prose was expected to adhere to the rules of sec ( سجع , also transliterated as seci ) , or rhymed prose , a type of writing descended from the Arabic saj ' and which prescribed that between each adjective and noun in a string of words , such as a sentence , there must be a rhyme . Nevertheless , there was a tradition of prose in the literature of the time , though exclusively non-fictional in nature . One apparent exception was Muhayyelât ( `` Fancies '' ) by Giritli Ali Aziz Efendi , a collection of stories of the fantastic written in 1796 , though not published until 1867 . The first novel published in the Ottoman Empire was by an Armenian named Vartan Pasha . Published in 1851 , the novel was entitled The Story of Akabi ( Turkish : Akabi Hikyayesi ) and was written in Turkish but with Armenian script . Due to historically close ties with France , French literature came to constitute the major Western influence on Ottoman literature throughout the latter half of the 19th century . As a result , many of the same movements prevalent in France during this period also had their Ottoman equivalents : in the developing Ottoman prose tradition , for instance , the influence of Romanticism can be seen during the Tanzimat period , and that of the Realist and Naturalist movements in subsequent periods ; in the poetic tradition , on the other hand , it was the influence of the Symbolist and Parnassian movements that became paramount . Many of the writers in the Tanzimat period wrote in several different genres simultaneously : for instance , the poet Namık Kemal also wrote the important 1876 novel İntibâh ( `` Awakening '' ) , while the journalist İbrahim Şinasi is noted for writing , in 1860 , the first modern Turkish play , the one - act comedy `` Şair Evlenmesi '' ( `` The Poet 's Marriage '' ) . An earlier play , a farce entitled `` Vakâyi ' - i ' Acibe ve Havâdis - i Garibe - yi Kefşger Ahmed '' ( `` The Strange Events and Bizarre Occurrences of the Cobbler Ahmed '' ) , dates from the beginning of the 19th century , but there remains some doubt about its authenticity . In a similar vein , the novelist Ahmed Midhat Efendi wrote important novels in each of the major movements : Romanticism ( Hasan Mellâh yâhud Sırr İçinde Esrâr , 1873 ; `` Hasan the Sailor , or The Mystery Within the Mystery '' ) , Realism ( Henüz On Yedi Yaşında , 1881 ; `` Just Seventeen Years Old '' ) , and Naturalism ( Müşâhedât , 1891 ; `` Observations '' ) . This diversity was , in part , due to the Tanzimat writers ' wish to disseminate as much of the new literature as possible , in the hopes that it would contribute to a revitalization of Ottoman social structures . Architecture ( edit ) Main article : Ottoman architecture Photo of the main entrance of Dolmabahçe Palace in 1862 , taken by Francis Bedford Ottoman architecture was influenced by Persian , Byzantine Greek and Arabic Architecture architectures . During the Rise period the early or first Ottoman architecture period , Ottoman art was in search of new ideas . The growth period of the Empire become the classical period of architecture , when Ottoman art was at its most confident . During the years of the Stagnation period , Ottoman architecture moved away from this style , however . Mehmed Paša Sokolović Bridge , completed in 1577 by Mimar Sinan , the greatest architect of the classical period of Ottoman architecture During the Tulip Era , it was under the influence of the highly ornamented styles of Western Europe ; Baroque , Rococo , Empire and other styles intermingled . Concepts of Ottoman architecture concentrate mainly on the mosque . The mosque was integral to society , city planning and communal life . Besides the mosque , it is also possible to find good examples of Ottoman architecture in soup kitchens , theological schools , hospitals , Turkish baths and tombs . Examples of Ottoman architecture of the classical period , besides Istanbul and Edirne , can also be seen in Egypt , Eritrea , Tunisia , Algiers , the Balkans and Romania , where mosques , bridges , fountains and schools were built . The art of Ottoman decoration developed with a multitude of influences due to the wide ethnic range of the Ottoman Empire . The greatest of the court artists enriched the Ottoman Empire with many pluralistic artistic influences , such as mixing traditional Byzantine art with elements of Chinese art . Decorative Arts ( edit ) Ottoman miniature painters The tradition of Ottoman miniatures , painted to illustrate manuscripts or used in dedicated albums , was heavily influenced by the Persian art form , though it also included elements of the Byzantine tradition of illumination and painting . A Greek academy of painters , the Nakkashane - i - Rum , was established in the Topkapi Palace in the 15th century , while early in the following century a similar Persian academy , the Nakkashane - i - Irani , was added . Ottoman illumination covers non-figurative painted or drawn decorative art in books or on sheets in muraqqa or albums , as opposed to the figurative images of the Ottoman miniature . It was a part of the Ottoman Book Arts together with the Ottoman miniature ( taswir ) , calligraphy ( hat ) , Islamic calligraphy , bookbinding ( cilt ) and paper marbling ( ebru ) . In the Ottoman Empire , illuminated and illustrated manuscripts were commissioned by the Sultan or the administrators of the court . In Topkapi Palace , these manuscripts were created by the artists working in Nakkashane , the atelier of the miniature and illumination artists . Both religious and non-religious books could be illuminated . Also sheets for albums levha consisted of illuminated calligraphy ( hat ) of tughra , religious texts , verses from poems or proverbs , and purely decorative drawings . The art of carpet weaving was particularly significant in the Ottoman Empire , carpets having an immense importance both as decorative furnishings , rich in religious and other symbolism , and as a practical consideration , as it was customary to remove one 's shoes in living quarters . The weaving of such carpets originated in the nomadic cultures of central Asia ( carpets being an easily transportable form of furnishing ) , and was eventually spread to the settled societies of Anatolia . Turks used carpets , rugs and kilims not just on the floors of a room , but also as a hanging on walls and doorways , where they provided additional insulation . They were also commonly donated to mosques , which often amassed large collections of them . Music and performing Arts ( edit ) Ottoman classical music was an important part of the education of the Ottoman elite . A number of the Ottoman sultans were accomplished musicians and composers themselves , such as Selim III , whose compositions are often still performed today . Ottoman classical music arose largely from a confluence of Byzantine music , Armenian music , Arabic music , and Persian music . Compositionally , it is organised around rhythmic units called usul , which are somewhat similar to meter in Western music , and melodic units called makam , which bear some resemblance to Western musical modes . The instruments used are a mixture of Anatolian and Central Asian instruments ( the saz , the bağlama , the kemence ) , other Middle Eastern instruments ( the ud , the tanbur , the kanun , the ney ) , and -- later in the tradition -- Western instruments ( the violin and the piano ) . Because of a geographic and cultural divide between the capital and other areas , two broadly distinct styles of music arose in the Ottoman Empire : Ottoman classical music , and folk music . In the provinces , several different kinds of folk music were created . The most dominant regions with their distinguished musical styles are : Balkan - Thracian Türküs , North - Eastern ( Laz ) Türküs , Aegean Türküs , Central Anatolian Türküs , Eastern Anatolian Türküs , and Caucasian Türküs . Some of the distinctive styles were : Janissary Music , Roma music , Belly dance , Turkish folk music . The traditional shadow play called Karagöz and Hacivat was widespread throughout the Ottoman Empire and featured characters representing all of the major ethnic and social groups in that culture . It was performed by a single puppet master , who voiced all of the characters , and accompanied by tambourine ( def ) . Its origins are obscure , deriving perhaps from an older Egyptian tradition , or possibly from an Asian source . Sultan Abdülaziz was also a music composer . Miniature from Surname - i Vehbi showing the Mehteran , the music band of the Janissaries The shadow play Karagöz and Hacivat was widespread throughout the Ottoman Empire . Cuisine ( edit ) Main article : Ottoman cuisine Enjoying coffee at the harem Turkish women baking bread , 1790 Ottoman cuisine refers to the cuisine of the capital , Istanbul , and the regional capital cities , where the melting pot of cultures created a common cuisine that most of the population regardless of ethnicity shared . This diverse cuisine was honed in the Imperial Palace 's kitchens by chefs brought from certain parts of the Empire to create and experiment with different ingredients . The creations of the Ottoman Palace 's kitchens filtered to the population , for instance through Ramadan events , and through the cooking at the Yalıs of the Pashas , and from there on spread to the rest of the population . Much of the cuisine of former Ottoman territories today is descended from a shared Ottoman cuisine , especially Turkish , and including Greek , Balkan , Armenian , and Middle Eastern cuisines . Many common dishes in the region , descendants of the once - common Ottoman cuisine , include yogurt , döner kebab / gyro / shawarma , cacık / tzatziki , ayran , pita bread , feta cheese , baklava , lahmacun , moussaka , yuvarlak , köfte / keftés / kofta , börek / boureki , rakı / rakia / tsipouro / tsikoudia , meze , dolma , sarma , rice pilaf , Turkish coffee , sujuk , kashk , keşkek , manti , lavash , kanafeh , and more . Science and technology ( edit ) Main article : Science and technology in the Ottoman Empire Ottoman Imperial Museum , today the Istanbul Archaeology Museums Over the course of Ottoman history , the Ottomans managed to build a large collection of libraries complete with translations of books from other cultures , as well as original manuscripts . A great part of this desire for local and foreign manuscripts arose in the 15th Century . Sultan Mehmet II ordered Georgios Amiroutzes , a Greek scholar from Trabzon , to translate and make available to Ottoman educational institutions the geography book of Ptolemy . Another example is Ali Qushji -- an astronomer , mathematician and physicist originally from Samarkand -- who became a professor in two madrasas and influenced Ottoman circles as a result of his writings and the activities of his students , even though he only spent two or three years in Istanbul before his death . Istanbul observatory of Taqi ad - Din in 1577 Taqi al - Din built the Istanbul observatory of Taqi al - Din in 1577 , where he carried out observations until 1580 . He calculated the eccentricity of the Sun 's orbit and the annual motion of the apogee . However , the observatory 's primary purpose was almost certainly astrological rather than astronomical , leading to its destruction in 1580 due to the rise of a clerical faction that opposed its use for that purpose . He also experimented with steam power in Ottoman Egypt in 1551 , when he invented a steam jack driven by a rudimentary steam turbine . In 1660 the Ottoman scholar Ibrahim Efendi al - Zigetvari Tezkireci translated Noël Duret 's French astronomical work ( written in 1637 ) into Arabic . Şerafeddin Sabuncuoğlu was the author of the first surgical atlas and the last major medical encyclopedia from the Islamic world . Though his work was largely based on Abu al - Qasim al - Zahrawi 's Al - Tasrif , Sabuncuoğlu introduced many innovations of his own . Female surgeons were also illustrated for the first time . An example of a watch that measured time in minutes was created by an Ottoman watchmaker , Meshur Sheyh Dede , in 1702 . In the early 19th century , Egypt under Muhammad Ali began using steam engines for industrial manufacturing , with industries such as ironworks , textile manufacturing , paper mills and hulling mills moving towards steam power . Economic historian Jean Batou argues that the necessary economic conditions existed in Egypt for the adoption of oil as a potential energy source for its steam engines later in the 19th century . In the 19th century , Ishak Efendi is credited with introducing the then current Western scientific ideas and developments to the Ottoman and wider Muslim world , as well as the invention of a suitable Turkish and Arabic scientific terminology , through his translations of Western works . Sports ( edit ) Ottoman wrestlers in the gardens of Topkapı Palace , in the 19th century The main sports Ottomans were engaged in were Turkish wrestling , hunting , Turkish archery , horseback riding , equestrian javelin throw , arm wrestling , and swimming . European model sports clubs were formed with the spreading popularity of football matches in 19th century Constantinople . The leading clubs , according to timeline , were Beşiktaş Gymnastics Club ( 1903 ) , Galatasaray Sports Club ( 1905 ) , Fenerbahçe Sports Club ( 1907 ) , MKE Ankaragücü ( formerly Turan Sanatkaragücü ) ( 1910 ) in Istanbul . Football clubs were formed in other provinces too , such as Karşıyaka Sports Club ( 1912 ) , Altay Sports Club ( 1914 ) and Turkish Fatherland Football Club ( later Ülküspor ) ( 1914 ) of İzmir . See also ( edit ) Ottoman Empire portal Mediterranean portal Turkey portal 16 Great Turkic Empires Bibliography of the Ottoman Empire Gaza Thesis Gunpowder Empires Historiography of the fall of the Ottoman Empire History of the Turks Index of Ottoman Empire - related articles List of sultans of the Ottoman Empire List of Ottoman Grand Viziers List of Ottoman conquests , sieges and landings List of Turkic dynasties and countries Outline of the Ottoman Empire Ottoman Decline Thesis Ottoman dynasty Ottoman Caliphate Ottoman Tunisia Superpowers of the past Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The sultanate was abolished on 1 November 1922 and the Republic of Turkey was established on 29 October 1923 . For further information , see Defeat and dissolution of the Ottoman Empire . Jump up ^ In Ottoman Turkish the city was known with various names , among which were Kostantiniyye ( قسطنطينيه ) ( replacing the suffix - polis with the Arabic nisba ) , Dersaadet ( در سعادت ) and Istanbul ( استانبول ) . Names other than Istanbul gradually became obsolete in Turkish , and after Turkey 's transition to Latin script in 1928 , the city 's Turkish name attained international usage . Jump up ^ Mehmed VI , the last Sultan , was expelled from Constantinople on 17 November 1922 . Jump up ^ The Treaty of Sèvres ( 10 August 1920 ) afforded a small existence to the Ottoman Empire . On 1 November 1922 , the Grand National Assembly ( GNAT ) abolished the sultanate and declared that all the deeds of the Ottoman regime in Istanbul were null and void as of 16 March 1920 , the date of the occupation of Constantinople under the terms of the Treaty of Sèvres . The international recognition of the GNAT and the Government of Ankara was achieved through the signing of the Treaty of Lausanne on 24 July 1923 . The Grand National Assembly of Turkey promulgated the Republic on 29 October 1923 , which ended the Ottoman Empire in history . Jump up ^ The empire also temporarily gained authority over distant overseas lands through declarations of allegiance to the Ottoman Sultan and Caliph , such as the declaration by the Sultan of Aceh in 1565 , or through temporary acquisitions of islands such as Lanzarote in the Atlantic Ocean in 1585 , Turkish Navy Official Website : `` Atlantik'te Türk Denizciliği '' Jump up ^ A lock - hold on trade between western Europe and Asia is often cited as a primary motivation for Isabella I of Castile to fund Christopher Columbus 's westward journey to find a sailing route to Asia and , more generally , for European seafaring nations to explore alternative trade routes ( e.g. K.D. Madan , Life and travels of Vasco Da Gama ( 1998 ) , 9 ; I. Stavans , Imagining Columbus : the literary voyage ( 2001 ) , 5 ; W.B. Wheeler and S. Becker , Discovering the American Past . A Look at the Evidence : to 1877 ( 2006 ) , 105 ) . This traditional viewpoint has been attacked as unfounded in an influential article by A.H. Lybyer ( `` The Ottoman Turks and the Routes of Oriental Trade '' , English Historical Review , 120 ( 1915 ) , 577 -- 588 ) , who sees the rise of Ottoman power and the beginnings of Portuguese and Spanish explorations as unrelated events . His view has not been universally accepted ( cf . K.M. Setton , The Papacy and the Levant ( 1204 -- 1571 ) , Vol. 2 : The Fifteenth Century ( Memoirs of the American Philosophical Society , Vol. 127 ) ( 1978 ) , 335 ) . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Stanford Shaw , History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey ( Cambridge : University Press , 1976 ) , vol. 1 p. 13 ^ Jump up to : `` In 1363 the Ottoman capital moved from Bursa to Edirne , although Bursa retained its spiritual and economic importance . '' Ottoman Capital Bursa . Official website of Ministry of Culture and Tourism of the Republic of Turkey . Retrieved 26 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Lambton , Ann ; Lewis , Bernard ( 1995 ) . The Cambridge History of Islam : The Indian sub-continent , South - East Asia , Africa and the Muslim west . 2 . Cambridge University Press . p. 320 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 22310 - 2 . Jump up ^ Turchin , Peter ; Adams , Jonathan M. ; Hall , Thomas D ( December 2006 ) . `` East - West Orientation of Historical Empires '' . Journal of world - systems research . 12 ( 2 ) : 223 . ISSN 1076 - 156X . Retrieved 12 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Rein Taagepera ( September 1997 ) . `` Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities : Context for Russia '' . International Studies Quarterly . 41 ( 3 ) : 498 . doi : 10.1111 / 0020 - 8833.00053 . Retrieved 12 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Dündar , Orhan ; Dündar , Erhan , 1. Dünya Savaşı , Millî Eğitim Bakanlığı Yayınları , 1999 , ISBN 975 - 11 - 1643 - 0 Jump up ^ Erickson , Edward J. ( 2003 ) . Defeat in Detail : The Ottoman Army in the Balkans , 1912 -- 1913 . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 59 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 275 - 97888 - 4 . Jump up ^ Hamish Scott ( 2015 ) . The Oxford Handbook of Early Modern European History , 1350 -- 1750 : Volume II . p. 612 . `` The Ottoman Empire - also known in Europe as the Turkish Empire '' Jump up ^ Raphaela Lewis ( 1988 ) . Everyday Life in Ottoman Turkey . Dorset Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88029 - 175 - 0 . Jump up ^ Godfrey Goodwin ( 1977 ) . Ottoman Turkey . Scorpion Publications . ^ Jump up to : Soucek , Svat ( 2015 ) . Ottoman Maritime Wars , 1416 -- 1700 . Istanbul : The Isis Press . p. 8 . ISBN 978 - 975 - 428 - 554 - 3 . The scholarly community specializing in Ottoman studies has of late virtually banned the use of `` Turkey '' , `` Turks '' , and `` Turkish '' from acceptable vocabulary , declaring `` Ottoman '' and its expanded use mandatory and permitting its `` Turkish '' rival only in linguistic and philological contexts . Jump up ^ Finkel , Caroline . Osman 's Dream : The Story of the Ottoman Empire , 1300 -- 1923 . Basic Books . pp. 2 , 7 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 465 - 02396 - 7 . Jump up ^ Quataert , Donald ( 2005 ) . The Ottoman Empire , 1700 -- 1922 ( 2 ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . p. 4 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 83910 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Ottoman Empire '' . Oxford Islamic Studies Online . 6 May 2008 . Retrieved 26 August 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Hathaway , Jane ( 2008 ) . The Arab Lands under Ottoman Rule , 1516 -- 1800 . Pearson Education Ltd. p. 8 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 582 - 41899 - 8 . historians of the Ottoman Empire have rejected the narrative of decline in favor of one of crisis and adaptation Tezcan , Baki ( 2010 ) . The Second Ottoman Empire : Political and Social Transformation in the Early Modern Period . Cambridge University Press . p. 9 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 107 - 41144 - 9 . Ottomanist historians have produced several works in the last decades , revising the traditional understanding of this period from various angles , some of which were not even considered as topics of historical inquiry in the mid-twentieth century . Thanks to these works , the conventional narrative of Ottoman history -- that in the late sixteenth century the Ottoman Empire entered a prolonged period of decline marked by steadily increasing military decay and institutional corruption -- has been discarded . Woodhead , Christine ( 2011 ) . `` Introduction '' . In Christine Woodhead . The Ottoman World . p. 5 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 44492 - 7 . Ottomanist historians have largely jettisoned the notion of a post-1600 ' decline ' Jump up ^ Ágoston , Gábor ( 2009 ) . `` Introduction '' . In Ágoston , Gábor ; Bruce Masters . Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire . p. xxxii . Faroqhi , Suraiya ( 1994 ) . `` Crisis and Change , 1590 -- 1699 '' . In İnalcık , Halil ; Donald Quataert . An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire , 1300 -- 1914 . 2 . Cambridge University Press . p. 553 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 57456 - 0 . In the past fifty years , scholars have frequently tended to view this decreasing participation of the sultan in political life as evidence for `` Ottoman decadence , '' which supposedly began at some time during the second half of the sixteenth century . But recently , more note has been taken of the fact that the Ottoman Empire was still a formidable military and political power throughout the seventeenth century , and that noticeable though limited economic recovery followed the crisis of the years around 1600 ; after the crisis of the 1683 -- 99 war , there followed a longer and more decisive economic upswing . Major evidence of decline was not visible before the second half of the eighteenth century . ^ Jump up to : Aksan , Virginia ( 2007 ) . Ottoman Wars , 1700 -- 1860 : An Empire Besieged . Pearson Education Ltd . pp. 130 -- 5 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 582 - 30807 - 7 . Jump up ^ Quataert , Donald ( 1994 ) . `` The Age of Reforms , 1812 -- 1914 '' . In İnalcık , Halil ; Donald Quataert . An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire , 1300 -- 1914 . 2 . Cambridge University Press . p. 762 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 57456 - 0 . Jump up ^ Findley , Carter Vaughn ( 2010 ) . Turkey , Islam , Nationalism and Modernity : A History , 1789 -- 2007 . New Haven : Yale University Press . p. 200 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 15260 - 9 . Jump up ^ Quataert , Donald ( 2005 ) . The Ottoman Empire , 1700 - 1922 . Cambridge University Press ( Kindle edition ) . p. 186 . Schaller , Dominik J ; Zimmerer , Jürgen ( 2008 ) . `` Late Ottoman genocides : the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire and Young Turkish population and extermination policies -- introduction '' . Journal of Genocide Research . 10 ( 1 ) : 7 -- 14 . doi : 10.1080 / 14623520801950820 . Jump up ^ Howard , Douglas A. ( 2016 ) . A History of the Ottoman Empire . Cambridge University Press . p. 318 . Jump up ^ `` Ottoman banknote with Arabic script '' . Retrieved 26 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Ágoston , Gábor ( 2009 ) . `` Introduction '' . In Ágoston , Gábor ; Bruce Masters . Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire . p. xxvi . Imber , Colin ( 2009 ) . The Ottoman Empire , 1300 -- 1650 : The Structure of Power ( 2 ed . ) . New York : Palgrave Macmillan . p. 3 . By the seventeenth century , literate circles in Istanbul would not call themselves Turks , and often , in phrases such as ' senseless Turks ' , used the word as a term of abuse . Jump up ^ Extremist Shiites : The Ghulat Sects , by Matti Moosa , page 430 Jump up ^ The Balkans Since 1453 , Leften Stavros Stavrianos , page 94 Jump up ^ The Ottoman Empire , its record and legacy , Wayne S. Vucinich , page 68 Jump up ^ Kafadar , Cemal ( 2007 ) . `` A Rome of One 's Own : Cultural Geography and Identity in the Lands of Rum '' . Muqarnas. 24 : 11 . Jump up ^ Kermeli , Eugenia ( 2009 ) . `` Osman I '' . In Ágoston , Gábor ; Bruce Masters . Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire . p. 444 . Jump up ^ Lowry , Heath ( 2003 ) . The Nature of the Early Ottoman State . SUNY Press . p. 59 . Kafadar , Cemal ( 1995 ) . Between Two Worlds : The Construction of the Ottoman State . p. 127 . Jump up ^ Finkel , Caroline ( 2005 ) . Osman 's Dream : The History of the Ottoman Empire . Basic Books . pp. 5 , 10 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 465 - 00850 - 6 . Lindner , Rudi Paul ( 2009 ) . `` Anatolia , 1300 -- 1451 '' . In Kate Fleet . The Cambridge History of Turkey . 1 , Byzantium to Turkey , 1071 -- 1453 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . p. 104 . Jump up ^ Robert Elsie ( 2004 ) . Historical Dictionary of Kosova . Scarecrow Press . pp. 95 -- 96 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8108 - 5309 - 6 . Jump up ^ David Nicolle ( 1999 ) . Nicopolis 1396 : The Last Crusade . Osprey Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85532 - 918 - 8 . Jump up ^ Gábor Ágoston ; Bruce Alan Masters ( 2009 ) . Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire . Infobase Publishing . p. 363 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4381 - 1025 - 7 . Jump up ^ Mesut Uyar ; Edward J. Erickson ( 2009 ) . A Military History of the Ottomans : From Osman to Atatürk . ABC - CLIO . p. 29 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 275 - 98876 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Stone , Norman ( 2005 ) . `` Turkey in the Russian Mirror '' . In Mark Erickson , Ljubica Erickson . Russia War , Peace And Diplomacy : Essays in Honour of John Erickson . Weidenfeld & Nicolson . p. 94 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 297 - 84913 - 1 . Retrieved 11 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Hodgkinson 2005 , p. 240 Jump up ^ Karpat , Kemal H. ( 1974 ) . The Ottoman state and its place in world history . Leiden : Brill . p. 111 . ISBN 90 - 04 - 03945 - 7 . Jump up ^ Savory , R.M. ( 1960 ) . `` The Principal Offices of the Ṣafawid State during the Reign of Ismā'īl I ( 907 - 30 / 1501 - 24 ) '' . Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies , University of London . 23 ( 1 ) : 91 -- 105 . JSTOR 609888 . doi : 10.1017 / S0041977X00149006 . Jump up ^ Hess , Andrew C. ( January 1973 ) . `` The Ottoman Conquest of Egypt ( 1517 ) and the Beginning of the Sixteenth - Century World War '' . International Journal of Middle East Studies . 4 ( 1 ) : 55 -- 76 . JSTOR 162225 . doi : 10.1017 / S0020743800027276 . Jump up ^ Lokman ( 1588 ) . `` Battle of Mohács ( 1526 ) '' . Archived from the original on 29 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Origins of the Magyars '' . Hungary . Britannica Online Encyclopedia . Retrieved 26 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Encyclopædia Britannica '' . Britannica Online Encyclopedia . Retrieved 26 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Imber , Colin ( 2002 ) . The Ottoman Empire , 1300 -- 1650 : The Structure of Power . Palgrave Macmillan . p. 50 . ISBN 0 - 333 - 61386 - 4 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Bard ( 1996 ) . Humanists and Reformers : A History of the Renaissance and Reformation . Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing . p. 442 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 6348 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Ágoston and Alan Masters , Gábor and Bruce ( 2009 ) . Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire . Infobase Publishing . p. 583 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4381 - 1025 - 7 . Jump up ^ The Reign of Suleiman the Magnificent , 1520 -- 1566 , V.J. Parry , A History of the Ottoman Empire to 1730 , ed . M.A. Cook ( Cambridge University Press , 1976 ) , 94 . Jump up ^ A Global Chronology of Conflict : From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East , Vol. II , ed . Spencer C. Tucker , ( ABC - CLIO , 2010 ) . 516 . Jump up ^ Imber , Colin ( 2002 ) . The Ottoman Empire , 1300 -- 1650 : The Structure of Power . Palgrave Macmillan . p. 53 . ISBN 0 - 333 - 61386 - 4 . Jump up ^ E.H.M. Clifford , `` The British Somaliland - Ethiopia Boundary '' , Geographical Journal , 87 ( 1936 ) , p. 289 Jump up ^ Ágoston , Gábor ( 2009 ) . `` Süleyman I '' . 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Jump up ^ Fernand Braudel , The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II , vol. II ( University of California Press : Berkeley , 1995 ). Ottoman Empire Jump up ^ Kunt , Metin ; Woodhead , Christine ( 1995 ) . Süleyman the Magnificent and His Age : the Ottoman Empire in the Early Modern World . Longman . p. 53 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 582 - 03827 - 1 . Jump up ^ Itzkowitz 1980 , p. 67 . Jump up ^ Itzkowitz 1980 , p. 71 . Jump up ^ Itzkowitz 1980 , pp. 90 -- 92 . Jump up ^ Halil İnalcık ( 1997 ) . An Economic And Social History of the Ottoman Empire , Vol. 1 1300 -- 1600 . Cambridge University Press . p. 24 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 57456 - 3 . Retrieved 12 February 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kinross 1979 , p. 281 . Jump up ^ Ga ́bor A ́goston , Bruce Alan Masters Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire pp. 23 Infobase Publishing , 1 jan. 2009 ISBN 1438110251 Jump up ^ Itzkowitz 1980 , p. 73 . Jump up ^ `` Armenians : Past and Present in the Making of National Identity '' . 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Archived from the original on 12 February 2013 . Retrieved 11 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Watson , William J. ( 1968 ) . `` Ibrahim Muteferrika and Turkish Incunabula '' . Journal of the American Oriental Society . 88 ( 3 ) : 435 . JSTOR 596868 . doi : 10.2307 / 596868 . Jump up ^ Kinross 1979 , p. 405 . Jump up ^ `` Liberation , Independence And Union of Serbia And Montenegro '' . Serb Land of Montenegro . Retrieved 26 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Berend , Tibor Iván ( 2003 ) . History Derailed : Central and Eastern Europe in the Long 19th Century . University of California Press . p. 127 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 93209 - 8 . Retrieved 11 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Karsh , Effraim Islamic Imperialism A History , New Haven : Yale University Press , 2006 page 95 . ^ Jump up to : Karsh , Effraim Islamic Imperialism A History , New Haven : Yale University Press , 2006 page 96 . Jump up ^ Karsh , Effraim Islamic Imperialism A History , New Haven : Yale University Press , 2006 pages 95 -- 96 . Jump up ^ Ishtiaq , Hussain . `` The Tanzimat : Secular reforms in the Ottoman Empire '' ( PDF ) . Faith Matters . Jump up ^ `` PTT Chronology '' ( in Turkish ) . PTT Genel Müdürlüğü. 13 September 2008 . Archived from the original on 13 September 2008 . Retrieved 11 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` History of the Turkish Postal Service '' . Ptt.gov.tr . Retrieved 6 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Beylerbeyi Palace '' . Istanbul City Guide . Archived from the original on 10 October 2007 . Retrieved 11 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sultan Abdülmecid : İlklerin Padişahı '' ( in Turkish ) ( July 2011 ) . NTV Tarih : 49 . Archived from the original on 12 February 2013 . Retrieved 11 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` History '' . Türk Telekom . Archived from the original on 28 September 2007 . Retrieved 11 February 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Stone , Norman ( 2005 ) . `` Turkey in the Russian Mirror '' . In Mark Erickson , Ljubica Erickson . Russia War , Peace And Diplomacy : Essays in Honour of John Erickson . Weidenfeld & Nicolson . p. 95 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 297 - 84913 - 1 . Retrieved 11 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Rogan , Eugene ( 2011 ) . The Arabs : A History . Penguin . p. 93 . Jump up ^ Repin , Volume 1 ; Igor Emanuilovich Grabar ' ; 1948 ; p. 391 ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ Bulgaria today : Volume 15 , Issue 4 ; 1966 ; p. 35 Jump up ^ Chisholm , Hugh , ed. ( 1911 ) . `` Bashi - Bazouk '' . Encyclopædia Britannica ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . Jump up ^ V. Necla Geyikdagi ( 15 March 2011 ) . Foreign Investment in the Ottoman Empire : International Trade and Relations 1854 -- 1914 . I.B. Tauris . p. 32 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84885 - 461 - 1 . Retrieved 12 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Douglas Arthur Howard ( 2001 ) . The History of Turkey . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 71 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 30708 - 9 . Retrieved 11 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Williams , Bryan Glynn ( 2000 ) . `` Hijra and forced migration from nineteenth - century Russia to the Ottoman Empire '' . Cahiers du Monde russe. 41 ( 1 ) : 79 -- 108 . doi : 10.4000 / monderusse. 39 . Jump up ^ Memoirs of Miliutin , `` the plan of action decided upon for 1860 was to cleanse ( ochistit ' ) the mountain zone of its indigenous population '' , per Richmond , W . The Northwest Caucasus : Past , Present , and Future . Routledge. 2008 . Jump up ^ Richmond , Walter ( 29 July 2008 ) . The Northwest Caucasus : Past , Present , Future . Taylor & Francis US . p. 79 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 77615 - 8 . Retrieved 11 February 2013 . the plan of action decided upon for 1860 was to cleanse ( ochistit ' ) the mountain zone of its indigenous population Jump up ^ Amjad M. Jaimoukha ( 2001 ) . The Circassians : A Handbook . Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 23994 - 7 . Retrieved 4 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Charlotte Mathilde Louise Hille ( 2010 ) . State building and conflict resolution in the Caucasus . BRILL . p. 50 . ISBN 978 - 90 - 04 - 17901 - 1 . Retrieved 4 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Daniel Chirot ; Clark McCauley ( 1 July 2010 ) . Why Not Kill Them All ? : The Logic and Prevention of Mass Political Murder ( New in Paper ) . Princeton University Press . p. 23 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4008 - 3485 - 3 . Retrieved 4 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Stone , Norman `` Turkey in the Russian Mirror '' pages 86 -- 100 from Russia War , Peace and Diplomacy edited by Mark & Ljubica Erickson , Weidenfeld & Nicolson : London , 2004 page 95 . Jump up ^ Baten , Jörg ( 2016 ) . A History of the Global Economy . From 1500 to the Present . Cambridge University Press . p. 50 . ISBN 9781107507180 . Jump up ^ Rogan , Eugene ( 2011 ) . The Arabs : A History . Penguin . p. 105 . ^ Jump up to : Rogan , Eugene ( 2011 ) . The Arabs : A History . Penguin . p. 106 . Jump up ^ Jelavich , Charles ; Jelavich , Barbara ( 1986 ) . The Establishment of the Balkan National States , 1804 -- 1920 . p. 139 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 295 - 80360 - 9 . Jump up ^ Taylor , A.J.P. ( 1955 ) . The Struggle for Mastery in Europe , 1848 -- 1918 . Oxford : Oxford University Press . pp. 228 -- 54 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 822101 - 2 . Jump up ^ Akmeșe , Handan Nezir The Birth of Modern Turkey The Ottoman Military and the March to World I , London : I.B Tauris page 24 Jump up ^ Akçam , Taner ( 2006 ) . A Shameful Act : The Armenian Genocide and the Question of Turkish Responsibility . New York : Metropolitan Books . p. 42 . ISBN 0 - 8050 - 7932 - 7 . Jump up ^ Kemal H Karpat ( 2004 ) . Studies on Turkish politics and society : selected articles and essays . BRILL . ISBN 978 - 90 - 04 - 13322 - 8 . Retrieved 24 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Greek and Turkish refugees and deportees 1912 -- 1924 '' ( PDF ) . NL : Universiteit Leiden : 1 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 16 July 2007 . Jump up ^ Justin McCarthy ( 1995 ) . Death and exile : the ethnic cleansing of Ottoman Muslims , 1821 -- 1922 . Darwin Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87850 - 094 - 9 . Retrieved 1 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Carmichael , Cathie ( 12 November 2012 ) . Ethnic Cleansing in the Balkans : Nationalism and the Destruction of Tradition . Routledge . p. 21 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 134 - 47953 - 5 . Retrieved 1 May 2013 . During the period from 1821 to 1922 alone , Justin McCarthy estimates that the ethnic cleansing of Ottoman Muslims led to the death of several million individuals and the expulsion of a similar number . Jump up ^ Buturovic , Amila ( 1 May 2010 ) . Islam in the Balkans : Oxford Bibliographies Online Research Guide . Oxford University Press . p. 9 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 980381 - 1 . Retrieved 1 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Reynolds 2011 , p. 1 Jump up ^ ( Erickson 2013 , p. 32 ) Jump up ^ Peter Balakian ( 13 October 2009 ) . The Burning Tigris . HarperCollins . p. xvii . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 186017 - 1 . Retrieved 8 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Kieser , Hans - Lukas ; Schaller , Dominik J. ( 2002 ) , Der Völkermord an den Armeniern und die Shoah ( The Armenian genocide and the Shoah ) ( in German ) , Chronos , p. 114 , ISBN 3 - 0340 - 0561 - X Jump up ^ Walker , Christopher J. ( 1980 ) , Armenia : The Survival of A Nation , London : Croom Helm , pp. 200 -- 3 Jump up ^ Bryce , Viscount James ; Toynbee , Arnold ( 2000 ) , Sarafian , Ara , ed. , The Treatment of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire , 1915 -- 1916 : Documents Presented to Viscount Grey of Falloden ( uncensored ed . ) , Princeton , NJ : Gomidas Institute , pp. 635 -- 49 , ISBN 0 - 9535191 - 5 - 5 Jump up ^ Schaller , Dominik J ; Zimmerer , Jürgen ( 2008 ) . `` Late Ottoman genocides : the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire and Young Turkish population and extermination policies -- introduction '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Genocide Research . 10 ( 1 ) : 7 -- 14 . doi : 10.1080 / 14623520801950820 . The genocidal quality of the murderous campaigns against Greeks and Assyrians is obvious Jump up ^ Hakan Ozoglu ( 24 June 2011 ) . From Caliphate to Secular State : Power Struggle in the Early Turkish Republic . ABC - CLIO . p. 8 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 37957 - 4 . Retrieved 8 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Stone , Norman `` Turkey in the Russian Mirror '' pages 86 -- 100 from Russia War , Peace and Diplomacy edited by Mark & Ljubica Erickson , Weidenfeld & Nicolson : London , 2004 pages 92 -- 93 ^ Jump up to : Stone , Norman `` Turkey in the Russian Mirror '' pages 86 -- 100 from Russia War , Peace and Diplomacy edited by Mark & Ljubica Erickson , Weidenfeld & Nicolson : London , 2004 page 93 Jump up ^ Stone , Norman `` Turkey in the Russian Mirror '' pages 86 -- 100 from Russia War , Peace and Diplomacy edited by Mark & Ljubica Erickson , Weidenfeld & Nicolson : London , 2004 pages 94 -- 95 Jump up ^ Itzkowitz 1980 , p. 38 . ^ Jump up to : Naim Kapucu ; Hamit Palabiyik ( 2008 ) . Turkish Public Administration : From Tradition to the Modern Age . USAK Books . p. 77 . ISBN 978 - 605 - 4030 - 01 - 9 . Retrieved 11 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Black , Antony ( 2001 ) . The History of Islamic Political Thought : From the Prophet to the Present . Psychology Press . p. 199 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 93243 - 1 . Retrieved 11 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Bernard ( 1963 ) . Istanbul and the Civilization of the Ottoman Empire . University of Oklahoma Press . p. 151 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8061 - 1060 - 8 . Retrieved 11 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Ottoman Palace School Enderun and the Man with Multiple Talents , Matrakçı Nasuh '' . Journal of the Korea Society of Mathematical Education , Series D. Research in Mathematical Education . 14 ( 1 ) : 19 -- 31 . March 2010 . Jump up ^ Karpat , Kemal H. ( 1973 ) . Social Change and Politics in Turkey : A Structural - Historical Analysis . BRILL . p. 204 . ISBN 978 - 90 - 04 - 03817 - 2 . Retrieved 11 February 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Black , Antony ( 2001 ) . The History of Islamic Political Thought : From the Prophet to the Present . Psychology Press . p. 197 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 93243 - 1 . Retrieved 11 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Naim Kapucu ; Hamit Palabiyik ( 2008 ) . Turkish Public Administration : From Tradition to the Modern Age . USAK Books . p. 78 . ISBN 978 - 605 - 4030 - 01 - 9 . Retrieved 12 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Balancing Sharia : The Ottoman Kanun '' . BBC . Retrieved 5 October 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Benton , Lauren ( 3 December 2001 ) . Law and Colonial Cultures : Legal Regimes in World History , 1400 -- 1900 . Cambridge University Press . pp. 109 -- 110 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 00926 - 3 . Retrieved 11 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Selçuk Akşin Somel . `` Review of `` Ottoman Nizamiye Courts . Law and Modernity '' '' ( PDF ) . Sabancı Üniversitesi . p. 2 . ^ Jump up to : Epstein , Lee ; O'Connor , Karen ; Grub , Diana . `` Middle East '' ( PDF ) . Legal Traditions and Systems : an International Handbook . Greenwood Press . pp. 223 -- 224 . Jump up ^ Milner , Mordaunt ( 1990 ) . The Godolphin Arabian : The Story of the Matchem Line . Robert Hale Limited . pp. 3 -- 6 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85131 - 476 - 1 . Jump up ^ Wall , John F. Famous Running Horses : Their Forebears and Descendants . p. 8 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 163 - 19167 - 5 . Jump up ^ Murphey , Rhoads ( 1999 ) . Ottoman Warfare , 1500 -- 1700 . UCL Press . p. 10 . Ágoston , Gábor ( 2005 ) . Guns for the Sultan : Military Power and the Weapons Industry in the Ottoman Empire . Cambridge University Press . pp. 200 -- 2 . Jump up ^ `` Petition created for submarine name '' . Ellesmere Port Standard . Archived from the original on 23 April 2008 . Retrieved 11 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Story of Turkish Aviation '' . Turkey in the First World War . Archived from the original on 12 May 2012 . Retrieved 6 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Founding '' . Turkish Air Force . Archived from the original on 7 October 2011 . Retrieved 6 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Imber , Colin ( 2002 ) . `` The Ottoman Empire , 1300 -- 1650 : The Structure of Power '' ( PDF ) . pp. 177 -- 200 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 26 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Raymond Detrez ; Barbara Segaert ( 1 January 2008 ) . Europe and the historical legacies in the Balkans . Peter Lang . p. 167 . ISBN 978 - 90 - 5201 - 374 - 9 . Retrieved 1 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Naim Kapucu ; Hamit Palabiyik ( 2008 ) . Turkish Public Administration : From Tradition to the Modern Age . USAK Books . p. 164 . ISBN 978 - 605 - 4030 - 01 - 9 . Retrieved 1 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Maḥmūd Yazbak ( 1998 ) . Haifa in the Late Ottoman Period 1864 -- 1914 : A Muslim Town in Transition . BRILL . p. 28 . ISBN 978 - 90 - 04 - 11051 - 9 . Retrieved 1 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Mundy , Martha ; Smith , Richard Saumarez ( 15 March 2007 ) . Governing Property , Making the Modern State : Law , Administration and Production in Ottoman Syria . I.B. Tauris . p. 50 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84511 - 291 - 2 . Retrieved 1 June 2013 . Jump up ^ İnalcık , Halil ( 1970 ) . `` The Ottoman Economic Mind and Aspects of the Ottoman Economy '' . In Cook , M.A. Studies in the Economic History of the Middle East : from the Rise of Islam to the Present Day . Oxford University Press . p. 209 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 713561 - 7 . Jump up ^ İnalcık , Halil ( 1970 ) . `` The Ottoman Economic Mind and Aspects of the Ottoman Economy '' . In Cook , M.A. Studies in the Economic History of the Middle East : from the Rise of Islam to the Present Day . Oxford University Press . p. 217 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 713561 - 7 . Jump up ^ Darling , Linda ( 1996 ) . Revenue - Raising and Legitimacy : Tax Collection and Finance Administration in the Ottoman Empire , 1560 -- 1660 . E.J. Brill . pp. 238 -- 9 . ISBN 90 - 04 - 10289 - 2 . Jump up ^ İnalcık , Halil ; Quataert , Donald ( 1971 ) . An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire , 1300 -- 1914 . p. 120 . Jump up ^ Donald Quataert , The Ottoman Empire 1700 -- 1922 '' ( 2005 ) p 24 Jump up ^ İnalcık , Halil ( 1970 ) . `` The Ottoman Economic Mind and Aspects of the Ottoman Economy '' . In Cook , M.A. Studies in the Economic History of the Middle East : from the Rise of Islam to the Present Day . Oxford University Press . p. 218 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 713561 - 7 . Jump up ^ Jean Batou ( 1991 ) . Between Development and Underdevelopment : The Precocious Attempts at Industrialization of the Periphery , 1800 - 1870 . Librairie Droz . pp. 181 -- 196 . Jump up ^ Jean Batou ( 1991 ) . Between Development and Underdevelopment : The Precocious Attempts at Industrialization of the Periphery , 1800 - 1870 . Librairie Droz . p. 189 . Jump up ^ M. Shahid Alam ( 2016 ) . Poverty From The Wealth of Nations : Integration and Polarization in the Global Economy since 1760 . Springer Science + Business Media . p. 33 . Jump up ^ Paul Bairoch ( 1995 ) . Economics and World History : Myths and Paradoxes . University of Chicago Press . pp. 31 -- 32 . ^ Jump up to : Kabadayı , M. Erdem ( 28 October 2011 ) . `` Inventory for the Ottoman Empire / Turkish Republic '' ( PDF ) . Istanbul Bilgi University . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 28 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Leila Erder and Suraiya Faroqhi ( October 1979 ) . `` Population Rise and Fall in Anatolia 1550 -- 1620 '' . Middle Eastern Studies . 15 ( 3 ) : 322 -- 345 . doi : 10.1080 / 00263207908700415 . Jump up ^ Shaw , S.J. ( 1978 ) . The Ottoman Census System and Population , 1831 -- 1914 . International Journal of Middle East Studies . Cambridge University Press . p. 325 . The Ottomans developed an efficient system for counting the empire 's population in 1826 , a quarter of a century after such methods were introduced in Britain , France and America . Jump up ^ Quataert 2000 , pp. 110 -- 111 . Jump up ^ Quataert 2000 , p. 112 . Jump up ^ Quataert 2000 , p. 113 . ^ Jump up to : Quataert 2000 , p. 114 . Jump up ^ Pamuk , S ( August 1991 ) . `` The Ottoman Empire and the World Economy : The Nineteenth Century '' . International Journal of Middle East Studies . Cambridge University Press . 23 ( 3 ) . Jump up ^ Quataert 2000 , p. 115 . Jump up ^ Quataert 2000 , p. 116 . Jump up ^ McCarthy , Justin ( 1995 ) . Death and exile : the ethnic cleansing of Ottoman Muslims , 1821 -- 1922 . Darwin Press . p. . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87850 - 094 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Bertold Spuler ( 2003 ) . Persian Historiography And Geography . Pustaka Nasional Pte Ltd. p. 69 . ISBN 978 - 9971 - 77 - 488 - 2 . Retrieved 11 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Ottoman Constitution , promulgated the 7th Zilbridge , 1293 ( 11 / 23 December , 1876 ) '' . The American Journal of International Law . 2 ( 4 ) : 376 . 1908 . JSTOR 2212668 . Jump up ^ Kemal H. Karpat ( 2002 ) . Studies on Ottoman Social and Political History : Selected Articles and Essays . BRILL . p. 266 . ISBN 978 - 90 - 04 - 12101 - 0 . Retrieved 11 February 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Içduygu , Ahmet ; Toktas , Şule ; Ali Soner , B. ( 1 February 2008 ) . `` The politics of population in a nation - building process : emigration of non-Muslims from Turkey '' . Ethnic and Racial Studies . 31 ( 2 ) : 358 -- 389 . doi : 10.1080 / 01419870701491937 . Jump up ^ Gunduz , Sinasi Change And Essence : Dialectical Relations Between Change And Continuity in the Turkish Inrtellectual Traditions Cultural Heritage and Contemporary Change . Series IIA , Islam , V. 18 , p. 104 - 105 Jump up ^ `` Tile '' . Victoria & Albert Museum . 25 August 2009 . Retrieved 26 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Why there is more to Syria conflict than sectarianism '' . BBC News . Retrieved 5 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Akçam , Taner ( 2006 ) . A shameful act : the Armenian genocide and the question of Turkish responsibility . New York : Metropolitan Books . p. 24 . ISBN 0 - 8050 - 7932 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Ottoman Empire '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Jump up ^ Krummerich , Sean ( 1998 -- 99 ) . `` The Divinely - Protected , Well - Flourishing Domain : The Establishment of the Ottoman System in the Balkan Peninsula '' . The Student Historical Journal . Loyola University New Orleans . 30 . Archived from the original on 10 June 2009 . Retrieved 11 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Turkish Toleration '' . The American Forum for Global Education . Retrieved 11 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Sachedina , Abdulaziz Abdulhussein ( 2001 ) . The Islamic Roots of Democratic Pluralism . Oxford University Press . pp. 96 -- 97 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 513991 - 7 . The millet system in the Muslim world provided the pre-modern paradigm of a religiously pluralistic society by granting each religious community an official status and a substantial measure of self - government . Jump up ^ Özgündenli , O. `` Persian Manuscripts in Ottoman and Modern Turkish Libraries '' . Encyclopaedia Iranica ( online ed . ) . Archived from the original on 22 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Persian in service of the state : the role of Persophone historical writing in the development of an Ottoman imperial aesthetic '' , Studies on Persianate Societies , 2 , 2004 , pp. 145 -- 63 Jump up ^ `` Historiography . xi . Persian Historiography in the Ottoman Empire '' . Encyclopaedia Iranica. 12 , fasc. 4 . 2004 . pp. 403 -- 11 . Jump up ^ Walter , F. `` The Departure of Turkey from the ' Persianate ' Musical Sphere '' . Music of the Ottoman court . Jump up ^ Halil Inalcik . `` Servile Labor in the Ottoman Empire '' . Michigan State University . Archived from the original on 11 September 2009 . Retrieved 26 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Fodor , Pál ( 2007 ) . `` Introduction '' . In Dávid , Géza ; Pál Fodor . Ransom Slavery along the Ottoman Borders . Leiden : Brill . pp. XII -- XVII . ISBN 978 - 90 - 04 - 15704 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Islam and slavery : Sexual slavery '' . BBC . Retrieved 26 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Faroqhi , Suraiya ( 1998 ) . `` Migration into Eighteenth - century ' Greater Istanbul ' as Reflected in the Kadi Registers of Eyüp '' . Turcica . Louvain : Éditions Klincksieck : 165 . doi : 10.2143 / TURC. 30.0. 2004296 . Jump up ^ Murat Belge ( 2005 ) . Osmanlı'da kurumlar ve kültür . İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları . p. 389 . ISBN 978 - 975 - 8998 - 03 - 6 . Jump up ^ Mignon , Laurent ( 2005 ) . Neither Shiraz nor Paris : papers on modern Turkish literature . Istanbul : ISIS . p. 20 . ISBN 9754283036 . Those words could have been readily adopted by Hovsep Vartanyan ( 1813 -- 1879 ) , the author , who preferred to remain anonymous , of The Story of Akabi ( Akabi Hikyayesi ) , the first novel in Turkish , published with Armenian characters in the same year as Hisarian 's novel . Jump up ^ Masters , Bruce ; Ágoston , Gábor ( 2009 ) . Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire . New York , NY : Facts On File . p. 440 . ISBN 1438110251 . Written in Turkish using the Armenian alphabet , the Akabi History ( 1851 ) by Vartan Pasha is considered by some to be the first Ottoman novel . Jump up ^ Pultar , Gönül ( 2013 ) . Imagined identities : identity formation in the age of globalism ( First ed . ) . ( S.l. ) : Syracuse University Press . p. 329 . ISBN 0815633424 . In fact , one of the first Turkish works of fiction in Western - type novel form , Akabi Hikayesi ( Akabi 's Story ) , was written in Turkish by Vartan Pasha ( born Osep / Hovsep Vartanian / Vartanyan , 1813 -- 1879 ) and published in Armenian characters in 1851 . Jump up ^ Gürçaglar , Şehnaz ; Paker , Saliha ; Milton , John ( 2015 ) . Tradition , Tension and Translation in Turkey . John Benjamins Publishing Company . p. 5 . ISBN 90 - 272 - 6847 - 9 . It is interesting that the first Ottoman novel in Turkish , Akabi Hikayesi ( 1851 , Akabi 's Story ) , was written and published in Armenian letters ( for Armenian communities who read in Turkish ) by Hovsep Vartanyan ( 1813 -- 1879 ) , known as Vartan Paşa , a leading Ottoman man of letters and journalist . Jump up ^ Moran , Berna . Türk Romanına Eleştirel Bir Bakış Vol. 1 . p. 19 . ISBN 975 - 470 - 054 - 0 . Jump up ^ Eli Shah . `` The Ottoman Artistic Legacy '' . Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs . Archived from the original on 13 February 2009 . Retrieved 26 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Faroqhi , Suraiya ( 2005 ) . Subjects of the Sultan : culture and daily life in the Ottoman Empire ( New ed . ) . London : I.B. Tauris . p. 152 . ISBN 1 - 85043 - 760 - 2 . Jump up ^ Faroqhi , Suraiya ( 2005 ) . Subjects of the Sultan : culture and daily life in the Ottoman Empire ( New ed . ) . London : I.B. Tauris . p. 153 . ISBN 1 - 85043 - 760 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Karagöz and Hacivat , a Turkish shadow play '' . All About Turkey . 20 November 2006 . Retrieved 20 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Emin Şenyer . `` Karagoz , Traditional Turkish Shadow Theatre '' . Karagoz.net . Retrieved 11 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Bert Fragner , `` From the Caucasus to the Roof of the World : a culinary adventure '' , in Sami Zubaida and Richard Tapper , A Taste of Thyme : Culinary Cultures of the Middle East , London , Prague and New York , p. 52 Jump up ^ Ragep , F.J. ( 2005 ) . `` Ali Qushji and Regiomontanus : eccentric transformations and Copernican Revolutions '' . Journal for the History of Astronomy . Science History Publications Ltd. 36 ( 125 ) : 359 -- 371 . Bibcode : 2005JHA ... 36 ... 359R . Jump up ^ Sevim Tekeli ( 1997 ) . `` Taqi al - Din '' . Encyclopaedia of the history of science , technology and medicine in non-western cultures . Encyclopaedia of the History of Science . Kluwer . Bibcode : 2008ehst. book ... S. ISBN 0 - 7923 - 4066 - 3 . Jump up ^ El - Rouayheb , Khaled ( 2015 ) . Islamic Intellectual History in the Seventeenth Century : Scholarly Currents in the Ottoman Empire and the Maghreb . Cambridge University Press . pp. 18 -- 9 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 107 - 04296 - 4 . Jump up ^ Ahmad Y Hassan ( 1976 ) , Taqi al - Din and Arabic Mechanical Engineering , p. 34 -- 35 , Institute for the History of Arabic Science , University of Aleppo Jump up ^ Ben - Zaken , Avner ( 2004 ) . `` The Heavens of the Sky and the Heavens of the Heart : the Ottoman Cultural Context for the Introduction of Post-Copernican Astronomy '' . The British Journal for the History of Science . Cambridge University Press . 37 : 1 -- 28 . doi : 10.1017 / S0007087403005302 . Jump up ^ Bademci , G. ( 2006 ) . `` First illustrations of female Neurosurgeons in the fifteenth century by Serefeddin Sabuncuoglu '' . Neurocirugía. 17 ( 2 ) : 162 -- 5 . doi : 10.4321 / S1130 - 14732006000200012 . Jump up ^ Horton , Paul ( July -- August 1977 ) . `` Topkapi 's Turkish Timepieces '' . Saudi Aramco World : 10 -- 13 . Retrieved 12 July 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Jean Batou ( 1991 ) . Between Development and Underdevelopment : The Precocious Attempts at Industrialization of the Periphery , 1800 - 1870 . Librairie Droz . pp. 193 -- 196 . Further reading ( edit ) Main article : Bibliography of the Ottoman Empire Library resources about Ottoman Empire Online books Resources in your library Resources in other libraries General surveys ( edit ) The Cambridge History of Turkey Volume 1 : Kate Fleet ed. , `` Byzantium to Turkey 1071 -- 1453 . '' Cambridge University Press , 2009 . Volume 2 : Suraiya N. Faroqhi and Kate Fleet eds. , `` The Ottoman Empire as a World Power , 1453 -- 1603 . '' Cambridge University Press , 2012 . Volume 3 : Suraiya N. Faroqhi ed. , `` The Later Ottoman Empire , 1603 -- 1839 . '' Cambridge University Pres , 2006 . Volume 4 : Reşat Kasaba ed. , `` Turkey in the Modern World . '' Cambridge University Press , 2008 . Finkel , Caroline ( 2005 ) . Osman 's Dream : The Story of the Ottoman Empire , 1300 -- 1923 . Basic Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 465 - 02396 - 7 . Hathaway , Jane ( 2008 ) . The Arab Lands under Ottoman Rule , 1516 -- 1800 . Pearson Education Ltd . ISBN 978 - 0 - 582 - 41899 - 8 . Howard , Douglas A. ( 2017 ) . A History of the Ottoman Empire . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 72730 - 3 . Imber , Colin ( 2009 ) . The Ottoman Empire , 1300 -- 1650 : The Structure of Power ( 2 ed . ) . New York : Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 230 - 57451 - 9 . İnalcık , Halil ; Donald Quataert , eds. ( 1994 ) . An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire , 1300 -- 1914 . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 57456 - 0 . Two volumes . McCarthy , Justin . The Ottoman Turks : An Introductory History to 1923 . 1997 Questia.com , online edition . Miller , William The Ottoman Empire , 1801 - 1913 ( 1913 ) online Quataert , Donald . The Ottoman Empire , 1700 -- 1922 . 2005 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 54782 - 2 . Early Ottomans ( edit ) Kafadar , Cemal ( 1995 ) . Between Two Worlds : The Construction of the Ottoman State . University of California Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 20600 - 7 . Lindner , Rudi P. ( 1983 ) . Nomads and Ottomans in Medieval Anatolia . Bloomington : Indiana University Press . ISBN 0 - 933070 - 12 - 8 . Lowry , Heath ( 2003 ) . The Nature of the Early Ottoman State . Albany : SUNY Press . ISBN 0 - 7914 - 5636 - 6 . Military ( edit ) Ágoston , Gábor ( 2014 ) . `` Firearms and Military Adaptation : The Ottomans and the European Military Revolution , 1450 -- 1800 '' . Journal of World History . 25 : 85 -- 124 . Aksan , Virginia ( 2007 ) . Ottoman Wars , 1700 -- 1860 : An Empire Besieged . Pearson Education Limited . ISBN 978 - 0 - 582 - 30807 - 7 . Rhoads , Murphey ( 1999 ) . Ottoman Warfare , 1500 -- 1700 . Rutgers University Press . ISBN 1 - 85728 - 389 - 9 . Soucek , Svat ( 2015 ) . Ottoman Maritime Wars , 1416 -- 1700 . Istanbul : The Isis Press . ISBN 978 - 975 - 428 - 554 - 3 . Miscellaneous ( edit ) Baram , Uzi and Lynda Carroll , editors . A Historical Archaeology of the Ottoman Empire : Breaking New Ground ( Plenum / Kluwer Academic Press , 2000 ) Barkey , Karen . Empire of Difference : The Ottomans in Comparative Perspective . ( 2008 ) 357pp Amazon.com , excerpt and text search Davison , Roderic H. Reform in the Ottoman Empire , 1856 -- 1876 ( New York : Gordian Press , 1973 ) Deringil , Selim . The well - protected domains : ideology and the legitimation of power in the Ottoman Empire , 1876 -- 1909 ( London : IB Tauris , 1998 ) Findley , Carter V. Bureaucratic Reform in the Ottoman Empire : The Sublime Porte , 1789 -- 1922 ( Princeton University Press , 1980 ) Faroqhi , Suraiya . The Ottoman Empire : A Short History ( 2009 ) 196pp McMeekin , Sean . The Berlin - Baghdad Express : The Ottoman Empire and Germany 's Bid for World Power ( 2010 ) Nicolle , David . Armies of the Ottoman Turks 1300 -- 1774 ( Osprey Publishing , 1983 ) Palmer , Alan . The Decline and Fall of the Ottoman Empire . ( New York : Barnes and Noble , 1992 ) 306 p. , maps . ISBN 0 - 87131 - 754 - 0 Pamuk , Sevket . A Monetary History of the Ottoman Empire ( 1999 ) . pp. 276 Somel , Selcuk Aksin . Historical Dictionary of the Ottoman Empire ( 2003 ) . pp. 399 Stone , Norman `` Turkey in the Russian Mirror '' pages 86 -- 100 from Russia War , Peace and Diplomacy edited by Mark & Ljubica Erickson , Weidenfeld & Nicolson : London , 2004 ISBN 0 - 297 - 84913 - 1 . Uyar , Mesut ; Erickson , Edward ( 2009 ) . A Military History of the Ottomans : From Osman to Atatürk . ISBN 978 - 0 - 275 - 98876 - 0 . Historiography ( edit ) Hartmann , Daniel Andreas . `` Neo-Ottomanism : The Emergence and Utility of a New Narrative on Politics , Religion , Society , and History in Turkey '' ( PhD Dissertation , Central European University , 2013 ) online . Lieven , Dominic . Empire : The Russian empire and its rivals ( Yale UP , 2002 ) , comparisons with Russian , British , & Habsburg empires . excerpt Mikhail , Alan ; Philliou , Christine M. `` The Ottoman Empire and the Imperial Turn , '' Comparative Studies in Society & History ( 2012 ) 54 # 4 pp 721 -- 745 . Comparing the Ottomans to other empires opens new insights about the dynamics of imperial rule , periodization , and political transformation Olson , Robert , `` Ottoman Empire '' in Kelly Boyd , ed ( 1999 ) . Encyclopedia of Historians and Historical Writing vol 2 . Taylor & Francis . pp. 892 -- 6 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Quataert , Donald . `` Ottoman History Writing and Changing Attitudes towards the Notion of ' Decline . ' '' History Compass 1 ( 2003 ) : 1 -- 9 . This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Chisholm , Hugh , ed. ( 1911 ) . `` `` . Encyclopædia Britannica ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . External links ( edit ) Listen to this article ( 2 parts ) ( info ) Part 1 Part 2 This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` Ottoman Empire '' dated 2008 - 03 - 29 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . 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"\n\n\n\n\nThe Ottoman Empire at its greatest extent in Europe, under Sultan Mehmed IV.\n\n"
] | [
"Mehmed IV"
] |
-6192388024542625312 | Coal mining in India | Coal mining in India - wikipedia Coal mining in India Jump to : navigation , search Demand , production and import of coal ( in million tonnes ) Coal mining in India began in 1774 when John Sumner and Suetonius Grant Heatly of the East India Company commenced commercial exploitation in the Raniganj Coalfield along the Western bank of Damodar river . As on 31 March 2015 , India had estimated coal reserves of 306.6 billion metric tons ( 338.0 billion short tons ) , the fifth largest coal reserves in the world . India is the fourth largest producer of coal in the world , producing 536.5 million metric tons ( 591.4 million short tons ) in 2014 . Due to high demand and poor average quality , India is forced to import high quality coal to meet the requirements of steel plants . India 's coal imports have risen from 43.08 million metric tons ( 0.04749 billion short tons ) in 2006 - 07 to 199.88 million metric tons ( 0.22033 billion short tons ) in 2015 - 16 . India 's coal exports rose from 1.55 million metric tons ( 1.71 million short tons ) in 2006 - 07 to 2.45 million metric tons ( 2.70 million short tons ) in 2009 - 10 , but subsequently declined to 1.25 million metric tons ( 1.38 million short tons ) in 2015 - 16 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Pre-independence 1.2 Post-independence 1.3 Nationalisation of coal mines 2 Reserves 2.1 Distribution of coal reserves by states 2.2 Distribution of lignite reserves by states 3 Production 4 Consumption 4.1 Electricity generation 5 Coal mafia 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading History ( edit ) Pre-independence ( edit ) Commercial exploitation of coal in India began in 1774 with John Sumner and Suetonius Grant Heatly of the East India Company in the Raniganj Coalfield along the Western bank of Damodar river . The growth of Indian coal mining remained slow for nearly a century due to low demand . The introduction of steam locomotives in 1853 boosted demand , and coal production rose to an annual average of 1 million metric tons ( 1.1 million short tons ) . India produced 6.12 million metric tons ( 6.75 million short tons ) of coal per year by 1900 and 18 million metric tons ( 20 million short tons ) per year by 1920 . Coal production received another boost during the First World War due to increased demand , slumped again in the early 1930s . Production reached a level of 29 million metric tons ( 32 million short tons ) by 1942 and 30 million metric tons ( 33 million short tons ) by 1946 . In the regions of British India known as Bengal , Bihar and Odisha , the Kutch Gurjar Kshatriyas pioneered Indian involvement in coal mining from 1894 . They broke the previous monopolies held by British and other Europeans , establishing many collieries at locations such as Khas Jharia , Jamadoba , Balihari , Tisra , Katrasgarh , Kailudih , Kusunda , Govindpur , Sijua , Sijhua , Loyabad , Dhansar , Bhuli , Bermo , Mugma , Chasnala - Bokaro , Bugatdih , Putki , Chirkunda , Bhowrah , Sinidih , Kendwadih , and Dumka . Seth Khora Ramji Chawda of Sinugra was the first Indian to break the British monopoly in the Jharia Coalfields . Natwarlal Devram Jethwa says that The East Indian Railway in 1894 - 95 extended its line from Barakar to Dhanbad via Katras and Jharia . Messrs. Khora Ramji in 1894 was working on railway lines contract of Jharia branch line and with his brother Jetha Lira was also building Jharia Railway Station , when he discovered coal in Jharia belt . The location of his three collieries named Jeenagora , Khas Jherria , Gareria is mentioned also in 1917 Gazetteers of Bengal , Assam , Bihar and Odisha . Other Indian communities followed the example of the KGK in the Dhanbad - Jharia - Bokaro fields after the 1930s . These included the Punjabis , Kutchis , Marwaris , Gujaratis , Bengalis and Hindustanis . Encyclopaedia of Bengal , Bihar and Odisha - 1920 mentions : - `` Out of 92 collieries belonging to Gujaratis in Jharia Coalfields Area during 1920s - 50 belonged to Mistris of Kutch with Seth Khora Ramji as Head of them all . '' Seth Khora Ramji of Sinugra was also honored by King of Kutch by giving him a Paghdi . Post-independence ( edit ) Following independence , the Government of India introduced several 5 - year development plans . Annual production rose to 33 million metric tons ( 36 million short tons ) at the beginning of the First Five Year Plan . The National Coal Development Corporation ( NCDC ) , a Government of India Undertaking , was established in 1956 with the collieries owned by the railways . The NCDC aimed to increase coal production efficiently by systematic and scientific development of the coal industry . The Singareni Collieries Company Ltd . ( SCCL ) which was already in operation since 1945 and which became a Government company under the control of Government of Andhra Pradesh in 1956 . The coal industry in India was thus controlled by state - owned companies in the 1950s . Today , SCCL is a joint undertaking of Government of Telangana and Government of India sharing its equity in 51 : 49 ratio . Nationalisation of coal mines ( edit ) Right from its genesis , the commercial coal mining in modern times in India has been dictated by the needs of the domestic consumption . India has abundant domestic reserves of coal . Most of these are in the states of Jharkhand , Odisha , West Bengal , Bihar , Chhattisgarh , Telangana and Madhya Pradesh . On account of the growing needs of the steel industry , a thrust had to be given on systematic exploitation of coking coal reserves in Jharia coalfield . Adequate capital investment to meet the burgeoning energy needs of the country was not forthcoming from the private coal mine owners . Unscientific mining practices adopted by some of them and poor working conditions of labor in some of the private coal mines became matters of concern for the Government . On account of these reasons , the Central Government took a decision to nationalize the private coal mines . The nationalization was done in two phases , the first with the coking coal mines in 1971 - 72 and then with the non-coking coal mines in 1973 . In October , 1971 , the Coking Coal Mines ( Emergency Provisions ) Act , 1971 provided for taking over in public interest of the management of coking coal mines and coke oven plants pending nationalization . This was followed by the Coking Coal Mines ( Nationalization ) Act , 1972 under which the coking coal mines and the coke oven plants other than those with the Tata Iron & Steel Company Limited and Indian Iron & Steel Company Limited , were nationalized on May 1 , 1972 and brought under the Bharat Coking Coal Limited ( BCCL ) , a new Central Government Undertaking . Another enactment , namely the Coal Mines ( Taking Over of Management ) Act , 1973 , extended the right of the Government of India to take over the management of the coking and non-coking coal mines in seven States including the coking coal mines taken over in 1971 . This was followed by the nationalization of all these mines on May 1 , 1973 with the enactment of the Coal Mines ( Nationalization ) Act , 1973 which now is the piece of Central legislation determining the eligibility of coal mining in India . All non-coking coal mines were nationalized in 1973 and placed under Coal Mines Authority of India . In 1975 , Eastern Coalfields Limited , a subsidiary of Coal India Limited , was formed . It took over all the earlier private collieries in Raniganj Coalfield . Raniganj Coalfield covers an area of 443.50 square kilometres ( 171.24 sq mi ) and has total coal reserves of 8,552.85 million metric tons ( 9,427.90 million short tons ) . Eastern Coalfields puts the reserves at 29.72 billion metric tons ( 32.76 billion short tons ) . That makes it the second largest coalfield in the country ( in terms of reserves ) . The North East Indian states enjoys special privileges under constitution of India . The Sixth Schedule of constitution and article 371 of constitution allows state governments to formulate its own policy in order to recognize customary tribal laws . For example , Nagaland has its own coal policy which allows its natives to mine coal from their respective lands . Similarly , coal mining in Meghalaya was rampant till imposition of ban on coal mining by National Green Tribunal . The Nagaland Coal and Meghalaya Coal has large buyers in North India , Central India and Eastern India . Reserves ( edit ) World coal reserves in BTUs as of 2009 See also : List of mines in India India has the fifth largest coal reserves in the world . As on 31 March 2016 , India had 308.80 billion metric tons ( 340.39 billion short tons ) of the resource . The known reserves of coal rose 0.7 % over the previous year , with the discovery of an estimated 2.20 billion metric tons ( 2.43 billion short tons ) . The estimated total reserves of lignite coal as on 31 March 2016 was 44.59 billion metric tons ( 49.15 billion short tons ) . The energy derived from coal in India is about twice that of the energy derived from oil , whereas worldwide , energy derived from coal is about 30 % less than energy derived from oil . Coal deposits are primarily found in eastern and south - central India . Jharkhand , Odisha , Chhattisgarh , West Bengal , Madhya Pradesh , Telangana and Maharashtra accounted for 98.58 % of the total known coal reserves in India . As on 31 March 2016 , Jharkhand and Odisha had the largest coal deposits of 26.29 % and 24.58 % respectively . Distribution of coal reserves by states ( edit ) The Dhanbad mine complex . The following table shows the estimated coal reserves in India by state as on 31 March 2016 . State Coal Reserves ( in billion metric tonnes ) Type of Coalfield Jharkhand 81.17 Gondwana Odisha 75.90 Gondwana Chhattisgarh 56.04 Gondwana West Bengal 31.53 Gondwana Madhya Pradesh 26.91 Gondwana Telangana 21.41 Gondwana Maharashtra 11.44 Gondwana Uttar Pradesh 1.06 Gondwana Meghalaya 0.58 Tertiary Assam 0.52 Gondwana Nagaland 0.32 Tertiary Bihar 0.16 Gondwana Sikkim 0.10 Gondwana Arunachal Pradesh 0.09 Tertiary India 308.80 Distribution of lignite reserves by states ( edit ) The following table shows the estimated lignite reserves in India by state as on 31 March 2016 . State Coal Reserves ( in billion metric tonnes ) Tamil Nadu 35.68 Rajasthan 5.73 Gujarat 2.72 Pondicherry 0.42 Jammu and Kashmir 0.03 Kerala 0.01 West Bengal 0.00 India 44.59 Production ( edit ) Coal production in India , 1950 - 2012 The production of coal was 639.23 million metric tons ( 704.63 million short tons ) in 2015 - 16 , a growth of 4.93 % over the previous year . The production of lignite was 43.84 million metric tons ( 48.33 million short tons ) in 2015 - 16 , 9 % lower than the previous fiscal . India is ranked 4th in world coal production . The top producing states are : Odisha - see Talcher in Angul district Chhattisgarh Jharkhand Other notable coal - mining areas include : Korba Coalfield in Korba District , Chhattisgarh ( Gevra Mines : Asia 's largest open cast mine ) Singareni collieries in Bhadradi district ( Old Khammam District ) , Telangana Jharia mines in Dhanbad district , Jharkhand Nagpur & Chandrapur district , Maharashtra Raniganj in Bardhaman district , West Bengal Neyveli lignite mines in Cuddalore district , Tamil Nadu Singrauli Coalfield and Umaria Coalfield in Madhya Pradesh Consumption ( edit ) Industries in India consumed 832.46 MT of coal in 2015 - 16 . The largest consumers of coal in India are electricity generation ( 508.25 MT ) , steel and washery industries ( 56.45 MT ) , cement industries ( 8.93 MT ) and sponge iron industries ( 7.76 MT ) . Consumption of lignite stood at 42.52 MT in 2015 - 16 . Electricity generation alone accounts for 89.57 % of the total lignite consumption . Electricity generation ( edit ) Further information : List of power stations in India § Coal As on 31 October , the installed capacity of coal power in India was 186,492.88 MW , accounting for 60.7 % of the total installed capacity . India 's electricity sector consumed about 72 % of the coal produced in the country in 2013 . A large part of Indian coal reserve is similar to Gondwana coal . It is of low calorific value and high ash content . The carbon content is low in India 's coal , and toxic trace element concentrations are negligible . The natural fuel value of Indian coal is poor . On average , the Indian power plants using India 's coal supply consume about 0.7 kg of coal to generate a kWh , whereas United States thermal power plants consume about 0.45 kg of coal per kWh . This is because of the difference in the quality of the coal , as measured by the Gross Calorific Value ( GCV ) . On average , Indian coal has a GCV of about 4500 Kcal / kg , whereas the quality elsewhere in the world is much better ; for example , in Australia , the GCV is 6500 Kcal / kg approximately . India imported nearly 95 Mtoe of steam coal and coking coal which is 29 % of total consumption to meet the demand in electricity , cement and steel production . Coal mafia ( edit ) B.P. Sinha , a Labour leader , also considered `` The Godfather of Dhanbad mafia '' . The state - owned coal mines of Bihar ( now Jharkhand after the division of Bihar state ) were among the first areas in India to see the emergence of a sophisticated mafia , beginning with the mining town of Dhanbad . It is alleged that the coal industry 's trade union leadership forms the upper echelon of this arrangement and employs caste allegiances to maintain its power . Pilferage and sale of coal on the black market , inflated or fictitious supply expenses , falsified worker contracts and the expropriation and leasing - out of government land have allegedly become routine . A parallel economy has developed with a significant fraction of the local population employed by the mafia in manually transporting the stolen coal for long distances over unpaved roads to illegal mafia warehouses and points of sale . The coal mafia has had a negative effect on Indian industry , with coal supplies and quality varying erratically . Higher quality coal is sometimes selectively diverted , and missing coal is replaced with stones and boulders in railway cargo wagons . A human corpse has been discovered in a sealed coal wagon . In June 2012 , the Bollywood epic Gangs of Wasseypur was released portraying the coal mafia in the area of Dhanbad . The movie received overwhelming response and was declared a hit . Another Bollywood movie Gunday was also loosely based upon coal mafia . See also ( edit ) Ministry of Coal Indian Coal Allocation Scam 1965 Dhanbad coal mine disaster References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` From Adani to Ambani , How Alleged Over Invoicing of Imported Coal has Increased Power Tariffs '' . Retrieved 6 April 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Energy Statistics 2017 '' ( PDF ) . http://mospi.nic.in . Retrieved 28 April 2017 . External link in website = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Coal Mining in India : The Past '' . Ministry of Coal , Indian government . Archived from the original on 31 August 2013 . Retrieved 22 August 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Diary of Golden Days at Jharia -- A Memoir and History of Gurjar Kashtriya Samaj of Kutch in Coalfields of Jharia -- written by Natwarlal Devram Jethwa of Calcutta ( 1998 ) . Jump up ^ Census of India , 1981 : Bihar . Series 4 . Controller of Publications - Bihar. 1981 . p. 22 . It was the existence of coal that first attracted the railway authority to extend the railways and with them came the Gujrati people as an expert railway contractor with an experience of railway construction work at Thana . They then met Raja of Jharia and purchased some having underneath wast wealth in shape of coal . Jump up ^ Encyclopedia of Bengal , Bihar and Orissa by British Authority ( 1920 ) Jump up ^ `` Gazetteers of Bengal , Assam , Bihar and Orissa 1917 Khora Ramji Colliries '' . Archive.org . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ Khora Ramji Mines capsized in 1938 . Books.google.co.in . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ Jharia Coalfields : Khora Ramji , Narayan Chowra , etc . Books.google.co.in . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ India at a Glance : A comprehensive reference book on India by T.V. Rama Rao , G.D. Binani . Published by Orient Longmans in 1954 ( Coal Mines Section ) Jump up ^ Indigenous Enterprise in the Indian Coal Mining Industry c. 1835 -- 1939 , C.P. Simmons . Published in 1976 . Jump up ^ Report on the production and consumption of coal in India of 1921 India . Dept. of Statistics ( Superintendent Government Printing , 1921 -- Technology and Engineering ) . Jump up ^ http://www.krishnaninc.com/Power_India_01.pdf Jump up ^ `` Coal India Limited - About Us '' . Jump up ^ `` CoalDunia - Nagaland Coal '' . Jump up ^ `` CoalDunia - Meghalaya Coal '' . Jump up ^ `` Inventory of Coal Resources of India - Ministry of Coal '' . Jump up ^ Statistical Review of World Energy 2015 Jump up ^ `` All India Installed Capacity of Utility Power Stations '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 19 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Key World Energy Statistics '' ( PDF ) . International Energy Agency . International Energy Agency . 2013 . Retrieved 18 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Economics of Coal and Gas Based Energy '' . Third Wave Solutions . 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Statistical Review of world energy 2014 workbook '' . Archived from the original on 22 June 2014 . Retrieved 17 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Indu Bharti , `` Usurpation of the State : Coal Mafia in Bihar '' , Economic and Political Weekly , Vol. 24 , No. 42 , pg. 2353 . 21 October 1989 . Jump up ^ S. Venugopala Rao , Crime in Our Society : A Political Perspective , Vikas Publishing House , 1983 , ISBN 0 - 7069 - 1209 - 8 : `` Using the vast money , muscle and caste power , trade union leaders have built up a Mafia - like empire which totally controls the life and economy of Dhanbad ... workers who constitute about 40 percent of Dhanbad districts population are mainly tribals , adivasis , Harijans and backward castes , while the trade union musclemen are mostly Rajputs of Bhojpur and Rohtas districts . '' Jump up ^ Ajeet N. Mathur , Asian Regional Team for Employment Promotion , World Employment Programme , Industrial Restructuring and Union Power : Micro-economic Dimensions of Economic Restructuring and Industrial Relations in India , International Labour Organization , 1991 , ISBN 92 - 2 - 107494 - 3 : `` According to many workers , it is not possible for genuine trade unionism to flourish in Dhanbad because of illicit trading and profiteering in the garb of trade unionism and the protective umbrella such an institution holds out . '' Jump up ^ `` Coal theft and vote '' . Frontline Magazine , The Hindu Newspaper Group . 26 Feb -- 11 March 2005 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 29 . Check date values in : date = ( help ) Jump up ^ D.K. Mittal , Coal Industry , Anmol Publications Private Limited , 1994 , ISBN 81 - 7041 - 863 - 1 . Snippet : `` Default on quality , quantity and timely supply of coal have taken their toll on the Indian industry and come in their way in acquiring international competitiveness ... coal ministry officials have themselves observed boulders and dust being loaded in wagons supposed to be carrying steam coal ... checking officials even found the dead body of a person . '' Further reading ( edit ) Trippi , M.H. and S.J. Tewalt. ( 2011 ) . Geographic Information System ( GIS ) Representation of Coal - Bearing Areas in India and Bangladesh . Reston , Va. : U.S. Dept. of the Interior , U.S. Geological Survey . Coal mining in Asia Sovereign states Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus East Timor ( Timor - Leste ) Egypt Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Northern Cyprus Palestine South Ossetia Taiwan Dependencies and other territories British Indian Ocean Territory Christmas Island Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Hong Kong Macau Coalfields of India Coalfields Chirimiri East Bokaro Giridih Godavari Valley Ib Valley Jharia Jhilimili Kamptee Korba Mand Raigarh North Karanpura Pench Kanhan Rajmahal Raniganj Ramgarh Singrauli South Karanpura Sohagpur Talcher Umaria Wardha Valley West Bokaro Coal companies Bharat Coking Coal Limited Central Coalfields Limited Coal India Limited Eastern Coalfields Limited Mahanadi Coalfields Neyveli Lignite Corporation North Eastern Coalfields Northern Coalfields Limited Singareni Collieries Company South Eastern Coalfields Limited Western Coalfields Limited Related topics Coal mining in India Central Mine Planning and Design Institute Limited Power stations of India Steel industry of India Automotive companies of India Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coal_mining_in_India&oldid=794768778 '' Categories : Coal mining in India Hidden categories : CS1 errors : external links CS1 errors : dates Talk Contents About Wikipedia हिन्दी Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 9 August 2017 , at 23 : 08 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | which type of coal mostly found in india | [
"Unscientific mining practices adopted by some of them and poor working conditions of labor in some of the private coal mines became matters of concern for the Government. On account of these reasons, the Central Government took a decision to nationalize the private coal mines. The nationalization was done in two phases, the first with the coking coal mines in 1971-72 and then with the non-coking coal mines in 1973. In October, 1971, the Coking Coal Mines (Emergency Provisions) Act, 1971 provided for taking over in public interest of the management of coking coal mines and coke oven plants pending nationalization. This was followed by the Coking Coal Mines (Nationalization) Act, 1972 under which the coking coal mines and the coke oven plants other than those with the Tata Iron & Steel Company Limited and Indian Iron & Steel Company Limited, were nationalized on May 1, 1972 and brought under the Bharat Coking Coal Limited (BCCL), a new Central Government Undertaking. Another enactment, namely the Coal Mines (Taking Over of Management) Act, 1973, extended the right of the Government of India to take over the management of the coking and non-coking coal mines in seven States including the coking coal mines taken over in 1971. This was followed by the nationalization of all these mines on May 1, 1973 with the enactment of the Coal Mines (Nationalization) Act, 1973 which now is the piece of Central legislation determining the eligibility of coal mining in India.[14]"
] | [
"coking"
] |
3301025827511027568 | There Must Be an Angel (Playing with My Heart) | There Must Be an Angel ( PLAYING WITH MY HEART ) - wikipedia There Must Be an Angel ( PLAYING WITH MY HEART ) Jump to : navigation , search `` There Must Be an Angel ( Playing with My Heart ) '' Single by Eurythmics from the album Be Yourself Tonight Released 13 June 1985 Format 7 `` , 12 '' Recorded 1985 Genre Synthpop , gospel Length 5 : 22 ( album version ) 4 : 31 ( radio edit ) Label RCA Records Songwriter ( s ) Annie Lennox David A. Stewart Producer ( s ) David A. Stewart Eurythmics singles chronology `` Would I Lie to You ? '' ( 1985 ) `` There Must Be an Angel ( Playing with My Heart ) '' ( 1985 ) `` Sisters Are Doin ' It for Themselves '' ( 1985 ) `` Would I Lie to You ? '' ( 1985 ) `` There Must Be an Angel '' ( 1985 ) `` Sisters Are Doin ' It for Themselves '' ( 1985 ) Music video `` There Must Be an Angel ( Playing with My Heart ) '' on YouTube `` There Must Be an Angel ( Playing with My Heart ) '' is a 1985 song written and performed by the British musical duo Eurythmics . Released as the second single from their fifth album Be Yourself Tonight , the song features a harmonica solo by the American musician Stevie Wonder . The song became a worldwide success ; most notably in Ireland , Norway and the United Kingdom , where it became the duo 's only chart - topping single to date . Ever since the record has been covered by several musical artists , including Brittany Murphy , Fantastic Plastic Machine , Leningrad Cowboys , Luciano Pavarotti , Kylie Minogue , Jessica G. Pilnäs and , most noticeably , German pop group No Angels who scored their second number - one hit in Austria and Germany with their interpretation for the reissue of their album Elle'ments in August 2001 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Original version 2 Personnel 3 Formats and track listings 4 Charts 5 Leningrad Cowboys version 5.1 Track listing 6 No Angels version 6.1 Recording and release 6.2 Chart performance 6.3 Music video 6.4 Track listings 6.5 Credits and personnel 6.6 Charts 6.6. 1 Weekly charts 6.6. 2 Year - end charts 6.7 Certifications 7 Other cover versions 8 References 9 External links Original version ( edit ) Upon its release , `` There Must Be an Angel ( Playing with My Heart ) '' became Eurythmics ' first ( and to date only ) number - one single in the UK , also topping the charts in Ireland , Norway and Brazil . While the song peaked at number 22 on the US Billboard Hot 100 , it became another Top 10 success for the band in Sweden , Belgium , the Netherlands , Germany , France , Austria and Australia . In 2013 the song was voted as the third best number one song of all time in the NME . Personnel ( edit ) Eurythmics Annie Lennox -- vocals , keyboards David A. Stewart -- keyboards Additional Personnel Stevie Wonder -- harmonica Michael Kamen -- strings Dean Garcia -- bass guitar Olle Romo -- drums Richard Cross -- backing vocals Formats and track listings ( edit ) 7 '' Single A : `` There Must Be an Angel ( Playing with My Heart ) '' ( 7 '' Edit ) - 4 : 36 B : `` Grown Up Girls '' ( Non-LP Track ) - 4 : 17 12 '' Single A : `` There Must Be an Angel ( Playing with My Heart ) '' ( LP Version ) - 5 : 22 B : `` Grown Up Girls '' ( Non-LP Track ) - 4 : 17 Limited 12 '' Remix Single A : `` There Must Be an Angel ( Playing with My Heart ) '' ( Special Dance Mix ) - 6 : 20 B : `` Grown Up Girls '' ( Non-LP Track ) - 4 : 17 Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1985 - 86 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 9 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 7 Canadian Adult Contemporary Chart 21 Canadian Singles Chart 23 France ( SNEP ) 8 German Singles Chart Irish Singles Chart Italy ( FIMI ) 41 Japanese Singles Chart 7 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 5 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) Norway ( VG - lista ) Polish Singles Chart South African Singles Chart 6 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 22 US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) 31 US Billboard Hot Dance Music / Maxi - Singles Sales 36 Leningrad Cowboys version ( edit ) `` There Must Be an Angel ( Playing with My Heart ) '' Single by Leningrad Cowboys from the album Mongolian Barbeque Released March 1997 Format CD Genre Rock Length 4 : 31 Label Johanna Songwriter ( s ) Annie Lennox David A. Stewart Producer ( s ) Leningrad Cowboys Leningrad Cowboys singles chronology `` Where 's The Moon '' ( 1996 ) `` There Must Be an Angel ( Playing with My Heart ) '' ( 1997 ) `` Be Worry Do n't Happy '' ( 1997 ) `` Where 's The Moon '' ( 1996 ) `` There Must Be an Angel ( Playing with My Heart ) '' ( 1997 ) `` Be Worry Do n't Happy '' ( 1997 ) In 1997 recorded the Finnish parody rock band Leningrad Cowboys a cover for their 1997 album Mongolian Barbeque . In that cover the mouth organ was replaced by an electric guitar for the instrumentation and the intro was so taken with the electric guitar , this version is very different from original . The cover also served as a B - side for her cover of the song `` You 're My Heart , You 're My Soul '' . Track listing ( edit ) CD single `` There Must Be an Angel '' ( Radio edit ) -- 4 : 31 `` There Must Be an Angel '' ( Folk version ) -- 5 : 00 `` There Must Be an Angel '' ( Remix version ) -- 6 : 01 `` Dancing in the Street '' -- 3 : 14 No Angels version ( edit ) `` There Must Be an Angel '' Single by No Angels from the album Elle'ments Released 12 August 2001 Format CD single download Recorded Studio Audiostudios , ( Berlin , Germany ) Genre Pop Length 3 : 55 ( radio edit ) Label Cheyenne Polydor Zeitgeist Songwriter ( s ) Annie Lennox David A. Stewart Producer ( s ) Patrik Majer Peter Plate Ulf Leo Sommer No Angels singles chronology `` Rivers of Joy '' ( 2001 ) `` There Must Be an Angel '' ( 2001 ) `` When the Angels Sing '' / `` Atlantis '' ( 2001 ) `` Rivers of Joy '' ( 2001 ) `` There Must Be an Angel '' ( 2001 ) `` When the Angels Sing '' / `` Atlantis '' ( 2001 ) Recording and release ( edit ) In summer 2001 , producers Patrik Majer , Ulf Leo Sommer , and Rosenstolz member Peter Plate consulted on a contemporary version of the track , re-recorded by German girl band No Angels . The song was one of a couple of tracks considered to be remade by the quintet , but was eventually picked when the producers of the animated feature The Little Polar Bear ( for which band member Vanessa Petruo provided vocals ) agreed to accept the track as film 's theme song . `` We were speechless and very happy about ( the decision ) . The animated movie was a world premiere and something really big for us . We immediately said ' yes ' , '' Lucy Diakovska said in an interview . Sandy Mölling noted , that the song was an all - time favourite of the band : `` I liked Annie Lennox ' voice ever since I can remember . '' However , Petruo stated in 2005 that the song was `` most unnecessary '' of all cover versions the band had released between the years of 2001 and 2003 . The track premiered on 9 July 200 , on the RTL Berlin radio network , receiving a positive reception from music critics , and on 17 July 2001 a preview was available on - demand in its entirety on the band 's official website . Finally released as the band 's third single on 12 August 2001 in German - speaking Europe , the original CD single spawned both an unlugged and an orchestral version , latter featuring music by the Deutsches Filmorchester Babelsberg . The record was subsequently included on the Special Winter Edition reissue of the Elle'ments album ( 2001 ) . `` There Must Be an Angel '' was awarded for `` Top Single Germany '' at the 2001 Top of the Pops Awards . Chart performance ( edit ) The group 's first non-album release following `` Daylight in Your Eyes '' and `` Rivers of Joy '' , it entered the charts straight at number - one on the German Singles Chart , staying at the top for five consecutive weeks , twelve weeks in the top forty , and seventeen weeks inside the top sixty . `` There Must Be an Angel '' was eventually certified gold by the Bundesverband Musikindustrie ( BVMI ) for more than 250,000 shipped copies and ranked 13th on the 2001 year - end chart in Germany . In Austria , the single opened at number 8 on the Ö3 Austria Top 40 singles chart . However , it was not until 23 September 2001 , the song 's fifth week of release , `` There Must Be an Angel '' eventually climbed to the top spot . It remained another week at number - one and stayed twenty - one weeks within the top sixty of the chart , ranking nineteenth on the Austrian year - end chart in 2001 . In Switzerland , the single debuted at a moderate number 36 on the Swiss Singles Chart . Benefiting from strong airplay however , the song reached number 2 in its third week of release , becoming the No Angels ' second highest - charting single there to date . As in Germany , `` There Must Be an Angel '' was certified gold by the Swiss arm of the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry ( IFPI ) and ranked twenty - one on the Swiss year - end chart . In Poland , `` There Must Be an Angel '' reached number 29 on the Polish Airplay Chart . Music video ( edit ) The music video for `` There Must Be an Angel '' was filmed at the Gatow Airport in Berlin - Spandau . The music video for `` There Must Be an Angel '' was directed by Jörn Heitmann and filmed near the General - Steinhof - Kaserne at the Gatow Airport in Berlin - Spandau , Germany on 19 July 2001 . Inspired by Tony Scott 's 1986 film Top Gun , the clip features the quintet as fighter pilots of the fictional US military squadron 68 at an also - fictional airbase in Angelville , United States . Additionally , it incorporates a 1940s World War II theme , heavily inspired by performances of Marilyn Monroe , The Andrews Sisters and others during their USO shows . Among the aircraft shown in the video are MiG - 21s , a B - 57 Canberra , a F - 104 Starfighter and a Dassault Mystère . `` There Must Be an Angel '' world premiered in early August 2001 on television , but was temporarily banned from music networks due to its military theme , following the terrorist attacks of 11 September 2001 . Track listings ( edit ) Maxi single No . Title Writer ( s ) Producer ( s ) Length 1 . `` There Must Be an Angel '' ( Radio Edit ) 3 : 55 2 . `` There Must Be an Angel '' ( Unplugged Version ) 4 : 22 3 . `` There Must Be an Angel '' ( Score Version ) 5 : 34 4 . `` 100 % Emotional '' ( Radio Edit ) Johan Åberg Paul Rein Winston Sela Peter Ries 3 : 03 2 - Track CD single No . Title Length 1 . `` There Must Be an Angel '' ( Radio Edit ) 3 : 55 2 . `` There Must Be an Angel '' ( Unplugged Version ) 4 : 22 Credits and personnel ( edit ) Vocals : N. Benaissa , L. Diakovska , S. Mölling , V. Petruo , J. Wahls Writers : Patrik Majer , Peter Plate , Ulf Leo Sommer Mixing and recording : Patrik `` El Pattino '' Majer Mastering : Michael Schwabe Keyboards and programming : P. Majer Additional keyboards : Peter Plate Guitars : Peter Weihe Strings : The Hamburg Strings Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2001 ) Peak position Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Brazil ( ABPD ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) Poland ( Polish Airplay Charts ) 29 Romania ( Romanian Top 100 ) 17 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2001 ) Peak position Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 75 ) 19 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 13 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 21 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Germany ( BVMI ) Gold 250,000 Switzerland ( IFPI Switzerland ) Gold 20,000 shipments figures based on certification alone Other cover versions ( edit ) In 1996 , Brittany Murphy covered the song in her film , Double Jeopardy . In 1998 , Fantastic Plastic Machine covered the song on his second album Luxury . In 2001 , German singer / band leader Max Raabe and Palast Orchester covered the song in cabaret / big band style for his Super Hits album . In 2009 , Brazilian artist Fernanda Takai included a version for her solo Luz Negra album . In 2011 , Kylie Minogue covered the song for her Aphrodite Les Folies Tour . In 2012 , French singer Louisy Joseph covered the song on her second album Ma Radio . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` EURYTHMICS - THERE MUST BE AN ANGEL ( PLAYING WITH MY HEART ) ( SONG ) '' . Swisscharts . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Chart History '' . Chartsurfer . Archived from the original on 27 September 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` NO ANGELS - THERE MUST BE AN ANGEL ( SONG ) - Chart History '' . Austriancharts . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Richard CROSS la voix angélique de Must Be Talking To An Angel ( Eurythmics ) - clip - star academy - TF1 '' . elgringooo.fr . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ Kent , David ( 1993 ) . Australian Chart Book 1970 -- 1992 . St Ives : Australian Chart Book . p. 105 . ISBN 0 - 646 - 11917 - 6 . N.B. The Kent Report chart was licensed by ARIA between 1983 and 19 June 1988 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- EURYTHMICS -- THERE MUST BE AN ANGEL ( PLAYING WITH MY HEART ) '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- EURYTHMICS -- THERE MUST BE AN ANGEL ( PLAYING WITH MY HEART ) '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . ^ Jump up to : `` Results - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- EURYTHMICS -- THERE MUST BE AN ANGEL ( PLAYING WITH MY HEART ) '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Jump up ^ `` Die ganze Musik im Internet '' . musicline.de . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ Jaclyn Ward - Fireball Media Group . `` The Irish Charts - All there is to know '' . Irishcharts.ie . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Hit Parade Italia - Indice per Interprete : E '' . Hitparadeitalia.it . Archived from the original on 14 October 2013 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` Song artist 244 - The Eurythmics '' . Tsort.info . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- EURYTHMICS -- THERE MUST BE AN ANGEL ( PLAYING WITH MY HEART ) '' . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- EURYTHMICS -- THERE MUST BE AN ANGEL ( PLAYING WITH MY HEART ) '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- EURYTHMICS -- THERE MUST BE AN ANGEL ( PLAYING WITH MY HEART ) '' . VG - lista . Jump up ^ Brian Currin . `` South African Rock Lists Website - SA Charts 1969 - 1989 Acts ( E ) '' . Rock.co.za . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- EURYTHMICS -- THERE MUST BE AN ANGEL ( PLAYING WITH MY HEART ) '' . Singles Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` EURYTHMICS full Official Chart History Official Charts Company '' . officialcharts.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Eurythmics -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot 100 for Eurythmics . Jump up ^ `` Eurythmics -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot Dance Club Songs for Eurythmics . Jump up ^ Eurythmics . `` Eurythmics - Awards '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : Kale , Akira ( 2001 - 11 - 01 ) . `` Making of Der Kleine Eisbär '' . C4D - Treff . Archived from the original on 29 December 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Neue Single ' There Must Be an Angel ! '' . NoAngels.tv . Retrieved on 22 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Vanessa Petruo Interview '' . Rent a Pocher . Retrieved on 30 August 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chart History '' . Swisscharts . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( ' There Must Be an Angel ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Chartverfolgung '' . Musicline ( in German ) . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( No Angels ; ' There Must Be an Angel ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Jahreshitparade 2001 '' . Die Musikbranche ( in German ) . Austriancharts . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Swiss Year - End Charts 2001 2001 '' ( in German ) . Swisscharts . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Polish Airplay Charts - Lista krajowa 42 / 2001 '' . PiF PaF Production . Archived from the original on 20 July 2002 . Retrieved December 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Willer , Beate . `` Geheimer Video - Dreh der No Angels auf dem Airport Gatow '' . Berliner Kurier . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` No Angels drehen Video - Clip im Luftwaffenmuseum '' . BW - Fyler. 2001 - 12 - 18 . Archived from the original on 30 December 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 22 . Jump up ^ Clips Collage . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` No Angels -- There Must Be An Angel / 100 % Emotional '' . Discogs . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` No Angels -- There Must Be An Angel '' . Discogs . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- No Angels -- There Must Be An Angel '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Brazil '' ( PDF ) . ABPD . October 6 , 2001 . Retrieved April 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- No Angels Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Polish Airplay Charts - Lista krajowa 42 / 2001 '' . PiF PaF Production . Archived from the original on 20 July 2002 . Retrieved December 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Romanian Top 100 '' . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2009 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- No Angels -- There Must Be An Angel '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Jahreshitparade 2001 '' . AustrianCharts.at . Archived from the original on 17 April 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Singles - Jahrescharts ( 2001 ) '' . Offiziellecharts.de . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community : Awards ( No Angels ; ' There Must Be an Angel ' ) '' . IFPI Switzerland . Hung Medien . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Max Raabe und Palast Orchester - News , Bilder , Konzerte und Videos 2013 - Neuigkeiten '' . Palastorchester.de. 2014 - 03 - 03 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 29 . Jump up ^ Folha de S. Paulo , 1 November 2009 . Retrieved on 4 February 2015 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Preceded by `` Frankie '' by Sister Sledge UK number one single ( Eurythmics version ) 21 July 1985 Succeeded by `` Into the Groove '' by Madonna Preceded by `` Oua Oua '' by Max . Brothers ( featuring Kanui & Lulu ) Austrian number - one single ( No Angels version ) 23 September 2001 -- 6 October 2001 Succeeded by `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' by Kylie Minogue Preceded by `` Follow Me '' by Uncle Kracker German number - one single ( No Angels version ) 27 August 2001 -- 24 September 2001 Succeeded by `` Only Time '' by Enya Eurythmics Annie Lennox David A. Stewart Studio albums In the Garden Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) Touch Be Yourself Tonight Revenge Savage We Too Are One Peace Other albums Touch Dance 1984 ( For the Love of Big Brother ) Live 1983 -- 1989 Compilations Greatest Hits Ultimate Collection Boxed Singles `` Never Gonna Cry Again '' `` Belinda '' `` This Is the House '' `` The Walk '' `` Love Is a Stranger '' `` Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) '' `` Who 's That Girl ? '' `` Right by Your Side '' `` Here Comes the Rain Again '' `` Sexcrime ( Nineteen Eighty - Four ) '' `` Julia '' `` Would I Lie to You ? '' `` There Must Be an Angel ( Playing with My Heart ) '' `` Sisters Are Doin ' It for Themselves '' `` It 's Alright ( Baby 's Coming Back ) '' `` When Tomorrow Comes '' `` Thorn in My Side '' `` The Miracle of Love '' `` Missionary Man '' `` Beethoven ( I Love to Listen to ) '' `` Shame '' `` I Need a Man '' `` You Have Placed a Chill in My Heart '' `` Revival '' `` Do n't Ask Me Why '' `` The King and Queen of America '' `` Angel '' `` ( My My ) Baby 's Gonna Cry '' `` Sweet Dreams ' 91 '' `` I Saved the World Today '' `` 17 Again '' `` I 've Got a Life '' Videography Sweet Dreams Live Savage We Two Are One Too Greatest Hits Peacetour Ultimate Collection Related articles Discography The Tourists Book : Eurythmics No Angels Nadja Benaissa Lucy Diakovska Sandy Mölling Vanessa Petruo Jessica Wahls Studio albums Elle'ments Now ... Us ! Pure Destiny Welcome to the Dance Live albums When the Angels Swing Acoustic Angels Compilation albums Ultimate Collection The Best of No Angels Very Best of No Angels Related articles Discography Songs Universal Music Popstars No Angels singles Elle'ments `` Daylight in Your Eyes '' `` Rivers of Joy '' `` There Must Be an Angel '' `` When the Angels Sing '' / `` Atlantis '' ( with Donovan ) Now ... Us ! `` Something About Us '' `` Still in Love with You '' `` Let 's Go to Bed '' ( with Mousse T ) `` All Cried Out '' Pure `` No Angel ( It 's All in Your Mind ) '' `` Someday '' `` Feelgood Lies '' The Best of No Angels `` Reason '' Destiny `` Goodbye to Yesterday '' `` Maybe '' `` Amaze Me '' / `` Teardrops '' `` Disappear '' Welcome to the Dance `` One Life '' Other songs `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' ( with TV Allstars ) `` Life Is a Miracle '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=There_Must_Be_an_Angel_(Playing_with_My_Heart)&oldid=796381954 '' Categories : 1985 songs 1985 singles 1997 singles 2001 singles Eurythmics songs No Angels songs RCA Records singles Songs written by David A. Stewart Songs written by Annie Lennox Number - one singles in Austria Number - one singles in Germany Number - one singles in Norway UK Singles Chart number - one singles Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Use dmy dates from June 2015 Use British English from June 2015 Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Austrian Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for French Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for Norwegian Singlechart usages for Swedish Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceclubplay Track listings with deprecated parameters Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Germany Singlechart usages for Switzerland Certification Table Entry usages for Germany Certification Table Entry usages for Switzerland Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Italiano Polski Русский Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 20 August 2017 , at 13 : 07 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who sang must be talking to an angel | [
"\"There Must Be an Angel (Playing with My Heart)\" is a 1985 song written and performed by the British musical duo Eurythmics. Released as the second single from their fifth album Be Yourself Tonight, the song features a harmonica solo by the American musician Stevie Wonder. The song became a worldwide success; most notably in Ireland, Norway and the United Kingdom, where it became the duo's only chart-topping single to date.[1]"
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"the British musical duo Eurythmics"
] |
-7908201689504865981 | List of Dragon Ball Super episodes | List of Dragon Ball Super episodes - wikipedia List of Dragon Ball Super episodes Jump to : navigation , search Promotional artwork Dragon Ball Super is a Japanese anime television series produced by Toei Animation that began airing on July 5 , 2015 on Fuji TV . It is the first Dragon Ball television series featuring a new storyline in 18 years . Storywise , the series retells the events of the last two Dragon Ball Z films , Battle of Gods and Resurrection ' F ' , which themselves follow the events of Dragon Ball Z . Afterward , the series proceeds to tell an original story about the exploration of other universes , the reemergence of Future Trunks , and new threats to the Future Earth known as Goku Black and a Supreme Kai from Universe 10 named Zamasu . Later on , Goku , Vegeta , Gohan , Krillin , Android 17 , Android 18 , Piccolo , Tien , Master Roshi , and a temporarily revived Frieza participate in a universal tournament held by Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō to decide the fate of multiple universes . If they lose in the universal tournament then Universe Seven will be erased . Thirteen pieces of theme music are used : two opening themes and eleven ending themes . The first opening theme song for episodes 1 to 76 is `` Chōzetsu Dynamic ! '' ( 超絶 ☆ ダイナミック ! , Chōzetsu Dainamikku , `` Excellent Dynamic ! '' ) performed by Kazuya Yoshii of The Yellow Monkey . The lyrics were penned by Yukinojo Mori who has written numerous songs for the Dragon Ball series . The second opening theme song for episodes 77 to 131 is `` Limit - Break x Survivor '' ( 限界 突破 × サバイバー , Genkai Toppa x Sabaibā ) by Kiyoshi Hikawa . Mori wrote the lyrics for the rock number `` Genkai Toppa x Survivor '' . Takafumi Iwasaki composed the music . The first ending theme song for episodes 1 to 12 is `` Hello Hello Hello '' ( ハロー ハロー ハロー , Harō Harō Harō ) by Japanese rock band Good Morning America . The second ending theme song for episodes 13 to 25 is `` Starring Star '' ( スターリング スター , Sutāringu Sutā ) by Key Talk . The third ending theme song for episodes 26 to 36 is `` Usubeni '' ( 薄 紅 , `` Light Pink '' ) by Lacco Tower . The fourth ending theme song for episodes 37 to 49 is `` Forever Dreaming '' ( フォーエバー ドリーミング , Fōebā Dorīmingu ) by Czecho No Republic . The fifth ending theme song for episodes 50 to 59 is `` Yokayoka Dance '' ( よかよか ダンス , Yokayoka Dansu , `` It 's Fine Dance '' ) by idol group Batten Showjo Tai . The sixth ending theme for episodes 60 to 72 is `` Chao Han Music '' ( 炒飯 MUSIC , Chāhan Myūjikku ) by Arukara . The seventh ending theme song for episodes 73 to 83 is `` Aku no Tenshi to Seigi no Akuma '' ( 悪 の 天使 と 正義 の 悪魔 , An Evil Angel and the Righteous Devil ) by THE COLLECTORS . The eighth ending theme song for episodes 84 to 96 is `` Boogie Back '' by Miyu Innoue . The ninth ending theme song for episodes 97 to 108 is `` Haruka '' by Lacco Tower . The tenth ending theme song for episodes 109 to 121 is `` By A 70cm Square Window '' by RottenGraffty . The eleventh ending theme song for episodes 122 to 131 is `` Lagrima '' by OnePixcel . The first series set was released on Japanese Blu - ray and DVD sets that contain twelve episodes each . The first set was released on December 2 , 2015 . The second set was released on March 2 , 2016 . The third set was released on July 2 , 2016 . The fourth set was released on October 10 , 2016 . Dragon Ball Super received an English - language dub that premiered on the Toonami channel in Southeast Asia in January 2017 . The series has been aired in Israel on Nickelodeon and in Portugal on SIC . Toei Animation Europe announced that Dragon Ball Super would be broadcast in France , Italy , Spain , and English - speaking Africa in Fall 2016 . An official English sub of the series would be simulcasted legally on Crunchyroll , Daisuki.net , and Anime Lab beginning October 22 , 2016 . Funimation announced the company acquired the rights to the series and will be producing an English dub . As well as officially announcing the dub , it was also announced they will be simulcasting the series on their streaming platform , FunimationNow . Funimation 's English dub of Dragon Ball Super began airing on Adult Swim 's Toonami block starting on January 7 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Seasons overview 2 Episode list 2.1 Season 1 : God of Destruction Beerus Saga 2.2 Season 2 : Golden Frieza Saga 2.3 Season 3 : Universe 6 Saga 2.4 Season 4 : `` Future '' Trunks Saga 2.5 Season 5 : Universe Survival Saga 3 Blu - ray and DVD release 3.1 Region 1 ( North America ) 3.2 Region 2 ( Japan ) 4 Notes 5 References Seasons overview ( edit ) Saga Episodes Japanese Airdates English Airdates God of Destruction Beerus 14 ( 1 -- 14 ) July 5 , 2015 -- October 11 , 2015 January 7 , 2017 -- April 15 , 2017 Golden Frieza 13 ( 15 -- 27 ) October 18 , 2015 -- January 17 , 2016 April 22 , 2017 -- July 29 , 2017 Universe 6 19 ( 28 -- 46 ) January 24 , 2016 -- June 5 , 2016 August 5 , 2017 -- January 13 , 2018 `` Future '' Trunks 30 ( 47 -- 76 ) June 12 , 2016 -- January 29 , 2017 January 20 , 2018 -- TBA 5 Universe Survival 55 ( 77 -- 131 ) February 5 , 2017 -- March 25 , 2018 TBA Episode list ( edit ) Season 1 : God of Destruction Beerus Saga ( edit ) Overall No . Saga No . English translation / Dub title Original Japanese title Original airdate American airdate `` The Peace Reward -- Who Will Get the 100 Million Zeni ? '' / `` A Peacetime Reward : Who Gets the 100,000,000 Zeni ? ! '' `` Heiwa no hōshū -- ichioku Zenī wa dare no te ni ! ? '' ( 平和 の 報酬 1 億 ゼニー は 誰 の 手 に ! ? ) July 5 , 2015 January 7 , 2017 After Son Goku defeated the dangerous Majin Buu , peace has returned to Earth . Chi - Chi wants Goku to get a job , so he works as a farmer . Son Goten and his friend Trunks search for a gift for his sister - in - law Videl , who is married to his older brother , Son Gohan . The two consider jewelry and makeup , but they are unable to afford anything . Goten and Trunks head for the hot springs in the woods to bottle up some mineral water instead . While there , they are attacked by a giant snake , which they manage to scare away . For his purported role in saving Earth from Majin Buu , Mr. Satan has been awarded with 100 million Zeni that he does not want . He decides to give the money to one of the fighters . Goku gives the money to Chi - Chi , so she would let him train . Meanwhile , somewhere in the depths of space , Beerus , the God of Destruction , has awakened from his slumber . Keen on battling the worthy opponent that appeared to him in his visions , Beerus and his attendant , Whis , set out to discover who this opponent is . `` To the Promised Resort ! Vegeta Goes on a Family Trip ? ! '' / `` To the Promised Resort ! Vegeta Takes a Family Trip ! '' `` Yakusoku no rizōto e ! Bejīta ga kazoku ryokō ! ? '' ( 約束 の リゾート へ ! ベジータ が 家族 旅行 ! ? ) July 12 , 2015 January 14 , 2017 Goku goes to King Kai 's planet to train with King Kai . Meanwhile , Vegeta , Bulma , and Trunks take a family trip to a resort . Bulma and Trunks are enjoying the family time together , while Vegeta is bothered by the fact that Goku gets to train . Fed up with what he considers a waste of time , Vegeta flies away and heads back to Capsule Corporation to train . Somewhere in space , Beerus and Whis scour an alien planet in search of dinosaur meat . They are confronted by the planet 's strongest dweller , but he proves to be no match for them . Shortly afterwards , Beerus destroys the planet in order to have another vision of his destined opponent -- the Super Saiyan God . `` Where 's the Rest of the Dream ? ! In Search of the Super Saiyan God ! '' / `` Where Does the Dream Pick Up ? Find the Super Saiyan God ! '' `` Yume no tsuzuki wa doko da ! ? Sūpā Saiya - jin Goddo o sagase ! '' ( 夢 の 続き は どこ だ ! ? 超 ( スーパー ) サイヤ 人 ゴッド を 探せ ! ) July 19 , 2015 January 21 , 2017 Fearing what might happen knowing that the God of Destruction is awake , the Old Supreme Kai and Supreme Kai urge King Kai to ensure that Goku never finds out about Beerus . However , Goku overhears the conversation and becomes curious . Back in his temple , Beerus and Whis continue their search for the Super Saiyan God . They soon learn of Goku and his feats . Beerus and Whis decide to pay him and King Kai a visit . Meanwhile , back on Earth , Goku 's friends and family members begin gathering on the cruise ship for Bulma 's birthday party except for Vegeta who is still training to overpower Goku and everyone else in the universe . `` Aim for the Dragon Balls ! Pilaf Gang in Action ! '' / `` Bid for the Dragon Balls ! Pilaf and Crew 's Impossible Mission ! '' `` Mezase Doragon Bōru ! Pirafu ichimi no dai - sakusen ! '' ( 目指せ ドラゴンボール ! ピラフ 一味 の 大 作戦 ! ) August 2 , 2015 January 28 , 2017 With all guests now gathered except for Goku and Vegeta , Bulma 's birthday party gets underway . Trunks shows Goten where his mother hid the bingo tournament grand prize -- the Dragon Balls . Not far off from the ship , the Pilaf Gang are now poor and hungry . They are trying to get by until they find the Dragon Balls and make their wishes come true . When his Dragon Radar picks up a signal coming from Bulma 's ship , Pilaf and his henchmen hastily board the ship with Trunks and Goten 's help . Meanwhile , on his planet , King Kai explains to Goku who and what Beerus exactly is and that for every benevolent God there must be a malevolent one in order to keep the universe in balance . Just as he finishes , Beerus and Whis arrive . 5 5 `` The Ultimate Fight on King Kai 's Planet ! Goku vs. the God of Destruction Beerus '' / `` Showdown on King Kai 's World ! Goku vs. Beerus the Destroyer ! '' `` Kaiō - sei no kessen ! Gokū VS Hakaishin Birusu '' ( 界 王 星 の 決戦 ! 悟空 VS 破壊 神 ビルス ) August 9 , 2015 February 4 , 2017 Beerus and Whis arrive on King Kai 's planet and detect Goku 's presence . While he is initially disappointed that Goku does not know what a `` Super Saiyan God '' is , he agrees to test his strength in a sparring match . Goku attempts to fight him in all of the Super Saiyan transformations , but Beerus effortlessly defeats him in two strikes . Beerus and Whis head for Earth shortly afterwards , while King Kai uses his telepathy to warn Vegeta ahead of their arrival . 6 6 `` Do n't Anger the God of Destruction ! Excitement at the Birthday Party '' / `` Do n't Anger the Destroyer ! A Heart - Pounding Birthday Party ! '' `` Hakaishin o okoraseru na ! Doki - doki tanjō pātī '' ( 破壊 神 を 怒ら せる な ! ドキドキ 誕生 パーティー ) August 16 , 2015 February 11 , 2017 Beerus and Whis arrive on Earth , where Bulma 's birthday party is underway . Initially , Vegeta is paralyzed by Beerus ' presence . He recalls a childhood encounter with the deity a long time ago when Beerus visited Planet Vegeta and threatened his father , King Vegeta . Shortly afterwards , Bulma pops up . She invites Beerus and Whis to join the party . The two gladly accept her offer and quickly become enamored with the Earth 's cuisine . They start mingling with the other guests , while Vegeta tries his best to ensure that Beerus remains calm . Whis soon learns of pudding , which he finds to be extraordinarily delicious . Whis urges Beerus to have some too . It turns out that Majin Buu had taken the remaining pudding cups for himself and refuses to share . Angered by Majin Buu 's insolence , Beerus attacks him . 7 7 `` How Dare You Hurt My Bulma ! Vegeta 's Sudden , Angry Shift ? ! '' / `` How Dare You Do That To My Bulma ! Vegeta 's Metamorphosis of Fury ? '' `` Yokumo ore no Buruma o ! Bejīta ikari no totsuzenhen'i ! ? '' ( よく も オレ の ブルマ を ! ベジータ 怒り の 突然 変異 ! ? ) August 23 , 2015 February 18 , 2017 Beerus effortlessly disposes of Majin Buu , while Vegeta stands by in awe . Vegeta tries to persuade Beerus to calm down and enjoy himself , but he refuses to listen . Trunks and Goten fuse into Gotenks and attack to no avail . Powerless to do anything else , Gotenks starts insulting Beerus for which he is promptly punished . Piccolo , Tien Shinhan , and Android 18 try taking on Beerus with little success . Majin Buu attacks again , but he is unable to land a single hit . While observing the battle , Dende realizes what Beerus actually is and immediately informs Piccolo . Before Piccolo is able to warn him , Gohan powers up and charges towards Beerus . Using Majin Buu as a weapon , Beerus repels Gohan and takes them both out . Being the last one standing , Vegeta confronts Beerus , but he is swiftly brought to the ground . Beerus tells Vegeta that he is disappointed with him since he is just as weak as his father was . Just as Beerus is about to finish Vegeta , Bulma walks up and slaps him for ruining her party . Beerus retaliates in similar fashion . Seeing Bulma struck infuriates Vegeta . He explodes and powers up immensely . 8 8 `` Goku Arrives ! A Last Chance from Beerus Sama ? ! '' / `` Goku Makes an Entrance ! A Last Chance from Lord Beerus ? '' `` Gokū kenzan ! Birusu - sama kara no rasuto chansu ! ? '' ( 悟空 見参 ! ビルス 様 から の ラスト チャンス ! ? ) August 30 , 2015 February 25 , 2017 Having powered up , Vegeta charges towards Beerus . He manages to land a few punches before Beerus , who was using only a fraction of his power , knocks him out . Just as he is about to destroy Earth , Beerus has a sudden idea . He decides to give the Earthlings another chance at saving Earth . Meanwhile , fearing for their lives , the Pilaf Gang disembark Bulma 's ship on a rowboat and sail away . Thinking he is the same as Majin Buu because of his pink hue , Beerus picks Oolong out of the crowd and challenges him to a game of rock -- paper -- scissors to decide the fate of the Earth . Oolong manages to draw twice , but Beerus eventually wins and proceeds to power up his attack . Just as Beerus is about to fire , Goku chimes in and says he has thought of a way to find out about the Super Saiyan God . He will summon and ask Shenron about it . 9 9 `` Sorry for the Wait , Beerus Sama . The Super Saiyan God Is Finally Born ! '' / `` Thanks for Waiting , Lord Beerus ! A Super Saiyan God is Born At Last ! '' `` O matase , Birusu - sama . Tsuini Sūpā Saiya - jin Goddo tanjō ! '' ( お 待た せ 、 ビルス 様 . ついに 超 ( スーパー ) サイヤ 人 ゴッド 誕生 ! ) September 6 , 2015 March 4 , 2017 Goku gathers the Dragon Balls together and summons Shenron , who is startled by Beerus ' presence . Shenron quickly explains that the Super Saiyan God is not a person , but it is a legendary transformation that only kindhearted Saiyans can achieve by fusing their power together . The Saiyans attempt to transform Goku , but they fail as they are one Saiyan short . Growing tired of waiting , Beerus starts preparing his attack to destroy the planet . Suddenly , Videl jumps in front of the Saiyans . She says that there is one more Saiyan who might be able to help them , who happens to be her and Gohan 's unborn child . The Saiyans and Videl attempt the transformation again and manage to transform Goku into the Super Saiyan God . 10 10 `` Unleash It , Goku ! The Power of the Super Saiyan God ! ! '' / `` Show Us , Goku ! The Power of a Super Saiyan God ! '' `` Misero Gokū ! Sūpā Saiya - jin Goddo no pawā ! ! '' ( 見せろ 悟空 ! 超 ( スーパー ) サイヤ 人 ゴッド の 力 ( パワー ) ! ! ) September 13 , 2015 March 11 , 2017 Goku is now a Super Saiyan God . He confronts Beerus . Goku is amazed by the immense power his body has gained with the transformation . He is initially unable to fully grasp its newfound potential . Fighting with Beerus , Goku manages to grow gradually into his new form . Seeing as how Goku might turn out to be a worthy adversary after all , Beerus decides it is time for them to unleash their true power and have a real battle of Gods . 11 11 `` Let 's Keep Going , Beerus Sama ! Our Battle of Gods ! '' / `` Let 's Keep Going , Lord Beerus ! The Battle of Gods ! '' `` Tsudukeyō ze Birusu - sama ! Kami to kami no tatakai o ! '' ( 続け よう ぜ ビルス 様 ! 神 と 神 の 戦い を ! ) September 20 , 2015 March 18 , 2017 Having somewhat got a grip on the Super Saiyan God form , Goku initially manages to keep up with Beerus . He soon realizes that his opponent is still not fighting at his maximum . It is revealed that Beerus is doing so only to motivate Goku to catch up with him . To that end , Beerus drags Goku to space , where he swiftly knocks him out . Goku comes crashing down back to Earth and ends up in an ocean . Amazed by such power , Goku gets excited and powers up . He heals himself in the process . Willing to have another go , Goku flies out of the ocean and dashes towards Beerus . 12 12 `` The Universe Crumbles ? ! Clash ! God of Destruction vs. Super Saiyan God '' / `` The Universe Will Shatter ? Clash ! Destroyer vs. Super Saiyan God '' `` Uchū ga kudakeru ! ? Gekitotsu ! Haikaishin VS Sūpā Saiya - jin Goddo ! '' ( 宇宙 が 砕ける ! ? 激突 ! 破壊 神 VS 超 ( スーパー ) サイヤ 人 ゴッド ! ) September 27 , 2015 March 25 , 2017 Goku and Beerus continue to fight in space . As both of them power up and clash , the universe begins to crumble under the power of the gods . Celestial bodies blow up due to the shock waves . Meanwhile , Old Supreme Kai reveals to the younger Supreme Kai that with three more blows the whole universe would be destroyed along with Beerus and Goku . When Goku lands the third clash with Beerus , he unknowingly stops the universe 's collapse by balancing Beerus ' attack with his own . Beerus gets enraged and uses his atomic bomb attack on Goku . Goku uses the Super Saiyan God energy to power up his Kamehameha attack to keep Beerus ' attack at bay . 13 13 `` Goku , Go Beyond Super Saiyan God '' / `` Goku , Surpass Super Saiyan God ! '' `` Gokū yo , Sūpā Saiya - jin Goddo o koete ike ! '' ( 悟空 よ 、 超 ( スーパー ) サイヤ 人 ゴッド を 越え て 行け ! ) October 4 , 2015 April 8 , 2017 The Supreme Kais are surprised that the universe is still intact following the battle , but they fear the worst is still to come . On Earth , Vegeta , Whis , and the others are still standing by while watching the battle . Whis is surprised by the Super Saiyan God 's power and its ability to keep up with his trainee . In space , Goku struggles to keep up with Beerus ' attack , which ultimately ends up in a massive explosion that blinds everyone on Earth . Shortly after , the light clears out , which reveals everything to be as it was prior to the explosion . Beerus explains that he used his full power to negate the explosion , which saved the universe . Seeing it as a perfect opportunity to boast , Mr. Satan arranges to have himself be falsely credited with saving the planet yet again . Despite being at his limit , Goku remains calm , which annoys the God of Destruction . Beerus thinks Goku might have a strategy that he has been hiding , which Goku promptly denies . Goku says that everything he had been doing was improvised as they fought . The Gods quickly power up and continue fighting , but this time both are at their limit . As soon as they start , Goku loses his Super Saiyan God aura and reverts to the ordinary Super Saiyan form . Upon noticing that , Beerus decides to quit . He thinks it is pointless to fight an ordinary Super Saiyan . However , Goku does not notice and keeps going at it . Whis is able to sense Goku 's mortal energy . Whis assumes that the battle has concluded and that Goku has lost . However , Piccolo begs to differ . Surprised that Goku is still able to hit him even after losing his Super Saiyan God form , Beerus surmises that Goku 's body has adjusted to the Super Saiyan God power . This made him stronger in his ordinary form . With or without the Super Saiyan God form , Goku proclaims that it is still him that Beerus is up against . Beerus and Goku resume their battle of Gods . Note : This episode was originally scheduled to air on April 1 , 2017 , but an unannounced change in schedule on April Fools ' Day supplanted a new Dragon Ball Super episode with the premiere of the third season of Rick and Morty , which aired repeatedly from 8 PM to midnight . 14 14 `` This Is Every Ounce of Power I Have ! The Battle of Gods ' Conclusion ! '' / `` This Is All the Power I 've Got ! A Settlement Between Gods '' `` Kore ga ora no arittake no chikarada ! Ketchaku ! Kami to kami '' ( これが オラ の ありったけ の 力 だ ! 決着 ! 神 と 神 ) October 11 , 2015 April 15 , 2017 Now with only a Super Saiyan form at his disposal , Goku powers up and attacks but to no avail , as Beerus knocks him out effortlessly . With Goku knocked out , Beerus prepares to destroy the Earth . In a final effort to stop Beerus , Goku once again powers up and charges his Kamehameha attack . Goku manages to prevent Beerus ' attack , but he completely depletes what was left of his energy in the process . He comes crashing down to Earth onto Bulma 's ship , where Vegeta manages to catch him . Beerus lands on the planet shortly after to finish what he started , but he suddenly falls asleep . Whis explains that Goku must have tired Beerus out , and that by the time he wakes up he will have forgotten about their trip to Earth . Beerus was faking his sudden sleep because the Earth 's food convinced him to spare the planet . Beerus and Whis leave for Beerus ' planet . With Earth safe again , Goku decides to relax and enjoy the party . Season 2 : Golden Frieza Saga ( edit ) Overall No . Saga No . English translation / Dub title Original Japanese title Original airdate American airdate 15 `` Make a Miracle , Satan the Hero ! A Challenge from Outer Space ! '' / `` Valiant Mr. Satan , Work a Miracle ! A Challenge from Outer Space ! '' `` Yūsha Satan yo kiseki o okose ! Uchū kara no chōsenjō ! ! '' ( 勇者 サタン よ 奇跡 を 起こせ ! 宇宙 から の 挑戦 状 ! ! ) October 18 , 2015 April 22 , 2017 With Earth no longer in danger , Goku and the others return to their ordinary lives . Chi - Chi tells Goku she has already spent the 100 million Zeni received from Mr. Satan . She orders Goku to leave training behind and find a job so he can support the family . Meanwhile , Mr. Satan 's self - promotion goes awry when a group of aliens land in the city . The aliens reveal that they are ambassadors who wish to thank and reward whoever defeated Beerus and thus protected their planet from destruction . Before he is given the reward , Mr. Satan is asked to demonstrate his godlike power against the alien 's mightiest champion in a sparring match . Knowing that he does not stand a chance , Mr. Satan quickly scampers away to safety and calls for help , but no one answers him . Suddenly , Goku arrives at the scene in need of Mr. Satan 's help . Mr. Satan arranges to have Goku fight for him instead . Just before the fight , Goku spots Chi - Chi and immediately runs away to avoid being scolded for disobeying her . Mr. Satan is left to confront the alien champion on his own . Suddenly , the cynophobic aliens spot Mr. Satan 's dog and run away in fear . With the aliens gone , the crowd praises Mr. Satan , whom they think saved them and Earth yet again . 16 `` Vegeta Becomes an Apprentice ? ! Winning Whis Over ! '' / `` Vegeta Becomes a Student ? ! Win Over Whis ! '' `` Bejīta ga deshi'iri ! ? Uisu o kōryakuse yo ! '' ( ベジータ が 弟子入り ! ? ウイス を 攻略 せよ ! ) October 25 , 2015 April 29 , 2017 Chi - Chi still has Goku doing work out on the farm . Instead of working , Goku decides to rest and falls asleep . Krillin flies in and wakes up Goku . Krillin is very surprised to hear that Goku is still on Earth and not training with King Kai . He reminisces about his training with Goku under Master Roshi and the power level difference between them since they were children . Curious to see how large the gap is , Krillin tells Goku to punch him with all his power . A reluctant Goku tries to change Krillin 's mind . Goku ends up punching Krillin anyway , which sends Krillin flying into a boulder . Shortly afterwards , Goku heads home . Android 18 treats Krillin 's wounds . Krillin states that he misses martial arts and wishes to start training again . Meanwhile , Vegeta is seen in the wastelands standing determined . He states his intent to surpass Goku without the aid of others . Elsewhere , Whis and Bulma are having lunch together . Whis is enjoying all the food Bulma is having her chef make . While they dine , Bulma asks Whis to protect Earth from Beerus in case he ever shows up again . Vegeta arrives and sees Whis . He asks Whis to see Beerus , but Whis refuses to do so . Whis tells Vegeta that he is Beerus ' martial arts teacher . Whis informs Vegeta that with the proper tutelage he could one day surpass Goku . Vegeta bows and kneels before Whis and begs to become his student . An unimpressed Whis walks past him . Vegeta decides to convince Whis by giving him the tastiest food on Earth . After several failed attempts , Vegeta finally impresses Whis with a cup of instant noodle . Before Vegeta heads off with Whis to train on Beerus ' planet , Bulma hands him new battle armor . Whis and Vegeta arrive on Beerus ' planet . Whis prepares to train Vegeta . 17 `` Pan Is Born ! And Goku Goes on a Training Trip ? ! '' / `` Pan is Born ! And Goku Goes on a Training Journey ? ! '' `` Pan tanjō ! Soshite Gokū wa shugyō no tabi he ! ? '' ( パン 誕生 ! そして 悟空 は 修行 の 旅 へ ! ? ) November 1 , 2015 May 6 , 2017 Pan has been born . While most of her family members and friends think that she should be taught martial arts , Chi - Chi is revolted by the very idea . She believes that Pan should be raised to be a lady and not a mindless fighter like her grandfather Goku . Everyone tries to persuade Chi - Chi to change her mind but to no avail . Bulma accidentally mentions that Vegeta has been away training with Whis for six months , which shocks Goku . After some time , Whis returns to Earth to enjoy more of the food Earth has to offer . Goku approaches Whis and asks to become his pupil . Whis accepts Goku 's plea . Whis thinks it is the perfect time for Goku to join Vegeta in training . Just as the two are about to depart , Chi - Chi runs up and stops Goku from leaving . Despite her wishes , Goku ends up leaving with Whis . Chi - Chi has a sudden change of heart . She says that Goku will return once he gets hungry anyway . 18 `` I 'm Here , Too ! Training Begins on Beerus ' Planet ! '' / `` I 'm Here , Too ! Training Commences on Beerus ' World ! '' `` Ora mo kita zo ! Birusu - sei de shugyō kaishi da ! '' ( オラ も 来 た ぞ ! ビルス 星 で 修行 開始 だ ! ) November 8 , 2015 May 13 , 2017 Goku and Whis arrive on Beerus ' planet , where Vegeta is tasked with housekeeping . Goku is surprised to learn that Vegeta has gotten considerably stronger training under Whis . Goku wants to start his training right away . Before he is allowed to train , Whis orders him to help Vegeta with the chores including changing Beerus ' bed sheets without waking him up . Goku and Vegeta promptly do their chores and start their training with Whis . Whis ' training routine quickly wears Goku out . He falls asleep . Vegeta , who is willing to surpass Goku at any cost , keeps on training . The next day , Whis decides to have a sparring match with his apprentices in order to gauge their speed . The two prove to be no match for Whis . Goku and Vegeta are too slow to land a single hit on Whis . Somewhere in space , surviving members of Frieza 's army are led by Sorbet . They continue with their effort of resurrecting their leader . Not far off , mysterious beings from a different universe named Champa ( シャンパ , Shanpa ) and Vados ( ヴァドス , Vadosu ) continue their search for Beerus . 19 5 `` Despair Rises ! The Emperor of Evil , Frieza , Resurrected ! '' / `` Despair Redux ! The Return of the Evil Emperor , Frieza ! '' `` Zetsubō futatabi ! Aku no teiō Furīza no fukkatsu ! '' ( 絶望 ふたたび ! 悪 の 帝王 ・ フリーザ の 復活 ! ) November 15 , 2015 May 20 , 2017 Goku and Vegeta continue their training under Whis on Beerus ' planet . Meanwhile , Sorbet and his assistant Tagoma ( タゴマ ) depart their ship and head for Earth in order to find the Dragon Balls , which they intend to resurrect their leader Frieza . They run into the Pilaf Gang , who had collected all seven Dragon Balls just before their arrival . Sorbet coerces Pilaf into summoning Shenron . At first , Shenron refuses to revive Frieza because he sees it as pointless given his current state , where Frieza was cut in pieces just as he was when Future Trunks killed him . Tagoma suggests using their advanced healing technology to make Frieza intact again . Sorbet has Frieza resurrected . Sorbet and Tagoma collect all of Frieza 's pieces and return to their ship . Frieza is completely renewed shortly afterwards . 20 6 `` Jaco 's Warning ! Frieza and His 1000 Troops Approach '' / `` A Warning from Jaco ! Frieza and 1,000 Soldiers Close In '' `` Jako kara no keikoku ! Semari kuru Furīza to 1000 - ri no heishi - tachi ! '' ( ジャコ から の 警告 ! 迫り 来る フリーザ と 1000 人 の 兵士 達 ) November 22 , 2015 June 3 , 2017 Once restored , Frieza plans revenge against Goku and Future Trunks . Tagoma objects to Frieza 's plans , but Frieza promptly subdues him . When Frieza finds out that Goku has gotten much stronger since they last met , he decides to train in order to become more powerful . Since Frieza 's power was inborn , he reveals that he had never felt the need to train a day in his life before now . Four months pass before Frieza and his army head for Earth . All the while , Goku and Vegeta continue their training under Whis . Jaco the Galactic Patrolman travels to Earth to inform Bulma that Frieza had been revived . Frieza will be approaching Earth shortly with an army of one thousand soldiers . With Frieza 's army fast approaching , Bulma gathers the remaining fighters to fight Frieza 's army in hopes of holding out until Goku and Vegeta make it back to Earth . 21 7 `` The Start of Revenge ! The Malice of Frieza Army Strikes Gohan ! '' / `` The Start of Vengeance ! The Frieza Force 's Malice Strikes Gohan ! '' `` Fukushū no hajimari ! Furīza - gun no akuiga satoshi Gohan outsu ! '' ( 復讐 の 始まり ! フリーザ 軍 の 悪意 が 悟 飯 を 撃つ ! ) November 29 , 2015 June 10 , 2017 Frieza and his army arrive on Earth , where Gohan , Piccolo , Krillin , Master Roshi , Tien , and Jaco have gathered to hold out until Goku and Vegeta return . Frieza says that he has waited a long time to have his revenge and that he wishes to face Goku . Seeing as how Goku is not present to help , Frieza orders his army to attack the Earthlings . His army proves to be no match for the fighters even for Krillin , who had given up fighting . Disappointed with his lackluster army , Frieza orders Sorbet to send in his elite soldier , Shisami ( シサミ ) , to take out Gohan . Suddenly , Tagoma fires a beam at Shisami and Gohan , which kills the former and badly injures the latter . Sorbet is surprised by Tagoma 's newfound power , which he had achieved through training with Frieza . Frieza promises Tagoma the command of his army if he takes out the Earthlings . He accepts and prepares to fight the Earthlings . Meanwhile , Goku and Vegeta are oblivious to what is happening on Earth . They continue their training under Whis on Beerus ' planet . 22 8 `` Change ! An Unexpected Return ! His Name is Ginyu ! ! '' `` Chēnji ! Masaka no fukkatsu ! Sono na wa Ginyū ! ! '' ( チェーンジ ! まさかの 復活 ! その 名 は ギニュー ! ! ) December 6 , 2015 June 17 , 2017 Tagoma powers up and confidently approaches his opponents . Piccolo is instantly outmatched . Gohan blasts Tagoma , which causes him to fly several yards away . As the dust settles , Tagoma reveals himself to be unharmed . Suddenly , Gotenks arrives and headbutts Tagoma . Everybody is shocked to see this . While Tagoma is struggling to recuperate from Gotenks ' attack , Captain Ginyu , who is in his frog form , pounces close to him and inscribes a message in the gravel . Tagoma accidentally sets off Ginyu 's signature move , and the two swap bodies . Ginyu rapidly adjusts to his new body 's immense power and assaults all of his rivals simultaneously . Bulma , Trunks , and Goten attempt to contact Whis , which bewilders Jaco . While fighting Gohan , Ginyu appears to have the upper hand until Gohan transforms into a Super Saiyan and defeats him . When Gohan shows mercy to Ginyu , Frieza becomes enraged and repeatedly fires multiple blasts at Gohan . Before Frieza can kill Gohan , Piccolo steps in to save him . 23 9 `` The Earth ! Gohan ! Absolute Peril ! Hurry and Get Here , Son Goku ! ! '' / `` Earth ! Gohan ! Both on the Ropes ! Hurry and Get Here , Goku ! ! '' `` Chikyū ga ! Gohan ga ! Zettaizetsumei ! Hayaku kite kure Son Gokū ! ! '' ( 地球 が ! 悟 飯 が ! 絶 体 絶命 ! 早く 来 て くれ 孫悟空 ! ! ) December 13 , 2015 June 24 , 2017 Piccolo takes Frieza 's attack to save Gohan and dies in the process . On Beerus ' planet , Beerus desires more pizza . Whis gets an invitation from Bulma for a strawberry dessert . As Whis telepathically contacts her , she reveals Frieza 's revival and Piccolo 's death to him . Initially shocked to realize that Frieza is revived , Goku and Vegeta get set to fight Frieza . As Whis says it would take some time to reach Earth , Goku resorts to instant transmission on Beerus ' advice . Goku realizes that instant transmission is impossible due to the large distance between Earth and Beerus ' planet . Nevertheless , Goku tries to search for someone 's energy on Earth . On Earth , Gohan powers up to his maximum limit . This helps Goku to identify an energy source to perform instant transmission . Goku and Vegeta arrive on Earth in the nick of time to save Gohan . Vegeta executes Ginyu . As Goku and Frieza meet after a long time , Frieza transforms into his final form in a fit to demonstrate his new power . This results in the death of all his men except for Sorbet , who is at a considerable distance . Perplexed by Frieza 's new power , Goku prepares to engage in a battle . 24 10 `` Clash ! Frieza vs. Son Goku ; This Is The Result of My Training ! '' / `` Clash ! Frieza vs. Goku ! This is the Result of My Training ! '' `` Gekitotsu ! Furīza VS Son Gokū ; Kore ga ora no shugyō no seikada ! '' ( 激突 ! フリーザ VS 孫悟空 これが オラ の 修行 の 成果 だ ! ) December 20 , 2015 July 8 , 2017 The battle between Goku and Frieza begins . They fight on even ground , and neither one is able to inflict significant damage to the other . Frieza resorts to attacking Krillin and Bulma . When Goku tries to save them , he is caught off guard when Frieza lands several blows on him . Vegeta grows impatient due to the constant rambling by both fighters . He charges at Goku in frustration and asks him to give it all he has . Goku takes Vegeta 's request into account and convinces Frieza to power up to his maximum . When Frieza calls out to Goku to show his full power , Goku transforms into a Super Saiyan Blue . 25 11 `` An All - Out Battle ! The Revenge of Golden Frieza ! '' / `` A Full - Throttle Battle ! The Vengeful Golden Frieza '' `` Zenkai Batoru ! Fukushū no Gōruden Furīza '' ( 全開 バトル ! 復讐 の ゴールデン フリーザ ) December 27 , 2015 July 15 , 2017 After briefly testing Goku 's new transformation , Frieza transforms into a new gold - colored form , tersely named as Golden Frieza . After expressing how impressed they are by each - other 's progress , Goku and Frieza engage in a fierce battle . Meanwhile , Whis informs Bulma of their arrival on Earth in a few minutes but , on their way to Earth , Beerus and Whis encounter the God of Destruction of Universe Six , Champa , and his assistant , Vados . After having a short conversation with Champa and Vados , Beerus and Whis finally arrive on the battlefield . While eating Bulma 's delicious dessert , Beerus and Whis acknowledge that Frieza has indeed become significantly stronger and that Goku seems to have a tough time keeping up with Golden Frieza . Still not use to his newest form , Goku struggles to keep up with Golden Frieza 's speed and prowess , eventually getting pummeled into the ground . 26 12 `` A Glint of Hope Shines Through in a Crisis ! Time to Fight Back , Son Goku ! '' / `` A Chance Appears in a Tight Spot ! Launch a Counteroffensive , Goku ! '' `` Dai pinchi ni shōki ga mieta ! Hangeki kaishida Son Gokū ! '' ( 大 ピンチ に 勝機 が 見え た ! 反撃 開始 だ 孫悟空 ! ) January 10 , 2016 July 22 , 2017 Frieza and Goku continue their protracted battle with Frieza landing more blows on Goku than can be returned . Unable to match Frieza 's raw power , Goku manages to withstand and dodge Frieza 's attacks . Goku and Vegeta notice that Frieza is progressively losing stamina and that his power level is dropping , though Frieza himself fails to notice this . Vegeta urges Goku to quickly finish Frieza off before he has a chance to recover , or he will step up and do so himself . After Goku and Frieza exchange some sarcastic banter , they power up again and continue their fight . Frieza still has the upper hand , but Goku realizes he only needs to stall Frieza long enough for his weakness to reappear . After a fully powered Frieza unleashes a barrage of attacks , he quickly becomes tired and starts running out of breath , with his attacks no longer hurting Goku . Frieza finally realizes his weakness ; a lack of endurance , as his Golden form exhausts more energy than he can produce . Goku explains this is because Frieza rushed to Earth immediately after achieving the Golden form without giving himself enough time to master it . Frieza agonizes over his failed chance at revenge in combat , but mouths a few inaudible words to Sorbet for assistance . Goku tells Frieza to leave Earth while he still can -- but to everyone 's surprise , a laser beam pierces Goku 's chest from behind , fired from Sorbet 's ray gun . Stomping on Goku 's chest wound to make him scream , Frieza gloats about his backup strategy to have Goku let his guard down , mocking him by claiming Goku 's overconfidence prevents him from being the strongest fighter . Before Frieza can unleash his killing shot on Goku , Vegeta fires at Frieza and announces that it is his turn to fight . 27 13 `` The Earth Explodes ? ! The Deciding Kamehameha '' / `` The Earth Explodes ? A Decisive Kamehameha ! '' `` Chikyū bakuhatsu ! ? Ketchaku no kamehameha '' ( 地球 爆発 ! ? 決着 の かめ はめ 波 ) January 17 , 2016 July 29 , 2017 Goku is critically injured , but Vegeta intervenes before Frieza can deliver a killing blow . When Krillin attempts to deliver Goku a Senzu Bean , Frieza attempts to blast him -- but Vegeta redirects the blast to Sorbet , killing him . Afterwards , Vegeta demonstrates his own ability to transform into a Super Saiyan Blue . Frieza attempts to land a hit on Vegeta but fails to do so and , already exhausted from his fight with Goku , Frieza quickly finds himself completely outmatched by Vegeta . Enraged and humiliated , Frieza refuses to accept defeat and , while Vegeta powers up a killing shot , Frieza instead fires an attack at the Earth and destroys it out from under them . Whis protects Goku and the others , but Vegeta and everyone else on the planet are killed -- with Whis suspecting Frieza survived and escaped through his ability to breathe in space . As Goku laments his failure to stop Frieza and protect Earth , Whis offers to turn back time by a couple of minutes and allow Goku one last chance . The moment is reset to the end of Vegeta and Frieza 's battle , allowing Goku just enough time to charge up a Kamehameha attack and kill Frieza , saving the world . Later , the group gathers at Capsule Corporation , where Piccolo is revived with the Namekian Dragon Balls . Shaken by his helplessness against Frieza , Gohan tells Piccolo that he intends to resume his training so that he can protect his loved ones , which Piccolo is delighted to hear . Season 3 : Universe 6 Saga ( edit ) Overall No . Saga No . English translation Dub title Original Japanese title Original airdate American airdate 28 `` The God of Destruction from Universe 6 -- His Name Is Champa ! '' / `` The 6th Universe 's Destroyer ! His Name is Champa ! '' `` Dai - 6 uchū no hakaishin -- Sono na wa Shanpa '' ( 第 6 宇宙 の 破壊 神 その 名 は シャンパ ) January 24 , 2016 August 5 , 2017 As Goku and Vegeta continue their vigorous training , Champa and Vados abruptly arrive on Beerus ' planet . After a small skirmish between Beerus and Champa , everyone settles down to eat some food . Formal introductions are exchanged , where Champa is introduced as Beerus ' twin brother and Vados as Whis ' older sister . An argument erupts concerning which universe 's food is superior . This leaves Goku and Vegeta bewildered . Whis explains that there are twelve universes . When two universes add up to thirteen , each universe compliments each other such as the sixth and the seventh universe . After Vados discovers that Universe Six 's Earth has been destroyed through warfare , Champa proposes a tournament between Universe Six and Seven to determine who acquires the Earth of Universe Seven . Beerus protests the idea . He believes it is impossible to do so . Champa ascertains that it is doable by using the Super Dragon Balls , which the Namekian Dragon Balls were trimmed from . At the current moment , Champa has six of them . Goku informs Beerus and Champa that Bulma is capable of locating the final Super Dragon Ball necessary to perform the wish . With tensions mounted , Beerus accepts Champa 's proposal . 29 `` The Martial Arts Match Has Been Decided ! The Team Captain Is Stronger Than Goku '' / `` Combat Matches Are a Go ! The Captain Is Someone Stronger Than Goku '' `` Kakutō shiai kaisai kettei ! Shushō wa Gokū yori tsuyoi yatsu '' ( 格闘 試合 開催 決定 ! 主将 は 悟空 より も 強い ヤツ ) January 31 , 2016 August 12 , 2017 Champa decides to host the tournament on a vacated nameless planet located between Universe Six and Universe Seven . Goku suggests the rules be similar to that of the Tenkaichi Budokai tournaments held on Earth . Vegeta recommends a written exam be implemented in order to prevent insensitive beings lacking knowledge of the regulations from participating . The tournament is scheduled to begin several days after the encounter between Beerus and Champa . On Earth , Whis requests that Bulma use her Dragon Radar in order to obtain the final Super Dragon Ball . Contrary to this , Bulma believes it would be easier to simply summon Shenron to locate it instead . Shenron reveals that tracking down the Super Dragon Balls is beyond his power . Meanwhile , Vados selects a portion of the nameless planet and transforms it into the tournament 's arena . After judging Whis ' students , Champa realizes he should also enlist a Saiyan onto his team . Beerus explains that Goku is merely the second strongest opponent he has ever faced . He proceeds to take off to inform Monaka ( モナカ ) , the strongest warrior he has ever fought , of the tournament . The next morning , Bulma finishes constructing the Super Dragon Radar . She intends to collect the Super Dragon Balls of Universe Seven before Beerus can use them to wish for total annihilation of the entire world . 30 `` A Review Before the ' Martial Arts Match ' -- Who Are the Last Two Members ? ! '' / `` A Run - Through For the Competition ! Who Are the Last Two Members ? '' `` '' Kakutō '' shiai e no o sarai -- Nokori futari no menbā wa dareda ! ? '' ( 「 格闘 試合 」 へ の お さらい 残り 二 人 の メンバー は 誰 だ ! ? ) February 7 , 2016 August 19 , 2017 Goku and Vegeta meet up with Krillin , who goes with them to recruit Majin Buu as the fourth combatant of the Universe Seven team . Although Majin Buu is reluctant due to his hatred of Beerus , he agrees when Goku promises him a wish from the Super Dragon Balls , which he plans on giving to Mr. Satan . Goten and Trunks try to join , but they are denied by Vegeta because their use of fusion is illegal . The group finds Piccolo training with Gohan . They recruit Piccolo as the fifth and final member . Gohan considers joining the team , but he can not participate due to a business meeting on the day of the tournament . Beerus and the others think back over recent events . Beerus and Whis contemplate the intentions behind Champa 's plans . A series of flashbacks recapping the series is shown up to Frieza 's demise . 31 `` Off to Zuno Sama 's ! Find Out Where Super Dragon Balls Are ! '' / `` Off to See Master Zuno ! Find Out Where the Super Dragon Balls Are ! '' `` Zunō - sama no moto e ! Sūpā Doragon Bōru no arika o kikidase ! '' ( ズノー 様 の も と へ ! 超 ( スーパー ) ドラゴンボール の あり か を 聞き 出せ ! ) February 14 , 2016 August 26 , 2017 Bulma and Jaco travel to meet an omniscient alien , Master Zunō ( ズノー 様 , Zunō - sama ) , to ask him about the Super Dragon Balls . After arriving on Master Zunō 's planet , the duo encounters a spacefaring criminal named Burpman ( ゲップマン , Geppuman ) , who is wanted for leaving a restaurant without paying the bill . As a reward for subduing the criminal , Master Zunō 's attendants allow Bulma and Jaco to skip the lengthy waiting list and seek Master Zunō 's advice right away . Bulma unwittingly wastes two of her three questions , but she does glean information on the radius and other properties of the Super Dragon Balls . This includes the fact that they were formerly scattered across both Universe Six and Universe Seven . 32 5 `` The Match Begins ! Let 's All Go to the `` Nameless Planet '' ! '' / `` The Matches Begin ! We 're All Off to the `` Planet With No Name ! '' '' `` Shiaikaishi da ! Min'na de `` Namae no nai hoshi '' e ! '' ( 試合 開始 だ ! みんな で 「 名前 の ない 星 」 へ ! ) February 21 , 2016 September 9 , 2017 On Earth , everyone gathers for the trip to the tournament . Goku and Vegeta arrive after having trained in the Hyperbolic Time Chamber for three years . After stopping at Beerus ' planet to get both him and Monaka , everyone proceeds to go to the tournament . The group meets their competition who are all somewhat unusual . This includes a Saiyan with a radically different history as well as a fighter who looks like Frieza . After the written test , the Universe Seven team is left one team member down because Majin Buu falls asleep . Majin Buu is deemed unfit and disqualified . Beerus decides that Monaka will go last . After a round of rock - paper - scissors , it is decided that Goku will fight first , followed by Piccolo , and then Vegeta . Goku and his competitor named Botamo ( ボタモ ) , who is a giant bear - like creature , enter the tournament ring . 33 6 `` Behold , Universe 6 ! This Is the Super Saiyan ? Son Goku ! '' / `` Surprise , 6th Universe ! This is Super Saiyan Goku ! '' `` Odoroke Dai - 6 uchū yo ! Kore ga Sūpā Saiya - jin ・ Son Gokū da ! '' ( 驚け 第 6 宇宙 よ ! これが 超 ( スーパー ) サイヤ 人 ・ 孫悟空 だ ! ) February 28 , 2016 September 16 , 2017 The fight between Goku and Botamo commences . Goku takes a while to warm up due to having overeaten during the trip . Although Goku seems faster and more well trained than Botamo , none of the hits that he lands seem to have an effect . Botamo seems content to simply take the punishment . Urged by Vegeta to think before he acts , Goku drags Botamo to the side of the ring and throws him out . This results in a win for Universe Seven . The next match begins almost immediately . The Frieza look alike named Frost ( フロスト , Furosuto ) is Goku 's next opponent . In direct contrast to Frieza , Frost is a kind and beloved hero in Universe Six who looks forward to a challenge . Goku surprises Frost with knowledge of his transformations . Frost assumes a form that mirrors Frieza 's third form . Goku mentions his ability to transform as well . He transforms into a Super Saiyan . Frost responds by transforming into his final form . Frost seems greatly outmatched by Goku even in his final transformation . Suddenly , a strange effect comes over Goku that severely weakens him and allows Frost a chance to strike . Frost knocks Goku out of the ring , which stuns everyone from Universe Seven . 34 7 `` Piccolo vs. Frost -- Put It All on the Special Beam Cannon ! '' / `` Piccolo vs. Frost -- Stake It All on the Special Beam Cannon ! '' `` Pikkoro VS Furosuto -- Makankōsappō ni subete o kakero ! '' ( ピッコロ VS フロスト 魔 貫 光 殺 砲 に すべて を かけろ ! ) March 6 , 2016 September 23 , 2017 Frost beats Goku by knocking him out of the ring . Piccolo walks up to Frost to face him next . Piccolo charges his signature attack while simultaneously evading Frost 's attacks . To buy himself time to charge his attack , Piccolo creates clones of himself to distract Frost . Frost quickly disposes of decoys and charges at Piccolo . After a bout of close combat , Frost defeats Piccolo with a power blast . Before the referee could rule in Frost 's favor , Jaco chimes in claiming that Frost had been cheating all along . The referee examines Frost and finds that he had been using a forbidden tool . Champa is initially outraged to find that Frost had cheated . Champa decides to forgive and help him in his universe if Frost continues to play by the rules . Frost reveals that he set up the attacks on the planets he saved . The referee declares Piccolo the winner until Vegeta steps in and says that he wishes to face Frost . 35 8 `` Turn Rage into Strength ! Vegeta 's Full - On Battle ! '' / `` Turn Your Anger Into Strength ! Vegeta 's Full - Bore Battle '' `` Ikari o chikara ni kaero ! Bejīta no zenkai batoru '' ( 怒り を 力 に 変えろ ! ベジータ の 全開 バトル ) March 20 , 2016 September 30 , 2017 Frost cockily announces his intent to utterly defeat Vegeta in combat with the presentation of yet another weapon . Both parties agree that the match should not be regulated by the standard rules of the tournament in order to avoid disqualification and allow the combatants to fight at their full power . Vegeta mercilessly assaults Frost and sends him flying out of the barrier . Vegeta declares that he did not kill Frost because he was not going to stoop down to the latter 's level . Beerus discovers that Goku was also affected by Frost 's weapon , and he proceeds to convince the referee to allow Goku to return to the competition . Goku protests the turn order because he desperately wants to see Monaka in combat . Beerus explains that Monaka , as his trump card , must fight last . This prompts a hushed remark from Whis concerning Monaka 's `` true colors '' . Vados generates a new barrier around the ring as the referee announces a new rule , where any contact an individual makes with the barrier automatically disqualifies them . Meanwhile , Frost attempts to steal the tournament winnings and escape in Champa 's transportation cube . Frost is stunned by a purple humanoid , Hit ( ヒット , Hitto ) , in the process . Hit takes the unconscious Frost back to the arena . The next match begins . Vegeta faces off against the robot Magetta ( マゲッタ ) . The audience begins to dispute over Magetta 's eligibility because of the fact that Magetta can spit lava . Magetta is declared eligible because the lava is just his saliva . Magetta 's volcanic fumes engulf the barrier and cause Vegeta to perspire rapidly and breathe heavily from the extreme heat . 36 9 `` An Unexpected Desperate Battle ! Vegeta 's Furious Explosion ! '' / `` An Unexpectedly Uphill Battle ! Vegeta 's Great Blast of Fury ! '' `` Masaka no dai kusen ! Bejīta ikari no dai bakuhatsu ! '' ( まさかの 大 苦戦 ! ベジータ 怒り の 大 爆発 ! ) March 27 , 2016 October 7 , 2017 Vegeta continues his battle with Magetta . He is struggling against the rising temperatures in the enclosed arena . Vegeta tries to win quickly , but Magetta endures and counters his attacks . Magetta follows it with a punch that sends Vegeta flying toward the ground . After nearly being disqualified through by going out of bounds , Vegeta powers up in anger and destroys the barrier of the arena . He blasts Magetta and forces him to the very edge of the stage . However , Vegeta is unable to knock Magetta off the stage . After Vegeta insults Magetta , he loses his will to fight . Magetta is knocked out of the ring . 37 10 `` Do n't Forget Your Saiyan Pride ! Vegeta vs. the Saiyan of Universe 6 ! '' / `` Do n't Forget Your Saiyan Pride ! Vegeta vs The 6th Universe 's Saiyan ! '' `` Saiya - jin no hokori o wasureruna ! Bejīta VS Dai - 6 uchū no Saiya - jin '' ( サイヤ 人 の 誇り を 忘れる な ! ベジータ VS 第 6 宇宙 の サイヤ 人 ) April 3 , 2016 October 14 , 2017 Vegeta faces a slim and short Saiyan from Universe Six , Cabba ( キャベ ) , in the following round . Unlike their Universe Seven counterparts , Saiyans of Universe Six are heroic and kind . They are known as benevolent galactic protectors . Vegeta and Cabba are initially equally matched . After Vegeta pushes Cabba to power up , Cabba admits he can not do it . Cabba asks for Vegeta to teach him how to transform . This seemingly enrages Vegeta . Vegeta transforms into a Super Saiyan and begins to mercilessly beat Cabba . Vegeta threatens Cabba . He says he will kill him and destroy his planet if he forfeits . An enraged Cabba suddenly transforms and goes on the offensive . Vegeta reveals the Super Saiyan transformation is unlocked through drawing on one 's inner anger . Vegeta 's actions were intended to bring about that transformation . Vegeta quickly powers up even more and knocks Cabba out with a single punch . After the fight , Cabba thanks Vegeta for telling him about his untapped potential . Vegeta brushes him off and tells him not to forget his Saiyan pride . Vegeta also tells Cabba to surpass all other Saiyans . Cabba acknowledges Vegeta 's advice and walks off the stage . With Universe Six now down to their last fighter , Champa is still unconcerned as he is certain his hit man , Hit , will be able to settle the score . 38 11 `` The Ultimate Warrior of Universe 6 ! Assassin Hit Appears ! ! '' / `` The 6th Universe 's Mightiest Warrior ! Engage the Assassin Hit ! '' `` Dai - 6 uchū saikyō no senshi ! Koroshi ya Hitto kenzan ! ! '' ( 第 6 宇宙 最強 の 戦士 ! 殺し 屋 ヒット 見参 ! ! ) April 10 , 2016 October 21 , 2017 Vegeta and Hit start their battle . To Vegeta 's surprise , he is unable to land a single blow on Hit due to his superior speed . Eventually , Vegeta is struck by a heavy blow and collapses . Hit is declared the winner of the match . Suddenly , it is revealed that Hit used a `` time - skipping '' technique , where he gets to time travel and be the only person able to move for a split second . Goku walks up to battle Hit . Initially , Hit overpowers Goku , which prompts him to ask Goku to surrender . Goku refuses and says he used the time to figure out how Hit 's technique works . Goku predicts Hit 's moves and evades his attacks . Hit claims that Goku 's foresight was just a fluke and that he will not be able to use it again . However , Goku is able to foresee Hit 's attacks and defend himself . Goku proposes that both of them fight at their full power . Hit concurs and withdraws . Shortly afterwards , both start preparing for their next fight . 39 12 `` The Advanced `` Time - Skip '' Fights Back ? ! Will It Come Forth ? Goku 's New Technique ! '' / `` A Developed `` Time Skip '' Counterstrike ? Here Comes Goku 's New Move ! '' `` Seichōshita `` toki tobashi '' no hangeki ! ? Deru ka ! ? Gokū no aratana waza ! '' ( 成長 した `` 時 とばし '' の 反撃 ! ? 出る か ! ? 悟空 の 新た な 技 ! ) April 17 , 2016 November 4 , 2017 Goku and Hit both power up before the match . Goku is finally able to counter Hit 's time - manipulating attacks , which displeases Hit . Hit tries to power up even more , but Goku prevents him . Soon after , Hit manages to counter Goku 's blows , while he simultaneously grows even stronger . Badly hurt , Goku hits the ground . Champa tells Hit to finish off Goku , but Hit refuses to obey his order . Goku manages to get back on his feet , and the two resume their fight . Goku is soon backed into a corner and resorts to his Kaiō - ken technique , which greatly increases his strength and speed . Having powered up , Goku begins pummeling and blasting Hit , who manages to evade most of the attacks with ease . 40 13 `` At Last , It Comes to an End ! Is the Winner Beerus ? Or is it Champa ? '' / `` A Decision at Last ! Is the Winner Beerus ? Or is it Champa ? '' `` Tsuini ketchaku ! Shōsha wa Birusu ? Soretomo Shanpa ? '' ( ついに 決着 ! 勝者 は ビルス ? それとも シャンパ ? ) April 24 , 2016 November 11 , 2017 Goku and Hit fight to an indecisive stalemate . Neither side is able to gain ground against the other . Goku requests that the rules of the fight be waived so that Hit can use his assassination techniques freely . Champa and Beerus argue over this decision . During their argument , Goku jumps out of the fighting stage . He forfeits the match . Goku argues that he would have been unable to continue due to the strain on his body brought on by his Kaiō - ken technique . Shortly afterwards , Monaka faces Hit . Monaka is scared to fight . Monaka punches Hit and wins the fight . Hit throws the fight as repayment for Goku enabling him to surpass his limits . With Hit defeated , the Universe Seven team is declared the winner of the tournament . Just as the festivities are about to conclude , Grand Zenō ( 全 王 ) , a mysterious `` King of Universes '' , appears in the center of the fighting stage . 41 14 `` Come , God of Dragons -- And Pretty Please Grant My Wish ! '' / `` Come Forth , Divine Dragon ! And Grant My Wish , Peas and Carrots ! '' `` Ide deyo kami no ryū -- soshite negai o kanaete chonmage ! '' ( 出 で よ 神 の 龍 そして 願い を 叶え て ちょんまげ ! ) May 1 , 2016 November 18 , 2017 Grand Zenō announces that he will organize a martial arts tournament for all twelve universes . Goku disrespectfully approaches and talks to Grand Zenō . Grand Zenō is amused , and everyone else is discomforted . Champa scolds his team for losing and orders them to train for the upcoming tournament . Shortly afterwards , Champa and his team leave . Beerus asks the Earthlings to find the Super Dragon Balls . Android 18 notices that all Super Dragon Balls are clumped together on the radar , and Monaka deduces that the planet they have been fighting on is actually the seventh Super Dragon Ball . Beerus , Goku , and the others leave for the location of all seven Super Dragon Balls . Once they are there , Whis summons Super Shenron ( スーパー シェンロン , Chāo Shénlóng ) , which is a more powerful version of Shenron . Unknown to anyone else , Beerus secretly wishes to have Universe Six 's Earth restored back to normal . Vados informs Champa what Beerus wished for . Whis leaves Beerus and Monaka on Beerus ' planet and departs for Earth . Monaka is revealed to be an ordinary mail deliveryman , who is an aspiring fighter . Beerus rewards Monaka with money for his help motivating Goku and Vegeta . Goku , Vegeta , and the others from Earth return home . 42 15 `` Trouble at the Victory Celebration ! Showdown at Last ? ! Monaka vs. Son Goku ! '' / `` A Chaotic Victory Party ! Showdown at Last ? Monaka vs. Goku ! '' `` Haran no shukushō kai ! Tsuini taiketsu ! ? Monaka VS Son Gokū ! '' ( 波乱 の 祝勝 会 ! 遂に 対決 ! ? モナカ VS 孫悟空 ) May 8 , 2016 December 2 , 2017 With the tournament completed , Bulma decides to hold a celebration party at the Capsule Corporation . She also decides to invite Monaka . Bulma considers Monaka to be the real winner of the tournament . Beerus and Whis are opposed to Bulma 's idea as they believe that Goku would want to fight Monaka if he were to attend . Ultimately , Monaka does attend . Beerus decides to tell everyone besides Goku about Monaka 's secret . Monaka is not nearly as powerful as everyone believes him to be . Goten and Trunks suggest that Beerus disguise himself as Monaka and fight Goku in Monaka 's place . Beerus agrees to the plan and disguises himself . Pu'ar also shape - shifts itself into Beerus to act as a decoy . Shortly afterwards , Goku and a disguised Beerus begin their fight . Following a brief clash , Whis interrupts the battle . Everyone carries on with the festivities . 43 16 `` Goku 's `` Ki '' is Out of Control ? ! Looking After Pan is A Lot of Trouble ! '' / `` Goku 's Energy is Out of Control ? The Struggle to Look After Pan '' `` Gokū no `` Ki '' ga seigyo funō ! ? Pan no osewa de shikuhakku ! '' ( 悟空 の 「 気 」 が 制御 不能 ! ? パン の お世話 で 四苦八苦 ) May 15 , 2016 December 9 , 2017 Due to overexerting himself during the tournament , Goku has problems controlling his energy . He decides to take a break and relax in order to get his strength back . While Gohan and Videl are out , Goku and his family babysit Pan . That morning , Pilaf , Shu , and Mai plan to attack Goku , while he is asleep . They end up fleeing in terror and bring Pan along with them . Inside their ship , Pilaf accidentally launches them into the stratosphere . The pressure from the launch destroys their ship , but Pan is able to fly back home with her captives in tow . On their way home , Goku 's family is relieved to find Pan even though they remain ignorant of her exploits . 44 17 `` Seal of Planet Potofu -- Secret of the Superhuman Water Is Unleashed ! '' / `` The Seal of Planet Pot - au - feu ; Secrets of the Unleashed Superhuman Water ! '' `` Potofu sei no fūin toki hanatareta -- `` Chōjin sui '' no himitsu ! '' ( ポトフ 星 の 封印 解き放た れ た `` 超人 水 '' の 秘密 ! ) May 22 , 2016 December 16 , 2017 While Monaka delivers a package to Bulma , Goten and Trunks sneak into his delivery truck and are accidentally taken to Planet Po - tau - feu . A group of space bandits are led by a teal humanoid called Gryll ( グリル , Guriru ) . They attempt to steal a key to an item called the Superhuman Water ( 超人 水 , Chōjin Mizu ) from an elder named Potage ( ポタジ , Potaji ) . The bandits succeed and are absorbed and cloned by the purple viscous liquid . At Bulma 's request , Vegeta and Jaco arrive on the planet to search for the children . Shortly after they arrive , the liquid absorbs and clones Vegeta . 45 18 `` Vegeta Disappears ? ! The Threat of Duplicated Vegeta ! '' / `` Vegeta Disappears ? ! Menace of the Duplicate Vegeta ! '' `` Bejīta ga kieru ! ? Fukusei bejīta no kyōi ! '' ( ベジータ が 消える ! ? 複製 ベジータ の 脅威 ! ) May 29 , 2016 January 6 , 2018 Vegeta is powerless due to the purple viscous liquid cloning and absorbing his powers . The liquid is revealed to be a sentient being known as Commeson ( コメソン , Komeson ) . Superhuman Water is just one of its many names known throughout the universe . Vegeta and the rest flee from the cloned Vegeta and the space bandits . They learn from Potage that the original will disappear once cloned . Goten and Trunks attempt to defeat the clone before that happens . Goku is fully recovered while training on King Kai 's planet . He senses that Goten and Trunks are in danger and teleports to Goten 's side . Goku prepares to fight the cloned Vegeta . 46 19 `` Goku vs. Duplicated Vegeta ! Who 's Gonna Win ? ! '' / `` Goku vs. the Duplicate Vegeta ! Which One is Going to Win ? '' `` Gokū VS fukusei Bejīta ! Katsu no wa dotchida ! ? '' ( 悟空 VS 複製 ベジータ ! 勝つ の は どっち だ ! ? ) June 5 , 2016 January 13 , 2018 Goku and the cloned Vegeta begin their battle . Each side holds its own . Vegeta tells Goku that he can not beat him with attacks like that . The cloned Vegeta backs Goku into a corner . Goku teleports behind his opponent and lands a blow on him , which briefly turns the battle in his favor . Vegeta starts getting frustrated that his clone is failing to dodge certain attacks and begins cheering for the clone when it knocks Goku away . Trunks reminds Vegeta that if they do not defeat the clone , Vegeta would die . Vegeta attempts to attack the clone himself , but he fails to do any damage . Frustrated , Vegeta criticizes both his clone and Goku . Goku begins wondering whose side Vegeta is on . He and the cloned Vegeta quickly power up , and the two continue their fight . Jaco points out that Vegeta is even more transparent than before . Potage tells Vegeta to use Commeson to gain time . Trunks wonders if there might be another way to save Vegeta in case their plan fails . Potage suggests that the Commeson should be destroyed to weaken the clones it had created . Trunks , Goten , Potage , and Jaco fly away to retrieve the weapon . Meanwhile , Goku manages to fight off cloned Vegeta . Vegeta is frustrated that it is Goku who is fighting the clone and not him . The fight causes a destructive shock wave . Commeson takes advantage of this and quickly attacks Trunks . Vegeta feels that Trunks is in trouble and tries to reach him . Monaka accidentally steps on Commeson 's core behind him , which damages it along with its clones . Potage notes that even though the core was destroyed , time has run out . Vegeta is disappearing . Realizing this is his last chance , Goku destroys the cloned Vegeta . As a result , Vegeta 's body regenerates . Potage reseals Commeson . Goku thanks Monaka for his help and says that he would have been beaten by the cloned Vegeta if it were not for him . With the Planet Po - tau - feu saved and the threat destroyed , Goku and the others return to Earth . Meanwhile , in an annihilated alternate timeline , Future Trunks looks to destroy a new threat that has been terrorizing his world . Season 4 : `` Future '' Trunks Saga ( edit ) Overall No . Saga No . English translation Dub title Original Japanese title Original airdate American airdate 47 `` An SOS from the Future ! A Dark New Enemy Emerges ! ! '' / `` SOS from the Future : A Dark New Enemy Appears ! '' `` Mirai kara no esuōesu ! Kuroki arata na teki arawaru ! '' ( 未来 から の SOS ! 黒き 新た な 敵 現 る ! ! ) June 12 , 2016 January 20 , 2018 In an alternate timeline , Future Trunks is hiding from a mysterious enemy that has been terrorizing the Future Earth . He meets with his mother in their hideout , Future Bulma , who is relieved that he survived . She is revealed to have been working on the time machine for their trip to find help . Just as they are about to leave , an explosion destroys Future Bulma 's equipment . Seeing as they are in danger , Future Bulma urges Future Trunks to leave without her . Shortly after , a mysterious enemy demolishes the hideout . Future Bulma is killed by falling debris following the explosion , but Future Trunks manages to escape . Back in the present timeline , Goku is showing his new farm to Chi - Chi and Goten . Piccolo arrives shortly after at Goku 's request . Goku says he wants to use his work as a way to train . While Goku and Piccolo are having a harvesting competition , on Beerus ' planet , Vegeta is training with Whis . Goku notices this and teleports to them . Beerus asks if Goku brought him a gift , and Goku gives him a ball of lettuce he grabbed during his contest with Piccolo . Beerus enjoys the lettuce , but he considers it inadequate . Meanwhile , in the alternate timeline , Future Trunks meets up with Future Mai . Future Trunks tells her that his mother has sacrificed herself so he could escape and return to the past to save his world . Back on Beerus ' planet , Goku , Vegeta , Beerus , and Whis discuss Grand Zenō , who is the `` King of all Universes '' . Beerus says that Grand Zenō is the most powerful being there is . Whis says that Grand Zenō is also able to erase entire universes as there had originally been 18 universes instead of the current 12 universes . In the alternate timeline , Future Trunks and Future Mai are eating and resting . They discuss about going back 17 years in the past , where Future Trunks ' friends would be . They make their way to Capsule Corporation . They stumble upon a vortex in the sky out of which arrives the mysterious enemy that the two have been running away from . Future Trunks tells Future Mai to go on ahead as he draws his sword . He tries to face the enemy but to no avail . In order to save Future Trunks and give him a chance to escape , Future Mai acts as a decoy . Future Mai is hit by the enemy 's blast and seemingly killed on the spot . Future Trunks is enraged and looks at the enemy , who is revealed to be a Goku look - alike being named Goku Black ( ゴクウ ブラック , Gokū Burakku ) . 48 `` Hope ! ! Once More Awaken in the Present , Trunks '' / `` Hope ! Redux Awaken in the Present , Trunks '' `` Kibō ! ! Futatabi -- Imade mezame yo Torankusu '' ( HOPE ( き ぼう ) ! ! 再び 現在 で 目覚めよ トランクス ) June 19 , 2016 January 27 , 2018 Goku Black taunts Future Trunks as he could not save any of his family or friends . Future Trunks powers up to Super Saiyan to fight Goku Black , but he is outmatched . He distracts Goku Black with an energy attack and quickly boards the Time Capsule and escapes 17 years into the past . Goku Black is frustrated that he can not find Trunks in the future timeline . Meanwhile in the present timeline , Trunks is studying in class along with Pilaf 's Gang . During a recess break , Trunks feels strange and looks at the sky to observe the Time Capsule arriving with Future Trunks inside . He immediately calls for his mother . Bulma contacts Vegeta and Goku who are training on Beerus ' planet . Bulma asks Trunks to power up in order for Goku to be able to teleport himself and Vegeta to their location . Whis and Beerus also arrive to see Future Trunks . Vegeta asks Goku to get some Senzu beans . Goku goes to Korin 's place to get some Senzu beans . Future Trunks regains consciousness thanks to the Senzu bean . Upon spotting Goku , Future Trunks recalls Goku Black 's attacks and immediately charges towards Goku , which shocks everyone around . 49 `` A Message from the Future -- Goku Black Strikes ! '' / `` A Message From the Future -- The Incursion of Goku Black ! '' `` Mirai kara no messēji -- Gokū Burakku shūrai ! '' ( 未来 から の メッセージ ゴクウ ブラック 襲来 ! ) June 26 , 2016 February 3 , 2018 Goku manages to fight off Future Trunks . Bulma manages to calm down Future Trunks . Future Trunks gets clued in as to where he had ended up . He is also introduced to Beerus and Whis . Future Trunks apologizes to Goku for attacking him . Future Trunks explains that he was unaware that Goku was revived after sacrificing himself to defeat Cell , and the new enemy he is facing looks just like him . Both Goku and Vegeta are intrigued by this enemy . They decide to help him . Meanwhile in an alternate timeline , Goku Black is searching for Future Trunks . Realizing Future Trunks escaped using a time - traveling machine , Goku Black decides to go after him . Goku and Future Trunks decide to have a quick fight to determine each other 's power . Goku easily defeats Future Trunks , but Future Trunks warns Goku that Goku Black is a lot more powerful . While Goku and Future Trunks discuss more about Goku Black , a portal opens above them . Goku Black comes out of the portal and introduces himself . 50 `` Goku vs. Black ! The Closed Path to the Future '' / `` Goku vs. Black ! A Closed - Off Road to the Future '' `` Gokū VS Burakku ! Tozasareta mirai e no michi '' ( 悟空 VS ブラック ! 閉ざさ れ た 未来 へ の 道 ) July 3 , 2016 February 10 , 2018 Goku Black arrives in the past . Future Trunks decides to fight Goku Black , but Vegeta stops him . Curious to know how powerful Goku Black really is , Goku decides to fight him . Neither of them seems to be particularly interested in their fight . Goku decides to transform into a Super Saiyan . Goku Black proves to be no match for powered - up Goku . Future Trunks wonders why Goku does not simply destroy his opponent . Goku Black tries to power up but before he is able to , Goku thwarts him . While Goku and Goku Black fight , the time portal starts to disappear . It also starts dragging Goku Black towards itself . Goku Black realizes this . He destroys the Time Machine as soon as he had been dragged into it , which prevents others to return to the future . With Goku Black suddenly gone , Goku wonders where his enemy could have disappeared . Whis explains that Goku Black used a time - traveling method only Supreme Kai know about . Bulma decides to search for the other Time Machine that Cell used to travel back in time . Just as Goku Black reappears in the future timeline , Future Mai regains consciousness . 51 5 `` Feelings That Travel Beyond Time -- Trunks and Mai '' / `` Feelings That Transcend Time : Trunks and Mai '' `` Toki o koeta omoi -- Torankusu to Mai '' ( 時 を こえ た 想い トランクス と マイ ) July 10 , 2016 February 17 , 2018 Bulma finds the Time Machine that Cell used to travel to the past and promptly gathers the team to repair it . While Future Trunks is waiting for Bulma to finish the repairs , Goku heads off to King Kai 's planet to train . Future Trunks and Mai discuss their counterparts from alternate timelines . Future Trunks explains to Mai that Future Mai was a leader of Earth 's resistance movement who died fighting to protect the planet . He also mentions Goku Black 's ultimate goal , which is to eliminate all humans who are seen as inferior beings . Determined to find Goku Black , Beerus and Whis search for the villain 's energy signature . Meanwhile , Goku Black is surprised that he had grown stronger fighting Goku . He seeks to fight him again to become even stronger . 52 6 `` Teacher and Student Reunited -- Son Gohan and `` Future '' Trunks '' / `` Master and Pupil Reunited Gohan and `` Future '' Trunks ! '' `` Shitei saikai -- Son Gohan to `` Mirai '' Torankusu '' ( 師弟 再会 孫 悟 飯 と `` 未来 '' トランクス ) July 17 , 2016 February 24 , 2018 Bulma and her team are still repairing the Time Machine . Piccolo and Krillin are mending the damages in the wake of Goku 's fight with Goku Black . Piccolo mentions that Gohan had changed since he is not the pupil he had trained years ago . He is dissatisfied with the fact that Gohan decided to abandon his training to become a scholar . Future Trunks is surprised by Piccolo 's point of view . Piccolo and Krillin suggest that Future Trunks should meet their timeline 's Gohan . Future Trunks meets Gohan at Gohan 's house , and the two discuss their shared future . Gohan introduces Future Trunks to his family . Shortly afterwards , Future Trunks leaves for the Capsule Corporation . Meanwhile , Goku , Beerus , and Whis travel to another universe , where they had detected Goku Black 's energy . 53 7 `` Uncover Black 's Identity ! To the Sacred World of the Kais ! '' / `` Uncover Black 's Identity ! Off to the 10th Universe 's World of the Kai 's ! '' `` Burakku no shōtai o abake ! Iza dai 10 uchū no kaiōshin kai e ! '' ( ブラック の 正体 を 暴け ! いざ 第 10 宇宙 の 界 王 神 界 へ ! ) July 31 , 2016 March 3 , 2018 Goku , Beerus , and Whis arrive on Universe Ten 's Sacred World of the Kais . They meet the Supreme Kai beings called Zamasu ( ザマス ) , who is an apprentice Supreme Kai , and Gowasu ( ゴワス ) , who is the Supreme Kai and Zamasu 's master . Gowasu shows himself to be a kind hearted Supreme Kai who loves all creation , while Zamasu despises mortals . Goku is excited by the idea of fighting a Supreme Kai . He asks Zamasu to spar with him . Zamasu objects to fighting Goku , but he is asked to fight by Gowasu . Zamasu is baffled to learn that he is no match for Goku . Beerus and Whis realize that the energy they had detected is actually that of Zamasu . Goku , Beerus , and Whis head back to Universe Seven 's Earth . On Earth , Krillin introduces Future Trunks to his wife , Android 18 , and his daughter , Marron . 54 8 `` The One Who Inherits the Saiyan Blood -- Trunk 's Resolve '' / `` He Who is of Saiyan Blood Trunks 's Resolve '' `` Saiya - jin no chiohikumono -- Torankusu no ketsui '' ( サイヤ 人 の 血 を ひく 者 トランクス の 決意 ) August 7 , 2016 March 10 , 2018 Bulma and her team put the finishing touches to the rebuilt Time Machine . Meanwhile , Vegeta wants to test Future Trunks ' power to see how strong his son had become . Future Trunks proves to be no match for Vegeta at his full power . Future Trunks is outmatched in every way . However , Future Trunks finds this fact reassuring . Knowing how powerful Vegeta and Goku have become , he is certain that Goku Black will not be much of a threat . Vegeta is disappointed and angry with Future Trunks . Vegeta believes that Saiyans should continually strive to grow stronger and not only when enemies present themselves . On Beerus ' planet , Beerus and Whis are about to eat dinner . Suddenly , Grand Zenō contacts them and tells them that he wishes to meet Goku , which shocks Beerus and Whis . 55 9 `` I Want to See Son Goku -- Zen - Oh Sama 's Summoning ! '' / `` I 'd Like to See Goku , You See A Summons from Grand Zeno ! '' `` Son Gokū ni aitai no ne -- Zenō - sama kara no yobidashi ! '' ( 孫悟空 に 会 いたい の ね 全 王様 から の よびだし ! ) August 21 , 2016 March 17 , 2018 Whis and Beerus are worried over Grand Zenō 's request to meet Goku and what it could mean for their universe . They do not want Goku to meet Grand Zenō out of fear that he would come across as crude and offensive . Whis and Beerus reluctantly decide to heed Grand Zenō 's request . They tell Goku to keep quiet about their plans regarding Goku Black and time - traveling . Beerus instructs Whis to let nothing happen to the Supreme Kai of Universe Seven . It is revealed that if a Supreme Kai dies then the God of Destruction from the same universe dies as well . In Universe Ten on Planet Babari ( 惑星 ババリ , Wakusei Babari ) , Zamasu kills one of the natives after it tried to attack them . Gowasu scolds his student and says such behavior goes against his teaching of maintaining the balance between good and evil . Zamasu flouts that mindset and argues that the only way to maintain balance is to eradicate mortals . As Zamasu stands in the wind , rose petals start to whirl around him , which gives an allusion to distinctive red energy of Goku Black . Goku , Whis , and Universe Seven 's Supreme Kai arrive at Grand Zenō 's palace . Grand Zenō says that all he wanted was a friend to play with when he feels like having fun . Goku promises that he will find a better friend for him to play with . Before Goku leaves , Grand Zenō gives him a button and says to press it if Goku ever wants to summon him . Shortly afterwards , Goku , Beerus , and Whis leave for Earth , where the Time Machine has been repaired . Goku , Vegeta , and Future Trunks arrive into Future Trunks ' alternate timeline . As soon as they arrive , Goku is attacked by the Earth 's resistance forces who mistook him for Goku Black . 56 10 `` Rematch With Goku Black ! Super Saiyan Rosé Appears '' / `` Rematch with Goku Black ! Enter Super Saiyan Rosé '' `` Saisen Gokū Burakku ! Sūpā Saiya - jin Roze tōjō ! ! '' ( 再戦 ゴクウ ブラック ! 超 ( スーパー ) サイヤ 人 ロゼ 登場 ! ! ) August 28 , 2016 March 24 , 2018 Future Trunks quickly pacifies the resistance fighters . He explains that he has returned with Goku and Vegeta to defeat Goku Black . The fighters reveal that Future Mai has left them with an action plan in case Goku Black appears . Future Trunks , Goku , and Vegeta leave and meet Future Mai at her hideout . Future Mai explains that after she managed to escape , she stumbled on a group of resistance members who took her in . However , their refuge was soon attacked and destroyed by Goku Black . Goku spots Future Yajirobe ( 未来 の ヤジロベー , Mirai no Yajirobē ) , who Future Trunks believed to be dead in the resistance 's ranks . Future Yajirobe reveals that his life was saved by a Senzu bean , which Korin had given him . Vegeta states that he plans to take on Goku Black alone this time . Goku suggests that they play a game of Rock - paper - scissors to decide who gets to fight first . Vegeta accepts the proposal and wins . Meanwhile , Goku Black is wandering the desolate ruins of the Future Earth . Future Trunks , Goku , and Vegeta suddenly appear near him . Vegeta powers up and engages Goku Black who seems to be completely uninterested . Goku Black transforms into a pink - haired Super Saiyan and fights Vegeta . He dubs the form Super Saiyan Rosé ( 超 サイヤ 人 ロゼ , Sūpā Saiya - jin Roze ) following Goku 's naming pattern . Goku Black tells Vegeta that their fight only made him stronger . Vegeta and Goku Black exchange a few blows . Vegeta knocks him away . Vegeta charges in to attack again . Goku Black uses his ki to form an energy blade on his hand and stabs Vegeta in the chest , which critically wounds him . Goku quickly powers up and charges at Goku Black . As the two fight , Future Trunks thinks they are evenly matched , but Vegeta notices that Goku Black has an advantage over Goku as well . Just as Goku Black begins charging his attack , Zamasu appears and stops the fight . He urges Goku Black to allow him to kill Goku just as they have agreed . 57 11 `` The God With the Immortal Body -- Zamasu Descends '' / `` A God with an Invincible Body -- The Advent of Zamasu '' `` Fujimi no karada o motsu kami -- Zamasu kōrin '' ( 不死身 の 体 を 持つ 神 ザマス 降臨 ) September 4 , 2016 March 31 , 2018 Zamasu appears unexpectedly from the sky . He states that he and Goku Black are `` kindred spirits '' who want a world without mortals . Goku challenges Zamasu to a fight and Zamasu accepts . During the fight , Goku Black suddenly comes between Goku and Zamasu and smashes Goku into a corner . Future Trunks appears and attacks Goku Black . Goku Black uses Goku 's Kamehameha blast at Goku and Future Trunks . They fail to dodge it . As Goku Black and Zamasu use their combined power to finish off Goku and Future Trunks , Vegeta steps in and saves Goku and Future Trunks . Vegeta is badly wounded . Future Yajirobe swoops in to rescue wounded Goku and Future Trunks and takes them to a safer location . Before Goku Black and Zamasu are able to finish off Vegeta , Future Mai and the resistance soldiers intervene and rescue Vegeta . Goku and the others return to their timeline using the Time Machine . Future Mai and Future Yajirobe are left behind . 58 12 `` Zamasu and Black -- The Mystery of the Two Deepens '' / `` Zamasu and Black -- The Duo 's Mystery Deepens '' `` Zamasu to Burakku -- Fukamaru futari no nazo '' ( ザマス と ブラック 深まる 二 人 の 謎 ) September 11 , 2016 April 7 , 2018 Wanting to learn more about the Super Dragon Balls , Zamasu visits Master Zuno 's planet . Under duress , Master Zuno explains exactly how the Super Dragon Balls work and where they are . At Capsule Corporation , Bulma nurses Goku , Vegeta , and Future Trunks back to health . Beerus and Whis arrive with the Universe Seven 's Supreme Kai . After listening to what happened in the alternate timeline , Whis suggests a theory as to what exactly Zamasu is planning . After losing to Goku , Whis believes Zamasu became obsessed with Goku and his incredible power . Zamasu needed an ally as powerful as Goku to achieve his goal of obliterating mortals . Goku Black was therefore supposed to be a copy of Goku and created using the Super Dragon Balls . Whis also adds his earlier theory about how Goku Black is able to time travel using Supreme Kai 's method . He believes that their timeline 's Zamasu is the one who is going to kill Gowasu and give Goku Black the time - traveling device known as the Time Ring ( 時 の 指輪 , Toki no yubiwa ) . Universe Seven 's Supreme Kai takes Goku , Beerus , and Whis to Universe Ten to warn Gowasu , while Vegeta stays behind . They arrive at the Supreme Kai Realm ( 界 王 神 界 , Kaiōshin Kai ) , where they meet Gowasu . Gowasu explains that Zamasu has left on what he called an important mission . Goku tries to warn Gowasu of what Zamasu has done in the future , but Beerus promptly silences him . They wonder if Gowasu noticed anything wrong with his apprentice . Gowasu mentions the doubts Zamasu has had regarding the role of the Supreme Kai and their relationship with mortals , but it should not be a cause for concern . Just as Gowasu finishes , Zamasu arrives . 59 13 `` Protect Supreme Kai Gowasu -- Destroy Zamasu ! '' / `` Protect The Supreme Kai Gowasu -- Destroy Zamasu ! '' `` Kaiōshin Gowasu o mamore -- Zamasu o hakai seyo ! '' ( 界 王 神 ゴワス を 守れ ザマス を 破壊 せよ ! ) September 25 , 2016 April 14 , 2018 Whis gifts Gowasu with rice cakes and says that he and the others did not mean to disturb Zamasu and him . Shortly afterwards , they leave Universe Ten 's Supreme Kai Realm . While they are in space , Whis uses his staff to eavesdrop on Gowasu and Zamasu . They watch as Zamasu kills Gowasu . Whis turns back time so that Goku can save Gowasu . Zamasu claims he did not plan on killing Gowasu , but Whis tells him otherwise . Angered that his plan has failed , Zamasu tries to destroy Goku . Beerus saves Goku and destroys Zamasu . With the present day Zamasu destroyed , Goku and the others decide to track down Goku Black . In the alternate timeline , Zamasu and Goku Black are discussing Goku Black 's power . 60 14 `` Back to the Future -- Goku Black 's Identity Is Revealed ! ! '' / `` Into the Future Once Again Goku Black 's True Identity Revealed ! '' `` Futatabi mirai e -- Akasareru Gokū Burakku no shōtai ! ! '' ( 再び 未来 へ 明かさ れる ゴクウ ブラック の 正体 ! ! ) October 2 , 2016 April 21 , 2018 With Zamasu defeated , Beerus is convinced that Future Trunks ' timeline has become peaceful once again . Although hesitant , Future Trunks decides to go back to his timeline to make sure that is the case . Goku , Vegeta , and Bulma accompany him . As soon as they arrive , they realize that nothing has changed . Future Zamasu and Goku Black learn of Goku and the others ' return . Shortly afterwards , the two groups meet . Goku Black reveals himself to be the version of Zamasu who successfully destroyed Gowasu and was apparently erased by Whis ' time powers . Goku Black had protected himself by using the Time Ring . Afterwards , he stole the body of Goku 's timeline with the wish granted by the Super Dragon Balls . Goku Black used its potential to grow stronger than Goku himself . 61 15 `` Zamasu 's Ambition -- The Awful `` Zero Mortal Plan '' Is Revealed '' / `` Zamasu 's Ambition - The Dreadful Tale of the Zero Mortal '' `` Zamasu no yabō -- Katarareru kyōfu no `` Ningen 0 keikaku '' '' ( ザマス の 野望 語 られる 恐怖 の 『 人間 0 計画 』 ) October 9 , 2016 April 28 , 2018 Future Zamasu reveals himself to be Zamasu from Future Trunks ' alternate timeline , who used the Super Dragon Balls in this timeline to wish for immortality . Goku fights Goku Black and Future Zamasu , but he is outmatched by the two villains . Goku Black tells Goku that after taking over his body , he killed Chi - Chi and Goten just to spite him . Enraged , Goku takes on both of the villains . He is initially able to hold his own , but he is soon overpowered and knocked out . With Goku defeated , Future Trunks and Vegeta are backed into a corner . Future Zamasu holds Future Trunks and his constant time - traveling responsible for thwarting his plan to eradicate all mortals . This infuriates Future Trunks , who explodes and transforms into an immensely powerful new form of Super Saiyan . 62 16 `` I 'll Protect the World ! Trunks ' Furious Super Power Explodes ! ! '' / `` Sekai wa ore ga mamoru ! Torankusu ikari no sūpā pawā sakuretsu ! ! '' ( 世界 は オレ が 守る ! トランクス 怒り の 超 ( スーパー ) パワー 炸裂 ! ! ) October 16 , 2016 TBA While Future Trunks ' new form is enough to match Goku Black , Future Trunks is still unable to deal the death blow . Future Trunks tells Vegeta to take Goku back to the past , while he faces their opponents . Goku Black attempts to prevent them from escaping , but he fails to do so . Goku , Vegeta , and Bulma arrive in the present . Vegeta explains what happened in Future Trunks ' timeline and Goku Black 's origin to Beerus and Whis . Believing they had done their part , Beerus and Whis leave . Meanwhile , Chi - Chi and Gohan meet with Krillin to ask if he knows where Goku went . Krillin hesitates and dodges the question . They leave for Bulma 's house to ask her the same question . Once there , they meet Goku in bandages . With everyone present , Piccolo thinks of a new plan . He proposes using Evil Containment Wave ( 魔 封 波 , Mafūba ) , which is an ancient technique used to seal demons in jars . Wondering what the Evil Containment Wave is , Goku quickly teleports to Kame House . Goku spends the night at Master Roshi 's house training to master the Evil Containment Wave , while Vegeta trains in the Hyberbolic Time Chamber . 63 17 `` Do n't Disrespect Saiyan Cells ! Vegeta 's Heroic Battle Begins ! ! '' / `` Saiya - jin no saibō o kegasu na ! Bejīta no sōzetsu batoru kaien ! ! '' ( サイヤ 人 の 細胞 を 汚す な ! ベジータ の 壮絶 バトル 開演 ! ! ) October 23 , 2016 TBA Before Goku Black and Zamasu are able to kill him , Future Trunks is saved by the resistance . Future Yajirobe informs Future Trunks that Mai has found Goku Black 's hideout . Future Trunks leaves for the hideout . Mai tries to shoot Goku Black , but she misses her shot . Just as Goku Black and Zamasu try to retaliate , Future Trunks intervenes in the nick of time . Future Trunks fights the two again without success . Goku and Vegeta arrive just in time to save him . Goku Black destroys the Time Machine , but Bulma manages to salvage what was left by dousing the fire . Gowasu and Supreme Kai arrive from the past to stop Zamasu from going on a killing spree . Goku Black and Future Zamasu explain that they killed all of the Supreme Kais in the future timeline ; during the conversation , it is revealed that Whis and those like him are actually angels . Goku Black tries to kill Gowasu , but Goku and Vegeta stop him . Goku fights Future Zamasu , while Vegeta battles Goku Black . Bulma begins repairing the Time Machine and asks Future Trunks to prepare the seal , which Goku has brought to seal Zamasu . Vegeta gets the upper hand over Goku Black due to his latest training , which he interprets as a tipping point in his latent power that he possesses as the Prince of Saiyans . 64 18 `` Revere Him ! Praise Him ! Fusion Zamasu 's Explosive Birth ! ! '' / `` Agameyo ! Tataeyo ! Gattai Zamasu bakutan ! ! '' ( 崇めよ ! 讃えよ ! 合体 ザマス 爆誕 ! ! ) October 30 , 2016 TBA Vegeta continues to overpower Goku Black . Future Zamasu attempts to intervene , but Goku cuts him off . Goku Black realizes that Vegeta 's increased power comes from his anger and uses that method to increase his own power . Goku Black distracts Goku and Vegeta by creating many energy duplicates of himself to confuse them , while Future Zamasu goes after Future Trunks , Mai , and Bulma . Bulma attempts to buy time for Future Trunks to prepare the Evil Containment Wave by flirting with Future Zamasu . However , he sees through her trick and knocks her out . This angers Future Trunks , who powers up to his new Super Saiyan form and uses the Evil Containment Wave on Future Zamasu . The Evil Containment Wave works on Future Zamasu , who is sealed within the jar . However , in the present , Master Roshi realizes that he forgot to give Goku the paper amulet that would make the seal permanent . As a result , the seal fails and Future Zamasu breaks out of the jar , which weakened him . Goku Black goes to help him , and Goku and Vegeta follow in pursuit . Realizing that they have underestimated their enemies , Goku Black and Future Zamasu use their Potarra Earrings to fuse into a single immensely powerful being known as Fusion Zamasu . 65 19 `` Is This the Final Judgement ? ! The Ultimate Power of the Absolute God '' / `` Saigo no shipan ka ! ? Zettai shin no kyūkyoku no pawā '' ( 最後 の 審判 か ! ? 絶対 神 の 究極 の 力 ( パワー ) ) November 6 , 2016 TBA Fusion Zamasu explains that he possesses the immortality of Future Zamasu as well as Goku Black 's Saiyan ability to grow stronger from each fight . He shows off his power and devastates the Earth in the process . Meanwhile , Future Trunks decides to rejoin the fight , while Mai and Bulma are working on the Time Machine . Goku and Vegeta fight Fusion Zamasu , but they are easily defeated . Future Trunks joins the fight , but he is also overpowered . Fusion Zamasu begins charging up an enormous ki blast known as the Holy Wrath to destroy the planet . Future Trunks uses a last - ditch Galick Gun attack to hold him off . Vegeta joins the clash with his own all - out Galick Gun . Surprisingly , their combined attack overpowers Fusion Zamasu 's attack and saves the Earth . However , Fusion Zamasu survives unscathed . Vegeta barely saves Future Trunks from a deadly attack by Fusion Zamasu . Vegeta gets knocked out by the blast . Fusion Zamasu charges a second attack , but Goku rejoins the fight and counters it with his Kamehameha attack . 66 20 `` The Climactic Battle ! The Miraculous Power of a Relentless Warrior ! '' / `` Kessen ! Akiramenai senshi - tachi no kiseki no pawā ! '' ( 決戦 ! あきらめ ない 戦士 たち の 奇跡 の 力 ( パワー ) ! ) November 13 , 2016 TBA Goku puts all of his power into his Kamehameha , which is able to pierce through Fusion Zamasu 's attack and stop him from destroying Earth . In the wake of the explosion , Goku is exhausted , and Fusion Zamasu is injured . When Fusion Zamasu grabs him , Goku overpowers him using his Kaio - ken technique , and knocks Fusion Zamasu back temporarily . However , Goku 's use of the Kaio - ken drains all of his energy , and he collapses . Fusion Zamasu regains consciousness and powers up , but he still does not heal properly . Vegeta wonders why Fusion Zamasu is not healing . Gowasu explains that Fusion Zamasu must be mortal since Goku Black was as well . Goku decides that the only way they can win is for him and Vegeta to fuse using Supreme Kai 's Potarra Earrings . Vegeta initially refuses until Gowasu explains that a Potarra fusion that does not involve a Kai only lasts for one hour . Goku and Vegeta fuse to become Vegito . Vegito powers up to Super Saiyan Blue , dubbing himself `` Vegito Blue '' , and begins fighting Fusion Zamasu . Vegito quickly gains the advantage , but Fusion Zamasu grows even stronger . Gowasu explains that Zamasu 's mutation is a result of his anger manifesting in physical form . Meanwhile , Bulma and Mai finish repairing the Time Machine . Mai gives Future Trunks his broken sword , which inspires him to keep fighting . Future Trunks uses his power to restore the sword . Vegito and Fusion Zamasu continue fighting . Vegito is winning until his fusion abruptly ends , due to strain from his immense power . Fusion Zamasu begins to pummel Goku and Vegeta until Future Trunks arrives to help . Future Trunks unknowingly begins gathering energy from all living things on Earth , creating a Spirit Bomb , which he then channels into his sword . With this new power , Future Trunks runs his sword through Fusion Zamasu and cuts him in half . 67 21 `` With New Hope ! ! In Our Hearts -- Farewell , Trunks '' / `` Aratana kibō ! ! O mune ni -- saraba Torankusu '' ( 新た な HOPE ( き ぼう ) ! ! を 胸 に さらば トランクス ) November 20 , 2016 TBA Fusion Zamasu expresses his disbelief that a mortal could defeat him and then disintegrates . However , as everyone exchanges congratulations , Fusion Zamasu 's essence returns and begins spreading over the entire planet . Gowasu explains that Zamasu has cast off his physical form and is trying to physically merge his spirit and energy with the entire universe . Zamasu begins raining destruction down on the Earth and annihilates everything and everyone on the planet except Goku and the others . Zamasu 's power is even felt in the present timeline , where Beerus and Whis sense it . Goku looks for another Senzu bean in his pocket , but instead he finds the button that Grand Zenō gave him in the present timeline . Goku presses the button and Future Grand Zenō appears . After Goku explains the situation , Future Grand Zenō decides to erase the future timeline due to the corruption that Zamasu has caused . Gowasu and Supreme Kai teleport away , while Goku and the others escape using the Time Machine . Future Grand Zenō erases the entire future timeline and Fusion Zamasu . After the others return to the present , Goku and Future Trunks return to what is left of the future timeline . They retrieve Future Grand Zenō and bring him back to the present with them . Goku and Whis bring Future Grand Zenō to meet the present Grand Zenō , which fulfills Goku 's promise to provide the present Grand Zenō with a friend to play with . Whis also meets another angel , the Grand Minister ( 大 神官 , Daishinkan ) , who is revealed to be his father , and invites him to visit Universe Seven . In the aftermath , Whis devises a solution for Future Trunks and Future Mai . Whis explains that they can return to the future timeline before Zamasu became a threat , which would create a new and safe version of the future timeline with the price of there being two duplicates of both Future Trunks and Future Mai living in the new timeline . Future Trunks and Future Mai accept Whis ' solution and use the time machine to travel to their new future . 68 22 `` Come Forth , Shenron ! Whose Wish Will Be Granted ? ! '' / `` Ideyo Shenlong ! Kanaeru negai wa dare no mono ! ? '' ( いでよ 神龍 ( シェンロン ) ! 叶える 願い は 誰 の もの ! ? ) November 27 , 2016 TBA Bulma is secretly trying to build a new Time Machine , but she has so far been unsuccessful . Goku decides to gather the Dragon Balls and use them to revive King Kai . However , Bulma wants to use them to acquire a rare mineral that she needs for the Time Machine , which can only be found at the Earth 's core . Wanting to taste more Earth food , Beerus and Whis return to Earth . Bulma takes them to a seafood restaurant and attempts to keep them from finding out about the Time Machine as they had previously forbidden her from making another Time Machine . Goku gathers the Dragon Balls and summons Shenron . Before Goku can make his wish , several others show up who want to make their respective wishes . As the others are all fighting over the wishes , Gohan arrives with Pan , who is sick and suffering from a severe fever . Goku and the others immediately allow Gohan to use one of the two wishes to heal Pan . After Gohan and Pan leave , the others resume fighting over the remaining wish . Bulma manages to talk everyone else out of making wishes by solving their problems herself . Goku still insists on getting his wish granted . Bulma agrees , but she convinces Goku to go to the Earth 's core and retrieve the rare mineral she needs in exchange for letting him use the wish . Beerus and Whis finish eating and leave the restaurant . They spot Shenron and promptly go to the scene , and they find Goku at the Earth 's core . Having deduced that Bulma is trying to make another Time Machine , Beerus destroys both the mineral and the Time Machine . Just as Goku is about to make his wish , the Dragon Balls deactivate and scatter around the Earth . Goku promises to revive King Kai as soon as the Dragon Balls reactivate . 69 23 `` Goku vs. Arale ! A Ridiculous Battle Will End the Earth ? ! '' / `` Gokū VS Arare ! Hachamechabatoru de Chikyū ga owaru ! ? '' ( 悟空 VS アラレ ! ハチャメチャ バトル で 地球 が 終わる ! ? ) December 4 , 2016 TBA Vegeta , Bulma , and Trunks attend a science competition that Bulma is participating in , which is hosted by Mr. Satan , while Goku is hired to work security for the event . Dr. Senbei Norimaki of Penguin Village , who has created a device that can create any item its user can think of out of thin air , wins the award . Dr. Norimaki 's nemesis , Dr. Mashirito , appears as a ghost , and reveals that he has used a chemical called Playtine - X to gain control over Norimaki 's powerful robot daughter , Arale Norimaki . Vegeta attempts to stop Arale , but her overwhelming strength and seeming ability to defy the laws of physics are too much for him . She sends him flying into the distance . Goku transforms into Super Saiyan Blue and begins fighting Arale . They initially seem to be evenly matched , but it becomes apparent that their battle could easily destroy the Earth . Dr. Norimaki is able to use his new invention to distract Arale temporarily . Meanwhile , Bulma uses the invention to conjure up a mass of delicious food , which immediately attracts Beerus , who had been taking a nap . Dr. Mashirito confronts Beerus , who promptly obliterates him . Beerus also easily overpowers Arale . Just as Beerus is about to destroy her , the food he has eaten causes him severe stomach pain , which prompts him to rush home with Whis immediately . Shortly after , Dr. Norimaki and Arale leave and return home . Goku and Arale agree to fight again in the future . 70 24 `` Champa 's Challenge ! This Time We Fight with Baseball ! ! '' / `` Shanpa kara no chōsen - jō ! Kondo wa yakyū de shōbuda ! ! '' ( シャンパ から の 挑戦 状 ! 今度 は 野球 で 勝負 だ ! ! ) December 11 , 2016 TBA Champa contacts Beerus and challenges him to a game of baseball ( 野球 , Yakyū ) as a way of reconciling Universes Six and Seven . The baseball game is arranged to be held on Universe Seven 's Earth . Champa explains to Vados that he intends to use the game as an opportunity to steal food from Earth . The game begins with Goku initially unsuccessful as the pitcher for Beerus ' team due to his lack of experience . Yamcha , who has extensive experience playing baseball , steps up and gives the Universe Seven team an advantage . However , he is injured several times over the course of the game by Vegeta , who is playing on the Universe Six team with Champa . Champa and Beerus end up fighting , which almost destroys the planet . Whis and Vados intervene and call the game off . Vados reveals that Yamcha , despite his injuries , made it to home plate and scored a run before the game was called off , thereby winning the game for Universe Seven . Champa and his team return to Universe Six . Champa has seemingly forgotten his goal of stealing Universe Seven 's Earth 's food , as he has already become obsessed with training to prepare for a rematch . 71 25 `` The Death of Goku ! The Guaranteed Assassination Mission '' / `` Gokū shisu ! Zettai shikkō no ansatsu ninrai ! '' ( 悟空 死す ! 絶対 執行 の 暗殺 任 頼 ) December 18 , 2016 TBA Goku begins acting strangely . He admits to Gohan and Goten that he thinks someone wants to kill him . Meanwhile , in Universe Six , Hit carries out an assassination mission by killing a crime boss . His next target is revealed to be Goku . Goku senses Hit coming and flies to a remote area so that their fight would not put anyone else in danger . Hit arrives to kill Goku . Goku charges at Hit , but he can not hit him . Hit seemingly kills Goku with a single blow to the chest and disappears just before Piccolo , Gohan , and Goten arrive and find Goku 's body . 72 26 `` Will There Be a Counterattack ? ! The Invisible Killing Strike ! ! '' / `` Hangeki naruka ! ? Mienai koroshi no waza ! ! '' ( 反撃 なる か ! ? 見え ない 殺し の 技 ! ! ) December 25 , 2016 TBA Piccolo tries to revive Goku to no avail , but Goku had fired an energy blast in the air shortly before he was killed , reviving him . Goku learns that Hit 's assassination technique is an invisible energy blast . Goku shocks Hit by being the first person to ever dodge this technique , but he is still unable to land a blow on Hit and remains at a disadvantage . Meanwhile , Champa and Vados come to see the fight . They are later joined by Vegeta , Beerus , and Whis . Vados explains how Hit is able to use his secret technique , which makes him seemingly untouchable . In the midst of the battle , Goku fires his Kamehameha attack , which proves to be powerful enough to knock out both Hit and himself . In the aftermath , Goku reveals to Vegeta , Champa , and Beerus that he had hired Hit , because he wanted to fight him at full strength , and that Whis and Vados were involved in his plan as well . 73 27 `` Gohan 's Misfortune ! An Unexpected Great Saiyaman Movie ? ! '' / `` Gohan no sainan ! Gurētosaiyaman masakano eiga ka ! ? '' ( 悟 飯 の 災難 ! グレート サイヤマン まさかの 映画 化 ! ? ) January 8 , 2017 TBA Mr. Satan reveals to Videl and Gohan that he is starring in a new superhero film : `` Great Saiyaman vs. Mister Satan '' ! As Videl , Gohan , and Pan check out the film set , the lead in the film -- - a famous but self - absorbed actor named Barry Kahn -- becomes enamored with Videl and tries to woo her . Videl rejects Barry in front of the entire film crew , which angers him . Seeking revenge on Videl for his humiliation , Barry convinces Gohan to take over as the main stuntman for the film in order to embarrass and potentially maim him . As Gohan is the real Great Saiyaman , he uses his powers to easily take on the role . Gohan later dons the suit again for a fight against a pair of bank robbers . When the film crew accuses Gohan of using the suit and stopping the bank robbery , Bulma bails him out . However , Gohan 's identity is accidentally revealed to Cocoa , who is a starlet in the film . Cocoa blackmails Gohan into flying her around the city . Meanwhile , Jaco chases after a being known as Watagashi ( 綿 餓死 ) , which is an extraterrestrial parasitic criminal that possesses its hosts . Suspecting that `` The Great Saiyaman '' might be the host of Watagashi , Jaco attacks Gohan with a vaporizing cannon . 74 28 `` For the Ones He Loves ! The Unbeatable Great Saiyaman ! ! '' / `` Aisuru mono no tame ni ! Fukutsu no Gurēto Saiyaman ! ! '' ( 愛する ものの ため に ! 不屈 の グレート サイヤマン ! ! ) January 15 , 2017 TBA Gohan manages to dodge Jaco 's cannon blast and learns of Watagashi 's ability to possess its hosts . Cocoa brings Gohan back to her apartment to rehearse , but she hides the fact that she was forced by Barry to let photos be taken of the pair for the tabloids . She has a secret change of heart and does not let the photos get taken in her room . When the pair go to the roof the next morning , Barry gets the pictures of Gohan getting a kiss from Cocoa and revealing himself as Great Saiyaman . Barry immediately brings the photos to Videl in an attempt to expose Gohan as a cheater . As he tries to woo Videl again , she sees through Barry 's act and refuses his advances . Watagashi finds and possesses Barry by turning him into a powerful monster in the process . The possessed Barry dispatches Gohan and kidnaps Pan . He seeks a final showdown with Gohan . Barry proves formidable . Gohan is nearly killed in the struggle . Videl and Pan express complete faith in Gohan 's desire to protect them and call out for his aid . Gohan transforms into `` Super Great Saiyaman '' and knocks out Barry , which separates him from Watagashi in the process . The film becomes a hit . Cocoa blackmails Barry into keeping Gohan 's secret with the knowledge that Barry was the monster that attacked the city . Now seeing him as less of a threat , Jaco lets Watagashi escape . 75 29 `` Goku and Krillin Back to the Old Training Grounds '' / `` Gokū to Kuririn -- Natsukashi no shugyō no ba e '' ( 悟空 と クリリン 懐かし の 修行 の 場 へ ) January 22 , 2017 TBA Goku seeks a sparring partner to train with , but he laments being unable to find a suitable opponent . On Goten 's suggestion , Goku goes to ask Krillin , who is still working as a police officer . Krillin is grazed by a bullet during a shootout with a pair of burglars , but they are easily disarmed by Goku . Krillin declines Goku 's offer to spar . He knows he would be no challenge for Goku and that he has given up martial arts for good . Krillin is chastised by Android 18 , who says the strong man she fell in love with could never be harmed by a bullet . Her words lead Krillin to reconsider Goku 's offer and ultimately accepts it . The two leave for Master Roshi 's to train as they did when they were children . Krillin proves to be no match for Goku even though Goku is wearing a heavy suit as a handicap . Sensing Krillin 's self - doubt and believing that a different approach is needed , Master Roshi sends his students on a race to a heavily forested island to recover a rare herb . As a reward , Master Roshi offers to teach the winner a secret technique that can immensely increase the user 's strength . On the island , Goku and Krillin meet Fortuneteller Baba . They tell her about Master Roshi 's challenge . Interested to see what will happen , Baba decides to observe the race using her crystal ball . Goku and Krillin venture into the forest in search of the herb . As they enter , a heavy fog rolls in , where familiar foes emerge . 76 30 `` Defeat These Terrifying Enemies ! Krillin 's Fighting Spirit Returns ! '' / `` Kowa teki o uchiyabure ! Kuririn no tōshi futatabi ! '' ( 恐 敵 を 打ち破れ ! クリリン の 闘志 ふたたび ! ) January 29 , 2017 TBA Android 18 arrives at Master Roshi 's house and searches for Krillin . Master Roshi and Fortuneteller Baba explain that Krillin and Goku have entered the `` Forest of Terror , '' which is a place where they have to face illusions of enemies that they had battled before . Master Roshi intended this exercise as a way to help Krillin overcome his lack of confidence . In the forest , Krillin is terrified by what he sees . Among the group of illusions are Tambourine , Frieza , Dabura , and Majin Buu , where all of them previously killed or seriously wounded Krillin . Overcome with fear , Krillin attempts to abandon the race and fly out of the forest . The trees move to block the entrance , which leave Goku and Krillin stranded . The illusions attack and separate Goku and Krillin . Krillin finds himself surrounded by the illusions , but his attacks only make them stronger . After slicing one in half , he discovers that they are powered by his own energy . He heeds Master Roshi 's training and calms himself down , which weakens the illusions . As a final challenge , Fortuneteller Baba summons an illusion of Super Shenron , which immediately ensnares Goku . Krillin quickly arrives and frees him . The two of them use a combined Kamehameha blast to destroy the illusion . The illusions turn into the rare herbs that Master Roshi wanted . Goku and Krillin return to Master Roshi 's house with bags full of the herb . Master Roshi admits that there is actually no secret technique . Krillin , who has regained his confidence , disagrees . Goku and Krillin soon leave . Krillin returns home , where Android 18 shaves his head . This signals Krillin 's decision to pick up his martial arts training once again . Season 5 : Universe Survival Saga ( edit ) Overall No . Saga No . English translation Original Japanese title Original airdate American airdate 77 `` Let 's Do It , Zen - Oh Sama ! The All - Universe Martial Arts Tournament ! ! '' `` Yarou ze Zenō - sama ! Uchū ichi Budō - kai ! ! '' ( や ろう ぜ 全 王様 ! 宇宙 一 武道 会 ! ! ) February 5 , 2017 TBA The Present Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō are playing a game together in their realm , but both have become bored with their monotonous routine . Meanwhile , Goku heads to a local farmer 's market to sell his produce and get Chi - Chi off his back about making money . On the way home , he is ambushed by some robbers . Goku defeats them , but he is injured in the process . Deciding that he has grown rusty , Goku and Goten decide to train with Whis . They head to the Capsule Corporation building , where Bulma reveals she is pregnant with her and Vegeta 's second child . Goten remains behind to train with Trunks . Vegeta declines to accompany Goku so that he can be with Bulma when she gives birth . Goku heads to Beerus ' planet alone . While training with Whis , Goku remembers Grand Zenō 's intention to hold a multiverse martial arts tournament . Heedless of Beerus and Whis ' warnings , Goku uses Grand Zenō 's button to head to his realm and convinces Present Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō to hold the tournament . When he returns to Beerus ' planet , Beerus angrily berates Goku and explains that Grand Zenō naive and innocent nature combined with his extreme power makes him a danger to the multiverse . Beerus threatens to kill Goku if he steps out of line again . Goku , Beerus , and Whis head to the Sacred World of the Kais , where the Grand Minister arrives . He tells the group to assemble their ten most powerful warriors to compete in the `` Tournament of Power '' ( 力 の 大会 , Chikara no Taikai ) . 78 `` The Gods of Every Universe in Shock ? ! Losers Erased in the Tournament of Power '' `` Zen uchū no kami - sama mo don hiki ! ? Maketara shōmetsu `` Chikara no taikai '' '' ( 全 宇宙 の 神様 も ドン 引き ! ? 負け たら 消滅 「 力 の 大会 」 ) February 12 , 2017 TBA The Grand Minister explains the details of the `` Tournament of Power '' and states that it will be held on `` the World of Void '' . It is a place of `` infinite nothingness '' , where the competitors can fight without limits . The tournament champion will be granted a wish by the Super Dragon Balls , while the losers and their respective universes will be completely erased from existence . Everyone is horrified by this harsh penalty . Goku suggests asking Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō to ignore it , but Whis advises against this . Whis tells Goku that Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō has already made up his mind and attempting to change it could be dangerous . Beerus demands that Goku takes responsibility for asking Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō to hold the tournament in the first place . Goku declares that he will defeat any opponent he faces . The Grand Minister also reveals that Universes 7 and 9 are to have a smaller exhibition tournament for Future Grand Zenō 's benefit . Each universe is to name three fighters . Goku sets off to recruit teammates . After Vegeta refuses , Goku recruits Gohan and Majin Buu , who is accompanied by Mr. Satan to represent Universe 7 . Goku also explains the potential penalty to Gohan . Gohan tells Goku to keep the stakes a secret to prevent mass panic . Back at Grand Zenō 's and Future Grand Zenō 's palace , all the gods from all 12 universes gather . The Grand Minister explains the purpose of the Zen Exhibition Match . He alludes to the possibility of Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō erasing the fighters that he deems unfit for the tournament . In the first round , Majin Buu is to fight Basil ( バジル , Bajiru ) , a humanoid canine fighter from Universe 9 . 79 `` Universe 9 's Basil the Kicker VS Universe 7 's Majin Buu ! ! '' `` Dai kyu uchū keri no Bajiru basasu Dai nana uchū Majinbū ! ! '' ( 第 9 宇宙 蹴り の バジル VS 第 7 宇宙 魔 人 ブウ ! ! ) February 19 , 2017 TBA Basil quickly gains the upper hand and beats down Majin Buu , who is not taking the fight seriously and thinks of it as a game . Goku goads Basil into showing his full power to get Majin Buu 's attention , which leads to Basil using his ultimate attack . As Roh ( ロウ , Rō ) , the Supreme Kai of Universe 9 , claims victory , Majin Buu emerges with a hole in his stomach , but he is otherwise unmoved . Basil and Roh are shocked to see this . Mr. Satan is injured during the attack . He tells Majin Buu to beat Basil before falling unconscious . This enrages Majin Buu to the point , where he effortlessly beats Basil and knocks him out of the ring . However , since neither Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō is satisfied with the fight , Basil is allowed to get back into the ring . Roh gives Basil a drug that makes him far more powerful . Although Beerus demands that Basil is disqualified for obvious cheating , Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō is entertained by this and allows the fight to continue . The Grand Minister announces that the rules will be improvised as the tournament goes along . Basil overpowers Majin Buu and seemingly beats him , which causes Roh to prematurely gloat about the superiority of Universe 9 . However , Majin Buu emerges unscathed and launches a full power attack at Basil . This knocks him out and clinches Universe 7 the victory . As the Universe 9 team laments Basil 's loss , Basil 's second oldest brother Lavender ( ラベンダ , Rabenda ) says that if he is allowed to kill his opponent , which Bergamo gives him permission to do , he can win his match . Gohan volunteers to fight Lavender . 80 `` Awaken Your Sleeping Battle Spirit ! Son Gohan 's Fight ! ! '' `` Nemutta tōshi o yobisamase ! Son Gohan no tatakai ! ! '' ( 眠っ た 闘志 を 呼び覚ませ ! 孫 悟 飯 の 闘い ! ! ) February 26 , 2017 TBA As their battle begins , Lavender spits a poison mist into Gohan 's eyes and blinds him . Shin offers Gohan a Senzu bean to cure the poison , but Gohan refuses and says he wants to fight with his strength alone . Unable to see , Gohan uses his other senses to track Lavender and scores several blows . Lavender counters by levitating , which eliminates the sound of his footsteps . Gohan responds by powering up to Super Saiyan and bouncing his own ki off of Lavender 's body , which uses it as a kind of active radar . Powering up also causes the poison to spread rapidly through Gohan 's body . Lavender mounts a comeback . In desperation , Gohan grabs hold of Lavender and launches a kamikaze attack . He drives both of their bodies into the ring at high speed . Lavender is knocked out , but Gohan is so weakened by the poison that he can not continue . With both fighters down , the match is declared a tie . After Goku feeds Gohan a Senzu bean , the Grand Minister announces to those in attendance that all universes that lose the Tournament of Power will be erased with their respective gods as well . However , Universes 1 , 5 , 8 , and 12 will be exempt from erasure as will the Angels from all universes because their inhabitants are particularly strong . Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō had long believed that there were too many universes . He was planning to erase most of them anyway , but the tournament will afford one of the weaker universes the chance to be spared . With the announcement concluded , the ring is repaired in preparation for the final exhibition match where Goku will fight Bergamo ( ベルガモ , Berugamo ) , Basil 's oldest brother who is also a humanoid canine . 81 5 `` Bergamo the Crusher Vs Son Goku ! Which One Wields the Limitless Power ? ! '' `` Tsubushi no Berugamo VS Son Gokū ! Aotenjō no tsuyosa wa dotchida ! ? '' ( 潰し の ベルガモ VS 孫悟空 ! 青 天井 の 強 さ は どっち だ ! ? ) March 5 , 2017 TBA Before their battle begins , Bergamo denounces Goku before the assembled gods . Bergamo pleads with Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō to rescind the rule that the universes that lose the Tournament of Power be erased . Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō agree on the condition that Bergamo beats Goku in an all out battle . Grand Minister states that if Goku holds back to cancel the erasure , Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō will immediately erase all of the universes . Both Goku and Bergamo agree to the terms . When the fight begins , Bergamo invites Goku to hit him and leaves himself exposed . Goku obliges and strikes Bergamo several times , but Bergamo absorbs the energy of Goku 's attacks . He grows stronger and physically larger . Goku continues to attack , which causes Bergamo to grow so large that the ring begins to buckle under his weight . Goku transforms to Super Saiyan Blue , which shocks the gods and quickly overwhelms Bergamo with a Kaioken powered Kamehameha . Bergamo claims every universe participating in the Tournament of Power will seek vengeance on Goku for making them face erasure , but Goku relishes the idea of such a challenge . The Zen Exhibition Match comes to a close and the Tournament of Power will soon begin . The universe with the most fighters remaining or the last fighter standing will be declared the winner . Suddenly , a mysterious fighter from Universe 11 named Toppo ( トッポ ) appears and challenges Goku to a battle . Goku , who is unsatisfied after his short fight with Bergamo , agrees to fight Toppo . 82 6 `` Never Forgive Son Goku ! Toppo the Warrior of Justice Intrudes ! ! '' `` Son Gokū yurusumaji ! Seigi no senshi Toppo ran'nyū ! ! ! '' ( 孫悟空 許す まじ ! 正義 の 戦士 トッポ 乱入 ! ! ) March 19 , 2017 TBA After obtaining Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō blessing to proceed , Goku and Toppo begin their battle . Toppo quickly gains the upper hand and dislocates Goku 's shoulder . Goku responds by attacking with a flurry of blows , but Toppo manages to grab Goku in a powerful bear hug . He begins squeezing the life out of Goku , which forces Goku to turn Super Saiyan Blue to escape . Goku gains the upper hand in this form and damages Toppo with a Kamehameha . Just as the two power up even more , the Grand Minister puts an end to the fight . As Toppo leaves , he reveals to Goku that Universe 11 has a warrior even stronger than him named Jiren ( ジレン ) . The Grand Minister begins creating a martial arts arena suitable for the Tournament of Power . In the Sacred World of the Kais , Beerus and Goku get into an argument over Goku 's constant relaxed and negligent attitude , which Whis breaks up . The group agrees to convene at the Capsule Corporation to discuss their future strategy . 83 7 `` Form the Universe 7 Representing Team ! Who are the Strongest Ten ? ! '' `` Dai - 7 uchū daihyō chīmu o kessei seyo ! Saikyō no 10 - ri wa dareda ? '' ( 第 7 宇宙 代表 チーム を 結成 せよ ! 最強 の 10 人 は 誰 だ ! ? ) March 26 , 2017 TBA Goku and the others arrive at Capsule Corporation . They discuss who should be on the team . Goku immediately suggests Monaka , but Beerus tells him that Monaka is sick and can not participate . Goku and Gohan agree on Vegeta , Piccolo , Krillin , Master Roshi , No. 18 , and No. 17 , which would bring the total number of fighters up to nine . Trunks and Goten are ruled out due to their inexperience . They proceed to ask Vegeta , who has been thinking of a name for his second child . Vegeta refuses to participate . He says he will not fight , while Bulma is pregnant . Whis uses his time warping ability to birth the baby sooner than expected in order to get Vegeta to agree to the fight . Everyone celebrates the baby 's birth . Trunks is slightly disappointed he has a sister because he wanted to train with a younger brother . As soon as the baby is handed to Vegeta , he develops an attachment to her . Bulma names the baby Bulla even though Vegeta hoped to give her the Saiyan name Eschalot . However , Vegeta quickly accepts Bulla 's name . Goku leaves to recruit members and heads to Krillin 's house . 84 8 `` Son Goku the Recruiter Invites Krillin and No. 18 '' `` Sukautoman Son Gokū -- Kuririn to 18 - gō o izanau '' ( スカウト マン 孫悟空 クリリン と 18 号 を 誘う ) April 2 , 2017 TBA Goku and Gohan arrive at Krillin 's house and ask him and No. 18 to join the Tournament of Power . No. 18 convinces Krillin to participate in order to put his newfound martial arts training to use . No. 18 is reluctant to join herself . She quickly suspects Goku and Gohan of hiding something from them , but Goku convinces her that the secret is a 10 million Zeni reward , which convinces her to participate . Gohan decides to test Krillin in a sparring match on the coast . After Gohan overpowers him in hand to hand combat , Krillin swiftly defeats Gohan by blinding him with his new move named Solar Flare x 100 and knocking him into the sea . Goku is excited by Krillin 's new power . He challenges him to a sparring match as well . They relocate to a building owned by Mr. Satan , where Krillin 's strategies make up for the gap in power , forcing Goku to go Super Saiyan . Goku then transforms into his Super Saiyan Blue form , and he and Krillin have a Kamehameha clash . As Goku increases his power and starts to overpower Krillin , No. 18 intervenes and blocks Goku 's Kamehameha , just as Krillin collapses from exhaustion . She justifies herself by noting that the Tournament of Power will be a battle royal and that Goku can not expect to fight one - on - one all the time . Goku concedes the match and realizes he will have to adjust his tactics in order to win the Tournament of Power . No. 18 reveals that No. 17 is currently working at a wildlife reserve , but she does not know where . Goku decides to ask Dende to find No. 17 . 85 9 `` The Universes Begin to Make Their Moves Their Individual Motives '' `` Ugokidasu uchū -- sorezore no omowaku '' ( 動き出す 宇宙 -- それぞれ の 思惑 ) April 9 , 2017 TBA Gohan leaves to recruit Piccolo , while Goku prepares to head to the Lookout . He encounters Majin Buu and Mr. Satan training . Goku discovers that Buu has lost weight and has gotten much slimmer in appearance . The two spar together . Buu defeats Goku by overwhelming him with ki blasts and knocking him out of the fighting stage . Meanwhile , Khai ( カイ ) , the Supreme Kai of Universe 11 , gathers all of the Supreme Kais involved in the tournament except for Universe 7 's , who is ostracized due to Goku 's involvement with the creation of the tournament . Khai asks his fellow Supreme Kais to request that Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō cancel the erasure of the universes , but they are all too afraid of his wrath to do so . Champa gathers all the Gods of Destruction involved in the tournament except Beerus after finding out about the Supreme Kai 's meeting , and they discuss Goku . Toppo recruits his fellow Pride Troopers Kahseral ( カーセラル , Kāseraru ) and Dyspo ( ディスポ , Disupo ) . Champa recruits Cabba and demands he find more powerful Saiyans . Goku meets Dende and Mr. Popo at the Lookout and learns No. 17 's location . Gohan prepares to train with Piccolo . 86 10 `` Fist Cross for the First Time ! Android # 17 VS Son Goku ! ! '' `` Hajimete majiwaru kobushi ! Jinzōningen Jūnana - gō VS Son Gokū ! ! '' ( 初めて 交わる 拳 ! 人造 人間 17 号 VS 孫悟空 ! ! ) April 16 , 2017 TBA On their way to the island where No. 17 is working , Dende explains that since the conclusion of the Cell Games , No. 17 has started a family and gotten far stronger . Dende also reveals that Kid Buu has reincarnated as a young Earthling with massive fighting potential and asks Goku to train him when he is old enough . They reach the island as Goku arrives just in time to witness No. 17 defeat a group of armed poachers . As they introduce themselves to each other , a large army of poachers arrive . Goku and No. 17 team up to subdue them all . Afterwards , No. 17 explains that the poachers are after the last Minotaurus in order to steal its rare and valuable horns . The two decide to have a sparring match . No. 17 evenly matches Super Saiyan Goku , which causes him to turn Super Saiyan Blue . Goku launches a Kamehameha at No. 17 , who easily deflects it with an energy shield . The two go toe - to - toe until No. 17 ends the match in order to avoid catching the island in the crossfire . Goku and No. 17 acknowledge that they were both holding back in the fight . Afterwards , Goku attempts to convince him to join the Tournament of Power , but No. 17 is uninterested . He remains indifferent even when Goku reveals that the losing universes will be erased . Meanwhile , alien poachers arrive on Earth and they set their sights on the Minotaurus . 87 11 `` Hunt the Poachers ! Goku and No. 17 's United Front ! ! '' `` Mitsuryō - dan o kare ! Gokū to Jūnana - gō no kyōtō ! ! '' ( 密漁 団 を 狩れ ! 悟空 と 17 号 の 共闘 ! ! ) April 23 , 2017 TBA Goku entices No. 17 with a wish on the Super Dragon Balls . As he begins to consider Goku 's offer , the alien poachers arrive and abduct all of the island 's animals . Goku uses his Instant Transmission to teleport himself and No. 17 aboard their ship before it can escape . After defeating some of the poachers , No. 17 sets off to defeat the leader , while Goku remains behind to battle the rest of the poachers . No. 17 confronts and easily defeats the leader . Goku catches up just as the leader pulls out a switch and threatens to self - destruct if he is not released immediately . No. 17 smashes him out of a window , which vents both of them into deep space . Goku manages to use his Instant Transmission to teleport all three of them to King Kai 's world . Dende contacts Goku and informs him that the leader 's threat was a bluff . Afterwards , Goku and No. 17 return the animals to their rightful homes . Jaco arrives to arrest the alien poachers . No. 17 decides to leave his island in the hands of Goten and Trunks and accepts Goku 's offer to fight in the Tournament of Power . He hopes to use the Super Dragon Balls to wish for an expensive boat and travel the world with his family . 88 12 `` Gohan and Piccolo Teacher and Pupil Clash in Max Training ! '' `` Gohan to Pikkoro Shitei gekitotsu no Genkai shugyō ! '' ( 悟 飯 と ピッコロ 師弟 激突 の 限界 修業 ! ) April 30 , 2017 TBA Gohan and Piccolo engage in intense training . Piccolo explains that Goku has already informed him about the potential erasure of the universe and that he is going to participate in the Tournament of Power . He points out that Gohan 's over eagerness to protect his loved ones is making him reckless . Gohan transforms into a Super Saiyan , and the two continue to spar . Meanwhile , Cabba heads to the residence of his retired captain and mentor , Renso ( レンソウ ) . Cabba asks him to join Universe 6 's team for the Tournament of Power , but Renso refuses due to an injury to his leg . Renso suggests his sister , Caulifla ( カリフラ , Karifura ) , instead , who he claims is even stronger than him . Back in Universe 7 , Piccolo removes his weighted clothes to go all out and quickly defeats Gohan . Piccolo explains that Gohan has a tendency to become arrogant when he has the advantage in battle . After being encouraged by Piccolo , Gohan manages to reach the level of power he had against Super Buu . The two fight again , and Gohan successfully severs Piccolo 's arm . However , Piccolo blasts him in the back with the severed arm and defeats Gohan , which proves Piccolo 's point about Gohan 's overconfidence . That night , Piccolo vows to push Gohan to new heights of power . They both agree to work on combination moves . 89 13 `` An Unknown Beauty Appears ! The Tenshin - Style Dojo 's Mystery ? ! '' `` Arawareta nazo no bijo ! Tenshin - ryū Dōjō no kai ! ? '' ( 現れ た 謎 の 美女 ! 天津 流 道場 の 怪 ! ? ) May 7 , 2017 TBA Goku heads to Master Roshi 's island , where Oolong informs him that Tien and Chiaotzu have started a martial arts dojo , and that Roshi has headed there to act as a special instructor . Goku decides to make Tien the tenth member of the team , and heads off to recruit him and Roshi . At Tien 's dojo , a woman named Yurin ( ユーリン , Yūrin ) with a grudge against Tien arrives and requests to join the dojo . Although Tien denies her because her motivation of beauty was unfit for his dojo , Roshi drags Yurin off to ogle her . Goku arrives and asks Tien to join the Tournament of Power , but , even after Goku bribes him with 10 million Zeni , Tien refuses . Yurin escapes Roshi 's advances and uses witchcraft to drive Tien 's students on a rampage throughout town . Goku , Tien , Chiaotzu , and Roshi arrive at the village , where Yurin confronts them . Yurin explains that she is a former classmate of Tien 's during his time at the Crane School and that she swore revenge on him after he left the school and refused to fight her . Meanwhile , Cabba sways Caulifla into joining Universe 6 's team by promising to teach her how to become a Super Saiyan . Back on Earth , while Goku , Chiaotzu , and Tien cure the students of their brainwashing , Roshi battles Yurin . He lowers his guard after catching a glimpse of Yurin 's panties , which allows her to brainwash him . The brainwashed Roshi quickly defeats Tien , but Goku intervenes . While Chiaotzu temporarily disables Yurin , Goku subdues Roshi with a Kamehameha and cures him of the brainwashing . Tien orders Yurin to apologize to everyone she hurt and offers her a place at his dojo . Tien decides to join the Tournament of Power because he believes that the 10 million Zeni Goku promised will repair the village . After hearing about the 10 million Zeni , Master Roshi quickly agrees to join as well . 90 14 `` See The Wall That Must Be Passed ! Goku vs Gohan '' `` Koerubeki kabe o misuete ! Gokū bāsasu Gohan '' ( 超える べき 壁 を 見据え て ! 悟空 VS 悟 飯 ) May 14 , 2017 TBA As Gohan finishes training with Piccolo , they go to meet with Goku , Master Roshi , and Tien . At Gohan 's request , Goku and Tien have a fight against Gohan and Piccolo to practice for the tournament . Although Tien views this as a practice match and wants to avoid injuring anyone , Gohan and Goku take the fight seriously . As Gohan fights both his father and Tien , Piccolo spends the time charging a strong technique , which ultimately destroys the mountain fighting stage when it is launched . Tien calls the match off on the grounds that the fighting stage is now destroyed . Although Goku agrees , Gohan requests to have a one - on - one fight against his father . Goku accepts , and Gohan powers up while Goku goes Super Saiyan 2 . Although Goku has the upper hand for much of the fight , Gohan turns the tables and begins to overpower Goku . Gohan begs Goku to use his full power . Goku responds by becoming a Super Saiyan Blue and using his Kaio - Ken technique , then defeats Gohan with a single blow . Impressed with his son 's improvement , Goku assigns Gohan as the leader of their Universe 7 team . Meanwhile , Rumsshi ( ラムーシ , Ramūshi ) recruits a powerful fighter named Murichim ( ムリチム , Murichimu ) and his companions to represent Universe 10 in the tournament . 91 15 `` Which Universe Will Survive ? ! The Strongest Warriors Are Gathering ! ! '' `` Kachinokoru no wa dono Uchū da ! ? Zokuzoku to tsudou Saikyō no senshi - tachi ! ! '' ( 勝ち残る の は どの 宇宙 だ ! ? 続々 と 集う 最強 の 戦士 たち ! ! ) May 21 , 2017 TBA Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō are suffering from extreme boredom again . They decide to observe the universes ' progress in assembling their strongest warriors . In Universe 7 , Vegeta prepares to enter the Hyperbolic Time Chamber for some intense training . Goku spars with Whis in Vegeta 's gravity chamber . Master Roshi and Puar train to remove Roshi 's weakness to seduction techniques , which fails miserably . In Universe 9 , word has spread of the potential erasure of their universe . The populace has descended into anarchy . The three canine brothers have been unable to find any other fighters . In Universe 6 , Hit tracks down the destitute Frost and forces him to join the Tournament of Power , while he relieves him of his poison needles in the process . In Universe 11 , Toppo 's comrade Kahseral is delayed from joining when he aids a cat stuck in a tree . In Universe 2 , a magical girl named Brianne de Chateau ( ブリアン ・ デ ・ シャトー , Burian de Shatō ) transforms into her alter ego named Ribrianne ( リブリアン , Riburian ) and auditions for a spot in the tournament . In Universe 10 , Murichim and his comrades record a dance video to improve team spirit . Back in Universe 7 , Mr. Satan calls and unexpectedly reveals that Majin Buu has fallen into a deep sleep and can not join the tournament , which horrifies everyone . 92 16 `` Emergency Development ! The Incomplete Ten Members ! ! '' `` Kinkyū jitai hassei ! Sorowanai jū nin no menbā ! ! '' ( 緊急 事態 発生 ! そろわ ない 10 人 の メンバー ! ! ) May 28 , 2017 TBA Goku races to Mr. Satan 's house , where he proves unable to wake Majin Buu from his hibernation . Meanwhile , all of Universe 7 's remaining warriors except Master Roshi and No. 17 gather at the Capsule Corporation . After Krillin brings up the 10 million Zeni prize that Goku had bribed him , Piccolo and Gohan reveal to Krillin , No. 18 , and Tien that the prize of 10 million Zeni was a lie and that the universe will be erased if they lose . When Goku returns , Krillin berates him and threatens to withdraw from the team along with No. 18 . After Goku fails to convince them otherwise , Beerus swiftly threatens Krillin into staying , while Bulma agrees to pay out the promised reward . In Universe 6 , Cabba takes Caulifla to a deserted wasteland to teach her how to become a Super Saiyan . As Caulifla 's protégée , Kale ( ケール , Kēru ) , observes them , Cabba ineffectually attempts to provoke Caulifla in order to make her transform . When that fails , he teaches her to focus her energy on an area in her back . Caulifla successfully transforms into a Super Saiyan . Caulifla tests her newfound power and agrees to join Universe 6 's team for the Tournament of Power . She beckons Kale over to attempt the transformation herself . In Universe 11 , Kahseral arrives at the Pride Trooper headquarters , where he and Toppo agree to leave the universe in their trainees ' hands so they can participate in the tournament . In Universe 3 , two cyborg warriors named Nigrisshi ( ニグリシ , Nigrisshi ) and Narirama ( ナリラマ , Narirāma ) display their upgrades for the tournament to Universe 3 's God of Destruction Mosco ( モスコ , Mosuko ) , Supreme Kai Ea ( エア ) , and Angel Campari ( カンパーリ , Kanpāri ) . Back in Universe 7 , Goku and his friends are unable to figure out who can replace Buu . When Beerus claims they have no suitable fighters because Goku destroyed the Frieza Force , Goku is inspired to recruit Frieza , which shocks everyone . 93 17 `` You 're The Tenth Warrior ! Goku Goes To See Frieza ! ! '' `` Jū ninme no senshi wa omē da ! Gokū Furīza no moto e ! ! '' ( 10 人目 の 戦士 はお め え だ ! 悟空 フリーザ の も と へ ! ! ) June 4 , 2017 TBA Goku 's idea is met with much hesitance from his comrades . He explains that he intends to have Fortuneteller Baba resurrect Frieza for 24 hours to fight in the tournament . If Frieza betrays them then either he or Vegeta can defeat him . Goku 's friends reluctantly agree , and he sets out to the afterlife . The Universe 7 team are unaware that a spy from Universe 4 is observing them . In Universe 6 , Cabba and Caulifla attempt to teach Kale how to turn into a Super Saiyan but to no avail . Kale begins to despair over her own uselessness , and it enrages her enough to trigger her transformation into an extremely powerful Berserker Super Saiyan . Kale immediately goes berserk and attacks Cabba . Caulifla quickly deduces that Kale is jealous of her and Cabba 's perceived relationship . She denies having any sort of feelings for Cabba . Kale calms down and collapses in Caulifla 's arms . Cabba , who is impressed by Kale 's power , decides to add her to Universe 6 's team . Back in Universe 7 , Goku arrives in the afterlife and receives King Yemma 's permission to visit Frieza . He explains about the Tournament of Power and asks Frieza to join them . Frieza agrees to aid him on the condition that he be properly resurrected with Earth 's Dragon Balls . When Goku hesitates to agree , Frieza goads him by playing to his desire to see how powerful Frieza can become . Goku accepts his terms . In Universe 4 , Ganos ( ガノス , Ganosu ) reports Universe 7 's latest actions to Universe 4 's God of Destruction Quitela ( キテラ , Kitera ) and Supreme Kai Kuru ( クル ) . Quitela immediately begins making plans to counter Beerus . 94 18 `` The Emperor of Evil Returns ! A Reception of Mysterious Assassins ? ! '' `` Aku no Teiō fukkatsu ! Demukaeru Nazo no Shikaku - tachi ! ? '' ( 悪 の 帝王 復活 ! 出迎える 謎 の 刺客 たち ! ? ) June 11 , 2017 TBA Quitela contacts Universe 9 's God of Destruction Sidra ( シドラ , Shidora ) and informs him that Universe 7 is planning to use Frieza to assassinate their rivals before the tournament begins and that the only way to counter them is to kill them first . Sidra and Roh agree to have Frieza killed . Meanwhile , Goku returns to the Capsule Corporation to update everyone on his success . As Master Roshi completes his training at Korin 's tower , Krillin and No. 18 head to No. 17 's island to pick him up and drop off Goten , Trunks , and Marron . Goku goes to Fortuneteller Baba 's home , where she completes the ritual to resurrect Frieza . As Goku and Frieza prepare to depart , an army of assassins arrives to claim their heads . Despite the time pressure , Frieza wounds the assassins ' leader , transforms into his Golden form , and prepares for battle . 95 19 `` The Worst ! The Most Evil ! Frieza 's Rampage ! ! '' `` Saikyō ! Saiaku ! Furīza Ōabare ! ! '' ( 最 凶 ! 最悪 ! フリーザ 大 暴れ ! ! ) June 18 , 2017 TBA Frieza explains to Goku that he spent his recent incarceration in Hell undergoing intense mental training to overcome the stamina issues that plagued him during his previous battles with the Z - Fighters . He quickly slaughters most of the assassins , which horrifies Goku . The assassins ' leader , who has been directly empowered by Sidra , attacks Frieza with Sidra 's power , but Frieza manages to overcome and hijack the attack . Frieza spitefully uses the attack on Goku and traps him . Frieza tortures and kills the assassins until they reveal that Roh and Sidra hired them . Frieza contacts Universe 9 and offers his services as a defector . Roh and Sidra begin arguing about whether or not to accept him . Roh fears Frieza 's psychopathic and treasonous nature , while Sidra wants his power . Sidra is confident he could kill him if he stepped out of line . Their argument buys time for Beerus and Whis to arrive and rescue Goku . Frieza cuts the connection . He begins making plans to use the Tournament of Power to manipulate the gods to suit his own ends . Goku and Frieza have a brief sparring match , which ends in a draw . Goku , Frieza , Beerus , and Whis return to the Capsule Corporation . The Universe 7 team prepare to travel to the World of Void for the Tournament of Power . 96 20 `` The Time Is Here ! To The World Of Void For The Fate Of The Universe ! ! '' `` Toki wa kita ! Uchū no Meiun o kake Mu no Kai e ! ! '' ( 時 は きた ! 宇宙 の 命運 を かけ 無 の 界 へ ! ! ) June 25 , 2017 TBA In the World of Void , Universes 1 , 5 , and 8 's Gods of Destruction Iwne ( イワン , Iwan ) , Arack ( アラク , Araku ) , and Liquiir ( リキュール , Rikīru ) have a brief exhibition match to test the durability of the Tournament of Power 's fighting stage . Afterwards , the Grand Minister forces them all to clean up their mess and fix the stage . In Universe 7 , Gohan and Shin 's strategy is to have the team members stick together to conserve energy and use strength of numbers to defeat anyone who attacks them . This suggestion offends Goku and Vegeta 's Saiyan pride . Whis transports the team to the World of Void . All of the other universes arrive . Frieza and Frost befriend each other and agree to work together , while Goku singles out Jiren as a potential rival due to his extreme power . As the Grand Minister introduces each team , Universe 4 seemingly has only 8 warriors on their team , which confuses most of Universe 7 , except for Tien , who tells No. 18 that he can sense a faint presence . After a speech from the Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō , the 80 warriors prepare for battle . 97 21 `` Survive ! The Tournament of Power Begins at Last ! ! '' `` Ikinokore ! Tsui ni kaimaku Chikara no Taikai ! ! '' ( 生き残れ ! ついに 開幕 「 力 の 大会 」 ! ! ) July 2 , 2017 TBA The Grand Minister reminds everyone of the rules and officially starts the tournament . A massive free - for - all ensues . Goku targets Toppo , but he is intercepted by Ganos . Disregarding Gohan 's plan as well , No. 17 , No. 18 , Vegeta , and Frieza all jump into the fray . Universe 3 gains an early advantage when Narirama unleashes a spinning attack designed to knock its opponents off the stage , but Hit and Basil disable it . Universe 10 's Lilibeu ( リリベウ , Ririberu ) attacks Basil , but Basil successfully knocks her off the stage . Meanwhile , the five Universe 7 warriors who stayed together are confronted by a gang of warriors from varying universes , but Universe 7 uses teamwork to fend them off . Basil nearly defeats Universe 10 's Napapa , but Napapa is able to push his attacks away at the last moment . As Goku is pursuing Toppo , he comes face to face with Jiren until Universe 4 's Nink ( ニンク , Ninku ) outflanks Goku by grappling and dragging him towards the edge of the stage with the intention of jumping off with him . Goku turns Super Saiyan Blue and knocks Nink off the stage . As Goku reverts back to his normal form to conserve energy , Basil , Lavender , Bergamo , and two other Universe 9 warriors surround him with 47 minutes remaining in the tournament . 98 22 `` Oh , Uncertainty ! A Universe Despairs ! ! '' `` Ā mujou ! Zetsubō suru Uchū ! ! '' ( あぁ 無常 ! 絶望 する 宇宙 ! ! ) July 9 , 2017 TBA Roh orders his warriors to attack Goku to avenge their defeat at the Zen Exhibition Match . Goku is forced to avoid fighting at his fullest in order to conserve stamina for later in the tournament . He fights Team Universe 9 , where the Trio de Dangers brothers manage to overwhelm him thanks to their teamwork . Vegeta notices Goku 's plight and reinforces him . Roh sends over three more fighters . Team Universe 9 is able to push Goku and Vegeta to the brink until Vegeta tricks Lavender and Hop ( ソレル , Hoppu ) into accidentally hitting each other . Goku and Vegeta take advantage of the confusion to defeat five of the Universe 9 warriors . No. 18 and Frieza each defeat Sorrel ( ソレル , Soreru ) and Roselle . Only Basil , Lavender , and Bergamo remain in the tournament for Team Universe 9 . Goku and Vegeta push them to the edge of the stage . The brothers use a combination beam as a last ditch effort , but Goku and Vegeta power up to Super Saiyan Blue and knock them off the stage with a Final Kamehameha . With all 10 members defeated , Universe 9 is eliminated from the tournament . As a result , Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō erase Universe 9 , Roh , Sidra , and all of their fighters . This amuses Universe 9 's angel Mojito ( モヒイト , Mohi'ito ) and horrifies everyone else . 99 23 `` Show Them ! Krillin 's True Power ! ! '' `` Misetsukero ! Kuririn no sokojikara ! ! '' ( 見せつけろ ! クリリン の 底力 ! ! ) July 16 , 2017 TBA As the other warriors recover from the shock of Universe 9 's erasure , No. 17 reminds No. 18 that they have infinite stamina due to their cyborg bodies and have no reason to hold back . Vegeta tries to fight Hit , but he is blocked by Botamo , who is immune to damage . Vegeta manages to pick Botamo up and nearly throws him off the stage , but Magetta stops him at the last moment . Meanwhile , Universe 10 's Jium ( ジウム , Jiumu ) attacks Gohan and his friends . Jium is swiftly defeated by Master Roshi . Universe 4 's Shosa ( ショイサ , Shōsa ) tricks No. 18 into lowering her guard by faking his own death and nearly knocks her off the stage with a barrage of ki blasts . Krillin rescues No. 18 , and the two defeat Shosa with a powerful combination attack . They are challenged by Universe 4 's Majora ( マジョラ ) , who is a blind fighter that uses his powerful sense of smell to locate his enemies in battle . Although Majora proves to be stronger than Krillin , Krillin disables his nose by throwing his smelly shoe at him and knocks him off the stage . Krillin boasts about his victory , which allows Frost to knock him off with a single blow . Beerus and Shin berate Krillin for his carelessness with 43 minutes remaining in the tournament . 100 24 `` Out Of Control ! The Savage Berserker Awakens ! ! '' `` Daibōsō ! Mezame araburu Kyōsenshi ! ! '' ( 大 暴走 ! 目覚め 荒 ぶる 狂 戦士 ! ! ) July 23 , 2017 TBA As Universe 7 recovers from Krillin 's defeat , Cabba defeats Nigrisshi and Universe 10 's Murisam ( ムリサーム ) and confronts Vegeta . Hit blows off Narirama 's limbs and uses his time skip ability to dodge his ultimate attack . He flicks him off the stage . Meanwhile , Kale is disabled by Universe 10 's Napapa and Methiop ( メチオープ ) . They knock her unconscious and attempt to throw her off the stage , but Caulifla rescues her and defeats Napapa . The two confront Goku , and Caulifla knocks away Universe 2 's Jimeze ( ジーミズ , Jimizu ) and demands to know how to become a Super Saiyan Blue . Goku refuses , and Caulifla transforms into an Ultra Super Saiyan . However , her increased muscle mass cripples her speed and allows Goku to counterattack . With Goku 's aid , Caulifla manages to become a Super Saiyan 2 , and the two resume their fight . As Kale watches them , she is once again consumed by her feelings of uselessness and transforms into her Berserker Super Saiyan form . Hit uses his time skip to save Caulifla from getting caught in the crossfire . Kale flies into a jealous rage and attacks Goku for allegedly stealing Caulifla from her . Kale easily overwhelms Goku and forces him to power up to Super Saiyan Blue . He unleashes a powerful Kamehameha , but Kale powers through it unharmed . As Piccolo realizes she has lost control of her power , Kale begins firing ki blasts at everything in sight and defeats Methiop . When Universe 11 's Vuon ( ブーオン , Būon ) attempts to stop her , Kale defeats him as well . Jiren knocks her unconscious with a single ki blast . As Hit and Caulifla retreat with Kale , Goku challenges Jiren . 101 25 `` The Impending Warriors of Justice ! The Pride Troopers ! ! '' `` Semari kuru seigi no senshi ! Puraido Torūpāsu ! ! '' ( 迫り くる 正義 の 戦士 ! プライド ・ トルーパス ! ! ) July 30 , 2017 TBA As Goku prepares to fight Jiren , Toppo suddenly ambushes him with a barrage of ki blasts . Toppo and Jiren decide to retreat and conserve their stamina . This leaves Goku to be dealt with by Kahseral and their fellow Pride Troopers Tupper ( タッパー , Tappā ) , Zoiray ( ゾイレー , Zoirē ) , Cocotte ( ココット , Kokotto ) , and Kettol . The five declare their intent to defeat Caulifla and Kale to avenge Vuon 's defeat . The two are forced to form a temporary alliance with Goku . Meanwhile , Master Roshi and Tien team up to defeat Universe 3 's The Preecho ( ザ ・ プリーチョ ) . They regroup with Gohan , Piccolo , Vegeta , and Frieza , where he has defeated Murichim . The Pride Troopers push Goku , Caulifla , and Kale to the brink , but No. 17 and No. 18 rescue them . No. 18 and Goku defeat Tupper , while No. 17 easily overpowers Kahseral . The remaining Pride Troopers regroup and focus their assault on the wounded Caulifla and Kale . Cocotte seals them in a separate dimension to ensure that Goku , No. 17 , and No. 18 do not interfere . As the four beat Caulifla , Kale 's self - hatred causes her to return to the Berserker Super Saiyan form , but she remains in control of herself this time . Caulifla and Kale use an extremely powerful combination ki blast to defeat Kahseral , Zoiray , and Kettol . Cocotte seals herself in a mini-dimension to avoid the blast , but No. 18 simply throws it off , eliminating Cocotte . Goku allows Caulifla and Kale to retreat so he can fight them at their full strength after they rest . The group is unaware that Brianne is observing them . 102 26 `` The Power of Love Explodes ? ! Universe 2 's Little Witch Warriors ! ! '' `` Ai no chikara ga dai bakuhatsu ! ? dai ni uchu majo - kko senshi ! ! '' ( 愛 の 力 が 大 爆発 ! ? 第 2 宇宙 の 魔女 っ 子 戦士 ! ! ) August 6 , 2017 TBA Brianne and her companions Sanka Ku ( サンカ ・ クー , Sanka Kū ) and Su Roas ( スー ・ ロース , Sū Rōsu ) announce themselves to the other fighters and begin to transform into their magical girl alter - egos . No. 17 blasts them before they can transform , but Brianne , Goku , and Toppo berate him for his dishonorable tactics and browbeat him into allowing them to transform , much to Beerus ' dismay . They assume their alter - egos Ribrianne , Kakunsa ( カクンサ , Kakunsa ) , and Rozie ( ロージィ , Rōjī ) and barrage the arena with a powerful love - based attack that brainwashes some of the fighters . Universe 7 's mental discipline allows them to overcome its effects . Gohan 's group elects to split up and fight independently . Vegeta attacks Ribrianne , who counters with a rolling attack that knocks out Universe 10 's Jirasen ( ジラセン ) . Rozie attacks Goku with a flurry of blows that grows more powerful the longer she keeps it up , while Kakunsa battles No. 17 with her animalistic fighting style . No. 17 baits her into overextending herself and stuns her with a barrier . He attempts to knock her out of the stage , but her teammate Vikal ( ビカル , Bikaru ) rescues her . No. 17 decides to stop holding back and swiftly eliminates Vikal . He also eliminates Kakunsa with a powerful ki blast . Enraged by his actions , Ribrianne powers up and prepares to battle No. 17 . 103 27 `` Gohan , Show No Mercy ! Showdown With Universe 10 ! ! '' `` Gohan yo hijōnare ! Dai ju uchu to no kessen ! ! '' ( 悟 飯 よ 非情 なれ ! 第 10 宇宙 と の 決戦 ! ! ) August 13 , 2017 TBA Ribrianne and No. 17 fiercely attack each other , while Rozie begins to overwhelm Goku 's defenses . She surrounds him with ki balls and attempts to blow him up , but No. 17 protects him with a barrier . Goku , who has studied Rozie 's techniques , hits her with a powerful ki blast . As he and No. 17 corner Rozie and Ribrianne , Jimeze arrives and rescues them with instant transmission . Elsewhere , Botamo challenges Gohan on Champa 's orders . As Piccolo and Goku observe , Gohan attacks with a flurry of blows , which apparently have no effect . However , Gohan 's attacks begin to lift Botamo off the ground and renders him unable to defend himself , allowing Gohan to knock him off the stage . Universe 10 's Obuni ( オブニ ) and Rubalt ( ルバルト , Rubaruto ) appear to challenge Gohan and Piccolo . Jimeze defeats Universe 10 's Jilcol ( ジルコル Jirukoru ) . With 8 warriors eliminated , Gowasu accepts his imminent demise , while Rumsshi remains defiant . Obuni shifts his ki away from his body to render himself impossible to detect and wounds Gohan . Rubalt initially has the upper hand against Piccolo , but Piccolo uses his Hellzone Grenade attack to knock out Rubalt , leaving Universe 10 with only Obuni . Obuni begins to overwhelm Gohan , which makes Gowasu want to cling to life again . Gohan powers up and powers through one of Obuni 's punches . He counterattacks Obuni 's moves by locating and hitting Obuni after he gets hit . Obuni pauses the fight to show his respect for Gohan , but refuses to lose for the sake of Universe 10 . Gohan battles and defeats Obuni with a Kamehameha . All of Universe 10 's fighters have been eliminated . Right before Universe 10 is annihilated , Gohan discovers a locket containing a picture of Obuni and his wife and child . Gohan and Universe 10 's angel , Cus ( クス , Kusu ) , mourn Universe 10 's erasure . 104 28 `` The Ultimate High Speed Battle Begins ! Goku and Hit Join Forces ! ! '' `` Chōzetsu kōsoku batoru boppatsu ! Gokū to hitto no kyōdō sensen ! ! '' ( 超絶 光速 バトル 勃発 ! 悟空 と ヒット の 共同 戦線 ! ! ) August 20 , 2017 TBA Dyspo challenges Hit and uses his incredible speed to overwhelm Hit 's Time Skip . Everyone quickly deduces that Dyspo is listening for the sound of Hit 's body tensing up to determine when he is about to attempt to use Time Skip . Hit resorts to fighting him conventionally , but he is pushed to the edge of the stage . Toppo deduces that Hit has adjusted to Dyspo 's fighting style and is luring him into a trap . Toppo sends fellow pride trooper Kunshi ( クンシー , Kunshī ) to back him up . Before Dyspo can land the finishing blow , Hit suddenly turns intangible and sends Dyspo over the edge . However , Kunshi uses ropes made of his energy to pull Dyspo back onto the stage before he is eliminated . The two launch a renewed assault against Hit and drive him into a corner . Before they can finish him off , Goku interferes and rescues Hit . Goku uses his Super Saiyan God form to counter Dyspo 's speed , while Hit uses his assassination technique to injure Kunshi . The two switch places . Hit uses a fake Time Skip to throw Dyspo off and wound him , while Goku overwhelms Kunshi with his Super Saiyan Blue form . Hit attempts to eliminate Dyspo , but Kunshi rescues him again . Kunshi charges Hit , who turns intangible and knocks him off the stage . Dyspo retreats and regroups with his allies . Toppo abandons all notions of justice and decides to focus on survival . Hit decides not to battle Goku as thanks for lending a hand . Goku and Hit vow to settle their score if they both make it to the end of the tournament . 105 29 `` A Desperate Battle ! Master Roshi 's Sacrifice ! ! '' `` Funsen ! Mutenroshi inochi o Moyasu ! ! '' ( 奮戦 ! 武 天 老師 命 を 燃やす ! ! ) August 27 , 2017 TBA Master Roshi quietly observes the battles from afar . He is challenged by an attractive warrior from Universe 4 , Caway ( キャウェイ , Kyauei ) , who attempts to seduce him . However , Caway 's attempts to attack him brings him back to his senses . Roshi destroys her energy weapon , powers up , and drives her to jump off the stage . Roshi is next challenged by Dercori ( ダーコリ , Dākori ) , who is a talisman - wielding warrior from Universe 4 . She uses her talismans to confound Roshi with illusions and trap him in a single spot . Roshi uses the Evil Containment Wave to seal her in a small bottle and throw her off the arena . Quitela and Beerus get into an argument about the legality of the move , which is defused when Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō rule in Roshi 's favor . Ganos , who is enraged at Roshi for eliminating his friends , challenges him and powers up into an avian form . Initially , Roshi is able to use his experience to predict , evade , and counter Ganos ' attacks . However , Ganos is able to grow more powerful the longer a fight drags on . He rallies and delivers a fierce series of blows to Roshi . Roshi attempts to hypnotize Ganos into falling asleep , but he attacks himself to wake himself up . Ganos demands that Roshi accept his limits and give up , but Roshi refuses . He unleashes a Max Power Kamehameha that defeats Ganos . However , the effort is too much for Roshi 's body to handle , and he collapses . Goku races over to him and successfully defibrillates him with his ki . Goku escorts Roshi to safety . 106 30 `` Find Him ! Death Match With An Invisible Attacker ! ! '' `` Mikiwamero ! Sugata naki atakkā to no shitō ! ! '' ( 見極めろ ! 姿 なき アタッカー と の 死闘 ! ! ) September 3 , 2017 TBA Goku brings Master Roshi to an isolated part of the stage and leaves him to rest at his request . Gohan and Piccolo are confronted by Universe 6 's Dr. Rota ( Dr. ロタ , Dokutā Rota ) , but Rota is shot down by a sniper before he can reveal his ability . Gohan and Piccolo are unable to find the location of the sniper until they find a red orb on the ground . It is revealed that the sniper , Universe 2 's Prum ( プラン , Puran ) , can see through these orbs . The lasers ricochet off of the orbs so that his true location is a secret . Piccolo tries to create a smokescreen in order to blur the vision , but Prum can still see them via their heat signatures . Prum shoots Piccolo and destroys both of his arms , which forces him to painfully regenerate them . Gohan and Piccolo realize that the orbs depend on heat signatures and blast the surrounding area to create multiple heat signatures . Prum responds by coming out of his hiding spot and blasting the entire area . Gohan and Piccolo are forced into hiding . Tien analyzes Dr. Rota and deduces that he was hit by a sniper as Goku and Vegeta arrive . Vegeta berates Tien , who warns them about Prum , but Vegeta arrogantly brushes it off until he is almost incapacitated by one of Prum 's blasts . As Goku and Tien observe Prum , they deduce that there is another shooter from behind as Prum is merely reflecting the blasts . Vegeta and Goku go after Prum , while Tien goes to save Gohan and Piccolo . Goku and Vegeta try to attack Prum , but their ki blasts are reflected off of his body . Tien navigates through the field of blasts and confronts the true sniper , Prum 's teammate Hermila ( ハーミラ , Hāmira ) . Realizing that Prum can deflect ki blasts and not physical attacks , Vegeta and Goku throw giant boulders at him . Tien uses his Multi-form technique in order to buy himself time against Hermila , but three of his clones are shot down . The fourth and final Tien defeats Hermila . Just as Tien is about to eliminate him , Hermila shoots the ground underneath Tien 's feet and knocks him off the stage . However , Tien 's other three clones come back and drag Hermila down with them . Tien and Hermila are eliminated from the tournament . Although Beerus praises Tien for forcing the battle into a draw , Tien is noticeably upset about being defeated . As Prum is confronted by Vegeta , Dr. Rota comes back and attacks Prum as revenge for shooting him . Shortly after , Vegeta eliminates Prum and Dr. Rota from the tournament . 107 31 `` Revenge `` F '' The Cunning Trap ? ! '' `` Fukushū no Efu ! Shikakerareta Kōkatsu na Wana ! ? '' ( 復讐 の 「 F 」 ! しかけ られ た 狡猾 な 罠 ! ? ) September 17 , 2017 TBA Frost recalls how Champa promised to pardon his crimes if he humiliated and defeated Universe 7 . Elsewhere , Universe 3 's Maji Kayo confronts Universe 11 's remaining warriors . He entraps Dyspo with his liquid body , but Jiren effortlessly defeats him with a single blow . As Master Roshi attempts to recover from his previous fights , Frost corners and attacks him . Goku sees this and tries to rush to his aid , but he is confronted by Ribrianne . Roshi hits Frost with a flurry of blows and attempts to use the Evil Containment Wave , but the strain proves too much for him . He flubs the attack . Frost barrages Roshi with ki blasts and sends an attack towards Vegeta , which provokes him . Vegeta interferes before Frost can finish Roshi . Magetta arrives to reinforce Frost , and the two battle Vegeta . Frost goads Roshi into using the Evil Containment Wave on Magetta despite the risk of killing himself . When Roshi falls for it , Frost reflects the attack and seals Vegeta into a bottle . With the last of his strength , Roshi uses a small ki blast to destroy the bottle and free Vegeta . Vegeta immediately turns Super Saiyan Blue , and Frost flees . Vegeta knocks Magetta off the stage and tells Roshi to drop out so he can receive medical attention . Roshi jumps off the stage , and he is given a Senzu Bean . Beerus admits that Roshi has earned his respect . 108 32 `` Frieza and Frost ! Conjoined Malice ? ! '' `` Furīza to Furosuto ! Majiwaru Akui ! ? '' ( フリーザ と フロスト ! 交わる 悪意 ! ? ) September 24 , 2017 TBA As Goku battles Ribrianne , the gods of the top four universes speculate on who will win the tournament . Meanwhile , Gohan is confronted by Jimeze . Jimeze makes use of his Instant Transmission technique to confound and damage Gohan . As he prepares to finish him , Frieza intervenes . When Frieza does not immediately attack Jimeze , Universe 7 's spectators speculate he may intend to betray and defeat Gohan so he can seize the wish on the Super Dragon Balls for himself . Frieza steps aside and allows Jimeze to continue his fight with Gohan . Jimeze corners Gohan again and attempts to finish him , but Frieza destroys his attack with a ki blast . Enraged , Jimeze attacks Frieza , who swiftly tortures and eliminates him . Frost appears and declares his intention to defeat Gohan , and Frieza admits that the two intend to work together in order to exact revenge on the Saiyans . Frieza battles Gohan , who counterattacks . Frieza uses his Golden form to knock out Gohan . However , instead of eliminating him , he double - crosses and eliminates Frost . Gohan admits that he immediately figured out Frieza 's plan and played along with him . An enraged Frost attempts to attack Frieza from the spectator stands , but Grand Zenō erases him , explaining that this is forbidden and Universe 6 would be erased upon a second offence . Meanwhile , Goku continues to battle Ribrianne . 109 33 `` The Ultimate Enemy Approaches Goku ! Now , Let Loose ! The Killer Spirit Bomb ! ! '' `` Goku ni Semaru Saikyo no Teki ! Ima Koso Hanate ! Hisassu no Genki - Dama ! ! '' ( 悟空 に 迫る 最強 の 敵 ! 今 こそ 放 て ! 必殺 の 元気 玉 ! ! ) October 8 , 2017 TBA Ribrianne declares her intention to use the wish to become a love goddess adored by all beings using the Super Dragon Balls . Goku considers using the wish to benefit his family or meet a strong opponent . Ribrianne absorbs the love of her teammates and becomes Super Ribrianne . She attacks Goku with several ki blasts , and he counters by turning Super Saiyan Blue and knocking her away . Ribrianne lands near Jiren , and Goku sees him and prepares to finally battle him . Universe 11 's God of Destruction , Belmod , telepathically orders Jiren to defeat Goku . Belmod hopes to demoralize the other universes by defeating the strongest fighter besides Jiren himself . Goku powers up to Super Saiyan Blue Kaioken x20 , but that proves to be no match for Jiren 's overwhelming power . Goku begins powering up a Spirit Bomb , and all of his teammates except Vegeta lend him their energy . Despite the time it takes to charge the attack , Jiren agrees to wait for him to complete it . Ribrianne attempts to attack Goku from behind , but she is stopped by Vegeta . Goku completes the Spirit Bomb and throws it , but Jiren deflects it . The two engage in a struggle to take control of the Spirit Bomb . This forces Goku to use Super Saiyan Blue Kaioken x20 to keep up . However , Jiren prevails and begins to overwhelm Goku with his own attack . 110 34 `` Son Goku Wakes ! New Level of the Awakened ! ! '' `` Son Gokū kakusei ! Mezameshi mono no aratanaru gokui ! ! '' ( 孫悟空 覚醒 ! 目覚め し 者 の 新た なる 極意 ! ! ) October 8 , 2017 TBA Goku powers up himself and pushes the Spirit Bomb back towards Jiren , which locks him in a stalemate . Whis realizes that Jiren is at least as powerful as a God of Destruction . As the two struggle to overpower each other , the Spirit Bomb suddenly condenses into a small black hole , which absorbs Goku and causes him to vanish . The Grand Minister rules that since Goku 's own attack apparently vaporized him , Jiren will not be disqualified for destroying him . As Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō prepare to eliminate Goku , he suddenly reappears and reaches a new level of power . Goku resumes the fight , and he is able to go toe - to - toe with Jiren . Whis theorizes Goku must have absorbed the Spirit Bomb and unlocked an ability called Ultra Instinct ( 身勝手 の 極意 '' 兆 '' , Migatte no Gokui ) . Goku uses another powerful attack in an attempt to eliminate Jiren , but he fails , and exhausts his newfound power . Jiren knocks him away , and Hit attempts to take advantage of the opportunity and attacks Jiren . Vegeta demands to know what happened to Goku before preparing to fight Ribrianne , while Frieza appears to corner Goku and aims an attack at him . 111 35 `` The Surreal Supreme Battle ! Hit vs Jiren ! ! '' `` I jigen no kyokuchi batoru ! Hitto basasu Jiren ! ! '' ( 異 次元 の 極致 バトル ! ヒット VS ジレン ! ! ) October 15 , 2017 TBA Instead of killing the defenseless Goku , Frieza shares with him some of his energy and repays his act of mercy during their fight on Planet Namek . Meanwhile , Hit uses his time - skip powers against Jiren , but his attacks fail to connect . Goku spectates the battle , but he is ambushed by Saonel ( サオネル , Saoneru ) and Pirina ( ピリナ , Pirina ) , Namekians from Universe 6 , who are confronted by Gohan and Piccolo . Elsewhere , Vegeta fights Ribrianne , and he is easily overpowering her in his base form until Rozie interferes and retreats with Ribrianne . Ribrianne loses hope due to the gap in power , but Rozie motivates her . Meanwhile , Hit keeps attacking Jiren to no avail , but he is able to react and block most of Jiren 's punches . After being knocked back , Hit sneaks up behind Jiren and lands a strong punch on his heart . He knocks Jiren to the edge of the ring after a brief struggle . Hit uses his own time - skip powers continually on Jiren to stop his movement . Realizing that he can not hold Jiren for long , Hit urges Cabba , Caulifla , and Kale to keep fighting for Universe 6 . Hit pools all his energy in a final attack to defeat him , but Jiren stops Hit 's attack only with his glare . Jiren breaks free and eliminates Hit . As the Tournament of Power reaches its midway point , Jiren begins to meditate . He is certain that there are no other warriors strong enough to fight him . Jiren leaves the fight to Toppo and Dyspo . Viara ( ビアラ , Biara ) and Katopesla ( カトペスラ , Katopesura ) of Universe 3 attempt to attack him while meditating , but Jiren 's energy alone is enough to push them back . 112 36 `` A Saiyan 's Vow ! Vegeta 's Resolution ! ! '' `` Saiya - jin no chikai ! Bejīta no kakugo ! ! '' ( サイヤ 人 の 誓い ! ベジータ の 覚悟 ! ! ) October 22 , 2017 TBA Despite his exhaustion and low energy , Goku is determined to keep fighting . However , he is suddenly targeted by Koitsukai ( コイツカイ , Koitukai ) , Panchia ( パンチア , Panchia ) , and Bollarator ( ボラレータ , Borarēta ) of Universe 3 . Gohan and Piccolo want to help him , but they are distracted by their own battle with Saonel and Pilina . Caulifla and Kale are discussing the battle between Goku and Jiren , when they are confronted by Monna ( モンナ , Monna ) , a female warrior from Universe 4 . Caulifla faces off against Monna , but Cabba appears and takes her place . He instructs Caulifla and Kale to retreat for now . Cabba turns Super Saiyan and battles Monna , but he is initially overpowered . Monna almost knocks Cabba off the stage , but Vegeta intervenes and catches him before he can fall . Vegeta and Cabba both promise that , if either of them wins the tournament , the winner will use the Super Dragon Balls to restore the other 's erased universe and its inhabitants . Newly inspired , Cabba fights Monna again , but he is losing until he taps into his anger and unlocks Super Saiyan 2 . With his new power , Cabba easily defeats and eliminates Monna . However , Frieza appears , fights Cabba , and easily eliminates him as well . Frieza reveals that he plans to win the tournament in order to use the Super Dragon Balls to control the gods . Meanwhile , Vegeta decides to challenge Jiren , but he is intercepted by Toppo . The two battle each other . Vegeta ends up meeting up with Goku , who is still having difficulty with his three opponents . However , Caulifla intervenes and knocks Koitsukai , Borareta , and Pancea away before powering up to Super Saiyan 2 and challenging Goku herself . 113 37 `` With Great Joy ! The Repeat Battle - Crazy Saiyan Fight ! ! '' `` Kiki to Shite ! Sentō - kyō Saiya - jin Batoru Futatabi ! ! '' ( 嬉々 として ! 戦闘 狂 サイヤ 人 バトル 再び ! ! ) October 29 , 2017 TBA Caulifla demands that Goku fight her and teach her how to unlock Super Saiyan 3 so that she can become strong enough to win the tournament . She begins fighting Goku , who does not initially power up beyond his base form . However , Goku 's superior martial arts skills allow him to keep up with her even in her Super Saiyan 2 form . Eventually , she is able to adapt to his moves , which forces Goku to power up to Super Saiyan 2 himself . The two of them fight evenly for some time . Goku later calls in Kale to join the battle . His superior power and skill enables him to fight them both at once , but they are able to match him by working together . They land a massive combined attack on him , but Goku powers up to Super Saiyan 3 and easily deflects their attacks . However , Goku lacks the stamina to maintain that form and reverts to Super Saiyan 2 . Kale 's desire to become stronger inadvertently causes her to transform into her Berserker Super Saiyan form again . 114 38 `` Intimidating Passion ! The Birth of a New Super Warrior ! ! '' `` Kiki semaru ! Aratana chō sen - shi no bakutan ! ! '' ( 鬼気 せまる ! 新た な 超 戦士 の 爆誕 ! ! ) November 5 , 2017 TBA Vegeta continues his battle with Toppo , while Caulifla is able to help Kale regain control of her Berserker form . Caulifla and Kale battle Goku together and are able to hold him off . Meanwhile , Frieza is confronted by Katopesla , but they are interrupted by Goku 's battle with Caulifla and Kale . Frieza wants to fight Caulifla and Kale , but Goku insists that he will fight them himself . Frieza backs down and watches the fight . The three Saiyans resume their battle . After unsuccessfully attempting to use Instant Transmission as a strategy , Goku powers up to his Super Saiyan God form and easily overpowers the two of them . As Goku prepares to eliminate Caulifla and Kale with a powerful Kamehameha , it is revealed that the girls were given a pair of Potara earrings by Fuwa , Universe 6 's Supreme Kai . They use the earrings and fuse to become a single being with immense power , who takes the name Kefla ( ケフラ , Kefura ) . 115 39 `` Goku VS Kefla ! Super Saiyan Blue Defeated ? ! '' `` Gokū vāsasu Kefura ! Sūpāsaiya - jin Burū Yabureru ! ? '' ( 悟空 VS ケフラ ! 超 サイヤ 人 ブルー 敗れる ! ? ) November 12 , 2017 TBA As Vegeta continues to fight Toppo , Gohan and Piccolo are engaged with Saonel and Pirina . No. 18 is attacked by Katopesla , but she is saved by No. 17 . Meanwhile , Goku continues his fight with Kefla . The Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō approve Kefla 's use of the Potara earrings . The other universes consider giving the Potara to their warriors as well . Pell ( ペル , Peru ) , the Supreme Kai of Universe 2 , gives his Potara to Rabanra ( ラバンラ , Rabanra ) and Zarbuto ( ザーブト , Zābuto ) , but the earrings are destroyed by Kefla charging through them to continue fighting Goku . The battle becomes intense with Kefla gaining the upper hand . Goku powers up to Super Saiyan Blue , but Kefla counters by powering up to Super Saiyan . However , Goku uses the Kaioken and regains the advantage . He appears to be winning , but Kefla lands a sneak attack that knocks him out of Super Saiyan Blue . She prepares to eliminate him , but Goku unexpectedly reawakens Ultra Instinct again and easily dodges her attacks . 116 40 `` The Sign of a Comeback ! Ultra Instinct 's Huge Explosion ! ! '' `` Gyakuten no kizashi ! Migatte no gokui ga dai bakuhatsu ! ! '' ( 逆転 の 兆し ! 身勝手 の 極意 が 大 爆発 ! ! ) November 19 , 2017 TBA To counter Goku 's increase in power , Kefla powers up to Super Saiyan 2 , and the two of them face off . Goku still easily dodges Kefla 's attacks , but his own attacks are not strong enough to take her down . Whis explains that when Goku launches his attacks , it interferes with his concentration and prevents him from using Ultra Instinct to its full potential . Jiren senses the energy from the battle , which prompts him to awaken from his meditation and rejoin Toppo and Dyspo . Vegeta realizes that Ultra Instinct is the level of skill that Whis was training him and Goku to attain , and decides that he must reach it too . Goku begins running low on stamina , so he declares that he will end the fight with his next attack . Kefla panics and unleashes a multitude of deadly energy beams . Her ultimate attack devastates the ring , but Goku easily dodges her blasts while charging a Kamehameha . Goku jumps into the air , so Kefla focuses all of her power into a single blast and launches it at him , taking advantage of his apparent inability to dodge . However , he backflips and uses the charged - up energy to slide over her attack , and launches his Kamehameha at point - blank range , blasting Kefla out of the ring and eliminating her . Her Potara earrings shatter , and she splits back into Kale and Caulifla . With both of them eliminated , Saonel and Pirina are the only remaining warriors from Team Universe 6 . NOTE : This episode was dedicated in memory of Hiromi Tsuru , who passed away on November 16 , 2017 . 117 41 `` Showdown of Love ! Androids VS Universe 2 ! ! '' `` Ai no daikessen ! Jinzōningen VS Dai ni uchū ! ! '' ( 愛 の 大 決戦 ! 人造 人間 VS 第 2 宇宙 ! ! ) November 26 , 2017 TBA Goku is left exhausted from his battle with Kefla . He is confronted by all five remaining warriors from Universe 2 . Gohan and Piccolo try to help him , but they are intercepted by Saonel and Pirina . Elsewhere , Vegeta faces off against Katopesla and tries to unlock Ultra Instinct against him . However , he is unsuccessful , and resorts to his normal fighting style . Vegeta easily overpowers Katopesla . Rozie and Ribrianne launch a combined attack at Goku , but No. 17 and No. 18 arrive in time to deflect it . The androids battle Rozie and Ribrianne . No. 17 defeats and eliminates Rozie , while No. 18 knocks Ribrianne out of her powered - up transformation . This causes her to revert into Brianne . Brianne is able to catch No. 18 in an energy trap , while her comrades from Universe 2 send their love to her . This allows Brianne to transform into a giant manifestation of her Super Ribrianne form . No. 18 almost gives up until her love for Krillin and Marron gives her the determination to break free of Ribrianne 's trap . With No. 17 's help , No. 18 blasts through Ribrianne 's giant form and eliminates her . Brianne realizes that she lost because of No. 18 's strong love for Krillin , while Goku faces off against Zirloin ( ザーロイン , Zāroin ) , Zarbuto , and Rabanra of Universe 2 . 118 42 `` Accelerated Tragedy Vanishing Universes ... '' `` Kasokusuru Higeki Kieyuku Uchū ... '' ( 加速 する 悲劇 消え ゆく 宇宙 ... ) December 3 , 2017 TBA Goku battles against Zirloin , Zarbuto , and Rabanra from Universe 2 , while Gohan and Piccolo are fighting against Saonel and Pirina . Saonel and Pirina 's power suddenly increases , and it is revealed that they had each fused with many Namekians from their universe before coming to the tournament , which greatly increased their own powers . No. 17 and No. 18 join Goku to help in the battle against the remaining Universe 2 warriors . It is revealed that Universe 2 's angel , Sour ( サワア , Sawaa ) , has been broadcasting the tournament to the populace of their universe . Universe 2 's inhabitants channel their love to Zirloin , Zarbuto , and Rabanra , who are able to transform into forms similar to Ribrianne , Rozie , and Kakunsa 's transformed states . Goku , No. 17 , and No. 18 battle Zirloin , Zarbuto , and Rabanra , while Gohan and Piccolo continue fighting Saonel and Pirina . The Universe 2 trio unleash a legendary Universe 2 technique , the Pretty Black Hole , which traps and threatens to sink Goku , No. 17 , and No. 18 through the fighting stage . Goku powers up to Super Saiyan Blue and breaks through the Pretty Black Hole with a Kamehameha that eliminates Zirloin , Zarbuto , and Rabanra , while Gohan and Piccolo blast Saonel and Pirina off the ring with a powerful combined attack that eliminates them as well . With all of their fighters eliminated , both Universe 2 and Universe 6 are erased . Brianne leads the Universe 2 team in a final happy moment before their erasure , while Cabba wishes Vegeta good luck . Champa taunts Beerus before being erased . Beerus remains impassive in the face of his brother 's erasure . Vegeta faces off against Katopesla and warns him that he is in a bad mood . 119 43 `` Unavoidable ? ! The Fierce Stealth Attack ! ! '' `` Kaihi funō ! ? Suterusu kōgeki no mōi ! ! '' ( 回避 不能 ! ? ステルス 攻撃 の 猛威 ! ! ) December 10 , 2017 TBA Vegeta overpowers Katopesla and drives him to the edge of the ring . Katopesla is able to catch himself , but he is pushed over the edge and eliminated by an unseen force . Vegeta and Gohan are attacked by the same force , but Vegeta is able to stop himself from going over the edge , while Piccolo catches Gohan . No. 18 is attacked by the invisible fighter , who is revealed to be one of the missing Universe 4 fighters , Gamisaras ( ガミサラス , Gamisarasu ) . Gohan creates a cloud of dust that coats Gamisaras , which allows Piccolo to see him . Piccolo easily eliminates Gamisaras . Undaunted , Quitela orders the remaining Universe 4 fighters to step up their game . Shantza ( シャンツァ , Shantsa ) generates a dome that envelops the Universe 7 team and manifests illusions of the defeated fighters from the erased universes . However , Piccolo spots Shantza and blasts him off the ring , which eliminates him and destroys the illusions . Universe 4 's last fighter , Damon ( ダモン , Damon ) , is also assumed to be invisible since no one can see him . Piccolo is able to sense Damon 's attacks , but he proves unable to hit Damon , who knocks him out of the ring and eliminates him . No. 17 discovers the truth and exposes Damon as a tiny bug - like creature rather than an invisible person , which explains why none of the fighters were able to hit him . To solve this problem , Goku repeatedly punches the ring and creates shock waves that launch Damon into the air , which cancels out his agility and allows No. 17 to hit him with energy blasts . No. 17 traps Damon in a miniature force field and kicks him out of the ring to eliminate him . With all of their fighters eliminated , Universe 4 is promptly erased . 120 44 `` The Perfect Survival Tactic ! Universe 3 's Menacing Assassin ! ! '' `` Kanpeki na Seizon Senryaku ! Dai san Uchū Kyōi no Shikaku ! ! '' ( 完璧 なる 生存 戦略 ! 第 3 宇宙 脅威 の 刺客 ! ! ) December 17 , 2017 TBA Following the elimination of Universe 4 , the remaining fighters from Universe 3 take the offensive against Universe 7 . While Viara is defeated and eliminated by No. 17 and No. 18 's combined efforts , Paparoni ( パパロニ , Paparoni ) sends Panchia , Koitsukai , and Bollarator to attack Goku , Gohan , and Vegeta . To help Goku and Vegeta save their energy to confront Universe 11 , Gohan decides to face the three robots alone . He gains the upper hand until Paparoni has them combine together into a much stronger robot called Koichiarator ( コイチアレータ , Koichiarēta ) . Koichiarator overpowers Gohan until Goku and Vegeta step in . The two distract the enemy , while Gohan charges and strikes with an attack powerful enough to defeat it . With his robots defeated , Paparoni refuses to surrender and declares that he will unleash his trump card on Universe 7 . 121 45 `` All - Out War ! The Ultimate Quadruple Merge vs Universe 7 's Full - Scale Attack ! ! '' `` Sōryokusen ! Kyūkoku no Yontai Gattai VS Dai nana Uchū Sōkōgeki ! ! '' ( 総力 戦 ! 究極 の 4 体 合体 VS 第 7 宇宙 総 攻撃 ! ! ) December 24 , 2017 TBA Paparoni and Koichiarator merge to form Anilaza ( アニラーザ , Anirāza ) , the most powerful warrior from Universe 3 . Anilaza begins to overwhelm the Saiyans , which forces No. 17 and No. 18 to reinforce them . The five attempt to coordinate their attacks to catch Anilaza off - guard , but he deflects them all . It is revealed that Anilaza can use echolocation to detect his opponents ' movements . Anilaza begins teleporting his punches , and he nearly knocks Goku off the stage until Frieza steps in and knocks him back onto the fighting stage . Realizing that the Universe 7 warriors will rescue each other from defeat , Anilaza attempts to eat No. 18 , who is rescued by Goku . Anilaza corners No. 17 and overwhelms him . He knocks him off the fighting stage , but No. 18 sacrifices herself to kick No. 17 back onto the fighting stage . She is eliminated from the tournament . With no other options , the Universe 7 warriors power up to their maximum levels and engage in a ki clash with Anilaza . They buy time for No. 17 to pierce through Anilaza 's attack and damage his energy reactor . This enables the others to overwhelm and eliminate Anilaza . With all of their warriors eliminated , Universe 3 is erased . As the Universe 7 warriors begin to celebrate , the remaining Universe 11 warriors step forward to challenge them . 122 46 `` For One 's Own Pride ! Vegeta 's Challenge to Be The Strongest ! ! '' `` Onore no Hokori wo Kakete ! Bejīta Saikyō he no Chōsen ! ! '' ( 己 の 誇り を かけ て ! ベジータ 最強 へ の 挑戦 ! ! ) January 7 , 2018 TBA With only two universes remaining , the Grand Minister compresses the bleachers so that the remaining spectators are all close together . The final warriors begin their battle : Gohan and No. 17 battle Toppo , Frieza fights Dyspo , and Goku and Vegeta battle Jiren . Jiren overwhelms Goku with a flurry of punches , but Vegeta is able to analyze Jiren 's attack patterns and dodges his attacks . He lands a solid blow to Jiren 's midsection , but Jiren counters with a powerful blast that nearly rings Vegeta out . Meanwhile , Frieza blocks one of Dyspo 's attacks with his tail , but Dyspo uses it as leverage to injure him . Jiren disparages Vegeta for his self - righteousness , but Vegeta declares that it is the source of his strength . He powers up a Final Flash and goads Jiren into taking it head - on . However , the attack fails to damage Jiren , who acknowledges the power of Vegeta 's attack before incapacitating him . 123 47 `` Body and Soul , Full Power Release ! Goku and Vegeta ! ! '' `` Zenshin Zenrei Zenryoku Kaihō ! Gokū to Bejīta ! ! '' ( 全身 全霊 全力 解放 ! 悟空 と ベジータ ! ! ) January 14 , 2018 TBA With Vegeta down , Goku faces off against Jiren . Meanwhile , the other battles continue . Frieza decides to start fighting Dyspo seriously , while Gohan and No. 17 are outmatched against Toppo . Outmatched in power , Goku instead uses ki blasts to create a minefield around Jiren , but it has no effect . Goku then lures Jiren onto a large rock that extends out over the edge of the fighting stage and cuts through the rock with a Destructo Disc . This causes Jiren to fall , but Jiren is able to push off the falling debris and jumps back onto the fighting stage . Angered by his near - elimination , Jiren finally shows his real power and easily overwhelms Goku with a volley of punches . Goku and Vegeta both get back up and power up to Super Saiyan Blue . Goku uses his maximum Kaioken beyond his previous limitations , while Vegeta is able to surpass his limits by tapping into more ki in his body , and attains a transformation similar to the Ascended Super Saiyan form , the Super Saiyan Blue Evolution form . Fully powered up , Goku and Vegeta attack Jiren as a team , and they are able to catch him off guard with their un-coordinated attacks . 124 48 `` The Fiercely Overwhelming Assault ! Gohan 's Last Stand ! ! '' `` Shippū - Dotō no Mōshū ! Gohan Haisui no Jin ! ! '' ( 疾風 怒涛 の 猛襲 ! 悟 飯 背水 の 陣 ! ! ) January 21 , 2018 TBA As Goku and Vegeta continue their battle with Jiren , the battle between Dyspo and Frieza intensifies . The two seem evenly matched , until Frieza breaks off the fight and offers to help Universe 11 win the tournament if they promise to resurrect him with the Super Dragon Balls . Dyspo refuses the offer , so Frieza powers up to his Golden form and gains the advantage in the fight . Dyspo reveals his own ultimate technique , the Super Maximum Light Speed Mode , which increases his power and speed even further , and overwhelms Frieza . Gohan and No. 17 realize that Frieza is in danger of being knocked off the fighting stage , so No. 17 distracts Toppo , while Gohan goes to Frieza 's aid . Gohan and Frieza take on Dyspo as a team , but they have little success . Gohan develops a strategy that has Frieza use his energy to form a cage around Dyspo , which prevents him from using his high - speed attacks and allows Gohan to gain the upper hand . Unfortunately , Frieza runs out of energy , and the cage dissolves before Gohan can land the finishing blow . However , Gohan is able to grab Dyspo and hold him in place , while Frieza launches a blast that knocks them off the fighting stage and eliminates them both from the tournament . 125 49 `` With Imposing Presence ! God of Destruction Toppo Descends ! ! '' `` Ifu - Dōdō ! Hakaishin Toppo Kōrin ! '' ( 威風 堂々 ! 破壊 神 トッポ 降臨 ! ! ) January 28 , 2018 TBA Goku and Vegeta continue their battle with Jiren , while No. 17 and Toppo fight . No. 17 and Toppo engage in a beam clash , which Toppo is winning . Frieza intervenes and strikes Toppo repeatedly from behind , which allows No. 17 to overpower Toppo 's blast . In the wake of the explosion , Toppo appears to have been defeated . However , he gets back up and powers up , using the same type of energy as a God of Destruction . Belmod explains that Toppo is a candidate to be Universe 11 's next God of Destruction , which is why he can wield the same kind of power . Toppo unleashes his new power , which damages the fighting stage and breaks a large portion of it . No. 17 and Frieza attack Toppo repeatedly , but his power is now far superior to theirs . Toppo easily defeats them both . Fortunately , they are able to stay on the fighting stage , but Toppo knocks Frieza unconscious and engages in another beam clash with No. 17 . 126 50 `` Surpass Even a God ! Vegeta 's Desperate Blow ! ! '' `` Kami wo mo Koero ! Bejīta Sutemi no Ichigeki ! ! '' ( 神 を も 超えろ ! ベジータ 捨て身 の 一撃 ! ! ) February 4 , 2018 TBA Toppo easily overpowers No. 17 's blast . No. 17 is able to evade him for a while by using the broken fighting stage to his advantage , but Toppo effortlessly withstands No. 17 's attacks . Toppo prepares to eliminate No. 17 with a giant energy blast . Frieza rejoins the battle and deflects Toppo 's attack . Frieza uses his own energy attack to immobilize Toppo , which allows him and No. 17 to land numerous attacks , but none of them have any effect . Toppo is about to eliminate them both , when he is interrupted by Goku and Vegeta , who are still fighting Jiren . Frieza and No. 17 are hit by one of Jiren 's attacks , which gives Toppo the opportunity to attack Vegeta instead . Toppo overwhelms Vegeta with his new power and states that he has cast aside everything else in order to become strong enough to win the tournament . However , Vegeta is inspired by his family , his promise to Cabba , and his Saiyan pride . He refuses to cast anything aside . Vegeta unleashes his full power and overwhelms Toppo . Vegeta and Toppo both use their ultimate attacks : Toppo unleashes his Energy of Destruction , while Vegeta uses the Final Explosion technique that he used against Majin Buu . Vegeta 's attack overwhelms Toppo 's attack , blasts Toppo out of the fighting stage , and eliminates him from the tournament . This also causes even more damage to the fighting stage . Due to Vegeta being much stronger than the last time he used the Final Explosion technique , he survives the blast , but his energy is almost completely drained . No. 17 also reappears , but he has been injured by Jiren 's attack . Goku , Vegeta , and No. 17 all face off against Jiren , who begins to unleash his full power . 127 51 `` The Approaching Wall ! The Final Barrier of Hope ! ! '' `` Semari - kuru Shōheki ! Kibō wo Takushita Saigo no Baria ! ! '' ( 迫り くる 障壁 ! 希望 を 託 した 最後 の バリア ! ! ) February 11 , 2018 TBA Jiren powers up to his maximum . Goku , Vegeta , and No. 17 all attack him simultaneously , but he easily overpowers them . However , No. 17 manages to land a sneak attack and injures Jiren . Jiren defeats Goku and Vegeta , while Frieza rejoins the fight and tries to kill Jiren in his golden form . However , Frieza is easily defeated as well . No. 17 asks Jiren what his wish on the Super Dragon Balls would be , and Belmod explains that Jiren 's endless pursuit of strength was inspired when his parents , most of his comrades , and mentor were killed by a powerful villain . However , his abandonment by his surviving friends turned Jiren into a loner who distrusted friendship , and he now focuses solely on increasing his own strength . No. 17 admires Jiren 's human qualities , but he accuses Jiren of using the rest of his universe 's team for his own ends . Jiren rebuffs him and fires a powerful energy blast down at No. 17 , Goku , and Vegeta . No. 17 uses a barrier to hold back Jiren 's blast and forms force fields around Goku and Vegeta to protect them , before self - destructing to destroy Jiren 's blast . Despite his exhausted state , Vegeta faces off against Jiren and declares that he will defeat him . 128 52 `` Noble Pride to the End ! Vegeta Falls ! ! '' `` Kedakai Hokori Saigo Made ! Bejīta Chiru ! ! '' ( 気高い 誇り 最後 まで ! ベジータ 散る ! ! ) February 18 , 2018 TBA Vegeta prepares for a final stand against Jiren . Although Vegeta is too exhausted to turn into even a Super Saiyan , he still decides to take on Jiren . Jiren easily dodges his attacks and continues to pummel Vegeta . Jiren injures Vegeta 's left eye in the process . Vegeta is knocked to the brink of elimination , and he begins to think about the people in his life he cares about the most . He gets back up and continues to fight Jiren , who is impressed by Vegeta 's pride . Vegeta nearly rings out again . His boot catches onto a floating piece of rubble , which narrowly allows him to stay in the fight because the pieces of rubble still count as part of the fighting stage . Vegeta hears Bulma 's voice urging him to fight on , and he returns to fight Jiren once again . Jiren is unable to understand why Vegeta continues to fight him . Vegeta fires off a Final Flash , but Jiren is unfazed . Jiren knocks Vegeta out of the fighting stage and eliminates him from the tournament . Although Vegeta is upset at being unable to last until the end , he gives Goku his remaining energy at the last second before falling out of bounds . Goku turns Super Saiyan Blue and begins to fight Jiren with his remaining power . Even with Vegeta 's energy , Goku is still overwhelmed by Jiren . He is knocked back into his base form . When Goku is pushed back to the edge of the fighting stage and only one punch away from defeat , Vegeta shouts at Goku . Goku thinks about how the others have all put their faith in him . As Jiren delivers the final blow , Goku suddenly reactivates Ultra Instinct and dodges the attack . With his new power , Goku is able to effortlessly dodge Jiren 's attacks and lands a heavy blow on him . Both fighters face off and prepare for their final battle . 129 53 `` Limits Super Surpassed ! Ultra Instinct Mastered ! ! '' `` Genkai Chōzetsu Toppa ! Migatte no Gokui Kiwamaru ! ! '' ( 限界 超絶 突破 ! 身勝手 の 極意 極まる ! ! ) March 4 , 2018 TBA Whis points out that , since Goku has no allies to help him and no time to recover from the strain caused by Ultra Instinct , this will be his last chance to end the battle . Goku and Jiren resume their battle , but Goku has the same problem he experienced with Kefla , and is unable to attack at his full potential . Goku tries the same trick he used on Kefla by powering up a Kamehameha and firing it at Jiren , but Jiren is able to punch through the blast . Belmod is confident that Goku 's incomplete Ultra Instinct will not be enough to win , but Vegeta points out that , throughout the tournament , all of the Saiyans have been able to surpass their limits and achieve higher levels of power . Jiren is able to trap Goku on a single floating rock and fires a barrage of attacks down at him in an attempt to knock him out , but Goku begins blocking Jiren 's attacks with his own punches . Jiren launches a final blast down at Goku , but Goku suddenly powers up immensely . He easily blocks Jiren 's blast and jumps back up to the fighting stage . Jiren attacks again , but this time Goku easily overpowers him with a flurry of punches . Whis reveals that Goku has completed his ascension . Goku 's hair and eyes have turned silver , and he now has full mastery over Ultra Instinct . 130 54 `` The Greatest Showdown of All Time ! The Ultimate Survival Battle ! ! '' `` Kūzenzetsugo no Chō Kessen ! Kyūkyoku no Sabaibaru Batoru ! ! '' ( 空前 絶後 の 超 決戦 ! 究極 の サバイバル バトル ! ! ) March 18 , 2018 TBA Having mastered Ultra Instinct , Goku overpowers and corners Jiren , which forces Jiren to break through his own limits and power up even further . The two exchange attacks continuously . Despite almost being defeated twice , Goku stands up and recovers . When Jiren asks why Goku refuses to surrender , his friends claim that the source of Goku 's strength comes from the trust between him and his companions . Refusing to accept it , an enraged Jiren launches an attack on the bleachers that is repelled by a furious Goku , who finally defeats him . However , just as Goku is about to knock Jiren out , his body collapses from the strain of using Ultra Instinct for too long . Jiren takes the opportunity to knock Goku off the fighting stage , but Goku is saved by Frieza . No. 17 is also revealed to have survived Jiren 's blast . As Frieza and No. 17 prepare themselves to face Jiren , Goku writhes in pain . 131 55 `` The Miraculous Conclusion ! Farewell , Goku ! Until We Meet Again ! '' `` Kiseki no ketchaku ! Saraba Goku ! Mataauhimade ! ! '' ( 奇跡 の 決着 ! さらば 悟空 ! また 会う 日 まで ! ! ) March 25 , 2018 TBA With Goku down , Frieza and No. 17 face off against Jiren . No. 17 manages to injure Jiren , who collapses from exhaustion . Frieza is about to eliminate Jiren , who accepts his impending defeat , but Toppo calls out to Jiren and inspires him to keep fighting despite his injuries . Jiren powers up and fires a massive blast at Frieza and No. 17 . They form a barrier to shield themselves , but Frieza is running low on energy and loses his Golden form . Before Jiren can overpower them , Goku manages to get back up and rejoins the others . Goku adds his strength to the barrier and enables them to block Jiren 's blast . Goku and Frieza take on Jiren together , while No. 17 provides cover fire . Working together , Goku and Frieza overpower Jiren and tackle him out of the ring . All three of them are eliminated from the tournament . With all of their fighters gone , Universe 11 is erased . As the only fighter remaining on the fighting stage , No. 17 is declared the winner of the Tournament of Power , and he is given the privilege of getting his wish granted from the Super Dragon Balls . After some consideration , No. 17 wishes to restore all of the universes that had been erased , which brings all their inhabitants back to life . As the erased universes are restored , the Grand Minister reveals that Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō had foresaw the outcome of a virtuous being winning the Tournament of Power who would make a selfless wish on the Super Dragon Balls . He also stated that they would have otherwise erased the entire multiverse if the winner had wished for selfish reasons , as this would have shown that the winning universe was no better than the erased universes and that the universes excluded from the tournament were not equally worthy of existing . As a reward for doing well in the tournament , Whis restores Frieza to life . In Universe 11 , Jiren establishes a real friendship with Toppo and looks forward to having a rematch with Goku someday . The group from Universe 7 return home . Frieza leaves Earth and resumes leadership of his empire . Goku vows to defeat him if he starts causing trouble again . Goku and Vegeta meet for a sparring match in the place where they first fought . Goku reveals that he can not use Ultra Instinct anymore and believes that he obtained it by accident during the tournament . Goku and Vegeta declare that they will keep finding new levels of strength . They race towards each other to fight . Blu - ray and DVD release ( edit ) Region 1 ( North America ) ( edit ) Name Date Discs Episodes Part One July 25 , 2017 1 -- 13 Part Two October 3 , 2017 14 -- 26 Part Three February 20 , 2018 27 -- 39 Part Four June 19 , 2018 40 -- 52 Region 2 ( Japan ) ( edit ) Name Date Discs Episodes Box 1 December 2 , 2015 1 -- 12 Box 2 March 2 , 2016 13 -- 24 Box 3 July 2 , 2016 25 -- 36 Box 4 October 4 , 2016 37 -- 48 Box 5 January 6 , 2017 49 -- 60 Box 6 April 4 , 2017 61 -- 72 Box 7 August 2 , 2017 73 -- 84 Box 8 October 3 , 2017 85 -- 96 Box 9 January 6 , 2018 97 -- 108 Box 10 April 3 , 2018 109 -- 120 Box 11 July 3 , 2018 121 -- 131 Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Episodes 109 and 110 aired together as a 1 - hour television special . ^ Jump up to : English titles per Crunchyroll . ^ Jump up to : English dub titles per Funimation . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Super TV Anime Debuts on July 5 '' . Anime News Network . June 4 , 2015 . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2016 . Retrieved January 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kazuya Yoshii , Good Morning America to Perform Theme Songs For Dragon Ball Super '' . Anime News Network . May 19 , 2015 . Archived from the original on January 2 , 2016 . Retrieved January 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gods And Heroes Of `` Dragon Ball Super -- Universal Survival Arc '' Gathered For New Opening Preview Shots `` . Crunchyroll . February 4 , 2017 . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2017 . Retrieved February 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Super 's New Opening Sequence Previewed in Screenshots '' . Anime News Network . February 4 , 2017 . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2017 . Retrieved February 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` VIDEO : KEYTALK Performs New ED Song for `` Dragon Ball Super '' `` . Crunchyroll . October 1 , 2015 . Archived from the original on August 29 , 2016 . Retrieved January 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Super To Introduce A New Theme This April '' . attackofthefanboy . March 17 , 2016 . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2016 . Retrieved March 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Batten Showjo Tai Performs New Dragon Ball Super Ending Theme '' . Anime News Network . June 19 , 2016 . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2016 . Retrieved June 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rock Band Arukara Performs New Dragon Ball Super Ending Theme '' . Anime News Network . September 21 , 2016 . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2016 . Retrieved October 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` THE COLLECTORS Perform New `` Dragon Ball Super '' Ending Theme `` . Crunchyroll . December 6 , 2016 . Archived from the original on January 9 , 2017 . Retrieved January 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Spring 's `` Dragon Ball Super '' End Theme Revealed `` . Crunchyroll . March 5 , 2017 . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2017 . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Miyu Inoue Sings New Dragon Ball Super Ending Theme Song '' . Anime News Network . March 5 , 2017 . Archived from the original on April 10 , 2017 . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lacco Tower Returns For New `` Dragon Ball Super '' Ending `` . Crunchyroll . June 5 , 2017 . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2017 . Retrieved July 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Dragon Ball Super ' To Get New Ending '' . Comicbook . September 13 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 14 , 2017 . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` RottenGraffty To Perform New `` Dragon Ball Super '' Ending `` . Crunchyroll . September 7 , 2017 . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2017 . Retrieved October 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Super Announces New Ending Theme '' . Comicbook . December 18 , 2017 . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2017 . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Blu - ray ・ DVD 情報 ドラゴンボール 超 東映 アニメーション ( in Japanese ) . Toei Animation . Archived from the original on July 20 , 2015 . Retrieved January 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Toonami Snaps up ' Dragon Ball Super ' '' . Animation World Network . November 10 , 2015 . Archived from the original on November 16 , 2015 . Retrieved November 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` DRAGON BALL SUPER , READY FOR EMEA TAKEOVER WITH TURNER '' . www.toei-animation.com . Toei Animation Europe . October 10 , 2016 . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2016 . Retrieved October 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Barder , Ollie ( October 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' Dragon Ball Super ' Will Start Airing In Europe This Fall , Still No Word On A US Release '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2016 . Retrieved October 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dornbush , Jonathon ( October 19 , 2016 ) . `` Dragon Ball Super English Sub Announced '' . IGN . Ziff Davis , LLC . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2016 . Retrieved October 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Super to Simulcast on Crunchyroll , Daisuki , AnimeLab ( Updated ) '' . Anime News Network . Anime News Network . October 19 , 2016 . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2016 . Retrieved October 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` '' DRAGON BALL SUPER '' SUBTITLED EPISODES BEGIN STREAMING TODAY ON FUNIMATIONNOW WITH NEW SIMULCAST EPISODES STARTING NOVEMBER 5 , 2016 . Funimation to Produce English Dub of New Series `` . Funimation . Funimation . November 4 , 2016 . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2016 . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Funimation Licenses Dragon Ball Super , Plans English Dub '' . Anime News Network . Anime News Network . November 4 , 2016 . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2016 . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Toonami : Hope you 're sitting down for this ... '' Facebook . December 7 , 2016 . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2017 . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Super -- Universe Survival Saga -- Official PV 1 ( SUB ) '' . Funimation . Archived from the original on 4 February 2017 . Retrieved 3 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dragon Ball Super Universe Survival arc jump festa 17 promo video '' . kanzenshuu . December 20 , 2016 . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : あらすじ ドラゴンボール 超 ( in Japanese ) . Toei Animation . Archived from the original on August 10 , 2016 . Retrieved July 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` TV Listings Grid , TV Guide and TV Schedule , Where to Watch TV Shows -- Screener '' . Archived from the original on 22 October 2017 . Retrieved 1 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Julia Alexander ( April 3 , 2017 ) , Samurai Jack gets left behind for Rick and Morty , and no one 's happy about it , archived from the original on April 3 , 2017 , retrieved April 3 , 2017 Jump up ^ Rick and Morty Twitter account ( April 1 , 2017 ) , New Episode of RICK AND MORTY airing NOW thru MIDNIGHT ( ET / PT ) and ONLINE at http://www.adultswim.com/streams , archived from the original on May 7 , 2017 , retrieved May 7 , 2017 Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Super Episode Guide '' . Zap2it . January 15 , 2018 . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2018 . Retrieved January 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Super Blu - ray Part 1 '' . FUNimation . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2017 . Retrieved April 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Super Blu - ray Part 2 '' . FUNimation . Archived from the original on August 24 , 2017 . Retrieved July 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Super Blu - ray Part 3 '' . FUNimation . Archived from the original on November 17 , 2017 . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Super Blu - ray Part 4 '' . FUNimation . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2018 . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ドラゴンボール 超 Blu - ray BOX 1 '' ( in Japanese ) . Neowing . July 28 , 2017 . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ドラゴンボール 超 Blu - ray BOX 2 '' ( in Urdu ) . Neowing . July 28 , 2017 . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ドラゴンボール 超 Blu - ray BOX 3 '' ( in e ) . Neowing . July 28 , 2017 . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2017 . CS1 maint : Unrecognized language ( link ) Jump up ^ `` ドラゴンボール 超 Blu - ray BOX 4 '' ( in Japanese ) . Neowing . July 28 , 2017 . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ドラゴンボール 超 Blu - ray BOX 5 '' ( in Japanese ) . Neowing . July 28 , 2017 . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ドラゴンボール 超 Blu - ray BOX 6 '' ( in Japanese ) . Neowing . July 28 , 2017 . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ドラゴンボール 超 Blu - ray BOX 7 '' ( in Japanese ) . Neowing . July 28 , 2017 . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ドラゴンボール 超 Blu - ray BOX 8 '' ( in Japanese ) . Neowing . July 28 , 2017 . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ドラゴンボール 超 Blu - ray BOX 9 '' ( in Japanese ) . Neowing . September 30 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ドラゴンボール 超 Blu - ray BOX 10 '' ( in Japanese ) . Neowing . September 30 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ドラゴンボール 超 Blu - ray BOX 11 '' ( in Japanese ) . Neowing . September 30 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2017 . 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"\n\nOverall No.\nSaga No.\nEnglish translation[a]\nOriginal Japanese title\nOriginal airdate[27]\nAmerican airdate\n\n\n77\n1\n\"Let's Do It, Zen-Oh Sama! The All-Universe Martial Arts Tournament!!\"\n\"Yarou ze Zenō-sama! Uchū ichi Budō-kai!!\" (やろうぜ全王様! 宇宙一武道会!!) \nFebruary 5, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nThe Present Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō are playing a game together in their realm, but both have become bored with their monotonous routine. Meanwhile, Goku heads to a local farmer's market to sell his produce and get Chi-Chi off his back about making money. On the way home, he is ambushed by some robbers. Goku defeats them, but he is injured in the process. Deciding that he has grown rusty, Goku and Goten decide to train with Whis. They head to the Capsule Corporation building, where Bulma reveals she is pregnant with her and Vegeta's second child. Goten remains behind to train with Trunks. Vegeta declines to accompany Goku so that he can be with Bulma when she gives birth. Goku heads to Beerus' planet alone. While training with Whis, Goku remembers Grand Zenō's intention to hold a multiverse martial arts tournament. Heedless of Beerus and Whis' warnings, Goku uses Grand Zenō's button to head to his realm and convinces Present Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō to hold the tournament. When he returns to Beerus' planet, Beerus angrily berates Goku and explains that Grand Zenō naive and innocent nature combined with his extreme power makes him a danger to the multiverse. Beerus threatens to kill Goku if he steps out of line again. Goku, Beerus, and Whis head to the Sacred World of the Kais, where the Grand Minister arrives. He tells the group to assemble their ten most powerful warriors to compete in the \"Tournament of Power\" (力の大会, Chikara no Taikai). \n\n\n78\n2\n\"The Gods of Every Universe in Shock?! Losers Erased in the Tournament of Power\"\n\"Zen uchū no kami-sama mo don hiki!? Maketara shōmetsu \"Chikara no taikai\"\" (全宇宙の神様もドン引き!? 負けたら消滅「力の大会」) \nFebruary 12, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nThe Grand Minister explains the details of the \"Tournament of Power\" and states that it will be held on \"the World of Void\". It is a place of \"infinite nothingness\", where the competitors can fight without limits. The tournament champion will be granted a wish by the Super Dragon Balls, while the losers and their respective universes will be completely erased from existence. Everyone is horrified by this harsh penalty. Goku suggests asking Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō to ignore it, but Whis advises against this. Whis tells Goku that Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō has already made up his mind and attempting to change it could be dangerous. Beerus demands that Goku takes responsibility for asking Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō to hold the tournament in the first place. Goku declares that he will defeat any opponent he faces. The Grand Minister also reveals that Universes 7 and 9 are to have a smaller exhibition tournament for Future Grand Zenō's benefit. Each universe is to name three fighters. Goku sets off to recruit teammates. After Vegeta refuses, Goku recruits Gohan and Majin Buu, who is accompanied by Mr. Satan to represent Universe 7. Goku also explains the potential penalty to Gohan. Gohan tells Goku to keep the stakes a secret to prevent mass panic. Back at Grand Zenō's and Future Grand Zenō's palace, all the gods from all 12 universes gather. The Grand Minister explains the purpose of the Zen Exhibition Match. He alludes to the possibility of Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō erasing the fighters that he deems unfit for the tournament. In the first round, Majin Buu is to fight Basil (バジル, Bajiru), a humanoid canine fighter from Universe 9. \n\n\n79\n3\n\"Universe 9's Basil the Kicker VS Universe 7's Majin Buu!!\"\n\"Dai kyu uchū keri no Bajiru basasu Dai nana uchū Majinbū!!\" (第9宇宙蹴りのバジルVS第7宇宙魔人ブウ!!) \nFebruary 19, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nBasil quickly gains the upper hand and beats down Majin Buu, who is not taking the fight seriously and thinks of it as a game. Goku goads Basil into showing his full power to get Majin Buu's attention, which leads to Basil using his ultimate attack. As Roh (ロウ, Rō), the Supreme Kai of Universe 9, claims victory, Majin Buu emerges with a hole in his stomach, but he is otherwise unmoved. Basil and Roh are shocked to see this. Mr. Satan is injured during the attack. He tells Majin Buu to beat Basil before falling unconscious. This enrages Majin Buu to the point, where he effortlessly beats Basil and knocks him out of the ring. However, since neither Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō is satisfied with the fight, Basil is allowed to get back into the ring. Roh gives Basil a drug that makes him far more powerful. Although Beerus demands that Basil is disqualified for obvious cheating, Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō is entertained by this and allows the fight to continue. The Grand Minister announces that the rules will be improvised as the tournament goes along. Basil overpowers Majin Buu and seemingly beats him, which causes Roh to prematurely gloat about the superiority of Universe 9. However, Majin Buu emerges unscathed and launches a full power attack at Basil. This knocks him out and clinches Universe 7 the victory. As the Universe 9 team laments Basil's loss, Basil's second oldest brother Lavender (ラベンダ, Rabenda) says that if he is allowed to kill his opponent, which Bergamo gives him permission to do, he can win his match. Gohan volunteers to fight Lavender. \n\n\n80\n4\n\"Awaken Your Sleeping Battle Spirit! Son Gohan's Fight!!\"\n\"Nemutta tōshi o yobisamase! Son Gohan no tatakai!!\" (眠った闘志を呼び覚ませ! 孫悟飯の闘い!!) \nFebruary 26, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nAs their battle begins, Lavender spits a poison mist into Gohan's eyes and blinds him. Shin offers Gohan a Senzu bean to cure the poison, but Gohan refuses and says he wants to fight with his strength alone. Unable to see, Gohan uses his other senses to track Lavender and scores several blows. Lavender counters by levitating, which eliminates the sound of his footsteps. Gohan responds by powering up to Super Saiyan and bouncing his own ki off of Lavender's body, which uses it as a kind of active radar. Powering up also causes the poison to spread rapidly through Gohan's body. Lavender mounts a comeback. In desperation, Gohan grabs hold of Lavender and launches a kamikaze attack. He drives both of their bodies into the ring at high speed. Lavender is knocked out, but Gohan is so weakened by the poison that he cannot continue. With both fighters down, the match is declared a tie. After Goku feeds Gohan a Senzu bean, the Grand Minister announces to those in attendance that all universes that lose the Tournament of Power will be erased with their respective gods as well. However, Universes 1, 5, 8, and 12 will be exempt from erasure as will the Angels from all universes because their inhabitants are particularly strong. Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō had long believed that there were too many universes. He was planning to erase most of them anyway, but the tournament will afford one of the weaker universes the chance to be spared. With the announcement concluded, the ring is repaired in preparation for the final exhibition match where Goku will fight Bergamo (ベルガモ, Berugamo), Basil's oldest brother who is also a humanoid canine. \n\n\n81\n5\n\"Bergamo the Crusher Vs Son Goku! Which One Wields the Limitless Power?!\"\n\"Tsubushi no Berugamo VS Son Gokū! Aotenjō no tsuyosa wa dotchida! ?\" (潰しのベルガモVS孫悟空! 青天井の強さはどっちだ!?) \nMarch 5, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nBefore their battle begins, Bergamo denounces Goku before the assembled gods. Bergamo pleads with Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō to rescind the rule that the universes that lose the Tournament of Power be erased. Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō agree on the condition that Bergamo beats Goku in an all out battle. Grand Minister states that if Goku holds back to cancel the erasure, Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō will immediately erase all of the universes. Both Goku and Bergamo agree to the terms. When the fight begins, Bergamo invites Goku to hit him and leaves himself exposed. Goku obliges and strikes Bergamo several times, but Bergamo absorbs the energy of Goku's attacks. He grows stronger and physically larger. Goku continues to attack, which causes Bergamo to grow so large that the ring begins to buckle under his weight. Goku transforms to Super Saiyan Blue, which shocks the gods and quickly overwhelms Bergamo with a Kaioken powered Kamehameha. Bergamo claims every universe participating in the Tournament of Power will seek vengeance on Goku for making them face erasure, but Goku relishes the idea of such a challenge. The Zen Exhibition Match comes to a close and the Tournament of Power will soon begin. The universe with the most fighters remaining or the last fighter standing will be declared the winner. Suddenly, a mysterious fighter from Universe 11 named Toppo (トッポ) appears and challenges Goku to a battle. Goku, who is unsatisfied after his short fight with Bergamo, agrees to fight Toppo. \n\n\n82\n6\n\"Never Forgive Son Goku! Toppo the Warrior of Justice Intrudes!!\"\n\"Son Gokū yurusumaji! Seigi no senshi Toppo ran'nyū!!!\" (孫悟空許すまじ! 正義の戦士トッポ乱入!!) \nMarch 19, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nAfter obtaining Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō blessing to proceed, Goku and Toppo begin their battle. Toppo quickly gains the upper hand and dislocates Goku's shoulder. Goku responds by attacking with a flurry of blows, but Toppo manages to grab Goku in a powerful bear hug. He begins squeezing the life out of Goku, which forces Goku to turn Super Saiyan Blue to escape. Goku gains the upper hand in this form and damages Toppo with a Kamehameha. Just as the two power up even more, the Grand Minister puts an end to the fight. As Toppo leaves, he reveals to Goku that Universe 11 has a warrior even stronger than him named Jiren (ジレン). The Grand Minister begins creating a martial arts arena suitable for the Tournament of Power. In the Sacred World of the Kais, Beerus and Goku get into an argument over Goku's constant relaxed and negligent attitude, which Whis breaks up. The group agrees to convene at the Capsule Corporation to discuss their future strategy. \n\n\n83\n7\n\"Form the Universe 7 Representing Team! Who are the Strongest Ten?!\"\n\"Dai-7 uchū daihyō chīmu o kessei seyo! Saikyō no 10-ri wa dareda?\" (第7宇宙代表チームを結成せよ! 最強の10人は誰だ!?) \nMarch 26, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nGoku and the others arrive at Capsule Corporation. They discuss who should be on the team. Goku immediately suggests Monaka, but Beerus tells him that Monaka is sick and cannot participate. Goku and Gohan agree on Vegeta, Piccolo, Krillin, Master Roshi, No. 18, and No. 17, which would bring the total number of fighters up to nine. Trunks and Goten are ruled out due to their inexperience. They proceed to ask Vegeta, who has been thinking of a name for his second child. Vegeta refuses to participate. He says he will not fight, while Bulma is pregnant. Whis uses his time warping ability to birth the baby sooner than expected in order to get Vegeta to agree to the fight. Everyone celebrates the baby's birth. Trunks is slightly disappointed he has a sister because he wanted to train with a younger brother. As soon as the baby is handed to Vegeta, he develops an attachment to her. Bulma names the baby Bulla even though Vegeta hoped to give her the Saiyan name Eschalot. However, Vegeta quickly accepts Bulla's name. Goku leaves to recruit members and heads to Krillin's house. \n\n\n84\n8\n\"Son Goku the Recruiter Invites Krillin and No. 18\"\n\"Sukautoman Son Gokū – Kuririn to 18-gō o izanau\" (スカウトマン孫悟空 クリリンと18号を誘う) \nApril 2, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nGoku and Gohan arrive at Krillin's house and ask him and No. 18 to join the Tournament of Power. No. 18 convinces Krillin to participate in order to put his newfound martial arts training to use. No. 18 is reluctant to join herself. She quickly suspects Goku and Gohan of hiding something from them, but Goku convinces her that the secret is a 10 million Zeni reward, which convinces her to participate. Gohan decides to test Krillin in a sparring match on the coast. After Gohan overpowers him in hand to hand combat, Krillin swiftly defeats Gohan by blinding him with his new move named Solar Flare x 100 and knocking him into the sea. Goku is excited by Krillin's new power. He challenges him to a sparring match as well. They relocate to a building owned by Mr. Satan, where Krillin's strategies make up for the gap in power, forcing Goku to go Super Saiyan. Goku then transforms into his Super Saiyan Blue form, and he and Krillin have a Kamehameha clash. As Goku increases his power and starts to overpower Krillin, No. 18 intervenes and blocks Goku's Kamehameha, just as Krillin collapses from exhaustion. She justifies herself by noting that the Tournament of Power will be a battle royal and that Goku cannot expect to fight one-on-one all the time. Goku concedes the match and realizes he will have to adjust his tactics in order to win the Tournament of Power. No. 18 reveals that No. 17 is currently working at a wildlife reserve, but she does not know where. Goku decides to ask Dende to find No. 17. \n\n\n85\n9\n\"The Universes Begin to Make Their Moves Their Individual Motives\"\n\"Ugokidasu uchū – sorezore no omowaku\" (動き出す宇宙 – それぞれの思惑) \nApril 9, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nGohan leaves to recruit Piccolo, while Goku prepares to head to the Lookout. He encounters Majin Buu and Mr. Satan training. Goku discovers that Buu has lost weight and has gotten much slimmer in appearance. The two spar together. Buu defeats Goku by overwhelming him with ki blasts and knocking him out of the fighting stage. Meanwhile, Khai (カイ), the Supreme Kai of Universe 11, gathers all of the Supreme Kais involved in the tournament except for Universe 7's, who is ostracized due to Goku's involvement with the creation of the tournament. Khai asks his fellow Supreme Kais to request that Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō cancel the erasure of the universes, but they are all too afraid of his wrath to do so. Champa gathers all the Gods of Destruction involved in the tournament except Beerus after finding out about the Supreme Kai's meeting, and they discuss Goku. Toppo recruits his fellow Pride Troopers Kahseral (カーセラル, Kāseraru) and Dyspo (ディスポ, Disupo). Champa recruits Cabba and demands he find more powerful Saiyans. Goku meets Dende and Mr. Popo at the Lookout and learns No. 17's location. Gohan prepares to train with Piccolo. \n\n\n86\n10\n\"Fist Cross for the First Time! Android #17 VS Son Goku!!\"\n\"Hajimete majiwaru kobushi! Jinzōningen Jūnana-gō VS Son Gokū!!\" (初めて交わる拳! 人造人間17号VS孫悟空!!) \nApril 16, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nOn their way to the island where No. 17 is working, Dende explains that since the conclusion of the Cell Games, No. 17 has started a family and gotten far stronger. Dende also reveals that Kid Buu has reincarnated as a young Earthling with massive fighting potential and asks Goku to train him when he is old enough. They reach the island as Goku arrives just in time to witness No. 17 defeat a group of armed poachers. As they introduce themselves to each other, a large army of poachers arrive. Goku and No. 17 team up to subdue them all. Afterwards, No. 17 explains that the poachers are after the last Minotaurus in order to steal its rare and valuable horns. The two decide to have a sparring match. No. 17 evenly matches Super Saiyan Goku, which causes him to turn Super Saiyan Blue. Goku launches a Kamehameha at No. 17, who easily deflects it with an energy shield. The two go toe-to-toe until No. 17 ends the match in order to avoid catching the island in the crossfire. Goku and No. 17 acknowledge that they were both holding back in the fight. Afterwards, Goku attempts to convince him to join the Tournament of Power, but No. 17 is uninterested. He remains indifferent even when Goku reveals that the losing universes will be erased. Meanwhile, alien poachers arrive on Earth and they set their sights on the Minotaurus. \n\n\n87\n11\n\"Hunt the Poachers! Goku and No. 17's United Front!!\"\n\"Mitsuryō-dan o kare! Gokū to Jūnana-gō no kyōtō!!\" (密漁団を狩れ! 悟空と17号の共闘!!) \nApril 23, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nGoku entices No. 17 with a wish on the Super Dragon Balls. As he begins to consider Goku's offer, the alien poachers arrive and abduct all of the island's animals. Goku uses his Instant Transmission to teleport himself and No. 17 aboard their ship before it can escape. After defeating some of the poachers, No. 17 sets off to defeat the leader, while Goku remains behind to battle the rest of the poachers. No. 17 confronts and easily defeats the leader. Goku catches up just as the leader pulls out a switch and threatens to self-destruct if he is not released immediately. No. 17 smashes him out of a window, which vents both of them into deep space. Goku manages to use his Instant Transmission to teleport all three of them to King Kai's world. Dende contacts Goku and informs him that the leader's threat was a bluff. Afterwards, Goku and No. 17 return the animals to their rightful homes. Jaco arrives to arrest the alien poachers. No. 17 decides to leave his island in the hands of Goten and Trunks and accepts Goku's offer to fight in the Tournament of Power. He hopes to use the Super Dragon Balls to wish for an expensive boat and travel the world with his family. \n\n\n88\n12\n\"Gohan and Piccolo Teacher and Pupil Clash in Max Training!\"\n\"Gohan to Pikkoro Shitei gekitotsu no Genkai shugyō!\" (悟飯とピッコロ 師弟激突の限界修業!) \nApril 30, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nGohan and Piccolo engage in intense training. Piccolo explains that Goku has already informed him about the potential erasure of the universe and that he is going to participate in the Tournament of Power. He points out that Gohan's over eagerness to protect his loved ones is making him reckless. Gohan transforms into a Super Saiyan, and the two continue to spar. Meanwhile, Cabba heads to the residence of his retired captain and mentor, Renso (レンソウ). Cabba asks him to join Universe 6's team for the Tournament of Power, but Renso refuses due to an injury to his leg. Renso suggests his sister, Caulifla (カリフラ, Karifura), instead, who he claims is even stronger than him. Back in Universe 7, Piccolo removes his weighted clothes to go all out and quickly defeats Gohan. Piccolo explains that Gohan has a tendency to become arrogant when he has the advantage in battle. After being encouraged by Piccolo, Gohan manages to reach the level of power he had against Super Buu. The two fight again, and Gohan successfully severs Piccolo's arm. However, Piccolo blasts him in the back with the severed arm and defeats Gohan, which proves Piccolo's point about Gohan's overconfidence. That night, Piccolo vows to push Gohan to new heights of power. They both agree to work on combination moves. \n\n\n89\n13\n\"An Unknown Beauty Appears! The Tenshin-Style Dojo's Mystery?!\"\n\"Arawareta nazo no bijo! Tenshin-ryū Dōjō no kai!?\" (現れた謎の美女! 天津流道場の怪!?) \nMay 7, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nGoku heads to Master Roshi's island, where Oolong informs him that Tien and Chiaotzu have started a martial arts dojo, and that Roshi has headed there to act as a special instructor. Goku decides to make Tien the tenth member of the team, and heads off to recruit him and Roshi. At Tien's dojo, a woman named Yurin (ユーリン, Yūrin) with a grudge against Tien arrives and requests to join the dojo. Although Tien denies her because her motivation of beauty was unfit for his dojo, Roshi drags Yurin off to ogle her. Goku arrives and asks Tien to join the Tournament of Power, but, even after Goku bribes him with 10 million Zeni, Tien refuses. Yurin escapes Roshi's advances and uses witchcraft to drive Tien's students on a rampage throughout town. Goku, Tien, Chiaotzu, and Roshi arrive at the village, where Yurin confronts them. Yurin explains that she is a former classmate of Tien's during his time at the Crane School and that she swore revenge on him after he left the school and refused to fight her. Meanwhile, Cabba sways Caulifla into joining Universe 6's team by promising to teach her how to become a Super Saiyan. Back on Earth, while Goku, Chiaotzu, and Tien cure the students of their brainwashing, Roshi battles Yurin. He lowers his guard after catching a glimpse of Yurin's panties, which allows her to brainwash him. The brainwashed Roshi quickly defeats Tien, but Goku intervenes. While Chiaotzu temporarily disables Yurin, Goku subdues Roshi with a Kamehameha and cures him of the brainwashing. Tien orders Yurin to apologize to everyone she hurt and offers her a place at his dojo. Tien decides to join the Tournament of Power because he believes that the 10 million Zeni Goku promised will repair the village. After hearing about the 10 million Zeni, Master Roshi quickly agrees to join as well. \n\n\n90\n14\n\"See The Wall That Must Be Passed! Goku vs Gohan\"\n\"Koerubeki kabe o misuete! Gokū bāsasu Gohan\" (超えるべき壁を見据えて! 悟空VS悟飯) \nMay 14, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nAs Gohan finishes training with Piccolo, they go to meet with Goku, Master Roshi, and Tien. At Gohan's request, Goku and Tien have a fight against Gohan and Piccolo to practice for the tournament. Although Tien views this as a practice match and wants to avoid injuring anyone, Gohan and Goku take the fight seriously. As Gohan fights both his father and Tien, Piccolo spends the time charging a strong technique, which ultimately destroys the mountain fighting stage when it is launched. Tien calls the match off on the grounds that the fighting stage is now destroyed. Although Goku agrees, Gohan requests to have a one-on-one fight against his father. Goku accepts, and Gohan powers up while Goku goes Super Saiyan 2. Although Goku has the upper hand for much of the fight, Gohan turns the tables and begins to overpower Goku. Gohan begs Goku to use his full power. Goku responds by becoming a Super Saiyan Blue and using his Kaio-Ken technique, then defeats Gohan with a single blow. Impressed with his son's improvement, Goku assigns Gohan as the leader of their Universe 7 team. Meanwhile, Rumsshi (ラムーシ, Ramūshi) recruits a powerful fighter named Murichim (ムリチム, Murichimu) and his companions to represent Universe 10 in the tournament. \n\n\n91\n15\n\"Which Universe Will Survive?! The Strongest Warriors Are Gathering!!\"\n\"Kachinokoru no wa dono Uchū da!? Zokuzoku to tsudou Saikyō no senshi-tachi!!\" (勝ち残るのはどの宇宙だ!? 続々と集う最強の戦士たち!!) \nMay 21, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nGrand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō are suffering from extreme boredom again. They decide to observe the universes' progress in assembling their strongest warriors. In Universe 7, Vegeta prepares to enter the Hyperbolic Time Chamber for some intense training. Goku spars with Whis in Vegeta's gravity chamber. Master Roshi and Puar train to remove Roshi's weakness to seduction techniques, which fails miserably. In Universe 9, word has spread of the potential erasure of their universe. The populace has descended into anarchy. The three canine brothers have been unable to find any other fighters. In Universe 6, Hit tracks down the destitute Frost and forces him to join the Tournament of Power, while he relieves him of his poison needles in the process. In Universe 11, Toppo's comrade Kahseral is delayed from joining when he aids a cat stuck in a tree. In Universe 2, a magical girl named Brianne de Chateau (ブリアン・デ・シャトー, Burian de Shatō) transforms into her alter ego named Ribrianne (リブリアン, Riburian) and auditions for a spot in the tournament. In Universe 10, Murichim and his comrades record a dance video to improve team spirit. Back in Universe 7, Mr. Satan calls and unexpectedly reveals that Majin Buu has fallen into a deep sleep and cannot join the tournament, which horrifies everyone. \n\n\n92\n16\n\"Emergency Development! The Incomplete Ten Members!!\"\n\"Kinkyū jitai hassei! Sorowanai jū nin no menbā!!\" (緊急事態発生! そろわない10人のメンバー!!) \nMay 28, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nGoku races to Mr. Satan's house, where he proves unable to wake Majin Buu from his hibernation. Meanwhile, all of Universe 7's remaining warriors except Master Roshi and No. 17 gather at the Capsule Corporation. After Krillin brings up the 10 million Zeni prize that Goku had bribed him, Piccolo and Gohan reveal to Krillin, No. 18, and Tien that the prize of 10 million Zeni was a lie and that the universe will be erased if they lose. When Goku returns, Krillin berates him and threatens to withdraw from the team along with No. 18. After Goku fails to convince them otherwise, Beerus swiftly threatens Krillin into staying, while Bulma agrees to pay out the promised reward. In Universe 6, Cabba takes Caulifla to a deserted wasteland to teach her how to become a Super Saiyan. As Caulifla's protégée, Kale (ケール, Kēru), observes them, Cabba ineffectually attempts to provoke Caulifla in order to make her transform. When that fails, he teaches her to focus her energy on an area in her back. Caulifla successfully transforms into a Super Saiyan. Caulifla tests her newfound power and agrees to join Universe 6's team for the Tournament of Power. She beckons Kale over to attempt the transformation herself. In Universe 11, Kahseral arrives at the Pride Trooper headquarters, where he and Toppo agree to leave the universe in their trainees' hands so they can participate in the tournament. In Universe 3, two cyborg warriors named Nigrisshi (ニグリシ, Nigrisshi) and Narirama (ナリラマ, Narirāma) display their upgrades for the tournament to Universe 3's God of Destruction Mosco (モスコ, Mosuko), Supreme Kai Ea (エア), and Angel Campari (カンパーリ, Kanpāri). Back in Universe 7, Goku and his friends are unable to figure out who can replace Buu. When Beerus claims they have no suitable fighters because Goku destroyed the Frieza Force, Goku is inspired to recruit Frieza, which shocks everyone. \n\n\n93\n17\n\"You're The Tenth Warrior! Goku Goes To See Frieza!!\"\n\"Jū ninme no senshi wa omē da! Gokū Furīza no moto e!!\" (10人目の戦士はおめえだ! 悟空 フリーザのもとへ!!) \nJune 4, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nGoku's idea is met with much hesitance from his comrades. He explains that he intends to have Fortuneteller Baba resurrect Frieza for 24 hours to fight in the tournament. If Frieza betrays them then either he or Vegeta can defeat him. Goku's friends reluctantly agree, and he sets out to the afterlife. The Universe 7 team are unaware that a spy from Universe 4 is observing them. In Universe 6, Cabba and Caulifla attempt to teach Kale how to turn into a Super Saiyan but to no avail. Kale begins to despair over her own uselessness, and it enrages her enough to trigger her transformation into an extremely powerful Berserker Super Saiyan. Kale immediately goes berserk and attacks Cabba. Caulifla quickly deduces that Kale is jealous of her and Cabba's perceived relationship. She denies having any sort of feelings for Cabba. Kale calms down and collapses in Caulifla's arms. Cabba, who is impressed by Kale's power, decides to add her to Universe 6's team. Back in Universe 7, Goku arrives in the afterlife and receives King Yemma's permission to visit Frieza. He explains about the Tournament of Power and asks Frieza to join them. Frieza agrees to aid him on the condition that he be properly resurrected with Earth's Dragon Balls. When Goku hesitates to agree, Frieza goads him by playing to his desire to see how powerful Frieza can become. Goku accepts his terms. In Universe 4, Ganos (ガノス, Ganosu) reports Universe 7's latest actions to Universe 4's God of Destruction Quitela (キテラ, Kitera) and Supreme Kai Kuru (クル). Quitela immediately begins making plans to counter Beerus. \n\n\n94\n18\n\"The Emperor of Evil Returns! A Reception of Mysterious Assassins?!\"\n\"Aku no Teiō fukkatsu! Demukaeru Nazo no Shikaku-tachi!?\" (悪の帝王復活! 出迎える謎の刺客たち!?) \nJune 11, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nQuitela contacts Universe 9's God of Destruction Sidra (シドラ, Shidora) and informs him that Universe 7 is planning to use Frieza to assassinate their rivals before the tournament begins and that the only way to counter them is to kill them first. Sidra and Roh agree to have Frieza killed. Meanwhile, Goku returns to the Capsule Corporation to update everyone on his success. As Master Roshi completes his training at Korin's tower, Krillin and No. 18 head to No. 17's island to pick him up and drop off Goten, Trunks, and Marron. Goku goes to Fortuneteller Baba's home, where she completes the ritual to resurrect Frieza. As Goku and Frieza prepare to depart, an army of assassins arrives to claim their heads. Despite the time pressure, Frieza wounds the assassins' leader, transforms into his Golden form, and prepares for battle. \n\n\n95\n19\n\"The Worst! The Most Evil! Frieza's Rampage!!\"\n\"Saikyō! Saiaku! Furīza Ōabare!!\" (最凶! 最悪! フリーザ大暴れ!!) \nJune 18, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nFrieza explains to Goku that he spent his recent incarceration in Hell undergoing intense mental training to overcome the stamina issues that plagued him during his previous battles with the Z-Fighters. He quickly slaughters most of the assassins, which horrifies Goku. The assassins' leader, who has been directly empowered by Sidra, attacks Frieza with Sidra's power, but Frieza manages to overcome and hijack the attack. Frieza spitefully uses the attack on Goku and traps him. Frieza tortures and kills the assassins until they reveal that Roh and Sidra hired them. Frieza contacts Universe 9 and offers his services as a defector. Roh and Sidra begin arguing about whether or not to accept him. Roh fears Frieza's psychopathic and treasonous nature, while Sidra wants his power. Sidra is confident he could kill him if he stepped out of line. Their argument buys time for Beerus and Whis to arrive and rescue Goku. Frieza cuts the connection. He begins making plans to use the Tournament of Power to manipulate the gods to suit his own ends. Goku and Frieza have a brief sparring match, which ends in a draw. Goku, Frieza, Beerus, and Whis return to the Capsule Corporation. The Universe 7 team prepare to travel to the World of Void for the Tournament of Power. \n\n\n96\n20\n\"The Time Is Here! To The World Of Void For The Fate Of The Universe!!\"\n\"Toki wa kita! Uchū no Meiun o kake Mu no Kai e!!\" (時はきた! 宇宙の命運をかけ無の界へ!!) \nJune 25, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nIn the World of Void, Universes 1, 5, and 8's Gods of Destruction Iwne (イワン, Iwan), Arack (アラク, Araku), and Liquiir (リキュール, Rikīru) have a brief exhibition match to test the durability of the Tournament of Power's fighting stage. Afterwards, the Grand Minister forces them all to clean up their mess and fix the stage. In Universe 7, Gohan and Shin's strategy is to have the team members stick together to conserve energy and use strength of numbers to defeat anyone who attacks them. This suggestion offends Goku and Vegeta's Saiyan pride. Whis transports the team to the World of Void. All of the other universes arrive. Frieza and Frost befriend each other and agree to work together, while Goku singles out Jiren as a potential rival due to his extreme power. As the Grand Minister introduces each team, Universe 4 seemingly has only 8 warriors on their team, which confuses most of Universe 7, except for Tien, who tells No. 18 that he can sense a faint presence. After a speech from the Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō, the 80 warriors prepare for battle. \n\n\n97\n21\n\"Survive! The Tournament of Power Begins at Last!!\"\n\"Ikinokore! Tsui ni kaimaku Chikara no Taikai!!\" (生き残れ! ついに開幕「力の大会」!!) \nJuly 2, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nThe Grand Minister reminds everyone of the rules and officially starts the tournament. A massive free-for-all ensues. Goku targets Toppo, but he is intercepted by Ganos. Disregarding Gohan's plan as well, No. 17, No. 18, Vegeta, and Frieza all jump into the fray. Universe 3 gains an early advantage when Narirama unleashes a spinning attack designed to knock its opponents off the stage, but Hit and Basil disable it. Universe 10's Lilibeu (リリベウ, Ririberu) attacks Basil, but Basil successfully knocks her off the stage. Meanwhile, the five Universe 7 warriors who stayed together are confronted by a gang of warriors from varying universes, but Universe 7 uses teamwork to fend them off. Basil nearly defeats Universe 10's Napapa, but Napapa is able to push his attacks away at the last moment. As Goku is pursuing Toppo, he comes face to face with Jiren until Universe 4's Nink (ニンク, Ninku) outflanks Goku by grappling and dragging him towards the edge of the stage with the intention of jumping off with him. Goku turns Super Saiyan Blue and knocks Nink off the stage. As Goku reverts back to his normal form to conserve energy, Basil, Lavender, Bergamo, and two other Universe 9 warriors surround him with 47 minutes remaining in the tournament. \n\n\n98\n22\n\"Oh, Uncertainty! A Universe Despairs!!\"\n\"Ā mujou! Zetsubō suru Uchū!!\" (あぁ無常! 絶望する宇宙!!) \nJuly 9, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nRoh orders his warriors to attack Goku to avenge their defeat at the Zen Exhibition Match. Goku is forced to avoid fighting at his fullest in order to conserve stamina for later in the tournament. He fights Team Universe 9, where the Trio de Dangers brothers manage to overwhelm him thanks to their teamwork. Vegeta notices Goku's plight and reinforces him. Roh sends over three more fighters. Team Universe 9 is able to push Goku and Vegeta to the brink until Vegeta tricks Lavender and Hop (ソレル, Hoppu) into accidentally hitting each other. Goku and Vegeta take advantage of the confusion to defeat five of the Universe 9 warriors. No. 18 and Frieza each defeat Sorrel (ソレル, Soreru) and Roselle. Only Basil, Lavender, and Bergamo remain in the tournament for Team Universe 9. Goku and Vegeta push them to the edge of the stage. The brothers use a combination beam as a last ditch effort, but Goku and Vegeta power up to Super Saiyan Blue and knock them off the stage with a Final Kamehameha. With all 10 members defeated, Universe 9 is eliminated from the tournament. As a result, Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō erase Universe 9, Roh, Sidra, and all of their fighters. This amuses Universe 9's angel Mojito (モヒイト, Mohi'ito) and horrifies everyone else. \n\n\n99\n23\n\"Show Them! Krillin's True Power!!\"\n\"Misetsukero! Kuririn no sokojikara!!\" (見せつけろ! クリリンの底力!!) \nJuly 16, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nAs the other warriors recover from the shock of Universe 9's erasure, No. 17 reminds No. 18 that they have infinite stamina due to their cyborg bodies and have no reason to hold back. Vegeta tries to fight Hit, but he is blocked by Botamo, who is immune to damage. Vegeta manages to pick Botamo up and nearly throws him off the stage, but Magetta stops him at the last moment. Meanwhile, Universe 10's Jium (ジウム, Jiumu) attacks Gohan and his friends. Jium is swiftly defeated by Master Roshi. Universe 4's Shosa (ショイサ, Shōsa) tricks No. 18 into lowering her guard by faking his own death and nearly knocks her off the stage with a barrage of ki blasts. Krillin rescues No. 18, and the two defeat Shosa with a powerful combination attack. They are challenged by Universe 4's Majora (マジョラ), who is a blind fighter that uses his powerful sense of smell to locate his enemies in battle. Although Majora proves to be stronger than Krillin, Krillin disables his nose by throwing his smelly shoe at him and knocks him off the stage. Krillin boasts about his victory, which allows Frost to knock him off with a single blow. Beerus and Shin berate Krillin for his carelessness with 43 minutes remaining in the tournament. \n\n\n100\n24\n\"Out Of Control! The Savage Berserker Awakens!!\"\n\"Daibōsō! Mezame araburu Kyōsenshi!!\" (大暴走! 目覚め荒ぶる狂戦士!!) \nJuly 23, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nAs Universe 7 recovers from Krillin's defeat, Cabba defeats Nigrisshi and Universe 10's Murisam (ムリサーム) and confronts Vegeta. Hit blows off Narirama's limbs and uses his time skip ability to dodge his ultimate attack. He flicks him off the stage. Meanwhile, Kale is disabled by Universe 10's Napapa and Methiop (メチオープ). They knock her unconscious and attempt to throw her off the stage, but Caulifla rescues her and defeats Napapa. The two confront Goku, and Caulifla knocks away Universe 2's Jimeze (ジーミズ, Jimizu) and demands to know how to become a Super Saiyan Blue. Goku refuses, and Caulifla transforms into an Ultra Super Saiyan. However, her increased muscle mass cripples her speed and allows Goku to counterattack. With Goku's aid, Caulifla manages to become a Super Saiyan 2, and the two resume their fight. As Kale watches them, she is once again consumed by her feelings of uselessness and transforms into her Berserker Super Saiyan form. Hit uses his time skip to save Caulifla from getting caught in the crossfire. Kale flies into a jealous rage and attacks Goku for allegedly stealing Caulifla from her. Kale easily overwhelms Goku and forces him to power up to Super Saiyan Blue. He unleashes a powerful Kamehameha, but Kale powers through it unharmed. As Piccolo realizes she has lost control of her power, Kale begins firing ki blasts at everything in sight and defeats Methiop. When Universe 11's Vuon (ブーオン, Būon) attempts to stop her, Kale defeats him as well. Jiren knocks her unconscious with a single ki blast. As Hit and Caulifla retreat with Kale, Goku challenges Jiren. \n\n\n101\n25\n\"The Impending Warriors of Justice! The Pride Troopers!!\"\n\"Semari kuru seigi no senshi! Puraido Torūpāsu!!\" (迫りくる正義の戦士!プライド・トルーパス!!) \nJuly 30, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nAs Goku prepares to fight Jiren, Toppo suddenly ambushes him with a barrage of ki blasts. Toppo and Jiren decide to retreat and conserve their stamina. This leaves Goku to be dealt with by Kahseral and their fellow Pride Troopers Tupper (タッパー, Tappā), Zoiray (ゾイレー, Zoirē), Cocotte (ココット, Kokotto), and Kettol. The five declare their intent to defeat Caulifla and Kale to avenge Vuon's defeat. The two are forced to form a temporary alliance with Goku. Meanwhile, Master Roshi and Tien team up to defeat Universe 3's The Preecho (ザ・プリーチョ). They regroup with Gohan, Piccolo, Vegeta, and Frieza, where he has defeated Murichim. The Pride Troopers push Goku, Caulifla, and Kale to the brink, but No. 17 and No. 18 rescue them. No. 18 and Goku defeat Tupper, while No. 17 easily overpowers Kahseral. The remaining Pride Troopers regroup and focus their assault on the wounded Caulifla and Kale. Cocotte seals them in a separate dimension to ensure that Goku, No. 17, and No. 18 do not interfere. As the four beat Caulifla, Kale's self-hatred causes her to return to the Berserker Super Saiyan form, but she remains in control of herself this time. Caulifla and Kale use an extremely powerful combination ki blast to defeat Kahseral, Zoiray, and Kettol. Cocotte seals herself in a mini-dimension to avoid the blast, but No. 18 simply throws it off, eliminating Cocotte. Goku allows Caulifla and Kale to retreat so he can fight them at their full strength after they rest. The group is unaware that Brianne is observing them. \n\n\n102\n26\n\"The Power of Love Explodes?! Universe 2's Little Witch Warriors!!\"\n\"Ai no chikara ga dai bakuhatsu!? dai ni uchu majo-kko senshi!!\" (愛の力が大爆発!? 第2宇宙の魔女っ子戦士!!) \nAugust 6, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nBrianne and her companions Sanka Ku (サンカ・クー, Sanka Kū) and Su Roas (スー・ロース, Sū Rōsu) announce themselves to the other fighters and begin to transform into their magical girl alter-egos. No. 17 blasts them before they can transform, but Brianne, Goku, and Toppo berate him for his dishonorable tactics and browbeat him into allowing them to transform, much to Beerus' dismay. They assume their alter-egos Ribrianne, Kakunsa (カクンサ, Kakunsa), and Rozie (ロージィ, Rōjī) and barrage the arena with a powerful love-based attack that brainwashes some of the fighters. Universe 7's mental discipline allows them to overcome its effects. Gohan's group elects to split up and fight independently. Vegeta attacks Ribrianne, who counters with a rolling attack that knocks out Universe 10's Jirasen (ジラセン). Rozie attacks Goku with a flurry of blows that grows more powerful the longer she keeps it up, while Kakunsa battles No. 17 with her animalistic fighting style. No. 17 baits her into overextending herself and stuns her with a barrier. He attempts to knock her out of the stage, but her teammate Vikal (ビカル, Bikaru) rescues her. No. 17 decides to stop holding back and swiftly eliminates Vikal. He also eliminates Kakunsa with a powerful ki blast. Enraged by his actions, Ribrianne powers up and prepares to battle No. 17. \n\n\n103\n27\n\"Gohan, Show No Mercy! Showdown With Universe 10!!\"\n\"Gohan yo hijōnare! Dai ju uchu to no kessen!!\" (悟飯よ非情なれ!第10宇宙との決戦!!) \nAugust 13, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nRibrianne and No. 17 fiercely attack each other, while Rozie begins to overwhelm Goku's defenses. She surrounds him with ki balls and attempts to blow him up, but No. 17 protects him with a barrier. Goku, who has studied Rozie's techniques, hits her with a powerful ki blast. As he and No. 17 corner Rozie and Ribrianne, Jimeze arrives and rescues them with instant transmission. Elsewhere, Botamo challenges Gohan on Champa's orders. As Piccolo and Goku observe, Gohan attacks with a flurry of blows, which apparently have no effect. However, Gohan's attacks begin to lift Botamo off the ground and renders him unable to defend himself, allowing Gohan to knock him off the stage. Universe 10's Obuni (オブニ) and Rubalt (ルバルト, Rubaruto) appear to challenge Gohan and Piccolo. Jimeze defeats Universe 10's Jilcol (ジルコル Jirukoru). With 8 warriors eliminated, Gowasu accepts his imminent demise, while Rumsshi remains defiant. Obuni shifts his ki away from his body to render himself impossible to detect and wounds Gohan. Rubalt initially has the upper hand against Piccolo, but Piccolo uses his Hellzone Grenade attack to knock out Rubalt, leaving Universe 10 with only Obuni. Obuni begins to overwhelm Gohan, which makes Gowasu want to cling to life again. Gohan powers up and powers through one of Obuni's punches. He counterattacks Obuni's moves by locating and hitting Obuni after he gets hit. Obuni pauses the fight to show his respect for Gohan, but refuses to lose for the sake of Universe 10. Gohan battles and defeats Obuni with a Kamehameha. All of Universe 10's fighters have been eliminated. Right before Universe 10 is annihilated, Gohan discovers a locket containing a picture of Obuni and his wife and child. Gohan and Universe 10's angel, Cus (クス, Kusu), mourn Universe 10's erasure. \n\n\n104\n28\n\"The Ultimate High Speed Battle Begins! Goku and Hit Join Forces!!\"\n\"Chōzetsu kōsoku batoru boppatsu! Gokū to hitto no kyōdō sensen!!\" (超絶光速バトル勃発! 悟空とヒットの共同戦線!!) \nAugust 20, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nDyspo challenges Hit and uses his incredible speed to overwhelm Hit's Time Skip. Everyone quickly deduces that Dyspo is listening for the sound of Hit's body tensing up to determine when he is about to attempt to use Time Skip. Hit resorts to fighting him conventionally, but he is pushed to the edge of the stage. Toppo deduces that Hit has adjusted to Dyspo's fighting style and is luring him into a trap. Toppo sends fellow pride trooper Kunshi (クンシー, Kunshī) to back him up. Before Dyspo can land the finishing blow, Hit suddenly turns intangible and sends Dyspo over the edge. However, Kunshi uses ropes made of his energy to pull Dyspo back onto the stage before he is eliminated. The two launch a renewed assault against Hit and drive him into a corner. Before they can finish him off, Goku interferes and rescues Hit. Goku uses his Super Saiyan God form to counter Dyspo's speed, while Hit uses his assassination technique to injure Kunshi. The two switch places. Hit uses a fake Time Skip to throw Dyspo off and wound him, while Goku overwhelms Kunshi with his Super Saiyan Blue form. Hit attempts to eliminate Dyspo, but Kunshi rescues him again. Kunshi charges Hit, who turns intangible and knocks him off the stage. Dyspo retreats and regroups with his allies. Toppo abandons all notions of justice and decides to focus on survival. Hit decides not to battle Goku as thanks for lending a hand. Goku and Hit vow to settle their score if they both make it to the end of the tournament. \n\n\n105\n29\n\"A Desperate Battle! Master Roshi's Sacrifice!!\"\n\"Funsen! Mutenroshi inochi o Moyasu!!\" (奮戦! 武天老師命を燃やす!!) \nAugust 27, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nMaster Roshi quietly observes the battles from afar. He is challenged by an attractive warrior from Universe 4, Caway (キャウェイ, Kyauei), who attempts to seduce him. However, Caway's attempts to attack him brings him back to his senses. Roshi destroys her energy weapon, powers up, and drives her to jump off the stage. Roshi is next challenged by Dercori (ダーコリ, Dākori), who is a talisman-wielding warrior from Universe 4. She uses her talismans to confound Roshi with illusions and trap him in a single spot. Roshi uses the Evil Containment Wave to seal her in a small bottle and throw her off the arena. Quitela and Beerus get into an argument about the legality of the move, which is defused when Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō rule in Roshi's favor. Ganos, who is enraged at Roshi for eliminating his friends, challenges him and powers up into an avian form. Initially, Roshi is able to use his experience to predict, evade, and counter Ganos' attacks. However, Ganos is able to grow more powerful the longer a fight drags on. He rallies and delivers a fierce series of blows to Roshi. Roshi attempts to hypnotize Ganos into falling asleep, but he attacks himself to wake himself up. Ganos demands that Roshi accept his limits and give up, but Roshi refuses. He unleashes a Max Power Kamehameha that defeats Ganos. However, the effort is too much for Roshi's body to handle, and he collapses. Goku races over to him and successfully defibrillates him with his ki. Goku escorts Roshi to safety. \n\n\n106\n30\n\"Find Him! Death Match With An Invisible Attacker!!\"\n\"Mikiwamero! Sugata naki atakkā to no shitō!!\" (見極めろ! 姿なきアタッカーとの死闘!!) \nSeptember 3, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nGoku brings Master Roshi to an isolated part of the stage and leaves him to rest at his request. Gohan and Piccolo are confronted by Universe 6's Dr. Rota (Dr.ロタ, Dokutā Rota), but Rota is shot down by a sniper before he can reveal his ability. Gohan and Piccolo are unable to find the location of the sniper until they find a red orb on the ground. It is revealed that the sniper, Universe 2's Prum (プラン, Puran), can see through these orbs. The lasers ricochet off of the orbs so that his true location is a secret. Piccolo tries to create a smokescreen in order to blur the vision, but Prum can still see them via their heat signatures. Prum shoots Piccolo and destroys both of his arms, which forces him to painfully regenerate them. Gohan and Piccolo realize that the orbs depend on heat signatures and blast the surrounding area to create multiple heat signatures. Prum responds by coming out of his hiding spot and blasting the entire area. Gohan and Piccolo are forced into hiding. Tien analyzes Dr. Rota and deduces that he was hit by a sniper as Goku and Vegeta arrive. Vegeta berates Tien, who warns them about Prum, but Vegeta arrogantly brushes it off until he is almost incapacitated by one of Prum's blasts. As Goku and Tien observe Prum, they deduce that there is another shooter from behind as Prum is merely reflecting the blasts. Vegeta and Goku go after Prum, while Tien goes to save Gohan and Piccolo. Goku and Vegeta try to attack Prum, but their ki blasts are reflected off of his body. Tien navigates through the field of blasts and confronts the true sniper, Prum's teammate Hermila (ハーミラ, Hāmira). Realizing that Prum can deflect ki blasts and not physical attacks, Vegeta and Goku throw giant boulders at him. Tien uses his Multi-form technique in order to buy himself time against Hermila, but three of his clones are shot down. The fourth and final Tien defeats Hermila. Just as Tien is about to eliminate him, Hermila shoots the ground underneath Tien's feet and knocks him off the stage. However, Tien's other three clones come back and drag Hermila down with them. Tien and Hermila are eliminated from the tournament. Although Beerus praises Tien for forcing the battle into a draw, Tien is noticeably upset about being defeated. As Prum is confronted by Vegeta, Dr. Rota comes back and attacks Prum as revenge for shooting him. Shortly after, Vegeta eliminates Prum and Dr. Rota from the tournament. \n\n\n107\n31\n\"Revenge \"F\" The Cunning Trap?!\"\n\"Fukushū no Efu! Shikakerareta Kōkatsu na Wana!?\" (復讐の「F」! しかけられた狡猾な罠!?) \nSeptember 17, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nFrost recalls how Champa promised to pardon his crimes if he humiliated and defeated Universe 7. Elsewhere, Universe 3's Maji Kayo confronts Universe 11's remaining warriors. He entraps Dyspo with his liquid body, but Jiren effortlessly defeats him with a single blow. As Master Roshi attempts to recover from his previous fights, Frost corners and attacks him. Goku sees this and tries to rush to his aid, but he is confronted by Ribrianne. Roshi hits Frost with a flurry of blows and attempts to use the Evil Containment Wave, but the strain proves too much for him. He flubs the attack. Frost barrages Roshi with ki blasts and sends an attack towards Vegeta, which provokes him. Vegeta interferes before Frost can finish Roshi. Magetta arrives to reinforce Frost, and the two battle Vegeta. Frost goads Roshi into using the Evil Containment Wave on Magetta despite the risk of killing himself. When Roshi falls for it, Frost reflects the attack and seals Vegeta into a bottle. With the last of his strength, Roshi uses a small ki blast to destroy the bottle and free Vegeta. Vegeta immediately turns Super Saiyan Blue, and Frost flees. Vegeta knocks Magetta off the stage and tells Roshi to drop out so he can receive medical attention. Roshi jumps off the stage, and he is given a Senzu Bean. Beerus admits that Roshi has earned his respect. \n\n\n108\n32\n\"Frieza and Frost! Conjoined Malice?!\"\n\"Furīza to Furosuto! Majiwaru Akui!?\" (フリーザとフロスト!交わる悪意!?) \nSeptember 24, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nAs Goku battles Ribrianne, the gods of the top four universes speculate on who will win the tournament. Meanwhile, Gohan is confronted by Jimeze. Jimeze makes use of his Instant Transmission technique to confound and damage Gohan. As he prepares to finish him, Frieza intervenes. When Frieza does not immediately attack Jimeze, Universe 7's spectators speculate he may intend to betray and defeat Gohan so he can seize the wish on the Super Dragon Balls for himself. Frieza steps aside and allows Jimeze to continue his fight with Gohan. Jimeze corners Gohan again and attempts to finish him, but Frieza destroys his attack with a ki blast. Enraged, Jimeze attacks Frieza, who swiftly tortures and eliminates him. Frost appears and declares his intention to defeat Gohan, and Frieza admits that the two intend to work together in order to exact revenge on the Saiyans. Frieza battles Gohan, who counterattacks. Frieza uses his Golden form to knock out Gohan. However, instead of eliminating him, he double-crosses and eliminates Frost. Gohan admits that he immediately figured out Frieza's plan and played along with him. An enraged Frost attempts to attack Frieza from the spectator stands, but Grand Zenō erases him, explaining that this is forbidden and Universe 6 would be erased upon a second offence. Meanwhile, Goku continues to battle Ribrianne. \n\n\n109\n33\n\"The Ultimate Enemy Approaches Goku! Now, Let Loose! The Killer Spirit Bomb!!\"\n\"Goku ni Semaru Saikyo no Teki! Ima Koso Hanate! Hisassu no Genki-Dama!!\" (悟空に迫る最強の敵!今こそ放て!必殺の元気玉!!) \nOctober 8, 2017[n 1]\nTBA\n\n\nRibrianne declares her intention to use the wish to become a love goddess adored by all beings using the Super Dragon Balls. Goku considers using the wish to benefit his family or meet a strong opponent. Ribrianne absorbs the love of her teammates and becomes Super Ribrianne. She attacks Goku with several ki blasts, and he counters by turning Super Saiyan Blue and knocking her away. Ribrianne lands near Jiren, and Goku sees him and prepares to finally battle him. Universe 11's God of Destruction, Belmod, telepathically orders Jiren to defeat Goku. Belmod hopes to demoralize the other universes by defeating the strongest fighter besides Jiren himself. Goku powers up to Super Saiyan Blue Kaioken x20, but that proves to be no match for Jiren's overwhelming power. Goku begins powering up a Spirit Bomb, and all of his teammates except Vegeta lend him their energy. Despite the time it takes to charge the attack, Jiren agrees to wait for him to complete it. Ribrianne attempts to attack Goku from behind, but she is stopped by Vegeta. Goku completes the Spirit Bomb and throws it, but Jiren deflects it. The two engage in a struggle to take control of the Spirit Bomb. This forces Goku to use Super Saiyan Blue Kaioken x20 to keep up. However, Jiren prevails and begins to overwhelm Goku with his own attack. \n\n\n110\n34\n\"Son Goku Wakes! New Level of the Awakened!!\"\n\"Son Gokū kakusei! Mezameshi mono no aratanaru gokui!!\" (孫悟空覚醒!目覚めし者の新たなる極意!!) \nOctober 8, 2017[n 1]\nTBA\n\n\nGoku powers up himself and pushes the Spirit Bomb back towards Jiren, which locks him in a stalemate. Whis realizes that Jiren is at least as powerful as a God of Destruction. As the two struggle to overpower each other, the Spirit Bomb suddenly condenses into a small black hole, which absorbs Goku and causes him to vanish. The Grand Minister rules that since Goku's own attack apparently vaporized him, Jiren will not be disqualified for destroying him. As Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō prepare to eliminate Goku, he suddenly reappears and reaches a new level of power. Goku resumes the fight, and he is able to go toe-to-toe with Jiren. Whis theorizes Goku must have absorbed the Spirit Bomb and unlocked an ability called Ultra Instinct (身勝手の極意”兆”, Migatte no Gokui). Goku uses another powerful attack in an attempt to eliminate Jiren, but he fails, and exhausts his newfound power. Jiren knocks him away, and Hit attempts to take advantage of the opportunity and attacks Jiren. Vegeta demands to know what happened to Goku before preparing to fight Ribrianne, while Frieza appears to corner Goku and aims an attack at him. \n\n\n111\n35\n\"The Surreal Supreme Battle! Hit vs Jiren!!\"\n\"I jigen no kyokuchi batoru! Hitto basasu Jiren!!\" (異次元の極致バトル! ヒットVSジレン!!) \nOctober 15, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nInstead of killing the defenseless Goku, Frieza shares with him some of his energy and repays his act of mercy during their fight on Planet Namek. Meanwhile, Hit uses his time-skip powers against Jiren, but his attacks fail to connect. Goku spectates the battle, but he is ambushed by Saonel (サオネル, Saoneru) and Pirina (ピリナ, Pirina), Namekians from Universe 6, who are confronted by Gohan and Piccolo. Elsewhere, Vegeta fights Ribrianne, and he is easily overpowering her in his base form until Rozie interferes and retreats with Ribrianne. Ribrianne loses hope due to the gap in power, but Rozie motivates her. Meanwhile, Hit keeps attacking Jiren to no avail, but he is able to react and block most of Jiren's punches. After being knocked back, Hit sneaks up behind Jiren and lands a strong punch on his heart. He knocks Jiren to the edge of the ring after a brief struggle. Hit uses his own time-skip powers continually on Jiren to stop his movement. Realizing that he cannot hold Jiren for long, Hit urges Cabba, Caulifla, and Kale to keep fighting for Universe 6. Hit pools all his energy in a final attack to defeat him, but Jiren stops Hit's attack only with his glare. Jiren breaks free and eliminates Hit. As the Tournament of Power reaches its midway point, Jiren begins to meditate. He is certain that there are no other warriors strong enough to fight him. Jiren leaves the fight to Toppo and Dyspo. Viara (ビアラ, Biara) and Katopesla (カトペスラ, Katopesura) of Universe 3 attempt to attack him while meditating, but Jiren's energy alone is enough to push them back. \n\n\n112\n36\n\"A Saiyan's Vow! Vegeta's Resolution!!\"\n\"Saiya-jin no chikai! Bejīta no kakugo!!\" (サイヤ人の誓い! ベジータの覚悟!!) \nOctober 22, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nDespite his exhaustion and low energy, Goku is determined to keep fighting. However, he is suddenly targeted by Koitsukai (コイツカイ, Koitukai), Panchia (パンチア, Panchia), and Bollarator (ボラレータ, Borarēta) of Universe 3. Gohan and Piccolo want to help him, but they are distracted by their own battle with Saonel and Pilina. Caulifla and Kale are discussing the battle between Goku and Jiren, when they are confronted by Monna (モンナ, Monna), a female warrior from Universe 4. Caulifla faces off against Monna, but Cabba appears and takes her place. He instructs Caulifla and Kale to retreat for now. Cabba turns Super Saiyan and battles Monna, but he is initially overpowered. Monna almost knocks Cabba off the stage, but Vegeta intervenes and catches him before he can fall. Vegeta and Cabba both promise that, if either of them wins the tournament, the winner will use the Super Dragon Balls to restore the other's erased universe and its inhabitants. Newly inspired, Cabba fights Monna again, but he is losing until he taps into his anger and unlocks Super Saiyan 2. With his new power, Cabba easily defeats and eliminates Monna. However, Frieza appears, fights Cabba, and easily eliminates him as well. Frieza reveals that he plans to win the tournament in order to use the Super Dragon Balls to control the gods. Meanwhile, Vegeta decides to challenge Jiren, but he is intercepted by Toppo. The two battle each other. Vegeta ends up meeting up with Goku, who is still having difficulty with his three opponents. However, Caulifla intervenes and knocks Koitsukai, Borareta, and Pancea away before powering up to Super Saiyan 2 and challenging Goku herself. \n\n\n113\n37\n\"With Great Joy! The Repeat Battle-Crazy Saiyan Fight!!\"\n\"Kiki to Shite! Sentō-kyō Saiya-jin Batoru Futatabi!!\" (嬉々として! 戦闘狂サイヤ人バトル再び!!) \nOctober 29, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nCaulifla demands that Goku fight her and teach her how to unlock Super Saiyan 3 so that she can become strong enough to win the tournament. She begins fighting Goku, who does not initially power up beyond his base form. However, Goku's superior martial arts skills allow him to keep up with her even in her Super Saiyan 2 form. Eventually, she is able to adapt to his moves, which forces Goku to power up to Super Saiyan 2 himself. The two of them fight evenly for some time. Goku later calls in Kale to join the battle. His superior power and skill enables him to fight them both at once, but they are able to match him by working together. They land a massive combined attack on him, but Goku powers up to Super Saiyan 3 and easily deflects their attacks. However, Goku lacks the stamina to maintain that form and reverts to Super Saiyan 2. Kale's desire to become stronger inadvertently causes her to transform into her Berserker Super Saiyan form again. \n\n\n114\n38\n\"Intimidating Passion! The Birth of a New Super Warrior!!\"\n\"Kiki semaru! Aratana chō sen-shi no bakutan!!\" (鬼気せまる! 新たな超戦士の爆誕!!) \nNovember 5, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nVegeta continues his battle with Toppo, while Caulifla is able to help Kale regain control of her Berserker form. Caulifla and Kale battle Goku together and are able to hold him off. Meanwhile, Frieza is confronted by Katopesla, but they are interrupted by Goku's battle with Caulifla and Kale. Frieza wants to fight Caulifla and Kale, but Goku insists that he will fight them himself. Frieza backs down and watches the fight. The three Saiyans resume their battle. After unsuccessfully attempting to use Instant Transmission as a strategy, Goku powers up to his Super Saiyan God form and easily overpowers the two of them. As Goku prepares to eliminate Caulifla and Kale with a powerful Kamehameha, it is revealed that the girls were given a pair of Potara earrings by Fuwa, Universe 6's Supreme Kai. They use the earrings and fuse to become a single being with immense power, who takes the name Kefla (ケフラ, Kefura). \n\n\n115\n39\n\"Goku VS Kefla! Super Saiyan Blue Defeated?!\"\n\"Gokū vāsasu Kefura! Sūpāsaiya-jin Burū Yabureru!?\" (悟空VSケフラ! 超サイヤ人ブルー敗れる!?) \nNovember 12, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nAs Vegeta continues to fight Toppo, Gohan and Piccolo are engaged with Saonel and Pirina. No. 18 is attacked by Katopesla, but she is saved by No. 17. Meanwhile, Goku continues his fight with Kefla. The Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō approve Kefla's use of the Potara earrings. The other universes consider giving the Potara to their warriors as well. Pell (ペル, Peru), the Supreme Kai of Universe 2, gives his Potara to Rabanra (ラバンラ, Rabanra) and Zarbuto (ザーブト, Zābuto), but the earrings are destroyed by Kefla charging through them to continue fighting Goku. The battle becomes intense with Kefla gaining the upper hand. Goku powers up to Super Saiyan Blue, but Kefla counters by powering up to Super Saiyan. However, Goku uses the Kaioken and regains the advantage. He appears to be winning, but Kefla lands a sneak attack that knocks him out of Super Saiyan Blue. She prepares to eliminate him, but Goku unexpectedly reawakens Ultra Instinct again and easily dodges her attacks. \n\n\n116\n40\n\"The Sign of a Comeback! Ultra Instinct's Huge Explosion!!\"\n\"Gyakuten no kizashi! Migatte no gokui ga dai bakuhatsu!!\" (逆転の兆し! 身勝手の極意が大爆発!!) \nNovember 19, 2017\nTBA\n\n\n\nTo counter Goku's increase in power, Kefla powers up to Super Saiyan 2, and the two of them face off. Goku still easily dodges Kefla's attacks, but his own attacks are not strong enough to take her down. Whis explains that when Goku launches his attacks, it interferes with his concentration and prevents him from using Ultra Instinct to its full potential. Jiren senses the energy from the battle, which prompts him to awaken from his meditation and rejoin Toppo and Dyspo. Vegeta realizes that Ultra Instinct is the level of skill that Whis was training him and Goku to attain, and decides that he must reach it too. Goku begins running low on stamina, so he declares that he will end the fight with his next attack. Kefla panics and unleashes a multitude of deadly energy beams. Her ultimate attack devastates the ring, but Goku easily dodges her blasts while charging a Kamehameha. Goku jumps into the air, so Kefla focuses all of her power into a single blast and launches it at him, taking advantage of his apparent inability to dodge. However, he backflips and uses the charged-up energy to slide over her attack, and launches his Kamehameha at point-blank range, blasting Kefla out of the ring and eliminating her. Her Potara earrings shatter, and she splits back into Kale and Caulifla. With both of them eliminated, Saonel and Pirina are the only remaining warriors from Team Universe 6.\n\nNOTE: This episode was dedicated in memory of Hiromi Tsuru, who passed away on November 16, 2017. \n\n\n117\n41\n\"Showdown of Love! Androids VS Universe 2!!\"\n\"Ai no daikessen! Jinzōningen VS Dai ni uchū!!\" (愛の大決戦!人造人間VS第2宇宙!!) \nNovember 26, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nGoku is left exhausted from his battle with Kefla. He is confronted by all five remaining warriors from Universe 2. Gohan and Piccolo try to help him, but they are intercepted by Saonel and Pirina. Elsewhere, Vegeta faces off against Katopesla and tries to unlock Ultra Instinct against him. However, he is unsuccessful, and resorts to his normal fighting style. Vegeta easily overpowers Katopesla. Rozie and Ribrianne launch a combined attack at Goku, but No. 17 and No. 18 arrive in time to deflect it. The androids battle Rozie and Ribrianne. No. 17 defeats and eliminates Rozie, while No. 18 knocks Ribrianne out of her powered-up transformation. This causes her to revert into Brianne. Brianne is able to catch No. 18 in an energy trap, while her comrades from Universe 2 send their love to her. This allows Brianne to transform into a giant manifestation of her Super Ribrianne form. No. 18 almost gives up until her love for Krillin and Marron gives her the determination to break free of Ribrianne's trap. With No. 17's help, No. 18 blasts through Ribrianne's giant form and eliminates her. Brianne realizes that she lost because of No. 18's strong love for Krillin, while Goku faces off against Zirloin (ザーロイン, Zāroin), Zarbuto, and Rabanra of Universe 2. \n\n\n118\n42\n\"Accelerated Tragedy Vanishing Universes...\"\n\"Kasokusuru Higeki Kieyuku Uchū...\" (加速する悲劇消えゆく宇宙...) \nDecember 3, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nGoku battles against Zirloin, Zarbuto, and Rabanra from Universe 2, while Gohan and Piccolo are fighting against Saonel and Pirina. Saonel and Pirina's power suddenly increases, and it is revealed that they had each fused with many Namekians from their universe before coming to the tournament, which greatly increased their own powers. No. 17 and No. 18 join Goku to help in the battle against the remaining Universe 2 warriors. It is revealed that Universe 2's angel, Sour (サワア, Sawaa), has been broadcasting the tournament to the populace of their universe. Universe 2's inhabitants channel their love to Zirloin, Zarbuto, and Rabanra, who are able to transform into forms similar to Ribrianne, Rozie, and Kakunsa's transformed states. Goku, No. 17, and No. 18 battle Zirloin, Zarbuto, and Rabanra, while Gohan and Piccolo continue fighting Saonel and Pirina. The Universe 2 trio unleash a legendary Universe 2 technique, the Pretty Black Hole, which traps and threatens to sink Goku, No. 17, and No. 18 through the fighting stage. Goku powers up to Super Saiyan Blue and breaks through the Pretty Black Hole with a Kamehameha that eliminates Zirloin, Zarbuto, and Rabanra, while Gohan and Piccolo blast Saonel and Pirina off the ring with a powerful combined attack that eliminates them as well. With all of their fighters eliminated, both Universe 2 and Universe 6 are erased. Brianne leads the Universe 2 team in a final happy moment before their erasure, while Cabba wishes Vegeta good luck. Champa taunts Beerus before being erased. Beerus remains impassive in the face of his brother's erasure. Vegeta faces off against Katopesla and warns him that he is in a bad mood. \n\n\n119\n43\n\"Unavoidable?! The Fierce Stealth Attack!!\"\n\"Kaihi funō!? Suterusu kōgeki no mōi!!\" (回避不能!? ステルス攻撃の猛威!!) \nDecember 10, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nVegeta overpowers Katopesla and drives him to the edge of the ring. Katopesla is able to catch himself, but he is pushed over the edge and eliminated by an unseen force. Vegeta and Gohan are attacked by the same force, but Vegeta is able to stop himself from going over the edge, while Piccolo catches Gohan. No. 18 is attacked by the invisible fighter, who is revealed to be one of the missing Universe 4 fighters, Gamisaras (ガミサラス, Gamisarasu). Gohan creates a cloud of dust that coats Gamisaras, which allows Piccolo to see him. Piccolo easily eliminates Gamisaras. Undaunted, Quitela orders the remaining Universe 4 fighters to step up their game. Shantza (シャンツァ, Shantsa) generates a dome that envelops the Universe 7 team and manifests illusions of the defeated fighters from the erased universes. However, Piccolo spots Shantza and blasts him off the ring, which eliminates him and destroys the illusions. Universe 4's last fighter, Damon (ダモン, Damon), is also assumed to be invisible since no one can see him. Piccolo is able to sense Damon's attacks, but he proves unable to hit Damon, who knocks him out of the ring and eliminates him. No. 17 discovers the truth and exposes Damon as a tiny bug-like creature rather than an invisible person, which explains why none of the fighters were able to hit him. To solve this problem, Goku repeatedly punches the ring and creates shock waves that launch Damon into the air, which cancels out his agility and allows No. 17 to hit him with energy blasts. No. 17 traps Damon in a miniature force field and kicks him out of the ring to eliminate him. With all of their fighters eliminated, Universe 4 is promptly erased. \n\n\n120\n44\n\"The Perfect Survival Tactic! Universe 3's Menacing Assassin!!\"\n\"Kanpeki na Seizon Senryaku! Dai san Uchū Kyōi no Shikaku!!\" (完璧なる生存戦略! 第3宇宙脅威の刺客!!) \nDecember 17, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nFollowing the elimination of Universe 4, the remaining fighters from Universe 3 take the offensive against Universe 7. While Viara is defeated and eliminated by No. 17 and No. 18's combined efforts, Paparoni (パパロニ, Paparoni) sends Panchia, Koitsukai, and Bollarator to attack Goku, Gohan, and Vegeta. To help Goku and Vegeta save their energy to confront Universe 11, Gohan decides to face the three robots alone. He gains the upper hand until Paparoni has them combine together into a much stronger robot called Koichiarator (コイチアレータ, Koichiarēta). Koichiarator overpowers Gohan until Goku and Vegeta step in. The two distract the enemy, while Gohan charges and strikes with an attack powerful enough to defeat it. With his robots defeated, Paparoni refuses to surrender and declares that he will unleash his trump card on Universe 7. \n\n\n121\n45\n\"All-Out War! The Ultimate Quadruple Merge vs Universe 7's Full-Scale Attack!!\"\n\"Sōryokusen! Kyūkoku no Yontai Gattai VS Dai nana Uchū Sōkōgeki!!\" (総力戦!究極の4体合体VS第7宇宙総攻撃!!) \nDecember 24, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nPaparoni and Koichiarator merge to form Anilaza (アニラーザ, Anirāza), the most powerful warrior from Universe 3. Anilaza begins to overwhelm the Saiyans, which forces No. 17 and No. 18 to reinforce them. The five attempt to coordinate their attacks to catch Anilaza off-guard, but he deflects them all. It is revealed that Anilaza can use echolocation to detect his opponents' movements. Anilaza begins teleporting his punches, and he nearly knocks Goku off the stage until Frieza steps in and knocks him back onto the fighting stage. Realizing that the Universe 7 warriors will rescue each other from defeat, Anilaza attempts to eat No. 18, who is rescued by Goku. Anilaza corners No. 17 and overwhelms him. He knocks him off the fighting stage, but No. 18 sacrifices herself to kick No. 17 back onto the fighting stage. She is eliminated from the tournament. With no other options, the Universe 7 warriors power up to their maximum levels and engage in a ki clash with Anilaza. They buy time for No. 17 to pierce through Anilaza's attack and damage his energy reactor. This enables the others to overwhelm and eliminate Anilaza. With all of their warriors eliminated, Universe 3 is erased. As the Universe 7 warriors begin to celebrate, the remaining Universe 11 warriors step forward to challenge them. \n\n\n122\n46\n\"For One's Own Pride! Vegeta's Challenge to Be The Strongest!!\"\n\"Onore no Hokori wo Kakete! Bejīta Saikyō he no Chōsen!!\" (己の誇りをかけて!ベジータ最強への挑戦!!) \nJanuary 7, 2018\nTBA\n\n\nWith only two universes remaining, the Grand Minister compresses the bleachers so that the remaining spectators are all close together. The final warriors begin their battle: Gohan and No. 17 battle Toppo, Frieza fights Dyspo, and Goku and Vegeta battle Jiren. Jiren overwhelms Goku with a flurry of punches, but Vegeta is able to analyze Jiren's attack patterns and dodges his attacks. He lands a solid blow to Jiren's midsection, but Jiren counters with a powerful blast that nearly rings Vegeta out. Meanwhile, Frieza blocks one of Dyspo's attacks with his tail, but Dyspo uses it as leverage to injure him. Jiren disparages Vegeta for his self-righteousness, but Vegeta declares that it is the source of his strength. He powers up a Final Flash and goads Jiren into taking it head-on. However, the attack fails to damage Jiren, who acknowledges the power of Vegeta's attack before incapacitating him. \n\n\n123\n47\n\"Body and Soul, Full Power Release! Goku and Vegeta!!\"\n\"Zenshin Zenrei Zenryoku Kaihō! Gokū to Bejīta!!\" (全身全霊全力解放!悟空とベジータ!!) \nJanuary 14, 2018\nTBA\n\n\nWith Vegeta down, Goku faces off against Jiren. Meanwhile, the other battles continue. Frieza decides to start fighting Dyspo seriously, while Gohan and No. 17 are outmatched against Toppo. Outmatched in power, Goku instead uses ki blasts to create a minefield around Jiren, but it has no effect. Goku then lures Jiren onto a large rock that extends out over the edge of the fighting stage and cuts through the rock with a Destructo Disc. This causes Jiren to fall, but Jiren is able to push off the falling debris and jumps back onto the fighting stage. Angered by his near-elimination, Jiren finally shows his real power and easily overwhelms Goku with a volley of punches. Goku and Vegeta both get back up and power up to Super Saiyan Blue. Goku uses his maximum Kaioken beyond his previous limitations, while Vegeta is able to surpass his limits by tapping into more ki in his body, and attains a transformation similar to the Ascended Super Saiyan form, the Super Saiyan Blue Evolution form. Fully powered up, Goku and Vegeta attack Jiren as a team, and they are able to catch him off guard with their un-coordinated attacks. \n\n\n124\n48\n\"The Fiercely Overwhelming Assault! Gohan's Last Stand!!\"\n\"Shippū-Dotō no Mōshū! Gohan Haisui no Jin!!\" (疾風怒涛の猛襲!悟飯背水の陣!!) \nJanuary 21, 2018\nTBA\n\n\nAs Goku and Vegeta continue their battle with Jiren, the battle between Dyspo and Frieza intensifies. The two seem evenly matched, until Frieza breaks off the fight and offers to help Universe 11 win the tournament if they promise to resurrect him with the Super Dragon Balls. Dyspo refuses the offer, so Frieza powers up to his Golden form and gains the advantage in the fight. Dyspo reveals his own ultimate technique, the Super Maximum Light Speed Mode, which increases his power and speed even further, and overwhelms Frieza. Gohan and No. 17 realize that Frieza is in danger of being knocked off the fighting stage, so No. 17 distracts Toppo, while Gohan goes to Frieza's aid. Gohan and Frieza take on Dyspo as a team, but they have little success. Gohan develops a strategy that has Frieza use his energy to form a cage around Dyspo, which prevents him from using his high-speed attacks and allows Gohan to gain the upper hand. Unfortunately, Frieza runs out of energy, and the cage dissolves before Gohan can land the finishing blow. However, Gohan is able to grab Dyspo and hold him in place, while Frieza launches a blast that knocks them off the fighting stage and eliminates them both from the tournament. \n\n\n125\n49\n\"With Imposing Presence! God of Destruction Toppo Descends!!\"\n\"Ifu-Dōdō! Hakaishin Toppo Kōrin!\" (威風堂々! 破壊神トッポ降臨!!) \nJanuary 28, 2018\nTBA\n\n\nGoku and Vegeta continue their battle with Jiren, while No. 17 and Toppo fight. No. 17 and Toppo engage in a beam clash, which Toppo is winning. Frieza intervenes and strikes Toppo repeatedly from behind, which allows No. 17 to overpower Toppo's blast. In the wake of the explosion, Toppo appears to have been defeated. However, he gets back up and powers up, using the same type of energy as a God of Destruction. Belmod explains that Toppo is a candidate to be Universe 11's next God of Destruction, which is why he can wield the same kind of power. Toppo unleashes his new power, which damages the fighting stage and breaks a large portion of it. No. 17 and Frieza attack Toppo repeatedly, but his power is now far superior to theirs. Toppo easily defeats them both. Fortunately, they are able to stay on the fighting stage, but Toppo knocks Frieza unconscious and engages in another beam clash with No. 17. \n\n\n126\n50\n\"Surpass Even a God! Vegeta's Desperate Blow!!\"\n\"Kami wo mo Koero! Bejīta Sutemi no Ichigeki!!\" (神をも超えろ!ベジータ捨て身の一撃!!) \nFebruary 4, 2018\nTBA\n\n\nToppo easily overpowers No. 17's blast. No. 17 is able to evade him for a while by using the broken fighting stage to his advantage, but Toppo effortlessly withstands No. 17's attacks. Toppo prepares to eliminate No. 17 with a giant energy blast. Frieza rejoins the battle and deflects Toppo's attack. Frieza uses his own energy attack to immobilize Toppo, which allows him and No. 17 to land numerous attacks, but none of them have any effect. Toppo is about to eliminate them both, when he is interrupted by Goku and Vegeta, who are still fighting Jiren. Frieza and No. 17 are hit by one of Jiren's attacks, which gives Toppo the opportunity to attack Vegeta instead. Toppo overwhelms Vegeta with his new power and states that he has cast aside everything else in order to become strong enough to win the tournament. However, Vegeta is inspired by his family, his promise to Cabba, and his Saiyan pride. He refuses to cast anything aside. Vegeta unleashes his full power and overwhelms Toppo. Vegeta and Toppo both use their ultimate attacks: Toppo unleashes his Energy of Destruction, while Vegeta uses the Final Explosion technique that he used against Majin Buu. Vegeta's attack overwhelms Toppo's attack, blasts Toppo out of the fighting stage, and eliminates him from the tournament. This also causes even more damage to the fighting stage. Due to Vegeta being much stronger than the last time he used the Final Explosion technique, he survives the blast, but his energy is almost completely drained. No. 17 also reappears, but he has been injured by Jiren's attack. Goku, Vegeta, and No. 17 all face off against Jiren, who begins to unleash his full power. \n\n\n127\n51\n\"The Approaching Wall! The Final Barrier of Hope!!\"\n\"Semari-kuru Shōheki! Kibō wo Takushita Saigo no Baria!!\" (迫りくる障壁!希望を託した最後のバリア!!) \nFebruary 11, 2018\nTBA\n\n\nJiren powers up to his maximum. Goku, Vegeta, and No. 17 all attack him simultaneously, but he easily overpowers them. However, No. 17 manages to land a sneak attack and injures Jiren. Jiren defeats Goku and Vegeta, while Frieza rejoins the fight and tries to kill Jiren in his golden form. However, Frieza is easily defeated as well. No. 17 asks Jiren what his wish on the Super Dragon Balls would be, and Belmod explains that Jiren's endless pursuit of strength was inspired when his parents, most of his comrades, and mentor were killed by a powerful villain. However, his abandonment by his surviving friends turned Jiren into a loner who distrusted friendship, and he now focuses solely on increasing his own strength. No. 17 admires Jiren's human qualities, but he accuses Jiren of using the rest of his universe's team for his own ends. Jiren rebuffs him and fires a powerful energy blast down at No. 17, Goku, and Vegeta. No. 17 uses a barrier to hold back Jiren's blast and forms force fields around Goku and Vegeta to protect them, before self-destructing to destroy Jiren's blast. Despite his exhausted state, Vegeta faces off against Jiren and declares that he will defeat him. \n\n\n128\n52\n\"Noble Pride to the End! Vegeta Falls!!\"\n\"Kedakai Hokori Saigo Made! Bejīta Chiru!!\" (気高い誇り最後まで!ベジータ散る!!) \nFebruary 18, 2018\nTBA\n\n\nVegeta prepares for a final stand against Jiren. Although Vegeta is too exhausted to turn into even a Super Saiyan, he still decides to take on Jiren. Jiren easily dodges his attacks and continues to pummel Vegeta. Jiren injures Vegeta's left eye in the process. Vegeta is knocked to the brink of elimination, and he begins to think about the people in his life he cares about the most. He gets back up and continues to fight Jiren, who is impressed by Vegeta's pride. Vegeta nearly rings out again. His boot catches onto a floating piece of rubble, which narrowly allows him to stay in the fight because the pieces of rubble still count as part of the fighting stage. Vegeta hears Bulma's voice urging him to fight on, and he returns to fight Jiren once again. Jiren is unable to understand why Vegeta continues to fight him. Vegeta fires off a Final Flash, but Jiren is unfazed. Jiren knocks Vegeta out of the fighting stage and eliminates him from the tournament. Although Vegeta is upset at being unable to last until the end, he gives Goku his remaining energy at the last second before falling out of bounds. Goku turns Super Saiyan Blue and begins to fight Jiren with his remaining power. Even with Vegeta's energy, Goku is still overwhelmed by Jiren. He is knocked back into his base form. When Goku is pushed back to the edge of the fighting stage and only one punch away from defeat, Vegeta shouts at Goku. Goku thinks about how the others have all put their faith in him. As Jiren delivers the final blow, Goku suddenly reactivates Ultra Instinct and dodges the attack. With his new power, Goku is able to effortlessly dodge Jiren's attacks and lands a heavy blow on him. Both fighters face off and prepare for their final battle. \n\n\n129\n53\n\"Limits Super Surpassed! Ultra Instinct Mastered!!\"\n\"Genkai Chōzetsu Toppa! Migatte no Gokui Kiwamaru!!\" (限界超絶突破!身勝手の極意極まる!!) \nMarch 4, 2018\nTBA\n\n\nWhis points out that, since Goku has no allies to help him and no time to recover from the strain caused by Ultra Instinct, this will be his last chance to end the battle. Goku and Jiren resume their battle, but Goku has the same problem he experienced with Kefla, and is unable to attack at his full potential. Goku tries the same trick he used on Kefla by powering up a Kamehameha and firing it at Jiren, but Jiren is able to punch through the blast. Belmod is confident that Goku's incomplete Ultra Instinct will not be enough to win, but Vegeta points out that, throughout the tournament, all of the Saiyans have been able to surpass their limits and achieve higher levels of power. Jiren is able to trap Goku on a single floating rock and fires a barrage of attacks down at him in an attempt to knock him out, but Goku begins blocking Jiren's attacks with his own punches. Jiren launches a final blast down at Goku, but Goku suddenly powers up immensely. He easily blocks Jiren's blast and jumps back up to the fighting stage. Jiren attacks again, but this time Goku easily overpowers him with a flurry of punches. Whis reveals that Goku has completed his ascension. Goku's hair and eyes have turned silver, and he now has full mastery over Ultra Instinct. \n\n\n130\n54\n\"The Greatest Showdown of All Time! The Ultimate Survival Battle!!\"\n\"Kūzenzetsugo no Chō Kessen! Kyūkyoku no Sabaibaru Batoru!!\" (空前絶後の超決戦!究極のサバイバルバトル!!) \nMarch 18, 2018\nTBA\n\n\nHaving mastered Ultra Instinct, Goku overpowers and corners Jiren, which forces Jiren to break through his own limits and power up even further. The two exchange attacks continuously. Despite almost being defeated twice, Goku stands up and recovers. When Jiren asks why Goku refuses to surrender, his friends claim that the source of Goku's strength comes from the trust between him and his companions. Refusing to accept it, an enraged Jiren launches an attack on the bleachers that is repelled by a furious Goku, who finally defeats him. However, just as Goku is about to knock Jiren out, his body collapses from the strain of using Ultra Instinct for too long. Jiren takes the opportunity to knock Goku off the fighting stage, but Goku is saved by Frieza. No. 17 is also revealed to have survived Jiren's blast. As Frieza and No. 17 prepare themselves to face Jiren, Goku writhes in pain. \n\n\n131\n55\n\"The Miraculous Conclusion! Farewell, Goku! Until We Meet Again!\"\n\"Kiseki no ketchaku! Saraba Goku! Mataauhimade!!\" (奇跡の決着! さらば悟空! また会う日まで!!) \nMarch 25, 2018\nTBA\n\n\nWith Goku down, Frieza and No. 17 face off against Jiren. No. 17 manages to injure Jiren, who collapses from exhaustion. Frieza is about to eliminate Jiren, who accepts his impending defeat, but Toppo calls out to Jiren and inspires him to keep fighting despite his injuries. Jiren powers up and fires a massive blast at Frieza and No. 17. They form a barrier to shield themselves, but Frieza is running low on energy and loses his Golden form. Before Jiren can overpower them, Goku manages to get back up and rejoins the others. Goku adds his strength to the barrier and enables them to block Jiren's blast. Goku and Frieza take on Jiren together, while No. 17 provides cover fire. Working together, Goku and Frieza overpower Jiren and tackle him out of the ring. All three of them are eliminated from the tournament. With all of their fighters gone, Universe 11 is erased. As the only fighter remaining on the fighting stage, No. 17 is declared the winner of the Tournament of Power, and he is given the privilege of getting his wish granted from the Super Dragon Balls. After some consideration, No. 17 wishes to restore all of the universes that had been erased, which brings all their inhabitants back to life. As the erased universes are restored, the Grand Minister reveals that Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō had foresaw the outcome of a virtuous being winning the Tournament of Power who would make a selfless wish on the Super Dragon Balls. He also stated that they would have otherwise erased the entire multiverse if the winner had wished for selfish reasons, as this would have shown that the winning universe was no better than the erased universes and that the universes excluded from the tournament were not equally worthy of existing. As a reward for doing well in the tournament, Whis restores Frieza to life. In Universe 11, Jiren establishes a real friendship with Toppo and looks forward to having a rematch with Goku someday. The group from Universe 7 return home. Frieza leaves Earth and resumes leadership of his empire. Goku vows to defeat him if he starts causing trouble again. Goku and Vegeta meet for a sparring match in the place where they first fought. Goku reveals that he cannot use Ultra Instinct anymore and believes that he obtained it by accident during the tournament. Goku and Vegeta declare that they will keep finding new levels of strength. They race towards each other to fight. \n\n"
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"January 14, 2018"
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792525720003133998 | Houston Astros | Houston Astros - wikipedia Houston Astros Jump to : navigation , search Houston Astros 2017 Houston Astros season Established in 1962 Team logo Cap insignia Major league affiliations American League ( 2013 -- present ) West Division ( 2013 -- present ) National League ( 1962 -- 2012 ) Central Division ( 1994 -- 2012 ) West Division ( 1969 -- 1993 ) Current uniform Retired numbers 5 7 24 25 32 33 34 40 49 42 Colors Navy blue , orange , white Name Houston Astros ( 1965 -- present ) Houston Colt . 45s ( 1962 -- 1964 ) Other nicknames ' Stros Ballpark Minute Maid Park ( 2000 -- present ) a.k.a. Astros Field ( 2002 ) a.k.a. Enron Field ( 2000 -- 2002 ) a.k.a. The Ballpark at Union Station ( 2000 ) Astrodome ( 1965 -- 1999 ) * a.k.a. Harris County Domed Stadium ( 1965 ) Colt Stadium ( 1962 -- 1964 ) Major league titles World Series titles ( 0 ) None AL Pennants ( 0 ) None NL Pennants ( 1 ) 2005 AL West Division titles ( 1 ) 2017 NL Central Division titles ( 4 ) NL West Division titles ( 2 ) 1997 1998 1999 2001 1980 1986 Wild card berths ( 3 ) 2005 2015 The Astros also qualified for the postseason in the strike - split 1981 season , losing to the Los Angeles Dodgers in the NLDS . Front office Owner ( s ) Jim Crane Manager A.J. Hinch General Manager Jeff Luhnow President of Baseball Operations Reid Ryan The Houston Astros are an American professional baseball team based in Houston , Texas . The Astros compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the American League ( AL ) West division , having moved to the division in 2013 after spending their first 51 seasons in the National League ( NL ) . The Astros have played their home games at Minute Maid Park since 2000 . The Astros were established as the Houston Colt . 45s and entered the National League in 1962 with the expansion New York Mets . The current name -- reflecting Houston 's role as the control center of the U.S. space program -- was adopted three years later , when they moved into the Astrodome , the world 's first domed sports stadium . The Astros played in the NL from 1962 to 2012 . They played in the West division from 1969 to 1993 , and the Central division from 1994 to 2012 . The Astros have played in one World Series ( while a member of the National League ) in 2005 against the Chicago White Sox , in which they were swept in four games . Contents ( hide ) 1 Franchise history 1.1 Major League Baseball comes to Texas 1.2 1962 -- 1964 : The Colt . 45s 1.3 1965 -- 1970 : The Great Indoors 1.4 1971 -- 1974 : The boys in orange 1.4. 1 The Big Trade 1.5 1975 -- 1979 : The rainbow era 1.6 1980 : On the Brink 1.7 1981 -- 1985 1.8 1986 : Lighting a Fire 1.9 1987 -- 1990 : Out with the Old , in with the New 1.10 1990 -- 1999 : Fine tuning 1.11 2000 -- 2004 : New stadium 1.12 2005 : First World Series in Texas 1.13 2006 -- 2010 : The decline 1.14 2010 − 2014 : 100 - loss seasons , move to the AL West and rebuilding 1.15 2015 : Sudden success and a return to the playoffs 1.16 2016 : Inconsistency , missing the playoffs and struggles against the Texas Rangers 1.17 2017 : An unprecedented start 2 Achievements 2.1 Franchise record 2.2 Awards 2.3 Team captains 2.4 Team records 2.5 Retired numbers 2.5. 1 Out of circulation , but not retired 3 Hall of Fame 3.1 Baseball Hall of Fame members 3.2 Ford C. Frick Award recipients 3.3 Texas Sports Hall of Fame 4 Current roster 5 Minor league affiliations 6 Radio and television 7 Mascots 8 References 9 External links Franchise history ( edit ) Major League Baseball comes to Texas ( edit ) See also : Houston Buffaloes From 1888 until 1961 , Houston 's professional baseball club was the minor league Houston Buffaloes . Although expansion from the National League eventually brought an MLB team to Texas in 1962 , Houston officials had been making efforts to do so for years prior . There were four men chiefly responsible for bringing Major League Baseball to Houston : George Kirksey and Craig Cullinan , who had led a futile attempt to purchase the St. Louis Cardinals in 1952 ; R.E. `` Bob '' Smith , a prominent oilman and real estate magnate in Houston who was brought in for his financial resources ; and Judge Roy Hofheinz , a former Mayor of Houston and Harris County Judge who was recruited for his salesmanship and political style . They formed the Houston Sports Association as their vehicle for attaining a big league franchise for the city of Houston . Given MLB 's refusal to consider expansion , Kirksey , Cullinan , Smith , and Hofheinz joined forces with would - be owners from other cities and announced the formation of a new league to compete with the established National and American Leagues . They called the new league the Continental League . Wanting to protect potential new markets , both existing leagues chose to expand from eight teams to ten . However , plans eventually fell through for the Houston franchise after the Houston Buffaloes owner , Marty Marion , could not come to an agreement with the HSA to sell the team . To make matters worse , the Continental League as a whole folded in August 1960 . However , on October 17 , 1960 , the National League granted an expansion franchise to the Houston Sports Association in which their team could begin play in the 1962 season . According to the Major League Baseball Constitution , the Houston Sports Association was required to obtain territorial rights from the Houston Buffaloes in order to play in the Houston area , and again negotiations began to purchase the team . Eventually , the Houston Sports Association succeeded in purchasing the Houston Buffaloes , at this point majority - owned by William Hopkins , on January 17 , 1961 . The Buffs played one last minor league season as the top farm team of the Chicago Cubs in 1961 before being succeeded by the city 's NL club . The new Houston team was named the Colt . 45s after a `` Name The Team '' contest was won by William Irving Neder . The Colt . 45 was well known as `` the gun that won the west . '' The colors selected were navy blue and orange . The first team was formed mostly through an expansion draft after the 1961 season . The Colt . 45s and their expansion cousins , the New York Mets , took turns choosing players left unprotected by the other National League franchises . Many of those associated with the Houston Buffaloes organization were allowed by the ownership to continue in the major league . Manager Harry Craft , who had joined Houston in 1961 , remained in the same position for the team until the end of the 1964 season . General manager Spec Richardson also continued with the organization as business manager , but was later promoted again to the same position with the Astros from 1967 until 1975 . Although most players for the major league franchise were obtained through the 1961 Major League Baseball expansion draft , Buffs players J.C. Hartman , Pidge Browne , Jim Campbell , Ron Davis , Dave Giusti , and Dave Roberts were chosen to continue as major league ball players . Similarly , the radio broadcasting team remained with the new Houston major league franchise . Loel Passe worked alongside Gene Elston as a color commentator until he retired from broadcasting in 1976 . Elston continued with the Astros until 1986 . The Colt . 45s began their existence playing at Colt Stadium , a temporary venue built just north of the construction site of the indoor stadium . 1962 -- 1964 : the Colt . 45s ( edit ) Colt . 45s logo , 1962 -- 1964 The Colt . 45s started their inaugural season on April 10 , 1962 , against the Chicago Cubs with Harry Craft as the Colt . 45s ' manager . Bob Aspromonte scored the first run for the Colt . 45s on an Al Spangler triple in the first inning . They started the season with a three - game sweep of the Cubs but eventually finished eighth among the National League 's ten teams . The team 's best pitcher , Richard `` Turk '' Farrell , lost 20 games despite an ERA of 3.02 . A starter for the Colt . 45s , Farrell was primarily a relief pitcher prior to playing for Houston . He was selected to both All - Star Games in 1962 . The 1963 season saw more young talent mixed with seasoned veterans . Jimmy Wynn , Rusty Staub , and Joe Morgan all made their major league debuts in the 1963 season . However , Houston 's position in the standings did not improve . In fact , the Colt . 45s finished in ninth place with a 66 -- 96 record . The team was still building , trying to find that perfect mix to compete . The 1964 campaign began on a sad note , as relief pitcher Jim Umbricht died of cancer at the age of 33 on April 8 , just before Opening Day . Umbricht was the only Colt . 45s pitcher to post a winning record in Houston 's first two seasons . He was so well liked by players and fans that the team retired his jersey number , 32 , in 1965 . Just on the horizon , the structure of the new domed stadium was more prevalent and it would soon change the way that baseball was watched in Houston and around the league . On December 1 , 1964 , the team announced the name change from Colt . 45s to `` Astros . '' 1965 -- 1970 : the great indoors ( edit ) Astros logo , 1965 -- 1974 with the Astrodome With Judge Roy Hofheinz now the sole owner of the franchise and the new venue complete , the renamed `` Astros '' moved into their new domed stadium , the Astrodome , in 1965 . The name honored Houston 's position as the center of the nation 's space program ; NASA 's new Manned Spacecraft Center had recently opened southeast of the city . The Astrodome , coined the `` Eighth Wonder of the World '' , did little to improve the home team 's results on the field . While several `` indoor '' firsts were accomplished , the team still finished ninth in the standings . The attendance was high not because of the team accomplishments , but because people came from miles around to see the Astrodome . Just as the excitement was settling down over the Astrodome , the 1966 season found something new to put the domed stadium in the spotlight once again -- the field . Grass would not grow in the new park , since the roof panels had been painted to reduce the glare that was causing players on both the Astros and the visiting teams to miss routine pop flies . A new artificial turf was created called `` AstroTurf '' and Houston would be involved in yet another change in the way the game was played . With new manager Grady Hatton the Astros started the 1966 season strong . By May they were in second place in the National League and looked like a team that could contend . Joe Morgan was named as a starter on the All - Star Team . The success did not last as they lost Jimmy Wynn for the season after he crashed into an outfield fence in Philadelphia and Morgan had broken his knee cap . 1967 saw first baseman Eddie Mathews join the Astros . The slugger hit his 500th home run while in Houston . He would be traded late in the season and Doug Rader would be promoted to the big leagues . Rookie Don Wilson pitched a no - hitter on June 18 . Wynn also provided some enthusiasm in 1967 . The 5 ft 9 in Wynn was becoming known not only for how often he hit home runs , but also for how far he hit them . Wynn set club records with 37 home runs , and 107 RBIs . It was also in 1967 that Wynn hit his famous home run onto Interstate 75 in Cincinnati . As the season came to a close , the Astros found themselves again in ninth place and with a winning percentage below . 500 . The team looked good on paper , but could not make it work on the field . April 15 , 1968 saw a pitching duel for the ages . The Astros ' Don Wilson and the Mets ' Tom Seaver faced each other in a pitching duel that lasted six hours . Seaver went ten innings , allowing no walks and just two hits . Wilson went nine innings , allowing five hits and three walks . After the starters exited , eleven relievers ( seven for the Mets and four for the Astros ) tried to end the game . The game finally ended in the 24th inning when Aspromonte hit a shot toward Mets shortstop Al Weis . Weis had been perfect all night at short , but he was not quick enough to make the play . The ball zipped into left field , allowing Norm Miller to score . With baseball expansion and trades , the Astros had dramatically changed in 1969 . Aspromonte was sent to the Braves and Staub was traded to the expansion Montreal Expos , in exchange for outfielder Jesús Alou and first baseman Donn Clendenon . However , Clendenon refused to report to Houston , electing to retire and take job with a pen manufacturing company . The Astros asked Commissioner Bowie Kuhn to void the trade , but he refused . Instead , he awarded Jack Billingham and a left - handed relief pitcher to the Astros to complete the trade . Cuellar was traded to the Baltimore Orioles for Curt Blefary . Other new players included catcher Johnny Edwards , infielder Denis Menke , and pitcher Denny Lemaster . Wilson continued to pitch brilliantly and on May 1 threw the second no - hitter of his career . In that game , he struck out 18 batters , tying what was then the all - time single - game mark . He was just 24 years of age and was second to only Sandy Koufax for career no - hit wins . Wilson 's no - hitter lit the Astros ' fire after a miserable month of April , and six days later the team tied a major league record by turning seven double plays in a game . By May 's end the Astros had put together a ten - game winning streak . The Houston infield tandem of Menke and Joe Morgan continued to improve , providing power at the plate and great defense . Morgan had 15 homers and stole 49 bases while Menke led the Astros with 90 RBIs . The Menke / Morgan punch was beginning to come alive , and the team was responding to Walker 's management style . The Astros dominated the season series against their expansion twins , the New York Mets , that season . In one game at New York , Denis Menke and Jimmy Wynn hit grand slams in the same inning , against a Mets team that would go on to win the World Series that same year . The Astros finished the 1969 season with a record of 81 wins , 81 losses , marking their first season of . 500 ball . In 1970 , the Astros were expected to be a serious threat in the National League West . In June , 19 - year - old César Cedeño was called up and immediately showed signs of being a superstar . The Dominican outfielder batted . 310 after being called up . Not to be outdone , Denis Menke batted . 304 and Jesús Alou batted . 306 . The Astros ' batting average was up by 19 points compared to the season before . The team looked good , but the Astros ' ERA was up . Larry Dierker and Don Wilson had winning records , but the pitching staff as a whole had an off season . Houston finished in fourth place in 1970 . 1971 -- 1974 : the boys in orange ( edit ) The fashion trends of the 1960s had started taking root in baseball . Long hair and loud colors were starting to appear on team uniforms , including the Astros ' . In 1971 the Astros made some changes to their uniform : they kept the same style they had in previous seasons , but inverted the colors . What was navy blue was now orange and what was orange was now a lighter shade of blue . The players ' last names were added to the back of the jerseys . In 1972 , the uniform fabric was also changed to what was at the time revolutionizing the industry -- polyester . Belts were replaced by elastic waistbands , and jerseys zipped up instead of having buttons . The uniforms became popular with fans , but would last only until 1975 , when the Astros would shock baseball and the fashion world . The uniforms were about the only thing that did change in 1971 . The acquisition of Roger Metzger from the Chicago Cubs in the off - season moved Menke to first base and Bob Watson to the outfield . The Astros got off to a slow start and the pitching and hitting averages were down . Larry Dierker was selected to the All - Star game in 1971 , but due to an arm injury he could not make it . César Cedeño led the club with 81 RBIs and the league with 40 doubles , but batted just . 264 and had 102 strikeouts in his second season with the Astros . Pitcher J.R. Richard made his debut in September of the 1971 season against the Giants . The big trade ( edit ) See also : The Big Red Machine In November 1971 the Astros and Cincinnati Reds made one of the biggest blockbuster trades in the history of the sport , and helped create The Big Red Machine of the 1970s , with the Reds getting the better end of the deal . Houston sent second baseman Joe Morgan , infielder Denis Menke , pitcher Jack Billingham , outfielder César Gerónimo and prospect Ed Armbrister to Cincinnati for first baseman Lee May , second baseman Tommy Helms and infielder Jimmy Stewart . The trade left Astros fans and the baseball world scratching their heads as to why General Manager Spec Richardson would give up so much for so little . The Reds , on the other hand , would shore up many problems . They had an off year in 1971 , but were the National League Pennant winner in 1972 . The Astros ' acquisition of Lee May added more power to the lineup in 1972 . May , Wynn , Rader and Cedeño all had 20 or more home runs and Watson hit 16 . Cedeño also led the Astros with a . 320 batting average , 55 stolen bases and made spectacular plays on the field . Cedeño made his first All - Star game in 1972 and became the first Astros player in team history to hit for the cycle in August versus the Reds . The Astros finished the strike - shortened season at 84 - 69 , their first winning season . Astros fans had hoped for more of the same in 1973 , but it was not to be . The Astros run production was down , even though the same five sluggers the year before were still punching the ball out of the park . Lee May led the Astros with 28 home runs and Cesar Cedeño batted . 320 with 25 home runs . Bob Watson hit the . 312 mark and drove in 94 runs . Doug Rader and Jimmy Wynn both had 20 or more home runs . However , injuries to their pitching staff limited the Astros to an 82 -- 80 fourth - place finish . The Astros again finished in fourth place the next year under new manager Preston Gómez . 1975 -- 1979 : the rainbow ERA ( edit ) Astros logo , 1975 -- 1993 with the Astrodome With the $38 million deficit of the Astrodome , control of the Astrodomain was passed from Judge Roy Hofheinz to GE Credit and Ford Motor Credit . This included the Astros . The creditors were just interested in preserving asset value of the team , so any money spent had to be found or saved somewhere else . Tal Smith returned to the Astros from the New York Yankees to find a team that needed a lot of work and did not have a lot of money . However , there would be some bright spots that would prove to be good investments in the near future . The year started on a sad note . Pitcher Don Wilson was found dead in the passenger seat of his car on January 5 , 1975 . Cause of death was asphyxiation by carbon monoxide . Wilson was 29 years old . Wilson 's number 40 was retired on April 13 , 1975 . The 1975 season saw the introduction of the Astros ' new uniforms . Many teams were going away from the traditional uniform and the Astros were no exception . The uniforms had multishade stripes of orange , red and yellow in front and in back behind a large dark blue star over the midsection . The same stripes ran down the pant legs . Players numbers not only appeared on the back of the jersey , but also on the pant leg . The bright stripes were meant to appear as a fiery trail like a rocket sweeping across the heavens . The uniforms were panned by critics , but the public liked them and versions started appearing at the high school and little league level . The uniform was so different from what other teams wore that the Astros wore it both at home and on the road until 1980 . Besides the bright new uniforms there were some other changes . Lee May was traded to Baltimore for much talked about rookie second baseman Rob Andrews and utility player Enos Cabell . In Baltimore , Cabell was stuck behind third baseman Brooks Robinson , but he took advantage of his opportunity in Houston and became their everyday third baseman . Cabell would go on to become a big part of the team 's success in later years . With May gone , Bob Watson was able to move to first base and was a bright spot in the line up , batting . 324 with 85 RBI . The two biggest moves the Astros made in the offseason were the acquisitions of Joe Niekro and José Cruz . The Astros bought Niekro from the Braves for almost nothing . Niekro had bounced around the big leagues with minimal success . His older brother Phil Niekro had started teaching Joe how to throw his knuckleball and Joe was just starting to use it when he came to the Astros . Niekro won six games , saved four games and had an ERA of 3.07 . José Cruz was also a steal , in retrospect , from the Cardinals . Cruz became a fixture in the Astros ' outfield for several years and would eventually have his number 25 retired . Despite high expectations , 1975 was among the Astros ' worst in franchise history . Their record of 64 -- 97 was far worse than even the expansion Colt . 45 's and would remain the worst record in franchise history until 2011 . It was the worst record in baseball and manager Preston Gómez was fired late in the season and replaced by Bill Virdon . The Astros played . 500 ball under Virdon in the last 34 games of the season . With Virdon as the manager the Astros improved greatly in 1976 finishing in third place with an 80 -- 82 record . A healthy César Cedeño was a key reason for the Astros ' success in 1976 . Bob Watson continued to show consistency and led the club with a . 313 average and 102 RBI . José Cruz became Houston 's everyday left fielder and hit . 303 with 28 stolen bases . 1976 saw the end of Larry Dierker 's playing career as an Astro , but before it was all over he would throw a no - hitter and win the 1,000 th game in the Astrodome . The Astros finished in third place again in 1977 with a record of 81 -- 81 . One of the big problems the Astros had in the late 1970s was that they were unable to compete in the free agent market . Ford Motor Credit Company was still in control of the team and was looking to sell the Astros , but they were not going to spend money on better players . Most of the talent was either farm grown or bought on the cheap . The 1979 season would prove to be a big turnaround in Astros history . During the offseason , the Astros made an effort to fix some of their problem areas . They traded Floyd Bannister to Seattle for shortstop Craig Reynolds and acquired catcher Alan Ashby from Toronto for pitcher Mark Lemongello . Reynolds and Ashby were both solid in their positions and gave Houston some much needed consistency . The season started with a boost from pitcher Ken Forsch , who threw a no - hitter the Braves the second game of the season . In May 1979 , New Jersey shipping tycoon Dr. John McMullen had agreed to buy the Astros . Now with an investor in charge , the Astros would be more likely to compete in the free agent market . The Astros were playing great baseball throughout the season . José Cruz and Enos Cabell both stole 30 bases . Joe Niekro had a great year with 21 wins and 3.00 ERA . J.R. Richard won 18 games and set a new personal strikeout record at 313 . Joe Sambito came into his own with 22 saves as the Astros closer . Things were going as they should for a team that could win the west . The Astros and Reds battled the final month of the season . The Reds pulled ahead of the Astros by a game and a half . Later that month they split a pair and the Reds kept the lead . That would be how it would end . The Astros finished with their best record to that point at 89 -- 73 and 11⁄2 games behind the NL winner Reds . With Dr. McMullen as sole owner of the Astros , the team would now benefit in ways a corporation could not give them . The rumors of the Astros moving out of Houston started to crumble and the Astros were now able to compete in the free - agent market . McMullen showed the city of Houston that he too wanted a winning team , signing nearby Alvin , Texas native Nolan Ryan to the first million - dollar - a-year deal . Ryan had four career no - hitters already and had struck out 383 in one season . 1980 : on the brink ( edit ) Joe Morgan returned in 1980 . Now back in Houston with two MVP awards and two World Series rings , Morgan wanted to help make the Astros a pennant winner . The 1980 pitching staff was one of the best Houston ever had , with the fastball of Ryan , the knuckleball of Joe Niekro and the terrifying 6 ft 8 in frame of J.R. Richard . Teams felt lucky to face Ken Forsch , who was a double - digit winner in the previous two seasons . Richard became the first Astros pitcher to start an All - Star game . After a medical examination three days later , Richard was told to rest his arm and he collapsed during a July 30 workout . He had suffered a stroke after a blood clot in the arm apparently moved to his neck and cut off blood flow to the brain . Surgery was done to save his life , but the Astros had lost their ace pitcher after a 10 -- 4 start with a stingy 1.89 ERA . Richard attempted a comeback , but would never again pitch a big league game . After the loss of Richard and some offensive struggles , the Astros slipped to third place in the division behind the Dodgers and the Reds . They bounced back to first with a ten - game winning streak , but the Dodgers had regained a two - game lead when they arrived in Houston on September 9 . The Astros won the first two games of that series and the two teams were tied for the division lead . The Astros held a three - game lead over the Dodgers with three games left in the season against the Dodgers . The Dodgers swept the series games , forcing a one - game playoff the next day . The Astros would however win the one - game playoff 7 - 1 , and advance to their first post-season . The team would face the Philadelphia Phillies in the 1980 National League Championship Series . The Phillies sent out Steve Carlton in game one of the NLCS after a six - hour flight the night before . The Phillies would win the opener after the Astros got out to a 1 - 0 third - inning lead . Ken Forsch pitched particularly strong fourth and fifth innings , but Greg Luzinski hit a sixth - inning two - run bomb to the 300 level seats of Veterans Stadium . The Phillies added an insurance run on the way to a 3 -- 1 win . Houston bounced back to win games two and three . Game four went into extra innings , with the Phillies taking the lead and the win in the tenth inning . Pete Rose started a rally with a one - out single , then Luzinski doubled off the left field wall and Rose bowled over catcher Bruce Bochy to score the go - ahead run . The Phillies got an insurance run on the way to tying the series . Rookie Phillies pitcher Marty Bystrom was sent out by Philadelphia manager Dallas Green to face veteran Nolan Ryan in Game Five . The rookie gave up a run in the first inning , then held the Astros at bay until the sixth inning . An Astros lead was lost when Bob Boone hit a two - out single in the second , but the Astros tied the game in the sixth with an Alan Ashby single scoring Denny Walling . Houston took a 5 -- 2 lead in the seventh , however the Phillies came back with five runs in the inning . The Astros came back against Tug McGraw with four singles and two two - out runs . Now in extra innings , Garry Maddox doubled in Del Unser with one out to give the Phillies an 8 -- 7 lead . The Astros failed to score in the bottom of the tenth . 1981 -- 1985 ( edit ) Astros starting pitcher Nolan Ryan in 1983 A 1981 player strike ran between June 12 and August 10 . Ultimately , the strike would help the Astros get into the playoffs . Nolan Ryan and Bob Knepper picked up steam in the second half of the season . Ryan threw his fifth no - hitter on September 26 and finished the season with a 1.69 ERA . Knepper finished with an ERA of 2.18 . In the wake of the strike , Major League Baseball took the winners of each `` half '' season and set up a best - of - five divisional playoff . The Reds won more games than any other team in the National League , but they won neither half of the strike - divided season . The Astros finished 61 -- 49 overall , which would have been third in the division behind the Reds and the Dodgers . Advancing to the playoffs as winners of the second half , Houston beat Los Angeles in their first two playoff games at home , but the Dodgers took the next three in Los Angeles to advance to the NLCS . By 1982 , only four players and three starting pitchers remained from the 1980 squad . The Astros were out of pennant contention by August and began rebuilding for the near future . Bill Virdon was fired as manager and replaced by original Colt . 45 Bob Lillis . Don Sutton asked to be traded and was sent to the Milwaukee Brewers for cash and the team gained three new prospects , including Kevin Bass . Minor league player Bill Doran was called up in September . Bass also got a look in the outfield . The Astros finished fourth in the west , but new talent was starting to appear . Before the 1983 season , the Astros traded Danny Heep to the Mets for pitcher Mike Scott , a 28 - year - old who had struggled with New York . Art Howe sat out the 1983 season with an injury , forcing Phil Garner to third and Ray Knight to first . Doran took over at second , becoming the everyday second baseman for the next seven seasons . The Astros finished third in the National League West . The 1984 season started off badly when shortstop Dickie Thon was hit in the head by a pitch and was lost for the season . In September , the Astros called up rookie Glenn Davis after he posted impressive numbers in AAA . The Astros finished in second place . In 1985 , Mike Scott learned a new pitch , the split - finger fastball . Scott , who was coming off of a 5 -- 11 season , had found his new pitch and would become one of Houston 's most celebrated hurlers . In June , Davis made the starting lineup at first base , adding power to the team . In September , Joe Niekro was traded to the Yankees for two minor league pitchers and lefty Jim Deshaies . The Astros finished in fourth place in 1985 . 1986 : lighting a fire ( edit ) After finishing fourth in 1985 , the Astros fired general manager Al Rosen and manager Bob Lillis . The former was supplanted by Dick Wagner , the man whose Reds defeated the Astros to win the 1979 NL West title . The latter was replaced by Hal Lanier who , like his manager mentor in St. Louis , Whitey Herzog , had a hard - nosed approach to managing and espoused a playing style that focused on pitching , defense , and speed rather than home runs to win games . This style of baseball , known as Whiteyball , took advantage of stadiums with deep fences and artificial turf , both of which were characteristics of the Astrodome . Lanier 's style of baseball took Houston by storm . Before Lanier took over , fans were accustomed to Houston 's occasional slow starts , but with Lanier leading the way , Houston got off to a hot start , winning 13 of their first 19 contests . Prior to the start of the season the Astros acquired outfielder Billy Hatcher from the Cubs for Jerry Mumphrey . Lainer also made a change in the pitching staff , going with a three - man rotation to start the season . This allowed Lanier to keep his three starters ( Nolan Ryan , Bob Knepper , and Mike Scott ) sharp and to slowly work in rookie hurler Jim Deshaies . Bill Doran and Glenn Davis held down the right side of the field but Lainer rotated the left side . Denny Walling and Craig Reynolds faced the right - handed pitchers while Phil Garner and Dickie Thon batted against left - handers . Lainer knew the Astros had talent and he put it to work . The Astrodome was host to the 1986 All - Star Game in which Astros Mike Scott , Kevin Bass , Glenn Davis , and Dave Smith represented the host field . The Astros kept pace with the NL West after the All - Star break . They went on a streak of five straight come - from - behind wins . Houston swept a key 3 - game series over the San Francisco Giants in late September to clinch the division title . Mike Scott took the mound in the final game of the series and pitched a no - hitter -- the only time in MLB history that any division was clinched via a no - hitter . Scott would finish the season with an 18 -- 10 record and a Cy Young Award . The 1986 National League Championship Series against the New York Mets was noted for great drama and is considered one of the best postseason series ever . In Game 3 , the Astros were ahead at Shea Stadium , 5 -- 4 , in the bottom of the 9th when closer Dave Smith gave up a two - run home run to Lenny Dykstra , giving the Mets a dramatic 6 -- 5 win . However , the signature game of the series was Game 6 . Needing a win to get to Mike Scott ( who had been dominant in the series ) in Game 7 , the Astros jumped off to a 3 -- 0 lead in the first inning but neither team would score again until the 9th inning . In the 9th , starting pitcher Bob Knepper would give up two runs , and once again the Astros would look to Dave Smith to close it out . However , Smith would walk Gary Carter and Darryl Strawberry , giving up a sacrifice fly to Ray Knight , tying the game . Despite having the go - ahead runs on base , Smith was able to escape the inning without any further damage . There was no scoring until the 14th inning when the Mets would take the lead on a Wally Backman single and an error by left fielder Billy Hatcher . The Astros would get the run back in the bottom of the 14th when Hatcher ( in a classic goat - to - hero - conversion - moment ) hit one of the most dramatic home runs in NLCS history , off the left field foul pole . In the 16th inning , Darryl Strawberry doubled to lead off the inning and Ray Knight drove him home in the next at - bat . The Mets would score a total of three runs in the inning to take what appeared an insurmountable 7 -- 4 lead . With their season on the line , the Astros would nonetheless rally for two runs to come to within 7 -- 6 . Kevin Bass came up with the tying and winning runs on base ; however Jesse Orosco would strike him out , ending the game . At the time the 16 - inning game held the record for the longest in MLB postseason history . The Mets won the series , 4 - 2 . 1987 -- 1990 : out with the old , in with the new ( edit ) After the 1986 season , the team had difficulty finding success again . Several changes occurred . The `` rainbow '' uniforms were phased out . Hometown favorites Nolan Ryan and José Cruz moved on and the team entered a rebuilding phase . Craig Biggio debuted in June 1988 , joining new prospects Ken Caminiti and Gerald Young . Biggio would become the everyday catcher by 1990 . A trade acquiring Jeff Bagwell in exchange for Larry Andersen would become one of the biggest deals in Astros history . Glenn Davis was traded to Baltimore for Curt Schilling , Pete Harnisch and Steve Finley in 1990 . 1990 -- 1999 : fine tuning ( edit ) The early 1990s were marked by the Astros ' growing discontent with their home , the Astrodome . After the Astrodome was renovated for the primary benefit of the NFL 's Houston Oilers ( who shared the Astrodome with the Astros since the 1960s ) , the Astros began to grow increasingly disenchanted with the facility . Faced with declining attendance at the Astrodome and the inability of management to obtain a new stadium , in the 1991 off - season Astros management announced its intention to sell the team and move the franchise to the Washington , D.C. area . However , the move was not approved by other National League owners , thus compelling the Astros to remain in Houston . Shortly thereafter , McMullen ( who also owned the NHL 's New Jersey Devils ) sold the team to Texas businessman Drayton McLane in 1993 , who committed to keeping the team in Houston . Shortly after McLane 's arrival , which coincided with the maturation of Bagwell and Biggio , the Astros began to show signs of consistent success . After finishing second in their division in 1994 ( in a strike year ) , 1995 , and 1996 , the Astros won consecutive division titles in 1997 , 1998 , and 1999 . In the 1998 season , the Astros set a team record with 102 victories . However , each of these titles was followed by a first - round playoff elimination , in 1998 by the San Diego Padres and in 1997 and 1999 against the Atlanta Braves . The manager of these title teams was Larry Dierker , who had previously been a broadcaster and pitcher for the Astros . During this period , Bagwell , Biggio , Derek Bell , and Sean Berry earned the collective nickname `` The Killer Bs '' . In later seasons , the name came to include other Astros , especially Lance Berkman . Coinciding with the change in ownership , the team switched uniforms and team colors after the 1993 season in order to go for a new , more serious image . The team 's trademark rainbow uniforms were retired , and the team 's colors changed to midnight blue and metallic gold . The `` Astros '' font on the team logo was changed to a more aggressive one , and the team 's traditional star logo was changed to a stylized , `` flying '' star with an open left end . It marked the first time since the team 's inception that orange was not part of the team 's colors . Despite general agreement that the rainbow uniforms identified with the team had become tired ( and looked too much like a minor league team according to the new owners ) , the new uniforms and caps were never especially popular with many Astros fans . Astros logo , 1994 -- 1999 Final Astros regular season game in the Astrodome on October 3 , 1999 Off the field , in 1994 , the Astros hired one of the first African American general managers , former franchise player Bob Watson . Watson would leave the Astros after the 1995 season to become general manager of the New York Yankees and helped to lead the Yankees to a World Championship in 1996 . He would be replaced by Gerry Hunsicker , who until 2004 would continue to oversee the building of the Astros into one of the better and most consistent organizations in the Major Leagues . However , in 1996 , the Astros again nearly left Houston . By the mid-1990s , McLane ( like McMullen before him ) wanted his team out of the Astrodome and was asking the city to build the Astros a new stadium . When things did not progress quickly toward that end , he put the team up for sale . He had nearly finalized a deal to sell the team to businessman William Collins , who planned to move them to Northern Virginia . However , Collins was having difficulty finding a site for a stadium himself , so Major League owners stepped in and forced McLane to give Houston another chance to grant his stadium wish . Houston voters , having already lost the Houston Oilers in a similar situation , responded positively via a stadium referendum and the Astros stayed put . 2000 -- 2004 : new stadium ( edit ) Astros logo , 2000 -- 2012 The 2000 season saw a move to a new stadium . Originally to be named The Ballpark at Union Station due to being located on the site of Union Station ( Houston ) , it was renamed Enron Field by the season opening after the naming rights were sold to energy corporation Enron . The stadium was to feature a functional retractable roof , a particularly useful feature with unpredictable Houston weather . The ballpark also featured more intimate surroundings than the Astrodome . In 2002 , naming rights were purchased by Houston - based Minute Maid , after Enron went bankrupt . The park was built on the grounds of the old Union Station . A locomotive moves across the outfield and whistles after home runs , paying homage to a Houston history which had eleven railroad company lines running through the city by 1860 . The ballpark previously contained quirks such as `` Tal 's Hill '' , which was a hill in deep center field on which a flagpole stood , all in fair territory . Tal 's Hill was replaced in the 2016 - 2017 offseason . The wall was moved in to 409 feet , which the team hopes will generate more home runs . A similar feature was located in Crosley Field . Over the years , many highlight reel catches have been made by center fielders running up the hill to make catches . With the change in location also came a change in attire . Gone were the blue and gold uniforms of the 1990s in favor a more `` retro '' look with pinstripes , a traditional baseball font , and the colors of brick red , sand and black . These colors were chosen because ownership originally wanted to rename the team the Houston Diesels . The `` shooting star '' logo was modified but still retained its definitive look . The Astros moved into Minute Maid Park in 2000 After two fairly successful seasons without a playoff appearance , the Astros were early favorites to win the 2004 NL pennant . They added star pitcher Andy Pettitte to a roster that already included standouts like Lance Berkman and Jeff Kent as well as veterans Bagwell and Biggio . Roger Clemens , who had retired after the 2003 season with the New York Yankees , agreed to join former teammate Pettitte on the Astros for 2004 . The one - year deal included unique conditions , such as the option for Clemens to stay home in Houston on select road trips when he was n't scheduled to pitch . Despite the early predictions for success , the Astros had a mediocre 44 -- 44 record at the All - Star break . A lack of run production and a poor record in close games were major issues . After being booed at the 2004 All - Star Game held in Houston , manager Jimy Williams was fired and replaced by Phil Garner , a star on the division - winning 1986 Astros . The Astros enjoyed a 46 -- 26 record in the second half of the season under Garner and earned the NL wild card spot . The Astros defeated the Braves 3 - 2 in the Division Series , but would lose the National League Championship Series to the St. Louis Cardinals in seven games . Clemens earned a record seventh Cy Young Award in 2004 . Additionally , the mid-season addition of Carlos Beltrán in a trade with the Kansas City Royals helped the Astros tremendously in their playoff run . Despite midseason trade rumors , Beltrán would prove instrumental to the team 's hopes , hitting eight home runs in the postseason . Though he had asserted a desire to remain with the Astros , Beltrán signed a long - term contract with the New York Mets on January 9 , 2005 . 2005 : first World series in Texas ( edit ) Main article : 2005 Houston Astros season In 2005 , the Astros started poorly and found themselves with a 15 - 30 record in late May . The Houston Chronicle had written them off with a tombstone emblazoned with `` RIP 2005 Astros '' . However , from that low point until the end of July , Houston went 42 -- 17 and found themselves in the lead for an NL wild card spot . July saw the best single month record in the club 's history at 22 - 7 . Offensive production had increased greatly after a slow start in the first two months . The Astros had also developed an excellent pitching staff , anchored by Roy Oswalt ( 20 -- 12 , 2.94 ) , Andy Pettitte ( 17 -- 9 , 2.39 ) , and Roger Clemens ( 13 -- 8 with a league - low ERA of only 1.87 ) . The contributions of the other starters -- Brandon Backe ( 10 -- 8 , 4.76 ) and rookie starters Ezequiel Astacio ( 3 -- 6 , 5.67 ) and Wandy Rodríguez ( 10 -- 10 , 5.53 ) -- were less remarkable , but enough to push the Astros into position for a playoff run . The Astros won a wild card berth on the final day of the regular season , becoming the first team since the world champion 1914 Boston Braves to qualify for the postseason after being 15 games under . 500 . The Astros won the National League Division Series against the Atlanta Braves , 3 - 1 , with a game four that set postseason records for most innings ( 18 ) , most players used by a single team ( 23 ) , and longest game time ( 5 hours and 50 minutes ) . Trailing by a score of 6 - 1 , Lance Berkman hit an eighth inning grand slam to narrow the score to 6 - 5 . In the bottom of the ninth , catcher Brad Ausmus , hit a game tying home run that allowed the game to continue in extra innings . In the bottom of the tenth inning , Luke Scott hit a blast to left field that had home run distance , but was inches foul . This game remained scoreless for the next eight innings . In the top of the fifteenth inning , Roger Clemens made only his second career relief appearance , pitching three shutout innings , notably striking out Julio Franco , at the time the oldest player in the MLB at 47 years old ; Clemens was himself 43 . In the bottom of the eighteenth inning , Clemens came to bat again , indicating that he would be pitching in the nineteenth inning , if it came to that . Clemens struck out , but the next batter , Chris Burke , hit a home run to left field for the Astros win , 7 − 6 . Oddly enough , a fan in the `` Crawford Boxes '' in left field had previously caught Berkman 's grand slam and this same fan caught Burke 's home run . The National League Championship Series featured a rematch of the 2004 NLCS . The Astros lost the first game in St. Louis , but would win the next three games , with Roy Oswalt getting the win . Though the Astros were poised to close out the series in Game Five in Houston , Brad Lidge gave up a monstrous two - out three - run home run to Albert Pujols , forcing the series to a sixth game in St. Louis , where the Astros clinched a World Series appearance . Roy Oswalt was named NLCS MVP , having gone 2 − 0 with a 1.29 ERA in the series . Current honorary NL President William Y. Giles presented the league champion Astros with the Warren C. Giles Trophy . Warren Giles , William 's father and President of the National League from 1951 to 1969 , had awarded an MLB franchise to the city of Houston in 1960 . The Astros faced the Chicago White Sox in the World Series . Chicago had been considered the slight favorite but would win all four games , the first two at U.S. Cellular Field in Chicago and the final two in Houston . Game 3 marked the first World Series game held in the state of Texas , and was the longest game in World Series history , lasting 5 hours and 41 minutes . This World Series was marked by a controversy involving the Minute Maid Park roof . MLB & Commissioner Bud Selig insisted that the Astros must play with the roof open which mitigated the intensity and enthusiasm of the cheering Astros fans . 2006 -- 2010 : the decline ( edit ) In the 2006 offseason , the team signed Preston Wilson and moved Berkman to first base , ending the long tenure of Jeff Bagwell . The Astros renewed the contract with Clemens and traded two minor league prospects to the Tampa Bay Devil Rays for left - handed hitter Aubrey Huff . By August , Preston Wilson complained about his playing time after the return of Luke Scott from AAA Round Rock . The Astros released Wilson and he was signed by St. Louis . A dramatic season end included wins in 10 of their last 12 games , but the Astros missed a playoff appearance when they lost the final game of the season to the Atlanta Braves . On October 31 , the Astros declined a contract option on Jeff Bagwell for 2007 , ending his 15 - year Astros career and leading to his retirement . Roger Clemens and Andy Pettitte filed for free agency . On December 12 , the Astros traded Willy Taveras , Taylor Buchholz , and Jason Hirsh to the Colorado Rockies for Rockies pitchers Jason Jennings and Miguel Asencio . A trade with the White Sox , involving the same three Astros in exchange for Jon Garland , had been nixed a few days earlier when Buchholz reportedly failed a physical . In the end , Taveras continued to develop and Hirsh had a strong 2007 rookie campaign , while Jennings was often injured and generally ineffective . Astros ' outfielder Orlando Palmeiro , 2007 On April 28 , 2007 , the Astros purchased the contract of top minor league prospect Hunter Pence . He debuted that night , getting a hit and scoring a run . By May 2007 , the Astros had suffered one of their worst recent losing streaks ( 10 games ) . On June 28 , second baseman Craig Biggio became the 27th MLB player to accrue 3,000 career hits . Biggio needed three hits to reach 3,000 and on that night he had five hits . That night , Carlos Lee hit a towering walk - off grand slam in the eleventh inning. Lee later quipped to the newsmedia that `` he had hit a walk - off grand slam and he got second billing '' , considering Biggio 's achievement . On July 24 , Biggio announced that he would retire at the end of the season . He hit a grand slam in that night 's game which broke a 3 -- 3 tie and led to an Astros win . In Biggio 's last at bat , he grounded out to Chipper Jones of the Atlanta Braves . On September 20 , Ed Wade was named General Manager . In his first move , he traded Jason Lane to the Padres on September 24 . On September 30 , Craig Biggio retired after twenty years with the team . In November , the Astros traded RHP Brad Lidge and SS Eric Bruntlett to the Philadelphia Phillies for OF Michael Bourn , RHP Geoff Geary , and minor leaguer Mike Costanzo . Utility player Mark Loretta accepted Houston 's salary arbitration and Kazuo Matsui finalized a $16.5 million , three - year contract with the team . In December the Astros traded OF Luke Scott , RHP Matt Albers , RHP Dennis Sarfate , LHP Troy Patton , and minor - league 3B Mike Costanzo , to the Baltimore Orioles for SS Miguel Tejada . On December 14 , they sent infielder Chris Burke , RHP Juan Gutiérrez , and RHP Chad Qualls to the Arizona Diamondbacks for RHP José Valverde . On December 27 , the Astros came to terms on a deal with All - star , Gold Glove winner Darin Erstad . In January and February 2008 , the Astros signed Brandon Backe , Ty Wigginton , Dave Borkowski and Shawn Chacón to one - year deals . The starting rotation would feature Roy Oswalt and Brandon Backe as numbers one and two . Wandy Rodríguez , Chacón and Chris Sampson rounded out the bottom three slots in the rotation . Woody Williams had retired after a 0 − 4 spring training and Jason Jennings was now with Texas . On the other side of the roster , the Astros would start without Kazuo Matsui , who was on a minor league rehab assignment after a spring training injury . The Astros regressed in 2008 and 2009 , finishing with records of 86 − 75 and 74 − 88 , respectively . Manager Cecil Cooper was fired after the 2009 season . 2010 − 2014 : 100 - loss seasons , move to the AL West and rebuilding ( edit ) The 2010 season was the first season as Astros manager for Brad Mills , who was previously the bench coach of the Boston Red Sox . The Astros struggled throughout a season that was marked by trade - deadline deals that sent longtime Astros to other teams . On July 29 , the Astros ' ace starting pitcher , Roy Oswalt , was dealt to the Philadelphia Phillies for J.A. Happ and two minor league players . On July 31 , outfielder Lance Berkman was traded to the New York Yankees for minor leaguers Jimmy Paredes and Mark Melancon . The Astros finished with a record of 76 - 86 . On July 30 , 2011 , the Astros traded OF Hunter Pence , the team 's 2010 leader in home runs , to the Philadelphia Phillies . On July 31 , they traded OF Michael Bourn to the Atlanta Braves . On September 17 , the Astros clinched their first 100 - loss season in franchise history , On September 28 , the Astros ended the season with an 8 − 0 home loss to the St. Louis Cardinals . Cardinals pitcher Chris Carpenter pitched a complete game , two - hit shutout in the game , enabling the Cardinals to win the National League Wild Card , where they went on to beat the Texas Rangers in the World Series , with Lance Berkman being a key player in their championship victory . The Astros finished with a record of 56 − 106 , the worst single - season record in franchise history ( a record which would be broken the following season ) . In November 2010 , Drayton McLane announced that the Astros were being put up for sale . McLane stated that because the Astros were one of the few franchises in Major League Baseball with only one family as the owners , he was planning his estate . McLane was 75 years old as of November 2011 . In March 2011 , local Houston businessman Jim Crane emerged as the front - runner to purchase the franchise . In the 1980s , Crane founded an air freight business which later merged with CEVA Logistics , and later founded Crane Capital Group . McLane and Crane had a previous handshake agreement for the franchise in 2008 , but Crane abruptly changed his mind and broke off discussions . Crane also attempted to buy the Chicago Cubs in 2008 and the Texas Rangers during their 2010 bankruptcy auction . Crane came under scrutiny because of previous allegations of discriminatory hiring practices regarding women and minorities , among other issues . This delayed MLB 's approval process . During the summer of 2011 , a frustrated Crane hinted that the delays might threaten the deal . In October 2011 , Crane met personally with MLB Commissioner Bud Selig , in a meeting that was described as `` constructive '' . On November 15 , 2011 , it was announced that Crane had agreed to move the franchise to the American League for the 2013 season . The move was part of an overall divisional realignment of MLB , with the National and American leagues each having 15 teams in three geographically balanced divisions . Crane was given a $70 million concession by MLB for agreeing to the switch ; the move was a condition for the sale to the new ownership group . Two days later , the Astros were officially sold to Crane after the other owners unanimously voted in favor of the sale . It was also announced that 2012 would be the last season for the Astros in the NL . After over fifty years of the Astros being a part of the National League , this move was unpopular with many Astros fans . Astros second baseman José Altuve in 2013 In 2012 , the Astros were eliminated from the playoffs before September 5 . On September 27 , the Astros named Bo Porter to be the manager for the 2013 season . On October 3 , the Astros ended over 50 years of NL play with a 5 − 4 loss to the Chicago Cubs and began to look ahead to join the Junior League . Winning only 20 road games during the entire season , the Astros finished with a 55 − 107 record , the worst record in all of Major League Baseball for the 2012 season , and surpassing the 2011 season for the worst record in Astros history . On November 2 , 2012 , the Astros unveiled their new look in preparation for their move to the American League for the 2013 season . The uniform is navy blue and orange , going back to the original 1960s team colors , as well as debuting a new version of the classic navy blue hat with a white `` H '' over an orange star . On November 6 , 2012 , the Astros hired former Cleveland Indians director of baseball operations David Stearns as the team 's new assistant general manager . The Astros would also go on to hire former St. Louis Cardinals front office executive Jeff Luhnow as their general manager . The Houston Astros played their first game as an American League team on March 31 , 2013 , where they were victorious over their in - state division competitor , the Texas Rangers , with a score of 8 -- 2 . On September 29 , the Astros completed their first year in the American League , losing 5 − 1 in a 14 inning game to the New York Yankees . The Astros finished the season with a 51 − 111 record ( a franchise worst ) with a season ending 15 game losing streak , again surpassing their worst record from last season . The team finished 45 games back out of the division winner Oakland Athletics , further adding to their futility . This marked three consecutive years that the Astros had lost more than 100 games in a single season . They also became the first team to have the first overall pick in the draft three years in a row . They improved on their season in 2014 , going 70 - 92 , finishing 28 games back over the division winner Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim , and placing fourth in the AL West over the Texas Rangers . 2015 : sudden success and a return to the playoffs ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) After a slow start , the Astros took over first place in the AL West on April 19 and stayed there until shortly before the All - Star Break in mid-July . The Astros retook first place on July 29 , but fell from first on September 15 . In September 2015 , four men died who had been closely associated with the team : Yogi Berra , Gene Elston , Milo Hamilton , and John McMullen . McMullen and Hamilton passed on the same Thursday , September 17 , 2015 , Elston on September 5th , and Berra on September 22 . McMullen , after being a co-owner of the New York Yankees , purchased the Astros in 1979 . He also brought Nolan Ryan to the Astros . In 1980 , the Astros played the Philadelphia Phillies for the NL pennant with Gene Elston on the radio . In 1985 , McMullen brought Yogi Berra in to be a bench coach for the new Astros manager Hal Lanier for the 1986 season , with Milo Hamilton on the radio . Dallas Keuchel led the AL with 20 victories , going 15 - 0 at home , an MLB record . Key additions to the team included Scott Kazmir and SS Carlos Correa who hit 22 home runs , being called up in June 2015 . 2B José Altuve picked up where he left off as the star of the Astros ' offense . On July 30 , the Astros picked up Mike Fiers and Carlos Gómez from the Milwaukee Brewers . Fiers threw the 11th no - hitter in Astros history on August 21 against the LA Dodgers . Houston got the final AL playoff spot and faced the Yankees in the Wild Card Game on October 6 at New York . They defeated the Yankees 3 -- 0 , but lost to the Kansas City Royals in the American League Division Series . The Astros split the first two games of the ALDS best - of - five series in Kansas City . The Astros won the first game at Minute Maid to take a 2 -- 1 lead in the ALDS . In game 4 , after 7 innings , the Astros had a 6 -- 2 lead . In the top half of the eighth inning , which took about 45 minutes to end , the Royals had taken 7 -- 6 lead with a series of consecutive base hits . The Astros suffered a 9 -- 6 loss and the ALDS was tied at 2 -- 2 . Then the series went back to Kansas City , where the Royals clinched the series in the fifth game , 7 - 2 . 2016 : inconsistency , missing the playoffs and struggles against the Texas Rangers ( edit ) The Astros entered the 2016 season as the favorites to win the AL West after a promising 2015 season . After a bad start to their season , with Houston going just 7 -- 17 in April , the Astros bounced back and went on to have a winning record in their next four months , including an 18 -- 8 record in June . But after going 12 -- 15 in September , the Astros were eliminated from playoff contention . They finished in third place in the American League West Division with a final record of 84 -- 78 . On August 10 , 2016 Gómez was designated for assignment by the Astros after a dreadful campaign with the team . He was released on August 18 , 2016 . Gomez finished his Astros career batting a career low average of . 210 and only hitting 5 HR through 85 games with the club . Gómez later signed with division rival Texas . The season was marked by the Astros 4 - 15 record against their in - state division rival ( and eventual division winner ) Texas Rangers . The Astros finished the 2016 season eleven games behind the Rangers . 2017 : an unprecedented start ( edit ) In 2014 , Sports Illustrated said that because of the way the Astros put together their team , they would win the 2017 World Series . As of June 4 , the Astros were 41 - 16 , which gave them a 13.5 - game lead over the rest of their division , and they had comfortable possession of the best record in the entire league . In the Astros 55 - year history , they have never started that well . As the games of June 23 concluded , the Astros had an 11.5 - game lead over the rest of the division . The Astros entered the All - Star Break with a 60 - 29 American League best record and a 16 game lead in the division , although the overall best record in MLB had just barely slipped to the Dodgers shortly before the All - Star Break by just one game . As of September 11th , the Astros had 86 wins and a commanding 14.5 - game lead over the rest of the AL West , and a roughly 3 - game lead over the rest of the AL . With Hurricane Harvey causing massive flooding throughout Houston and southeast Texas , the Astros ' 3 - game series against the Texas Rangers for August 29 - 31 , was relocated to Tropicana Field ( Tampa Bay Rays ) , in St. Petersburg , Florida . Achievements ( edit ) Main article : List of Houston Astros seasons Franchise record ( edit ) As of the completion of the 2016 season Team Name Games Wins Losses Ties W-L % Colt . 45s ( 1962 -- 1964 ) 486 196 288 . 405 NL Astros ( 1965 -- 2012 ) 7652 3803 3846 . 497 AL Astros ( 2013 -- present ) 648 291 357 0 . 449 Overall total 8786 4290 4491 5 . 489 Playoff record 62 24 38 0 . 387 Source : Awards ( edit ) Main article : Houston Astros award winners and league leaders Darryl Kile Award See also : Houston Astros award winners and league leaders § Darryl Kile Award Two awards are presented each year , one to a Houston Astro and one to a St. Louis Cardinal , each of whom exemplifies Kile 's virtues of being `` a good teammate , a great friend , a fine father and a humble man . '' The winner is selected by each local chapter of the Baseball Writers ' Association of America . Team captains ( edit ) 23 Enos Cabell , 3B / 1B , 1984 -- 1985 Team records ( edit ) Main article : Houston Astros team records Retired numbers ( edit ) See also : List of Major League Baseball retired numbers Jeff Bagwell 1B Coach Retired August 26 , 2007 Craig Biggio C , 2B Retired August 17 , 2008 Jimmy Wynn OF Retired June 25 , 2005 José Cruz OF Coach Retired October 3 , 1992 Jim Umbricht Retired April 12 , 1965 Mike Scott Retired October 3 , 1992 Nolan Ryan Retired September 29 , 1996 Don Wilson Retired April 13 , 1975 Larry Dierker Manager Retired May 19 , 2002 Jackie Robinson All MLB Honored April 15 , 1997 The number 42 is retired by Major League Baseball in honor of Jackie Robinson . Source : Out of circulation , but not retired ( edit ) 57 : Has not been reissued since former Astros pitcher Darryl Kile died as an active player with the St. Louis Cardinals in 2002 . 17 : Has not been reissued since Lance Berkman was traded in 2010 . Hall of Fame ( edit ) Baseball Hall of Fame members ( edit ) Houston Astros Hall of Famers Affiliation according to the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum Houston Colt . 45s Nellie Fox Houston Astros Jeff Bagwell Craig Biggio Leo Durocher ( Mgr . ) Randy Johnson Eddie Mathews Joe Morgan Robin Roberts Iván Rodríguez Nolan Ryan Don Sutton Players and managers listed in bold are depicted on their Hall of Fame plaques wearing a Colt . 45s or Astros cap insignia . Ford C. frick Award recipients ( edit ) Houston Astros Ford C. Frick Award recipients Affiliation according to the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum Gene Elston Milo Hamilton Harry Kalas Names in bold received the award based primarily on their work as broadcasters for the Colt . 45s or Astros . Texas Sports Hall of Fame ( edit ) Main article : Texas Sports Hall of Fame Astros in the Texas Sports Hall of Fame No . Name Position Tenure Notes -- Lee Ballanfant Scout 1961 -- 1970 Born in Waco Pete Runnels IF 1963 -- 1964 Born in Lufkin 5 Jeff Bagwell 1B Coach 1991 -- 2005 7 Craig Biggio 2B / C 1988 -- 2007 8 , 12 , 18 , 35 Joe Morgan 2B 1963 -- 1971 1980 Played mainly with the Cincinnati Reds ; born in Bonham 11 Eddie Mathews 3B 1967 Played mainly with the Boston / Milwaukee / Atlanta Braves ; born in Texarkana 12 , 77 Iván Rodríguez 2009 Played mainly with the Texas Rangers 17 Lance Berkman OF / 1B 1999 -- 2010 Born and raised in Waco , attended Rice University 21 Andy Pettitte 2004 -- 2006 Played mainly with the New York Yankees ; grew up in Houston 22 Roger Clemens 2004 -- 2006 Played mainly with the Boston Red Sox ; grew up in Houston , attended the University of Texas at Austin 34 Nolan Ryan 1980 -- 1988 Born in Refugio , grew up in Alvin 38 Robin Roberts 1965 -- 1966 Played mainly with the Philadelphia Phillies 49 Larry Dierker Manager 1964 -- 1977 1997 -- 2001 Current roster ( edit ) Houston Astros roster Active roster Inactive roster Coaches / Other Pitchers Starting rotation 60 Dallas Keuchel 43 Lance McCullers 31 Collin McHugh 50 Charlie Morton 41 Brad Peacock 35 Justin Verlander Bullpen 19 Tyler Clippard 47 Chris Devenski 45 Michael Feliz 44 Luke Gregerson 64 Reymin Guduan 36 Will Harris 51 James Hoyt 46 Francisco Liriano 58 Francis Martes 59 Joe Musgrove 29 Tony Sipp Closer 53 Ken Giles Catchers 30 Juan Centeno 11 Evan Gattis 16 Brian McCann 12 Max Stassi Infielders 27 José Altuve 2 Alex Bregman 1 Carlos Correa 28 J.D. Davis 9 Marwin González 10 Yulieski Gurriel 18 Tony Kemp 13 Tyler White Outfielders 15 Carlos Beltrán 21 Derek Fisher 6 Jake Marisnick 3 Cameron Maybin 22 Josh Reddick 4 George Springer Infielders -- Colin Moran 23 A.J. Reed Outfielders 20 Preston Tucker Manager 14 A.J. Hinch Coaches 52 Craig Bjornson ( bullpen ) 85 Javier Bracamonte ( bullpen catcher ) 48 Rich Dauer ( first base ) 26 Alex Cora ( bench ) 39 Dave Hudgens ( hitting ) 96 Carlos Muñoz ( bullpen catcher ) 8 Gary Pettis ( third base ) 56 Brent Strom ( pitching ) 55 Alonzo Powell ( assistant hitting ) 60 - day disabled list 61 Jandel Gustave 62 Brady Rodgers Restricted list 54 Mike Fiers † 63 David Paulino † 36 active , 4 inactive 7 - or 10 - day disabled list Suspended list Personal leave Roster and coaches updated September 14 , 2017 Transactions Depth chart → All MLB rosters Minor League affiliations ( edit ) Main article : List of Houston Astros minor league affiliates Level Team League Location AAA Fresno Grizzlies Pacific Coast League Fresno , California AA Corpus Christi Hooks Texas League Corpus Christi , Texas Advanced A * Buies Creek Astros Carolina League Buies Creek , North Carolina Quad Cities River Bandits Midwest League Davenport , Iowa Short Season A Tri-City ValleyCats New York -- Penn League Troy , New York Rookie GCL Astros Gulf Coast League West Palm Beach , Florida DSL Astros Dominican Summer League Boca Chica , Santo Domingo , Dominican Republic * In December 2016 , the Astros agreed to a 30 - year deal to field a Class - A Advanced team in Fayetteville , North Carolina , beginning in 2019 . The team will play the 2017 and 2018 seasons in Buies Creek while a new stadium is built in Fayetteville . Radio and television ( edit ) See also : Houston Astros Radio Network As of 2013 , the Astros ' new flagship radio station is KBME , Sportstalk 790AM ( a Fox Sports Radio affiliate ) , leaving KTRH , 740AM after a partnership with them since 1999 ( both stations are owned by iHeartMedia ) . This change suddenly made it difficult for listeners outside of Houston itself to hear the Astros , as KTRH runs 50 kilowatts of power day and night , and KBME runs only five kilowatts . As a result , KTRH is audible across much of Central , East , and South Texas , whereas KBME can only be heard in Houston , especially after dark . Milo Hamilton , a veteran voice who was on the call for Hank Aaron 's 715th career home run in 1974 , retired at the end of the 2012 season , after broadcasting play - by - play for the Astros since 1985 . Dave Raymond and Brett Dolan shared play - by play duty for road games , while Raymond additionally worked as Hamilton 's color analyst ( while Hamilton called home games only for the past few seasons before his retirement ) ; they were not retained and instead brought in Robert Ford and Steve Sparks to begin broadcasting for the 2013 season . Spanish language radio play - by - play is handled by Francisco Romero , and his play - by - play partner is Alex Treviño , a former backup catcher for the club . During the 2012 season Astros games on television were announced by Bill Brown and Jim Deshaies . In the seven seasons before then , Astros games were broadcast on television by Fox Sports Houston , with select games shown on broadcast TV by KTXH . As part of a ten - year , $1 billion deal with Comcast that includes a majority stake jointly held by the Astros and the Houston Rockets , Houston Astros games moved to the new Comcast SportsNet Houston at the beginning of the 2013 season . On September 27 , 2013 CSN Houston filed for Chapter 11 Bankruptcy and surprising the Astros who own the largest stake . After being brought out of bankruptcy by DirecTV Sports Networks and AT&T , the channel 's name was changed to Root Sports Southwest then later AT&T SportsNet Southwest . The current television team consists of Todd Kalas and Geoff Blum . Mascots ( edit ) Main article : Orbit ( mascot ) Orbit , Houston Astros mascot from 1990 -- 1999 , 2013 -- present Orbit is the name given to MLB 's Houston Astros mascot , a lime - green outer - space creature wearing an Astros jersey with antennae extending into baseballs . Orbit was the team 's official mascot from the 1990 through the 1999 seasons until the 2000 season , where Junction Jack was introduced as the team 's mascot with the move from the Astrodome to then Enron Field . Orbit returned on November 2 , 2012 at the unveiling of the Astros new look for their 2013 debut in the American League . The name Orbit pays homage to Houston 's association with NASA and nickname Space City . The Astros had been represented by a trio of rabbit mascots named Junction Jack , Jesse and Julie from 2000 through 2012 . In April 1977 the Houston Astros introduced their very first mascot , Chester Charge . Created by Ed Henderson , Chester Charge was a Texas cavalry soldier on a horse . Chester appeared on the field at the beginning of each home game , during the seventh inning stretch and then ran around the bases at the conclusion of each win . At the blast of a bugle , the scoreboard would light up and the audience would yell , `` Charge ! '' References ( edit ) General A Six - Gun Salute : An Illustrated History of the Houston Colt . 45s , by Robert Reed ( Rowman - Littlefield Publishing , Boston , 1999 ) In - line citations ^ Jump up to : McTaggart , Brian ( November 2 , 2012 ) . `` Astros , fans celebrate unveiling of team 's new look '' . Houston Astros . Retrieved July 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Bloom , Barry M. ( November 17 , 2011 ) . `` Sale of Astros to Jim Crane , move to American League in 2013 approved '' . Major League Baseball Advanced Media LP . Retrieved August 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Astros Headed to American League as New Team Owner Approved '' . Businessweek . November 18 , 2011 . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2012 . Retrieved November 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Minute Maid Park '' . Houston Astros . September 4 , 2015 . Retrieved September 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Elston , Gene . `` George Kirksey Papers '' . Houston Chronicle . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Colt . 45s '' . AstrosDaily . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Russell Drops Plans to Buy Buff Franchise '' . Bonham Daily Favorite . January 24 , 1960 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` New York - Houston Get National Franchises '' . Lodi News - Sentinel . October 11 , 1960 . Jump up ^ `` Houston Baseball Muddled for ' 61 '' . The Victoria Advocate. 1960 - 10 - 21 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Houston Will Get Emphasis , Paul Declares '' . Observer -- Reporter. 1961 - 01 - 19 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 25 . Jump up ^ Herskowitz , Mickey ( 2005 - 10 - 24 ) . `` Astros out to make history their history '' . Houston Astros . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 01 . Jump up ^ Ian , Fleming ( 2006 - 05 - 10 ) . `` April 10 , 1962 Chicago Cubs at Houston Colt . 45 's Play by Play and Box Score '' . Sports Reference . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ Coons , Ron ( 2006 - 05 - 10 ) . `` Richard `` Turk '' Farrell `` . find a grave . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Jim Umbricht , Colts pitcher , dies of cancer '' . Morning Record . Meriden , Connecticut . Associated Press . April 9 , 1964 . p. 4 . Jump up ^ `` Jim Umbricht Incredible-people.com '' . Profiles.incredible-people.com . Archived from the original on 2012 - 07 - 19 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Houston Colts become Astros '' . Florence Times . Alabama . Associated Press . December 2 , 1964 . p. 20 . Jump up ^ `` Colts now ' Astros ' '' . Beaver County Times . Pennsylvania . UPI . December 2 , 1964 . p. 16 . Jump up ^ `` Astrodome Houston-Astros.com '' . Houston.astros.mlb.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ Ballparksofbaseball.com ^ Jump up to : Jimmy Wynn Statistics Baseball-Reference.com Jump up ^ `` Baseball-Reference.com '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 10 - 18 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` The Ballplayers -- Cesar Cedeno '' . BaseballLibrary.com. 1985 - 08 - 29 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 10 - 18 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : `` Astros History '' . Astrosdaily.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Cesar Cedeno Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : Treder , Steve . `` Offseason blockbusters : November ( Part two : 1966 -- 1981 ) '' . Hardball Times . Jump up ^ `` Lee May Baseball Stats , facts , biography , images and video . '' . The Baseball Page . Archived from the original on 2006 - 05 - 07 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Hofheinz , Roy Mark tshonline.org '' . Tshaonline.org . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Interview -- Tal Smith -- Pres . Baseball Ops -- Astros '' . Bizofbaseball.com. 2005 - 10 - 09 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 10 - 27 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` The Ballplayers -- Enos Cabell '' . BaseballLibrary.com . Archived from the original on 2012 - 10 - 18 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` The Ballplayers -- Joe Niekro '' . BaseballLibrary.com . Archived from the original on 2012 - 11 - 04 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ Cardinals Encyclopedia -- Michael Eisenbath -- Google Boeken . Books.google.com. 1999 - 05 - 14 . ISBN 9781566397032 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` 1976 Houston Astros Batting , Pitching , & Fielding Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Joe Niekro Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived May 28 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` 1979 Houston Astros Trades and Transactions '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ Goldstein , Richard ( September 18 , 2005 ) . `` John J. McMullen Dies at 87 ; Ex-Owner of Devils and Astros '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Video '' . CNN . August 18 , 1980 . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` One - game playoff history -- MLB -- ESPN '' . Sports.espn.go.com. 2007 - 09 - 30 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball 's Best MLB.com : Programming '' . Mlb.mlb.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball 's Best MLB.com : Programming '' . Mlb.mlb.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Doran Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Hal Lanier Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Whitey Ball '' . Hardballtimes.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` 1986 Houston Astros Batting , Pitching , & Fielding Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Real Insight . Real Fans. Real Conversations '' . Sporting News . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` 1986 Houston Astros Schedule by Baseball Almanac '' . Baseball-almanac.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Houston Astros history -- 1987 season '' . Astrosdaily.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ Haller , Dave ( October 20 , 2005 ) . `` Prospectus Notebook : Astros , Blue Jays '' . Baseball Prospectus . Retrieved March 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Creamer , Chris . `` Astros rebrand in 2013 ? History says , Yes ! '' . thescore.com . Archived from the original on 2014 - 12 - 28 . Jump up ^ Borden , Sam . `` THE ROOF STAYS OPEN AS MLB CLOSES CASE '' . NY Daily News . Retrieved 1 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Source : Oswalt headed to Phillies '' . Jump up ^ `` Oswalt accepts trade to Phillies '' . Jump up ^ `` Yankees make Berkman Deal Official '' . Yankees.lhblogs.com . July 31 , 2010 . Archived from the original on August 3 , 2010 . Retrieved July 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ McTaggart , Brian ( July 30 , 2010 ) . `` Astros finalize Berkman deal with Yankees '' . Pressbox.mlb.com . Retrieved July 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Owner Drayton McLane officially puts the Houston Astros up for sale abc13.com '' . Abclocal.go.com. 2010 - 11 - 19 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` McLane ' close ' in deal to sell Astros to Jim Crane -- Houston Chronicle '' . Chron.com. 2011 - 03 - 25 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Frustrated Jim Crane ' offended ' by speculation about delays in Astros sale process '' . Blog.chron.com. 2011 - 09 - 08 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ Levine , Zachary ( October 10 , 2011 ) . `` Jim Crane has ' constructive ' meeting with Bud Selig '' . Houston Chronicle . Retrieved February 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Houston Astros To The American League : MLB Gives New Owner A $70 Million Discount , According To Reports '' . SB Nation . Retrieved February 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Astros bring welcome change to American League West astros.com : News '' . Houston.astros.mlb.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Astros ' sale finalized ; 2 more for playoffs '' . ESPN.com . November 18 , 2011 . Retrieved February 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Campbell , Steve ( November 16 , 2011 ) . `` Local attorney says Astros ' move to AL violates lease agreement '' . Houston Chronicle ( Ultimate Astros blog ) . Retrieved February 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Stearns hired as Astros ' assistant GM '' . Yahoo ! Sports . 2012 - 11 - 06 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 11 - 10 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ http://www.cbssports.com/mlb/news/sports-illustrated-has-very-very-very-high-hopes-for-the-2017-astros/ Jump up ^ `` TEX - HOU moved to Rays ' park ; millions donated '' . MLB.com . August 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Houston Astros Team History & Encyclopedia - Baseball-Reference.com '' . Retrieved 3 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Darryl Kile Award . Baseball Almanac . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Astros Retired Numbers '' . Major League Baseball Advanced Media , LP . October 31 , 2015 . Retrieved October 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ https://www.baseballessential.com/news/2016/01/19/retired-numbers-houston-astros/ Jump up ^ https://www.baseballessential.com/news/2016/01/19/retired-numbers-houston-astros/ Jump up ^ Pope , Thomas ( November 17 , 2016 ) . `` Buies Creek to be home to Astros ' Carolina League team the next two seasons '' . Fayeteville Observer . Jump up ^ Barksdale , Andrew . `` Fayetteville , Houston Astros sign 30 - year agreement to bring baseball to downtown '' . FayObserver.com . The Fayetteville Observer . Retrieved 15 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Coleman , David ( 13 February 2013 ) . `` Astros Announce New Radio Team '' . Retrieved 13 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Comcast SportsNet Houston plans October launch '' . Houston Chronicle . Retrieved 13 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` CSN Houston bankruptcy filing surprises Astros '' . 28 September 2013 . Retrieved 13 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Houston Astros Mascot -- Orbit '' . MLB.com . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` A Look at Astros Mascots '' . AstrosTalk. 2013 - 03 - 26 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 23 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Houston Astros . Baseball portal Houston portal Official website Houston Astros news from the Houston Chronicle Astros team page on Baseball-Reference.com Houston Astros Video on ESPN Video Archive Houston Astros history Preceded by St. Louis Cardinals National League Champions Houston Astros 2005 Succeeded by St. Louis Cardinals 2006 Houston Astros Formerly the Houston Colt . 45s Based in Houston , Texas Franchise Expansion Draft History Seasons Records No - hitters Awards Players Managers Owners and executives First - round draft picks Opening Day starting pitchers All articles Ballparks Colt Stadium Houston Astrodome Minute Maid Park Spring training : Geronimo Park Cocoa Expo Stadium Osceola County Stadium The Ballpark of the Palm Beaches Lore 1980 NL West tie - breaker game Mike Scott 's no - hitter The 16 - inning Game Killer B 's The 18 - inning Game 2015 American League Wild Card Game Culture AstroTurf Orbit Crawford Boxes Tal 's Hill Continental League Houston Buffs Houston College Classic Ball Four ( Jim Bouton book ) The Bad News Bears in Breaking Training `` The Hot Tub '' ( Seinfeld episode ) `` Holy Toledo ! '' Sunshine Kids Key personnel Owner : Jim Crane President : Reid Ryan General Manager : Jeff Luhnow Manager : A.J. Hinch League pennants ( 1 ) National League : 2005 American League : none Division titles ( 7 ) NL West : 1980 1981 1986 NL Central : 1997 1998 1999 2001 AL West : none Wild card titles ( 3 ) NL : 2004 2005 AL : 2015 Minors AAA : Fresno Grizzlies AA : Corpus Christi Hooks A Adv. : Buies Creek Astros A : Quad Cities River Bandits Short A : Tri-City ValleyCats Rookie : GCL Astros Rivalries Texas Rangers Media TV AT&T SportsNet Southwest Radio Houston Astros Radio Network Announcers Todd Kalas Geoff Blum Seasons ( 56 ) 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1990s 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000s 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Links to related articles Houston Astros managers Harry Craft ( 1962 -- 1964 ) Lum Harris ( 1964 -- 1965 ) Grady Hatton ( 1966 -- 1968 ) Harry Walker ( 1968 -- 1972 ) Salty Parker ( 1972 ) Leo Durocher ( 1972 -- 1973 ) Preston Gómez ( 1974 -- 1975 ) Bill Virdon ( 1975 -- 1982 ) Bob Lillis ( 1982 -- 1985 ) Hal Lanier ( 1986 -- 1988 ) Art Howe ( 1989 -- 1993 ) Terry Collins ( 1994 -- 1996 ) Larry Dierker ( 1997 -- 2001 ) Jimy Williams ( 2002 -- 2004 ) Phil Garner ( 2004 -- 2007 ) Cecil Cooper ( 2007 -- 2009 ) Dave Clark ( 2009 ) Brad Mills ( 2010 -- 2012 ) Tony DeFrancesco ( 2012 ) Bo Porter ( 2013 -- 2014 ) Tom Lawless ( 2014 ) A.J. 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-9059713478352609979 | MS Dhoni | MS Dhoni - Wikipedia MS Dhoni Jump to : navigation , search MS Dhoni Dhoni in January 2016 Full name Mahendra Singh Dhoni ( 1981 - 07 - 07 ) 7 July 1981 ( age 36 ) Ranchi , Bihar ( now Jharkhand ) , India Nickname Mahi , MSD , Captain Cool Height 5 ft 11 in ( 1.80 m ) Batting Right - handed Bowling Right - arm medium Role Wicket - keeper batsman International information National side India Test debut ( cap 251 ) 2 December 2005 v Sri Lanka Last Test 26 December 2014 v Australia ODI debut ( cap 158 ) 23 December 2004 v Bangladesh Last ODI 17 September 2017 v Australia ODI shirt no . 7 T20I debut ( cap 2 ) 1 December 2006 v South Africa Last T20I 6 September 2017 v Sri Lanka T20I shirt no . 7 Domestic team information Years Team 1999 / 00 -- 2003 / 04 Bihar 2004 / 05 -- present Jharkhand 2008 -- 2015 Chennai Super Kings ( squad no . 7 ) 2016 -- 2017 Rising Pune Supergiant ( squad no . 7 ) Career statistics Competition Test ODI FC T20Is Matches 90 303 131 76 Runs scored 4,876 9,816 7,038 1,209 Batting average 38.09 52.35 36.84 36.84 100s / 50s 6 / 33 10 / 67 9 / 47 0 / 1 Top score 224 183 * 224 56 Balls bowled 96 36 126 -- Wickets 0 0 -- Bowling average -- 31.00 -- -- 5 wickets in innings 0 0 0 -- 10 wickets in match 0 0 0 -- Best bowling -- 1 / 14 -- -- Catches / stumpings 256 / 38 283 / 100 364 / 57 42 / 23 Source : ESPNcricinfo , 7 July 2017 Mahendra Singh Dhoni ( pronunciation ( help info ) ; commonly known as MS Dhoni ; born 7 July 1981 ) is an Indian cricketer who captained the Indian team in limited - overs formats from 11th of September 2007 to 4th of January 2017 and in Test cricket from 2008 to 28th of December 2014 . An attacking right - handed middle - order batsman and wicket - keeper , he is widely regarded as one of the greatest finishers in limited - overs cricket . He is also regarded to be one of the best wicket - keepers in world cricket and is known to have very fast hands . He made his One Day International ( ODI ) debut in December 2004 against Bangladesh , and played his first Test a year later against Sri Lanka . Dhoni holds numerous captaincy records such as most wins by an Indian captain in Tests and ODIs , and most back - to - back wins by an Indian captain in ODIs . He took over the ODI captaincy from Rahul Dravid in 2007 and led the team to its first - ever bilateral ODI series wins in Sri Lanka and New Zealand . Under his captaincy , India won the 2007 ICC World Twenty20 , the CB Series of 2007 -- 08 , the 2010 Asia Cup , the 2011 ICC Cricket World Cup and the 2013 ICC Champions Trophy . In the final of the 2011 World Cup , Dhoni scored 91 not out off 79 balls handing India the victory for which he was awarded the Man of the Match . In June 2013 , when India defeated England in the final of the Champions Trophy in England , Dhoni became the first captain to win all three ICC limited - overs trophies ( World Cup , Champions Trophy and the World Twenty20 ) . After taking up the Test captaincy in 2008 , he led the team to series wins in New Zealand and West Indies , and the Border - Gavaskar Trophy in 2008 , 2010 and 2013 . In 2009 , Dhoni also led the Indian team to number one position for the first time in the ICC Test rankings . In 2013 , under his captaincy , India became the first team in more than 40 years to whitewash Australia in a Test series . In the Indian Premier League , he captained the Chennai Super Kings to victory at the 2010 and 2011 seasons , along with wins in the 2010 and 2014 editions of Champions League Twenty20 . He announced his retirement from Tests on 30 December 2014 . Dhoni holds the post of Vice-President of India Cements Ltd. , after resigning from Air India . India Cements is the owner of the IPL team Chennai Super Kings , and Dhoni has been its captain since the first IPL season . Dhoni is the co-owner of Indian Super League team Chennaiyin FC . Dhoni has been the recipient of many awards , including the ICC ODI Player of the Year award in 2008 and 2009 ( the first player to win the award twice ) , the Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna award in 2007 and the Padma Shri , India 's fourth highest civilian honour , in 2009 . He was named as the captain of ICC World Test XI and ICC World ODI XI teams for 2009 . The Indian Territorial Army conferred the honorary rank of Lieutenant Colonel to Dhoni on 1 November 2011 . He is the second Indian cricketer after Kapil Dev to have received this honour . In 2011 , Time magazine included Dhoni in its annual Time 100 list as one of the `` Most Influential People in the World . '' In 2012 , SportsPro rated Dhoni as the sixteenth most marketable athlete in the world . In June 2015 , Forbes ranked Dhoni at 23rd in the list of highest paid athletes in the world , estimating his earnings at US $ 31 million . In 2016 , a biopic M.S. Dhoni : The Untold Story was made on him . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life and background 2 Early career 2.1 Junior cricket in Bihar 2.2 Bihar cricket team 2.3 Jharkhand cricket team 2.4 India A team 3 ODI career 3.1 Start of ODI career 3.2 Start of `` Dhoni '' Era 3.3 Preparation for 2007 worldcup 3.4 2007 Worldcup early exit 3.5 2007 T20 Worldcup 4 Test career 5 Captain of India 5.1 Match bans 6 World Cup 6.1 2007 Cricket World Cup 6.2 2011 Cricket World Cup 6.3 2015 Cricket World Cup 7 Indian Premier League 8 Playing style 9 Personal life 9.1 Business interests 10 International records 10.1 Test cricket 10.2 ODI cricket 10.3 T20I Cricket 10.4 International Records ( combined ODI , test and T20I ) 11 Captaincy record 12 Outside cricket 12.1 Co-owner of Ranchi Rays 12.2 Co-owner of Chennaiyin FC 12.3 Mahi Racing Team India 12.4 Biographical film 13 Endorsements 14 International centuries 14.1 Test centuries 14.2 One Day International centuries 14.2. 1 One Day International centuries for India 14.2. 2 One Day International centuries for ACC Asia XI 15 Awards 15.1 Honorary awards and appreciations 15.2 Test cricket 15.2. 1 Man of the Match awards 15.3 One - Day International cricket 15.3. 1 Man of the series awards 15.3. 2 Man of the Match awards 16 Notes 17 See also 18 External links Early life and background Dhoni was born in Ranchi , Bihar ( now in Jharkhand ) , and he identifies as being a Hindu Rajput . His paternal village Lvali is in the Lamgarha block of the Almora District of Uttarakhand . Dhoni 's parents , moved from Uttarakhand to Ranchi where his father Pan Singh worked in junior management positions in MECON . Dhoni has a sister Jayanti Gupta and a brother Narendra Singh Dhoni . Dhoni is a fan of Adam Gilchrist , and his childhood idols were cricket teammate Sachin Tendulkar , Bollywood actor Amitabh Bachchan and singer Lata Mangeshkar Dhoni studied at DAV Jawahar Vidya Mandir , Shyamali , Ranchi , Jharkhand where he initially excelled in badminton and football and was selected at district and club level in these sports . Dhoni was a goalkeeper for his football team and was sent to play cricket for a local cricket club by his football coach . Though he had not played cricket , Dhoni impressed with his wicket - keeping skills and became the regular wicketkeeper at the Commando cricket club ( 1995 -- 1998 ) . Based on his performance at club cricket , he was picked for the 1997 / 98 season Vinoo Mankad Trophy Under - 16 Championship and he performed well . Dhoni focused on cricket after his 10th standard . Dhoni was a Travelling Ticket Examiner ( TTE ) at Kharagpur railway station from 2001 to 2003 , under South Eastern Railway in Midnapore ( W ) , a district in West Bengal . His colleagues remember him as a very honest , straightforward employee of the Indian Railways . But he also had a mischievous side to his personality . Once , while staying at the railway quarters , Dhoni and a couple of his friends covered themselves in white bedsheets and walked around in the complex late in the night . The night guards were fooled into believing that there were ghosts moving around in the complex . The story made big news on the next day . Early career Junior cricket in Bihar In 1998 Dhoni was selected by Deval Sahay to play for the Central Coal Fields Limited ( CCL ) team . Till 1998 Dhoni , who was in class 12th in school , had played only school cricket and club cricket and no professional cricket . One of the famous episode when Dhoni used to play for CCL was when Deval Sahay used to gift him Rs 50 for each six that he hit in Sheesh Mahal tournament cricket matches . Playing for CCL he got a chance to bat up the order . He grabbed the opportunity and scored centuries and helped CCL move to A division . Deval Sahay impressed by his hard hitting shots and dedication , used his contacts in Bihar Cricket Association to push for his selection in the Bihar team . Deval Sahay , an ex Bihar Cricket Association Vice-President , was the Ranchi District Cricket President at that time and was instrumental in pushing Dhoni to the big stage of Ranchi team , junior Bihar cricket team and eventually senior Bihar Ranji Team for the 1999 -- 2000 season . In 1 year Dhoni moved from playing in CCL to the Bihar Ranji team . Dhoni was included in the Bihar U-19 squad for the 1998 -- 99 season and scored 176 runs in 5 matches ( 7 innings ) as the team finished fourth in the group of six and did not make it to the quarter - finals . Dhoni was not picked for the East Zone U-19 squad ( CK Nayudu Trophy ) or Rest of India squad ( MA Chidambaram Trophy and Vinoo Mankad Trophy ) . Bihar U-19 cricket team advanced to the finals of the 1999 -- 2000 Cooch Behar Trophy where Dhoni made 84 to help Bihar post a total of 357 . Bihar 's efforts were dwarfed by Punjab U-19s ' 839 with Dhoni 's future national squad teammate Yuvraj Singh making 358 . Dhoni 's contribution in the tournament included 488 runs ( 9 matches , 12 innings ) , 5 fifties , 17 catches and 7 stumpings . Dhoni made it to the East Zone U-19 squad for the CK Nayudu trophy but scored only 97 runs in four matches as East Zone lost all four matches and finished last in the tournament . Bihar cricket team Dhoni made his Ranji Trophy debut for Bihar in the 1999 -- 2000 season as an eighteen - year - old . He made a half century in his debut match scoring 68 * in the second innings against Assam cricket team . Dhoni finished the season with 283 runs in 5 matches . Dhoni scored his maiden first - class century while playing for Bihar against Bengal in the 2000 / 01 season in a losing cause . Apart from this century , his performance in the 2000 / 01 season did not include another score over fifty and in the 2001 / 02 season he scored just five fifties in four Ranji matches . Jharkhand cricket team Dhoni 's performance in the 2002 -- 03 season included three half - centuries in the Ranji Trophy and a couple of half - centuries in the Deodhar Trophy as he started gaining recognition for his lower - order contribution as well as hard - hitting batting style . In the 2003 / 04 season , Dhoni scored a century ( 128 * ) against Assam in the first match of the Ranji ODI tournament . Dhoni was part of the East Zone squad that won the Deodhar Trophy 2003 -- 2004 season and contributed with 244 runs in 4 matches , including a century ( 114 ) against Central zone . In the Duleep Trophy finals , Dhoni was picked over international cricketer Deep Dasgupta to represent East Zone . He scored a fighting half - century in the second innings in a losing cause . Dhoni 's talent was discovered via the BCCI 's small - town talent - spotting initiative TRDW . Dhoni was discovered by TRDO Prakash Poddar , captain of Bengal in the 1960s , when he saw Dhoni play for Jharkhand at a match in Jamshedpur in 2003 , and sent a report to the National Cricket Academy . India a team He was recognised for his efforts in the 2003 / 04 season , especially in the One Day format and was picked for the India A squad for a tour of Zimbabwe and Kenya . Against the Zimbabwe XI in Harare Sports Club , Dhoni had his best wicket - keeping effort with 7 catches and 4 stumpings in the match . In the tri-nation tournament involving Kenya , India A and Pakistan A , Dhoni helped India A chase down their target of 223 against Pakistan A with a half - century . Continuing his good performance , he scored back to back centuries -- 120 and 119 * -- against the same team . Dhoni scored 362 runs in 6 innings at an average of 72.40 and his performance in the series received attention from the then Indian captain -- Sourav Ganguly and Ravi Shastri amongst others . However , the India A team coach Sandeep Patil recommended Dinesh Karthik for a place in the Indian squad as wicket - keeper / batsman . ODI career Start of ODI career The Indian ODI team in the early 2000s saw Rahul Dravid as the wicket - keeper to ensure that the wicket - keeper spot did n't lack in batting talent . The team also saw the entry of wicket - keeper / batsmen from the junior ranks with talents like Parthiv Patel and Dinesh Karthik ( both India U-19 captains ) named in the Test squads . With Dhoni making a mark in the India A squad , he was picked in the ODI squad for the Bangladesh tour in 2004 / 05 . Dhoni did not have a great start to his ODI career , getting run out for a duck on debut . In spite of an average series against Bangladesh , Dhoni was picked for the Pakistan ODI series . Start of `` Dhoni '' era In the second match of the series , Dhoni , in his fifth one - day international , scored 148 in Visakhapatnam off only 123 deliveries . Dhoni 's 148 surpassed the earlier record for the highest score by an Indian wicket - keeper , a record that he would re-write before the end of the year . Dhoni had few batting opportunities in the first two games of the Sri Lankan bilateral ODI series ( October -- November 2005 ) and was promoted to No. 3 in the third ODI at Sawai Mansingh Stadium ( Jaipur ) . Sri Lanka had set India a target of 299 after a Kumar Sangakkara century and , in reply , India lost Tendulkar early . Dhoni was promoted to accelerate the scoring and ended the game with an unbeaten 183 off 145 balls , winning the game for India . The innings was described in Wisden Almanack ( 2006 ) as ' Uninhibited , yet anything but crude ' . The innings set various records including the highest individual score in ODI cricket in the second innings , a record that still stands . Dhoni ended the series with the highest run aggregate ( 346 ) and was awarded the Man of the Series award for his efforts . In December 2005 , Dhoni was rewarded a B - grade contract by the BCCI . Dhoni bowling in the nets . He rarely bowls at international level . India scored 328 in 50 overs with Dhoni contributing 68 in their first match of 2006 against Pakistan . However , the team finished poorly scoring just 43 runs in the last eight overs and lost the match due to Duckworth - Lewis method . In the third match of the series , Dhoni came in with India in a precarious situation and scored 72 runs off just 46 balls that included 13 boundaries to help India take a 2 -- 1 lead in the series . The final match of the series had a repeat performance as Dhoni scored 77 runs off 56 balls to enable India win the series 4 -- 1 . Due to his consistent ODI performances , Dhoni overtook Ricky Ponting as number one in the ICC ODI Rankings for batsmen on 20 April 2006 . His reign lasted just a week as Adam Gilchrist 's performance against Bangladesh moved him to the top spot . Two cancelled series in Sri Lanka , one due to the withdrawal of South Africa from the Unitech Cup due to security concerns and the replacement three - match ODI bilateral series against Sri Lanka washed due to rain , was India 's prelude to another disappointing tournament -- DLF Cup 2006 - 07 . Dhoni scored 43 runs as the team lost twice in three games and did not qualify for the finals . India 's lack of preparation showed in the 2006 ICC Champions Trophy as they lost to West Indies and Australia , though Dhoni scored a half - century against West Indies . The story of the ODI series in South Africa was the same for both Dhoni and India as Dhoni scored 139 runs in 4 matches and India lost the series 4 -- 0 . From the start of the West Indies ODI series , Dhoni had played 16 matches , hit just two fifties and averaged 25.93 . Dhoni received criticism on his wicket - keeping technique from former wicket - keeper Syed Kirmani . Preparation for 2007 worldcup Preparations for the 2007 Cricket World Cup improved as India recorded identical 3 -- 1 victories over West Indies and Sri Lanka and Dhoni had averages in excess of 100 in both these series . However , 2007 Worldcup early exit India unexpectedly crashed out the World Cup after losses to Bangladesh and Sri Lanka in the group stage . Dhoni was out for a duck in both these matches and scored just 29 runs in the tournament . After the loss to Bangladesh in 2007 Cricket World Cup , the house that Dhoni was constructing in his home - town Ranchi was vandalised and damaged by political activists of JMM . The local police arranged for security for his family as India exited the World Cup in the first round . Dhoni put his disappointing performances in the World Cup behind him by scoring 91 * against Bangladesh after India were left in a tight spot earlier in the run - chase . Dhoni was declared the Man of the Match for his performance , his fourth in ODI cricket . He was also later adjudged the Man of the Series after the third game of the series was washed away . Dhoni had a good Afro - Asia Cup , scoring 174 runs in 3 matches at an average of 87.00 , with a blitzkrieg 139 not out of 97 balls , a Man of the Match innings , in the third ODI . Dhoni was named vice-captain of the ODI team for the series against South Africa in Ireland and the subsequent India - England seven - match ODI series . Dhoni , who received a ' B ' grade contract in December 2005 , was awarded an ' A ' grade contract in June 2007 . And also he was elected as captain of the Indian squad for the World Twenty20 in September 2007 . On 2 September 2007 , Dhoni equaled his idol Adam Gilchrist 's international record for the most dismissals in an innings in ODI by catching five English players and stumping one . 2007 T20 worldcup He led India to the ICC World Twenty 20 trophy in South Africa with a victory over arch - rivals Pakistan in an intensely fought final on 24 September 2007 , and became the second Indian captain to have won a World Cup in any form of cricket , after Kapil Dev . During the series between India and Australia , Dhoni hit an aggressive 124 runs in just 107 balls , in the second ODI , and a measured knock of 71 runs in 95 balls , along with Yuvraj Singh , saw India home by 6 wickets , in the third ODI . Dhoni took his first wicket in international cricket on 30 September 2009 . He bowled Travis Dowlin of the West Indies out during a match of the 2009 Champions Trophy . Dhoni batting against South Africa during the group stage match of 2013 ICC Champions Trophy . Dhoni topped the ICC ODI Batsman rankings for several months in 2009 . Michael Hussey from Australia replaced him at the top spot at the beginning of 2010 . Dhoni had an excellent year in ODIs in 2009 scoring 1198 runs in just 24 innings at an astonishing average of 70.43 . Dhoni was also the joint top - scorer in ODIs in 2009 along with Ricky Ponting , but the latter having played in 30 innings . On 12 February 2012 , Dhoni made an unbeaten 44 to guide India to their first win over Australia at Adelaide . In the final over , he hit a monstrous six which traveled 112 metres off the bowling of Clint McKay . During the post-match presentation , he described this six as more important than the one he hit during the ICC World Cup final in 2011 . In November 2013 , Dhoni became the second India batsman after Sachin Tendulkar to aggregate 1,000 or more ODI - runs against Australia . Dhoni stepped down as captain of India in the limited over formats in January 2017 , just ahead of the ODI series at home against England . In the second game of the series , he scored 134 off 122 balls , that included a 256 - run partnership for the fourth wicket along with Yuvraj Singh . The hundred , his tenth in ODIs , was his first in over three years . Test career Following his good one - day performance against Sri Lanka , Dhoni replaced Dinesh Karthik in December 2005 as the Indian Test wicket - keeper . Dhoni scored 30 runs in his debut match that was marred by rain . Dhoni came to the crease when the team was struggling at 109 / 5 and as wickets kept falling around him , he played an aggressive innings and was the last man dismissed . Dhoni made his maiden half - century in the second Test and his quick scoring rate ( half century came off 51 balls ) aided India to set a target of 436 and the Sri Lankans were bowled out for 247 . India toured Pakistan in January -- February 2006 and Dhoni scored his maiden century in the second Test at Faisalabad . India was left in a tight spot as Dhoni was joined by Irfan Pathan with the team still 107 away from avoiding a follow - on . Dhoni played his typical aggressive innings as he brought up his maiden Test hundred in just 93 balls after scoring the first fifty in just 34 deliveries . Dhoni followed the century up with some prosaic batting performances over the next three matches , one against Pakistan that India lost and two against England that had India holding a 1 -- 0 lead . Dhoni was the top scorer in India 's first innings in the third Test at Wankhede Stadium as his 64 aided India post a respectable 279 in reply to England 's 400 . However Dhoni and the Indian fielders dropped catches and missed many dismissal chances including a key stumping opportunity of Andrew Flintoff ( 14 ) . Dhoni failed to collect the Harbhajan Singh delivery cleanly as Flintoff went on to make 36 more runs as England set a target of 313 for the home team , a target that Indian were never in the reckoning . A batting collapse saw the team being dismissed for 100 and Dhoni scored just 5 runs and faced criticism for his wicket - keeping lapses as well as his shot selections . Dhoni behind the stumps On the West Indies tour in 2006 , Dhoni scored a quick and aggressive 69 in the first Test at Antigua . The rest of the series was unremarkable for Dhoni as he scored 99 runs in the remaining 6 innings but his wicket - keeping skills improved and he finished the series with 13 catches and 4 stumpings . In the Test series in South Africa later that year , Dhoni 's scores of 34 and 47 were not sufficient to save the second Test against the Proteas as India lost the series 2 -- 1 , squandering the chance to build on their first ever Test victory in South Africa ( achieved in the first Test match ) . Dhoni 's bruised hands ruled him out of the third Test match . On the fourth day of the first Test match at Antigua Recreation Ground , St John 's , Antigua during India 's tour of West Indies , 2006 , Dhoni 's flick off Dave Mohammed to the midwicket region was caught by Daren Ganga . As the batsman started to walk back , captain Dravid declared the innings when confusion started as the umpires were not certain if the fielder stepped on the ropes and Dhoni stayed for the umpire 's verdict . While the replays were inconclusive , the captain of the West Indies side , Brian Lara , wanted Dhoni to walk off based on the fielder 's assertion of the catch . The impasse continued for more than 15 minutes and Lara 's temper was on display with finger wagging against the umpires and snatching the ball from umpire Asad Rauf . Ultimately , Dhoni walked off and Dravid 's declaration was effected but the game was delayed , and Lara 's action was criticised by the commentators and former players . Lara was summoned by the match referee to give an explanation of his actions but he was not fined . Dhoni scored two centuries in Sri Lanka 's tour of India in 2009 , a series of three matches in which he led India to a 2 -- 0 victory . With this feat , India soared up to the number one position in Test cricket for the first time in history . India scored 726 -- 9 ( decl ) in the third match of this series , which was their highest Test total then . He played his last series in the 2014 -- 15 season in India 's tour of Australia captaining India in the second and third tests ; losing the second and drawing the third , trailing the series 2 -- 0 before the Sydney Test . Following the third Test in Melbourne , Dhoni announced his retirement from the format . In his last Test , he effected 9 dismissals ( 8 catches and 1 stumping ) , and in the process , went past Kumar Sangakkara in the record for stumpings with 134 ( in all three formats combined ) and also broke the record for effecting the most dismissals in a match by an Indian wicketkeeper . He finished his last innings unbeaten making 24 runs . Captain of India Dhoni captaining India in an ODI in February 2012 . Dhoni was named the captain of Indian squad for the inaugural ICC World Twenty20 held in South Africa in September 2007 . India were crowned champions as Dhoni led the team to victory against Pakistan in a thrilling contest . He , then , went on to become the ODI captain of the Indian team for the seven - match ODI series against Australia in September 2007 . He made his debut as full - time Test captain of India during the fourth and final Test against Australia at Nagpur in November 2008 replacing Anil Kumble who was injured in the third test and who then announced his retirement . Dhoni was vice-captain in this series up to that point . India eventually won that Test thus clinching the series 2 -- 0 and retained the Border - Gavaskar Trophy . Dhoni had previously captained India on a stand - in basis against South Africa and Australia in 2008 and 2009 respectively . It was under his captaincy that India climbed to No. 1 in the ICC Test Rankings in December 2009 . After that he managed to lead India in a series - leveling world championship of Tests against the South Africans in February 2010 . India also managed to draw the Test series 1 -- 1 in South Africa later that year . After winning the 2011 ICC Cricket World Cup final against Sri Lanka on 2 April 2011 with his match winning knock of unbeaten 91 , Tendulkar heaped praises on Dhoni , claiming him to be the best captain he has played under . Tendulkar mentioned that it was Dhoni 's calm influence that was rubbing off on all his team - mates and described Dhoni 's handling of pressure was incredible . Only eleven players have captained ten or more Tests playing as a wicket - keeper . Dhoni leads the table with 60 Tests as captain , 35 ahead of Mushfiqur Rahim in second place . In March 2013 , Dhoni became the most successful Indian Test captain when he eclipsed Sourav Ganguly 's record of 21 victories from 49 Tests . Ganguly also said in an interview to a news channel that Dhoni is the all - time greatest captain of India and he has a great record to support this credential . In August 2016 , Dhoni was selected as captain for India 's first tour to the United States , where India played two T20Is against the West Indies in Lauderhill , Florida . India lost the first match on 27 August 2016 , during which Dhoni surpassed former Australian captain Ricky Ponting to become the most experienced captain in international cricket . Dhoni 's final game as Indian captain was on 10 January , 2017 in a warmup match between England and India during the limited - overs leg of England Tour of India . Dhoni stated he will still fulfill his duties as captains in various domestic teams . Match bans As captain of the Indian cricket team , Dhoni has seldom been suspended due to his team 's slow over rate . In December 2009 he was suspended for two ODI matches against Sri Lanka by ICC match referee Jeff Crowe as India was three overs short of the specified rate ; Virender Sehwag acted as captain for the two matches in Cuttack and Kolkata . In January 2012 Dhoni was banned for the fourth Test match against Australia in Adelaide as India was two overs short during the third Test in Perth . Sehwag captained the team in the Adelaide test and Wriddhiman Saha kept the wickets . In the CB Series in February , Dhoni again faced a one match ban for slow - over rate against Australia . World Cup Dhoni has captained India in two World Cups . Under his captaincy , India won the World Cup in 2011 and reached the semifinals in 2015 . 2007 cricket World Cup Dhoni played his first ODI World Cup in 2007 at the Caribbean . India made an early exit from the tournament in the Group Stage . In 2007 Cricket World Cup , India was placed in Group B with Sri Lanka , Bangladesh and Bermuda . Rahul Dravid captained the team in this World Cup . In three matches India played , they managed to win only one against Bermuda while losing the rest from Bangladesh and Sri Lanka . In their first match against Bangladesh , India was all out in just 191 in 49.3 overs . Dhoni was out for 0 . He stumped Tamim Iqbal , Shakib Al Hasan and captain Habibul Bashar in the match but , India lost by 5 wickets . In the next match against Bermuda , India posted the then Highest Score in the World Cup 413 / 5 in a must - win match . Dhoni scored 29 off 25 Balls which includes Two 4s and One 6 . India won the match by 257 runs . India was required to win their last group match against the Lankans but they lost by 69 runs . Chasing the target of 255 , India crumbled to 185 all out in 43.3 overs . Dhoni was out for 0 for the second time in the tournament in his very first ball by Muttiah Muralitharan . Thus , India was out of the world cup in very first round . The Team was heavily criticized for their performance . Dhoni 's under construction house in Ranchi was attacked by some 200 fans after the Bangladesh loss . 2011 cricket World Cup Under Dhoni 's captaincy , India won the 2011 World Cup . In the final against Sri Lanka , chasing 275 , Dhoni promoted himself up the batting order , coming before an in form Yuvraj Singh . When he came to bat India needed more than six runs per over with three top order batsmen already dismissed . He started building a good partnership with Gautam Gambhir . Due to good strokeplay and active running between wickets , they kept up with the required run rate . Dhoni was on 60 off 60 balls , but later accelerated with a greater flow of boundaries , ending with 91 not out off 79 balls . Befitting the occasion , he finished the match of in style with a huge six over long - on off bowler Nuwan Kulasekara and won Man of the Match . Later in the post-match presentation , he admitted that he came up the order so as to counter the Muralitharan spin threat as he was very familiar with Murali 's bowling , who was his team - mate in the Indian Premier League ( IPL ) franchise Chennai Super Kings . He had come after the dismissal of Virat Kohli , also a right - handed batsman . By partnering the left - handed Gambhir , he ensured a right - left combination at the crease that makes it difficult for bowlers to settle into a rhythm . The bat used by Dhoni in the final match was sold for ₹ 72 Lac . The money goes to Sakshi Rawat Foundation , operated by Dhoni 's wife Sakshi Rawat to help orphan children . 2015 cricket World Cup For the 2015 World Cup held in Australia and New Zealand , Dhoni was named the captain of the 30 - member squad by the BCCI in December 2014 . Under his captaincy , India was able to go through to semi-finals with ease , beating Bangladesh in the quarter - finals . However , they lost to Australia in the semi-finals held at the Sydney Cricket Ground . The team won 7 consecutive matches in this world cup and won 11 all consecutive in world cups . With the win against Bangladesh , he became the first non-Australian captain to win 100 ODI matches , and first Indian captain to achieve the mark . He is also the third captain to win 100 matches , after two Australians , Ricky Ponting , and Allan Border . Indian Premier League MS Dhoni while fielding practise Dhoni was contracted by the Chennai Super Kings for 1.5 Million USD . This made him the most expensive player in the IPL for the first season auctions . Under his captaincy , Chennai Super Kings have won two Indian Premier League titles and the 2010 Champions League Twenty20 . After the suspension of CSK for two years , he was bought by Rising Pune Supergiant for 1.9 Million USD in 2016 , and was named captain . However his team finished in 7th place . Playing style Dhoni is a right - handed batsman and wicket - keeper . Initially , Dhoni appeared as a lower - order attacking batsman but he gradually changed his style of playing with the occurrence of pressure situation and his growing responsibility as a captain . He is a powerful hitter of the ball and one of the fastest man in running between the wickets . His wicket - keeping skill is widely praised by cricket experts . He is quickest when comes to stumping. He has a world record of highest number of stumping by any wicket - keeper. He is the main wicket - keeper in the team but he occasionally bowls as a medium speed bowler . Personal life Dhoni married Sakshi Singh Rawat , his schoolmate in DAV Jawahar Vidya Mandir , Shyamali . a native of Dehradun , Uttarakhand , on 4 July 2010 . At the time of their marriage , she was studying hotel management and was working as a trainee at the Taj Bengal , Kolkata . After the retirement of Sakshi 's father from his tea growing business , their family shifted to their native place , Dehradun . The wedding took place one day after the couple got engaged . According to Bollywood actress Bipasha Basu , a close friend of Dhoni , the wedding was planned for months and was not a spur of the moment decision . Dhoni became father on 6 February 2015 to a baby girl named Ziva . Business interests Main article : SEVEN ( brand ) In February 2016 , Dhoni launched lifestyle brand SEVEN . Dhoni owns the footwear side of the brand and is also the brand ambassador of SEVEN . International records Test cricket Under Dhoni 's captaincy , India topped the Test cricket rankings for the first time , in 2009 . As captain , Dhoni holds the record for longest unbeaten run in Tests from his debut with 11 ( 8 wins and 3 draws ) beating former Australian captain Warwick Armstrong 's 10 . In his streak , however , there was a period of injury in which Virender Sehwag led the side ( for 3 draws ) . So India 's unbeaten streak was for 14 tests , of which 11 were Dhoni 's . Dhoni is the first Indian wicket - keeper to complete 4,000 Test runs . Dhoni is the most successful Indian Test captain with 27 Test wins , eclipsing Sourav Ganguly 's record of 21 . Dhoni has the dubious distinction of an Indian captain with most Test defeats overseas with 15 . Dhoni 's maiden century against Pakistan in Faisalabad ( 148 ) is the fastest century scored by an Indian wicket - keeper , and fourth overall . After hitting a six in third Test against England in Southampton , Dhoni completed 50 sixes as a captain , an Indian record . Dhoni shares the record for most dismissals in an innings ( 6 , with Syed Kirmani ) and in a match ( 9 ) by an Indian wicket - keeper . Dhoni , with 248 dismissals in his career , ranks one in the all - time dismissals list by Indian wicket - keepers . Dhoni is the second wicket - keeper to have effected 6 dismissals in an innings apart from a fifty in each inning of a Test after Denis Lindsay of South Africa . Dhoni 's 224 against Australia in Chennai is the second highest score by an Indian captain . En route to 224 , Dhoni registered the highest Test score by an Indian wicket - keeper when he was on 193 , beating Budhi Kunderan 's 192 . It was also the highest score by a wicket - keeper -- captain beating Englishman Alec Stewart 's 164 . ODI cricket See also : List of highest individual scores in ODIs Dhoni is the first non-Australian captain and third overall to win 100 games . Dhoni 's 183 * against Sri Lanka in 2005 is the highest score by a wicket - keeper . Dhoni has the fifth highest batting average ( 50.96 ) , among cricketers with more than 5,000 runs . It is also the highest among wicket - keepers . Dhoni holds the records of the most dismissals in an innings ( 6 ) and career ( 357 ) by an Indian wicket - keeper . Dhoni 's 113 against Pakistan in Chennai in 2012 is the highest by a captain batting at number 7 . First Indian and fifth overall to hit 200 sixes in ODIs . Holds the record for playing the most number of matches in ODI history as captain who has also served as a wicketkeeper ( 199 ) Most career runs in ODI history when batting at number 6 position ( 3613 ) Most career hundreds in ODI cricket when batting at number 7 position or lower ( 2 ) Most number ( 120 ) of unbeaten knock in international cricket history . He surpassed Muttiah Muralitharan who had remained not - out on 119 occasions . Dhoni and Bhuvneshwar Kumar were involved in a partnership of 100 not out which is India 's highest eighth wicket partnership vs Sri Lanka in ODIs . Most unbeaten innings and highest average in successful ODI run - chases . First wicket - keeper in the world to effect in 100 ODI stumpings . T20I Cricket He holds the record for playing the most T20I innings before scoring a fifty ( 66 ) First player to score 1000 runs in T20Is without even scoring a career half - century and also holds the record for scoring the most career runs in T20I history before first fifty ( 1153 ) Holds the record for playing the most number of matches in T20I history as captain who has also served as a wicketkeeper ( 72 ) Most matches as captain in T20I history ( 72 ) Holds the record for the most dismissals as wicketkeeper in T20Is ( 65 ) Most catches as wicketkeeper in T20 Internationals ( 42 ) Holds the joint record for taking the most catches as wicketkeeper in a T20I innings ( 4 ) Holds the record for playing the most consecutive T20I innings without a duck ( 65 ) He set the record for winning the most T20I matches as captain ( 41 ) International Records ( combined ODI , test and T20I ) Dhoni is the first wicket - keeper to effect 150 stumping dismissals in three forms of the game.In fact , holds the record to effect most international stumpings ( 161 ) He has played the most number of international matches as captain ( 331 ) He has hit the most international sixes as captain ( 204 ) Most Times Bowled in International Cricket While Playing as a Wicket - Keeper ( 9 times ) Dhoni 's results in international matches Matches Won Lost Drawn Tied No result Test 90 36 24 30 0 -- ODI 285 158 109 - 14 T20I 73 42 28 -- Captaincy record Ms Dhoni is the only captain to win all ICC tournament cups . Captaincy Record in Test Matches Venue Span Matches Won Lost Tied Draw At Home Venues 2008 -- 2013 30 21 0 6 At Away Venues 2009 -- 2014 30 6 15 0 9 TOTAL 2008 -- 2014 60 27 18 0 15 Captaincy Record in One Day Internationals Venue Span Matches Won Lost Tied N / R In India ( At Home Venues ) 2007 -- 2016 73 43 26 At Away and Neutral Venues 2008 -- 2016 126 67 48 8 TOTAL 2007 -- 2016 199 110 74 11 Captaincy Record in Twenty20 Internationals Venue Span Matches Won Lost Tied N / R In India ( At Home Venues ) 2007 -- 2016 20 10 10 0 0 At Away Venues 2007 -- 2016 23 13 10 0 0 At Neutral Venues 2007 -- 2016 29 18 8 TOTAL 2007 -- 2016 72 41 28 Note -- In the 2010 ICC World Twenty20 , India played a Super 8 Match against West Indies . This match comes under the List of Matches played in Away Venues as the 2010 ICC World Twenty20 was being hosted in West Indies Outside cricket Co-owner of Ranchi Rays Along with Sahara India Pariwar , Dhoni is also a co-owner of Ranchi based Hockey club Ranchi Rays , a franchise of the Hockey India League . Co-owner of Chennaiyin FC Along with Abhishek Bachchan and Vita Dani , Dhoni is also a co-owner of Chennai based Football club Chennaiyin FC , a franchise of the Indian Super League . Mahi Racing team India Dhoni 's interest in bikes was often discussed in media . He co-parternered Akkineni Nagarjuna in buying a Supersport World Championship team Mahi Racing Team India . Biographical film A biographical film based on the life of Dhoni , titled M.S. Dhoni : The Untold Story , was released on 30 September 2016 . Endorsements Dhoni signed with Kolkata - based celebrity management company Gameplan Sports in April 2005 . Currently Dhoni has 20 endorsements , only Shahrukh Khan has more ( 21 ) . In 2007 Dhoni had 17 endorsements . In July 2010 , Dhoni tied up with Rhiti Sports Management and Mindscapes and has been promised a minimum guarantee of Rs 210 crore over the next three years . The following is the list of endorsements signed by Dhoni : - 2005 : Pepsico , Reebok , Exide , TVS Motors . 2006 : Mysore Sandal Soap , Videocon , Reliance Communications , Reliance Energy , Orient PSPO Fan , Bharat Petroleum , Titan Sonata , Brylcreem , NDTV , GE Money . 2007 : Siyaram . 2008 : Fashion at Big Bazaar alongside Bollywood actress Asin , Maha Choco , Boost ( health food ) , Dainik Bhaskar 2009 : Dabur Honey , Kolkata Fashion Week . Aircel communications , Nova Scottia Premium shirts . 2010 : Amrapali 2016 : Exide Life Insurance International centuries Test centuries Mahendra Singh Dhoni 's Test centuries # Runs Match Against City / Country Venue Year Result 148 5 Pakistan Faisalabad , Pakistan Iqbal Stadium 2006 Drawn 110 38 Sri Lanka Ahmedabad , India Sardar Patel Stadium 2009 Drawn 100 * 40 Sri Lanka Mumbai , India Brabourne Stadium 2009 Won 132 * 42 South Africa Kolkata , India Eden Gardens Won 5 144 63 West Indies Kolkata , India Eden Gardens 2011 Won 6 224 74 Australia Chennai , India M.A. Chidambaram Stadium 2013 Won One Day International centuries One Day International centuries for India Mahendra Singh Dhoni 's One Day International centuries for India # Runs Match Against City / Country Venue Year Result 148 5 Pakistan Visakhapatnam , India ACA - VDCA Cricket Stadium 2005 Won 183 * 22 Sri Lanka Jaipur , India Sawai Mansingh Stadium 2005 Won 109 * 110 Hong Kong Karachi , Pakistan National Stadium 2008 Won 124 147 Australia Nagpur , India Vidarbha Cricket Association Stadium 2009 Won 5 107 153 Sri Lanka Nagpur , India Vidarbha Cricket Association Stadium 2009 Lost 6 101 * 156 Bangladesh Dhaka , Bangladesh Sher - e-Bangla National Cricket Stadium Won 7 113 * 212 Pakistan Chennai , India M.A. Chidambaram Stadium 2012 Lost 8 139 * 229 Australia Mohali , India Punjab Cricket Association Stadium 2013 Lost 9 134 285 England Cuttack , India Barabati Stadium 2017 Won One Day International centuries for ACC Asia XI Mahendra Singh Dhoni 's One Day International centuries for ACC Asia XI # Runs Match Against City / Country Venue Year Result 139 * 74 Africa XI Chennai , India M.A. Chidambaram Stadium 2007 Won MS dhoni century in result for India : Total Won Win % Lost Lost % Tie Tie % Draw Draw % Test 6 66.67 % 0 0 % 0 0 % 33.33 % ODI 10 7 70.67 % 33.33 % 0 0 % 0 0 % Total 15 10 66.67 % 20 % 0 0 % 13.33 % Awards See also : Player of the Match awards ( cricket ) Honorary awards and appreciations ICC ODI Player of the Year : 2008 , 2009 ICC World ODI XI : 2008 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 ICC World Test XI : 2009 , 2010 , 2013 LG People 's Choice Award : 2013 Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna , India 's highest honor given for achievement in sports , 2007 -- 08 . Honorary doctorate degree by De Montfort University in August 2011 . Test cricket Man of the match awards S No Series Season Match Performance Result 2nd Test -- Border - Gavaskar Trophy Test Series 2008 / 09 1st Innings : 92 ( 124 balls , 8 × 4 , 4x6 ) ; 1 Ct. ; 1 st . 2nd Innings : 68 * ( 84 balls , 3 × 4 , 1x6 ) ; 1 ct . India won by 320 runs . 1st Test -- Border - Gavaskar Trophy Test Series 2012 / 13 1st Innings : 1 st. ; 224 ( 265 balls , 24x4 , 6x6 ) 2nd Innings : DNB India won by 8 wickets . One - Day international cricket Man of the series awards # Series Season Match Performance Result Sri Lanka in India 2013 / 14 346 Runs ( 7 Matches , 1 × 100 , 1 × 50 ) ; 6 Ct. & 3 st . India Won the series 6 -- 1 . India in Bangladesh 2007 127 Runs ( 2 Matches & 2 Innings , 1 × 50 ) ; 1 Ct. & 2 St . India Won the series 2 -- 0 . India in Sri Lanka 2008 / 09 193 Runs ( 5 Matches , 2 × 50 ) ; 3 Ct. & 1 St . India Won the series 3 -- 2 . India in West Indies 2009 182 Runs ( 4 Matches with avg. of 91 ) ; 4 Ct. & 1 St . India Won the series 2 -- 1 . 5 India in England 2011 236 Runs ( 5 Matches with an avg. of 78.66 , 3 × 50 ) England Won the series 3 -- 0 . 6 England in India 2011 / 12 212 Runs ( 5 Matches , 2 × 50 with 4 not outs ) India Won the series 5 -- 0 . Man of the match awards S No Opponent Venue Date Match Performance Result Pakistan ACA - VDCA Stadium , Visakhapatnam 5 April 2005 148 ( 123 balls , 15 × 4 , 4 × 6 ) ; WK 2 Ct . India won by 58 runs . Sri Lanka Sawai Mansingh Stadium , Jaipur 31 October 2005 183 * ( 145 balls , 15 × 4 , 10 × 6 ) ; WK 1 Ct . India won by 6 wickets . Pakistan Gaddafi Stadium , Lahore 13 February 2006 72 ( 46 balls , 12 × 4 ) ; WK 3 Ct . India won by 5 wickets . Bangladesh Sher - e-Bangla Stadium , Dhaka 10 May 2007 91 * ( 106 balls , 7 × 4 ) ; WK 1 St . India won by 5 wickets . 5 Africa XI M.A. Chidambaram Stadium , Chennai 10 June 2007 139 * ( 97 balls , 15 × 4 , 5 × 6 ) ; WK 3 St . Asia XI won by 13 runs . 6 Australia Sector 16 Stadium , Chandigarh 8 October 2007 50 * ( 35 balls , 5 × 4 1 × 6 ) ; WK 2 St . India won by 8 runs . 7 Pakistan Nehru Stadium , Guwahati 5 November 2007 63 ( 77 balls , 8x4 ) ; WK 1 St . India won by 5 wickets . 8 Sri Lanka National Stadium , Karachi 3 July 2008 67 ( 62 balls , 5x4 , 1x6 ) ; WK 2 Ct . India won by 6 wickets . 9 Sri Lanka R. Premadasa Stadium Colombo 24 August 2008 76 ( 80 balls , 8x4 ) ; WK 2 Ct . India won by 33 runs . 10 New Zealand McLean Park , Napier 3 March 2009 84 * ( 89 balls , 6x4 ) ; WK 1 Ct. & 1 St . India won by 53 runs ( D / L ) . 11 West Indies Beausejour Stadium , Gros Islet 3 July 2009 46 * ( 34 balls , 2x4 , 1x6 ) ; WK 2 Ct. & 1 St . India won by 6 wickets ( D / L ) . 12 Australia VCA Stadium , Nagpur 28 October 2009 124 ( 107 balls , 9x4 , 3x6 ) ; WK 1 Ct , 1 St. & 1 Runout India won by 99 runs . 13 Bangladesh Sher - e-Bangla Stadium , Dhaka 7 January 2010 101 * ( 107 balls , 9 × 4 ) India won by 6 wickets . 14 Sri Lanka Wankhede Stadium , Mumbai 2 April 2011 91 * ( 79 balls , 8x4 , 2x6 ) ; 1 ct . India won World Cup by 6 wickets . 15 England Rajiv Gandhi Stadium , Hyderabad 14 October 2011 87 * ( 70 balls , 10x4 , 1x6 ) ; 1 Ct. & 1 St . India won by 126 runs . 16 Sri Lanka Adelaide Oval , Adelaide 14 February 2012 58 * ( 69 balls , 3x4 , 1x6 ) ; 2 St . Tied . 17 Pakistan M.A. Chidambaram Stadium , Chennai 30 December 2012 113 * ( 125 balls , 7x4 , 3x6 ) ; 1 Ct. & 1 St . Pakistan won by 6 wickets . 18 Pakistan Feroz Shah Kotla , Delhi 6 January 2013 36 ( 55 balls , 1x4 , 3x6 ) : 1 Ct. & 1 St . India won by 10 runs . 19 Sri Lanka Queen 's Park Oval , Port of Spain 11 July 2013 45 * ( 52 balls , 5x4 , 2x6 ) ; 1 Ct. & 3 St . India won by 1 wicket . 20 South Africa Holkar Cricket Stadium , Indore 14 October 2015 92 * ( 86 balls , 7x4 , 4x6 ) ; 3 Ct. & 1 St . India won by 22 runs . 21 West Indies Sir Vivian Richards Stadium , North Sound 30 June 2017 78 * ( 79 balls , 4x4 , 2x6 ) ; 1 St . India won by 93 runs . Notes Jump up ^ `` Happy Birthday MS Dhoni : ' Captain Cool turns 36 on Friday '' . The Indian Express . Retrieved 16 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dhoni 's numbers prove his worth as a finisher in One Day Internationals '' . London : Daily Mail . 15 February 2012 . Retrieved 5 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dhoni is best finisher I have ever seen : Vengsarkar '' . Chennai , India : The Hindu . 12 July 2013 . Retrieved 5 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` MS Dhoni , a fantastic finisher '' . DNA India . Retrieved 5 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Experts feel Dhoni is the best finisher '' . Sunday Guardian . Retrieved 5 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Snehal Pradhan ( 12 June 2016 ) . Firstpost http://www.firstpost.com/sports/ms-dhoni-and-the-art-of-wicketkeeping-overshadowed-by-the-bat-his-glovework-is-just-as-inventive-2829736.html . Retrieved 29 May 2017 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Why M.S. Dhoni 's 300 is a rare feat '' . Jump up ^ `` Dhoni retires from Test cricket '' . ESPNcricinfo.com. 30 December 2014 . Retrieved 30 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` MS Dhoni joins BCCI boss ' company as vice-president '' . The Times Of India . 2 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Jagannathan , K.T. ( 2 February 2013 ) . `` India Cements appoints Dhoni as Vice-President '' . The Hindu . Chennai , India . Jump up ^ `` Dhoni becomes ISL team Chennaiyin FC co-owner '' . Jump up ^ `` Padma Awards '' ( PDF ) . Ministry of Home Affairs , Government of India . 2015 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 15 November 2014 . Retrieved July 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ PTI ( 1 November 2011 ) . `` Dhoni , Bindra conferred Lt. Col. rank '' . New Delhi Edition . Chennai , India : The Hindu . Retrieved 2 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The 2011 Time 100 '' . Time . Retrieved 2 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` MS Dhoni , Mary Kom world 's 16th , 38th most marketable athletes '' . The Times Of India . 26 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Mahendra Singh Dhoni '' . Forbes . 2014 - 06 - 10 . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Players and Officials -- MS Dhoni '' . Cricinfo . Jump up ^ Dinakar , S. ( 9 December 2005 ) . `` Interview -- M.S. Dhoni '' . Sportstar. 28 ( 49 ) . The Hindu . Retrieved 30 April 2012 . Jump up ^ MS Dhoni 's sister to convey school 's best wishes India vs England 2012 -- News NDTVSports.com . Sports.ndtv.com ( 2013 - 01 - 17 ) . Retrieved on 2013 - 12 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ranchi rocker '' . The Tribune . India . 29 April 2006 . Retrieved 12 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` SAD , senility and nudes '' . Cricinfo. 30 April 2006 . Retrieved 12 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Besides mane matters ... '' . The Hindu . India . 5 August 2005 . Archived from the original on 26 February 2008 . Retrieved 19 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` ' The cameras used to pass by , now they stop for me ' '' . Cricinfo. 4 May 2005 . Retrieved 12 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Dhoni : The Kharagpur story '' . Jump up ^ `` Town that saw Dhoni as a ticket collector '' . Jump up ^ `` THE DHONI FILES '' . Jump up ^ `` Mahendra Singh Dhoni : From a ' ticket collector ' to Team India ' World Cup winning ' captain '' . Articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com. 2011 - 04 - 03 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ Mahi of Midnapore Archived 31 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Chandan Banerjee . `` Indian Railway keeps Dhoni , Dola waiting '' . Express India . Archived from the original on 6 July 2008 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Man of the moment '' . India Today , 3 October 2007 . Retrieved 4 October 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.business-standard.com/article/specials/m-s-dhoni-before-he-became-a-giant-115010801032_1.html Jump up ^ http://www.bbc.com/hindi/sport-38521586?ocid=wshindi.chat-apps.in-app-msg.whatsapp.trial.link1_.auin Jump up ^ `` Yuvraj Singh 's 358 - run knock in MS Dhoni biopic actually happened '' . Jump up ^ `` Scorecard : Cooch Behar Trophy Final 1999 / 2000 Season '' . Cricinfo . Retrieved 12 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Cooch Behar 1999 / 00 ( Final ) -- Bihar Under - 19 v Punjab Under - 19 '' . Retrieved 12 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Statistics : Bihar Squad U-19 Cooch Behar Trophy Averages '' . Cricinfo . Retrieved 12 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` East Zone Squad '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 12 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CK Nayudu Trophy 1999 / 00 Batting -- Most Runs '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 12 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CK Nayudu Trophy , 1999 -- 2000 -- Points Table '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 12 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Scorecard : Assam v / s Bihar 1999 / 2000 Ranji Trophy Season '' . Cricinfo . Retrieved 12 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Scorecard : Bihar v / s Bengal Ranji Trophy 2000 / 01 Season '' . Cricinfo . Retrieved 18 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Statistics : 2000 / 01 Bihar Squad Ranji Trophy Averages '' . Cricinfo . Retrieved 12 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Statistics : 2001 / 02 Bihar Squad Ranji Trophy Averages '' . Cricinfo . Retrieved 12 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Winner East Zone 2003 2004 season '' . Jump up ^ `` Left - out Dhoni eyes African safari '' . Jump up ^ `` Deodhar Trophy East Zone '' . Archived from the original on 22 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dhoni 114 v Central Zone at Keenan 2004 '' . Jump up ^ `` Pitching it right , and some old familiar faces '' . Cricinfo. 4 March 2004 . Retrieved 12 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Scorecard : Duleep Trophy Final 2003 / 2004 Season '' . Cricinfo . Retrieved 12 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Bring back the scouts '' . Mumbai Mirror. 30 March 2008 . Retrieved 8 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Agarkar and Karthik dropped '' . Cricinfo. 7 July 2004 . Retrieved 12 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Scorecard : Zimbabwe Select XI v India A 3rd Match Kenya Triangular Tournament 2004 Season '' . Cricinfo . Retrieved 12 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Scorecard : India A v Pakistan A 2004 Season '' . Cricinfo . Retrieved 12 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Scorecard : India A v Pakistan A 6th Match Kenya Triangular Tournament 2004 Season '' . Cricinfo . Retrieved 12 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Scorecard : India A v Pakistan A 8th Match Kenya Triangular Tournament 2004 Season '' . Cricinfo . Retrieved 12 May 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ganguly -- ' We can pick up the momentum ' '' . Cricinfo. 16 August 2004 . Retrieved 12 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Sandeep - ` I recommended Karthik to the selectors ' '' . Cricinfo. 6 September 2004 . Retrieved 12 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Kumble opts out of one - dayers against Bangladesh '' . Cricinfo. 2 December 2004 . Retrieved 12 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Scorecard : India v / s Bangladesh 1st ODI 2004 / 05 Season '' . Cricinfo. 23 December 2004 . Retrieved 12 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Kumble and Laxman omitted from one - day squad '' . Cricinfo. 2 December 2004 . Retrieved 12 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Highest scores by wicketkeepers '' . Rediff. 6 April 2005 . Retrieved 12 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Scorecard : Sri Lanka v / s India 3rd ODI 2005 / 06 Season '' . Cricinfo. 31 October 2005 . Retrieved 12 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Wisden Almanack : India v Sri Lanka , 2005 -- 06 '' . Wisden Almanack . Retrieved 13 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Dhoni 's day in the sun '' . 2 November 2005 . Retrieved 11 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Sri Lanka in India , 2005 -- 06 One - Day Series Averages '' . Cricinfo . Retrieved 12 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Pathan elevated to top bracket , Zaheer demoted '' . Cricinfo. 24 December 2005 . Retrieved 12 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Scorecard -- India v / s Pakistan 1st ODI 2005 / 06 season '' . Cricinfo . Retrieved 13 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Scorecard -- India v / s Pakistan 3rd ODI 2005 / 06 season '' . Cricinfo . Retrieved 13 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Dhoni 's blitz tears Pakistan asunder '' . The Sportstar. 18 February 2006 . Archived from the original on 22 August 2010 . Retrieved 19 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Scorecard -- India v / s Pakistan 5th ODI 2005 / 06 season '' . Cricinfo . Retrieved 13 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Dhoni clinches top spot '' . Cricinfo. 20 April 2006 . Retrieved 13 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Gilchrist replaces Dhoni at the top '' . Cricinfo. 29 April 2006 . Retrieved 13 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` South Africa to fly home '' . Cricinfo. 16 August 2006 . Retrieved 13 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` India - Sri Lanka one - dayers canceled '' . Cricinfo. 20 August 2006 . Retrieved 13 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Kirmani stumped by Dhoni 's wicket - keeping technique '' . Cricinfo. 24 November 2006 . Retrieved 13 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Ire over Team India 's defeat '' . The Hindu . India . 19 March 2007 . Retrieved 11 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Dhoni family 's security worries Jharkhand MLAs '' . Yahoo . 19 March 2007 . Archived from the original on 6 September 2007 . Retrieved 11 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The poster boy comes of age '' . The Sportstar. 19 May 2007 . Archived from the original on 26 August 2010 . Retrieved 23 May 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Indian board revises list of contracted players '' . Cricinfo. 17 June 2007 . Retrieved 19 June 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Hussey replaces Dhoni as No. 1 ODI batsman '' . The Hindu . Chennai , India . 1 February 2010 . Retrieved 1 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Yahoo Cricket '' . Retrieved 12 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Kohli fastest to 17 ODI tons Cricket News India v Australia '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` MS Dhoni gives up India 's ODI and T20 captaincy '' . ESPNcricinfo. 4 January 2017 . Retrieved 20 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` India win series with Yuvraj and Dhoni tons '' . ESPNcricinfo. 19 January 2017 . Retrieved 20 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ganguly included in Test squad '' . Cricinfo. 23 November 2005 . Retrieved 18 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Jayawardene and Vaas star in draw '' . Cricinfo. 6 December 2005 . Retrieved 18 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Scorecard : India v / s Sri Lanka 2nd Test 2005 / 06 Season '' . Cricinfo . Retrieved 18 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Match Report -- Pakistan v India , 2005 -- 06 Second Test '' . Wisden Almanack . Retrieved 18 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Epidemic of dropped catches '' . Cricinfo. 21 March 2006 . Retrieved 18 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Both teams in selection quandary '' . Cricinfo. 1 January 2007 . Retrieved 18 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` ' I think you should walk off ' , Lara told Dhoni '' . Cricinfo. 11 June 2006 . Retrieved 11 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` India beat Sri Lanka by an innings to top Test rankings '' . BBC Sport. 6 December 2009 . Retrieved 8 December 2009 . 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Jump up ^ `` Sri Lanka in India ODI Series , 2005 -- 3rd ODI '' . Jump up ^ `` India in Pakistan ODI Series , 2006 -- 3rd ODI '' . Jump up ^ `` India in Bangladesh ODI Series , 2007 -- 1st ODI '' . Jump up ^ `` Afro - Asia Cup , 2007 -- 3rd match '' . Jump up ^ `` Australia in India ODI Series , 2007 -- 4th ODI '' . Jump up ^ `` Pakistan in India ODI Series , 2007 -- 1st ODI '' . Jump up ^ `` Asia Cup , 2008 -- 11th match , Super Four '' . Jump up ^ `` India in Sri Lanka ODI Series , 2008 -- 3rd ODI '' . Jump up ^ `` India in New Zealand ODI Series , 2009 -- 1st ODI '' . Jump up ^ `` India in West Indies ODI Series , 2009 -- 3rd ODI '' . Jump up ^ `` Australia in India ODI Series , 2009 -- 2nd ODI '' . Jump up ^ `` Tri-Nation Tournament in Bangladesh , 2010 -- 3rd match '' . Jump up ^ `` ICC Cricket World Cup , 2011 -- Final '' . Jump up ^ `` England in India ODI Series , 2011 -- 1st ODI '' . Jump up ^ `` Commonwealth Bank Series , 2012 -- 5th match '' . Jump up ^ `` Pakistan in India ODI Series , 2012 -- 1st ODI '' . Jump up ^ `` Pakistan in India ODI Series , 2013 -- 3rd ODI '' . Jump up ^ `` West Indies Tri-Nation Series , 2013 -- Final '' . Jump up ^ `` South Africa in India ODI Series , 2015 -- 2nd ODI '' . Jump up ^ `` India tour of West Indies , 3rd ODI : West Indies v India at North Sound , Jun 30 , 2017 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 1 July 2017 . See also M.S. Dhoni : The Untold Story External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mahendra Singh Dhoni . Mahendra Singh Dhoni 's official website MS Dhoni at CricketArchive ( subscription required ) MS Dhoni at ESPNcricinfo MS Dhoni 's profile page on Wisden ( show ) Sporting positions Preceded by Anil Kumble Indian National Test Cricket Captain 2008 -- 2014 Succeeded by Virat Kohli Preceded by Rahul Dravid Indian One - Day captains 2007 -- 2016 Succeeded by Virat Kohli Preceded by Virendra Sehwag Indian T20I Captain 2007 -- 2016 Succeeded by Virat Kohli Navigation boxes related to Mahendra Singh Dhoni Awards and Achievements ICC Player of the Year Player of the Year 2004 : Dravid 2005 : Kallis / Flintoff 2006 : Ponting 2007 : Ponting 2008 : Chanderpaul 2009 : Johnson 2010 : Tendulkar 2011 : Trott 2012 : Sangakkara 2013 : Clarke 2014 : Johnson 2015 : Smith 2016 : Ashwin Test 2004 : Dravid 2005 : Kallis 2006 : Ponting 2007 : Yousuf 2008 : Steyn 2009 : Gambhir 2010 : Sehwag 2011 : Cook 2012 : Sangakkara 2013 : Clarke 2014 : Johnson 2015 : Smith 2016 : Ashwin One Day International 2004 : Flintoff 2005 : Pietersen 2006 : Hussey 2007 : Hayden 2008 : Dhoni 2009 : Dhoni 2010 : de Villiers 2011 : Sangakkara 2012 : Kohli 2013 : Sangakkara 2014 : de Villiers 2015 : de Villiers 2016 : de Kock Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna awardees 1991 -- 2000 Viswanathan Anand ( 1991 -- 92 ) Geet Sethi ( 1992 -- 93 ) Homi Motivala and Pushpendra Kumar Garg ( 1993 -- 94 ) Karnam Malleswari ( 1994 -- 95 ) Kunjarani Devi ( 1995 -- 96 ) Leander Paes ( 1996 -- 97 ) Sachin Tendulkar ( 1997 -- 98 ) Jyotirmoyee Sikdar ( 1998 -- 99 ) Dhanraj Pillay ( 1999 -- 2000 ) Pullela Gopichand ( 2000 -- 01 ) 2001 -- 2010 Abhinav Bindra ( 2001 ) K.M. Beenamol and Anjali Bhagwat ( 2002 ) Anju Bobby George ( 2003 ) Rajyavardhan Singh Rathore ( 2004 ) Pankaj Advani ( 2005 ) Manavjit Singh Sandhu ( 2006 ) MS Dhoni ( 2007 ) No award ( 2008 ) Mary Kom , Vijender Singh , and Sushil Kumar ( 2009 ) Saina Nehwal ( 2010 ) 2011 -- present Gagan Narang ( 2011 ) Vijay Kumar and Yogeshwar Dutt ( 2012 ) Ronjan Sodhi ( 2013 ) No award ( 2014 ) Sania Mirza ( 2015 ) P.V. Sindhu , Dipa Karmakar , Jitu Rai , and Sakshi Malik ( 2016 ) Devendra Jhajharia and Sardara Singh ( 2017 ) ICC Cricket World Cup Final Man of the Match 1975 : Lloyd ( WI ) 1979 : Richards ( WI ) 1983 : Amarnath ( IND ) 1987 : Boon ( AUS ) 1992 : Akram ( PAK ) 1996 : de Silva ( SL ) 1999 : Warne ( AUS ) 2003 : Ponting ( AUS ) 2007 : Gilchrist ( AUS ) 2011 : Dhoni ( IND ) 2015 : Faulkner ( AUS ) India national cricket team -- current squad Squad : 1 Ishant 3 Chahal 5 Rayudu 7 Dhoni ( wk ) 8 Jadeja 9 Pandey 12 Yuvraj 8 Bhuvneshwar 16 Nair 18 Virat ( C ) 19 J Yadav 20 Axar 22 Jayant 24 Fazal 25 Shikhar 27 Rahane ( VC ) 45 Sharma 42 Parthiv ( wk ) 48 Raina 51 Sran 55 R Dhawan 64 Nehra 84 Binny 91 Kulkarni 93 Bumrah 99 Ashwin 228 Pandya Jadhav Harbhajan Mandeep Mishra Shami Negi Thakur Unadkat Pujara 8 Vijay Gambhir Gurkeerat Pant ( wk ) Saha ( wk ) Support staff : Head coach : Ravi Shastri Assistant coach : Sanjay Bangar Bowling coach : n / a Fielding coach : Ramakrishnan Sridhar Only BCCI 's contracted players for 2015 - 16 or who have played in the most recent series are listed . A fuller list of recent players can be found at the main article . India squads India squad -- 2007 Cricket World Cup 3 Harbhajan 7 Dhoni 10 Tendulkar 12 Yuvraj 13 Munaf 19 Dravid ( c ) 21 Ganguly 27 Uthappa 34 Zaheer 36 Sreesanth 37 Kumble 44 Sehwag 56 Pathan 68 Agarkar 99 Karthik Coach : Chappell India squad -- 2007 ICC World Twenty20 ( 1st Title ) 1 Harbhajan 2 Dhoni ( c ) 3 Rohit 4 Yuvraj 5 Joginder 6 Yusuf 7 Gambhir 8 Uthappa 9 RP Singh 10 Sreesanth 11 Chawla 44 Sehwag 12 Irfan 13 Agarkar 14 Karthik Coach : Rajput India squad -- 2009 ICC World Twenty20 3 Harbhajan 7 Dhoni ( c ) 45 Rohit 12 Yuvraj 84 Jadeja 28 Yusuf 5 Gambhir 30 Ojha 9 RP Singh 29 Ishant 48 Raina 46 Sehwag 63 Irfan 34 Zaheer 1 Karthik 8 Praveen Coach : Kirsten India squad -- 2010 ICC World Twenty20 3 Harbhajan 7 Dhoni ( c ) 45 Rohit 12 Yuvraj 26 Jadeja 28 Yusuf 5 Gambhir 24 Chawla 08 Vijay 64 Nehra 48 Raina 46 Yadav 23 Vinay 34 Zaheer 1 Karthik 8 Praveen Coach : Kirsten Praveen Kumar was injured and replaced by Umesh Yadav halfway through the tournament . India squad -- 2011 Cricket World Cup ( 2nd Title ) 3 Harbhajan 5 Gambhir 7 Dhoni ( c & † ) 10 Tendulkar 11 Chawla 12 Yuvraj 13 Patel 18 Kohli 28 Pathan 34 Khan 36 Sreesanth 44 Sehwag ( vc ) 48 Raina 64 Nehra 99 Ashwin Coach : Kirsten Praveen Kumar was injured and replaced by Sreesanth . India squad -- 2012 ICC World Twenty20 -- Virender Sehwag 2 Ashoke Dinda 3 Harbhajan Singh 5 Gautam Gambhir 7 MS Dhoni ( c & wk ) 11 Piyush Chawla 12 Yuvraj Singh 18 Virat Kohli 34 Zaheer Khan 48 Suresh Raina 55 Lakshmipathy Balaji 56 Irfan Pathan 77 Rohit Sharma 90 Manoj Tiwary 99 Ravichandran Ashwin Coach : Duncan Fletcher India squad -- 2013 ICC Champions Trophy ( 2nd title ) 7 Dhoni ( c & † ) 8 Jadeja 9 Mishra 1 I Sharma 3 Raina 18 Kohli ( vc ) 6 Vijay 25 Dhawan 99 Ashwin 19 Karthik 15 B Kumar 56 I Pathan 73 Yadav 23 V Kumar Coach : Fletcher India squad -- 2014 ICC World Twenty20 runners - up 7 Dhoni ( c ) & ( wk ) 18 Kohli ( vc ) 77 Aaron 99 Ashwin 84 Binny 25 Dhawan 8 Jadeja 15 Kumar 99 Mishra 11 Shami 17 Rahane 3 Raina 6 Mohit 45 Rohit 12 Yuvraj Coach : Duncan Fletcher India squad -- 2015 Cricket World Cup Semi-Finalists 48 Raina 5 Rayudu 6 Mohit 7 Dhoni ( c & † ) 8 Jadeja 11 Shami 15 Kumar 18 Kohli ( vc ) 20 Axar 25 Dhawan 27 Rahane 45 Rohit 73 Yadav 84 Binny 99 Ashwin Coach : Fletcher India squad -- 2016 ICC World Twenty20 Semi-Finalists 7 Dhoni ( c ) & ( wk ) 99 Ashwin 93 Bumrah 25 Dhawan 8 Jadeja 18 Kohli ( vc ) 6 Negi 64 Nehra 33 Pandya 27 Rahane 48 Raina 11 Shami 45 Rohit 3 Harbhajan 12 Yuvraj 1 Pandey India squad -- 2017 ICC Champions Trophy runners - up 18 Kohli ( c ) 99 Ashwin 93 Bumrah 25 Dhawan 8 Jadeja 9 Dhoni ( wk ) 81 Jadhav 15 Bhuvneshwar 11 Pandya 27 Rahane 11 Shami 45 Rohit 12 Yuvraj 19 Yadav 9 Karthik Coach : Kumble Dinesh Karthik was not initially in the squad , but was named as replacement for Manish Pandey . India Test cricket captains 1932 -- 1933 / 34 : Nayudu 1936 : Vizianagaram 1946 : Pataudi , Sr . 1947 / 48 -- 1952 / 53 : Amarnath 1951 / 52 -- 1952 / 53 : Hazare 1954 / 55 ; 1958 / 59 : Mankad 1955 / 56 ; 1958 / 59 : Ahmed 1955 / 56 -- 1956 / 57 ; 1958 / 59 : Umrigar 1958 / 59 : Adhikari 1959 : Gaekwad 1959 : Roy 1959 / 60 : Ramchand 1960 / 61 -- 1961 / 62 ; 1961 / 62 : Contractor 1961 / 62 -- 1974 / 75 : Pataudi , Jr . 1967 / 68 : Borde 1970 / 71 -- 1974 : Wadekar 1974 / 75 ; 1979 : Venkataraghavan 1975 / 76 ; 1978 / 79 -- 1984 / 85 : Gavaskar 1975 / 75 -- 1978 / 79 : Bedi 1979 / 80 ; 1979 / 80 : Viswanath 1982 / 83 -- 1986 / 87 : Kapil Dev 1987 / 88 -- 1988 / 89 : Vengsarkar 1987 / 88 : Shastri 1989 / 90 : Srikkanth 1989 / 90 -- 1998 / 99 : Azhar 1996 / 97 -- 1999 / 00 : Tendulkar 2000 / 01 -- 2005 / 06 : Ganguly 2003 / 04 ; 2004 / 05 ; 2005 / 06 -- 2007 : Dravid 2005 / 06 ; 2009 ; 2010 ; 2012 : Sehwag 2007 -- 2008 : Kumble 2008 -- 2014 : Dhoni 2014 / 15 ; 2015 -- : Kohli 2016 / 17 : Rahane Italics denote deputised captaincy India ODI cricket captains 1974 : Wadekar 1975 -- 1979 : Venkataraghavan 1975 / 76 -- 1978 / 79 : Bedi 1980 / 81 -- 1985 / 86 : Gavaskar 1980 / 81 : Viswanath 1982 / 83 -- 1992 / 93 : Kapil Dev 1983 / 84 : Kirmani 1984 / 85 : Amarnath 1986 / 87 -- 1991 / 92 : Shastri 1987 / 88 -- 1988 / 89 : Vengsarkar 1989 / 90 : Srikkanth 1989 / 90 -- 1999 : Azharuddin 1996 -- 1999 / 00 : Tendulkar 1997 / 98 -- 1999 / 00 : Jadeja 1999 -- 2005 : Ganguly 2000 / 01 -- 2007 : Dravid 2001 / 02 : Kumble 2003 -- 2011 : Sehwag 2007 -- 2016 : Dhoni 2010 -- 2014 : Raina 2011 : Gambhir 2013 -- present : Kohli 2015 : Rahane India T20I cricket captains 2006 : Sehwag 2007 -- : Dhoni 2010 -- 2011 : Raina 2015 : Rahane 2016 - : Kohli Rising Pune Supergiant -- current squad 3 Rahane 5 Aparajith 7 Dhoni ( † ) 11 Dinda 13 du Plessis 18 Ankit 25 Marsh 29 Bhatia 45 D. Chahar 49 Smith ( c ) 63 Zampa 99 Ashwin 100 Khawaja Agarwal Bains ( † ) R. Chahar Christian Ferguson Jaskaran Imran Tahir Pandey Stokes Tandon Shardul Thakur Tiwary Tripathi Unadkat Head Coach : Stephen Fleming Assistant coach : Hrishikesh Kanitkar Bowling coach : Eric Simons VIAF : 19165414 LCCN : n2008208069 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MS_Dhoni&oldid=801112166 '' Categories : 1981 births ACC Asian XI One Day International cricketers Chennai Super Kings cricketers Cricketers at the 2007 Cricket World Cup Cricketers at the 2011 Cricket World Cup Cricketers at the 2015 Cricket World Cup East Zone cricketers India Blue cricketers India One Day International cricketers India Test cricketers India Twenty20 International cricketers India Test cricket captains Indian wicket - keepers Jharkhand cricketers Living people Bihar cricketers Cricketers from Jharkhand People from Ranchi Recipients of the Padma Shri in sports Recipients of the Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna World Cup cricketers of India Rising Pune Supergiant cricketers Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2011 Use dmy dates from December 2012 Use Indian English from December 2012 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected biographies of living people Articles with hAudio microformats Pages containing links to subscription - only content Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Afrikaans অসমীয়া বাংলা Dansk Deutsch Français ગુજરાતી हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ಕನ್ನಡ मैथिली മലയാളം मराठी नेपाली ଓଡ଼ିଆ ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski संस्कृतम् සිංහල Simple English தமிழ் తెలుగు ತುಳು Türkçe اردو डोटेली Edit links This page was last edited on 17 September 2017 , at 18 : 51 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did ms dhoni join indian cricket team | [
"The Indian ODI team in the early 2000s saw Rahul Dravid as the wicket-keeper to ensure that the wicket-keeper spot didn't lack in batting talent.[56] The team also saw the entry of wicket-keeper/batsmen from the junior ranks with talents like Parthiv Patel and Dinesh Karthik (both India U-19 captains) named in the Test squads.[56] With Dhoni making a mark in the India A squad, he was picked in the ODI squad for the Bangladesh tour in 2004/05.[58] Dhoni did not have a great start to his ODI career, getting run out for a duck on debut.[59] In spite of an average series against Bangladesh, Dhoni was picked for the Pakistan ODI series.[60]"
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"2004/05"
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8658823996494786640 | Super Bowl XXXIX | Super Bowl XXXIX - wikipedia Super Bowl XXXIX Jump to : navigation , search Super Bowl XXXIX New England Patriots ( AFC ) Philadelphia Eagles ( NFC ) 24 21 Total NE 0 7 7 10 24 PHI 0 7 7 7 21 Date February 6 , 2005 ( 2005 - 02 - 06 ) Stadium Alltel Stadium , Jacksonville , Florida MVP Deion Branch , Wide Receiver Favorite Patriots by 7 Referee Terry McAulay Attendance 78,125 Future Hall of Famers Patriots : None Eagles : Brian Dawkins , Terrell Owens Ceremonies National anthem The combined choirs of the U.S. Military Academy , the U.S. Naval Academy , the U.S. Air Force Academy , and the U.S. Coast Guard Academy , and U.S. Army Herald Trumpets . Coin toss Youth football players from Jacksonville : Tyler Callahan , Tyler Deal , Lawrence McCauley , and Jacob Santana ; New Orleans NFL Junior Player Development coach Tamaris Jackson Halftime show Paul McCartney TV in the United States Network Fox Announcers Joe Buck , Troy Aikman , Cris Collinsworth , Pam Oliver and Chris Myers Nielsen ratings 41.1 ( est. 86 million viewers ) Market share 62 Cost of 30 - second commercial $2.3 million ← XXXVIII Super Bowl XL → Super Bowl XXXIX was an American football game played between the American Football Conference ( AFC ) champion New England Patriots and the National Football Conference ( NFC ) champion Philadelphia Eagles to decide the National Football League ( NFL ) champion for the 2004 season . The Patriots defeated the Eagles by the score of 24 -- 21 . The game was played on February 6 , 2005 , at Alltel Stadium in Jacksonville , Florida , the first time the Super Bowl was played in that city . The Patriots , who entered the Super Bowl after compiling a 14 -- 2 regular season record , became the first team since the 1997 -- 1998 Denver Broncos to win consecutive Super Bowls . New England also became the second team after the Dallas Cowboys to win three Super Bowls in four years . The Eagles were making their second Super Bowl appearance after posting a 13 -- 3 regular season record . The game was close throughout , with the teams battling to a 14 -- 14 tie by the end of the third quarter . The Patriots then scored 10 points in the 4th quarter with Corey Dillon 's 2 - yard touchdown run and Adam Vinatieri 's 22 - yard field goal . The Eagles then cut their deficit to 24 -- 21 , with quarterback Donovan McNabb 's 30 - yard touchdown pass to receiver Greg Lewis , with 1 : 48 remaining in the game but could not sustain the comeback . Overall , New England forced four turnovers , while Patriots wide receiver Deion Branch was named Super Bowl MVP for recording 133 receiving yards and tied the Super Bowl record with 11 catches . To avoid the possibility of an incident similar to the Super Bowl XXXVIII halftime show during the previous year , the league selected Paul McCartney as a `` safe '' choice to perform during Super Bowl XXXIX 's halftime . The broadcast of the game on Fox was watched by an estimated 86 million viewers . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Patriots seek to become a dynasty 1.2 Eagles return to the Super Bowl 1.3 Playoffs 1.4 Super Bowl pregame news 2 Television and entertainment 2.1 Pregame ceremonies 2.2 Halftime show 2.3 Theme 2.4 Presidential appearances 3 Game summary 3.1 First Quarter 3.2 Second Quarter 3.3 Third Quarter 3.4 Fourth Quarter 3.5 Box score 3.6 Statistical overview 4 Aftermath 5 Final statistics 5.1 Statistical comparison 5.2 Individual leaders 6 Starting lineups 7 Commercials 8 Player bonuses 9 Officials 10 Notes and references 11 External links Background ( edit ) The field of Super Bowl XXXIX before kickoff NFL owners voted to award Super Bowl XXXIX to Jacksonville during their November 1 , 2000 meeting held in Atlanta . Patriots seek to become a dynasty ( edit ) Main article : 2004 New England Patriots season New England finished the regular season with a record of 14 -- 2 , bested only by the Steelers ' 15 -- 1 mark , and ranking 7th in yards gained ( 5,773 ) and fourth in points scored ( 437 ) . The Patriots ' major acquisition prior to the season was veteran running back Corey Dillon , who joined the team after playing 7 seasons with the Cincinnati Bengals . In his first 6 seasons in the league , Dillon averaged over 1,250 rushing yards per year , including setting a single - game rushing record ( 278 yards , but has since been broken ) against the Denver Broncos on October 22 , 2000 . In 2003 , however , injuries , conflicts with the Bengals ' management and coaching staff , and other off - field problems limited him to just 541 yards during the season . By the end of the 2003 season , Dillon had lost his starting job to running back Rudi Johnson , and thus demanded to be traded . Although many observers questioned how effective the 30 - year - old Dillon would be after recovering from his injuries as well as his ability to function in a team environment , the Patriots decided to sign the running back in exchange for a second - round draft pick . Dillon became a significant offensive weapon for the 2004 Patriots , recording 1,635 rushing yards ( franchise record ) and 12 touchdowns , both career highs , and was named to the Pro Bowl for the fourth time in his career . He also caught 15 passes for 103 yards and another touchdown . His contributions helped lead the team to break the NFL record for the most consecutive regular season victories ( 18 ) , the record for the most consecutive overall victories ( 21 ) and earned the second best regular season record during the year at 14 -- 2 . The team 's only losses during the year were to the Pittsburgh Steelers , who ended up with the league 's best regular season record at 15 -- 1 , and a 29 -- 28 loss to the Miami Dolphins on ABC 's Monday Night Football . Another weapon in the Patriots ' offensive backfield was running back Kevin Faulk , who rushed for 255 yards , recorded 26 receptions for 248 yards , returned 20 punts for 113 yards , returned 4 kickoffs for 73 yards , and scored 3 total touchdowns . Fullback Patrick Pass also emerged as a big contributor , rushing for 141 yards , catching 28 passes for 215 yards , and gaining another 115 yards on kickoff returns . Pro Bowl quarterback Tom Brady remained at the helm of the Patriots offense , completing 288 out of 474 ( 60.8 percent ) of his passes for 3,692 yards , 28 touchdowns , and 14 interceptions . Although wide receiver Deion Branch , New England 's major deep threat , missed most of the season because of injuries , he did record 35 receptions for 454 yards and 4 touchdowns . Wide receiver David Givens ended up being the team 's leading receiver with 56 catches for 874 yards and 3 touchdowns . Wide receiver David Patten also contributed with 44 receptions for 800 yards and 7 touchdowns , and tight end Daniel Graham had 30 receptions for 364 yards and 7 touchdowns . On special teams , pro bowl kicker Adam Vinatieri had the best season of his career , leading the NFL in field goals made ( 31 ) , field goal percentage ( 93.9 ) and scoring ( 141 points ) On defense , the Patriots were plagued by injuries , especially in their secondary . Defensive backs Tyrone Poole and Ty Law suffered season - ending injuries , while safety Eugene Wilson , who led the team with 4 interceptions , missed several games . In order to compensate for the losses , the following players were promoted to starters : Rookie cornerback Randall Gay , who did not play at all in the first 3 games of the season , and did not start until the 6th week . Cornerback Asante Samuel , who normally only played in dime formations . Safety Earthwind Moreland , who came off of the team 's practice squad and had only played in three games in his entire 5 - year NFL career . Veteran wide receiver Troy Brown . Head Coach Bill Belichick used Brown in the secondary during training camp , gave him playing time there during the preseason and saw Brown did very well . With their patchwork secondary , the Patriots ranked just 17th in passing yards allowed ( 3,400 ) and 22nd in completions allowed ( 315 ) . However , they did rank 7th in interceptions ( 20 ) and 10th in fewest passing touchdowns allowed ( 18 ) . Most importantly , New England continued to win despite the injuries . Brown actually turned out to be very effective playing as a defensive back , ranking second on the team with 3 interceptions . Safety Rodney Harrison was also an impact player , leading the team with 138 tackles while also recording 3 sacks and 2 interceptions . Up front , the Patriots ' defensive line was anchored by Pro Bowler Richard Seymour , who recorded 5 sacks and 1 fumble recovery . New England also still had their trio of impact veteran linebackers : Pro Bowler Tedy Bruschi ( 122 tackles , 3.5 sacks , 3 interceptions , and 70 return yards ) , Willie McGinest ( 9.5 sacks , 1 fumble recovery , and 1 interception ) , and Mike Vrabel ( 71 tackles and 5.5 sacks ) , along with Ted Johnson . Vrabel also frequently played at the tight end position during offensive plays near the opponent 's goal line , recording 2 touchdown receptions . Eagles return to the Super Bowl ( edit ) Main article : 2004 Philadelphia Eagles season The Eagles gained the 2004 NFC Super Bowl berth after 3 consecutive defeats in the NFC Championship Game to the St. Louis Rams , Tampa Bay Buccaneers ( who won Super Bowl XXXVII that year ) , and Carolina Panthers , respectively . The Eagles hired Andy Reid as their head coach in 1999 following two straight losing seasons . That same year , they used their first - round pick in the NFL draft ( the second overall ) to select quarterback Donovan McNabb . Although they finished the 1999 regular season with a 5 -- 11 record , they became a playoff team in 2000 , with McNabb throwing for 3,365 yards and 21 touchdowns while also rushing for 629 yards and another 6 touchdowns . The Eagles achieved the best regular season record in the conference during the combined 2001 , 2002 , and 2003 seasons with a total of 35 wins out of 48 games , but lost the NFC Championship Game in each of those 3 years . Prior to the 2004 season , the Eagles traded for wide receiver Terrell Owens to be the impact player to help get them to the Super Bowl . Owens joined the team after 8 seasons with the San Francisco 49ers . He was considered one of the top receivers in the league , but he was also widely considered a troublemaker because of controversial touchdown celebrations and his tendency to berate his teammates during media interviews . Nevertheless , Owens became the Eagles ' deep - ball threat , finishing the season with 77 receptions for 1,200 yards and 14 touchdowns . McNabb had the best season of his career in 2004 , completing 300 out of 469 ( 64 percent ) passes for 3,875 yards , 31 touchdowns , and 8 interceptions , making him the first quarterback to ever throw for more than 30 touchdowns and fewer than 10 interceptions in a season . He also rushed for 220 yards and 3 touchdowns . Wide receiver Todd Pinkston was also a reliable target , recording 36 catches for 676 yards . Philadelphia 's running game was not as strong as their passing attack , ranking just 24th in the league in rushing yards ( 1,639 ) . Running back Brian Westbrook led the team with 812 rushing yards and 3 touchdowns , however he also led all NFL running backs in receiving with 73 receptions for 706 yards and 6 touchdowns . Veteran running back Dorsey Levens was also a big contributor with 410 rushing yards . The Eagles ' offensive line was led by Pro Bowl tackles Tra Thomas and Jon Runyan and center Hank Fraley . Three of their four starters in the defensive secondary were named to the Pro Bowl : Cornerback Lito Sheppard ( 1 sack , 5 interceptions , 172 return yards and 2 touchdowns ) , safety Michael Lewis ( 88 tackles , 2 forced fumbles , 1 sack , and 1 interception ) and safety Brian Dawkins ( 3 sacks , 2 forced fumbles , 1 fumble recovery , and 4 interceptions for 40 return yards ) , while their fourth starter , cornerback Sheldon Brown , also enjoyed a solid year ( 89 tackles , 3 sacks , 1 forced fumble , and 2 interceptions ) . Their defensive line was anchored by Pro Bowl defensive tackle Corey Simon ( 5.5 sacks ) and defensive ends Jevon Kearse ( 7.5 sacks , Pro Bowl ) and Derrick Burgess . Pro Bowl middle linebacker Jeremiah Trotter , who only started 9 games , recorded 69 tackles and 1 sack . The Eagles started the 2004 regular season with seven straight wins before suffering a loss to the 15 - 1 Steelers . After that , they finished the season with a 13 -- 3 record . Their only other 2 losses were in their last 2 games of the season , when they decided to rest all of their starters because they had already clinched the NFC # 1 seed , and thus home - field advantage in the playoffs . However , during a December 19 , 12 -- 7 win over the Dallas Cowboys , Owens was seriously injured on a `` horse - collar tackle '' by Cowboys defensive back Roy Williams and had to miss the rest of the regular season and the playoffs . Playoffs ( edit ) Main article : 2004 -- 05 NFL playoffs Despite the loss of Owens , the Eagles beat the Minnesota Vikings , 27 -- 14 , and the Atlanta Falcons , 27 -- 10 , in the playoffs with relative ease . McNabb recorded 21 out of 33 completions for 286 yards and two touchdowns , while receiver Freddie Mitchell scored two touchdowns in the victory over the Vikings . Although Minnesota quarterback Daunte Culpepper threw for 316 yards , the Eagles defense recorded 2 interceptions , 2 sacks , and a forced fumble . McNabb then completed 17 out of 26 passes for 180 yards and two touchdowns in the win over the Falcons . The Eagles defense held dual - threat quarterback Michael Vick to only 136 passing yards , 26 rushing yards , and no touchdowns , while also recording an interception , 4 sacks , and a forced fumble on Vick . McNabb had an average passer rating of 111.3 in the two games , with 466 passing yards , 35 rushing yards , 4 touchdowns , and no turnovers . Safety Brian Dawkins was also an important player , recording a sack and a forced fumble against the Vikings , followed by an interception and a forced fumble against the Falcons in the NFC Championship Game . Meanwhile , the Patriots defeated the Indianapolis Colts , 20 -- 3 , holding the league 's highest scoring team with 522 total points to just one field goal , Indianapolis ' lowest point total since their opening game of the 2003 season . Colts quarterback Peyton Manning threw for 4,557 yards during the regular season , and set NFL records for most touchdown passes in a regular season ( 49 ) and highest quarterback rating ( 121.4 ) . Running back Edgerrin James gained 2,031 combined rushing and receiving yards and scored 9 touchdowns . Wide receivers Marvin Harrison , Reggie Wayne , and Brandon Stokley each recorded over 1,000 receiving yards and 10 touchdowns . However , the Patriots limited Manning to 238 passing yards with 1 interception and no touchdowns , and James to just 39 rushing yards . The Patriots also held possession of the ball for 37 : 43 , including 21 : 26 in the second half , and recorded three long scoring drives that each took over 7 minutes off the clock . One reason New England was able to hold the ball so long was because of Dillon 's rushing . He finished the game with 23 carries for 144 yards and 5 receptions for 17 yards . The Patriots then defeated the first seeded Pittsburgh Steelers in the AFC Championship Game , 41 -- 27 . Although Pittsburgh had beaten New England , 34 -- 20 , during the regular season and led the league in fewest total yards allowed , they could not stop the Patriots . Brady threw for 207 yards and 2 touchdowns ; Dillon rushed for 73 yards and a touchdown ; and Branch , who was coming off of his injuries , recorded 4 receptions for 116 yards and a touchdown , along with 37 rushing yards and another touchdown on 2 carries . Steelers quarterback Ben Roethlisberger ( who had struggled the previous week against the New York Jets ) was intercepted 3 times , and running back Jerome Bettis , Pittsburgh 's leading rusher , was held to just 64 yards . Super Bowl pregame News ( edit ) Owens was cleared to play in Super Bowl XXXIX , defying doctors orders by playing on his injured ankle containing 2 screws and a metal plate . The other major story was the Patriots ' potential loss of both their offensive coordinator and defensive coordinator at the end of the season , and how it might affect the team in 2005 . On December 12 , 2004 , about a month and a half before the game , New England offensive coordinator Charlie Weis signed a contract to become the head coach of Notre Dame starting in the 2005 season . Rumors were also circulating that defensive coordinator Romeo Crennel would also leave the team to become the head coach of the Cleveland Browns ( which ended up being true as Crennel and the Browns agreed to a contract a couple of weeks after the Super Bowl ) . Due to injuries at the tight end spot , the Eagles were forced to sign Jeff Thomason , a former tight end who was working construction at the time , to a one - game contract for the Super Bowl . Thomason saw time during several plays , although never had a ball thrown his way . This was his third Super Bowl , playing in two with the Green Bay Packers during Andy Reid 's days as a Packer assistant . With this appearance the Patriots became the 8th team to make it to the Super Bowl for the 5th time . They joined the Dallas Cowboys , Denver Broncos , Pittsburgh Steelers , San Francisco 49ers , Miami Dolphins , Washington Redskins , and Oakland / Los Angeles Raiders . They would be joined by the Green Bay Packers in 2011 and the New York Giants in 2012 . The Eagles were trying to win their first NFL title since 1960 and the first championship for the city of Philadelphia since Moses Malone 's `` fo ' , fi ' , fo ' '' during the 76ers run to the 1983 NBA Championship . With President George W. Bush being inaugurated for a second time in January , the Eagles were also trying to end a losing streak -- teams in the city of Philadelphia had lost six straight championships during presidential inauguration years , beginning with the 76ers loss in 1977 . The streak included the Eagles in Super Bowl XV in 1981 . 1989 was not included in that streak , but 1977 , 1981 , 1985 ( Flyers ) , 1993 ( Phillies ) , 1997 ( Flyers ) , and 2001 ( 76ers ) were . Television and entertainment ( edit ) The game was televised in the United States by Fox , with play - by - play announcer Joe Buck and color commentators Cris Collinsworth and Troy Aikman . Pam Oliver ( Patriots sideline ) and Chris Myers ( Eagles sideline ) served as sideline reporters . This marked the first time since Super Bowl I that none of the network commentators had ever called a Super Bowl game before ( although Collinsworth had worked three prior Super Bowl telecasts as a pregame analyst ) . This was the last game that Cris Collinsworth broadcast as a member of the Fox NFL team , as he chose to sign with NBC in the following off - season . James Brown hosted all the events with help from his fellow Fox NFL Sunday cast members Terry Bradshaw , Howie Long , and Jimmy Johnson . Jillian Barberie served as weather and entertainment reporter . Following the game , Fox aired a special episode of The Simpsons ( `` Homer and Ned 's Hail Mary Pass '' ) and the series premiere of American Dad ! ( `` Pilot '' ) , except in Philadelphia and Boston , where local newscasts delayed the premieres by an hour . Pregame ceremonies ( edit ) Before the game , performances came from the Black Eyed Peas , Earth Wind & Fire , Charlie Daniels , John Fogerty , and Gretchen Wilson . Shortly before kickoff , Alicia Keys sang `` America the Beautiful , '' paying tribute to Ray Charles , who died in June 2004 . The combined choirs of the U.S. Military Academy , the U.S. Naval Academy , the U.S. Air Force Academy , and the U.S. Coast Guard Academy ( including members of The Idlers ) sang the national anthem accompanied by the U.S. Army Herald Trumpets . This was the first time in more than 30 years that all four service academies sang together -- the last time was at the second inauguration of President Richard Nixon in 1973 . The traditional military missing man formation flyby was this year performed by a pair of F / A-18 Super Hornets from VFA - 106 at NAS Oceana and a pair of the Air Force 's newest fighters , the F - 22 Raptor , flying from Tyndall AFB , the training base for the Raptor . The earlier military flyby during the veterans ' salute was conducted by 2 T - 6 Texan trainers and a B - 25 Mitchell bomber . The coin toss ceremony featured youth football players from Jacksonville : Tyler Callahan , Tyler Deal , Lawrence McCauley , and Jacob Santana ; and New Orleans NFL Junior Player Development coach Tamaris Jackson . They were billed as the first non-celebrities to participate in the coin toss . For the third straight year , each team took the field en masse , following a tradition the Patriots had started in Super Bowl XXXVI . In prerecorded video segments , Andover , Massachusetts native Michael Chiklis introduced the Patriots , and Philadelphia - born Will Smith introduced the Eagles . Halftime show ( edit ) Paul McCartney performed during the halftime show Paul McCartney performed during the halftime show ; his selection by the NFL , the show 's producers , Don Mischer Productions , and the show 's sponsor , Ameriquest Mortgage , was considered to be a `` safe '' choice , as it avoided the possibility for an incident similar to that which sparked the Super Bowl XXXVIII halftime show controversy the previous year . McCartney 's set consisted of these songs : `` Drive My Car '' `` Get Back '' `` Live and Let Die '' from his career with Wings . `` Hey Jude '' Theme ( edit ) Taking the concept a step further , for the first time , a theme was tied to the event : Building Bridges , as symbolized by the theme logo , represented by the Main Street Bridge , one of the seven bridges that crosses over the St. Johns River in the host city , and according to the League , symbolized the bridging of a nation under the NFL football umbrella . The theme was also used by Jacksonville - area nonprofit Fresh Ministries in a major event entitled `` Bridges of Peace , '' featuring city officials asking the people to unite for the Super Bowl and heal the wounds of segregation . Presidential appearances ( edit ) Former Presidents George H.W. Bush and Bill Clinton appeared in support of their bipartisan effort to raise money for relief of the December 26 , 2004 tsunami in southeast Asia through the USA Freedom Corps , an action which former President Bush described as `` transcending politics . '' Game Summary ( edit ) The Eagles on offense First quarter ( edit ) On the first drive of the game , Eagles quarterback Donovan McNabb fumbled while being sacked by New England linebacker Willie McGinest , and the Patriots recovered the ball at Philadelphia 's 34 - yard line . Fortunately for the Eagles , coach Andy Reid 's instant replay challenge overruled the fumble ; officials ruled that McNabb had been down by contact before the ball came out of his hands . Later in the quarter after each team had punted twice , McNabb completed a 30 - yard pass to Terrell Owens , with a roughing the passer penalty adding 9 yards , moving the ball inside the Patriots 20 - yard line . However , linebacker Mike Vrabel sacked McNabb for a 16 - yard loss on the next play . On the following play , the Eagles once again appeared to turn the ball over : McNabb 's pass was intercepted in the end zone by Patriots defensive back Asante Samuel , but it was nullified by an illegal contact penalty on linebacker Roman Phifer , moving the ball back inside the 20 and giving the Eagles a first down . However , McNabb 's second chance was wasted as he threw an interception to safety Rodney Harrison on the next play . This was Donovan McNabb 's first red zone interception of the season . The Eagles defense then forced New England to a three - and - out on their ensuing possession , and Philadelphia got great field position by receiving the punt at the Patriots 45 - yard line . But once again , they gave up another turnover : tight end L.J. Smith lost a fumble while being tackled by defensive back Randall Gay , and Eugene Wilson recovered the ball at the 38 . Brady takes the snap Brady throws a pass Second quarter ( edit ) The Eagles defense once again forced New England to punt , and got the ball back at their own 19 - yard line . Aided by a pair of completions from McNabb to wide receiver Todd Pinkston for gains of 17 and 40 yards , the Eagles drove 81 yards in nine plays and scored on McNabb 's six - yard touchdown pass to Tight End LJ Smith , taking a 7 -- 0 lead with 9 : 55 left in the second quarter . It was the first time New England trailed during the entire postseason . On their ensuing drive , the Patriots moved the ball to the Eagles four - yard line , mainly on plays by running back Corey Dillon , who caught two screen passes for 29 yards and rushed for 25 . But quarterback Tom Brady fumbled the ball on a fake handoff Play - action pass and Philadelphia defender Darwin Walker recovered it . However , the Eagles could not take advantage of the turnover and had to punt after 3 plays . Eagles punter Dirk Johnson 's punt went just 29 yards , giving the Patriots the ball at Philadelphia 's 37 - yard line . The Patriots then drove 37 yards to score on Brady 's 4 - yard pass to receiver David Givens with 1 : 10 remaining in the period , tying the game 7 -- 7 by halftime . It was only the second halftime tie in Super Bowl history and the first time both of the game 's first two quarters ended tied . Third quarter ( edit ) On the opening drive of the second half , Patriots wide receiver Deion Branch caught 4 passes for 71 yards on a drive that ended with Brady 's 2 - yard touchdown pass to Vrabel , who lined up at the tight end spot on the play . The Eagles later tied the game with 3 : 39 left in the third period with a 74 - yard , 10 - play drive that was capped by McNabb 's 10 - yard touchdown pass to running back Brian Westbrook . For the first time in Super Bowl history , the game was tied going into the fourth quarter . Fourth quarter ( edit ) Early in the final period , the Patriots put together a 9 - play , 66 - yard scoring drive that was keyed by 3 plays from running back Kevin Faulk , who caught 2 passes for 27 combined yards and rushed once for 12 . Dillon capped off the drive with a 2 - yard touchdown run to give the Patriots a 21 -- 14 lead . Then after forcing another Eagles punt , Branch made a spectacular catch , taking the ball out of the hands of cornerback Sheldon Brown . The 19 yard gain , and a roughing - the - passer penalty on Philadelphia defensive lineman Corey Simon on the same play , set up kicker Adam Vinatieri 's 22 - yard field goal with 8 : 43 left in the game to increase the score 24 -- 14 in favor of New England . In all three Patriots ' Super Bowl wins in the decade , they held a double digit lead in the 4th quarter . The Eagles responded with a long McNabb completion to Owens . However , after reaching the New England 36 - yard line , McNabb fired a pass over the head of Dorsey Levens , where Tedy Bruschi was waiting to intercept it at the Patriots 24 - yard line . At this point , there was only 7 : 20 to play in the game , with the Patriots still up by 10 points . The Eagles did force New England to punt , and got the ball back at their own 21 - yard line , but with 5 : 40 left in the game . The Eagles then drove 79 yards in 13 plays , however they used a full huddle for the entire drive . McNabb 's 30 - yard touchdown pass to receiver Greg Lewis cut the deficit to 24 - 21 . Because the Eagles used a full huddle , the drive consumed 3 : 52 of the clock , and only 1 : 48 remained in the game by the time Lewis scored . Because of this , many sportswriters later criticized the Eagles for not immediately going to a no - huddle offense at the start of the possession . Anecdotal reports later came out alleging that McNabb was suffering from dry - heaves , and teammates Jon Ritchie and Lito Sheppard have gone on record years later that McNabb was suffering from dry - heaves or vomiting , though no video evidence exists and the stories have not been confirmed . Hank Fraley said in an interview the day after the game that McNabb was `` almost puking '' due to two large hits from Tedy Bruschi and Jarvis Green on back - to - back plays . McNabb himself denies that he was vomiting or dry - heaving during the final drive , and Brian Westbrook later claimed that McNabb was merely `` coughing . '' The Eagles failed to recover their ensuing onside kick attempt , with Christian Fauria catching the ball cleanly and sliding down to seal possession for New England . The Patriots then played it safe by running the ball 3 times and forcing Philadelphia to use all of its timeouts . New England punter Josh Miller then pinned the Eagles back at their own 4 - yard line with just 46 seconds left in the game . Philadelphia then tried one last desperate drive to win or tie the game . But on first down , McNabb was pressured into making a rushed pass to Westbrook at the line of scrimmage . Instead of dropping the pass to stop the clock , Westbrook made the mistake of catching the ball and was immediately tackled for no gain , keeping the clock running and forcing the Eagles to run back to the line of scrimmage for their next play with no huddle . On second down , McNabb threw an incomplete pass intended for Owens . Finally on third down , McNabb threw a pass that deflected off of the outstretched fingertips of Smith and into the arms of Harrison for an interception with nine seconds left . Tom Brady took a knee to run out the clock , clinching the 3rd Super Bowl title in 4 years for the Patriots , and in the eyes of many establishing themselves as a dynasty . Adam Vinatieri warms up before the game An Eagles offensive play Philadelphia kicks off after scoring a touchdown Brian Westbrook 's touchdown catch ( photo 1 of 2 ) Brian Westbrook 's touchdown catch ( photo 2 of 2 ) Box score ( edit ) Super Bowl XXXIX : New England Patriots 24 , Philadelphia Eagles 21 Total Patriots ( AFC ) 0 7 7 10 24 Eagles ( NFC ) 0 7 7 7 21 at Alltel Stadium , Jacksonville , Florida Date : February 6 , 2005 Game time : 6 : 38 p.m. EST Game weather : 59 ° F ( 15 ° C ) , clear ( hide ) Scoring summary Quarter Time Drive Team Scoring information Score Plays Yards TOP NE PHI 9 : 55 9 81 4 : 36 PHI L.J. Smith 6 - yard touchdown reception from Donovan McNabb , David Akers kick good 0 7 1 : 10 7 37 3 : 15 NE David Givens 4 - yard touchdown reception from Tom Brady , Adam Vinatieri kick good 7 7 11 : 04 9 69 3 : 56 NE Mike Vrabel 2 - yard touchdown reception from Brady , Vinatieri kick good 14 7 3 : 35 10 74 4 : 17 PHI Brian Westbrook 10 - yard touchdown reception from McNabb , Akers kick good 14 14 13 : 44 9 66 4 : 51 NE Corey Dillon 2 - yard touchdown run , Vinatieri kick good 21 14 8 : 40 8 43 3 : 49 NE 22 - yard field goal by Vinatieri 24 14 1 : 48 13 79 3 : 52 PHI Greg Lewis 30 - yard touchdown reception from McNabb , Akers kick good 24 21 `` TOP '' = time of possession . For other American football terms , see Glossary of American football . 24 21 Statistical overview ( edit ) The Patriots score their second touchdown of the game McNabb completed 30 out of 51 passes for 357 yards and 3 touchdowns , but threw 3 interceptions and was sacked four times . McNabb 's 357 yards are tied with Joe Montana for the fifth most in Super Bowl history and third most of any quarterback , as Tom Brady holds the top spot with 505 yards in Super Bowl LII and Kurt Warner holds the following 3 spots . Westbrook was the Eagles leading rusher with 44 yards , while also catching 6 passes for 70 yards and a touchdown and returning 3 punts for 19 yards . Pinkston caught 4 passes for 82 yards , while Owens was the Eagles ' top receiver with 9 catches for 122 yards , however neither of them scored a touchdown . Brady completed 23 out of 33 passes for 236 yards and 2 touchdowns . Dillon was the top rusher of the game with 75 yards and a touchdown , and had 3 catches for 31 yards . Running back Kevin Faulk contributed 38 rushing yards and 27 receiving yards . Branch 's Super Bowl record 11 catches tied Cincinnati Bengals ' Dan Ross in Super Bowl XVI and San Francisco 49ers ' Jerry Rice in Super Bowl XXIII . Coincidentally , all three would later be traded to the Seattle Seahawks : Ross in 1985 , Rice in 2004 and Branch in 2006 . Branch 's combined 21 catches in Super Bowls XXXVIII and XXXIX are the most in back - to - back Super Bowls . Branch also became the third offensive player ever to win Super Bowl MVP honors without scoring a touchdown or throwing a touchdown pass . The other two players were Joe Namath in Super Bowl III and Fred Biletnikoff in Super Bowl XI . Branch and Terrell Owens each had 100 yards receiving , marking the third time in Super Bowl history , one player from each team had over 100 yards in a Super Bowl . Michael Irvin and Andre Reed were the first in Super Bowl XXVII , and Branch and Muhsin Muhammad the second a year earlier in Super Bowl XXXVIII . Branch also became the fourth player to have at least 100 yards receiving in back - to - back Super Bowls , joining John Stallworth , Jerry Rice and Antonio Freeman . Also , Mike Vrabel and David Givens became just the 14th and 15th players to score a touchdown in consecutive Super Bowls . Vrabel is the most surprising person on this list because he is a linebacker and he scored his on offense . They also became just the 7th and 8th players to catch a touchdown in back - to - back Super Bowls . With the victory , Tom Brady became just the fourth quarterback to win at least three Super Bowls , along with Terry Bradshaw , Joe Montana and Troy Aikman . Brady also became the fourth quarterback to throw a touchdown pass in three different Super Bowls . Other quarterbacks to do it were Terry Bradshaw , Joe Montana and John Elway , with Kurt Warner later accomplishing the feat during Super Bowl XLIII . The Patriots joined the Dallas Cowboys as the only teams in NFL history to win three Super Bowls in a span of four years . Aftermath ( edit ) The Patriots ' Super Bowl win was the third championship for Boston - area sports teams in 12 months , following the Patriots winning Super Bowl XXXVIII the year before and the Red Sox winning the World Series -- first in 86 years -- three months earlier . This marked the first time since 1989 -- 1990 in the San Francisco Bay Area that the same market has had 2 Super Bowl and World Series winners in 12 months . The Patriots would later appear in Super Bowl XLII and Super Bowl XLVI , losing both to Eli Manning 's New York Giants , before winning Super Bowl XLIX against the Seattle Seahawks , 28 -- 24 , ten years later and Super Bowl LI against the Atlanta Falcons , 34 - 28 , two years later . The latest Super Bowl win for the Patriots makes it ten titles among the four Boston teams ( 5 by the Patriots , 3 by the Red Sox , and one each by the Celtics and Bruins ) since 2002 . For the Eagles , with the loss , the city of Philadelphia would not see its first championship since the 76ers swept the 1983 NBA Finals until the next time their city 's teams played for a championship , when the Phillies won the 2008 World Series . The Eagles did not return to the Super Bowl until 2017 , also with a 13 - 3 record , and defeating the Falcons and Vikings in the playoffs . The Eagles and the Patriots met again in Super Bowl LII , following the 2017 season , with the Eagles taking their revenge 41 -- 33 . This is the last time that a team has won back - to - back Super Bowls , with the Patriots losing their second playoff game a year later and then , for the next eight years , every team either losing their first playoff game or missing them altogether . The streak was broken in 2014 when the Seahawks defeated the Panthers and ultimately advanced to the Super Bowl , only to lose to a Patriots goal line stand . The next year , the Patriots , having faltered down the stretch , entered those playoffs as the second seed behind the Broncos , who then defeated New England in the AFC Title Game that year en route to a title of their own in Super Bowl 50 . Two years later , the Patriots , defending champions themselves from Super Bowl LI , returned to repeat their title only to lose the aforementioned Super Bowl LII . Final statistics ( edit ) Sources : NFL.com Super Bowl XXXIX , Super Bowl XXXIX Play Finder NE , Super Bowl XXXIX Play Finder Phi Statistical comparison ( edit ) New England Patriots Philadelphia Eagles First downs 21 24 First downs rushing 6 First downs passing 14 18 First downs penalty Third down efficiency 4 / 12 9 / 16 Fourth down efficiency 0 / 0 0 / 0 Net yards rushing 112 45 Rushing attempts 28 17 Yards per rush 4.0 2.6 Passing -- Completions -- attempts 23 / 33 30 / 51 Times sacked -- total yards 2 -- 17 4 -- 33 Interceptions thrown 0 Net yards passing 219 324 Total net yards 331 369 Punt returns -- total yards 4 -- 26 3 -- 19 Kickoff returns -- total yards 4 -- 63 5 -- 114 Interceptions -- total return yards 3 -- 5 0 -- 0 Punts -- average yardage 7 -- 45.1 5 -- 42.8 Fumbles -- lost 1 -- 1 2 -- 1 Penalties -- yards 7 -- 47 3 -- 35 Time of possession 31 : 37 28 : 23 Turnovers Individual leaders ( edit ) Patriots Passing C / ATT Yds TD INT Rating Tom Brady 23 / 33 236 0 110.2 Patriots Rushing Car Yds TD LG Yds / Car Corey Dillon 18 75 25 4.17 Kevin Faulk 8 38 0 12 4.75 Patrick Pass 0 0 0 0.00 Tom Brady − 1 0 − 1 - 1.00 Patriots Receiving Rec Yds TD LG Target Deion Branch 11 133 0 27 12 Corey Dillon 31 0 16 David Givens 19 13 7 Kevin Faulk 27 0 14 Troy Brown 17 0 12 Daniel Graham 7 0 7 Mike Vrabel 2t David Patten 0 0 0 0 Eagles Passing C / ATT Yds TD INT Rating Donovan McNabb 30 / 51 357 75.4 Eagles Rushing Car Yds TD LG Yds / Car Brian Westbrook 15 44 0 22 2.93 Dorsey Levens 0 1.00 Donovan McNabb 0 0 0 0.00 Eagles Receiving Rec Yds TD LG Target Terrell Owens 9 122 0 36 14 Brian Westbrook 7 60 15 11 Todd Pinkston 82 0 40 7 Greg Lewis 53 30t 5 L.J. Smith 27 9 8 Freddie Mitchell 11 0 11 Josh Parry 0 Dorsey Levens 0 0 0 0 Completions / attempts Carries Long gain Receptions Times targeted Starting lineups ( edit ) Source : Hall of Fame ‡ New England Position Position Philadelphia Offense David Givens WR Todd Pinkston Matt Light LT Tra Thomas Joe Andruzzi LG Artis Hicks Dan Koppen Hank Fraley Stephen Neal RG Jermane Mayberry Brandon Gorin RT Jon Runyan Daniel Graham TE L.J. Smith Deion Branch WR Terrell Owens ‡ Tom Brady QB Donovan McNabb Corey Dillon RB Brian Westbrook Patrick Pass FB Josh Parry Defense Rosevelt Colvin OLB LDE Derrick Burgess Vince Wilfork NT LDT Corey Simon Jarvis Green RE RDT Darwin Walker Mike Vrabel OLB RDE Jevon Kearse Tedy Bruschi ILB WLB Keith Adams Roman Phifer ILB MLB Jeremiah Trotter Willie McGinest OLB SLB Dhani Jones Randall Gay LCB Lito Sheppard Asante Samuel RCB Sheldon Brown Rodney Harrison SS Michael Lewis Eugene Wilson FS Brian Dawkins ‡ Commercials ( edit ) As usual , the television coverage of this year 's Super Bowl was the showcase for the most expensive commercials in television -- both to produce and to buy airtime ( at the rate of $2.4 million US for 30 seconds ) . One ad that drew the ire of many -- including the NFL -- was for the internet domain provider Go Daddy , which tweaked the controversial halftime of the previous year 's game with a mock censorship hearing featuring a comely woman , Nikki Cappelli ( played by WWE Wrestler Candice Michelle ) , having a `` wardrobe malfunction '' . Fox pulled the second airing of the ad , scheduled for the two - minute warning of the fourth quarter , along with a five - second plug , and it was replaced with a promo for The Simpsons . The Scottsdale , Arizona - based World Wide Web domain registration company got a refund on the second ad . Another popular ad was made by the NFL . It featured players who were not in the Super Bowl , headlined by Pittsburgh Steelers rookie quarterback Ben Roethlisberger being at a beach resort , depressed he did not make it in . Joe Montana comforted Roethlisberger , and soon both Montana and Roethlisberger joined many other players in different locations in an off - key yet rousing edition of `` Tomorrow '' from the musical Annie . The commercial ended with the tagline : `` Tomorrow , we 're all undefeated again . '' Roethlisberger went on to lead the Steelers to victory in Super Bowl XL the very next season . The top ad , as chosen by the USA Today Super Bowl Ad Meter was for Anheuser - Busch 's Bud Light featuring a timid skydiver making his first jump getting enticed with a six - pack of the product . This ad was ranked second on ADBOWL . The highest ranked commercial by ADBOWL was Anheuser - Busch 's `` Applause . '' For the first time since the campaign started in Super Bowl XXI , no `` I 'm going to Disney World ! '' ad aired following Super Bowl XXXIX . Player bonuses ( edit ) Each member of the Patriots received a payment of $68,000 for winning the game . The Eagles each received $36,500 . When adjusted for inflation , the Patriots salary was actually less than the $15,000 paid to members of the Green Bay Packers for winning Super Bowl I in 1967 . That amount of money in 1967 equated to approximately $85,000 in 2005 . Officials ( edit ) Referee : Terry McAulay # 77 first Super Bowl Umpire : Carl Paganelli # 124 first Super Bowl Head Linesman : Gary Slaughter # 30 first Super Bowl Line Judge : Mark Steinkerchner # 84 second Super Bowl ( XXXVII ) Field Judge : Tom Sifferman # 118 third Super Bowl ( XXXVII , XXXVIII ) Side Judge : Rick Patterson # 15 second Super Bowl ( XXXV ) Back Judge : Tony Steratore # 112 first Super Bowl Alternate Referee : Ed Hochuli # 85 ( referee for XXXII , XXXVIII ) Alternate Umpire : Garth DeFelice # 53 Alternate Field Judge : Larry Rose # 128 Notes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ DiNitto , Marcus ( January 25 , 2015 ) . `` Super Bowl Betting History -- Underdogs on Recent Roll '' . Sporting News . Retrieved February 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl History '' . Vegas Insider . Retrieved February 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXIX Box Score : New England 24 , Philadelphia 21 '' . NFL.com . National Football League . February 7 , 2005 . Retrieved March 10 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Historical Super Bowl Nielsen TV Ratings , 1967 -- 2009 -- Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved October 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hack , Damon ( February 7 , 2005 ) . `` The Dynasty Is Official '' . New York Times . Retrieved March 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Dallas won the Super Bowl after the 1992 , ' 93 and ' 95 seasons . Jump up ^ Player Bio , Patriots . `` Deion Branch '' . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2007 . Retrieved March 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` NFL History : 1991 - 2000 '' . NFL.com . Retrieved August 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Tadych , Frank ( February 18 , 2005 ) . `` Position Breakdown : Running Backs '' . Retrieved March 26 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Super Bowl XXXIX Veneziano , John . Super Bowl XXXIX Game Program . NFL Publishing . Jump up ^ `` The 100 Greatest Quarterbacks of the Modern Era , Version 1.0 '' . Retrieved March 25 , 2008 . first1 = missing last1 = in Authors list ( help ) Jump up ^ CBS , CBS Sports . `` Donovan McNabb , QB '' . Retrieved March 25 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Shapiro , Leonard ( February 7 , 2005 ) . `` Patriots Grab Share of NFL History '' . Washington Post . p . A1 . ^ Jump up to : Warren , Ken ( June 2 , 2010 ) . `` Two cities that could use a CUP '' . Ottawa Citizen . p . B3 . Jump up ^ Byron , Master Sgt . David ( February 1 , 2005 ) . `` Super Bowl goes super blue '' . Air Force Print News . af.mil . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2012 . Retrieved January 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Cadets to sing at Super Bowl XXXIX '' . Air Force Print News . af.mil . January 25 , 2005 . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2012 . Retrieved January 4 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Mucha , Peter ( August 8 , 2014 ) , Yes , McNabb puked at Super Bowl , ex-fullback says Jump up ^ Florio , Mike ( July 8 , 2013 ) . `` Lito Sheppard says McNabb puked during Super Bowl '' . Pro Football Talk . National Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved February 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tanier , Mike ( 2015 ) . `` NFL URBAN LEGENDS : DONOVAN MCNABB 'S SUPER PUKE '' . Bleacher Report . Atlanta , Georgia : Turner Broadcasting System , Inc. ( published August 5 , 2015 ) . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl Game - Time Temperatures '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Retrieved March 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXIX -- National Football League Game Summary '' ( PDF ) . National Football League . February 6 , 2005 . Retrieved July 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ A Super Bowl share not so super paying MSNBC.com . Accessed September 27 , 2007 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Super Bowl XXXIX . Super Bowl official website 2006 NFL Record and Fact Book . Time Inc . Home Entertainment . ISBN 1 - 933405 - 32 - 5 . The Sporting News : History of the Super Bowl ( Last accessed December 4 , 2005 ) https://www.pro-football-reference.com -- Large online database of NFL data and statistics Super Bowl play - by - plays from USA Today ( Last accessed June 21 , 2007 ) All - Time Super Bowl Odds from The Sports Network ( Last accessed October 16 , 2005 ) Super Bowl NFL NFC Championship AFC Championship Football Games 1960s I ( 1967 ) II ( 1968 ) III ( 1969 ) 1970s IV ( 1970 ) V ( 1971 ) VI ( 1972 ) VII ( 1973 ) VIII ( 1974 ) IX ( 1975 ) X ( 1976 ) XI ( 1977 ) XII ( 1978 ) XIII ( 1979 ) 1980s XIV ( 1980 ) XV ( 1981 ) XVI ( 1982 ) XVII ( 1983 ) XVIII ( 1984 ) XIX ( 1985 ) XX ( 1986 ) XXI ( 1987 ) XXII ( 1988 ) XXIII ( 1989 ) 1990s XXIV ( 1990 ) XXV ( 1991 ) XXVI ( 1992 ) XXVII ( 1993 ) XXVIII ( 1994 ) XXIX ( 1995 ) XXX ( 1996 ) XXXI ( 1997 ) XXXII ( 1998 ) XXXIII ( 1999 ) 2000s XXXIV ( 2000 ) XXXV ( 2001 ) XXXVI ( 2002 ) XXXVII ( 2003 ) XXXVIII ( 2004 ) XXXIX ( 2005 ) XL ( 2006 ) XLI ( 2007 ) XLII ( 2008 ) XLIII ( 2009 ) 2010s XLIV ( 2010 ) XLV ( 2011 ) XLVI ( 2012 ) XLVII ( 2013 ) XLVIII ( 2014 ) XLIX ( 2015 ) 50 ( 2016 ) LI ( 2017 ) LII ( 2018 ) LIII ( 2019 ) 2020s LIV ( 2020 ) LV ( 2021 ) LVI ( 2022 ) LVII ( 2023 ) People Champions Pre-Super Bowl NFL champions Head coaches Active head coach history Quarterbacks Officials Awards , trophies , records Super Bowl ring Vince Lombardi Trophy Most Valuable Players Records Broadcast and production National anthem Halftime Commercials USA Today Ad Meter Adbowl List Broadcast Network broadcasters Counterprogramming Lead - out programming Television ratings Super Bowl Sunday Curse New England Patriots Super Bowl XXXIX champions 4 Adam Vinatieri 6 Rohan Davey 8 Josh Miller 10 Kevin Kasper 12 Tom Brady 13 Jim Miller 14 P.K. 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514899918724047627 | 2003 Cricket World Cup Final | 2003 Cricket World Cup final - wikipedia 2003 Cricket World Cup final Jump to : navigation , search 2003 ICC Cricket World Cup Final Event 2003 ICC Cricket World Cup Australia India 359 / 2 234 50 overs 39.2 overs Date 23 March 2003 Venue Wanderers Stadium , Johannesburg , South Africa Player of the Match Ricky Ponting Umpires Steve Bucknor and David Shepherd Attendance 31,779 ← 1999 2007 → The 2003 Cricket World Cup Final was a One Day International ( ODI ) match played between Australia and India on 23 March 2003 at the Wanderers Stadium in Johannesburg , South Africa . It marked the culmination of the 2003 Cricket World Cup , the eighth edition of the tournament . It was the first time that these two teams had met at this stage of a World Cup . For defending champions Australia it was their fifth World Cup final , while for India it was the second after their 1983 victory . Australia won the match by 125 runs to claim the title for the third time . Both teams had progressed through three stages to reach the final . Australia was unbeaten thus far , while India had lost one game -- against Australia in the first stage . Australia -- led by Ricky Ponting -- entered the game as firm favourites . After winning the toss , India captain Sourav Ganguly decided to field first before a crowd of nearly 32,000 . The Australian opening pair , Adam Gilchrist and Matthew Hayden , added 105 runs in 14 overs . After their dismissals , Ponting ( 140 not out ) and Damien Martyn ( 88 not out ) were involved in a partnership of 234 runs , then an Australian record , and took the total to 359 runs at the end of the innings . Harbhajan Singh took both of the Australian wickets , conceding 49 runs . In response , India lost their key batsman , Sachin Tendulkar , at the start of the innings . Despite a brief interruption by rain after the 17th over , no time was lost from the game . Once play resumed , India lost wickets at regular intervals . Virender Sehwag top - scored for India with 82 runs , before the team were bowled out for 234 runs in the 40th over . For Australia , Glenn McGrath took three wickets for 52 runs , while Brett Lee and Andrew Symonds claimed two wickets each . Ponting was named man of the match for his 140 , and Tendulkar , the tournament 's leading run - scorer ( 673 runs ) , was awarded the man of the series . The final was Australia 's seventeenth successive ODI win , a record , and they were the first team to win three World Cups . Ganguly 's decision to bowl first in the match was criticised by journalists and former cricketers . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Format 1.2 Squads 2 Route to the final 2.1 Group stage 2.2 Super Sixes 2.3 Semi-finals 3 Build up 4 Final 4.1 Summary 4.2 Scorecard 5 Aftermath 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 Sources 10 External links Background ( edit ) Format ( edit ) See also : History of the Cricket World Cup The 2003 Cricket World Cup was the eighth World Cup , organised by the International Cricket Council ( ICC ) . The competition took place between 9 February and 23 March 2003 , lasting 43 days . Co-hosted by South Africa , Zimbabwe and Kenya , the tournament was the first World Cup to be played in Africa . There were 14 participating teams , the largest number in a World Cup until then . As well as the 10 Test - playing nations , four associate teams took part . Kenya , by virtue of its ODI status , automatically qualified for the tournament ; Canada , Namibia and Netherlands -- the top three teams of the 2001 ICC Trophy -- formed the rest . The structure of the tournament was similar to that of the 1999 World Cup . The 14 countries were separated into two groups of seven ; each team played the others in its group once . The most successful three from each group qualified for the Super Sixes stage , a format which was introduced in the 1999 tournament . Each qualifier carried forward their points from the first stage and played one game against each of the three teams from the other group . The top four teams from the Super Sixes qualified for the semi-finals , and the winners of those matches contested the final . A total of 54 matches were played in the tournament . The matches were played according to the standard rules of a One Day International ( ODI ) . Each side batted for a maximum of 50 overs , and fielding restrictions applied for the bowling side . For the first 15 overs only two fielders were allowed outside the infield , and for the rest of the innings four fielders ( including a bowler and the wicket - keeper ) had to be deployed in the infield . No player was allowed to bowl more than 10 overs in an innings . Squads ( edit ) Main article : 2003 Cricket World Cup squads The Australian Cricket Board announced their squad for the World Cup on 31 December 2002 , but several changes were made to the team before the tournament was completed . In January 2003 , Shane Watson was ruled out following a stress fracture and was replaced by Ian Harvey . A day before the tournament started , Australia 's key spinner Shane Warne was found guilty of using a prohibited diuretic drug during an ODI series held in Australia before the World Cup . He was sent home after he tested positive , and banned from playing for one year . Later , Australia 's fast bowler Jason Gillespie was ruled out from the tournament following a tendon injury . Warne and Gillespie were replaced by Nathan Hauritz ( on 24 February 2003 ) and Nathan Bracken ( on 5 March 2003 ) , respectively . An ongoing dispute between the Board for Control of Cricket in India ( BCCI ) and the Indian players over product endorsements ensured a delay in the announcement of a provisional squad for the World Cup . The BCCI announced the final selection of 15 members on 31 December 2002 . Sachin Tendulkar made into the final squad despite three ongoing injuries , including a major one on the ankle . Having won 15 out of their 18 ODIs leading up the start of the tournament , the defending champions Australia were deemed one of the favourites to reach the semi-finals . They had previously won the 1987 and 1999 tournaments . In contrast , some commentators considered it doubtful whether India would qualify for the Super Sixes stage . They had won the competition once , in 1983 , but had recently lost an ODI series against West Indies at home , and were defeated heavily in their tour of New Zealand . Route to the final ( edit ) Group stage ( edit ) Main article : 2003 Cricket World Cup group stage Australia and India were both in Pool A of the competition . Australia won all their matches in the group stage . Except for their win against England , when they recovered from 135 for 8 to reach the target of 205 runs , they won all their matches comfortably . India had a shaky start to the tournament . In their opening match against the Netherlands , they were bowled out for 204 runs . Although they won the game by 79 runs , the team was criticised for failing to bat out their 50 overs . After they were dismissed for 125 runs against Australia and lost the match by nine wickets , angry fans in India burned effigies of the players ; Mohammad Kaif 's house and Rahul Dravid 's car were vandalised . India won all the remaining games of the stage -- against Zimbabwe , Pakistan , Namibia and England . Australia , India and Zimbabwe finished the group as the top three teams and qualified for the Super Sixes from Pool A , while Pool B had Sri Lanka , Kenya and New Zealand progress for the next stage . Super Sixes ( edit ) In the first match of the Super Sixes against Sri Lanka , Australia made 319 runs for five wickets . The Australian captain Ricky Ponting and his deputy , Adam Gilchrist , scored 114 not out and 99 respectively . Sri Lanka in reply managed 223 runs in 47.4 overs . Aravinda de Silva top - scored with 92 while Brett Lee captured three wickets for Australia . In the next match against New Zealand , Shane Bond 's six wickets for 23 runs reduced Australia to 84 runs for seven wickets in 27 overs before Michael Bevan and Andrew Bichel took the total to 208 runs . Lee 's five wickets for 42 runs helped to bowl New Zealand out for 112 runs , their lowest total in World Cup . Australia won their final game by five wickets after bowling out Kenya for 174 runs . After losing the toss against Kenya in their first match , India were set a target of 226 runs . Despite an initial collapse , their captain Sourav Ganguly ( 107 not out ) and Yuvraj Singh ( 58 not out ) ensured India 's victory . In the next game against Sri Lanka , India made 292 runs ; Tendulkar ( 97 ) and Sehwag ( 66 ) top - scored for the team . Srinath took four wickets as Sri Lanka were bowled out for 109 , and India won the match by a margin of 183 runs . In their final match of the stage , India played New Zealand . Zaheer Khan returned career - best figures of four wickets for 42 runs , and New Zealand were dismissed for 146 runs . India lost three wickets for 21 runs , before Dravid , their vice-captain , and Kaif added 129 runs for the fourth wicket and ensured a seven - wicket win . The match marked the seventh consecutive victory for India in the tournament . Semi-finals ( edit ) The first semi-final was played between Australia and Sri Lanka on 18 March at St. George 's Park , Port Elizabeth . Australia won the toss and opted to bat first . They managed 212 runs for the loss of 7 wickets at the end of 50 overs . Symonds top - scored for the team with 91 not out , while Chaminda Vaas picked up three wickets for Sri Lanka . With 213 runs needed for victory , Sri Lanka lost both the openers after which the play was interrupted by rain . The target was revised to 172 runs from 38.1 overs using the Duckworth -- Lewis method , a mathematical formulation used to calculate revised targets for teams batting second in case of matches being interrupted by bad weather or rain . Kumar Sangakkara and Vaas made 47 runs together for the eighth wicket , the highest partnership of the innings , but the team managed to score only 123 runs in the allotted overs . Australia progressed into the final as Sri Lanka fell 48 runs short of the target . The second semi-final was played between India and Kenya on 20 March 2003 at Kingsmead , Durban . Kenya became the first non-Test team to play a World Cup semi-final . India won the toss and made 270 runs for four wickets . Ganguly and Tendulkar made 111 not out and 83 respectively . In reply , Kenya were bowled out for 179 in 46.2 overs . Their captain Steve Tikolo top - scored with 56 runs , while Zaheer Khan took three wickets for 14 runs . Ganguly was adjudged the Man of the match . Build up ( edit ) Many journalists considered Australia , undefeated throughout the tournament , to be favourites in the final . The Indian industrialist Vijay Mallya organised special flights , including a few chartered ones , to transport film actors , politicians and businessmen to Johannesburg ; most of these people supported India . Some South African airlines also extended their support to India . The air tickets from Mumbai to Johannesburg were completely sold out immediately after India entered the Super Sixes stage . Although most journalists and analysts favoured Australia , former Pakistan captain Imran Khan believed India were favourites . Former Australia cricketer Greg Chappell complimented Brett Lee : he said , except for Lee , no Australian bowler was a serious threat to the Indian batsmen , and also remarked that the `` duel '' between Lee and Tendulkar would be crucial . On the eve of the match , which would be his 100th ODI as India 's captain , Ganguly issued a statement saying that his team were honoured to play the World Cup final . He cited India 's victories at the 1983 World Cup and the 1985 World Championship of Cricket as his inspirations . Although acknowledging Australia as the best side in the world , he stated that they were not `` unbeatable '' . Australia 's main concern was Tendulkar , the tournament 's top - scorer , of whom the Indian fans had high expectations . Ponting hinted about the possibility that his bowlers , Lee and Glenn McGrath , had `` special '' plans to restrict him . He also said that in crucial matches his team `` tries to reach another level '' . Before the match , the two teams had faced each other eight times in World Cups ; Australia had won six of them . In the 2003 tournament , Australia won all their matches to that point ; India 's only defeat came in the group stage against Australia . For all the Indian players it was their first World Cup final , whereas six of the Australians had appeared in at least one previous final . India 's Sachin Tendulkar was the tournament 's top - scorer with 673 runs . India captain Sourav Ganguly was the second - highest run scorer in the tournament . Australia captain Ricky Ponting scored 415 runs in the tournament . Australia 's Brett Lee was the tournament 's second - highest wicket taker . Andrew Symonds played two important innings , each against Pakistan and Sri Lanka , to lead Australia to victory . Final ( edit ) Summary ( edit ) The final was played on 23 March 2003 at the Wanderers Stadium , Johannesburg . This was the fifth match to be played at the ground in the tournament . The match , watched by a crowd of 31,779 , began at 10 : 00 SAST . Simon Wilde , writing for the Wisden Cricketers ' Almanack , said the venue was one of the `` most bountiful '' grounds for batsmen . However , on that day the pitch was moist and the outfield was damp as a result of the thunderstorms the previous evening . A short shower that morning forced the ground staff to blow dry air over the pitch . The sky was overcast with a chance of further rainfall . For the umpires -- David Shepherd and Steve Bucknor -- it was their third World Cup Final . Rudi Koertzen and Billy Bowden were appointed as the third and fourth umpires , respectively . Former Sri Lankan cricketer Ranjan Madugalle served as the match referee . The Wanderers Stadium ( pictured in 2007 ) India remained unchanged from the side that played the semi-final , while Australia excluded Ian Harvey and brought back Damien Martyn into the side . Ganguly won the toss and elected to field first . Zaheer Khan opened the bowling for India along with Javagal Srinath . The Australian openers scored aggressively from the beginning of the innings as Khan conceded 15 runs in the first over . Gilchrist in particular hit both Khan and Srinath for many runs and reached his 50 from 40 balls . When Ganguly turned to his spin bowlers as early as the tenth over , Gilchrist slowed his scoring rate . In the fourteenth over , when Harbhajan Singh was brought back to bowl , Gilchrist ( 57 off 48 balls ) tried to hit him over the mid-wicket , but was beaten by the ball 's extra bounce and caught in the deep by Virender Sehwag . The pair had added 105 runs for the first wicket . Harbhajan struck again in the twentieth over when he dismissed Hayden ( 37 runs off 54 balls ) , leaving the score at 125 runs . After Hayden 's departure , Ponting was joined by Martyn , who completed his half - century in 46 balls . Ponting scored at a slower rate , reaching his 50 off 74 balls with one four . After completing his half century , he accelerated ; he hit two sixes off Harbhajan and one off Ashish Nehra . The pair added 100 runs off 109 balls for the third wicket . Ponting reached his century quickly -- his second fifty came off 29 balls . At the end of the innings , Australia had scored 359 runs for two wickets ; Ponting had scored 140 not out ( off 121 balls ; four fours and eight sixes ) and Martyn hit 88 not out ( off 84 balls ; seven fours and one six ) respectively . As of the 2015 competition , Ponting 's innings remains the highest individual score by a captain in a World Cup final , and Australia 's total remains the highest by a team in a World Cup final . The 234 - run stand between Ponting and Marytn was a record partnership for Australia in ODIs at that point in time . The Indian bowlers conceded 37 extras . Srinath conceded 87 runs without taking a wicket -- the most expensive figures in his career -- in what was his last international game . India came out to bat with Tendulkar and Sehwag . McGrath opened the bowling for Australia . Tendulkar hit a boundary off the fourth ball of the over but was dismissed off the next delivery . Ganguly joined Sehwag and the pair scored at a run - a-ball before the former was dismissed by Lee in the tenth over . Kaif , the next man , was dismissed in the same over with the score 59 runs for 3 wickets . Dravid and Sehwag scored steadily from then on until the seventeenth over , when rain interrupted play with the score at 103 runs . After play resumed , Ponting brought in Australia 's spinners , Brad Hogg and Darren Lehmann . Sehwag was more aggressive against both , hitting Lehmann for three consecutive fours and Hogg for a four and six ; Dravid played a secondary role to Sehwag , pushing often for singles . They were dismissed in quick succession after making 82 ( off 81 balls ) and 47 ( off 57 balls ) respectively . Following that , India began to lose wickets at regular intervals . Except for Yuvraj Singh ( 24 ) and Dinesh Mongia ( 12 ) , the rest of the players were out for single - digit scores . India were bowled out for 234 runs in 39.2 overs when Zaheer Khan was dismissed by McGrath . Australia won the match by 125 runs , the largest margin of victory by runs in a World Cup final . It was their second successive World Cup trophy and their third overall . Ponting was declared the Man of the match for his 140 not out . Scorecard ( edit ) 1st innings Australia batting Player Status Runs Balls 4s 6s Strike rate Adam Gilchrist c Sehwag b Harbhajan Singh 57 48 8 118.75 Matthew Hayden c Dravid b Harbhajan Singh 37 54 5 0 68.51 Ricky Ponting * not out 140 121 8 115.70 Damien Martyn not out 88 84 7 104.76 Darren Lehmann Michael Bevan Andrew Symonds Brad Hogg Andy Bichel Brett Lee Glenn McGrath Extras ( b 2 , lb 12 , w 16 , nb 7 ) 37 Total ( 2 wickets ; 50 overs ) 359 Fall of wickets : 1 -- 105 ( Gilchrist , 13.6 ov ) , 2 -- 125 ( Hayden , 19.5 ov ) India bowling Bowler Overs Maidens Runs Wickets Econ Zaheer Khan 7 0 67 0 9.57 Javagal Srinath 10 0 87 0 8.70 Ashish Nehra 10 0 57 0 5.70 Harbhajan Singh 8 0 49 6.12 Virender Sehwag 0 14 0 4.66 Sachin Tendulkar 0 20 0 6.66 Dinesh Mongia 7 0 39 0 5.57 Yuvraj Singh 0 12 0 6.00 2nd innings India batting Player Status Runs Balls 4s 6s Strike rate Sachin Tendulkar c & b McGrath 5 0 80.00 Virender Sehwag run out ( Lehmann ) 82 81 10 101.23 Sourav Ganguly * c Lehmann b Lee 24 25 96.00 Mohammad Kaif c Gilchrist b McGrath 0 0 0 0.00 Rahul Dravid b Bichel 47 57 0 82.45 Yuvraj Singh c Lee b Hogg 24 34 0 70.58 Dinesh Mongia c Martyn b Symonds 12 11 0 109.09 Harbhajan Singh c McGrath b Symonds 7 8 0 0 87.50 Zaheer Khan c Lehmann b McGrath 8 0 0 50.00 Javagal Srinath b Lee 0 0 25.00 Ashish Nehra not out 8 0 200.00 Extras ( b 4 , lb 4 , w 9 , nb 4 ) 21 Total ( all out ; 39.2 overs ) 234 Fall of wickets : 1 -- 4 ( Tendulkar , 0.5 ov ) , 2 -- 58 ( Ganguly , 9.5 ov ) , 3 -- 59 ( Kaif , 10.3 ov ) , 4 -- 147 ( Sehwag , 23.5 ov ) , 5 -- 187 ( Dravid , 31.5 ov ) , 6 -- 208 ( Yuvraj Singh , 34.5 ov ) , 7 -- 209 ( Mongia , 35.2 ov ) , 8 -- 223 ( Harbhajan Singh , 37.1 ov ) , 9 -- 226 ( Srinath , 38.2 ov ) , 10 -- 234 ( Khan , 39.2 ov ) Australia bowling Bowler Overs Maidens Runs Wickets Econ Glenn McGrath 8.2 0 52 6.24 Brett Lee 7 31 4.42 Brad Hogg 10 0 61 6.10 Darren Lehmann 0 18 0 9.00 Andy Bichel 10 0 57 5.70 Andrew Symonds 0 7 3.50 Match officials On - field umpires : Steve Bucknor ( West Indies ) and David Shepherd ( England ) Third umpire : Rudi Koertzen ( South Africa ) Match referee : Ranjan Madugalle ( Sri Lanka ) Reserve umpire : Billy Bowden ( New Zealand ) Key * -- Captain -- Wicket - keeper c Fielder -- Indicates that the batsman was dismissed by a catch by the named fielder b Bowler -- Indicates which bowler gains credit for the dismissal Aftermath ( edit ) Australia became the first team to win three World Cups , and registered a record 17 consecutive ODI wins . They also became the first team to win all the matches in a World Cup tournament . Writing for the Wisden Cricketers ' Almanack , Simon Wilde remarked that Australia would have beaten a Rest of the World XI had they been asked . At the post-match press conference , Ponting said the Indian players showed no signs of winning the match at any point in time . On Australia 's win he said , `` It 's not that we think we are ahead of the others . It 's just the way we play . '' Nevertheless , he complimented both teams by saying that India and Australia were the two best teams in the tournament , and said that the Indian players deserved to be in the final . Ganguly praised the Australian batsmen and said that they played like `` real champions '' . Ganguly 's decision to bowl first was criticised by the media : The New York Times , for instance , said it `` backfired horribly '' . Former Pakistan captain Imran Khan , while denouncing Ganguly 's decision , also criticised his idea of going into the match with an unchanged side . He stated that India should have played their leg spinner Anil Kumble as the ball was `` gripping ( in ) the surface '' . The journalist and former England cricketer Mike Selvey believed that Ganguly may have been influenced by the possibility of the Duckworth -- Lewis method affecting the result . Indian journalist Boria Majumdar in his book , Cricketing Cultures in Conflict ( 2004 ) , remarked about the possibility of Australia losing the rain - interrupted final , if the result were to be decided by this method . Ganguly defended his decision saying that the overcast conditions and moisture in the pitch meant it was favourable to the bowlers , but they failed to use it properly . Ponting said that he would have opted to bat first had they won the toss . His teammate Symonds , in an interview later , recalled that India 's decision to bowl first gave them an impression that they were not `` confident enough to take the fight '' . Australia were rewarded with prize money totaling US $2,000,000 , while India received $800,000 . Tendulkar 's aggregate of 673 runs in the tournament fetched him the Man of the series accolade . Ponting 's innings of 140 not out was placed among the best innings of the tournament by Rediff , and among the top 10 performances in a World Cup final by the ICC . Tendulkar and Hayden were included among the `` Highest impact World XI '' , a World Cup team released by the Wisden India owned website Impact Index , in February 2015 . Srinath , who was then India 's leading wicket - taker in ODIs , retired a few months after the competition . The match also marked the end of India coach John Wright 's contract . On his request the Board of Control for Cricket in India retained his position in which he continued to serve until 2005 . See also ( edit ) Cricket portal India at the Cricket World Cup List of Cricket World Cup finals Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : This figure is according to ESPNcricinfo . The Wisden Cricketers ' Almanack puts the number at 31,827 . Jump up ^ The maximum overs per side was reduced from 60 to 50 overs during the 1987 World Cup . Jump up ^ India 's winning streak included eight consecutive victories . Jump up ^ This was Australia 's highest total in ODIs at the time . Jump up ^ Ponting 's eight sixes in the innings were the most at the time by a batsman in a World Cup match . Jump up ^ As of January 2017 , this is the sixth - highest partnership for any wicket for Australia in ODIs . Jump up ^ Tendulkar 's aggregate is a record for any player in a single World Cup as of the 2015 tournament . 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ISBN 978 - 81 - 87943 - 45 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Ian Harvey '' . BBC . 25 January 2003 . Archived from the original on 3 July 2004 . Retrieved 4 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Drug test halts Warne 's World Cup '' . The Age . 12 February 2003 . Archived from the original on 1 November 2016 . Retrieved 16 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ACB Anti-Doping Committee suspends Shane Warne '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 1 September 2016 . Retrieved 16 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Wilde , Simon . `` The 2003 World Cup '' . Wisden Cricketers ' Almanack . reprinted by ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 12 January 2015 . Retrieved 22 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hauritz replaces Warne in World Cup squad '' . The Age . 24 February 2003 . Archived from the original on 1 November 2016 . Retrieved 4 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ICC Event Technical Committee accepts replacement of Gillespie with Bracken '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 19 September 2016 . 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External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cricket World Cup 2003 . 2003 Cricket World Cup at BBC Cricket World Cup 2003 at ESPNcricinfo ( hide ) Cricket World Cup Tournaments England 1975 England 1979 England 1983 India / Pakistan 1987 Australia / New Zealand 1992 Pakistan / India / Sri Lanka 1996 England 1999 South Africa / Zimbabwe 2003 West Indies 2007 India / Sri Lanka / Bangladesh 2011 Australia / New Zealand 2015 England 2019 India 2023 Finals 1979 1992 1999 2003 2007 2011 2015 Squads 1979 1992 1999 2003 2007 2011 2015 Statistics 1979 1992 1999 2003 2007 2011 2015 Qualification 1979 1992 1999 2003 2007 2011 2015 2019 2023 Awards Format History Hosts Qualification Records Centuries Five - wicket hauls Teams Trophy Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2003_Cricket_World_Cup_Final&oldid=819101356 '' Categories : 2003 Cricket World Cup Cricket World Cup Finals Sports competitions in Johannesburg March 2003 sports events Hidden categories : Featured articles Use dmy dates from March 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Français हिन्दी Italiano मराठी Nederlands Português தமிழ் Edit links This page was last edited on 7 January 2018 , at 12 : 36 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | whom did australia beat to reach the finals of the 2003 world cup | [
"The first semi-final was played between Australia and Sri Lanka on 18 March at St. George's Park, Port Elizabeth. Australia won the toss and opted to bat first. They managed 212 runs for the loss of 7 wickets at the end of 50 overs. Symonds top-scored for the team with 91 not out, while Chaminda Vaas picked up three wickets for Sri Lanka.[32] With 213 runs needed for victory, Sri Lanka lost both the openers after which the play was interrupted by rain. The target was revised to 172 runs from 38.1 overs using the Duckworth–Lewis method, a mathematical formulation used to calculate revised targets for teams batting second in case of matches being interrupted by bad weather or rain.[33] Kumar Sangakkara and Vaas made 47 runs together for the eighth wicket, the highest partnership of the innings, but the team managed to score only 123 runs in the allotted overs. Australia progressed into the final as Sri Lanka fell 48 runs short of the target.[34]"
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1437696978257017842 | Oakland–Alameda County Coliseum | Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum - wikipedia Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum Jump to : navigation , search For the arena formerly known as Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum Arena , see Oracle Arena . Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum Oakland Coliseum Former names Network Associates Coliseum ( 1998 -- 2004 ) McAfee Coliseum ( 2004 -- 2008 ) Overstock.com Coliseum ( May 2011 ) O.co Coliseum ( 2011 -- 2016 ) Address 7000 Coliseum Wy . Location Oakland , California Coordinates 37 ° 45 ′ 6 '' N 122 ° 12 ′ 2 '' W / 37.75167 ° N 122.20056 ° W / 37.75167 ; - 122.20056 Coordinates : 37 ° 45 ′ 6 '' N 122 ° 12 ′ 2 '' W / 37.75167 ° N 122.20056 ° W / 37.75167 ; - 122.20056 Public transit AC Transit : 45 , 46 , 46L , 73 , 90 , 98 , 356 , 646 , 657 , 805 Amtrak : Capitol Corridor at Oakland Coliseum BART : Coliseum -- Oakland International Airport Dublin / Pleasanton -- Daly City Richmond -- Warm Springs / South Fremont Warm Springs / South Fremont -- Daly City at Coliseum Harbor Bay Business Park Shuttle Owner Oakland - Alameda County Coliseum Authority ( City of Oakland and Alameda County ) Operator AEG Capacity Baseball : 47,170 ( expandable to 55,945 ) Football : 56,063 ( expandable to 63,132 ) Soccer : 47,416 or 63,132 ( depending on configuration ) Field size Left Field -- 330 feet ( 101 m ) Left - Center -- 388 feet ( 118 m ) Center Field -- 400 feet ( 122 m ) Right - Center -- 388 feet ( 118 m ) Right Field -- 330 feet ( 101 m ) Backstop -- 60 feet ( 18 m ) Surface Tifway II Bermuda Grass Scoreboard 36 feet ( 11 m ) high by 145 feet ( 44 m ) wide Construction Broke ground April 15 , 1964 Opened September 18 , 1966 Renovated 1995 -- 96 Construction cost $25.5 million ( $188 million in 2016 dollars ) $200 million ( 1995 -- 96 renovation ) ( $305 million in 2016 dollars ) Architect Skidmore , Owings & Merrill HNTB ( 1995 -- 96 renovation ) Structural engineer Ammann & Whitney Services engineer Syska & Hennessy , Inc . General contractor Guy F. Atkinson Company Tenants Oakland Athletics ( MLB ) ( 1968 -- present ) Oakland Raiders ( AFL / NFL ) ( 1966 -- 1981 , 1995 -- present ) Oakland Invaders ( USFL ) ( 1983 -- 1985 ) Oakland Clippers ( NPSL / NASL ) ( 1967 -- 1968 ) Oakland Stompers ( NASL ) ( 1978 ) San Jose Earthquakes ( MLS ) ( 2008 -- 2009 ) The Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum , often referred to as the Oakland Coliseum , is a multi-purpose stadium in Oakland , California , United States , which is home to both the Oakland Athletics of Major League Baseball ( MLB ) and the Oakland Raiders of the National Football League ( NFL ) . It opened in 1966 and is the only remaining stadium in the United States that is shared by professional football and baseball teams . The Coliseum was also home to some games of the San Jose Earthquakes of Major League Soccer in 2008 -- 2009 and hosted games at the 2009 CONCACAF Gold Cup . The Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum complex consists of the stadium and the neighboring Oracle Arena . The Coliseum has 6,300 club seats , 2,700 of which are available for Athletics games , 143 luxury suites , 125 of which are available for Athletics games , and a variable seating capacity of 47,170 for baseball , 56,057 for football , and 63,132 for soccer . In seating capacity , Oakland Coliseum is the second smallest NFL stadium , larger only than StubHub Center , the temporary home of the Los Angeles Chargers , but the eighth largest MLB stadium . On April 3 , 2017 , Opening Day , the Athletics dedicated the Coliseum 's playing surface as Rickey Henderson Field in honor of MLB Hall of Famer and former Athletic Rickey Henderson . Contents ( hide ) 1 Stadium history 1.1 Design 1.2 Planning and construction 1.3 Configurations 1.4 Seating capacity 1.5 Stadium name changes 1.6 Eventual replacements 1.6. 1 Athletics 1.6. 2 Raiders 2 Notable events 2.1 1960s 2.1. 1 Raiders and A 's move in 2.2 1970s 2.3 1980s 2.4 1990s 2.5 2000s 2.6 2010s 2.7 Concerts 2.8 In popular culture 2.9 Other events 3 Criticism 3.1 Baseball 3.2 Mount Davis 3.3 Sewage 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Stadium history ( edit ) Design ( edit ) The Coliseum features an underground design where the playing surface is actually below ground level ( 21 feet / 6 meters below sea level ) . Consequently , fans entering the stadium find themselves walking on to the main concourse of the stadium at the top of the first level of seats . This , combined with the hill that was built around the stadium to create the upper concourse , means that only the third deck is visible from outside the park . This gives the Coliseum the illusion of being a short stadium from the outside . Planning and construction ( edit ) Business and political leaders in Oakland had long been in competition with neighbor San Francisco , as well as other cities in the West , and worked for Oakland and its suburbs ( the greater East Bay ) to be recognized nationally as a viable metropolitan area with its own identity and reputation , distinct and separate from that of San Francisco . Professional sports was seen as a primary way for the East Bay to gain such recognition . As a result , the desire for a major - league caliber stadium in the city of Oakland intensified during the 1950s and 1960s . By 1960 , a non-profit corporation was formed to oversee the financing and development of the facility ( rather than city or county government issuing taxpayer - backed bonds for construction ) . Local real estate developer Robert T. Nahas headed this group ( which included other prominent East Bay business leaders such as former US Senator William Knowland and Edgar F. Kaiser ) , which later became the governing board of the Coliseum upon completion . It was Nahas ' idea that the Coliseum be privately financed with ownership transferring to the city and county upon retirement of the construction financing . Robert T. Nahas served 20 years as President of the Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum Board . On the death of Nahas , the San Francisco Chronicle 's Rick DelVecchio quoted Jack Maltester , a former San Leandro mayor and Coliseum board member , `` If not for Bob Nahas , there would be no Coliseum , it 's really that simple . '' Nahas had to be a diplomat dealing with the egos of Raiders owner Al Davis , Athletics owner Charles O. Finley , and Warriors owner Franklin Mieuli . Preliminary architectural plans were unveiled in November 1960 , and the following month a site was chosen west of the Elmhurst district of East Oakland alongside the then - recently completed Nimitz Freeway . A downtown site adjacent to Lake Merritt and the Oakland Auditorium ( which itself , many years later , would be renamed the Henry J. Kaiser Convention Center ) was also originally considered . The Port of Oakland played a key role in the East Oakland site selection ; The Port swapped 157 acres ( 64 ha ) at the head of San Leandro Bay to the East Bay Regional Park District , in exchange for 105 acres ( 42 ha ) of park land across the freeway , which the Port in turn donated to the City of Oakland as the site for the Coliseum sports complex . The Oakland Raiders of the American Football League moved to Frank Youell Field , a makeshift stadium near downtown Oakland , in 1962 , and the Coliseum was already being heralded in the local media as the Raiders ' future permanent home . Baseball was also a major factor in the planning of the Coliseum . As early as 1961 , the American League publicly indicated that it wished to include Oakland in its West Coast expansion plans . In 1963 , American League president Joe Cronin suggested that Coliseum officials model some aspects of the new ballpark after then - new Dodger Stadium , which impressed him , though these expansion plans seemed to fade by the middle of the decade . The Coliseum as seen in its original open grandstand configuration before being enclosed . After approval from the city of Oakland as well as Alameda County by 1962 , $25 million in financing was arranged . Plans were drawn for a stadium , an indoor arena , and an exhibition hall in between them . The architect of record was the San Francisco office of Skidmore , Owings & Merrill ( with Myron Goldsmith the principal design architect ) and the general contractor was Guy F. Atkinson Company . Preliminary site preparation began in the summer of 1961 . Construction began in the spring of 1962 . The construction schedule was delayed for two years due to various legal issues and cost overruns ; the original design of the Coliseum had to be modified slightly in order to stay on budget . ( For details on the indoor arena , now known as Oracle Arena , refer to that facility 's article . ) In 1965 , it was rumored that the Cleveland Indians might leave Cleveland for a West Coast city ( such as Oakland ) , but the Indians ended up remaining in Cleveland . Charlie Finley , owner of the Kansas City Athletics , unhappy in Kansas City , impressed by Oakland 's new stadium and personally convinced to consider Oakland by Nahas , eventually got permission after several unsuccessful attempts and amid considerable controversy , to relocate his American League franchise to the stadium for the 1968 season ( for details on the controversy , see the separate articles for the A 's and the Kansas City Royals , the expansion franchise created to replace the A 's in Kansas City ) . Configurations ( edit ) In its baseball configuration , the Coliseum has the most foul territory of any major league ballpark in Major League Baseball . Thus , many balls that would reach the seats in other ballparks can be caught for outs at the Coliseum . The distance to the backstop was initially 90 feet ( 27 m ) , but was reduced to 60 feet ( 18 m ) in 1969 . From 1968 through 1981 and in 1995 , two football configurations were used at the stadium . During Raider preseason games and all regular season games played while the baseball season was still going on , the field was set up from home plate to center field ( east / west ) . Seats that were down the foul lines for baseball games became the sideline seats for football games , which started up to 120 feet away from the field ( most football - only stadiums have sideline seats that start around 60 feet away ) . Once the A 's season ended , the orientation was switched to north / south : i.e. the football field ran from the left field line to the right field line ; seats were moved from behind first and third base to create corners for the end zone to fit into ( these seats were then placed to fill in the space that was normally behind home plate and near the foul poles for baseball games ) . Temporary football bleachers were then added in front of the baseball bleachers to form the sideline on the east ( visitors ' ) side , and the baseball bleachers were not sold . Raiders season ticket holders would thus have two season ticket locations in different parts of the stadium that roughly corresponded to the same location in relation to the field . Since stadium expansion in 1996 , the field has run north / south throughout the season . Seating capacity ( edit ) Baseball Years Capacity 1968 -- 1976 50,000 1977 -- 1980 49,649 1981 -- 1982 50,255 1983 -- 1984 50,219 1985 50,255 1986 50,219 49,219 1988 50,219 1989 49,219 1990 48,219 1991 47,450 1992 -- 1995 47,313 1996 -- 1997 39,875 1998 -- 2005 43,662 2006 -- 2007 34,077 2008 -- 2016 35,067 Since 2017 47,170 Football Years Capacity 1966 -- 1976 54,587 1977 -- 1988 54,615 1989 -- 1995 54,444 1996 -- 1998 63,026 1999 -- 2012 63,132 Since 2013 56,057 Stadium name changes ( edit ) Logo ( 2004 -- 2008 ) Logo ( 2008 -- 2011 ) Logo ( April -- June 2011 ) Logo ( 2011 -- 2016 ) For more than its first three decades ( 1966 -- 1998 ) the stadium was known as Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum . In September 1997 , UMAX Technologies agreed to acquire the naming rights to the stadium . However , following a dispute , a court decision reinstated the Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum name . In 1998 , Network Associates agreed to pay US $5.8 million over 5 years for the naming rights and the stadium became known as Network Associates Coliseum , or , alternately in marketing and media usage as , `` the Net '' . Network Associates renewed the contract in 2003 for an additional five years at a cost of $6 million . In mid-2004 , Network Associates was renamed McAfee , restoring its name from before its 1997 merger with Network General , and the stadium was renamed McAfee Coliseum accordingly . McAfee was offered a renewal of the naming contract in 2008 , but it was declined . The name reverted to the pre-1997 name of Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum on September 19 , 2008 . The stadium retained its original name until April 27 , 2011 , when it was renamed Overstock.com Coliseum via a 6 - year , $7.2 million naming rights deal with online retailer Overstock.com . The Coliseum was renamed O.co Coliseum on June 6 , 2011 , after Overstock. com 's marketing name . However , due to a contract dispute with the Athletics regarding the Overstock / O.co naming rights deal , the A 's continued to refer to the stadium as the Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum in all official team communications and on team websites . Overstock opted out of the final year on their naming rights deal on April 2 , 2016 , and the stadium once again became the Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum . The Athletics dedicated the Coliseum 's playing surface `` Rickey Henderson Field '' in honor of MLB Hall of Famer and former Athletic Rickey Henderson as part of Opening Day on April 3 , 2017 . Eventual replacements ( edit ) Athletics ( edit ) See also : Oakland Ballpark The A 's then new owner Lewis Wolff made the A 's first official proposal for a new ballpark in Oakland to the Oakland - Alameda County Coliseum Authority on August 12 , 2005 . The new stadium would have been located across 66th Avenue from the Coliseum in what is currently an industrial area north of the Coliseum . The park would have held 35,000 fans , making it the smallest park in the major leagues . Plans for the Oakland location fell through in early 2006 when several of the owners of the land proposed for the new ballpark decided not to sell . The Coliseum in 1981 before construction of the Mount Davis structure ( top ) and Mt . Davis during baseball season in 2006 , with tarp - covered upper deck ( middle ) ; the structure during football season . ( bottom ) Throughout 2006 , the Athletics continued to search for a ballpark site within their designated territory of Alameda County . Late in 2006 , rumors began to circulate regarding a 143 - acre ( 58 ha ) parcel of land in Fremont , California being the new site . These rumors were confirmed by the Fremont city council on November 8 of that year . Wolff met with the council that day to present his plan to move the A 's to Fremont into a soon to be built ballpark named Cisco Field . Wolff and Cisco Systems conducted a press conference at the San Jose - based headquarters of Cisco Systems on November 14 , 2006 to confirm the deal , and showcase some details of the future plan . However , on February 24 , 2009 , after delays and increased public opposition , the Athletics officially ended their search for a stadium site in Fremont . The Athletics later took their Cisco Field plan to a site in downtown San Jose located near SAP Center ( home of the NHL 's San Jose Sharks ) . The San Jose plan was opposed by the San Francisco Giants whose territory San Jose is in and on October 5 , 2015 , the United States Supreme Court rejected San Jose 's bid on the Athletics . During that time , the City of Oakland continued to propose new ballpark ideas that ranged from a proposal to build on a waterfront site in the Jack London Square area called Victory Court to a three stadium proposal called Coliseum City on the coliseum site . Both plans went nowhere . The Athletics signed a 10 - year lease to stay in Oakland and at the Coliseum on July 22 , 2014 . The deal required that the team look into a new stadium , but only in the city limits , which it more difficult for the Raiders to tear the Coliseum down for a football only facility . The A 's began talks with an architect on August 6 , 2014 , to build a baseball - only stadium at the Coliseum site , according to Wolff . Going into 2016 , John J. Fisher took majority control of the team and made Dave Kaval team president and the person in charge of the stadium hunt . On September 12 , 2017 , it was announced that a site near Laney College and the Eastlake neighborhood had been chosen for the new ballpark ( tentatively called Oakland Ballpark ) with the A 's proposing to construct a 35,000 seat stadium on the site of the college 's administrative buildings which the A 's would relocate to a spot of the college 's choosing . The site was chosen over building at the Port of Oakland or building on the Coliseum site . In addition the team is proposing building housing and commercial space on an 8 - acre Laney parking lot just north of the site and funneling revenue from it to Laney . The A 's would also help build a garage in the area with the idea of boosting the college 's overall parking capacity . The stadium , pending approval is planned to be opened in 2023 . Raiders ( edit ) See also : Las Vegas Stadium and Oakland Raiders relocation to Las Vegas Under any such replacement proposals , the Oakland Raiders would have presumably continued to play football in the Coliseum , although there were proposals for the Raiders to play at Levi 's Stadium , the home of the San Francisco 49ers in Santa Clara as well as rumors regarding the Raiders ' possible return to Los Angeles . The Raiders proposed a 50,000 - seat stadium in the same spot of the Coliseum in 2013 . It would have cost $800 million , with $300 million coming from the Raiders , $200 million coming from the NFL 's stadium loan program , and the final $300 million coming from the city. . After the failure of the stadium plan , Raiders owner Mark Davis met with officials with the city of San Antonio on July 29 , 2014 , to discuss moving the Raiders to the city in time for the 2015 season ; they would have temporarily played home games at the Alamodome until a new permanent stadium was built . On September 3 , 2014 , the city of Oakland claimed it had reached a tentative deal to build a new football stadium in Oakland , which would have resulted in the Coliseum being demolished . The claim was met with silence from the Raiders , who continued to explore San Antonio , and opposition from Alameda County . On February 19 , 2015 , the Raiders and the San Diego Chargers announced plans for a privately financed $1.7 billion stadium that the two teams would have built in Carson , California upon being approved to move to the Los Angeles market . Both teams stated that they would continue to attempt to get stadiums built in their respective cities . The stadium was approved by the Carson City Council but was defeated by the NFL who voted in favor of building Los Angeles Stadium at Hollywood Park and relocating the St. Louis Rams back to Los Angeles with the Chargers as the second LA team . In January 2016 , Mark Davis met with Las Vegas Sands owner Sheldon Adelson about building a domed stadium on the UNLV campus for the Raiders and the UNLV Rebels . After the approval of $750 million from the state of Nevada and backing from Bank of America after Adelson pulled out of the project the Raiders submitted papers for relocation to Las Vegas in January 2017 , and on March 27 , 2017 , the Raiders ' relocation to Las Vegas was approved . The team plans to continue to play at the Coliseum through the 2019 NFL season and relocate to Las Vegas in 2020 . Notable events ( edit ) 1960s ( edit ) Raiders and a 's move in ( edit ) The Raiders played their first game at the stadium on September 18 , 1966 . In 1968 , the Kansas City Athletics moved to Oakland and began play at the stadium . The Athletics ' first game was played on April 17 , 1968 . The stadium complex cost $25.5 million to build and rests on 120 acres ( 49 ha ) of land . On April 17 , 1968 , Boog Powell hit the first major league home run in the history of the Coliseum . On May 8 of that year , Catfish Hunter pitched the ninth perfect game in Major League history at the Coliseum . The Coliseum hosted the 1967 and 1969 AFL championship games . Additionally , the venue had hosted the second match of the NPSL Final 1967 . 1970s ( edit ) The Black Hole ( sections 104 , 105 , 106 , and 107 ) during a Raiders home game against the Atlanta Falcons on November 2 , 2008 From 1970 to 1972 the stadium hosted 3 college football benefit games featuring Bay Area schools versus historically black colleges . The Coliseum hosted the 1971 East -- West Shrine Game on January 2 , 1971 . In 1972 , the Athletics won their first of 3 straight World Series championships and their first since their years in Philadelphia . The awkwardness of the baseball - football conversion , as well as the low seating capacity ( around 54,000 for football ) and that the prime seating on the east side consisted of temporary bleachers led the Raiders to explore other stadium options . One such option was Memorial Stadium on the UC Berkeley campus . Several preseason games were played there in the early 1970s along with one regular season game in 1973 ( a 12 - 7 victory over the Miami Dolphins during September while the A 's regular season was going on ) . However , in response to traffic and parking issues associated with these games ( while Cal games drew a large number of students who live on or near campus and walk to the games , Raiders games attracted fans from a larger geographic area who were used to tailgating at the Coliseum and were more likely to drive to games ) , the City of Berkeley passed a Professional Sports Events License Tax in which the city collected 10 % of all gate receipts , making the staging of professional games inside the city cost - prohibitive . The Raiders were granted an injunction from the city collecting the tax , arguing that the tax was a regulatory measure rather than a revenue measure , and was therefore an improper regulation on land held in trust by the Regents of the University of California . However , the grant of the injunction was reversed by the California Court of Appeals , who found it to be a revenue measure , despite the fact that the city had made the measure immediately effective `` due to danger to the public peace , health , and safety of the City of Berkeley as a result of the holding of professional sports events there '' . The stadium was not well maintained for most of the late 1970s . Its condition was most noticeable during baseball season , when crowds for A 's games twice numbered fewer than 1,000 . On April 17 , 1979 , only 653 fans attended the game versus the Seattle Mariners . During this time , it was popularly known as the `` Oakland Mausoleum '' . 1980s ( edit ) An A 's game at the Coliseum in 1985 In 1980 , the Raiders won Super Bowl XV . Two years later , the Raiders moved to Los Angeles , leaving the A 's as the only remaining tenants of Oakland Coliseum . Only days later , Finley agreed to sell the A 's to Marvin Davis , who planned to move the A 's to Denver . However , city and county officials were not about to lose Oakland 's status as a major - league city in its own right , and refused to let the A 's out of their lease . Finley sold the team instead to the owners of San Francisco - based Levi Strauss & Co ... After the 1986 Major League Baseball season , the original scoreboards were replaced . A new American Sign and Indicator scoreboard and message center was installed behind the left - field bleachers , while the original right - field scoreboard was replaced with a manually operated out - of - town scoreboard . Between the centerfield flagpoles , a new Diamond Vision videoscreen was installed . The 1987 Major League Baseball All - Star Game was held at the stadium . From 1988 to 1990 , the venue saw 3 more World Series . In 1989 , the Athletics won their 4th Series since moving to Oakland , sweeping the San Francisco Giants in the earthquake - interrupted `` Battle of the Bay '' Series . 1990s ( edit ) In the 1990s , several major concerts were held , but these were not `` Days on the Green '' , by definition , because they occurred at night . In July 1995 , the Raiders agreed to return to Oakland provided that Oakland Coliseum underwent renovations . In November 1995 , those renovations commenced and continued through the next summer until the beginning of the 1996 football season ( more info below ) . The new layout also had the somewhat peculiar effect of creating an inward jog in the outfield fence , in left - center and right - center . There are now three distance markers instead of one , at various points of the power alleys , as indicated in the dimensions grid . The Raiders ' return also heralded the creation of the `` Black Hole '' , a highly recognizable group of fans who occupy one end zone seating during football games . Along with the since - demolished Atlanta -- Fulton County Stadium , the stadium features the unusual configuration of laying the football field on a line from first to third base rather than laying it from home plate to center field , or parallel to one of the foul lines , as with most multipurpose facilities . Thus , a seat behind home plate for baseball is behind the 50 - yard line for football . With the Miami Marlins opening their own ballpark in 2012 , the stadium became the last remaining venue in the United States that hosts both a Major League Baseball and a National Football League team . 2000s ( edit ) On April 2 , 2006 , the broadcast booth was renamed in honor of the late Bill King , a legendary Bay Area sportscaster who was the play - by - play voice of the A 's , Raiders and Warriors for 44 years . San Jose Earthquakes of Major League Soccer , announced in November 2007 that they would be playing their `` big draw '' games , such as those featuring David Beckham and the Los Angeles Galaxy , at the stadium instead of their then - home Buck Shaw Stadium ( capacity roughly over 10,000 ) in Santa Clara . Since then the Quakes moved to their new home of Avaya Stadium and play their bigger games in nearby Stanford Stadium . Midway through the decade , the stadium established a `` no re-entry '' policy . Each ticket can only be used once , after which a second ticket must be purchased in order to re-enter the Coliseum . 2010s ( edit ) On May 9 , 2010 , almost 42 years to the day of Catfish Hunter 's perfect game , Dallas Braden pitched the 19th perfect game in Major League history at the Coliseum . A commemorative graphic was placed on the baseball outfield wall next to Rickey Henderson 's retired number on May 17 , their next home game . As part of a new 10 - year lease signed by the Athletics with the Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum Authority in 2014 , the Oakland Coliseum had a new $10 million scoreboard system ( two large outfield scoreboards , 36 feet tall and 145 feet wide , and two ribbon scoreboards ) installed for the start of the 2015 MLB season . Also part of the new lease , the Coliseum Authority agreed to pay $1 million a year , with 5 % annual increases , into a fund to maintain the stadium . For the 2017 Major League Baseball season , the tarp covering a large amount of the baseball configuration has been removed , increasing the capacity to over 47,000 for the first time since 1995 . The tarp remains on the football - only Mt . Davis . Concerts ( edit ) Commencing in 1973 , the stadium hosted an annual Day on the Green concert series , presented by Bill Graham and his company Bill Graham Presents , which continued on into the early 1990s . Marvin Gaye made his official return to live performing and touring at the Coliseum on January 4 , 1974 and the Coliseum was the basis for his 1 million - selling live album , Marvin Gaye Live ! At the time , music industry executives cited the tour as a `` heralded event '' as Gaye made a comeback to live touring nearly 4 years after the death of his late singing partner Tammi Terrell . Led Zeppelin played what turned out to be their final North American concerts with twin shows during their 1977 North American Tour . This was due to the brutal assault on Peter Grant 's 11 - year - old son Warren by a Bill Graham roadie , and the sudden death of Robert Plant 's young son Karac in the UK . Parliament - Funkadelic recorded half the album Live : P - Funk Earth Tour at the Oakland Coliseum on January 21 , 1977 . The album was released in April of that year . The stadium played host to Amnesty International 's Human Rights Now ! Benefit Concert on September 23 , 1988 . The show was headlined by Sting and Peter Gabriel and also featured Bruce Springsteen & The E Street Band , Tracy Chapman , Youssou N'Dour , Roy Orbison and Joan Baez . Metallica and Guns N ' Roses brought the Guns N ' Roses / Metallica Stadium Tour to the Coliseum on September 24 , 1992 , with Body Count as their opening act . U2 played two nights in June 1997 at the Oakland Coliseum as part of their PopMart tour . They were supported by Oasis , one of the first shows of their Be Here Now tour . The stadium played host to The Gigantour on September 8 , 2006 , featuring performances by Megadeth , Lamb of God , Opeth , Arch Enemy , Overkill , Into Eternity , Sanctity and The SmashUp . U2 performed during their 360 ° Tour on June 7 , 2011 , with Lenny Kravitz and Moonalice as their opening acts . The show was originally scheduled to take place on June 16 , 2010 , but was postponed , due to Bono 's emergency back surgery . On August 5th , 2017 , Green Day played a homecoming concert at the Coliseum . The show was part of the band 's summer tour in support of their third number 1 album , Revolution Radio . In popular culture ( edit ) Richard Marx shot the video for `` Take This Heart '' on the baseball field of the Coliseum . The stadium was the location for the 1994 Disney movie Angels in the Outfield . Although Angel Stadium of Anaheim ( known as Anaheim Stadium at the time ) was where the Angels actually played , it was damaged in the 1994 Southern California earthquake . Anaheim Stadium was used for views from the outside and aerial views , while the Coliseum was used for interior shots . Other events ( edit ) The stadium has hosted an AMA Supercross Championship round since 2011 . Criticism ( edit ) This article 's Criticism or Controversy section may compromise the article 's neutral point of view of the subject . Please integrate the section 's contents into the article as a whole , or rewrite the material . ( July 2013 ) Baseball ( edit ) In recent years , the Coliseum has been criticized as being one of the `` worst stadiums in baseball '' . Problems cited include the large amount of foul territory and the addition of Mount Davis . The former allows for more foul - outs while the latter has been criticized for `` ruining '' the ambience of the original configuration . Mount Davis ( edit ) The Bill King Broadcast Booth , with a tarpaulin covering the third deck One feature of the 1996 expansion was the addition of over 10,000 seats in the upper deck that now spans the outfield in the baseball configuration , enclosing the stadium . Due to the stands ' height and the loss of the Oakland hills view , A 's fans have derisively nicknamed the structure `` Mount Davis '' , after late Raiders owner Al Davis . It has been criticized as an area which has made the Oakland Coliseum look ever more like a football stadium , and not at all one for baseball . In 2006 , the Athletics covered the entire third deck with a tarpaulin ( tarp ) , reducing capacity to 34,077 -- the smallest capacity in MLB at the time . Even if a game was otherwise sold out , the A 's would not sell any seats in the area . It would remain covered except if they made the World Series . The A 's said that closing off the upper deck would create a `` more intimate environment '' for baseball . This drew criticism from fans , the Oakland City Council , and sports marketing analysts baffled at owner Lew Wolff 's decision , with some stating that this was cover for a possible move to San Jose ( see Cisco Field ) . There were 20,878 seats covered up by the tarp which would otherwise have been usable for baseball . In 2017 , new team President Dave Kaval decided to remove several sections covered by tarps . This increased capacity by 12,103 to 47,170 . In February 2013 , the Oakland Raiders announced that they would cover 11,000 seats in the Mount Davis section with a tarp to avoid blackouts . This reduces capacity to 53,250 , by far the smallest in the NFL ( league rules require a minimum capacity of 50,000 , and no other stadium , barring the temporary - use StubHub Center , seats fewer than 61,000 ) . Under NFL rules , the tarps have to stay in place all season long , no matter if they make the playoffs or not . Main article : Mount Davis ( Oakland ) Sewage ( edit ) On June 16 , 2013 following the game against the Seattle Mariners , the Coliseum experienced a severe sewage backup . This led to pipes leaking out puddles of sewage into the showers , offices , visitor training room and storage areas on the clubhouse level of the stadium , all of which are 3 feet ( 1 m ) below sea level . After the game , the A 's and Mariners were forced to share the Oakland Raiders locker room , located on the stadium 's second floor . According to Coliseum officials , the stadium 's aging plumbing system was overtaxed after a six - game homestand that drew close to baseball capacity crowds totaling 171,756 fans . This was not the first time sewage problems cropped up at the stadium . For instance , on one occasion the Angels complained about E. coli in the visiting team 's training room after a backup . Backups occur even when no events are taking place there . For instance , Wolff wanted to go to dinner on June 12 , 2013 ( while the A 's were on the road ) at one of the Coliseum 's restaurants , only to find out that food service had been halted due to a sewage leak in the kitchen . The Coliseum during A 's game in September 2008 See also ( edit ) Baseball portal National Football League portal San Francisco Bay Area portal Sports in the San Francisco Bay Area Oracle Arena -- home of the Oakland - based Golden State Warriors References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Slusser , Susan ( April 11 , 2017 ) . `` A 's take tarps off ; upper deck tickets $15 '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved April 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Jones , Carolyn ( October 5 , 2012 ) . `` A 's Refuse to Remove Tarp '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved October 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Quick Facts '' ( PDF ) . 2015 Oakland Raiders Media Guide . Oakland Raiders . July 27 , 2015 . Retrieved April 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Oakland Raiders Fan Guide '' . Oakland Raiders . Retrieved May 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Community Development Project . `` Consumer Price Index ( estimate ) 1800 -- '' . Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum Complex '' . Engineering News - Record . Peter Griffin - Hill . 179 ( 2 ) : 13 . 1967 . Retrieved February 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sports '' ( PDF ) . Syska Hennessy Group . Retrieved February 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Official statements concerning the cancellation of gr and prix arizona '' . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2007 . Retrieved September 15 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Oakland Tribune , November 3 , 1960 , front page Jump up ^ `` Chapter 2 -- LWVO Study '' . WaterfrontAction.org . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 16 . Jump up ^ Oakland Tribune , January 27 , 1963 , pg . 39E Jump up ^ Temko , Allan ( July 17 , 1996 ) . `` Myron Goldsmith -- Noted Architect '' . sfgate.com . Retrieved 8 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Oakland Tribune , April 3 , 1964 , page E49 Jump up ^ Robert Nahas obituary , San Francisco Chronicle , February 26 , 2002 . Retrieved April 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Woodall , Angela ( April 7 , 2012 ) . `` Oakland Coliseum Still Bears O.co Name '' . San Jose Mercury News . Retrieved May 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Matier , Phillip ; Ross , Andrew ( May 12 , 2011 ) . `` New Name in Oakland Sports : Overstock.com Coliseum '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved May 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ About Us : History . Oracle Arena and O.co Coliseum official website . SMG ( management company ) . Retrieved September 20 , 2011 . See also : About SMG ( SMG official website . Retrieved September 20 , 2011 . ) and SMG At - a-Glance : Stadiums ( SMG official website . Retrieved September 20 , 2011 . ) . Jump up ^ `` Athletics : No go for O.co '' . Ballpark Digest . August Publications . April 9 , 2012 . Retrieved October 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Oakland Alameda Coliseum Naming Rights Available '' . ORACLE Arena & Oakland Alameda Coliseum. April 4 , 2016 . Retrieved April 10 , 2016 . Until further notice , the Joint Powers Authority requests that the facility be referred to as ' The Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum ' , by the media and in all public communications . Jump up ^ Mahbubani , Rhea ( April 2 , 2016 ) . `` Overstock.com Opts out of Naming Rights with O.co Coliseum '' . KNTV . Retrieved April 3 , 2016 . The stadium will , until further notice , be known as the Coliseum , Oakland Coliseum or Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum . It remains unclear what permanent name will be picked . Jump up ^ `` A 's to Dedicate Rickey Henderson Field '' . Ballpark Digest . August Publications . February 8 , 2017 . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goll , David ( February 24 , 2009 ) . `` A 's Abandon Plans for Fremont Ballpark '' . Sacramento Business Journal . Bizjournals.com . Retrieved November 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Purdy , Mark ( December 3 , 2010 ) . `` Bud Selig should n't bite on Oakland 's sketchy pitch for A 's '' . San Jose Mercury News . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Supreme Court rejects San Jose 's bid to lure Oakland A 's '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` A 's approach architect about building new ballpark in Oakland '' . San Francisco Chronicle . August 6 , 2014 . Retrieved August 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ http://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/A-s-want-to-build-new-ballpark-next-to-Laney-12193239.php Jump up ^ `` NFL : 49ers & Raiders Should Share Stadium -- NFL -- Rumors '' . FanNation . January 25 , 2009 . Retrieved November 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ 49ers and Raiders to Share Stadium from mvn.com Archived January 19 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Los Angeles stadium planner : Talks held with five NFL teams Sports Illustrated , June 10 , 2011 Jump up ^ `` Oakland Raiders want new $800 M stadium when lease expires after 2013 season '' . The Oregonian . July 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` New stadium deal for Raiders gives team land , pays off debt '' . San Francisco Chronicle . September 3 , 2014 . Retrieved September 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Williams , Eric D. ( February 20 , 2015 ) . `` Chargers , Raiders reveal L.A. plan '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved February 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rapoport , Ian ( February 20 , 2015 ) . `` Chargers , Raiders team up for stadium proposal in Los Angeles '' . NFL.com . Retrieved February 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jablon , Robert ( April 22 , 2015 ) . `` City Council approves plan for NFL stadium near Los Angeles '' . Associated Press . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Las Vegas Sands wants stadium for UNLV , possibly Raiders '' . Sports Illustrated . 2016 - 01 - 29 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Home Run Baptism of New Parks '' . sabr.org . Retrieved December 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` May 8 , 1968 Twins - Athletics box score '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Oakland Raiders vs. City of Berkeley , 65 Cal . App . 3d 623 '' . Jump up ^ `` April 17 , 1979 Seattle Mariners at Oakland Athletics Box Score and Play by Play -- '' . Baseball-Reference.com. April 17 , 1979 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Report : New stadium to open April 4 '' . ESPN . 30 June 2011 . Retrieved 28 May 2014 . Jump up ^ San Jose Earthquakes : Home : FAQ Archived October 9 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Harrison , Jeff ( 24 July 1977 ) . `` Trouble at Coliseum concert '' . Oakland Tribune . Oakland . p. 3 . Jump up ^ Gigantour 2008 Official site Archived January 30 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ 2015 AMA Supercross media guide Jump up ^ `` The 5 Worst Stadiums in All of Major League Baseball '' . Bleacher Report . January 30 , 2011 . Retrieved October 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Inside the Press Box : Oakland : Less Seats , More Filling '' . Retrieved September 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Vic Tafur ( 2013 - 02 - 06 ) . `` Raiders will tarp top of Mount Davis '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 16 . Jump up ^ A 's , M 's forced into same locker room . ESPN , 2013 - 06 - 16 . Jump up ^ Slusser , Susan . Raw sewage on clubhouse level creates chaos . San Francisco Chronicle , 2013 - 06 - 16 . Jump up ^ Steward , Carl . Oakland A 's owner Lew Wolff says Coliseum sewage mess not unusual . Oakland Tribune , 2013 - 06 - 17 . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Oakland - Alameda County Coliseum . 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"The Oakland–Alameda County Coliseum, often referred to as the Oakland Coliseum, is a multi-purpose stadium in Oakland, California, United States, which is home to both the Oakland Athletics of Major League Baseball (MLB) and the Oakland Raiders of the National Football League (NFL). It opened in 1966 and is the only remaining stadium in the United States that is shared by professional football and baseball teams. The Coliseum was also home to some games of the San Jose Earthquakes of Major League Soccer in 2008–2009 and hosted games at the 2009 CONCACAF Gold Cup. The Oakland–Alameda County Coliseum complex consists of the stadium and the neighboring Oracle Arena."
] | [
"Oakland Athletics"
] |
-7713099112175787620 | Smokey and the Bandit Part 3 | Smokey and the Bandit Part 3 - wikipedia Smokey and the Bandit Part 3 Jump to : navigation , search Smokey and the Bandit Part 3 Theatrical release poster Directed by Dick Lowry Produced by Mort Engelberg Written by Stuart Birnbaum David Dashey Based on characters created by Hal Needham & Robert L. Levy Starring Jackie Gleason Paul Williams Pat McCormick Jerry Reed Music by Larry Cansler Cinematography James Pergola Edited by David E. Blewitt Byron `` Buzz '' Brandt Christopher Greenbury Distributed by Universal Pictures Release date August 12 , 1983 ( 1983 - 08 - 12 ) Running time 85 min . Language English Budget $9 million Box office $7 million Smokey and the Bandit Part 3 is a 1983 American action comedy film and a sequel to Smokey and the Bandit ( 1977 ) and Smokey and the Bandit II ( 1980 ) , starring Jackie Gleason , Jerry Reed , Paul Williams , Pat McCormick , Mike Henry and Colleen Camp . The film also includes a cameo near the film 's end by the original Bandit , Burt Reynolds . With a budget of a television movie , which was around twice the budget used for the 1st part , many action and comedic scenes are rehashes of scenes from the previous two Smokey and the Bandit films . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Soundtrack 5 Reception 6 In pop culture 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) As is the case with the two preceding Smokey and the Bandit films , Smokey and the Bandit Part 3 begins with Big Enos ( Pat McCormick ) and Little Enos ( Paul Williams ) offering a sizable wager on one 's ability to transport a shipment a large distance in a short period of time . Offering a slight twist , however , the offer is this time made to a retiring Sheriff Buford T. Justice ( Jackie Gleason ) , betting $ 250,000 against his badge on his ability to transport a large stuffed fish from an eatery in Florida to Texas . Unlike the two earlier films , Big and Little Enos this time seem to be quite active in their desire to see Buford fail in his goal . After Buford dodges their many traps ( especially after he destroys their milk truck , which drenches them and disables their engine ) , they then go so far as to actually attempt to hire the Bandit ( as a distraction ) to stop him . Deciding that the Bandit is too egotistical and hard to manage , they hire Cledus `` Snowman '' Snow ( Jerry Reed ) as his replacement . Enthusiastic at the opportunity to portray the Bandit , Cledus parks his Peterbilt 359 and climbs behind the wheel of a black and gold 1983 Pontiac Trans Am . He later picks up Dusty Trails ( Colleen Camp ) , who quits her job as a `` bookkeeper '' for a used car dealership , but not before attempting to wreck her boss ' business ( a seedy used car dealership ) by badmouthing him in the middle of broadcasting a live TV commercial . Cledus manages to catch up with Buford on an interstate , where he then lassoes Buford 's fish off of the Justices ' police cruiser ; Buford needs the fish to retrieve his $250,000 . Buford then begins a hot pursuit of Cledus , with another local officer who attempts to take charge of the situation . Not long after the local officer is disabled , Buford becomes disabled as well when sand is dumped on his squad car . The pursuit quickly resumes as Buford catches up to the duo after Cledus and Dusty stop at a redneck bar to pick up some food . The chase resumes as they enter a local town , where mass chaos comes with their entry . Cledus escapes when an 18 - wheeler blocks the alleyway Cledus ran through . While trying to get the truck out , Buford 's car is hitched to a tow - truck . After unsuccessfully pleading with the traffic officer to release his car , he sends Junior out to unhook it . Unable to wait , he angrily reverses the car and escapes . The tow truck operator chases him in pursuit , with Junior dangling on the hook , spinning freely . Eventually , Buford manages to make the truck flip over , sending the truck and Junior flying . A number of cars continue to crash into the pile - up . The next scene comes sudden as the Bandit and Justice are in the Mississippi fairgrounds during the Joie Chitwood Thrill Show . Buford continues to pursue on two wheels after driving on an incline with Cledus letting the fame get to his head . Cledus and Dusty decide to stop at a hotel for the night , where there are people who are involved in `` sexual '' acts , several of which are quite deviant . Buford finds the Bandit 's Trans Am and decides to make a search of the building to find the fish , which he eventually does . While searching in the steamroom , Buford handcuffs himself to a muscular nymphomaniac woman ( Faith Minton ) who develops an immediate attraction for Sheriff Justice , and will not take no for an answer . The next final scenes show Buford getting his tires blown by the `` Enos Devil Darts . '' Cledus quickly arrives and retakes the fish . Cledus and Justice then start a final pursuit with Buford on two tires , first through a bunch of cattle , then to boats , then finally through a field where the Enoses set off a series of explosives , one of which destroys all of the bodywork , leaving the engine , seats , and police light bar ( being held by Junior above his head . ) Cledus decides to surrender the fish to let Buford win . Just after cashing in on the $250,000 , Buford finds Cledus and begins to apprehend him , but Buford then imagines Cledus to be the `` Real '' Bandit ( in a cameo appearance by Burt Reynolds ) who sweet talks him to letting him go and starting a new pursuit . Similar to the ending of the 1977 movie , Buford is again chasing the Bandit in the hulk of his police cruiser ( the muscular woman has taken Junior 's place riding shotgun this time ) , while Junior chases after him , shouting `` Daddy , do n't leave me '' for miles on end , dropping the reward money in the process . Cast ( edit ) Actor Role Jackie Gleason Montague County Sheriff Buford T. Justice of Texas Jerry Reed Cledus `` Snowman '' Snow / Bandit Paul Williams Little Enos Burdette Pat McCormick Big Enos Burdette Mike Henry Junior Justice - Sheriff 's Son Colleen Camp Dusty Trails Faith Minton Tina Burt Reynolds The Real Bandit ( Bo `` Bandit '' Darville ) Ava Cadell Blonde Curry Worsham Skip Town Ray Bouchard Fannen County Purvis R. Beethoven of Florida Cathy Cahill Mother Trucker Sharon Anderson Police Woman Alan Berger Hippie Dee Dee Deering Mrs. Fernbush Will Knickerbocker Hotel Clerk Kim Kondziola Baby Enos Burdette Veronica Gamba Girl at Picnic Sandy Mielke Driving Instructor Austin Kelly Road Painter Dick Lowry Sand Dumper Jackie Davis Blackman # 1 Raymond Forchion Tar Worker Nikki Fritz S & M Hooker William L. Kingsley Announcer Silvia Arana Latin Women Marilyn Gleason Lady Getting Ticket Earl Houston Bullock Flagman Mel Pape Police Officer Connie Brighton Girl # 1 Toni Moon Girl # 2 Dave Cass Local Tough Guy Leon Cheatom Guide Jorge Gil Gas Station Attendent Candace Collins French Maid Charles P. Harris Hot Dog Vendor Al De Luca Flower Vendor Timothy Hawkins Man in Truck Production ( edit ) The film was originally entitled Smokey IS the Bandit , and did not include Jerry Reed in the cast . Contemporary newspapers refer to original plans to feature Gleason as both `` Smokey '' and `` Bandit '' , and Reed 's name does not appear in early promotional materials or newspaper accounts during the film 's production . According to some accounts , Jackie Gleason was to play two roles : Sheriff Buford T. Justice and a different `` Bandit '' . The original version was shot in October 1982 . Reportedly test audiences reacted poorly , finding Gleason 's two roles confusing , so the studio opted to do reshoots in April 1983 . The Bandit scenes were re-shot with Jerry Reed playing the role . Other accounts indicate that the title was more literal : that Gleason was to play only Sheriff Justice , but the character would also fill the role of `` Bandit '' , by taking the Enos family 's challenge ( as Reynolds ' character had done in the previous films ) . In a teaser trailer for the film ( billed as Smokey Is the Bandit ) , Gleason appears in character as Justice , explaining to the audience that to defeat the Bandit he would adopt the attributes of his prey , `` becoming ( my ) own worst enemy '' . A publicity still of Gleason apparently shows him in costume as the Bandit . Soundtrack ( edit ) `` Buford T. Justice '' ( main title song ) , performed by Ed Bruce `` The Legend of the Bandit '' , performed by Lee Greenwood `` Suzi Plastic '' , performed by Bill Summers `` The Bandit Express '' , performed by Lee Greenwood `` Ticket for the Wind '' , performed by John Stewart `` It Ai n't the Gold '' , performed by John Stewart Reception ( edit ) Smokey and the Bandit Part 3 received negative reviews by critics , the film was generally regarded as the weakest of the three `` Bandit '' films , in terms of both storyline and revenue . It received an approval rating of 20 % on review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes based on five reviews . Janet Maslin of The New York Times gave the film a negative review stating `` The already skimpy running time of Smokey and the Bandit , Part 3 is padded by an opening montage of earlier Smokey scenes , including shots of Burt Reynolds lounging in a zebra - print hammock . He is grinning , as well he might , because he has been able to sit out Part 3 altogether . What has he missed ? An interminable car chase punctuated by dumb stunts and even dumber dialogue , plus the well - worth - missing sight of Paul Williams in a dress . '' Despite the enormous financial success of the original film ( grossing over $300 million on a budget of less than $5 million ) , coupled with respectable ( though significantly lower ) numbers generated by the sequel , the third installment was both a critical and box office flop , grossing only $7,000,000 against the film 's $9,000,000 budget . In pop culture ( edit ) Smokey and the Bandit Part 3 is one of the films included among the selection of the video store rentals in the Kevin Smith film , Clerks . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Spy ( Nov 1988 ) . The Unstoppables . New York , New York : Sussex Publishers , LLC . p. 92 . ISSN 0890 - 1759 . Jump up ^ Box Office Information for Smokey and the Bandit Part 3 . The Numbers . Retrieved April 1 , 2013 Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` '' Smokey '' Is No Longer `` The Bandit '' `` . varietyultimate.com : Variety . April 27 , 1983 . Retrieved May 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Smokey Screen '' . Snopes . Retrieved July 2013 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` '' ' Smokey and the Bandit Part 3 ' by Dick Lowry , USA , 1983. `` '' . Jump up ^ https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/smokey_and_the_bandit_part_3/ Jump up ^ https://www.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9502E3D7123BF934A2575AC0A965948260 External links ( edit ) Smokey and the Bandit Part 3 on IMDb Smokey and the Bandit Part 3 at AllMovie Smokey and the Bandit Part 3 at the TCM Movie Database Smokey and the Bandit Part 3 at the American Film Institute Catalog Smokey and the Bandit Part 3 at Box Office Mojo ( hide ) Films directed by Dick Lowry Kenny Rogers as The Gambler ( 1980 ) The Jayne Mansfield Story ( 1980 ) Living Proof : The Hank Williams Jr . Story ( 1983 ) Smokey and the Bandit Part 3 ( 1983 ) Wet Gold ( 1984 ) Murder with Mirrors ( 1985 ) Dream West ( 1986 ) In the Line of Duty : The F.B.I. Murders ( 1988 ) Miracle Landing ( 1990 ) Archie : To Riverdale and Back Again ( 1990 ) In the Line of Duty : Street War ( 1992 ) In the Line of Duty : Ambush in Waco ( 1993 ) Forgotten Sins ( 1996 ) Last Stand at Saber River ( 1997 ) Two Came Back ( 1997 ) Mr. Murder ( 1998 ) Atomic Train ( 1999 ) Follow the Stars Home ( 2001 ) Category 6 : Day of Destruction ( 2004 ) Category 7 : The End of the World ( 2005 ) Silver Bells ( 2005 ) Jesse Stone : Innocents Lost ( 2011 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Smokey_and_the_Bandit_Part_3&oldid=817678268 '' Categories : 1983 films English - language films 1980s comedy films 1980s action films 1980s sequel films American films American comedy films American action comedy films American sequel films Chase films Films about automobiles 1980s road movies American road movies Smokey and the Bandit Universal Pictures films Trucker films Hidden categories : CS1 errors : dates Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Deutsch Français Italiano Norsk Polski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Edit links This page was last edited on 29 December 2017 , at 22 : 32 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who stars in smokey and the bandit 3 | [
"\n\nSmokey and the Bandit Part 3\n\n\n\nTheatrical release poster\n\n\n\nDirected by\nDick Lowry\n\n\nProduced by\nMort Engelberg\n\n\nWritten by\nStuart Birnbaum\nDavid Dashey\n\n\nBased on\ncharacters created by\nHal Needham &\nRobert L. Levy\n\n\nStarring\n\n\n\nJackie Gleason\nPaul Williams\nPat McCormick\nJerry Reed\n\n\n\n\n\nMusic by\nLarry Cansler\n\n\nCinematography\nJames Pergola\n\n\nEdited by\nDavid E. Blewitt\nByron \"Buzz\" Brandt\nChristopher Greenbury\n\n\nDistributed by\nUniversal Pictures\n\n\n\nRelease date\n\n\n\n\nAugust 12, 1983 (1983-08-12)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nRunning time\n\n85 min.\n\n\nLanguage\nEnglish\n\n\nBudget\n$9 million[1]\n\n\nBox office\n$7 million[2]\n\n",
"\n\nSmokey and the Bandit Part 3\n\n\n\nTheatrical release poster\n\n\n\nDirected by\nDick Lowry\n\n\nProduced by\nMort Engelberg\n\n\nWritten by\nStuart Birnbaum\nDavid Dashey\n\n\nBased on\ncharacters created by\nHal Needham &\nRobert L. Levy\n\n\nStarring\n\n\n\nJackie Gleason\nPaul Williams\nPat McCormick\nJerry Reed\n\n\n\n\n\nMusic by\nLarry Cansler\n\n\nCinematography\nJames Pergola\n\n\nEdited by\nDavid E. Blewitt\nByron \"Buzz\" Brandt\nChristopher Greenbury\n\n\nDistributed by\nUniversal Pictures\n\n\n\nRelease date\n\n\n\n\nAugust 12, 1983 (1983-08-12)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nRunning time\n\n85 min.\n\n\nLanguage\nEnglish\n\n\nBudget\n$9 million[1]\n\n\nBox office\n$7 million[2]\n\n",
"\n\nSmokey and the Bandit Part 3\n\n\n\nTheatrical release poster\n\n\n\nDirected by\nDick Lowry\n\n\nProduced by\nMort Engelberg\n\n\nWritten by\nStuart Birnbaum\nDavid Dashey\n\n\nBased on\ncharacters created by\nHal Needham &\nRobert L. Levy\n\n\nStarring\n\n\n\nJackie Gleason\nPaul Williams\nPat McCormick\nJerry Reed\n\n\n\n\n\nMusic by\nLarry Cansler\n\n\nCinematography\nJames Pergola\n\n\nEdited by\nDavid E. Blewitt\nByron \"Buzz\" Brandt\nChristopher Greenbury\n\n\nDistributed by\nUniversal Pictures\n\n\n\nRelease date\n\n\n\n\nAugust 12, 1983 (1983-08-12)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nRunning time\n\n85 min.\n\n\nLanguage\nEnglish\n\n\nBudget\n$9 million[1]\n\n\nBox office\n$7 million[2]\n\n",
"\n\nSmokey and the Bandit Part 3\n\n\n\nTheatrical release poster\n\n\n\nDirected by\nDick Lowry\n\n\nProduced by\nMort Engelberg\n\n\nWritten by\nStuart Birnbaum\nDavid Dashey\n\n\nBased on\ncharacters created by\nHal Needham &\nRobert L. Levy\n\n\nStarring\n\n\n\nJackie Gleason\nPaul Williams\nPat McCormick\nJerry Reed\n\n\n\n\n\nMusic by\nLarry Cansler\n\n\nCinematography\nJames Pergola\n\n\nEdited by\nDavid E. Blewitt\nByron \"Buzz\" Brandt\nChristopher Greenbury\n\n\nDistributed by\nUniversal Pictures\n\n\n\nRelease date\n\n\n\n\nAugust 12, 1983 (1983-08-12)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nRunning time\n\n85 min.\n\n\nLanguage\nEnglish\n\n\nBudget\n$9 million[1]\n\n\nBox office\n$7 million[2]\n\n"
] | [
"Jackie Gleason",
"Paul Williams",
"Pat McCormick",
"Jerry Reed"
] |
-4186501654497543257 | Daydreaming (Radiohead song) | Daydreaming ( Radiohead song ) - wikipedia Daydreaming ( Radiohead song ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Daydreaming '' Single by Radiohead from the album A Moon Shaped Pool Released 6 May 2016 Format Download Genre Ambient electronic orchestral Length 6 : 24 Label XL Songwriter ( s ) Radiohead Producer ( s ) Nigel Godrich Radiohead Radiohead singles chronology `` Burn the Witch '' ( 2016 ) `` Daydreaming '' ( 2016 ) `` I Promise '' ( 2017 ) `` Burn the Witch '' ( 2016 ) `` Daydreaming '' ( 2016 ) `` I Promise '' ( 2017 ) Music video `` Daydreaming '' on YouTube `` Daydreaming '' is a song by the English rock band Radiohead , produced by Radiohead 's longtime producer Nigel Godrich . It is a piano ballad with strings arranged by Radiohead guitarist Jonny Greenwood . Radiohead released `` Daydreaming '' as a download on 6 May 2016 as the second single from their ninth studio album A Moon Shaped Pool , accompanied by a music video directed by Paul Thomas Anderson . Contents ( hide ) 1 Recording 2 Music and lyrics 3 Music video 4 Promotion and release 5 Reception 6 Track listing 7 Charts 8 References Recording ( edit ) `` Daydreaming '' was written by singer Thom Yorke ; the rest of the band created the final arrangement . For the song 's introduction , the band slowed the tape , creating a pitch - warping effect . The strings , recorded at RAK Studios in London , were arranged by guitarist Jonny Greenwood and performed by the London Contemporary Orchestra , conducted by Hugh Brunt . The orchestra had previously worked with Greenwood on his score for the 2012 film The Master . Cellist Oliver Coates said : `` Nigel , Jonny and Thom all have this awesome relationship , and were so animated during the recording . I remember we were laying down the cello part at the end of ' Daydreaming ' and Thom said , ' That 's it -- that is the sound of the record . ' '' Greenwood had the cellists tune their cellos unusually low for the song , creating a `` growling '' sound . Music and lyrics ( edit ) `` Daydreaming '' is a ballad with a `` simple , sad '' piano motif , `` spooky '' backmasked vocals , and ambient , electronic and orchestral elements . The song ends with reversed , warped , and slowed vocals ; when reversed , Yorke seems to be singing `` Half of my life '' , `` I 've found my love '' , or `` Every minute , half of my love '' . Several critics felt the lyrics were coloured by Radiohead singer Thom Yorke 's separation from his partner of 23 years Rachel Owen . Pitchfork noted that this period was `` about as long as Radiohead have been releasing music '' and saw the song as a `` reckoning with those years , and , in one way or another , an elegy to them . '' Music video ( edit ) The `` Daydreaming '' music video was directed by Paul Thomas Anderson , for whom Greenwood has composed several film scores . In the video , Yorke walks through a series of doors and passageways leading to various disconnected locations , including a hotel , a hospital , a laundry , and a convenience store . He eventually climbs a snowy hill , enters a cave , and mouths the song 's closing words as he lies down next to a fire . Promotion and Release ( edit ) `` Daydreaming '' was released as a download on 6 May 2016 on Radiohead 's site and on streaming and digital media services . Anderson and the band sent 35 mm prints of the `` Daydreaming '' music video to select theatres inviting them to screen it . On 16 July 2016 , Radiohead announced a fan competition to create a music video vignette for an alternative version of the song with additional strings . Reception ( edit ) Pitchfork ranked `` Daydreaming '' the 24th best song of 2016 , behind another Moon Shaped Pool track , `` True Love Waits '' , at 9th . Track listing ( edit ) Download No . Title Length 1 . `` Daydreaming '' 6 : 24 Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2016 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 73 France ( SNEP ) 28 Ireland ( IRMA ) 84 Italy ( FIMI ) 88 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 74 US Hot Rock Songs ( Billboard ) 12 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` All Songs + 1 : A Conversation With Radiohead 's Jonny Greenwood '' . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Hear Radiohead 's New Album `` A Moon Shaped Pool '' at 11pm tonight on the FTW New Music Show `` . 91X FM . 8 May 2016 . Retrieved 12 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Gibsone , Harriet ( 7 May 2016 ) . `` Radiohead 's new album to be released on Sunday '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 9 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Larson , Jeremy D. `` Radiohead 's A Moon Shaped Pool : The 5 Most Important Things To Know '' . Pitchfork . Retrieved 9 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Radiohead 's secret weapon Oliver Coates brings the spirit of Arthur Russell back to the dancefloor '' . FACT Magazine : Music News , New Music . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Radiohead interview : ' It 's a very happy time ' - BBC News '' . BBC News . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Radiohead - Daydreaming ( Singles Going Steady ) '' . PopMatters . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Radiohead Search For Respite From Life 's Harsh Realities On Fragile , Beautiful New Track ' Daydreaming ' '' . NME. 2016 - 05 - 06 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Radiohead release new song . Album to drop tomorrow '' . Triple J. 7 May 2016 . Retrieved 7 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Day , Laurence ( 6 May 2016 ) . `` Radiohead announce new album , drop new single `` Daydreaming '' `` . The Line of Best Fit . Retrieved 7 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Sodomsky , Sam ( 2015 - 05 - 06 ) . `` Radiohead : `` Daydreaming '' `` . Pitchfork Media . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 06 . Jump up ^ Blake , Emily ( 2016 - 05 - 06 ) . `` What 's Thom Yorke mumbling about at the end of ' Daydreaming ' ? '' . Mashable . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 06 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Amy ; Monroe , Jazz ( 2016 - 05 - 06 ) . `` Radiohead Announce New Album Release Date , Share `` Daydreaming '' Video `` . Pitchfork Media . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 07 . Jump up ^ Larson , Jeremy D. `` Radiohead 's A Moon Shaped Pool : The 5 Most Important Things To Know '' . Pitchfork . Retrieved 9 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Pareles , Jon ( 8 May 2016 ) . `` In Radiohead 's ' A Moon Shaped Pool ' , Patient Perfectionism '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 8 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Joffe , Justin ( 9 May 2016 ) . `` Radiohead Swims in Gorgeous Despondency on ' A Moon Shaped Pool ' '' . New York Observer . Retrieved 9 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Vozick - Levinson , Simon ( 10 May 2016 ) . `` Dancing in the Moonlight with Radiohead '' . MTV . Retrieved 10 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` The 100 Best Songs of 2016 - Page 8 Pitchfork '' . pitchfork.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : Bradley , Laura . `` Radiohead Drops Video from Paul Thomas Anderson , Announces Release Date for New Album '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 08 . Jump up ^ Young , Alex / Geslani , Michelle ( 6 May 2016 ) . `` Radiohead to release new album on Sunday , premiere `` Daydreaming '' video `` . Consequence of Sound . Retrieved 7 May 2016 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Kreps , Daniel / Reed , Ryan ( 6 May 2016 ) . `` Radiohead Release Stunning ' Daydreaming ' Video Ahead of New Album '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 7 May 2016 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : `` Daydreaming -- Single by Radiohead '' . iTunes US . Retrieved 6 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Radiohead -- Daydreaming -- XL '' . Bleep . Retrieved 6 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Yoo , Noah ( 7 May 2016 ) . `` Radiohead 's `` Daydreaming '' Video is Being Played in Select Movie Theaters `` . Pitchfork . Retrieved 7 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Radiohead reveal alternate version of `` Daydreaming '' for vignette contest `` . 2016 - 07 - 15 . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 16 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Gavin ( 14 May 2016 ) . `` ARIA Singles : Drake ' One Dance ' Still No 1 '' . Noise11 . Retrieved 14 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` France Top Singles Charts ( Week 19 , 2016 ) '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Retrieved 14 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 19 , 2016 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved 14 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top Digital - Classifica settimanale WK 19 ( dal 2016 - 05 - 06 al 2016 - 05 - 12 ) '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved May 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 14 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Radiohead Chart History ( Hot Rock Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 17 May 2016 . ( hide ) Radiohead Colin Greenwood Jonny Greenwood Ed O'Brien Philip Selway Thom Yorke Studio albums Pablo Honey The Bends OK Computer Kid A Amnesiac Hail to the Thief In Rainbows The King of Limbs A Moon Shaped Pool EPs Drill Itch My Iron Lung No Surprises / Running from Demons Airbag / How Am I Driving ? Com Lag ( 2plus2isfive ) Other albums I Might Be Wrong : Live Recordings Radiohead Box Set Radiohead : The Best Of TKOL RMX 1234567 OK Computer OKNOTOK 1997 2017 Singles `` Creep '' `` Anyone Can Play Guitar '' `` Pop Is Dead '' `` Stop Whispering '' `` High and Dry '' / `` Planet Telex '' `` Fake Plastic Trees '' `` Just '' `` Street Spirit ( Fade Out ) '' `` Paranoid Android '' `` Karma Police '' `` Lucky '' `` Airbag '' `` No Surprises '' `` Pyramid Song '' `` I Might Be Wrong '' `` Knives Out '' `` There There '' `` Go to Sleep '' `` 2 + 2 = 5 '' `` Jigsaw Falling into Place '' `` Nude '' `` House of Cards '' / `` Bodysnatchers '' `` Reckoner '' `` All I Need '' `` Harry Patch ( In Memory Of ) '' `` These Are My Twisted Words '' `` Supercollider '' / `` The Butcher '' `` The Daily Mail '' / `` Staircase '' `` Spectre '' `` Burn the Witch '' `` Daydreaming '' `` I Promise '' `` Man of War '' Other songs `` Everything in Its Right Place '' `` The National Anthem '' `` Idioteque '' `` True Love Waits '' `` Lotus Flower '' `` Lift '' Videos Live at the Astoria 7 Television Commercials Meeting People Is Easy The Most Gigantic Lying Mouth of All Time Radiohead : The Best Of In Rainbows -- From the Basement Live in Praha Radiohead for Haiti The King of Limbs : Live from the Basement Related Albums EPs True Love Waits Bodysong The Eraser Hold Me to This Exit Music : Songs with Radio Heads Jonny Greenwood Is the Controller Help ! : A Day in the Life Radiodread There Will Be Blood Jaydiohead Familial Running Blind Amok Weatherhouse Tomorrow 's Modern Boxes Junun Personnel Stanley Donwood Nigel Godrich Clive Deamer Other Discography Songs recorded by Radiohead Unreleased songs by Radiohead Live performances Awards and nominations Ticker Tape Ltd . Atoms for Peace Headless Chickens `` Scott Tenorman Must Die '' Dead Children Playing Radio and Juliet Radio Rewrite Sericomyrmex radioheadi The Music and Art of Radiohead 7 Worlds Collide Band Aid 20 2012 stage collapse Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daydreaming_(Radiohead_song)&oldid=838640849 '' Categories : 2016 songs Radiohead songs Song recordings produced by Nigel Godrich Songs written by Thom Yorke Songs written by Jonny Greenwood Songs written by Colin Greenwood Songs written by Ed O'Brien Songs written by Philip Selway Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Use dmy dates from November 2016 Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Ireland Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardrocksongs Singlechart making named ref Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Español فارسی Français Հայերեն Italiano Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 28 April 2018 , at 09 : 19 . About Wikipedia | what does thom yorke say at the end of daydreaming | [
"\"Daydreaming\" is a ballad[7][8] with a \"simple, sad\" piano motif, \"spooky\" backmasked vocals, and ambient,[9][10] electronic and orchestral elements.[11] The song ends with reversed, warped, and slowed vocals; when reversed, Yorke seems to be singing \"Half of my life\", \"I've found my love\", or \"Every minute, half of my love\".[12][13] Several critics felt the lyrics were coloured by Radiohead singer Thom Yorke's separation from his partner of 23 years Rachel Owen.[14][15][16][17] Pitchfork noted that this period was \"about as long as Radiohead have been releasing music\" and saw the song as a \"reckoning with those years, and, in one way or another, an elegy to them.\"[18]",
"\"Daydreaming\" is a ballad[7][8] with a \"simple, sad\" piano motif, \"spooky\" backmasked vocals, and ambient,[9][10] electronic and orchestral elements.[11] The song ends with reversed, warped, and slowed vocals; when reversed, Yorke seems to be singing \"Half of my life\", \"I've found my love\", or \"Every minute, half of my love\".[12][13] Several critics felt the lyrics were coloured by Radiohead singer Thom Yorke's separation from his partner of 23 years Rachel Owen.[14][15][16][17] Pitchfork noted that this period was \"about as long as Radiohead have been releasing music\" and saw the song as a \"reckoning with those years, and, in one way or another, an elegy to them.\"[18]",
"\"Daydreaming\" is a ballad[7][8] with a \"simple, sad\" piano motif, \"spooky\" backmasked vocals, and ambient,[9][10] electronic and orchestral elements.[11] The song ends with reversed, warped, and slowed vocals; when reversed, Yorke seems to be singing \"Half of my life\", \"I've found my love\", or \"Every minute, half of my love\".[12][13] Several critics felt the lyrics were coloured by Radiohead singer Thom Yorke's separation from his partner of 23 years Rachel Owen.[14][15][16][17] Pitchfork noted that this period was \"about as long as Radiohead have been releasing music\" and saw the song as a \"reckoning with those years, and, in one way or another, an elegy to them.\"[18]"
] | [
"\"Half of my life\"",
"\"I've found my love\"",
"\"Every minute, half of my love\""
] |
7595408124927346937 | World War I | World War I - wikipedia World War I 1914 -- 1918 global war originating in Europe `` World War One '' , `` Great War '' , and `` WW1 '' redirect here . For other uses , see World War One ( disambiguation ) , Great War ( disambiguation ) , and WW1 ( album ) . World War I Clockwise from the top : The aftermath of shelling during the Battle of the Somme , Mark V tanks cross the Hindenburg Line , HMS Irresistible sinks after hitting a mine in the Dardanelles , a British Vickers machine gun crew wears gas masks during the Battle of the Somme , Albatros D. III fighters of Jagdstaffel 11 Date 28 July 1914 -- 11 November 1918 ( 1914 - 07 - 28 -- 1918 - 11 - 11 ) ( 4 years , 3 months and 2 weeks ) Peace treaties ( show ) Treaty of Versailles Signed 28 June 1919 ( 4 years and 11 months ) Treaty of Saint - Germain - en - Laye Signed 10 September 1919 ( 5 years , 1 month , 1 week and 6 days ) Treaty of Neuilly - sur - Seine Signed 27 November 1919 ( 4 years , 1 month , 1 week and 6 days ) Treaty of Trianon Signed 4 June 1920 ( 5 years , 10 months and 1 week ) Treaty of Sèvres Signed 10 August 1920 ( 6 years , 1 week and 6 days ) United States -- Austria Peace Treaty Signed 24 August 1921 ( 3 years , 8 months , 2 weeks and 3 days ) United States -- Germany Peace Treaty Signed 25 August 1921 ( 4 years , 4 months , 2 weeks and 5 days ) United States -- Hungary Peace Treaty Signed 29 August 1921 ( 3 years , 8 months , 3 weeks and 1 day ) Treaty of Lausanne Signed 24 July 1923 ( 8 years , 8 months , 3 weeks and 4 days ) Location Europe , Africa , the Middle East , the Pacific Islands , China , Indian Ocean , and off the coast of South and North America Result Allied Powers victory Central Powers ' victory on the Eastern Front nullified by defeat on the Western Front Fall of all of the continental European ( German , Russian , Ottoman , and Austro - Hungarian ) empires Russian Civil War and foundation of the Soviet Union Establishment of the League of Nations ( more ... ) Territorial changes Formation of new countries in Europe and the Middle East Transfer of German colonies and regions of the former Ottoman Empire to other powers Belligerents Allied Powers France British Empire Russia ( 1914 - 17 ) Serbia Belgium Montenegro Japan Italy ( 1915 -- 18 ) United States ( 1917 -- 18 ) Romania ( 1916 -- 18 ) Portugal ( 1916 -- 18 ) Hejaz ( 1916 -- 18 ) China ( 1917 -- 18 ) Greece ( 1917 -- 18 ) Siam ( 1917 -- 18 ) ... and others Central Powers : German Empire Austria - Hungary Ottoman Empire Bulgaria ( 1915 -- 18 ) ... and co-belligerents Commanders and leaders Allied Powers leaders : Raymond Poincaré Georges Clemenceau H.H. Asquith David Lloyd George Nicholas II Victor Emmanuel III Vittorio Orlando Woodrow Wilson Yoshihito Peter I Ferdinand I Eleftherios Venizelos ... and others Central Powers leaders : Wilhelm II Franz Joseph I † Karl I Mehmed V † Mehmed VI Three Pashas Ferdinand I ... and others Strength 12,000,000 8,841,541 8,660,000 5,615,140 4,743,826 1,234,000 800,000 707,343 380,000 250,000 80,000 50,000 Total : 42,959,850 13,250,000 7,800,000 2,998,321 1,200,000 Total : 25,248,321 Casualties and losses Military dead : 5,525,000 Military wounded : 12,831,500 Total : 18,356,500 KIA , WIA and MIA Civilian dead : 4,000,000 ... further details . 1,397,800 killed 1,114,914 killed 651,000 killed 1,811,000 killed 250,000 - 335,000 killed 415 killed 275,000 killed 58,637 - 87,500 killed 116,708 killed 26,000 killed 7,222 killed 3,000 killed Military dead : 4,386,000 Military wounded : 8,388,000 Total : 12,774,000 KIA , WIA and MIA Civilian dead : 3,700,000 ... further details . 2,050,897 killed 1,200,000 killed 771,844 killed 87,500 killed Theatres of World War I European Western Front Eastern Front Italian Front Balkans Middle Eastern Caucasus Persia Gallipoli Mesopotamia Sinai and Palestine Arab Revolt South Arabia African South - West Africa Togoland Cameroon East Africa North Africa Asian and Pacific theatre Naval theaters U-boat Atlantic Ocean Mediterranean Events leading to World War I Triple Alliance 1882 Franco - Russian Alliance 1894 Anglo - German naval arms race 1898 -- 1912 Venezuela Naval Blockade 1902 -- 1903 Entente Cordiale 1904 Russo - Japanese War 1904 -- 1905 First Moroccan Crisis 1905 -- 1906 Anglo - Russian Entente 1907 Bosnian crisis 1908 -- 1909 Agadir Crisis 1911 Italo - Turkish War 1911 -- 1912 Balkan Wars 1912 -- 1913 Assassination of Franz Ferdinand 1914 July Crisis 1914 World War I ( often abbreviated as WWI or WW1 ) , also known as the First World War or the Great War , was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918 . Contemporaneously described as the `` war to end all wars '' , more than 70 million military personnel , including 60 million Europeans , were mobilised in one of the largest wars in history . Over nine million combatants and seven million civilians died as a result of the war ( including the victims of a number of genocides ) , a casualty rate exacerbated by the belligerents ' technological and industrial sophistication , and the tactical stalemate caused by gruelling trench warfare . It was one of the deadliest conflicts in history and precipitated major political change , including the Revolutions of 1917 -- 1923 in many of the nations involved . Unresolved rivalries at the end of the conflict contributed to the start of the Second World War twenty - one years later . The conflict initially involved two opposing coalitions : France , Russia and Britain , in the Triple Entente , against the Dual Alliance of Germany and Austria - Hungary . These two had combined with Italy in the 1882 Triple Alliance but as it was primarily defensive in nature , Italy was able to remain neutral in 1914 . In reality , many of the terms were informal or secret and sometimes contradicted by other agreements ; shortly after renewing the Triple Alliance in 1902 , Italy secretly agreed with France to remain neutral if it was attacked by Germany . The coalitions expanded as the war widened : the Entente added Italy , Japan and the United States to form the Allied Powers , while the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria joined Germany and Austria as the Central Powers . On 28 June 1914 , Gavrilo Princip , a Bosnian Serb supporter of Yugoslav nationalism , assassinated the Austro - Hungarian heir Archduke Franz Ferdinand while he was visiting Sarajevo . The instability caused by competing Russian and Austro - Hungarian objectives in the Balkans meant this led to a diplomatic crisis , which ended with Austria - Hungary issuing an ultimatum to Serbia . Interlocking alliances meant the crisis ultimately involved all the major European powers as well as their respective colonial empires and the conflict rapidly spread across the globe . The Russian government ordered a partial and secret mobilisation on 24 -- 25 July , then general mobilisation on 30 July after Austria - Hungary declared war on Serbia on 28th . Germany demanded Russia demobilise and when this was refused , declared war on 1 August , with Austria - Hungary following on 6 August . In military discussions held with France in 1911 , Russia committed to attack Germany within 15 days of mobilisation and accordingly two armies entered East Prussia on 17 August . This took the Germans by surprise , since their war plans assumed Russia could not mobilise sufficient troops in that time . The 1871 Treaty of Versailles imposed on France by Germany after the Franco - Prussian War required them to pay an indemnity of 5 billion francs ( $479 billion in 2011 values ) and cede the provinces of Alsace - Lorraine . A desire to reverse that defeat plus their obligations under the Franco - Russian Alliance meant France began full mobilisation on 2 August in support of Russia . German offensive plans in the West required an invasion of neutral Belgium before moving towards Paris from the north and on 2 August , they issued an ultimatum , demanding free passage through Belgium ; when this was refused , on 3 August Germany entered Belgium and declared war with France . In response , the Belgian government invoked the 1839 Treaty of London , bringing Britain into the war with Germany on 4 August . On 12 August , Britain and France also declared war on Austria - Hungary ; on 23rd , Japan joined the Allied Powers , seizing the opportunity to expand its sphere of influence by capturing German possessions in China and the Pacific . After the German march on Paris was halted in the Battle of the Marne , what became known as the Western Front settled into a battle of attrition , with a trench line that changed little until 1917 . On the Eastern Front , the Russian army led a successful campaign against the Austro - Hungarians , but the Germans stopped its invasion of East Prussia in the battles of Tannenberg and the Masurian Lakes . In November 1914 , the Ottoman Empire joined the Central Powers , opening fronts in the Caucasus , Mesopotamia , and the Sinai Peninsula . In 1915 , Italy joined the Allied Powers and Bulgaria joined the Central Powers . Romania joined the Allied Powers in 1916 . After the sinking of seven US merchant ships by German submarines , and the revelation that the Germans were trying to get Mexico to make war on the United States , the US declared war on Germany on 6 April 1917 . The Russian government collapsed in March 1917 with the February Revolution , and the October Revolution followed by a further military defeat brought the Russians to terms with the Central Powers via the Treaty of Brest - Litovsk , which granted the Germans a significant victory . After the stunning German Spring Offensive along the Western Front in the spring of 1918 , the Allied Powers rallied and drove back the Germans in the successful Hundred Days Offensive . On 4 November 1918 , the Austro - Hungarian empire agreed to the Armistice of Villa Giusti , and Germany , which had its own trouble with revolutionaries , agreed to an armistice on 11 November 1918 , ending the war in victory for the Allied Powers . By the end of the war or soon after , the German Empire , Russian Empire , Austro - Hungarian Empire and the Ottoman Empire ceased to exist . National borders were redrawn , with nine independent nations restored or created , and Germany 's colonies were parcelled out among the victors . During the Paris Peace Conference of 1919 , the Big Four powers ( Britain , France , the United States and Italy ) imposed their terms in a series of treaties . The League of Nations was formed with the aim of preventing any repetition of such a conflict . This effort failed , and economic depression , renewed nationalism , weakened successor states , and feelings of humiliation ( particularly in Germany ) eventually contributed to the start of World War II . Contents 1 Names 2 Background 2.1 Political and military alliances 2.2 Arms race 2.3 Conflicts in the Balkans 3 Prelude 3.1 Sarajevo assassination 3.2 Expansion of violence in Bosnia and Herzegovina 3.3 July Crisis 4 Progress of the war 4.1 Opening hostilities 4.1. 1 Confusion among the Central Powers 4.1. 2 Serbian campaign 4.1. 3 German Offensive in Belgium and France 4.1. 4 Asia and the Pacific 4.1. 5 African campaigns 4.1. 6 Indian support for the Allies 4.2 Western Front 4.2. 1 Trench warfare begins 4.2. 2 Continuation of trench warfare 4.3 Naval war 4.4 Southern theatres 4.4. 1 War in the Balkans 4.4. 2 Ottoman Empire 4.4. 3 Italian participation 4.4. 4 Romanian participation 4.5 Eastern Front 4.5. 1 Initial actions 4.5. 2 Russian Revolution 4.5. 3 Czechoslovak Legion 4.6 Central Powers peace overtures 4.7 1917 -- 1918 4.7. 1 Developments in 1917 4.7. 2 Ottoman Empire conflict , 1917 -- 1918 4.7. 3 15 August 1917 : Peace offer by the Pope 4.7. 4 Entry of the United States 4.7. 5 German Spring Offensive of 1918 4.7. 6 New states enter the war 4.8 Allied victory : summer 1918 onwards 4.8. 1 Hundred Days Offensive 4.8. 2 Armistices and capitulations 5 Aftermath 5.1 Formal end of the war 5.2 Peace treaties and national boundaries 5.3 National identities 5.4 Health effects 6 Technology 6.1 Ground warfare 6.1. 1 Areas taken in major attacks 6.2 Naval 6.3 Aviation 7 War crimes 7.1 Baralong incidents 7.2 Torpedoing of HMHS Llandovery Castle 7.3 Chemical weapons in warfare 7.4 Genocide and ethnic cleansing 7.4. 1 Russian Empire 7.5 Rape of Belgium 8 Soldiers ' experiences 8.1 Prisoners of war 8.2 Military attachés and war correspondents 9 Support and opposition to the war 9.1 Support 9.2 Opposition 9.2. 1 Conscription 9.2. 2 Conscription in Canada 9.2. 3 Conscription in Australia 9.2. 4 Conscription in Britain 9.2. 5 United States 9.2. 6 Austria - Hungary 9.3 Diplomacy 10 Legacy and memory 10.1 Historiography 10.2 Memorials 10.3 Cultural memory 10.4 Social trauma 10.5 Discontent in Germany 10.6 Economic effects 11 See also 12 Footnotes 13 References 14 Bibliography 14.1 Primary sources 14.2 Historiography and memory 15 External links 15.1 Animated maps 15.2 Library guides Names The term `` First World War '' was first used in September 1914 by German biologist and philosopher Ernst Haeckel , who claimed that `` there is no doubt that the course and character of the feared ' European War ' ... will become the first world war in the full sense of the word , '' citing a wire service report in The Indianapolis Star on 20 September 1914 . Prior to World War II , 1914 - 1918 was generally known as the World War or Great War . Contemporary Europeans also referred to it as `` the war to end war '' or `` the war to end all wars '' due to their perception of its then - unparalleled scale and devastation . After World War II began in 1939 , the terms became more standard with British Empire historians , including Canadians , favouring ' The First World War ' and Americans ' World War I . ' In October 1914 , the Canadian magazine Maclean 's wrote , `` Some wars name themselves . This is the Great War . '' However , while certainly accurate in Canada , this was not so even in Britain ; historian John Holland Rose 's 1911 account of the 1793 - 1815 wars against France was titled William Pitt and the Great War . This was validated by Gareth Glover 's 2015 book , Waterloo in 100 Objects , in which he states : `` This opening statement will cause some bewilderment to many who have grown up with the appellation of the Great War firmly applied to the 1914 -- 18 First World War . But to anyone living before 1918 , the title of the Great War was applied to the Revolutionary and Napoleonic wars in which Britain fought France almost continuously for twenty - two years from 1793 to 1815 . '' In Germany , ' The Great War ' was historically used for the 1618 - 1648 Thirty Years War , also known as the ' Great German War , ' or ' Great Schism . ' One of the longest and most destructive conflicts in human history , it resulted in eight million fatalities from military action , violence , famine and plague , the vast majority of them from the German states of the Holy Roman Empire . In terms of proportional German casualties and destruction , it was only surpassed by the period January to May 1945 ; its enduring visibility is partly the result of 19th century Pan-Germanism , as an example of the dangers of a divided Germany and a driver in the 1871 creation of the Deutsches Kaiserreich or German Empire . Regardless of terminology , it remains the single greatest war trauma in German memory , as demonstrated in debates over naming conventions for the centenary of 1914 - 1918 . Background Main article : Causes of World War I Political and military alliances Rival military coalitions in 1914 : Triple Entente in green ; Triple Alliance in brown . Only the Triple Alliance was a formal `` alliance '' ; the others listed were informal patterns of support . For much of the 19th century , the major European powers tried to maintain a balance of power , resulting in a complex network of political and military alliances . The biggest challenges to this were Britain 's withdrawal into so - called Splendid isolation , the decline of the Ottoman Empire and the post-1848 rise of Prussia under Otto von Bismarck . Victory in the 1866 Austro - Prussian War established Prussian hegemony in Germany , while that over France in the 1870 - 1871 Franco - Prussian War created a unified German Reich under Prussian leadership . To isolate France and avoid a war on two fronts , in 1873 Bismarck negotiated the League of the Three Emperors ( German : Dreikaiserbund ) between Austria - Hungary , Russia and Germany . Concerned by Russia 's victory in the 1877 - 1878 Russo - Turkish War and their influence in the Balkans , the League was dissolved in 1878 , with Germany and Austria - Hungary forming the 1879 Dual Alliance ; this became the Triple Alliance when Italy joined in 1882 . The practical details of these alliances were limited , since their primary purpose was to ensure co-operation between the three Imperial Powers and isolate France . Attempts by Britain in 1880 to resolve colonial tensions with Russia and diplomatic moves by France led to Bismarck reforming the League in 1881 . When the League finally lapsed in 1887 , it was replaced by the Reinsurance Treaty , a secret agreement between Germany and Russia to remain neutral if either were attacked by France or Austria - Hungary . In 1890 , the new German Emperor , Kaiser Wilhelm II , forced Bismarck to retire and was persuaded not to renew the Reinsurance Treaty by the new Chancellor , Leo von Caprivi . This allowed France to counteract the Triple Alliance with the Franco - Russian Alliance of 1894 and the 1904 Entente Cordiale with Britain , while in 1907 Britain and Russia signed the Anglo - Russian Convention . These were not formal alliances but by settling long - standing colonial disputes , they made British entry into any future conflict involving France or Russia a possibility ; these interlocking bilateral agreements became known as the Triple Entente . Arms race SMS Rheinland , a Nassau - class battleship , Germany 's first response to British Dreadnought Victory in the 1871 Franco - Prussian War and the creation of the German Reich led to a massive increase in Germany 's economic and industrial strength . Admiral Alfred von Tirpitz and Wilhelm II , who became Emperor in 1890 , sought to use that to create a Kaiserliche Marine or Imperial German Navy to compete with Britain 's Royal Navy for world naval supremacy . Their rationale was based on the ideas of US naval strategist Alfred Mahan , who argued that whoever ruled the sea , also ruled the world ; Tirpitz had his books translated into German , while Wilhelm made them required reading for his officers . However , Wilhelm annoyed his ministers by publicly declaring one motive to be his childhood admiration of the Royal Navy , which he had visited ' with kind aunts and friendly admirals . ' The result was the Anglo - German naval arms race ; with the launch of HMS Dreadnought in 1906 , the Royal Navy increased its advantage over its German rival and continued to do so . By 1912 , the German economy could no longer support both naval expansion and the largest European permanent army , with Chancellor Bethmann - Hollweg acknowledging defeat . In many ways , it was a strategic disaster for Germany , diverting huge resources to create a navy large enough to antagonise Britain but not defeat it . Ending the naval arms race reduced tensions between Britain and Germany but did not lead to reductions elsewhere ; in 1913 , Germany approved an increase in the standing army by 170,000 , Russia committed to another 500,000 men over the next three years , while France extended compulsory military service from two to three years . Between 1870 - 1914 , total military spending by Austria , Germany , Italy , Russia increased from £ 94 million to £ 394 million ; the largest proportional increases were Germany ( plus 73 % ) and Russia ( plus 39 % ) . Conflicts in the Balkans Sarajevo citizens reading a poster with the proclamation of the Austrian annexation in 1908 Austria - Hungary precipitated the Bosnian crisis of 1908 -- 1909 by officially annexing the former Ottoman territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina , which it had occupied since 1878 . This angered the Kingdom of Serbia and its patron , the Pan-Slavic and Orthodox Russian Empire . Russian political manoeuvring in the region destabilised peace accords that were already fracturing in the Balkans , which came to be known as the `` powder keg of Europe . '' In 1912 and 1913 , the First Balkan War was fought between the Balkan League and the fracturing Ottoman Empire . The resulting Treaty of London further shrank the Ottoman Empire , creating an independent Albanian state while enlarging the territorial holdings of Bulgaria , Serbia , Montenegro , and Greece . When Bulgaria attacked Serbia and Greece on 16 June 1913 , it lost most of Macedonia to Serbia and Greece , and Southern Dobruja to Romania in the 33 - day Second Balkan War , further destabilising the region . The Great Powers were able to keep these Balkan conflicts contained , but the next one would spread throughout Europe and beyond . Prelude Sarajevo assassination Main article : Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria This picture is usually associated with the arrest of Gavrilo Princip , although some believe it depicts Ferdinand Behr , a bystander . On 28 June 1914 , Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand visited the Bosnian capital , Sarajevo . A group of six assassins ( Cvjetko Popović , Gavrilo Princip , Muhamed Mehmedbašić , Nedeljko Čabrinović , Trifko Grabež , Vaso Čubrilović ) from the Yugoslavist group Mlada Bosna , supplied by the Serbian Black Hand , had gathered on the street where the Archduke 's motorcade would pass , with the intention of assassinating him . Čabrinović threw a grenade at the car , but missed . Some nearby were injured by the blast , but Ferdinand 's convoy carried on . The other assassins failed to act as the cars drove past them . About an hour later , when Ferdinand was returning from a visit at the Sarajevo Hospital with those wounded in the assassination attempt , the convoy took a wrong turn into a street where , by coincidence , Princip stood . With a pistol , Princip shot and killed Ferdinand and his wife Sophie . The reaction among the people in Austria was mild , almost indifferent . As historian Zbyněk Zeman later wrote , `` the event almost failed to make any impression whatsoever . On Sunday and Monday ( 28 and 29 June ) , the crowds in Vienna listened to music and drank wine , as if nothing had happened . '' Nevertheless , the political impact of the murder of the heir to the throne was significant and has been described as a `` 9 / 11 effect '' , a terrorist event charged with historic meaning , transforming the political chemistry in Vienna . And although they were not personally close , the Emperor Franz Joseph was profoundly shocked and upset . Expansion of violence in Bosnia and Herzegovina Crowds on the streets in the aftermath of the anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo , 29 June 1914 The Austro - Hungarian authorities encouraged the subsequent anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo , in which Bosnian Croats and Bosniaks killed two Bosnian Serbs and damaged numerous Serb - owned buildings . Violent actions against ethnic Serbs were also organised outside Sarajevo , in other cities in Austro - Hungarian - controlled Bosnia and Herzegovina , Croatia and Slovenia . Austro - Hungarian authorities in Bosnia and Herzegovina imprisoned and extradited approximately 5,500 prominent Serbs , 700 to 2,200 of whom died in prison . A further 460 Serbs were sentenced to death . A predominantly Bosniak special militia known as the Schutzkorps was established and carried out the persecution of Serbs . July crisis Main article : July Crisis The assassination led to a month of diplomatic manoeuvring between Austria - Hungary , Germany , Russia , France and Britain , called the July Crisis . Austria - Hungary correctly believed that Serbian officials ( especially the officers of the Black Hand ) were involved in the plot to murder the Archduke , and wanted to finally end Serbian interference in Bosnia . On 23 July Austria - Hungary delivered to Serbia the July Ultimatum , a series of ten demands that were made intentionally unacceptable , in an effort to provoke a war with Serbia . Serbia decreed general mobilisation on the 25th . Serbia accepted all of the terms of the ultimatum except for article six , which demanded that Austrian delegates be allowed in Serbia for the purpose of participation in the investigation into the assassination . Following this , Austria broke off diplomatic relations with Serbia and , the next day , ordered a partial mobilisation . Finally , on 28 July 1914 , Austria - Hungary declared war on Serbia . Ethno - linguistic map of Austria - Hungary , 1910 . Bosnia - Herzegovina was annexed in 1908 . On 29 July , Russia , in support of Serbia , declared partial mobilisation against Austria - Hungary . On the 30th , Russia ordered general mobilisation . German Chancellor Bethmann - Hollweg waited until the 31st for an appropriate response , when Germany declared Erklärung des Kriegszustandes or State of danger of war . Kaiser Wilhelm II asked his cousin , Tsar Nicolas II , to suspend the Russian general mobilisation . When he refused , Germany issued an ultimatum demanding its mobilisation be stopped , and a commitment not to support Serbia . Another was sent to France , asking her not to support Russia if it were to come to the defence of Serbia . On 1 August , after the Russian response , Germany mobilised and declared war on Russia . This also led to the general mobilisation in Austria - Hungary on 4 August . The German government issued demands to France that it remain neutral as they had to decide which deployment plan to implement , it being difficult if not impossible to change the deployment whilst it was underway . The modified German Schlieffen Plan , Aufmarsch II West , would deploy 80 % of the army in the west , and Aufmarsch I Ost and Aufmarsch II Ost would deploy 60 % in the west and 40 % in the east as this was the maximum that the East Prussian railway infrastructure could carry . The French did not respond , but sent a mixed message by ordering their troops to withdraw 10 km ( 6 mi ) from the border to avoid any incidents , and at the same time ordered the mobilisation of her reserves . Germany responded by mobilising its own reserves and implementing Aufmarsch II West . On 1 August Wilhelm ordered General Moltke to `` march the whole of the ... army to the East '' after being wrongly informed the British would remain neutral if France was not attacked . Moltke told the Kaiser attempting to redeploy a million men was unthinkable and making it possible for the French to attack the Germans `` in the rear '' would prove disastrous . Yet Wilhelm insisted that the German army should not march into Luxembourg until he received a telegram sent by his cousin George V , who made it clear that there had been a misunderstanding . Eventually the Kaiser told Moltke , `` Now you can do what you want . '' On 2 August , Germany occupied Luxembourg and on 3 August declared war on France ; on the same day , they sent the Belgian government an ultimatum demanding unimpeded right of way through any part of Belgium , which was refused . Early on the morning of 4 August , the Germans invaded ; King Albert ordered his military to resist and called for assistance under the 1839 Treaty of London . Britain demanded Germany comply with the Treaty and respect Belgian neutrality ; it declared war on Germany at 19 : 00 UTC on 4 August 1914 ( effective from 23 : 00 ) , following an `` unsatisfactory reply . '' Progress of the War Further information : Diplomatic history of World War I Opening hostilities Confusion among the Central Powers The strategy of the Central Powers suffered from miscommunication . Germany had promised to support Austria - Hungary 's invasion of Serbia , but interpretations of what this meant differed . Previously tested deployment plans had been replaced early in 1914 , but those had never been tested in exercises . Austro - Hungarian leaders believed Germany would cover its northern flank against Russia . Germany , however , envisioned Austria - Hungary directing most of its troops against Russia , while Germany dealt with France . This confusion forced the Austro - Hungarian Army to divide its forces between the Russian and Serbian fronts . Serbian Campaign Main article : Serbian Campaign of World War I Serbian Army Blériot XI `` Oluj '' , 1915 Austria invaded and fought the Serbian army at the Battle of Cer and Battle of Kolubara beginning on 12 August . Over the next two weeks , Austrian attacks were thrown back with heavy losses , which marked the first major Allied victories of the war and dashed Austro - Hungarian hopes of a swift victory . As a result , Austria had to keep sizeable forces on the Serbian front , weakening its efforts against Russia . Serbia 's defeat of the Austro - Hungarian invasion of 1914 has been called one of the major upset victories of the twentieth century . German offensive in Belgium and France Main article : Western Front ( World War I ) When the war began , the German Order of Battle placed 80 % of the army in the West , with the remainder acting as a screening force in the East . The plan was to quickly knock France out of the war , then redeploy to the East and do the same to Russia . German soldiers in a railway goods wagon on the way to the front in 1914 . Early in the war , all sides expected the conflict to be a short one . The German offensive in the West was officially titled Aufmarsch I West , but is better known as the Schlieffen Plan , after its original creator . Schlieffen deliberately kept the left weak to lure the French into attacking across the Rhine , while the German right swept through Belgium , encircled Paris and trapped the French armies against the Swiss border ; by charging into Alsace - Lorraine as envisaged by Plan XVII , the French were actually helping that . However , his successor Moltke grew concerned by the danger of the French pushing too hard on his left flank and as the German Army increased in size , the allocation of forces between right and left wings changed from 85 : 15 to 70 : 30 . Ultimately , Moltke 's changes meant insufficient forces to achieve decisive success and thus unrealistic goals and timings . It also assumed Russia could not mobilise quickly enough to force victory in the East , which again proved not to be the case . French bayonet charge , Battle of the Frontiers ; by the end of August , French casualties exceeded 260,000 , including 75,000 dead By the end of August , the Allied left , which included the British Expeditionary Force or BEF was in full retreat ; French casualties in the first month exceeded 260,000 , including 27,000 killed on 22 August during the Battle of the Frontiers . German planning provided broad strategic guidance , while allowing army commanders considerable freedom in carrying them out ; this worked well in 1866 and 1870 but in 1914 , von Kluck used this freedom to disobey orders , opening a gap between the German armies on the right . The French and British exploited this to halt the German advance east of Paris at the First Battle of the Marne from 5 to 12 September and push the German forces back some 50 km ( 31 mi ) . In 1911 , the Russian Stavka had agreed with the French to attack Germany within 15 days of mobilisation , which was unrealistic and the two Russian armies that entered East Prussia on 17 August did so without many of their support elements . The Russian Second Army was effectively destroyed at the Battle of Tannenberg on 26 - 30 August but the Germans had been forced to re-route the 8th Field Army from France to East Prussia , a factor in Allied victory on the Marne . By the end of 1914 , German troops held strong defensive positions inside France , controlled the bulk of France 's domestic coalfields and had inflicted 230,000 more casualties than it lost itself . However , communications problems and questionable command decisions cost Germany the chance of a decisive outcome while it had failed to achieve the primary objective of avoiding a long , two - front war . This amounted to a strategic defeat ; shortly after the Marne , Crown Prince Wilhelm told an American reporter ; ' We have lost the war . It will go on for a long time but lost it is already . ' Asia and the Pacific Main article : Asian and Pacific theatre of World War I Military recruitment in Melbourne , Australia , 1914 New Zealand occupied German Samoa ( later Western Samoa ) on 30 August 1914 . On 11 September , the Australian Naval and Military Expeditionary Force landed on the island of Neu Pommern ( later New Britain ) , which formed part of German New Guinea . On 28 October , the German cruiser SMS Emden sank the Russian cruiser Zhemchug in the Battle of Penang . Japan seized Germany 's Micronesian colonies and , after the Siege of Tsingtao , the German coaling port of Qingdao on the Chinese Shandong peninsula . As Vienna refused to withdraw the Austro - Hungarian cruiser SMS Kaiserin Elisabeth from Tsingtao , Japan declared war not only on Germany , but also on Austria - Hungary ; the ship participated in the defence of Tsingtao where it was sunk in November 1914 . Within a few months , the Allied forces had seized all the German territories in the Pacific ; only isolated commerce raiders and a few holdouts in New Guinea remained . African campaigns Main article : African theatre of World War I Military recruitment near Tiberias , Ottoman Empire , 1914 Some of the first clashes of the war involved British , French , and German colonial forces in Africa . On 6 -- 7 August , French and British troops invaded the German protectorate of Togoland and Kamerun . On 10 August , German forces in South - West Africa attacked South Africa ; sporadic and fierce fighting continued for the rest of the war . The German colonial forces in German East Africa , led by Colonel Paul von Lettow - Vorbeck , fought a guerrilla warfare campaign during World War I and only surrendered two weeks after the armistice took effect in Europe . Indian support for the Allies Further information : Hindu -- German Conspiracy , Niedermayer -- Hentig Expedition , and Third Anglo - Afghan War Germany attempted to use Indian nationalism and pan-Islamism to its advantage , instigating uprisings in India , and sending a mission that urged Afghanistan to join the war on the side of Central powers . However , contrary to British fears of a revolt in India , the outbreak of the war saw an unprecedented outpouring of loyalty and goodwill towards Britain . Indian political leaders from the Indian National Congress and other groups were eager to support the British war effort , since they believed that strong support for the war effort would further the cause of Indian Home Rule . The Indian Army in fact outnumbered the British Army at the beginning of the war ; about 1.3 million Indian soldiers and labourers served in Europe , Africa , and the Middle East , while the central government and the princely states sent large supplies of food , money , and ammunition . In all , 140,000 men served on the Western Front and nearly 700,000 in the Middle East . Casualties of Indian soldiers totalled 47,746 killed and 65,126 wounded during World War I . The suffering engendered by the war , as well as the failure of the British government to grant self - government to India after the end of hostilities , bred disillusionment and fuelled the campaign for full independence that would be led by Mohandas K. Gandhi and others . Western front Main article : Western Front ( World War I ) Trench warfare begins Military tactics developed before World War I failed to keep pace with advances in technology and had become obsolete . These advances had allowed the creation of strong defensive systems , which out - of - date military tactics could not break through for most of the war . Barbed wire was a significant hindrance to massed infantry advances , while artillery , vastly more lethal than in the 1870s , coupled with machine guns , made crossing open ground extremely difficult . Commanders on both sides failed to develop tactics for breaching entrenched positions without heavy casualties . In time , however , technology began to produce new offensive weapons , such as gas warfare and the tank . After the First Battle of the Marne ( 5 -- 12 September 1914 ) , Allied and German forces unsuccessfully tried to outflank each other , a series of manoeuvres later known as the `` Race to the Sea '' . By the end of 1914 , the opposing forces were left confronting each other along an uninterrupted line of entrenched positions from Lorraine to Belgium 's coast . Since the Germans were able to choose where to stand , they normally had the advantage of the high ground ; in addition , their trenches tended to be better built , since Anglo - French trenches were initially intended as `` temporary , '' preparatory to breaking the German defences . Both sides tried to break the stalemate using scientific and technological advances . On 22 April 1915 , at the Second Battle of Ypres , the Germans ( violating the Hague Convention ) used chlorine gas for the first time on the Western Front . Several types of gas soon became widely used by both sides , and though it never proved a decisive , battle - winning weapon , poison gas became one of the most - feared and best - remembered horrors of the war . Tanks were developed by Britain and France and were first used in combat by the British during the Battle of Flers -- Courcelette ( part of the Battle of the Somme ) on 15 September 1916 , with only partial success . However , their effectiveness would grow as the war progressed ; the Allies built tanks in large numbers , whilst the Germans employed only a few of their own design , supplemented by captured Allied tanks . Continuation of trench warfare French 87th regiment near Verdun , 1916 Neither side proved able to deliver a decisive blow for the next two years . Throughout 1915 -- 17 , the British Empire and France suffered more casualties than Germany , because of both the strategic and tactical stances chosen by the sides . Strategically , while the Germans only mounted one major offensive , the Allies made several attempts to break through the German lines . In February 1916 the Germans attacked French defensive positions at the Battle of Verdun , lasting until December 1916 . The Germans made initial gains , before French counter-attacks returned matters to near their starting point . Casualties were greater for the French , but the Germans bled heavily as well , with anywhere from 700,000 to 975,000 casualties suffered between the two combatants . Verdun became a symbol of French determination and self - sacrifice . Royal Irish Rifles in a communications trench , first day on the Somme , 1916 The Battle of the Somme was an Anglo - French offensive of July to November 1916 . The opening day of the offensive ( 1 July 1916 ) was the bloodiest day in the history of the British Army , suffering 57,470 casualties , including 19,240 dead . The entire Somme offensive cost the British Army some 420,000 casualties . The French suffered another estimated 200,000 casualties and the Germans an estimated 500,000 . Gun fire was n't the only factor taking lives ; the diseases that emerged in the trenches were a major killer on both sides . The living conditions made it so that countless diseases and infections occurred , such as trench foot , shell shock , blindness / burns from mustard gas , lice , trench fever , cooties ( body lice ) and the ' Spanish Flu ' . Canadian troops advancing with a British Mark II tank at the Battle of Vimy Ridge , 1917 Protracted action at Verdun throughout 1916 , combined with the bloodletting at the Somme , brought the exhausted French army to the brink of collapse . Futile attempts using frontal assault came at a high price for both the British and the French and led to the widespread French Army Mutinies , after the failure of the costly Nivelle Offensive of April -- May 1917 . The concurrent British Battle of Arras was more limited in scope , and more successful , although ultimately of little strategic value . A smaller part of the Arras offensive , the capture of Vimy Ridge by the Canadian Corps , became highly significant to that country : the idea that Canada 's national identity was born out of the battle is an opinion widely held in military and general histories of Canada . The last large - scale offensive of this period was a British attack ( with French support ) at Passchendaele ( July -- November 1917 ) . This offensive opened with great promise for the Allies , before bogging down in the October mud . Casualties , though disputed , were roughly equal , at some 200,000 -- 400,000 per side . The years of trench warfare on the Western front achieved no major exchanges of territory and , as a result , are often thought of as static and unchanging . However , throughout this period , British , French , and German tactics constantly evolved to meet new battlefield challenges . Naval War Main article : Naval warfare of World War I King George V ( front left ) and a group of officials inspect a British munitions factory in 1917 . At the start of the war , the German Empire had cruisers scattered across the globe , some of which were subsequently used to attack Allied merchant shipping . The British Royal Navy systematically hunted them down , though not without some embarrassment from its inability to protect Allied shipping . Before the beginning of the war , it was widely understood that Britain held the position of strongest , most influential navy in the world . The publishing of the book The Influence of Sea Power upon History by Alfred Thayer Mahan in 1890 was intended to encourage the United States to increase their naval power . Instead , this book made it to Germany and inspired its readers to try to over-power the British Royal Navy . For example , the German detached light cruiser SMS Emden , part of the East Asia Squadron stationed at Qingdao , seized or destroyed 15 merchantmen , as well as sinking a Russian cruiser and a French destroyer . However , most of the German East - Asia squadron -- consisting of the armoured cruisers SMS Scharnhorst and Gneisenau , light cruisers Nürnberg and Leipzig and two transport ships -- did not have orders to raid shipping and was instead underway to Germany when it met British warships . The German flotilla and Dresden sank two armoured cruisers at the Battle of Coronel , but was virtually destroyed at the Battle of the Falkland Islands in December 1914 , with only Dresden and a few auxiliaries escaping , but after the Battle of Más a Tierra these too had been destroyed or interned . Battleships of the Hochseeflotte , 1917 U-155 exhibited near Tower Bridge in London , after the 1918 Armistice Soon after the outbreak of hostilities , Britain began a naval blockade of Germany . The strategy proved effective , cutting off vital military and civilian supplies , although this blockade violated accepted international law codified by several international agreements of the past two centuries . Britain mined international waters to prevent any ships from entering entire sections of ocean , causing danger to even neutral ships . Since there was limited response to this tactic of the British , Germany expected a similar response to its unrestricted submarine warfare . The Battle of Jutland ( German : Skagerrakschlacht , or `` Battle of the Skagerrak '' ) in May / June 1916 developed into the largest naval battle of the war . It was the only full - scale clash of battleships during the war , and one of the largest in history . The Kaiserliche Marine 's High Seas Fleet , commanded by Vice Admiral Reinhard Scheer , fought the Royal Navy 's Grand Fleet , led by Admiral Sir John Jellicoe . The engagement was a stand off , as the Germans were outmanoeuvred by the larger British fleet , but managed to escape and inflicted more damage to the British fleet than they received . Strategically , however , the British asserted their control of the sea , and the bulk of the German surface fleet remained confined to port for the duration of the war . German U-boats attempted to cut the supply lines between North America and Britain . The nature of submarine warfare meant that attacks often came without warning , giving the crews of the merchant ships little hope of survival . The United States launched a protest , and Germany changed its rules of engagement . After the sinking of the passenger ship RMS Lusitania in 1915 , Germany promised not to target passenger liners , while Britain armed its merchant ships , placing them beyond the protection of the `` cruiser rules '' , which demanded warning and movement of crews to `` a place of safety '' ( a standard that lifeboats did not meet ) . Finally , in early 1917 , Germany adopted a policy of unrestricted submarine warfare , realising that the Americans would eventually enter the war . Germany sought to strangle Allied sea lanes before the United States could transport a large army overseas , but after initial successes eventually failed to do so . The U-boat threat lessened in 1917 , when merchant ships began travelling in convoys , escorted by destroyers . This tactic made it difficult for U-boats to find targets , which significantly lessened losses ; after the hydrophone and depth charges were introduced , accompanying destroyers could attack a submerged submarine with some hope of success . Convoys slowed the flow of supplies , since ships had to wait as convoys were assembled . The solution to the delays was an extensive program of building new freighters . Troopships were too fast for the submarines and did not travel the North Atlantic in convoys . The U-boats had sunk more than 5,000 Allied ships , at a cost of 199 submarines . World War I also saw the first use of aircraft carriers in combat , with HMS Furious launching Sopwith Camels in a successful raid against the Zeppelin hangars at Tondern in July 1918 , as well as blimps for antisubmarine patrol . Southern theatres War in the Balkans Main articles : Balkans Campaign ( World War I ) , Bulgaria during World War I , Serbian Campaign ( World War I ) , and Macedonian Front Refugee transport from Serbia in Leibnitz , Styria , 1914 Bulgarian soldiers in a trench , preparing to fire against an incoming aeroplane Austro - Hungarian troops executing captured Serbians , 1917 . Serbia lost about 850,000 people during the war , a quarter of its pre-war population . Faced with Russia in the east , Austria - Hungary could spare only one - third of its army to attack Serbia . After suffering heavy losses , the Austrians briefly occupied the Serbian capital , Belgrade . A Serbian counter-attack in the Battle of Kolubara succeeded in driving them from the country by the end of 1914 . For the first ten months of 1915 , Austria - Hungary used most of its military reserves to fight Italy . German and Austro - Hungarian diplomats , however , scored a coup by persuading Bulgaria to join the attack on Serbia . The Austro - Hungarian provinces of Slovenia , Croatia and Bosnia provided troops for Austria - Hungary in the fight with Serbia , Russia and Italy . Montenegro allied itself with Serbia . Bulgaria declared war on Serbia on 12 October 1915 and joined in the attack by the Austro - Hungarian army under Mackensen 's army of 250,000 that was already underway . Serbia was conquered in a little more than a month , as the Central Powers , now including Bulgaria , sent in 600,000 troops total . The Serbian army , fighting on two fronts and facing certain defeat , retreated into northern Albania . The Serbs suffered defeat in the Battle of Kosovo . Montenegro covered the Serbian retreat towards the Adriatic coast in the Battle of Mojkovac in 6 -- 7 January 1916 , but ultimately the Austrians also conquered Montenegro . The surviving Serbian soldiers were evacuated by ship to Greece . After conquest , Serbia was divided between Austro - Hungary and Bulgaria . In late 1915 , a Franco - British force landed at Salonica in Greece to offer assistance and to pressure its government to declare war against the Central Powers . However , the pro-German King Constantine I dismissed the pro-Allied government of Eleftherios Venizelos before the Allied expeditionary force arrived . The friction between the King of Greece and the Allies continued to accumulate with the National Schism , which effectively divided Greece between regions still loyal to the king and the new provisional government of Venizelos in Salonica . After intense negotiations and an armed confrontation in Athens between Allied and royalist forces ( an incident known as Noemvriana ) , the King of Greece resigned and his second son Alexander took his place ; Greece officially joined the war on the side of the Allies in June 1917 . The Macedonian Front was initially mostly static . French and Serbian forces retook limited areas of Macedonia by recapturing Bitola on 19 November 1916 following the costly Monastir Offensive , which brought stabilisation of the front . Serbian and French troops finally made a breakthrough in September 1918 in the Vardar Offensive , after most of the German and Austro - Hungarian troops had been withdrawn . The Bulgarians were defeated at the Battle of Dobro Pole , and by 25 September British and French troops had crossed the border into Bulgaria proper as the Bulgarian army collapsed . Bulgaria capitulated four days later , on 29 September 1918 . The German high command responded by despatching troops to hold the line , but these forces were far too weak to reestablish a front . The disappearance of the Macedonian Front meant that the road to Budapest and Vienna was now opened to Allied forces . Hindenburg and Ludendorff concluded that the strategic and operational balance had now shifted decidedly against the Central Powers and , a day after the Bulgarian collapse , insisted on an immediate peace settlement . Ottoman Empire Main article : History of the Ottoman Empire during World War I See also : Middle Eastern theatre of World War I Australian troops charging near a Turkish trench during the Gallipoli Campaign The Ottomans threatened Russia 's Caucasian territories and Britain 's communications with India via the Suez Canal . As the conflict progressed , the Ottoman Empire took advantage of the European powers ' preoccupation with the war and conducted large - scale ethnic cleansing of the indigenous Armenian , Greek , and Assyrian Christian populations , known as the Armenian Genocide , Greek Genocide , and Assyrian Genocide . The British and French opened overseas fronts with the Gallipoli ( 1915 ) and Mesopotamian campaigns ( 1914 ) . In Gallipoli , the Ottoman Empire successfully repelled the British , French , and Australian and New Zealand Army Corps ( ANZACs ) . In Mesopotamia , by contrast , after the defeat of the British defenders in the Siege of Kut by the Ottomans ( 1915 -- 16 ) , British Imperial forces reorganised and captured Baghdad in March 1917 . The British were aided in Mesopotamia by local Arab and Assyrian tribesmen , while the Ottomans employed local Kurdish and Turcoman tribes . Mehmed V greeting Wilhelm II on his arrival at Constantinople Further to the west , the Suez Canal was defended from Ottoman attacks in 1915 and 1916 ; in August , a German and Ottoman force was defeated at the Battle of Romani by the ANZAC Mounted Division and the 52nd ( Lowland ) Infantry Division . Following this victory , an Egyptian Expeditionary Force advanced across the Sinai Peninsula , pushing Ottoman forces back in the Battle of Magdhaba in December and the Battle of Rafa on the border between the Egyptian Sinai and Ottoman Palestine in January 1917 . Russian armies generally had success in the Caucasus . Enver Pasha , supreme commander of the Ottoman armed forces , was ambitious and dreamed of re-conquering central Asia and areas that had been lost to Russia previously . He was , however , a poor commander . He launched an offensive against the Russians in the Caucasus in December 1914 with 100,000 troops , insisting on a frontal attack against mountainous Russian positions in winter . He lost 86 % of his force at the Battle of Sarikamish . Kaiser Wilhelm II inspecting Turkish troops of the 15th Corps in East Galicia , Austria - Hungary ( now Poland ) . Prince Leopold of Bavaria , the Supreme Commander of the German Army on the Eastern Front , is second from the left . The Ottoman Empire , with German support , invaded Persia ( modern Iran ) in December 1914 in an effort to cut off British and Russian access to petroleum reservoirs around Baku near the Caspian Sea . Persia , ostensibly neutral , had long been under the spheres of British and Russian influence . The Ottomans and Germans were aided by Kurdish and Azeri forces , together with a large number of major Iranian tribes , such as the Qashqai , Tangistanis , Luristanis , and Khamseh , while the Russians and British had the support of Armenian and Assyrian forces . The Persian Campaign was to last until 1918 and end in failure for the Ottomans and their allies . However , the Russian withdrawal from the war in 1917 led to Armenian and Assyrian forces , who had hitherto inflicted a series of defeats upon the forces of the Ottomans and their allies , being cut off from supply lines , outnumbered , outgunned and isolated , forcing them to fight and flee towards British lines in northern Mesopotamia . Russian forest trench at the Battle of Sarikamish , 1914 -- 1915 General Yudenich , the Russian commander from 1915 to 1916 , drove the Turks out of most of the southern Caucasus with a string of victories . In 1917 , Russian Grand Duke Nicholas assumed command of the Caucasus front . Nicholas planned a railway from Russian Georgia to the conquered territories , so that fresh supplies could be brought up for a new offensive in 1917 . However , in March 1917 ( February in the pre-revolutionary Russian calendar ) , the Czar abdicated in the course of the February Revolution , and the Russian Caucasus Army began to fall apart . The Arab Revolt , instigated by the Arab bureau of the British Foreign Office , started June 1916 with the Battle of Mecca , led by Sherif Hussein of Mecca , and ended with the Ottoman surrender of Damascus . Fakhri Pasha , the Ottoman commander of Medina , resisted for more than two and half years during the Siege of Medina before surrendering in January 1919 . The Senussi tribe , along the border of Italian Libya and British Egypt , incited and armed by the Turks , waged a small - scale guerrilla war against Allied troops . The British were forced to dispatch 12,000 troops to oppose them in the Senussi Campaign . Their rebellion was finally crushed in mid-1916 . Total Allied casualties on the Ottoman fronts amounted 650,000 men . Total Ottoman casualties were 725,000 ( 325,000 dead and 400,000 wounded ) . Italian participation Main articles : Italian Front ( World War I ) and Albania during World War I Further information : Battles of the Isonzo A pro-war demonstration in Bologna , Italy , 1914 Italy had been allied with the German and Austro - Hungarian Empires since 1882 as part of the Triple Alliance . However , the nation had its own designs on Austrian territory in Trentino , the Austrian Littoral , Fiume ( Rijeka ) and Dalmatia . Rome had a secret 1902 pact with France , effectively nullifying its part in the Triple Alliance . At the start of hostilities , Italy refused to commit troops , arguing that the Triple Alliance was defensive and that Austria - Hungary was an aggressor . The Austro - Hungarian government began negotiations to secure Italian neutrality , offering the French colony of Tunisia in return . The Allies made a counter-offer in which Italy would receive the Southern Tyrol , Austrian Littoral and territory on the Dalmatian coast after the defeat of Austria - Hungary . This was formalised by the Treaty of London . Further encouraged by the Allied invasion of Turkey in April 1915 , Italy joined the Triple Entente and declared war on Austria - Hungary on 23 May . Fifteen months later , Italy declared war on Germany . Austro - Hungarian troops , Tyrol The Italians had numerical superiority , but this advantage was lost , not only because of the difficult terrain in which the fighting took place , but also because of the strategies and tactics employed . Field Marshal Luigi Cadorna , a staunch proponent of the frontal assault , had dreams of breaking into the Slovenian plateau , taking Ljubljana and threatening Vienna . On the Trentino front , the Austro - Hungarians took advantage of the mountainous terrain , which favoured the defender . After an initial strategic retreat , the front remained largely unchanged , while Austrian Kaiserschützen and Standschützen engaged Italian Alpini in bitter hand - to - hand combat throughout the summer . The Austro - Hungarians counterattacked in the Altopiano of Asiago , towards Verona and Padua , in the spring of 1916 ( Strafexpedition ) , but made little progress . Beginning in 1915 , the Italians under Cadorna mounted eleven offensives on the Isonzo front along the Isonzo ( Soča ) River , northeast of Trieste . All eleven offensives were repelled by the Austro - Hungarians , who held the higher ground . In the summer of 1916 , after the Battle of Doberdò , the Italians captured the town of Gorizia . After this minor victory , the front remained static for over a year , despite several Italian offensives , centred on the Banjšice and Karst Plateau east of Gorizia . Depiction of the Battle of Doberdò , fought in August 1916 between the Italian and the Austro - Hungarian armies The Central Powers launched a crushing offensive on 26 October 1917 , spearheaded by the Germans , and achieved a victory at Caporetto ( Kobarid ) . The Italian Army was routed and retreated more than 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) to reorganise , stabilising the front at the Piave River . Since the Italian Army had suffered heavy losses in the Battle of Caporetto , the Italian Government ordered conscription of the so - called ' 99 Boys ( Ragazzi del ' 99 ) : all males born in 1899 and prior , who were 18 years old or older . In 1918 , the Austro - Hungarians failed to break through in a series of battles on the Piave and were finally decisively defeated in the Battle of Vittorio Veneto in October . On 1 November , the Italian Navy destroyed much of the Austro - Hungarian fleet stationed in Pula , preventing it from being handed over to the new State of Slovenes , Croats and Serbs . On 3 November , the Italians invaded Trieste from the sea . On the same day , the Armistice of Villa Giusti was signed . By mid-November 1918 , the Italian military occupied the entire former Austrian Littoral and had seized control of the portion of Dalmatia that had been guaranteed to Italy by the London Pact . By the end of hostilities in November 1918 , Admiral Enrico Millo declared himself Italy 's Governor of Dalmatia . Austria - Hungary surrendered on 11 November 1918 . Romanian participation Main article : Romania during World War I Marshal Joffre inspecting Romanian troops , 1916 Romania had been allied with the Central Powers since 1882 . When the war began , however , it declared its neutrality , arguing that because Austria - Hungary had itself declared war on Serbia , Romania was under no obligation to join the war . When the Entente Powers promised Romania Transylvania and Banat , large territories of eastern Hungary , in exchange for Romania 's declaring war on the Central Powers , the Romanian government renounced its neutrality . On 27 August 1916 , the Romanian Army launched an attack against Austria - Hungary , with limited Russian support . The Romanian offensive was initially successful , against the Austro - Hungarian troops in Transylvania , but a counterattack by the forces of the Central Powers drove them back . As a result of the Battle of Bucharest , the Central Powers occupied Bucharest on 6 December 1916 . Fighting in Moldova continued in 1917 , resulting in a costly stalemate for the Central Powers . Russian withdrawal from the war in late 1917 as a result of the October Revolution meant that Romania was forced to sign an armistice with the Central Powers on 9 December 1917 . Romanian troops during the Battle of Mărăşeşti , 1917 In January 1918 , Romanian forces established control over Bessarabia as the Russian Army abandoned the province . Although a treaty was signed by the Romanian and Bolshevik Russian governments following talks between 5 and 9 March 1918 on the withdrawal of Romanian forces from Bessarabia within two months , on 27 March 1918 Romania formally attached Bessarabia to its territory , based on a resolution passed by the local assembly of that territory on its unification with Romania . Romania officially made peace with the Central Powers by signing the Treaty of Bucharest on 7 May 1918 . Under the treaty , Romania was obliged to end the war with the Central Powers and make small territorial concessions to Austria - Hungary , ceding control of some passes in the Carpathian Mountains , and to grant oil concessions to Germany . In exchange , the Central Powers recognised the sovereignty of Romania over Bessarabia . The treaty was renounced in October 1918 by the Alexandru Marghiloman government , and Romania nominally re-entered the war on 10 November 1918 . The next day , the Treaty of Bucharest was nullified by the terms of the Armistice of Compiègne . Total Romanian deaths from 1914 to 1918 , military and civilian , within contemporary borders , were estimated at 748,000 . Eastern front Main article : Eastern Front ( World War I ) Initial actions Heir presumptive Karl visiting the fortress of Przemyśl after the first siege . The Russian Siege of Przemyśl was the longest siege of the war . While the Western Front had reached stalemate , the war continued in East Europe . Initial Russian plans called for simultaneous invasions of Austrian Galicia and East Prussia . Although Russia 's initial advance into Galicia was largely successful , it was driven back from East Prussia by Hindenburg and Ludendorff at the battles of Tannenberg and the Masurian Lakes in August and September 1914 . Russia 's less developed industrial base and ineffective military leadership were instrumental in the events that unfolded . By the spring of 1915 , the Russians had retreated to Galicia , and , in May , the Central Powers achieved a remarkable breakthrough on Poland 's southern frontiers . On 5 August , they captured Warsaw and forced the Russians to withdraw from Poland . Russian Revolution Main article : Russian Revolution Allied troops parade through Vladivostok in armed support of the anti-communist White Army , September 1918 Despite Russia 's success in the June 1916 Brusilov Offensive in eastern Galicia , dissatisfaction with the Russian government 's conduct of the war grew . The success of the offensive was undermined by the reluctance of other generals to commit their forces to support the victory . Allied and Russian forces were revived only temporarily by Romania 's entry into the war on 27 August . German forces came to the aid of embattled Austro - Hungarian units in Transylvania while a German - Bulgarian force attacked from the south , and Bucharest was retaken by the Central Powers on 6 December . Meanwhile , unrest grew in Russia as the Tsar remained at the front . The increasingly incompetent rule of Empress Alexandra drew protests and resulted in the murder of her favourite , Rasputin , at the end of 1916 . In March 1917 , demonstrations in Petrograd culminated in the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II and the appointment of a weak Provisional Government , which shared power with the Petrograd Soviet socialists . This arrangement led to confusion and chaos both at the front and at home . The army became increasingly ineffective . Treaty of Brest - Litovsk , 1918 Count Ottokar von Czernin Richard von Kühlmann Vasil Radoslavov Following the Tsar 's abdication , Vladimir Lenin was ushered by train from Switzerland into Russia 16 April 1917 . Discontent and the weaknesses of the Provisional Government led to a rise in the popularity of the Bolshevik Party , led by Lenin , which demanded an immediate end to the war . The Revolution of November was followed in December by an armistice and negotiations with Germany . At first , the Bolsheviks refused the German terms , but when German troops began marching across Ukraine unopposed , the new government acceded to the Treaty of Brest - Litovsk on 3 March 1918 . The treaty ceded vast territories , including Finland , the Baltic provinces , parts of Poland and Ukraine to the Central Powers . Despite this enormous apparent German success , the manpower required for German occupation of former Russian territory may have contributed to the failure of the Spring Offensive and secured relatively little food or other materiel for the Central Powers war effort . With the adoption of the Treaty of Brest - Litovsk , the Entente no longer existed . The Allied powers led a small - scale invasion of Russia , partly to stop Germany from exploiting Russian resources , and to a lesser extent , to support the `` Whites '' ( as opposed to the `` Reds '' ) in the Russian Civil War . Allied troops landed in Arkhangelsk and in Vladivostok as part of the North Russia Intervention . Czechoslovak Legion Main article : Czechoslovak Legion Czechoslovak Legion , Vladivostok , 1918 The Czechoslovak Legion fought with the Entente ; its goal was to win support for the independence of Czechoslovakia . The Legion in Russia was established in September 1914 , in December 1917 in France ( including volunteers from America ) and in April 1918 in Italy . Czechoslovak Legion troops defeated the Austro - Hungarian army at the Ukrainian village of Zborov , in July 1917 . After this success , the number of Czechoslovak legionaries increased , as well as Czechoslovak military power . In the Battle of Bakhmach , the Legion defeated the Germans and forced them to make a truce . In Russia , they were heavily involved in the Russian Civil War , siding with the Whites against the Bolsheviks , at times controlling most of the Trans - Siberian railway and conquering all the major cities of Siberia . The presence of the Czechoslovak Legion near Yekaterinburg appears to have been one of the motivations for the Bolshevik execution of the Tsar and his family in July 1918 . Legionaries arrived less than a week afterwards and captured the city . Because Russia 's European ports were not safe , the corps was evacuated by a long detour via the port of Vladivostok . The last transport was the American ship Heffron in September 1920 . Central Powers peace overtures `` They shall not pass '' , a phrase typically associated with the defence of Verdun In December 1916 , after ten brutal months of the Battle of Verdun and a successful offensive against Romania , the Germans attempted to negotiate a peace with the Allies . Soon after , the US President , Woodrow Wilson , attempted to intervene as a peacemaker , asking in a note for both sides to state their demands . Lloyd George 's War Cabinet considered the German offer to be a ploy to create divisions amongst the Allies . After initial outrage and much deliberation , they took Wilson 's note as a separate effort , signalling that the United States was on the verge of entering the war against Germany following the `` submarine outrages '' . While the Allies debated a response to Wilson 's offer , the Germans chose to rebuff it in favour of `` a direct exchange of views '' . Learning of the German response , the Allied governments were free to make clear demands in their response of 14 January . They sought restoration of damages , the evacuation of occupied territories , reparations for France , Russia and Romania , and a recognition of the principle of nationalities . This included the liberation of Italians , Slavs , Romanians , Czecho - Slovaks , and the creation of a `` free and united Poland '' . On the question of security , the Allies sought guarantees that would prevent or limit future wars , complete with sanctions , as a condition of any peace settlement . The negotiations failed and the Entente powers rejected the German offer on the grounds that Germany had not put forward any specific proposals . 1917 -- 1918 Events of 1917 proved decisive in ending the war , although their effects were not fully felt until 1918 . Developments in 1917 French Army lookout at his observation post , Haut - Rhin , France , 1917 The British naval blockade began to have a serious impact on Germany . In response , in February 1917 , the German General Staff convinced Chancellor Theobald von Bethmann - Hollweg to declare unrestricted submarine warfare , with the goal of starving Britain out of the war . German planners estimated that unrestricted submarine warfare would cost Britain a monthly shipping loss of 600,000 tons . The General Staff acknowledged that the policy would almost certainly bring the United States into the conflict , but calculated that British shipping losses would be so high that they would be forced to sue for peace after 5 to 6 months , before American intervention could make an impact . Tonnage sunk rose above 500,000 tons per month from February to July . It peaked at 860,000 tons in April . After July , the newly re-introduced convoy system became effective in reducing the U-boat threat . Britain was safe from starvation , while German industrial output fell , and the United States joined the war far earlier than Germany had anticipated . On 3 May 1917 , during the Nivelle Offensive , the French 2nd Colonial Division , veterans of the Battle of Verdun , refused orders , arriving drunk and without their weapons . Their officers lacked the means to punish an entire division , and harsh measures were not immediately implemented . The French Army Mutinies eventually spread to a further 54 French divisions , and 20,000 men deserted . However , appeals to patriotism and duty , as well as mass arrests and trials , encouraged the soldiers to return to defend their trenches , although the French soldiers refused to participate in further offensive action . Robert Nivelle was removed from command by 15 May , replaced by General Philippe Pétain , who suspended bloody large - scale attacks . German film crew recording the action The victory of the Central Powers at the Battle of Caporetto led the Allies to convene the Rapallo Conference at which they formed the Supreme War Council to co-ordinate planning . Previously , British and French armies had operated under separate commands . In December , the Central Powers signed an armistice with Russia , thus freeing large numbers of German troops for use in the west . With German reinforcements and new American troops pouring in , the outcome was to be decided on the Western Front . The Central Powers knew that they could not win a protracted war , but they held high hopes for success based on a final quick offensive . Furthermore , both sides became increasingly fearful of social unrest and revolution in Europe . Thus , both sides urgently sought a decisive victory . In 1917 , Emperor Charles I of Austria secretly attempted separate peace negotiations with Clemenceau , through his wife 's brother Sixtus in Belgium as an intermediary , without the knowledge of Germany . Italy opposed the proposals . When the negotiations failed , his attempt was revealed to Germany , resulting in a diplomatic catastrophe . Ottoman Empire conflict , 1917 -- 1918 Main article : Sinai and Palestine Campaign 10.5 cm Feldhaubitze 98 / 09 and Ottoman artillerymen at Hareira in 1917 before the Southern Palestine offensive British artillery battery on Mount Scopus in the Battle of Jerusalem , 1917 . Foreground , a battery of 16 heavy guns . Background , conical tents and support vehicles . In March and April 1917 , at the First and Second Battles of Gaza , German and Ottoman forces stopped the advance of the Egyptian Expeditionary Force , which had begun in August 1916 at the Battle of Romani . At the end of October , the Sinai and Palestine Campaign resumed , when General Edmund Allenby 's XXth Corps , XXI Corps and Desert Mounted Corps won the Battle of Beersheba . Two Ottoman armies were defeated a few weeks later at the Battle of Mughar Ridge and , early in December , Jerusalem was captured following another Ottoman defeat at the Battle of Jerusalem . About this time , Friedrich Freiherr Kress von Kressenstein was relieved of his duties as the Eighth Army 's commander , replaced by Djevad Pasha , and a few months later the commander of the Ottoman Army in Palestine , Erich von Falkenhayn , was replaced by Otto Liman von Sanders . Ottoman troops during the Mesopotamian campaign British troops on the march during the Mesopotamian campaign , 1917 In early 1918 , the front line was extended and the Jordan Valley was occupied , following the First Transjordan and the Second Transjordan attacks by British Empire forces in March and April 1918 . In March , most of the Egyptian Expeditionary Force 's British infantry and Yeomanry cavalry were sent to the Western Front as a consequence of the Spring Offensive . They were replaced by Indian Army units . During several months of reorganisation and training of the summer , a number of attacks were carried out on sections of the Ottoman front line . These pushed the front line north to more advantageous positions for the Entente in preparation for an attack and to acclimatise the newly arrived Indian Army infantry . It was not until the middle of September that the integrated force was ready for large - scale operations . The reorganised Egyptian Expeditionary Force , with an additional mounted division , broke Ottoman forces at the Battle of Megiddo in September 1918 . In two days the British and Indian infantry , supported by a creeping barrage , broke the Ottoman front line and captured the headquarters of the Eighth Army ( Ottoman Empire ) at Tulkarm , the continuous trench lines at Tabsor , Arara , and the Seventh Army ( Ottoman Empire ) headquarters at Nablus . The Desert Mounted Corps rode through the break in the front line created by the infantry . During virtually continuous operations by Australian Light Horse , British mounted Yeomanry , Indian Lancers , and New Zealand Mounted Rifle brigades in the Jezreel Valley , they captured Nazareth , Afulah and Beisan , Jenin , along with Haifa on the Mediterranean coast and Daraa east of the Jordan River on the Hejaz railway . Samakh and Tiberias on the Sea of Galilee were captured on the way northwards to Damascus . Meanwhile , Chaytor 's Force of Australian light horse , New Zealand mounted rifles , Indian , British West Indies and Jewish infantry captured the crossings of the Jordan River , Es Salt , Amman and at Ziza most of the Fourth Army ( Ottoman Empire ) . The Armistice of Mudros , signed at the end of October , ended hostilities with the Ottoman Empire when fighting was continuing north of Aleppo . 15 August 1917 : peace offer by the Pope See also : Pope Benedict XV § Peace efforts On or shortly before 15 August 1917 Pope Benedict XV made a peace proposal suggesting : No annexations No indemnities , except to compensate for severe war damage in Belgium and parts of France and of Serbia A solution to the problems of Alsace - Lorraine , Trentino and Trieste Restoration of the Kingdom of Poland Germany to pull out of Belgium and France Germany 's overseas colonies to be returned to Germany General disarmament A Supreme Court of arbitration to settle future disputes between nations The freedom of the seas Abolish all retaliatory economic conflicts No point in ordering reparations , because so much damage had been caused to all belligerents Entry of the United States Main article : American entry into World War I At the outbreak of the war , the United States pursued a policy of non-intervention , avoiding conflict while trying to broker a peace . When the German U-boat U-20 sank the British liner RMS Lusitania on 7 May 1915 with 128 Americans among the dead , President Woodrow Wilson insisted that America is `` too proud to fight '' but demanded an end to attacks on passenger ships . Germany complied . Wilson unsuccessfully tried to mediate a settlement . However , he also repeatedly warned that the United States would not tolerate unrestricted submarine warfare , in violation of international law . Former president Theodore Roosevelt denounced German acts as `` piracy '' . Wilson was narrowly re-elected in 1916 after campaigning with the slogan `` he kept us out of war '' . President Wilson before Congress , announcing the break in official relations with Germany on 3 February 1917 In January 1917 , Germany decided to resume unrestricted submarine warfare , realising it would mean American entry . The German Foreign Minister , in the Zimmermann Telegram , invited Mexico to join the war as Germany 's ally against the United States . In return , the Germans would finance Mexico 's war and help it recover the territories of Texas , New Mexico , and Arizona . The United Kingdom intercepted the message and presented it to the US embassy in the UK . From there it made its way to President Wilson who released the Zimmermann note to the public , and Americans saw it as casus belli . Wilson called on anti-war elements to end all wars , by winning this one and eliminating militarism from the globe . He argued that the war was so important that the US had to have a voice in the peace conference . After the sinking of seven US merchant ships by submarines and the publication of the Zimmermann telegram , Wilson called for war on Germany on 2 April 1917 , which the US Congress declared 4 days later . The United States was never formally a member of the Allies but became a self - styled `` Associated Power '' . The United States had a small army , but , after the passage of the Selective Service Act , it drafted 2.8 million men , and , by summer 1918 , was sending 10,000 fresh soldiers to France every day . In 1917 , the US Congress granted US citizenship to Puerto Ricans to allow them to be drafted to participate in World War I , as part of the Jones -- Shafroth Act . German General Staff assumptions that it would be able to defeat the British and French forces before American troops reinforced them were proven incorrect . The United States Navy sent a battleship group to Scapa Flow to join with the British Grand Fleet , destroyers to Queenstown , Ireland , and submarines to help guard convoys . Several regiments of US Marines were also dispatched to France . The British and French wanted American units used to reinforce their troops already on the battle lines and not waste scarce shipping on bringing over supplies . General John J. Pershing , American Expeditionary Forces ( AEF ) commander , refused to break up American units to be used as filler material . As an exception , he did allow African - American combat regiments to be used in French divisions . The Harlem Hellfighters fought as part of the French 16th Division , and earned a unit Croix de Guerre for their actions at Château - Thierry , Belleau Wood , and Sechault . AEF doctrine called for the use of frontal assaults , which had long since been discarded by British Empire and French commanders due to the large loss of life that resulted . German spring offensive of 1918 Main article : Spring Offensive French soldiers under General Gouraud , with machine guns amongst the ruins of a cathedral near the Marne , 1918 Ludendorff drew up plans ( codenamed Operation Michael ) for the 1918 offensive on the Western Front . The Spring Offensive sought to divide the British and French forces with a series of feints and advances . The German leadership hoped to end the war before significant US forces arrived . The operation commenced on 21 March 1918 with an attack on British forces near Saint - Quentin . German forces achieved an unprecedented advance of 60 kilometres ( 37 mi ) . British and French trenches were penetrated using novel infiltration tactics , also named Hutier tactics after General Oskar von Hutier , by specially trained units called stormtroopers . Previously , attacks had been characterised by long artillery bombardments and massed assaults . In the Spring Offensive of 1918 , however , Ludendorff used artillery only briefly and infiltrated small groups of infantry at weak points . They attacked command and logistics areas and bypassed points of serious resistance . More heavily armed infantry then destroyed these isolated positions . This German success relied greatly on the element of surprise . British 55th Division soldiers blinded by tear gas during the Battle of Estaires , 10 April 1918 The front moved to within 120 kilometres ( 75 mi ) of Paris . Three heavy Krupp railway guns fired 183 shells on the capital , causing many Parisians to flee . The initial offensive was so successful that Kaiser Wilhelm II declared 24 March a national holiday . Many Germans thought victory was near . After heavy fighting , however , the offensive was halted . Lacking tanks or motorised artillery , the Germans were unable to consolidate their gains . The problems of re-supply were also exacerbated by increasing distances that now stretched over terrain that was shell - torn and often impassable to traffic . General Foch pressed to use the arriving American troops as individual replacements , whereas Pershing sought to field American units as an independent force . These units were assigned to the depleted French and British Empire commands on 28 March . A Supreme War Council of Allied forces was created at the Doullens Conference on 5 November 1917 . General Foch was appointed as supreme commander of the Allied forces . Haig , Petain , and Pershing retained tactical control of their respective armies ; Foch assumed a co-ordinating rather than a directing role , and the British , French , and US commands operated largely independently . Following Operation Michael , Germany launched Operation Georgette against the northern English Channel ports . The Allies halted the drive after limited territorial gains by Germany . The German Army to the south then conducted Operations Blücher and Yorck , pushing broadly towards Paris . Germany launched Operation Marne ( Second Battle of the Marne ) on 15 July , in an attempt to encircle Reims . The resulting counter-attack , which started the Hundred Days Offensive , marked the first successful Allied offensive of the war . By 20 July , the Germans had retreated across the Marne to their starting lines , having achieved little , and the German Army never regained the initiative . German casualties between March and April 1918 were 270,000 , including many highly trained storm troopers . Meanwhile , Germany was falling apart at home . Anti-war marches became frequent and morale in the army fell . Industrial output was half the 1913 levels . New States enter the War In the late spring of 1918 , three new states were formed in the South Caucasus : the First Republic of Armenia , the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic , and the Democratic Republic of Georgia , which declared their independence from the Russian Empire . Two other minor entities were established , the Centrocaspian Dictatorship and South West Caucasian Republic ( the former was liquidated by Azerbaijan in the autumn of 1918 and the latter by a joint Armenian - British task force in early 1919 ) . With the withdrawal of the Russian armies from the Caucasus front in the winter of 1917 -- 18 , the three major republics braced for an imminent Ottoman advance , which commenced in the early months of 1918 . Solidarity was briefly maintained when the Transcaucasian Federative Republic was created in the spring of 1918 , but this collapsed in May , when the Georgians asked for and received protection from Germany and the Azerbaijanis concluded a treaty with the Ottoman Empire that was more akin to a military alliance . Armenia was left to fend for itself and struggled for five months against the threat of a full - fledged occupation by the Ottoman Turks before defeating them at the Battle of Sardarabad . Allied victory : summer 1918 onwards Hundred days offensive Main articles : Hundred Days Offensive and Weimar Republic Between April and November 1918 , the Allies increased their front - line rifle strength while German strength fell by half . The Allied counteroffensive , known as the Hundred Days Offensive , began on 8 August 1918 , with the Battle of Amiens . The battle involved over 400 tanks and 120,000 British , Dominion , and French troops , and by the end of its first day a gap 24 kilometres ( 15 mi ) long had been created in the German lines . The defenders displayed a marked collapse in morale , causing Ludendorff to refer to this day as the `` Black Day of the German army '' . After an advance as far as 23 kilometres ( 14 mi ) , German resistance stiffened , and the battle was concluded on 12 August . Rather than continuing the Amiens battle past the point of initial success , as had been done so many times in the past , the Allies shifted attention elsewhere . Allied leaders had now realised that to continue an attack after resistance had hardened was a waste of lives , and it was better to turn a line than to try to roll over it . They began to undertake attacks in quick order to take advantage of successful advances on the flanks , then broke them off when each attack lost its initial impetus . Aerial view of ruins of Vaux - devant - Damloup , France , 1918 Canadian Scottish , advancing during the Battle of the Canal du Nord , 1918 British and Dominion forces launched the next phase of the campaign with the Battle of Albert on 21 August . The assault was widened by French and then further British forces in the following days . During the last week of August the Allied pressure along a 110 - kilometre ( 68 mi ) front against the enemy was heavy and unrelenting . From German accounts , `` Each day was spent in bloody fighting against an ever and again on - storming enemy , and nights passed without sleep in retirements to new lines . '' Faced with these advances , on 2 September the German Supreme Army Command issued orders to withdraw to the Hindenburg Line in the south . This ceded without a fight the salient seized the previous April . According to Ludendorff , `` We had to admit the necessity ... to withdraw the entire front from the Scarpe to the Vesle . In September the Allies advanced to the Hindenburg Line in the north and centre . The Germans continued to fight strong rear - guard actions and launched numerous counterattacks on lost positions , but only a few succeeded , and those only temporarily . Contested towns , villages , heights , and trenches in the screening positions and outposts of the Hindenburg Line continued to fall to the Allies , with the BEF alone taking 30,441 prisoners in the last week of September . On 24 September an assault by both the British and French came within 3 kilometres ( 2 mi ) of St. Quentin . The Germans had now retreated to positions along or behind the Hindenburg Line . An American major , piloting an observation balloon near the front , 1918 In nearly four weeks of fighting beginning on 8 August , over 100,000 German prisoners were taken . The German High Command realised that the war was lost and made attempts to reach a satisfactory end . The day after the Offensive began , Ludendorff said : `` We can not win the war any more , but we must not lose it either . '' On 11 August he offered his resignation to the Kaiser , who refused it , replying , `` I see that we must strike a balance . We have nearly reached the limit of our powers of resistance . The war must be ended . '' On 13 August , at Spa , Hindenburg , Ludendorff , the Chancellor , and Foreign Minister Hintz agreed that the war could not be ended militarily and , on the following day , the German Crown Council decided that victory in the field was now most improbable . Austria and Hungary warned that they could only continue the war until December , and Ludendorff recommended immediate peace negotiations . Prince Rupprecht warned Prince Max of Baden : `` Our military situation has deteriorated so rapidly that I no longer believe we can hold out over the winter ; it is even possible that a catastrophe will come earlier . '' On 10 September Hindenburg urged peace moves to Emperor Charles of Austria , and Germany appealed to the Netherlands for mediation . On 14 September Austria sent a note to all belligerents and neutrals suggesting a meeting for peace talks on neutral soil , and on 15 September Germany made a peace offer to Belgium . Both peace offers were rejected , and on 24 September Supreme Army Command informed the leaders in Berlin that armistice talks were inevitable . The final assault on the Hindenburg Line began with the Meuse - Argonne Offensive , launched by French and American troops on 26 September . The following week , co-operating French and American units broke through in Champagne at the Battle of Blanc Mont Ridge , forcing the Germans off the commanding heights , and closing towards the Belgian frontier . On 8 October the line was pierced again by British and Dominion troops at the Battle of Cambrai . The German army had to shorten its front and use the Dutch frontier as an anchor to fight rear - guard actions as it fell back towards Germany . When Bulgaria signed a separate armistice on 29 September , Ludendorff , having been under great stress for months , suffered something similar to a breakdown . It was evident that Germany could no longer mount a successful defence . Men of US 64th Regiment , 7th Infantry Division , celebrate the news of the Armistice , 11 November 1918 News of Germany 's impending military defeat spread throughout the German armed forces . The threat of mutiny was rife . Admiral Reinhard Scheer and Ludendorff decided to launch a last attempt to restore the `` valour '' of the German Navy . Knowing the government of Prince Maximilian of Baden would veto any such action , Ludendorff decided not to inform him . Nonetheless , word of the impending assault reached sailors at Kiel . Many , refusing to be part of a naval offensive , which they believed to be suicidal , rebelled and were arrested . Ludendorff took the blame ; the Kaiser dismissed him on 26 October . The collapse of the Balkans meant that Germany was about to lose its main supplies of oil and food . Its reserves had been used up , even as US troops kept arriving at the rate of 10,000 per day . The Americans supplied more than 80 % of Allied oil during the war , and there was no shortage . With the military faltering and with widespread loss of confidence in the Kaiser , Germany moved towards surrender . Prince Maximilian of Baden took charge of a new government as Chancellor of Germany to negotiate with the Allies . Negotiations with President Wilson began immediately , in the hope that he would offer better terms than the British and French . Wilson demanded a constitutional monarchy and parliamentary control over the German military . There was no resistance when the Social Democrat Philipp Scheidemann on 9 November declared Germany to be a republic . The Kaiser , kings and other hereditary rulers all were removed from power and Wilhelm fled to exile in the Netherlands . Imperial Germany was dead ; a new Germany had been born as the Weimar Republic . Armistices and capitulations Main article : Armistice of 11 November 1918 The New York Times , 11 November 1918 The collapse of the Central Powers came swiftly . Bulgaria was the first to sign an armistice , the Armistice of Salonica on 29 September 1918 . On 30 October , the Ottoman Empire capitulated , signing the Armistice of Mudros . Italian troops during the Battle of Vittorio Veneto , 1918 . Italy 's victory marked the end of the war on the Italian Front , secured the dissolution of the Austro - Hungarian Empire and contributed to the end of the entire war just one week later . On 24 October , the Italians began a push that rapidly recovered territory lost after the Battle of Caporetto . This culminated in the Battle of Vittorio Veneto , which marked the end of the Austro - Hungarian Army as an effective fighting force . The offensive also triggered the disintegration of the Austro - Hungarian Empire . During the last week of October , declarations of independence were made in Budapest , Prague , and Zagreb . On 29 October , the imperial authorities asked Italy for an armistice , but the Italians continued advancing , reaching Trento , Udine , and Trieste . On 3 November , Austria - Hungary sent a flag of truce to ask for an armistice ( Armistice of Villa Giusti ) . The terms , arranged by telegraph with the Allied Authorities in Paris , were communicated to the Austrian commander and accepted . The Armistice with Austria was signed in the Villa Giusti , near Padua , on 3 November . Austria and Hungary signed separate armistices following the overthrow of the Habsburg Monarchy . In the following days the Italian Army occupied Innsbruck and all Tyrol with 20 to 22,000 soldiers . Ferdinand Foch , second from right , pictured outside the carriage in Compiègne after agreeing to the armistice that ended the war there . The carriage was later chosen by Nazi Germany as the symbolic setting of Pétain 's June 1940 armistice . On 11 November , at 5 : 00 am , an armistice with Germany was signed in a railroad carriage at Compiègne . At 11 am on 11 November 1918 -- `` the eleventh hour of the eleventh day of the eleventh month '' -- a ceasefire came into effect . During the six hours between the signing of the armistice and its taking effect , opposing armies on the Western Front began to withdraw from their positions , but fighting continued along many areas of the front , as commanders wanted to capture territory before the war ended . The occupation of the Rhineland took place following the Armistice . The occupying armies consisted of American , Belgian , British and French forces . In November 1918 , the Allies had ample supplies of men and materiel to invade Germany . Yet at the time of the armistice , no Allied force had crossed the German frontier , the Western Front was still some 720 kilometres ( 450 mi ) from Berlin , and the Kaiser 's armies had retreated from the battlefield in good order . These factors enabled Hindenburg and other senior German leaders to spread the story that their armies had not really been defeated . This resulted in the stab - in - the - back legend , which attributed Germany 's defeat not to its inability to continue fighting ( even though up to a million soldiers were suffering from the 1918 flu pandemic and unfit to fight ) , but to the public 's failure to respond to its `` patriotic calling '' and the supposed intentional sabotage of the war effort , particularly by Jews , Socialists , and Bolsheviks . The Allies had much more potential wealth they could spend on the war . One estimate ( using 1913 US dollars ) is that the Allies spent $58 billion on the war and the Central Powers only $25 billion . Among the Allies , the UK spent $21 billion and the US $17 billion ; among the Central Powers Germany spent $20 billion . Aftermath Main article : Aftermath of World War I In the aftermath of the war , four empires disappeared : the German , Austro - Hungarian , Ottoman , and Russian . Numerous nations regained their former independence , and new ones were created . Four dynasties , together with their ancillary aristocracies , fell as a result of the war : the Romanovs , the Hohenzollerns , the Habsburgs , and the Ottomans . Belgium and Serbia were badly damaged , as was France , with 1.4 million soldiers dead , not counting other casualties . Germany and Russia were similarly affected . Formal end of the War The Italian War Memorial of Redipuglia , which contains the remains of 100,187 soldiers The French military cemetery at the Douaumont ossuary , which contains the remains of more than 130,000 unknown soldiers A formal state of war between the two sides persisted for another seven months , until the signing of the Treaty of Versailles with Germany on 28 June 1919 . The United States Senate did not ratify the treaty despite public support for it , and did not formally end its involvement in the war until the Knox -- Porter Resolution was signed on 2 July 1921 by President Warren G. Harding . For the United Kingdom and the British Empire , the state of war ceased under the provisions of the Termination of the Present War ( Definition ) Act 1918 with respect to : Germany on 10 January 1920 . Austria on 16 July 1920 . Bulgaria on 9 August 1920 . Hungary on 26 July 1921 . Turkey on 6 August 1924 . After the Treaty of Versailles , treaties with Austria , Hungary , Bulgaria , and the Ottoman Empire were signed . However , the negotiation of the treaty with the Ottoman Empire was followed by strife , and a final peace treaty between the Allied Powers and the country that would shortly become the Republic of Turkey was not signed until 24 July 1923 , at Lausanne . Some war memorials date the end of the war as being when the Versailles Treaty was signed in 1919 , which was when many of the troops serving abroad finally returned home ; by contrast , most commemorations of the war 's end concentrate on the armistice of 11 November 1918 . Legally , the formal peace treaties were not complete until the last , the Treaty of Lausanne , was signed . Under its terms , the Allied forces left Constantinople on 23 August 1923 . Peace treaties and national boundaries Greek prime minister Eleftherios Venizelos signing the Treaty of Sèvres After the war , the Paris Peace Conference imposed a series of peace treaties on the Central Powers officially ending the war . The 1919 Treaty of Versailles dealt with Germany and , building on Wilson 's 14th point , brought into being the League of Nations on 28 June 1919 . The Central Powers had to acknowledge responsibility for `` all the loss and damage to which the Allied and Associated Governments and their nationals have been subjected as a consequence of the war imposed upon them by '' their aggression . In the Treaty of Versailles , this statement was Article 231 . This article became known as the War Guilt clause as the majority of Germans felt humiliated and resentful . Overall the Germans felt they had been unjustly dealt with by what they called the `` diktat of Versailles '' . German historian Hagen Schulze said the Treaty placed Germany `` under legal sanctions , deprived of military power , economically ruined , and politically humiliated . '' Belgian historian Laurence Van Ypersele emphasises the central role played by memory of the war and the Versailles Treaty in German politics in the 1920s and 1930s : Active denial of war guilt in Germany and German resentment at both reparations and continued Allied occupation of the Rhineland made widespread revision of the meaning and memory of the war problematic . The legend of the `` stab in the back '' and the wish to revise the `` Versailles diktat '' , and the belief in an international threat aimed at the elimination of the German nation persisted at the heart of German politics . Even a man of peace such as ( Gustav ) Stresemann publicly rejected German guilt . As for the Nazis , they waved the banners of domestic treason and international conspiracy in an attempt to galvanize the German nation into a spirit of revenge . Like a Fascist Italy , Nazi Germany sought to redirect the memory of the war to the benefit of its own policies . The signing of the Treaty of Versailles in the Hall of Mirrors , Versailles , 28 June 1919 Meanwhile , new nations liberated from German rule viewed the treaty as recognition of wrongs committed against small nations by much larger aggressive neighbours . The Peace Conference required all the defeated powers to pay reparations for all the damage done to civilians . However , owing to economic difficulties and Germany being the only defeated power with an intact economy , the burden fell largely on Germany . Austria - Hungary was partitioned into several successor states , including Austria , Hungary , Czechoslovakia , and Yugoslavia , largely but not entirely along ethnic lines . Transylvania was shifted from Hungary to Greater Romania . The details were contained in the Treaty of Saint - Germain and the Treaty of Trianon . As a result of the Treaty of Trianon , 3.3 million Hungarians came under foreign rule . Although the Hungarians made up 54 % of the population of the pre-war Kingdom of Hungary , only 32 % of its territory was left to Hungary . Between 1920 and 1924 , 354,000 Hungarians fled former Hungarian territories attached to Romania , Czechoslovakia , and Yugoslavia . The Russian Empire , which had withdrawn from the war in 1917 after the October Revolution , lost much of its western frontier as the newly independent nations of Estonia , Finland , Latvia , Lithuania , and Poland were carved from it . Romania took control of Bessarabia in April 1918 . The Ottoman Empire disintegrated , with much of its Levant territory awarded to various Allied powers as protectorates . The Turkish core in Anatolia was reorganised as the Republic of Turkey . The Ottoman Empire was to be partitioned by the Treaty of Sèvres of 1920 . This treaty was never ratified by the Sultan and was rejected by the Turkish National Movement , leading to the victorious Turkish War of Independence and the much less stringent 1923 Treaty of Lausanne . National identities Further information : Sykes -- Picot Agreement Map of territorial changes in Europe after World War I ( as of 1923 ) Poland re-emerged as an independent country , after more than a century . The Kingdom of Serbia and its dynasty , as a `` minor Entente nation '' and the country with the most casualties per capita , became the backbone of a new multinational state , the Kingdom of Serbs , Croats and Slovenes , later renamed Yugoslavia . Czechoslovakia , combining the Kingdom of Bohemia with parts of the Kingdom of Hungary , became a new nation . Russia became the Soviet Union and lost Finland , Estonia , Lithuania , and Latvia , which became independent countries . The Ottoman Empire was soon replaced by Turkey and several other countries in the Middle East . In the British Empire , the war unleashed new forms of nationalism . In Australia and New Zealand the Battle of Gallipoli became known as those nations ' `` Baptism of Fire '' . It was the first major war in which the newly established countries fought , and it was one of the first times that Australian troops fought as Australians , not just subjects of the British Crown . Anzac Day , commemorating the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps , celebrates this defining moment . After the Battle of Vimy Ridge , where the Canadian divisions fought together for the first time as a single corps , Canadians began to refer to their country as a nation `` forged from fire '' . Having succeeded on the same battleground where the `` mother countries '' had previously faltered , they were for the first time respected internationally for their own accomplishments . Canada entered the war as a Dominion of the British Empire and remained so , although it emerged with a greater measure of independence . When Britain declared war in 1914 , the dominions were automatically at war ; at the conclusion , Canada , Australia , New Zealand , and South Africa were individual signatories of the Treaty of Versailles . Lobbying by Chaim Weizmann and fear that American Jews would encourage the United States to support Germany culminated in the British government 's Balfour Declaration of 1917 , endorsing creation of a Jewish homeland in Palestine . A total of more than 1,172,000 Jewish soldiers served in the Allied and Central Power forces in World War I , including 275,000 in Austria - Hungary and 450,000 in Tsarist Russia . The establishment of the modern state of Israel and the roots of the continuing Israeli -- Palestinian conflict are partially found in the unstable power dynamics of the Middle East that resulted from World War I. Before the end of the war , the Ottoman Empire had maintained a modest level of peace and stability throughout the Middle East . With the fall of the Ottoman government , power vacuums developed and conflicting claims to land and nationhood began to emerge . The political boundaries drawn by the victors of World War I were quickly imposed , sometimes after only cursory consultation with the local population . These continue to be problematic in the 21st - century struggles for national identity . While the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire at the end of World War I was pivotal in contributing to the modern political situation of the Middle East , including the Arab - Israeli conflict , the end of Ottoman rule also spawned lesser known disputes over water and other natural resources . Health effects Transporting Ottoman wounded at Sirkeci The war had profound consequences on the health of soldiers . Of the 60 million European military personnel who were mobilised from 1914 to 1918 , 8 million were killed , 7 million were permanently disabled , and 15 million were seriously injured . Germany lost 15.1 % of its active male population , Austria - Hungary lost 17.1 % , and France lost 10.5 % . In Germany , civilian deaths were 474,000 higher than in peacetime , due in large part to food shortages and malnutrition that weakened resistance to disease . By the end of the war , starvation caused by famine had killed approximately 100,000 people in Lebanon . Between 5 and 10 million people died in the Russian famine of 1921 . By 1922 , there were between 4.5 million and 7 million homeless children in Russia as a result of nearly a decade of devastation from World War I , the Russian Civil War , and the subsequent famine of 1920 -- 1922 . Numerous anti-Soviet Russians fled the country after the Revolution ; by the 1930s , the northern Chinese city of Harbin had 100,000 Russians . Thousands more emigrated to France , England , and the United States . Emergency military hospital during the Spanish flu pandemic , which killed about 675,000 people in the United States alone , Camp Funston , Kansas , 1918 The Australian prime minister , Billy Hughes , wrote to the British prime minister , Lloyd George , `` You have assured us that you can not get better terms . I much regret it , and hope even now that some way may be found of securing agreement for demanding reparation commensurate with the tremendous sacrifices made by the British Empire and her Allies . '' Australia received £ 5,571,720 war reparations , but the direct cost of the war to Australia had been £ 376,993,052 , and , by the mid-1930s , repatriation pensions , war gratuities , interest and sinking fund charges were £ 831,280,947 . Of about 416,000 Australians who served , about 60,000 were killed and another 152,000 were wounded . Diseases flourished in the chaotic wartime conditions . In 1914 alone , louse - borne epidemic typhus killed 200,000 in Serbia . From 1918 to 1922 , Russia had about 25 million infections and 3 million deaths from epidemic typhus . In 1923 , 13 million Russians contracted malaria , a sharp increase from the pre-war years . In addition , a major influenza epidemic spread around the world . Overall , the 1918 flu pandemic killed at least 50 million people . The social disruption and widespread violence of the Russian Revolution of 1917 and the ensuing Russian Civil War sparked more than 2,000 pogroms in the former Russian Empire , mostly in Ukraine . An estimated 60,000 -- 200,000 civilian Jews were killed in the atrocities . In the aftermath of World War I , Greece fought against Turkish nationalists led by Mustafa Kemal , a war that eventually resulted in a massive population exchange between the two countries under the Treaty of Lausanne . According to various sources , several hundred thousand Greeks died during this period , which was tied in with the Greek Genocide . Technology See also : Technology during World War I and Weapons of World War I Ground warfare See also : Tanks in World War I Tanks on parade in London at the end of World War I World War I began as a clash of 20th - century technology and 19th - century tactics , with the inevitably large ensuing casualties . By the end of 1917 , however , the major armies , now numbering millions of men , had modernised and were making use of telephone , wireless communication , armoured cars , tanks , and aircraft . Infantry formations were reorganised , so that 100 - man companies were no longer the main unit of manoeuvre ; instead , squads of 10 or so men , under the command of a junior NCO , were favoured . Artillery also underwent a revolution . In 1914 , cannons were positioned in the front line and fired directly at their targets . By 1917 , indirect fire with guns ( as well as mortars and even machine guns ) was commonplace , using new techniques for spotting and ranging , notably aircraft and the often overlooked field telephone . Counter-battery missions became commonplace , also , and sound detection was used to locate enemy batteries . A Russian armoured car , 1919 Germany was far ahead of the Allies in using heavy indirect fire . The German Army employed 150 mm ( 6 in ) and 210 mm ( 8 in ) howitzers in 1914 , when typical French and British guns were only 75 mm ( 3 in ) and 105 mm ( 4 in ) . The British had a 6 - inch ( 152 mm ) howitzer , but it was so heavy it had to be hauled to the field in pieces and assembled . The Germans also fielded Austrian 305 mm ( 12 in ) and 420 mm ( 17 in ) guns and , even at the beginning of the war , had inventories of various calibres of Minenwerfer , which were ideally suited for trench warfare . 38 - cm `` Lange Max '' of Koekelare ( Leugenboom ) , biggest gun in the world in 1917 On 27 June 1917 the Germans used the biggest gun in the world , Batterie Pommern , nicknamed `` Lange Max '' . This gun from Krupp was able to shoot 750 kg shells from Koekelare to Dunkirk , a distance of about 50 km ( 31 mi ) . Much of the combat involved trench warfare , in which hundreds often died for each metre gained . Many of the deadliest battles in history occurred during World War I. Such battles include Ypres , the Marne , Cambrai , the Somme , Verdun , and Gallipoli . The Germans employed the Haber process of nitrogen fixation to provide their forces with a constant supply of gunpowder despite the British naval blockade . Artillery was responsible for the largest number of casualties and consumed vast quantities of explosives . The large number of head wounds caused by exploding shells and fragmentation forced the combatant nations to develop the modern steel helmet , led by the French , who introduced the Adrian helmet in 1915 . It was quickly followed by the Brodie helmet , worn by British Imperial and US troops , and in 1916 by the distinctive German Stahlhelm , a design , with improvements , still in use today . Gas ! GAS ! Quick , boys ! -- An ecstasy of fumbling , Fitting the clumsy helmets just in time ; But someone still was yelling out and stumbling , And flound'ring like a man in fire or lime ... Dim , through the misty panes and thick green light , As under a green sea , I saw him drowning . -- Wilfred Owen , Dulce et Decorum est , 1917 A Canadian soldier with mustard gas burns , c. 1917 -- 1918 The widespread use of chemical warfare was a distinguishing feature of the conflict . Gases used included chlorine , mustard gas and phosgene . Relatively few war casualties were caused by gas , as effective countermeasures to gas attacks were quickly created , such as gas masks . The use of chemical warfare and small - scale strategic bombing were both outlawed by the Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907 , and both proved to be of limited effectiveness , though they captured the public imagination . The most powerful land - based weapons were railway guns , weighing dozens of tons apiece . The German version were nicknamed Big Berthas , even though the namesake was not a railway gun . Germany developed the Paris Gun , able to bombard Paris from over 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) , though shells were relatively light at 94 kilograms ( 210 lb ) . British Vickers machine gun , 1917 Trenches , machine guns , air reconnaissance , barbed wire , and modern artillery with fragmentation shells helped bring the battle lines of World War I to a stalemate . The British and the French sought a solution with the creation of the tank and mechanised warfare . The British first tanks were used during the Battle of the Somme on 15 September 1916 . Mechanical reliability was an issue , but the experiment proved its worth . Within a year , the British were fielding tanks by the hundreds , and they showed their potential during the Battle of Cambrai in November 1917 , by breaking the Hindenburg Line , while combined arms teams captured 8,000 enemy soldiers and 100 guns . Meanwhile , the French introduced the first tanks with a rotating turret , the Renault FT , which became a decisive tool of the victory . The conflict also saw the introduction of light automatic weapons and submachine guns , such as the Lewis Gun , the Browning automatic rifle , and the Bergmann MP18 . Another new weapon , the flamethrower , was first used by the German army and later adopted by other forces . Although not of high tactical value , the flamethrower was a powerful , demoralising weapon that caused terror on the battlefield . Trench railways evolved to supply the enormous quantities of food , water , and ammunition required to support large numbers of soldiers in areas where conventional transportation systems had been destroyed . Internal combustion engines and improved traction systems for automobiles and trucks / lorries eventually rendered trench railways obsolete . Areas taken in major attacks On the Western Front neither side made impressive gains in the first three years of the war with attacks at Verdun , the Somme , Passchendaele , and Cambrai -- the exception was Nivelle 's Offensive in which the German defence gave ground while mauling the attackers so badly that there were mutinies in the French Army . In 1918 the Germans smashed through the defence lines in three great attacks : Michael , on the Lys , and on the Aisne , which displayed the power of their new tactics . The Allies struck back at Soissons , which showed the Germans that they must return to the defensive , and at Amiens ; tanks played a prominent role in both of these assaults , as they had the year before at Cambrai . The areas in the East were larger . The Germans did well at the First Masurian Lakes driving the invaders from East Prussia , and at Riga , which led the Russians to sue for peace . The Austro - Hungarians and Germans joined for a great success at Gorlice -- Tarnów , which drove the Russians out of Poland . In a series of attacks along with the Bulgarians they occupied Serbia , Albania , Montenegro and most of Romania . The Allies successes came later in Palestine , the beginning of the end for the Ottomans , in Macedonia , which drove the Bulgarians out of the war , and at Vittorio Veneto , the final blow for the Austro - Hungarians . The area occupied in East by the Central powers on 11 November 1918 was 1,042,600 km ( 402,600 sq mi ) . Naval The Moltke - class Ottoman battlecruiser Yavûz Sultân Selîm Germany deployed U-boats ( submarines ) after the war began . Alternating between restricted and unrestricted submarine warfare in the Atlantic , the Kaiserliche Marine employed them to deprive the British Isles of vital supplies . The deaths of British merchant sailors and the seeming invulnerability of U-boats led to the development of depth charges ( 1916 ) , hydrophones ( passive sonar , 1917 ) , blimps , hunter - killer submarines ( HMS R - 1 , 1917 ) , forward - throwing anti-submarine weapons , and dipping hydrophones ( the latter two both abandoned in 1918 ) . To extend their operations , the Germans proposed supply submarines ( 1916 ) . Most of these would be forgotten in the interwar period until World War II revived the need . Aviation Main article : Aviation in World War I RAF Sopwith Camel . In April 1917 , the average life expectancy of a British pilot on the Western Front was 93 flying hours . Fixed - wing aircraft were first used militarily by the Italians in Libya on 23 October 1911 during the Italo - Turkish War for reconnaissance , soon followed by the dropping of grenades and aerial photography the next year . By 1914 , their military utility was obvious . They were initially used for reconnaissance and ground attack . To shoot down enemy planes , anti-aircraft guns and fighter aircraft were developed . Strategic bombers were created , principally by the Germans and British , though the former used Zeppelins as well . Towards the end of the conflict , aircraft carriers were used for the first time , with HMS Furious launching Sopwith Camels in a raid to destroy the Zeppelin hangars at Tondern in 1918 . Manned observation balloons , floating high above the trenches , were used as stationary reconnaissance platforms , reporting enemy movements and directing artillery . Balloons commonly had a crew of two , equipped with parachutes , so that if there was an enemy air attack the crew could parachute to safety . At the time , parachutes were too heavy to be used by pilots of aircraft ( with their marginal power output ) , and smaller versions were not developed until the end of the war ; they were also opposed by the British leadership , who feared they might promote cowardice . Recognised for their value as observation platforms , balloons were important targets for enemy aircraft . To defend them against air attack , they were heavily protected by antiaircraft guns and patrolled by friendly aircraft ; to attack them , unusual weapons such as air - to - air rockets were tried . Thus , the reconnaissance value of blimps and balloons contributed to the development of air - to - air combat between all types of aircraft , and to the trench stalemate , because it was impossible to move large numbers of troops undetected . The Germans conducted air raids on England during 1915 and 1916 with airships , hoping to damage British morale and cause aircraft to be diverted from the front lines , and indeed the resulting panic led to the diversion of several squadrons of fighters from France . War crimes Baralong incidents Main article : Baralong incidents HMS Baralong On 19 August 1915 , the German submarine U-27 was sunk by the British Q - ship HMS Baralong . All German survivors were summarily executed by Baralong 's crew on the orders of Lieutenant Godfrey Herbert , the captain of the ship . The shooting was reported to the media by American citizens who were on board the Nicosia , a British freighter loaded with war supplies , which was stopped by U-27 just minutes before the incident . On 24 September , Baralong destroyed U-41 , which was in the process of sinking the cargo ship Urbino . According to Karl Goetz , the submarine 's commander , Baralong continued to fly the US flag after firing on U-41 and then rammed the lifeboat -- carrying the German survivors -- sinking it . Torpedoing of HMHS Llandovery Castle The Canadian hospital ship HMHS Llandovery Castle was torpedoed by the German submarine SM U-86 on 27 June 1918 in violation of international law . Only 24 of the 258 medical personnel , patients , and crew survived . Survivors reported that the U-boat surfaced and ran down the lifeboats , machine - gunning survivors in the water . The U-boat captain , Helmut Patzig , was charged with war crimes in Germany following the war , but escaped prosecution by going to the Free City of Danzig , beyond the jurisdiction of German courts . Chemical weapons in warfare Main article : Chemical weapons in World War I French soldiers making a gas and flame attack on German trenches in Flanders The first successful use of poison gas as a weapon of warfare occurred during the Second Battle of Ypres ( 22 April -- 25 May 1915 ) . Gas was soon used by all major belligerents throughout the war . It is estimated that the use of chemical weapons employed by both sides throughout the war had inflicted 1.3 million casualties . For example , the British had over 180,000 chemical weapons casualties during the war , and up to one - third of American casualties were caused by them . The Russian Army reportedly suffered roughly 500,000 chemical weapon casualties in World War I . The use of chemical weapons in warfare was in direct violation of the 1899 Hague Declaration Concerning Asphyxiating Gases and the 1907 Hague Convention on Land Warfare , which prohibited their use . The effect of poison gas was not limited to combatants . Civilians were at risk from the gases as winds blew the poison gases through their towns , and they rarely received warnings or alerts of potential danger . In addition to absent warning systems , civilians often did not have access to effective gas masks . An estimated 100,000 -- 260,000 civilian casualties were caused by chemical weapons during the conflict and tens of thousands more ( along with military personnel ) died from scarring of the lungs , skin damage , and cerebral damage in the years after the conflict ended . Many commanders on both sides knew such weapons would cause major harm to civilians but nonetheless continued to use them . British Field Marshal Sir Douglas Haig wrote in his diary , `` My officers and I were aware that such weapons would cause harm to women and children living in nearby towns , as strong winds were common in the battlefront . However , because the weapon was to be directed against the enemy , none of us were overly concerned at all . '' Genocide and ethnic cleansing See also : Armenian Genocide , Assyrian genocide , Greek genocide , and Genocide denial Armenians killed during the Armenian Genocide . Image taken from Ambassador Morgenthau 's Story , written by Henry Morgenthau , Sr. and published in 1918 . Austro - Hungarian soldiers executing men and women in Serbia , 1916 The ethnic cleansing of the Ottoman Empire 's Armenian population , including mass deportations and executions , during the final years of the Ottoman Empire is considered genocide . The Ottomans carried out organised and systematic massacres of the Armenian population at the beginning of the war and portrayed deliberately provoked acts of Armenian resistance as rebellions to justify further extermination . In early 1915 , a number of Armenians volunteered to join the Russian forces and the Ottoman government used this as a pretext to issue the Tehcir Law ( Law on Deportation ) , which authorised the deportation of Armenians from the Empire 's eastern provinces to Syria between 1915 and 1918 . The Armenians were intentionally marched to death and a number were attacked by Ottoman brigands . While an exact number of deaths is unknown , the International Association of Genocide Scholars estimates 1.5 million . The government of Turkey has consistently denied the genocide , arguing that those who died were victims of inter-ethnic fighting , famine , or disease during World War I ; these claims are rejected by most historians . Other ethnic groups were similarly attacked by the Ottoman Empire during this period , including Assyrians and Greeks , and some scholars consider those events to be part of the same policy of extermination . Russian Empire Main article : Anti-Jewish pogroms in the Russian Empire See also : Russian occupation of Eastern Galicia , 1914 -- 1915 ; Volhynia ; Volga Germans ; and Urkun Many pogroms accompanied the Russian Revolution of 1917 and the ensuing Russian Civil War . 60,000 -- 200,000 civilian Jews were killed in the atrocities throughout the former Russian Empire ( mostly within the Pale of Settlement in present - day Ukraine ) . Rape of Belgium Main article : Rape of Belgium The German invaders treated any resistance -- such as sabotaging rail lines -- as illegal and immoral , and shot the offenders and burned buildings in retaliation . In addition , they tended to suspect that most civilians were potential francs - tireurs ( guerrillas ) and , accordingly , took and sometimes killed hostages from among the civilian population . The German army executed over 6,500 French and Belgian civilians between August and November 1914 , usually in near - random large - scale shootings of civilians ordered by junior German officers . The German Army destroyed 15,000 -- 20,000 buildings -- most famously the university library at Louvain -- and generated a wave of refugees of over a million people . Over half the German regiments in Belgium were involved in major incidents . Thousands of workers were shipped to Germany to work in factories . British propaganda dramatising the Rape of Belgium attracted much attention in the United States , while Berlin said it was both lawful and necessary because of the threat of franc - tireurs like those in France in 1870 . The British and French magnified the reports and disseminated them at home and in the United States , where they played a major role in dissolving support for Germany . Soldiers ' experiences Main articles : List of last surviving World War I veterans by country , World War I casualties , Commonwealth War Graves Commission , and American Battle Monuments Commission The First Contingent of the Bermuda Volunteer Rifle Corps to the 1 Lincolns , training in Bermuda for the Western Front , winter 1914 -- 1915 . The two BVRC contingents suffered 75 % casualties . The British soldiers of the war were initially volunteers but increasingly were conscripted into service . Surviving veterans , returning home , often found they could discuss their experiences only amongst themselves . Grouping together , they formed `` veterans ' associations '' or `` Legions '' . A small number of personal accounts of American veterans have been collected by the Library of Congress Veterans History Project . Prisoners of War Main article : World War I prisoners of war in Germany German prisoners in a French prison camp during the later part of the war About eight million men surrendered and were held in POW camps during the war . All nations pledged to follow the Hague Conventions on fair treatment of prisoners of war , and the survival rate for POWs was generally much higher than that of combatants at the front . Individual surrenders were uncommon ; large units usually surrendered en masse . At the siege of Maubeuge about 40,000 French soldiers surrendered , at the battle of Galicia Russians took about 100,000 to 120,000 Austrian captives , at the Brusilov Offensive about 325,000 to 417,000 Germans and Austrians surrendered to Russians , and at the Battle of Tannenberg 92,000 Russians surrendered . When the besieged garrison of Kaunas surrendered in 1915 , some 20,000 Russians became prisoners , at the battle near Przasnysz ( February -- March 1915 ) 14,000 Germans surrendered to Russians , and at the First Battle of the Marne about 12,000 Germans surrendered to the Allies. 25 -- 31 % of Russian losses ( as a proportion of those captured , wounded , or killed ) were to prisoner status ; for Austria - Hungary 32 % , for Italy 26 % , for France 12 % , for Germany 9 % ; for Britain 7 % . Prisoners from the Allied armies totalled about 1.4 million ( not including Russia , which lost 2.5 -- 3.5 million men as prisoners ) . From the Central Powers about 3.3 million men became prisoners ; most of them surrendered to Russians . Germany held 2.5 million prisoners ; Russia held 2.2 -- 2.9 million ; while Britain and France held about 720,000 . Most were captured just before the Armistice . The United States held 48,000 . The most dangerous moment was the act of surrender , when helpless soldiers were sometimes gunned down . Once prisoners reached a camp , conditions were , in general , satisfactory ( and much better than in World War II ) , thanks in part to the efforts of the International Red Cross and inspections by neutral nations . However , conditions were terrible in Russia : starvation was common for prisoners and civilians alike ; about 15 -- 20 % of the prisoners in Russia died , and in Central Powers imprisonment 8 % of Russians . In Germany , food was scarce , but only 5 % died . British prisoners guarded by Ottoman forces after the First Battle of Gaza in 1917 The Ottoman Empire often treated POWs poorly . Some 11,800 British Empire soldiers , most of them Indians , became prisoners after the Siege of Kut in Mesopotamia in April 1916 ; 4,250 died in captivity . Although many were in a poor condition when captured , Ottoman officers forced them to march 1,100 kilometres ( 684 mi ) to Anatolia . A survivor said : `` We were driven along like beasts ; to drop out was to die . '' The survivors were then forced to build a railway through the Taurus Mountains . In Russia , when the prisoners from the Czech Legion of the Austro - Hungarian army were released in 1917 , they re-armed themselves and briefly became a military and diplomatic force during the Russian Civil War . While the Allied prisoners of the Central Powers were quickly sent home at the end of active hostilities , the same treatment was not granted to Central Power prisoners of the Allies and Russia , many of whom served as forced labour , e.g. , in France until 1920 . They were released only after many approaches by the Red Cross to the Allied Supreme Council . German prisoners were still being held in Russia as late as 1924 . Military attachés and War correspondents Main article : Military attachés and war correspondents in the First World War Military and civilian observers from every major power closely followed the course of the war . Many were able to report on events from a perspective somewhat akin to modern `` embedded '' positions within the opposing land and naval forces . Support and opposition to the War Support Poster urging women to join the British war effort , published by the Young Women 's Christian Association In the Balkans , Yugoslav nationalists such as the leader , Ante Trumbić , strongly supported the war , desiring the freedom of Yugoslavs from Austria - Hungary and other foreign powers and the creation of an independent Yugoslavia . The Yugoslav Committee , led by Trumbić , was formed in Paris on 30 April 1915 but shortly moved its office to London . In April 1918 , the Rome Congress of Oppressed Nationalities met , including Czechoslovak , Italian , Polish , Transylvanian , and Yugoslav representatives who urged the Allies to support national self - determination for the peoples residing within Austria - Hungary . In the Middle East , Arab nationalism soared in Ottoman territories in response to the rise of Turkish nationalism during the war , with Arab nationalist leaders advocating the creation of a pan-Arab state . In 1916 , the Arab Revolt began in Ottoman - controlled territories of the Middle East in an effort to achieve independence . In East Africa , Iyasu V of Ethiopia was supporting the Dervish state who were at war with the British in the Somaliland Campaign . Von Syburg , the German envoy in Addis Ababa , said , `` now the time has come for Ethiopia to regain the coast of the Red Sea driving the Italians home , to restore the Empire to its ancient size . '' The Ethiopian Empire was on the verge of entering World War I on the side of the Central Powers before Iyasu 's overthrow due to Allied pressure on the Ethiopian aristocracy . A number of socialist parties initially supported the war when it began in August 1914 . But European socialists split on national lines , with the concept of class conflict held by radical socialists such as Marxists and syndicalists being overborne by their patriotic support for the war . Once the war began , Austrian , British , French , German , and Russian socialists followed the rising nationalist current by supporting their countries ' intervention in the war . Italian nationalism was stirred by the outbreak of the war and was initially strongly supported by a variety of political factions . One of the most prominent and popular Italian nationalist supporters of the war was Gabriele d'Annunzio , who promoted Italian irredentism and helped sway the Italian public to support intervention in the war . The Italian Liberal Party , under the leadership of Paolo Boselli , promoted intervention in the war on the side of the Allies and used the Dante Alighieri Society to promote Italian nationalism . Italian socialists were divided on whether to support the war or oppose it ; some were militant supporters of the war , including Benito Mussolini and Leonida Bissolati . However , the Italian Socialist Party decided to oppose the war after anti-militarist protestors were killed , resulting in a general strike called Red Week . The Italian Socialist Party purged itself of pro-war nationalist members , including Mussolini . Mussolini , a syndicalist who supported the war on grounds of irredentist claims on Italian - populated regions of Austria - Hungary , formed the pro-interventionist Il Popolo d'Italia and the Fasci Rivoluzionario d'Azione Internazionalista ( `` Revolutionary Fasci for International Action '' ) in October 1914 that later developed into the Fasci di Combattimento in 1919 , the origin of fascism . Mussolini 's nationalism enabled him to raise funds from Ansaldo ( an armaments firm ) and other companies to create Il Popolo d'Italia to convince socialists and revolutionaries to support the war . Opposition Main articles : Opposition to World War I and French Army Mutinies Sackville Street ( now O'Connell Street ) after the 1916 Easter Rising in Dublin Once war was declared , many socialists and trade unions backed their governments . Among the exceptions were the Bolsheviks , the Socialist Party of America , the Italian Socialist Party , and people like Karl Liebknecht , Rosa Luxemburg , and their followers in Germany . Benedict XV , elected to the papacy less than three months into World War I , made the war and its consequences the main focus of his early pontificate . In stark contrast to his predecessor , five days after his election he spoke of his determination to do what he could to bring peace . His first encyclical , Ad beatissimi Apostolorum , given 1 November 1914 , was concerned with this subject . Benedict XV found his abilities and unique position as a religious emissary of peace ignored by the belligerent powers . The 1915 Treaty of London between Italy and the Triple Entente included secret provisions whereby the Allies agreed with Italy to ignore papal peace moves towards the Central Powers . Consequently , the publication of Benedict 's proposed seven - point Peace Note of August 1917 was roundly ignored by all parties except Austria - Hungary . The Deserter , 1916 : Anti-war cartoon depicting Jesus facing a firing squad with soldiers from five European countries In Britain in 1914 , the Public Schools Officers ' Training Corps annual camp was held at Tidworth Pennings , near Salisbury Plain . Head of the British Army , Lord Kitchener , was to review the cadets , but the imminence of the war prevented him . General Horace Smith - Dorrien was sent instead . He surprised the two - or - three thousand cadets by declaring ( in the words of Donald Christopher Smith , a Bermudian cadet who was present ) , that war should be avoided at almost any cost , that war would solve nothing , that the whole of Europe and more besides would be reduced to ruin , and that the loss of life would be so large that whole populations would be decimated . In our ignorance I , and many of us , felt almost ashamed of a British General who uttered such depressing and unpatriotic sentiments , but during the next four years , those of us who survived the holocaust -- probably not more than one - quarter of us -- learned how right the General 's prognosis was and how courageous he had been to utter it . Voicing these sentiments did not hinder Smith - Dorrien 's career , or prevent him from doing his duty in World War I to the best of his abilities . Possible execution at Verdun at the time of the mutinies in 1917 . The original French text accompanying this photograph notes however that the uniforms are those of 1914 / 15 and that the execution may be that of a spy at the beginning of the war . Many countries jailed those who spoke out against the conflict . These included Eugene Debs in the United States and Bertrand Russell in Britain . In the US , the Espionage Act of 1917 and Sedition Act of 1918 made it a federal crime to oppose military recruitment or make any statements deemed `` disloyal '' . Publications at all critical of the government were removed from circulation by postal censors , and many served long prison sentences for statements of fact deemed unpatriotic . A number of nationalists opposed intervention , particularly within states that the nationalists were hostile to . Although the vast majority of Irish people consented to participate in the war in 1914 and 1915 , a minority of advanced Irish nationalists staunchly opposed taking part . The war began amid the Home Rule crisis in Ireland that had resurfaced in 1912 , and by July 1914 there was a serious possibility of an outbreak of civil war in Ireland . Irish nationalists and Marxists attempted to pursue Irish independence , culminating in the Easter Rising of 1916 , with Germany sending 20,000 rifles to Ireland to stir unrest in Britain . The UK government placed Ireland under martial law in response to the Easter Rising , though once the immediate threat of revolution had dissipated , the authorities did try to make concessions to nationalist feeling . However , opposition to involvement in the war increased in Ireland , resulting in the Conscription Crisis of 1918 . Other opposition came from conscientious objectors -- some socialist , some religious -- who refused to fight . In Britain , 16,000 people asked for conscientious objector status . Some of them , most notably prominent peace activist Stephen Henry Hobhouse , refused both military and alternative service . Many suffered years of prison , including solitary confinement and bread and water diets . Even after the war , in Britain many job advertisements were marked `` No conscientious objectors need apply '' . The Central Asian Revolt started in the summer of 1916 , when the Russian Empire government ended its exemption of Muslims from military service . In 1917 , a series of French Army Mutinies led to dozens of soldiers being executed and many more imprisoned . German Revolution , Kiel , 1918 In Milan , in May 1917 , Bolshevik revolutionaries organised and engaged in rioting calling for an end to the war , and managed to close down factories and stop public transportation . The Italian army was forced to enter Milan with tanks and machine guns to face Bolsheviks and anarchists , who fought violently until 23 May when the army gained control of the city . Almost 50 people ( including three Italian soldiers ) were killed and over 800 people arrested . In September 1917 , Russian soldiers in France began questioning why they were fighting for the French at all and mutinied . In Russia , opposition to the war led to soldiers also establishing their own revolutionary committees , which helped foment the October Revolution of 1917 , with the call going up for `` bread , land , and peace '' . The Bolsheviks agreed to a peace treaty with Germany , the peace of Brest - Litovsk , despite its harsh conditions . In northern Germany , the German Revolution of 1918 -- 1919 began at the end of October 1918 . Units of the German Navy refused to set sail for a last , large - scale operation in a war they believed to be as good as lost , initiating the uprising . The sailors ' revolt , which then ensued in the naval ports of Wilhelmshaven and Kiel , spread across the whole country within days and led to the proclamation of a republic on 9 November 1918 and shortly thereafter to the abdication of Kaiser Wilhelm II . Conscription Young men registering for conscription , New York City , 5 June 1917 Conscription was common in most European countries . However , it was controversial in English - speaking countries . It was especially unpopular among minority ethnic groups -- especially the Irish Catholics in Ireland and Australia , and the French Catholics in Canada . Conscription in Canada Main article : Conscription Crisis of 1917 In Canada the issue produced a major political crisis that permanently alienated the Francophones . It opened a political gap between French Canadians , who believed their true loyalty was to Canada and not to the British Empire , and members of the Anglophone majority , who saw the war as a duty to their British heritage . Conscription in Australia Main article : Conscription in Australia In Australia , a sustained pro-conscription campaign by Billy Hughes , the Prime Minister , caused a split in the Australian Labor Party , so Hughes formed the Nationalist Party of Australia in 1917 to pursue the matter . Farmers , the labour movement , the Catholic Church , and the Irish Catholics successfully opposed Hughes ' push , which was rejected in two plebiscites . Conscription in Britain Main article : Conscription in the United Kingdom See also : Recruitment to the British Army during the First World War In Britain , conscription resulted in the calling up of nearly every physically fit man in Britain -- six of ten million eligible . Of these , about 750,000 lost their lives . Most deaths were to young unmarried men ; however , 160,000 wives lost husbands and 300,000 children lost fathers . Conscription during the First World War began when the British government passed the Military Service Act in 1916 . The act specified that single men aged 18 to 40 years old were liable to be called up for military service unless they were widowed with children or ministers of a religion . There was a system of Military Service Tribunals to adjudicate upon claims for exemption upon the grounds of performing civilian work of national importance , domestic hardship , health , and conscientious objection . The law went through several changes before the war ended . Married men were exempt in the original Act , although this was changed in June 1916 . The age limit was also eventually raised to 51 years old . Recognition of work of national importance also diminished , and in the last year of the war there was some support for the conscription of clergy . Conscription lasted until mid-1919 . Due to the political situation in Ireland , conscription was never applied there ; only in England , Scotland and Wales . United States Main article : Conscription in the United States § World War I In the United States , conscription began in 1917 and was generally well received , with a few pockets of opposition in isolated rural areas . The administration decided to rely primarily on conscription , rather than voluntary enlistment , to raise military manpower for when only 73,000 volunteers enlisted out of the initial 1 million target in the first six weeks of the war . In 1917 10 million men were registered . This was deemed to be inadequate , so age ranges were increased and exemptions reduced , and so by the end of 1918 this increased to 24 million men that were registered with nearly 3 million inducted into the military services . The draft was universal and included blacks on the same terms as whites , although they served in different units . In all 367,710 black Americans were drafted ( 13.0 % of the total ) , compared to 2,442,586 white ( 86.9 % ) . Forms of resistance ranged from peaceful protest to violent demonstrations and from humble letter - writing campaigns asking for mercy to radical newspapers demanding reform . The most common tactics were dodging and desertion , and many communities sheltered and defended their draft dodgers as political heroes . Many socialists were jailed for `` obstructing the recruitment or enlistment service '' . The most famous was Eugene Debs , head of the Socialist Party of America , who ran for president in 1920 from his prison cell . In 1917 a number of radicals and anarchists challenged the new draft law in federal court , arguing that it was a direct violation of the Thirteenth Amendment 's prohibition against slavery and involuntary servitude . The Supreme Court unanimously upheld the constitutionality of the draft act in the Selective Draft Law Cases on January 7 , 1918 . Austria - Hungary Like all of the armies of mainland Europe , Austria - Hungary relied on conscription to fill its ranks . Officer recruitment , however , was voluntary . The effect of this at the start of the war was that well over a quarter of the rank and file were Slavs , while more than 75 % of the officers were ethnic Germans . This was much resented . The army has been described as being `` run on colonial lines '' and the Slav soldiers as `` disaffected '' . Thus conscription contributed greatly to Austria 's disastrous performance on the battlefield . Diplomacy Main article : Diplomatic history of World War I The non-military diplomatic and propaganda interactions among the nations were designed to build support for the cause , or to undermine support for the enemy . For the most part , wartime diplomacy focused on five issues : propaganda campaigns ; defining and redefining the war goals , which became harsher as the war went on ; luring neutral nations ( Italy , Ottoman Empire , Bulgaria , Romania ) into the coalition by offering slices of enemy territory ; and encouragement by the Allies of nationalistic minority movements inside the Central Powers , especially among Czechs , Poles , and Arabs . In addition , there were multiple peace proposals coming from neutrals , or one side or the other ; none of them progressed very far . Legacy and memory ... `` Strange , friend , '' I said , `` Here is no cause to mourn . '' `` None , '' said the other , `` Save the undone years '' ... -- Wilfred Owen , Strange Meeting , 1918 The War was an unprecedented triumph for natural science . ( Francis ) Bacon had promised that knowledge would be power , and power it was : power to destroy the bodies and souls of men more rapidly than had ever been done by human agency before . This triumph paved the way to other triumphs : improvements in transport , in sanitation , in surgery , medicine , and psychiatry , in commerce and industry , and , above all , in preparations for the next war . -- R.G. Collingwood , writing in 1939 . The first tentative efforts to comprehend the meaning and consequences of modern warfare began during the initial phases of the war , and this process continued throughout and after the end of hostilities , and is still underway , more than a century later . Historiography Historian Heather Jones argues that the historiography has been reinvigorated by the cultural turn in recent years . Scholars have raised entirely new questions regarding military occupation , radicalisation of politics , race , and the male body . Furthermore , new research has revised our understanding of five major topics that historians have long debated : Why the war began , why the Allies won , whether generals were responsible for high casualty rates , how the soldiers endured the horrors of trench warfare , and to what extent the civilian homefront accepted and endorsed the war effort . Memorials Main article : World War I memorials A typical village war memorial to soldiers killed in World War I Memorials were erected in thousands of villages and towns . Close to battlefields , those buried in improvised burial grounds were gradually moved to formal graveyards under the care of organisations such as the Commonwealth War Graves Commission , the American Battle Monuments Commission , the German War Graves Commission , and Le Souvenir français . Many of these graveyards also have central monuments to the missing or unidentified dead , such as the Menin Gate memorial and the Thiepval Memorial to the Missing of the Somme . In 1915 John McCrae , a Canadian army doctor , wrote the poem In Flanders Fields as a salute to those who perished in the Great War . Published in Punch on 8 December 1915 , it is still recited today , especially on Remembrance Day and Memorial Day . National World War I Museum and Memorial in Kansas City , Missouri , is a memorial dedicated to all Americans who served in World War I . The Liberty Memorial was dedicated on 1 November 1921 , when the supreme Allied commanders spoke to a crowd of more than 100,000 people . The UK Government has budgeted substantial resources to the commemoration of the war during the period 2014 to 2018 . The lead body is the Imperial War Museum . On 3 August 2014 , French President Francois Hollande and German President Joachim Gauck together marked the centenary of Germany 's declaration of war on France by laying the first stone of a memorial in Vieil Armand , known in German as Hartmannswillerkopf , for French and German soldiers killed in the war . Cultural memory Further information : World War I in popular culture The examples and perspective in this section deal primarily with Britain and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject . You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page , or create a new article , as appropriate . ( June 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Left : John McCrae , author of In Flanders Fields Right : Siegfried Sassoon World War I had a lasting impact on social memory . It was seen by many in Britain as signalling the end of an era of stability stretching back to the Victorian period , and across Europe many regarded it as a watershed . Historian Samuel Hynes explained : A generation of innocent young men , their heads full of high abstractions like Honour , Glory and England , went off to war to make the world safe for democracy . They were slaughtered in stupid battles planned by stupid generals . Those who survived were shocked , disillusioned and embittered by their war experiences , and saw that their real enemies were not the Germans , but the old men at home who had lied to them . They rejected the values of the society that had sent them to war , and in doing so separated their own generation from the past and from their cultural inheritance . This has become the most common perception of World War I , perpetuated by the art , cinema , poems , and stories published subsequently . Films such as All Quiet on the Western Front , Paths of Glory and King & Country have perpetuated the idea , while war - time films including Camrades , Poppies of Flanders , and Shoulder Arms indicate that the most contemporary views of the war were overall far more positive . Likewise , the art of Paul Nash , John Nash , Christopher Nevinson , and Henry Tonks in Britain painted a negative view of the conflict in keeping with the growing perception , while popular war - time artists such as Muirhead Bone painted more serene and pleasant interpretations subsequently rejected as inaccurate . Several historians like John Terraine , Niall Ferguson and Gary Sheffield have challenged these interpretations as partial and polemical views : These beliefs did not become widely shared because they offered the only accurate interpretation of wartime events . In every respect , the war was much more complicated than they suggest . In recent years , historians have argued persuasively against almost every popular cliché of World War I. It has been pointed out that , although the losses were devastating , their greatest impact was socially and geographically limited . The many emotions other than horror experienced by soldiers in and out of the front line , including comradeship , boredom , and even enjoyment , have been recognised . The war is not now seen as a ' fight about nothing ' , but as a war of ideals , a struggle between aggressive militarism and more or less liberal democracy . It has been acknowledged that British generals were often capable men facing difficult challenges , and that it was under their command that the British army played a major part in the defeat of the Germans in 1918 : a great forgotten victory . Though these views have been discounted as `` myths '' , they are common . They have dynamically changed according to contemporary influences , reflecting in the 1950s perceptions of the war as `` aimless '' following the contrasting Second World War and emphasising conflict within the ranks during times of class conflict in the 1960s . The majority of additions to the contrary are often rejected . Social trauma A 1919 book for veterans , from the US War Department The social trauma caused by unprecedented rates of casualties manifested itself in different ways , which have been the subject of subsequent historical debate . The optimism of la belle époque was destroyed , and those who had fought in the war were referred to as the Lost Generation . For years afterwards , people mourned the dead , the missing , and the many disabled . Many soldiers returned with severe trauma , suffering from shell shock ( also called neurasthenia , a condition related to posttraumatic stress disorder ) . Many more returned home with few after - effects ; however , their silence about the war contributed to the conflict 's growing mythological status . Though many participants did not share in the experiences of combat or spend any significant time at the front , or had positive memories of their service , the images of suffering and trauma became the widely shared perception . Such historians as Dan Todman , Paul Fussell , and Samuel Heyns have all published works since the 1990s arguing that these common perceptions of the war are factually incorrect . Discontent in Germany The rise of Nazism and Fascism included a revival of the nationalist spirit and a rejection of many post-war changes . Similarly , the popularity of the stab - in - the - back legend ( German : Dolchstoßlegende ) was a testament to the psychological state of defeated Germany and was a rejection of responsibility for the conflict . This conspiracy theory of betrayal became common , and the German populace came to see themselves as victims . The widespread acceptance of the `` stab - in - the - back '' theory delegitimised the Weimar government and destabilised the system , opening it to extremes of right and left . Communist and fascist movements around Europe drew strength from this theory and enjoyed a new level of popularity . These feelings were most pronounced in areas directly or harshly affected by the war . Adolf Hitler was able to gain popularity by using German discontent with the still controversial Treaty of Versailles . World War II was in part a continuation of the power struggle never fully resolved by World War I. Furthermore , it was common for Germans in the 1930s to justify acts of aggression due to perceived injustices imposed by the victors of World War I. American historian William Rubinstein wrote that : The ' Age of Totalitarianism ' included nearly all of the infamous examples of genocide in modern history , headed by the Jewish Holocaust , but also comprising the mass murders and purges of the Communist world , other mass killings carried out by Nazi Germany and its allies , and also the Armenian Genocide of 1915 . All these slaughters , it is argued here , had a common origin , the collapse of the elite structure and normal modes of government of much of central , eastern and southern Europe as a result of World War I , without which surely neither Communism nor Fascism would have existed except in the minds of unknown agitators and crackpots . Economic effects See also : Economic history of World War I Poster showing women workers , 1915 One of the most dramatic effects of the war was the expansion of governmental powers and responsibilities in Britain , France , the United States , and the Dominions of the British Empire . To harness all the power of their societies , governments created new ministries and powers . New taxes were levied and laws enacted , all designed to bolster the war effort ; many have lasted to this day . Similarly , the war strained the abilities of some formerly large and bureaucratised governments , such as in Austria - Hungary and Germany . Gross domestic product ( GDP ) increased for three Allies ( Britain , Italy , and the United States ) , but decreased in France and Russia , in neutral Netherlands , and in the three main Central Powers . The shrinkage in GDP in Austria , Russia , France , and the Ottoman Empire ranged between 30 % and 40 % . In Austria , for example , most pigs were slaughtered , so at war 's end there was no meat . In all nations , the government 's share of GDP increased , surpassing 50 % in both Germany and France and nearly reaching that level in Britain . To pay for purchases in the United States , Britain cashed in its extensive investments in American railroads and then began borrowing heavily from Wall Street . President Wilson was on the verge of cutting off the loans in late 1916 , but allowed a great increase in US government lending to the Allies . After 1919 , the US demanded repayment of these loans . The repayments were , in part , funded by German reparations that , in turn , were supported by American loans to Germany . This circular system collapsed in 1931 and some loans were never repaid . Britain still owed the United States $4.4 billion of World War I debt in 1934 , the last instalment was finally paid in 2015 Macro - and micro-economic consequences devolved from the war . Families were altered by the departure of many men . With the death or absence of the primary wage earner , women were forced into the workforce in unprecedented numbers . At the same time , industry needed to replace the lost labourers sent to war . This aided the struggle for voting rights for women . World War I further compounded the gender imbalance , adding to the phenomenon of surplus women . The deaths of nearly one million men during the war in Britain increased the gender gap by almost a million : from 670,000 to 1,700,000 . The number of unmarried women seeking economic means grew dramatically . In addition , demobilisation and economic decline following the war caused high unemployment . The war increased female employment ; however , the return of demobilised men displaced many from the workforce , as did the closure of many of the wartime factories . In Britain , rationing was finally imposed in early 1918 , limited to meat , sugar , and fats ( butter and margarine ) , but not bread . The new system worked smoothly . From 1914 to 1918 , trade union membership doubled , from a little over four million to a little over eight million . Britain turned to her colonies for help in obtaining essential war materials whose supply from traditional sources had become difficult . Geologists such as Albert Ernest Kitson were called on to find new resources of precious minerals in the African colonies . Kitson discovered important new deposits of manganese , used in munitions production , in the Gold Coast . Article 231 of the Treaty of Versailles ( the so - called `` war guilt '' clause ) stated Germany accepted responsibility for `` all the loss and damage to which the Allied and Associated Governments and their nationals have been subjected as a consequence of the war imposed upon them by the aggression of Germany and her allies . '' It was worded as such to lay a legal basis for reparations , and a similar clause was inserted in the treaties with Austria and Hungary . However neither of them interpreted it as an admission of war guilt . '' In 1921 , the total reparation sum was placed at 132 billion gold marks . However , `` Allied experts knew that Germany could not pay '' this sum . The total sum was divided into three categories , with the third being `` deliberately designed to be chimerical '' and its `` primary function was to mislead public opinion ... into believing the `` total sum was being maintained . '' Thus , 50 billion gold marks ( 12.5 billion dollars ) `` represented the actual Allied assessment of German capacity to pay '' and `` therefore ... represented the total German reparations '' figure that had to be paid . This figure could be paid in cash or in kind ( coal , timber , chemical dyes , etc . ) . In addition , some of the territory lost -- via the treaty of Versailles -- was credited towards the reparation figure as were other acts such as helping to restore the Library of Louvain . By 1929 , the Great Depression arrived , causing political chaos throughout the world . In 1932 the payment of reparations was suspended by the international community , by which point Germany had only paid the equivalent of 20.598 billion gold marks in reparations . With the rise of Adolf Hitler , all bonds and loans that had been issued and taken out during the 1920s and early 1930s were cancelled . David Andelman notes `` refusing to pay does n't make an agreement null and void . The bonds , the agreement , still exist . '' Thus , following the Second World War , at the London Conference in 1953 , Germany agreed to resume payment on the money borrowed . On 3 October 2010 , Germany made the final payment on these bonds . The war contributed to the evolution of the wristwatch from women 's jewellery to a practical everyday item , replacing the pocketwatch , which requires a free hand to operate . Military funding of advancements in radio contributed to the postwar popularity of the medium . See also Outline of World War I Death rates in the 20th century Diplomatic history of World War I European Civil War Lists of wars List of wars and anthropogenic disasters by death toll Lists of World War I topics Timeline of World War I World War I casualties World War I medal abbreviations Footnotes Jump up ^ The United States did not ratify any of the treaties agreed to at the Paris Peace Conference . Jump up ^ Bulgaria joined the Central Powers on 14 October 1915 . Jump up ^ The Ottoman Empire agreed to a secret alliance with Germany on 2 August 1914 . It joined the war on the side of the Central Powers on 29 October 1914 . Jump up ^ The United States declared war on Austria - Hungary on 7 December 1917 . Jump up ^ Austria was considered one of the successor states to Austria - Hungary . Jump up ^ The United States declared war on Germany on 6 April 1917 . Jump up ^ Hungary was considered one of the successor states to Austria - Hungary . Jump up ^ Although the Treaty of Sèvres was intended to end the war between the Allied Powers and the Ottoman Empire , the Allied Powers and the Republic of Turkey , the successor state of the Ottoman Empire , agreed to the Treaty of Lausanne . Jump up ^ World War I officially ended when Germany paid off the final amount of reparations imposed on it by the Allies . References Jump up ^ `` British Army statistics of the Great War '' . 1914-1918.net . Retrieved 13 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Figures are for the British Empire Jump up ^ Figures are for Metropolitan France and its colonies ^ Jump up to : Tucker & Roberts 2005 , p. 273 ^ Jump up to : ( 1 ) ^ Jump up to : Nash ( 1976 ) . Darkest Hours . Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 9781590775264 . Jump up ^ `` The war to end all wars '' . BBC News . 10 November 1998 . Jump up ^ Keegan 1998 , p. 8 . Jump up ^ Bade & Brown 2003 , pp. 167 -- 168 . Jump up ^ Willmott 2003 , p. 307 . Jump up ^ Charles Seymour ( 1916 ) . The Diplomatic Background of the War . Yale University Press . pp. 35 , 147 . ^ Jump up to : Taylor 1998 , pp. 80 -- 93 Jump up ^ Djokić 2003 , p. 24 . ^ Jump up to : ( Levy & Vasques 2014 , p. 250 ) Jump up ^ Lieven , Dominic ( 2016 ) . Towards the Flame : Empire , War and the End of Tsarist Russia . Penguin . p. 327 . ISBN 0141399740 . Jump up ^ `` Le Président de la République , R. ( Raymond ) Poincaré et al. , ' A La Nation Française ' '' ( PDF ) . Journal Officiel de la République Française : 7053 -- 7054 . 2 August 1914 . Retrieved 26 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Note Given August 2 , 1914 , at 19 hours , by M. de Below Saleske ( Klaus von Below - Saleske ) , Minister of Germany , to M. Davignon , Minister of Foreign Affairs ) ( 1914 ) . Documents Diplomatiques 1914 : La Guerre Européenne Diplomatic Documents 1914 : The European War ( PDF ) . Ministère des Affaires Étrangères ( Ministry of Foreign Affairs ) . p. 201 . Retrieved 26 August 2018 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Evans 2004 , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Martel 2003 , p. xii ff . Jump up ^ `` What new countries were created after World War I ? -- Updated '' . www.quora.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 15 . Jump up ^ Shapiro & Epstein 2006 , p. 329 . Jump up ^ `` Were they always called World War I and World War II ? '' . Ask History . Retrieved 24 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Braybon 2004 , p. 8 . Jump up ^ `` The war to end all wars '' . BBC News . 10 November 1998 . Retrieved 15 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Margery Fee and Janice McAlpine , Guide to Canadian English Usage ( Oxford UP , 1997 ) p 210 . Jump up ^ `` great , adj. , adv. , and n '' . Oxford English Dictionary . Jump up ^ Holland Rose , John ( 1911 ) . William Pitt and the Great War ( Kindle ed . ) . Amazon Media EU S. à r.l. ASIN B0082P4MSQ . Jump up ^ Glover , Gareth ( 2015 ) . Waterloo in 100 Objects . The History Press . p. 10 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7509 - 6289 - 6 . 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The Fateful Alliance : France , Russia and the Coming of the First World War . Manchester University Press . p. 20 . ISBN 0719017076 . ^ Jump up to : Willmott 2003 , p. 21 Jump up ^ Holger Herwig , `` The Failure of German Sea Power , 1914 -- 1945 : Mahan , Tirpitz , and Raeder Reconsidered '' , The International History Review , 10 : 1 ( February 1988 ) , 72 -- 73 . Jump up ^ Moll , Kendall , Luebbert , Gregory ( 1980 ) . `` Arms Race and Military Expenditure Models : A Review '' . The Journal of Conflict Resolution . 24 ( 1 ) : 153 . Retrieved 22 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Poon , HW . `` Militarism ; the Arms Race '' ( PDF ) . The Corner ; World War I. University of Arizona . Retrieved 22 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Keegan 1998 , pp. 48 -- 49 . Jump up ^ Willmott 2003 , pp. 2 -- 23 . Jump up ^ Finestone , Jeffrey ; Massie , Robert K. ( 1981 ) . The last courts of Europe . Dent . p. 247 . Jump up ^ Smith 2010 . Jump up ^ `` European powers maintain focus despite killings in Sarajevo -- History.com This Day in History '' . History.com. 30 June 1914 . Retrieved 26 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Willmott 2003 , p. 26 . Jump up ^ Clark , Christopher ( 25 June 2014 ) . Month of Madness . BBC Radio 4 . Jump up ^ Djordjević , Dimitrije ; Spence , Richard B. ( 1992 ) . Scholar , patriot , mentor : historical essays in honor of Dimitrije Djordjević . East European Monographs . p. 313 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88033 - 217 - 0 . Following the assassination of Franz Ferdinand in June 1914 , Croats and Muslims in Sarajevo joined forces in an anti-Serb pogrom . Jump up ^ Reports Service : Southeast Europe series . American Universities Field Staff . 1964 . p. 44 . Retrieved 7 December 2013 ... the assassination was followed by officially encouraged anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo ... Jump up ^ Kröll , Herbert ( 28 February 2008 ) . Austrian - Greek encounters over the centuries : history , diplomacy , politics , arts , economics . Studienverlag . p. 55 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 7065 - 4526 - 6 . Retrieved 1 September 2013 ... arrested and interned some 5.500 prominent Serbs and sentenced to death some 460 persons , a new Schutzkorps , an auxiliary militia , widened the anti-Serb repression . Jump up ^ Tomasevich 2001 , p. 485 . Jump up ^ Schindler , John R. ( 2007 ) . Unholy Terror : Bosnia , Al - Qa'ida , and the Rise of Global Jihad . Zenith Imprint . p. 29 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 61673 - 964 - 5 . Jump up ^ Velikonja 2003 , p. 141 . Jump up ^ Stevenson 1996 , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Willmott 2003 , p. 27 . Jump up ^ Fromkin , David ; Europe 's Last Summer : Why the World Went to War in 1914 , Heinemann , 2004 ; pp 196 -- 97 Jump up ^ `` Verordnung , betreffend die Erklärung des Kriegszustandes '' . Reichs - gesetzblatt ( in German ) . 31 July 1914 . LCCN 14013198 . Jump up ^ The Telegraph , First World War centenary : how the events of 1 August 1914 unfolded Jump up ^ McMeekin , Sean , July 1914 : Countdown to War , Basic Books , 2014 , 480 p. , ISBN 978 - 0465060740 , pp. 342,349 Jump up ^ Crowe 2001 , p. 4 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Dell , Pamela ( 2013 ) . A World War I Timeline ( Smithsonian War Timelines Series ) . Capstone . pp. 10 -- 12 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4765 - 4159 - 4 . Jump up ^ Willmott 2003 , p. 29 . Jump up ^ `` Daily Mirror Headlines : The Declaration of War , Published 4 August 1914 '' . BBC . Retrieved 9 February 2010 . Jump up ^ Strachan 2003 , pp. 292 -- 296 , 343 -- 354 . Jump up ^ Tucker & Roberts 2005 , p. 172 . Jump up ^ Schindler , John R. ( 1 April 2002 ) . `` Disaster on the Drina : The Austro - Hungarian Army in Serbia , 1914 '' . Wih.sagepub.com . Retrieved 13 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Horne , Alistair ( 1964 ) . The Price of Glory ( 1993 ed . ) . Penguin . p. 22 . ISBN 0140170413 . Jump up ^ Holmes 2014 , pp. 194 , 211 . 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Mussolini in the First World War : the Journalist , the Soldier , the Fascist . Oxford , England , UK ; New York , New York , USA : Berg , 2005 . Pp. 17 . Jump up ^ Hickey 2003 , pp. 60 -- 65 . Jump up ^ Tucker 2005 , pp. 585 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Michael B. Barrett , Prelude to Blitzkrieg : The 1916 Austro - German Campaign in Romania ( 2013 ) Jump up ^ `` The Battle of Marasti ( July 1917 ) '' . WorldWar2.ro. 22 July 1917 . Retrieved 8 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Cyril Falls , The Great War , p. 285 Jump up ^ Clark , Charles Upson ( 1927 ) . Bessarabia . New York City : Dodd , Mead . Jump up ^ Béla , Köpeczi . Erdély története . Akadémiai Kiadó . Jump up ^ Béla , Köpeczi ( 1998 ) . History of Transylvania . Akadémiai Kiadó . ISBN 978 - 84 - 8371 - 020 - 3 . Jump up ^ Erlikman , Vadim ( 2004 ) . Потери народонаселения в 20 . веке ( The loss of population in the 20th Century ) ( in Russian ) . Moscow : Русская панорама . ISBN 9785931651071 . 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The Mounted Riflemen in Sinai & Palestine : The Story of New Zealand 's Crusaders . Christchurch : Whitcombe & Tombs . p. 67 . OCLC 156767391 . Jump up ^ Falls , Cyril ( 1930 ) . Military Operations Egypt & Palestine from June 1917 to the End of the War . Official History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence . Volume 2 Part I. Maps by A.F. Becke . London : HM Stationery Office . p. 59 . OCLC 644354483 . Jump up ^ Wavell , Earl ( 1968 ) ( 1933 ) . `` The Palestine Campaigns '' . In Sheppard , Eric William . A Short History of the British Army ( 4th ed . ) . London : Constable & Co. pp. 153 -- 5 . OCLC 35621223 . Jump up ^ `` Text of the Decree of the Surrender of Jerusalem into British Control '' . First World War.com . Archived from the original on 14 June 2011 . Retrieved 13 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Bruce , Anthony ( 2002 ) . The Last Crusade : The Palestine Campaign in the First World War . 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Defend America First : The Antiwar Editorials of the Saturday Evening Post , 1939 -- 1942 , p. 13 ( Caxton Press 2003 ) . Jump up ^ Tuchman 1966 . ^ Jump up to : Karp 1979 Jump up ^ `` Woodrow Wilson Urges Congress to Declare War on Germany '' ( Wikisource ) Jump up ^ `` Selective Service System : History and Records '' . Sss.gov . Archived from the original on 7 May 2009 . Retrieved 27 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Stone , David ( 2014 ) . The Kaiser 's Army : The German Army in World War One . London : COnway . ISBN 9781844862924 . Jump up ^ `` Teaching With Documents : Photographs of the 369th Infantry and African Americans during World War I '' . US National Archives and Records Administration . Archived from the original on 4 June 2009 . Retrieved 29 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Millett & Murray 1988 , p. 143 . Jump up ^ Westwell 2004 . Jump up ^ Posen 1984 , pp. 190 ¿ . Jump up ^ Gray 1991 , p. 86 . Jump up ^ Moon 1996 , pp. 495 -- 196 . Jump up ^ Rickard 2007 . 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Jump up ^ Painter 2012 , p. 25 . Over the course of the war the United States supplied more than 80 percent of Allied oil requirements , and after US entry into the war , the United States helped provide and protect tankers transporting oil to Europe . US oil resources meant that insufficient energy supplies did not hamper the Allies , as they did the Central Powers . Jump up ^ Stevenson 2004 , p. 385 . Jump up ^ Stevenson 2004 , Chapter 17 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1918 Timeline '' . League of Nations Photo Archive . Retrieved 20 November 2009 . Jump up ^ Andrea Di Michele ( 2014 ) . `` Trento , Bolzano E Innsbruck : L'occupazione Militare Italiana Del Tirolo ( 1918 -- 1920 ) '' ( Trento , Bolzano and Innsbruck : The Italian Military Occupation of Tyrol ( 1918 -- 1920 ) ) ( PDF ) . Trento e Trieste . Percorsi Degli Italiani d'Austria Dal ' 48 All'annessione ( in Italian ) : 436 -- 437 . La forza numerica del contingente italiano variò con il passare dei mesi e al suo culmine raggiunse i 20 -- 22.000 uomini . ( The numerical strength of the Italian contingent varied with the passing of months and at its peak reached 20 -- 22,000 men . ) ← see http://www.agiati.it/ara_context.jsp?ID_LINK=113344&area=196 for metadata -- > Jump up ^ `` Clairière de l'Armistice '' ( in French ) . Ville de Compiègne . Archived from the original on 27 August 2007 . Jump up ^ Baker 2006 . Jump up ^ Chickering 2004 , pp. 185 -- 188 . Jump up ^ Gerd Hardach , The First World War , 1914 -- 1918 ( 1977 ) p 153 , using estimated made by H. Menderhausen , The Economics of War ( 1941 ) p 305 Jump up ^ `` France 's oldest WWI veteran dies '' Archived 28 October 2016 at the Wayback Machine. , BBC News , 20 January 2008 . Jump up ^ Tucker , Spencer ( 2005 ) . Encyclopedia of World War I. ABC - CLIO . p. 273 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85109 - 420 - 2 . Jump up ^ Hastedt , Glenn P. ( 2009 ) . Encyclopedia of American Foreign Policy . Infobase Publishing . p. 483 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4381 - 0989 - 3 . Jump up ^ Murrin , John ; Johnson , Paul ; McPherson , James ; Gerstle , Gary ; Fahs , Alice ( 2010 ) . Liberty , Equality , Power : A History of the American People . II . Cengage Learning . p. 622 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 495 - 90383 - 3 . Jump up ^ Staff ( 3 July 1921 ) . `` Harding Ends War ; Signs Peace Decree at Senator 's Home . Thirty Persons Witness Momentous Act in Frelinghuysen Living Room at Raritan '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` No. 31773 '' . The London Gazette. 10 February 1920 . p. 1671 . Jump up ^ `` No. 31991 '' . The London Gazette. 23 July 1920 . pp. 7765 -- 7766 . Jump up ^ `` No. 13627 '' . The Edinburgh Gazette. 27 August 1920 . p. 1924 . Jump up ^ `` No. 32421 '' . The London Gazette. 12 August 1921 . pp. 6371 -- 6372 . Jump up ^ `` No. 32964 '' . The London Gazette. 12 August 1924 . pp. 6030 -- 6031 . Jump up ^ Magliveras 1999 , pp. 8 -- 12 . 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The Jewish Agency for Israel . Archived from the original on 20 May 2013 . Retrieved 29 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Doughty 2005 . Jump up ^ Hooker 1996 . Jump up ^ Muller 2008 . Jump up ^ Kaplan 1993 . Jump up ^ Salibi 1993 . Jump up ^ Evans 2005 Jump up ^ Israeli Foreign Ministry . Jump up ^ Gelvin 2005 Jump up ^ Isaac & Hosh 1992 . Jump up ^ Kitchen 2000 , p. 22 . Jump up ^ Howard , N.P. ( 1993 ) . The Social and Political Consequences of the Allied Food Blockade of Germany , 1918 -- 19 ( PDF ) . German History . 11 . pp. 161 -- 88 . table p 166 , with 271,000 excess deaths in 1918 and 71,000 in the first half of 1919 while the blockade was still in effect . Jump up ^ Saadi 2009 . Jump up ^ Patenaude , Bertrand M. ( 30 January 2007 ) . `` Food as a Weapon '' . Hoover Digest . Hoover Institution . Archived from the original on 19 July 2008 . Retrieved 14 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Ball 1996 , pp. 16 , 211 . Jump up ^ `` The Russians are coming ( Russian influence in Harbin , Manchuria , China ; economic relations ) '' . The Economist ( US ) . 14 January 1995 . ( via Highbeam.com ) Jump up ^ Souter 2000 , p. 354 . Jump up ^ Tucker , Spencer ( 2005 ) . Encyclopedia of World War I. Santa Barbara , CA : ABC - CLIO . p. 273 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85109 - 420 - 2 . Retrieved 7 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Tschanz . Jump up ^ Conlon . Jump up ^ Taliaferro , William Hay ( 1972 ) . Medicine and the War . p. 65 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8369 - 2629 - 3 . Jump up ^ Knobler 2005 . Jump up ^ Kamps , Bernd Sebastian ; Reyes - Terán , Gustavo . Influenza . Influenza Report . Flying Publisher . ISBN 978 - 3 - 924774 - 51 - 6 . Retrieved 17 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Pogroms '' . Encyclopaedia Judaica . American - Israeli Cooperative Enterprise . Retrieved 17 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Jewish Modern and Contemporary Periods ( ca . 1700 -- 1917 ) '' . Jewish Virtual Library . American - Israeli Cooperative Enterprise . Retrieved 17 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Diaspora Welcomes the Pope '' Archived 4 June 2012 at the Wayback Machine. , Der Spiegel Online . 28 November 2006 . Jump up ^ R.J. Rummel , `` The Holocaust in Comparative and Historical Perspective '' , 1998 , Idea Journal of Social Issues , Vol. 3 no. 2 Jump up ^ Hedges , Chris ( 17 September 2000 ) . `` A Few Words in Greek Tell of a Homeland Lost '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Hartcup 1988 , p. 154 . Jump up ^ Hartcup 1988 , pp. 82 -- 86 . Jump up ^ Sterling , Christopher H. ; Military Communications : From Ancient Times to the 21st Century ( 2008 ) . Santa Barbara : ABC - CLIO . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85109 - 732 - 6 p. 444 . Jump up ^ Mosier 2001 , pp. 42 -- 48 . Jump up ^ Jager , Herbert ( 2001 ) . German Artillery of World War One . Crowood Press . p. 224 . ISBN 978 - 1861264039 . Jump up ^ Hartcup 1988 . Jump up ^ Raudzens 1990 , p. 421 . ^ Jump up to : Wilfred Owen : poems , ( Faber and Faber , 2004 ) Jump up ^ Raudzens 1990 . Jump up ^ Heller 1984 . Jump up ^ Postwar pulp novels on future `` gas wars '' included Reginald Glossop 's 1932 novel Ghastly Dew and Neil Bell 's 1931 novel The Gas War of 1940 . Jump up ^ `` Heavy Railroad Artillery '' on YouTube Jump up ^ Lawrence Sondhaus , The Great War at Sea : A Naval History of the First World War ( 2014 ) . Jump up ^ Lawson , Eric ; Lawson , Jane ( 2002 ) . The First Air Campaign : August 1914 -- November 1918 . Da Capo Press . p. 123 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 306 - 81213 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Cross 1991 Jump up ^ Cross 1991 , pp. 56 -- 57 . Jump up ^ Winter 1983 . ^ Jump up to : Johnson 2001 Jump up ^ Halpern , Paul G. ( 1994 ) . A Naval History of World War I. Routledge , p. 301 ; ISBN 1 - 85728 - 498 - 4 Jump up ^ Hadley , Michael L. ( 1995 ) . Count Not the Dead : The Popular Image of the German Submarine . McGill - Queen 's Press -- MQUP , p. 36 ; ISBN 0 - 7735 - 1282 - 9 . Jump up ^ Davies , JD ( 2013 ) . Britannia 's Dragon : A Naval History of Wales . History Press Limited . p. 158 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7524 - 9410 - 4 . Jump up ^ A German attempt in January on the Russian front failed to cause casualties . Jump up ^ Schneider , Barry R. ( 28 February 1999 ) . Future War and Counterproliferation : US Military Responses to NBC . Praeger , p. 84 ; ISBN 0 - 275 - 96278 - 4 Jump up ^ Taylor , Telford ( 1 November 1993 ) . The Anatomy of the Nuremberg Trials : A Personal Memoir. Little , Brown and Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 316 - 83400 - 1 . Retrieved 20 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Graham , Thomas ; Lavera , Damien J. ( May 2003 ) . Cornerstones of Security : Arms Control Treaties in the Nuclear Era . University of Washington Press . pp. 7 -- 9 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 295 - 98296 - 0 . Retrieved 5 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Haber , L.F. ( 20 February 1986 ) . The Poisonous Cloud : Chemical Warfare in the First World War . Clarendon Press . pp. 106 -- 108 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 858142 - 0 . Jump up ^ Vilensky , Joel A. ( 20 February 1986 ) . Dew of Death : The Story of Lewisite , America 's World War I Weapon of Mass destruction . Indiana University Press . pp. 78 -- 80 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 253 - 34612 - 4 . Jump up ^ Ellison , D. Hank ( 24 August 2007 ) . Handbook of Chemical and Biological Warfare Agents , Second Edition . CRC Press . pp. 567 -- 570 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8493 - 1434 - 6 . Jump up ^ Boot , Max ( 16 August 2007 ) . War Made New : Weapons , Warriors , and the Making of the Modern World . Gotham . pp. 245 -- 250 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59240 - 315 - 8 . Jump up ^ Henry Morgenthau ( 1918 ) . `` XXV : Talaat Tells Why He `` Deports '' the Armenians `` . Ambassador Mogenthau 's story . Brigham Young University . Jump up ^ Honzík , Miroslav ; Honzíková , Hana ( 1984 ) . 1914 / 1918 , Léta zkázy a naděje . Czech Republic : Panorama . ^ Jump up to : International Association of Genocide Scholars ( 13 June 2005 ) . `` Open Letter to the Prime Minister of Turkey Recep Tayyip Erdoğan '' . Genocide Watch ( via archive.org ) . Archived from the original on 6 October 2007 . Jump up ^ Vartparonian , Paul Leverkuehn ; Kaiser ( 2008 ) . A German officer during the Armenian genocide : a biography of Max von Scheubner - Richter . translated by Alasdair Lean ; with a preface by Jorge and a historical introduction by Hilmar . London : Taderon Press for the Gomidas Institute . ISBN 978 - 1 - 903656 - 81 - 5 . Jump up ^ Ferguson 2006 , p. 177 . Jump up ^ `` International Association Of Genocide Scholars '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 12 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Fromkin 1989 , pp. 212 -- 215 . Jump up ^ International Association of Genocide Scholars . `` Resolution on genocides committed by the Ottoman empire '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 22 April 2008 . Jump up ^ Gaunt , David ( 2006 ) . Massacres , Resistance , Protectors : Muslim - Christian Relations in Eastern Anatolia during World War I. Piscataway , New Jersey : Gorgias Press . Jump up ^ Schaller , Dominik J ; Zimmerer , Jürgen ( 2008 ) . `` Late Ottoman genocides : the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire and Young Turkish population and extermination policies -- introduction '' . Journal of Genocide Research . 10 ( 1 ) : 7 -- 14 . doi : 10.1080 / 14623520801950820 . Jump up ^ `` Pogroms '' . Encyclopaedia Judaica . Jewish Virtual Library . Retrieved 17 November 2009 . Jump up ^ Horne & Kramer 2001 , ch 1 -- 2 , esp . p. 76 . Jump up ^ The claim of franc - tireurs in Belgium has been rejected : Horne & Kramer 2001 , ch 3 -- 4 Jump up ^ Horne & Kramer 2001 , ch 5 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Keegan 1998 , pp. 82 -- 83 . Jump up ^ `` Search Results ( + ( war : '' worldwari `` ) ) : Veterans History Project '' . American Folklife Center , Library of Congress . Retrieved 23 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Phillimore & Bellot 1919 , pp. 4 -- 64 . Jump up ^ Ferguson 1999 , pp. 368 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Blair 2005 . Jump up ^ Cook 2006 , pp. 637 -- 665 . Jump up ^ `` Максим Оськин -- Неизвестные трагедии Первой мировой Пленные Дезертиры Беженцы -- стр 24 -- Читаем онлайн '' . Profismart.ru . Archived from the original on 17 April 2013 . Retrieved 13 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Speed 1990 . Jump up ^ Ferguson 1999 , Chapter 13 . Jump up ^ Morton 1992 . Jump up ^ Bass 2002 , p. 107 . Jump up ^ `` The Mesopotamia campaign '' . British National Archives . Retrieved 10 March 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Prisoners of Turkey : Men of Kut Driven along like beasts '' . Stolen Years : Australian Prisoners of War . Australian War Memorial . Archived from the original on 8 January 2009 . Retrieved 10 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` ICRC in WWI : overview of activities '' . Icrc.org . Archived from the original on 19 July 2010 . Retrieved 15 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` GERMANY : Notes , Sep. 1 , 1924 '' . Time . 1 September 1924 . Retrieved 15 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Tucker & Roberts 2005 , p. 1189 . ^ Jump up to : Tucker & Roberts 2005 , p. 1001 Jump up ^ Tucker & Roberts 2005 , p. 117 . Jump up ^ Mukhtar , Mohammed ( 25 February 2003 ) . Historical Dictionary of Somalia . Scarecrow Press . p. 126 . ISBN 9780810866041 . Retrieved 28 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` How Ethiopian prince scuppered Germany 's WW1 plans '' . BBC News . 25 September 2016 . Retrieved 28 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Tucker & Roberts 2005 , p. 1069 . Jump up ^ Tucker & Roberts 2005 , p. 884 . Jump up ^ Tucker & Roberts 2005 , p. 335 . Jump up ^ Tucker & Roberts 2005 , p. 219 . Jump up ^ Tucker & Roberts 2005 , p. 209 . ^ Jump up to : Tucker & Roberts 2005 , p. 596 Jump up ^ Tucker & Roberts 2005 , p. 826 . Jump up ^ Dennis Mack Smith . 1997 . Modern Italy ; A Political History . Ann Arbor : The University of Michigan Press . Pp. 284 . Jump up ^ Aubert , Roger ( 1981 ) . `` Chapter 37 : The Outbreak of World War I '' . In Hubert Jedin ; John Dolan . History of the Church . The Church in the industrial age . 9 . Translated by Resch , Margit . London : Burns & Oates . p. 521 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 86012 - 091 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Who 's Who -- Pope Benedict XV '' . firstworldwar.com. 22 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Merely For the Record '' : The Memoirs of Donald Christopher Smith 1894 -- 1980 . By Donald Christopher Smith . Edited by John William Cox , Jr . Bermuda . Jump up ^ Pennell , Catriona ( 2012 ) . A Kingdom United : Popular Responses to the Outbreak of the First World War in Britain and Ireland . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 959058 - 2 . Jump up ^ Tucker & Roberts 2005 , p. 584 . Jump up ^ O'Halpin , Eunan , The Decline of the Union : British Government in Ireland , 1892 -- 1920 , ( Dublin , 1987 ) Jump up ^ Lehmann & van der Veer 1999 , p. 62 . Jump up ^ Brock , Peter , These Strange Criminals : An Anthology of Prison Memoirs by Conscientious Objectors to Military Service from the Great War to the Cold War , p. 14 , Toronto : University of Toronto Press , 2004 , ISBN 0 - 8020 - 8707 - 8 Jump up ^ `` Soviet Union -- Uzbeks '' . Country-data.com . Retrieved 13 March 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Seton - Watson , Christopher . 1967 . Italy from Liberalism to Fascism : 1870 to 1925 . London : Methuen & Co. Ltd . Pp. 471 Jump up ^ Cockfield 1997 , pp. 171 -- 237 . Jump up ^ Alan J. Ward , `` Lloyd George and the 1918 Irish conscription crisis '' . Historical Journal ( 1974 ) 17 # 1 pp : 107 -- 129 . Jump up ^ `` The Conscription Crisis '' . CBC. 2001 . Jump up ^ J.M. Main , Conscription : the Australian debate , 1901 -- 1970 ( 1970 ) abstract Archived 7 July 2015 at Archive.is Jump up ^ Havighurst 1985 , p. 131 . Jump up ^ Chelmsford , J.E. `` Clergy and Man - Power '' , The Times 15 April 1918 , p. 12 Jump up ^ John Whiteclay Chambers , To raise an army : The draft comes to modern America ( 1987 ) . Jump up ^ Howard Zinn , People 's History of the United States . ( Harper Collins , 2003 ) : 134 Jump up ^ Hastings , Max ( 2013 ) . Catastrophe : Europe goes to War 1914 . London : Collins . pp. 30 , 140 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 00 - 746764 - 8 . Jump up ^ David Stevenson , The First World War and International Politics ( 1988 ) . Jump up ^ Z.A.B. Zeman , Diplomatic History of the First World War ( 1971 ) Jump up ^ See * Carnegie Endowment for International Peace . Official Statements of War Aims and Peace Proposals : December 1916 to November 1918 , edited by James Brown Scott . ( 1921 ) 515pp online free Jump up ^ R.G. Collingwood An Autobiography , 1939 , page 90 . Jump up ^ Heather Jones , `` As the centenary approaches : the regeneration of First World War historiography '' . Historical Journal ( 2013 ) 56 # 3 pp : 857 -- 878 , esp . p. 858 Jump up ^ `` John McCrae '' . Historica . Archived from the original on 9 June 2011 . Jump up ^ David , Evans . `` John McCrae '' . Canadian Encyclopedia . Jump up ^ `` Monumental Undertaking '' . kclibrary.org . Jump up ^ `` Commemoration website '' . 1914.org . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` French , German Presidents Mark World War I Anniversary '' . France News.Net . Retrieved 3 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Sheftall , Mark David ( 2010 ) . Altered Memories of the Great War : Divergent Narratives of Britain , Australia , New Zealand , and Canada . ^ Jump up to : Hynes , Samuel Lynn ( 1991 ) . A war imagined : the First World War and English culture . Atheneum . pp. i -- xii . ISBN 978 - 0 - 689 - 12128 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Todman 2005 , p. 153 - 221 . Jump up ^ Fussell , Paul ( 2000 ) . The Great War and modern memory . Oxford University Press . pp. 1 -- 78 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 513332 - 5 . Retrieved 18 May 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Todman 2005 , p. xi -- xv . Jump up ^ Roden . Jump up ^ Wohl 1979 . Jump up ^ Tucker & Roberts 2005 , pp. 108 -- 1086 . Jump up ^ Kitchen , Martin . `` The Ending of World War One , and the Legacy of Peace '' . BBC . Jump up ^ `` World War II '' . Britannica Online Encyclopedia . Encyclopædia Britannica , Inc . Archived from the original on 24 June 2008 . Retrieved 12 November 2009 . Jump up ^ Baker , Kevin ( June 2006 ) . `` Stabbed in the Back ! The past and future of a right - wing myth '' . Harper 's Magazine . Archived from the original on 15 July 2006 . Jump up ^ Chickering 2004 . Jump up ^ Rubinstein , W.D. ( 2004 ) . Genocide : a history . Pearson Education . p. 7 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 582 - 50601 - 5 . Jump up ^ 10 in this context -- see Long and short scales Jump up ^ Henn , Peter ( 9 March 2015 ) . `` Britain FINALLY pays off last of First World War debt as George Osborne redeems £ 1.9 bn '' . Jump up ^ Noakes , Lucy ( 2006 ) . Women in the British Army : War and the Gentle Sex , 1907 -- 1948 . Abingdon , England : Routledge . p. 48 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 39056 - 9 . Jump up ^ Green 1938 , pp. CXXVI . Jump up ^ Anton Kaes ; Martin Jay ; Edward Dimendberg , eds. ( 1994 ) . `` The Treaty of Versailles : The Reparations Clauses '' . The Weimar Republic Sourcebook . University of California Press . p. 8 . ISBN 9780520909601 . Jump up ^ Marls , The Myths of Reparations , pp. 231 -- 2 ^ Jump up to : Marks , p. 237 Jump up ^ Marks , pp. 223 -- 234 Jump up ^ World War One : A Short History By Norman Stone Jump up ^ Marks , p. 233 Jump up ^ Hall , Allan ( 28 September 2010 ) . `` First World War officially ends '' . The Telegraph . Berlin . Retrieved 15 March 2017 . The final payment of £ 59.5 million , writes off the crippling debt that was the price for one world war and laid the foundations for another . Jump up ^ Suddath , Claire ( 4 October 2010 ) . `` Why Did World War I Just End ? '' . Time . Retrieved 1 July 2013 . World War I ended over the weekend . Germany made its final reparations - related payment for the Great War on Oct. 3 , nearly 92 years after the country 's defeat by the Allies . Jump up ^ `` World War I to finally end for Germany this weekend '' . CNN . 30 September 2010 . Retrieved 15 March 2017 . Germany and the Allies can call it even on World War I this weekend . Jump up ^ MacMillan , Margaret ( 25 December 2010 ) . `` Ending the War to End All Wars '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 15 March 2017 . NOT many people noticed at the time , but World War I ended this year . ^ Jump up to : `` From Wristwatches To Radio , How World War I Ushered In The Modern World '' . NPR . Bibliography For a comprehensive bibliography see Bibliography of World War I American Battle Monuments Commission ( 1938 ) . American Armies and Battlefields in Europe : A History , Guide , and Reference Book . US Government Printing Office . OCLC 59803706 . Army Art of World War I. United States Army Center of Military History : Smithsonian Institution , National Museum of American History . 1993 . OCLC 28608539 . Ayers , Leonard Porter ( 1919 ) . The War with Germany : A Statistical Summary . Government Printing Office . Bade , Klaus J ; Brown , Allison ( tr . ) ( 2003 ) . Migration in European History . The making of Europe . Oxford : Blackwell . ISBN 978 - 0 - 631 - 18939 - 8 . OCLC 52695573 . ( translated from the German ) Balakian , Peter ( 2003 ) . The Burning Tigris : The Armenian Genocide and America 's Response . New York : HarperCollins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 019840 - 4 . OCLC 56822108 . Ball , Alan M ( 1996 ) . And Now My Soul Is Hardened : Abandoned Children in Soviet Russia , 1918 -- 1930 . Berkeley : University of California Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 20694 - 6 . , reviewed in Hegarty , Thomas J ( March -- June 1998 ) . `` And Now My Soul Is Hardened : Abandoned Children in Soviet Russia , 1918 -- 1930 '' . Canadian Slavonic Papers . ( via Highbeam.com ) Bass , Gary Jonathan ( 2002 ) . Stay the Hand of Vengeance : The Politics of War Crimes Tribunals . Princeton , New Jersey : Princeton University Press . pp. 424pp . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 09278 - 2 . OCLC 248021790 . Blair , Dale ( 2005 ) . No Quarter : Unlawful Killing and Surrender in the Australian War Experience , 1915 -- 1918 . Charnwood , Australia : Ginninderra Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 74027 - 291 - 9 . OCLC 62514621 . Bond , Brian . `` The First World War '' in C.L. Mowat , ed . The New Cambridge Modern History : Vol . XII : The Shifting Balance of World Forces 1898 - 1945 ( 2nd ed. 1968 ) online pp 171 -- 208 . scholarly summary . Brands , Henry William ( 1997 ) . T.R. : The Last Romantic . New York : Basic Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 465 - 06958 - 3 . OCLC 36954615 . Braybon , Gail ( 2004 ) . Evidence , History , and the Great War : Historians and the Impact of 1914 -- 18 . Berghahn Books . p. 8 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57181 - 801 - 0 . Brown , Judith M. ( 1994 ) . Modern India : The Origins of an Asian Democracy . Oxford and New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 873113 - 9 . Chickering , Rodger ( 2004 ) . Imperial Germany and the Great War , 1914 -- 1918 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 83908 - 2 . OCLC 55523473 . Clark , Charles Upson ( 1927 ) . Bessarabia , Russia and Roumania on the Black Sea . New York : Dodd , Mead . OCLC 150789848 . Clark , Christopher ( 2013 ) . The Sleepwalkers : How Europe Went to War in 1914 . HarperCollins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 219922 - 5 . Clark , Christopher ( 2014 ) . The Sleepwalkers : How Europe Went to War in 1914 . New York : Harper Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 114666 - 4 . Cockfield , Jamie H ( 1997 ) . With snow on their boots : The tragic odyssey of the Russian Expeditionary Force in France during World War I. Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 22082 - 2 . Conlon , Joseph M. The historical impact of epidemic typhus ( PDF ) . Montana State University . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 11 June 2010 . Retrieved 21 April 2009 . Cook , Tim ( 2006 ) . The politics of surrender : Canadian soldiers and the killing of prisoners in the First World War . The Journal of Military History . 70 . pp. 637 -- 665 . doi : 10.1353 / jmh. 2006.0158 . Cross , Wilbur L ( 1991 ) . Zeppelins of World War I. New York : Paragon Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55778 - 382 - 0 . OCLC 22860189 . Crowe , David ( 2001 ) . The Essentials of European History : 1914 to 1935 , World War I and Europe in crisis . Research and Education Association . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87891 - 710 - 5 . DiNardo , Richard ( 2015 ) . Invasion : The Conquest of Serbia , 1915 . Santa Barbara , California : Praeger . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4408 - 0092 - 4 . Djokić , Dejan ( 2003 ) . Yugoslavism : histories of a failed idea , 1918 -- 1992 . London : Hurst . OCLC 51093251 . Doughty , Robert A. ( 2005 ) . Pyrrhic victory : French strategy and operations in the Great War . Harvard University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 01880 - 8 . Duffy , Michael ( 2006 ) . Somme . First World War.com . ISBN 978 - 0 - 297 - 84689 - 5 . Retrieved 25 February 2007 . Dupuy , R. Ernest and Trevor N. ( 1993 ) . The Harper 's Encyclopedia of Military History , 4th Edition . Harper Collins Publishers . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 270056 - 8 . Encyclopædia Britannica ( 12th ed. 1922 ) comprises the 11th edition plus three new volumes 30 - 31 - 32 that cover events since 1911 with thorough coverage of the war as well as every country and colony . partly online and list of article titles ABBE to ENGLISH HISTORY online free . scans of each page of vol 30 - 31 - 32 Evans , David ( 2004 ) . The First World War . Teach yourself . London : Hodder Arnold . ISBN 978 - 0 - 340 - 88489 - 8 . OCLC 224332259 . Evans , Leslie ( 27 May 2005 ) . Future of Iraq , Israel - Palestine Conflict , and Central Asia Weighed at International Conference . UCLA International Institute . Archived from the original on 24 May 2008 . Retrieved 30 December 2008 . Falls , Cyril Bentham ( 1960 ) . The First World War . London : Longmans . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84342 - 272 - 3 . OCLC 460327352 . Farwell , Byron ( 1989 ) . The Great War in Africa , 1914 -- 1918 . W.W. Norton . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 30564 - 7 . Ferguson , Niall ( 1999 ) . The Pity of War . New York : Basic Books . pp. 563pp . ISBN 978 - 0 - 465 - 05711 - 5 . OCLC 41124439 . Ferguson , Niall ( 2006 ) . The War of the World : Twentieth - Century Conflict and the Descent of the West . New York : Penguin Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59420 - 100 - 4 . Fortescue , Granville Roland ( 28 October 1915 ) . London in Gloom over Gallipoli ; Captain Fortescue in Book and Ashmead - Bartlett in Lecture Declare Campaign Lost . New York Times . Fromkin , David ( 1989 ) . A Peace to End All Peace : The Fall of the Ottoman Empire and the Creation of the Modern Middle East . New York : Henry Holt and Co . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8050 - 0857 - 9 . Fromkin , David ( 2004 ) . Europe 's Last Summer : Who Started the Great War in 1914 ? . New York : Alfred A. Knopf . ISBN 978 - 0 - 375 - 41156 - 4 . OCLC 53937943 . Gelvin , James L ( 2005 ) . The Israel - Palestine Conflict : One Hundred Years of War . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 85289 - 0 . OCLC 59879560 . Grant , R.G. ( 2005 ) . Battle : A Visual Journey Through 5,000 Years of Combat . DK Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7566 - 5578 - 5 . Gray , Randal ; Argyle , Christopher ( 1990 ) . Chronicle of the First World War . New York : Facts on File . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8160 - 2595 - 4 . OCLC 19398100 . Gilbert , Martin ( 1994 ) . First World War . Stoddart Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7737 - 2848 - 6 . Gilbert , Martin ( 2004 ) . The First World War : A Complete History . Clearwater , Florida : Owl Books . p. 306 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8050 - 7617 - 2 . OCLC 34792651 . Goodspeed , Donald James ( 1985 ) . The German Wars 1914 -- 1945 . New York : Random House ; Bonanza . ISBN 978 - 0 - 517 - 46790 - 9 . Gray , Randal ( 1991 ) . Kaiserschlacht 1918 : the final German offensive . Osprey . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85532 - 157 - 1 . Green , John Frederick Norman ( 1938 ) . `` Obituary : Albert Ernest Kitson '' . Geological Society Quarterly Journal . 94 . Halpern , Paul G ( 1995 ) . A Naval History of World War I. New York : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85728 - 498 - 0 . OCLC 60281302 . Harris , J.P. ( 2008 ) . Douglas Haig and the First World War ( 2009 ed . ) . Cambridge : CUP . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 89802 - 7 . Hartcup , Guy ( 1988 ) . The War of Invention ; Scientific Developments , 1914 -- 18 . Brassey 's Defence Publishers . ISBN 978 - 0 - 08 - 033591 - 9 . Havighurst , Alfred F ( 1985 ) . Britain in transition : the twentieth century ( 4 ed . ) . University of Chicago Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 31971 - 1 . Heller , Charles E ( 1984 ) . Chemical warfare in World War I : the American experience , 1917 -- 1918 . Fort Leavenworth , Kansas : Combat Studies Institute . OCLC 123244486 . Archived from the original on 4 July 2007 . Heyman , Neil M ( 1997 ) . World War I. Guides to historic events of the twentieth century . Westport , Connecticut : Greenwood Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 29880 - 6 . OCLC 36292837 . Hickey , Michael ( 2003 ) . The Mediterranean Front 1914 -- 1923 . The First World War . 4 . New York : Routledge . pp. 60 -- 65 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 96844 - 7 . OCLC 52375688 . Hinterhoff , Eugene ( 1984 ) . Young , Peter , ed . The Campaign in Armenia . Marshall Cavendish Illustrated Encyclopedia of World War I. ii . New York : Marshall Cavendish . ISBN 978 - 0 - 86307 - 181 - 2 . Hirschfeld , Gerhard et al. eds . Brill 's Encyclopedia of the First World War ( 2012 ) , 1105pp Holmes , T.M. ( April 2014 ) . `` Absolute Numbers : The Schlieffen Plan as a Critique of German Strategy in 1914 '' . War in History . London . XXI ( 2 ) : 194 , 211 . ISSN 1477 - 0385 . Hooker , Richard ( 1996 ) . The Ottomans . Washington State University . Archived from the original on 8 October 1999 . Horne , John ; Kramer , Alan ( 2001 ) . German Atrocities , 1914 : A History of Denial . Yale University Press . OCLC 47181922 . Hovannisian , Richard G. ( 1967 ) . Armenia on the Road to Independence , 1918 . Berkeley : University of California Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 00574 - 7 . Hull , Isabel Virginia ( 2006 ) . Absolute destruction : military culture and the practices of war in Imperial Germany . Cornell University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8014 - 7293 - 0 . Humphries , Mark Osborne ( 2007 ) . `` '' Old Wine in New Bottles `` : A Comparison of British and Canadian Preparations for the Battle of Arras '' . In Hayes , Geoffrey ; Iarocci , Andrew ; Bechthold , Mike . Vimy Ridge : A Canadian Reassessment . Waterloo : Wilfrid Laurier University Press . pp. 65 -- 85 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88920 - 508 - 6 . Inglis , David ( 1995 ) . Vimy Ridge : 1917 -- 1992 , A Canadian Myth over Seventy Five Years ( PDF ) . Burnaby : Simon Fraser University . Isaac , Jad ; Hosh , Leonardo ( 7 -- 9 May 1992 ) . Roots of the Water Conflict in the Middle East . University of Waterloo . Archived from the original on 28 September 2006 . Jenkins , Burris A ( 2009 ) . Facing the Hindenburg Line . BiblioBazaar . ISBN 978 - 1 - 110 - 81238 - 7 . Johnson , James Edgar ( 2001 ) . Full Circle : The Story of Air Fighting . London : Cassell . ISBN 978 - 0 - 304 - 35860 - 1 . OCLC 45991828 . Jones , Howard ( 2001 ) . Crucible of Power : A History of US Foreign Relations Since 1897 . Wilmington , Delaware : Scholarly Resources Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8420 - 2918 - 6 . OCLC 46640675 . Kaplan , Robert D ( February 1993 ) . Syria : Identity Crisis . The Atlantic . Retrieved 30 December 2008 . Karp , Walter ( 1979 ) . The Politics of War ( 1st ed . ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 012265 - 2 . OCLC 4593327 . , Wilson 's manoeuvring US into war Keegan , John ( 1998 ) . The First World War . Hutchinson . ISBN 978 - 0 - 09 - 180178 - 6 . , general military history Keene , Jennifer D ( 2006 ) . World War I. Daily Life Through History Series . Westport , Connecticut : Greenwood Press . p. 5 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 33181 - 7 . OCLC 70883191 . Kernek , Sterling ( December 1970 ) . `` The British Government 's Reactions to President Wilson 's ' Peace ' Note of December 1916 '' . The Historical Journal . 13 ( 4 ) : 721 -- 766 . doi : 10.1017 / S0018246X00009481 . JSTOR 2637713 . Kitchen , Martin ( 2000 ) ( 1980 ) . Europe Between the Wars . New York : Longman . ISBN 978 - 0 - 582 - 41869 - 1 . OCLC 247285240 . Knobler , Stacey L , ed. ( 2005 ) . The Threat of Pandemic Influenza : Are We Ready ? Workshop Summary . Washington DC : National Academies Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 309 - 09504 - 4 . OCLC 57422232 . Kurlander , Eric ( 2006 ) . Steffen Bruendel . Volksgemeinschaft oder Volksstaat : Die `` Ideen von 1914 '' und die Neuordnung Deutschlands im Ersten Weltkrieg ( Book review ) . H - net . Retrieved 17 November 2009 . Lehmann , Hartmut ; van der Veer , Peter , eds. ( 1999 ) . Nation and religion : perspectives on Europe and Asia . Princeton , New Jersey : Princeton University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 01232 - 2 . OCLC 39727826 . Love , Dave ( May 1996 ) . `` The Second Battle of Ypres , April 1915 '' . Sabretasche. 26 ( 4 ) . Lyons , Michael J ( 1999 ) . World War I : A Short History ( 2nd ed . ) . Prentice Hall . ISBN 978 - 0 - 13 - 020551 - 3 . Ludendorff , Erich ( 1919 ) . My War Memories , 1914 -- 1918 . OCLC 60104290 . also published by Harper as `` Ludendorff 's Own Story , August 1914 -- November 1918 : The Great War from the Siege of Liège to the Signing of the Armistice as Viewed from the Grand Headquarters of the German Army '' OCLC 561160 ( original title Meine Kriegserinnerungen , 1914 -- 1918 ) Magliveras , Konstantinos D ( 1999 ) . Exclusion from Participation in International Organisations : The Law and Practice behind Member States ' Expulsion and Suspension of Membership . Martinus Nijhoff Publishers . ISBN 978 - 90 - 411 - 1239 - 2 . Martel , Gordon ( 2003 ) . The Origins of the First World War . Pearson Longman , Harlow . Mawdsley , Evan ( 2008 ) . The Russian Civil War ( Edinburgh ed . ) . Birlinn location . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84341 - 041 - 6 . McLellan , Edwin N. The United States Marine Corps in the World War . Meyer , Gerald J ( 2006 ) . A World Undone : The Story of the Great War 1914 to 1918 . Random House . ISBN 978 - 0 - 553 - 80354 - 9 . Millett , Allan Reed ; Murray , Williamson ( 1988 ) . Military Effectiveness . Boston : Allen Unwin . ISBN 978 - 0 - 04 - 445053 - 5 . OCLC 220072268 . Moon , John Ellis van Courtland ( July 1996 ) . United States Chemical Warfare Policy in World War II : A Captive of Coalition Policy ? . The Journal of Military History . 60 . pp. 495 -- 511 . doi : 10.2307 / 2944522 . JSTOR 2944522 . Morton , Desmond ( 1992 ) . Silent Battle : Canadian Prisoners of War in Germany , 1914 -- 1919 . Toronto : Lester Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 895555 - 17 - 2 . OCLC 29565680 . Mosier , John ( 2001 ) . `` Germany and the Development of Combined Arms Tactics '' . Myth of the Great War : How the Germans Won the Battles and How the Americans Saved the Allies . New York : Harper Collins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 019676 - 9 . Muller , Jerry Z ( March -- April 2008 ) . `` Us and Them -- The Enduring Power of Ethnic Nationalism '' . Foreign Affairs . Council on Foreign Relations . Retrieved 30 December 2008 . Neiberg , Michael S ( 2005 ) . Fighting the Great War : A Global History . Cambridge , Massachusetts : Harvard University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 01696 - 5 . OCLC 56592292 . Nicholson , Gerald WL ( 1962 ) . Canadian Expeditionary Force , 1914 -- 1919 : Official History of the Canadian Army in the First World War ( 1st ed . ) . Ottawa : Queens Printer and Controller of Stationary . OCLC 2317262 . Archived from the original on 16 May 2007 . Northedge , FS ( 1986 ) . The League of Nations : Its Life and Times , 1920 -- 1946 . New York : Holmes & Meier . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7185 - 1316 - 0 . Page , Thomas Nelson . `` Italy and the World War '' . Brigham Young University . Chapter XI . cites `` Cf . articles signed XXX in La Revue de Deux Mondes , 1 and 15 March 1920 '' Painter , David S. ( 2012 ) . `` Oil and the American Century '' ( PDF ) . The Journal of American History . 99 ( 1 ) : 24 -- 39 . doi : 10.1093 / jahist / jas073 . Phillimore , George Grenville ; Bellot , Hugh HL ( 1919 ) . `` Treatment of Prisoners of War '' . Transactions of the Grotius Society . 5 : 47 -- 64 . OCLC 43267276 . Pitt , Barrie ( 2003 ) . 1918 : The Last Act . Barnsley : Pen and Sword . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85052 - 974 - 6 . OCLC 56468232 . Price , Alfred ( 1980 ) . Aircraft versus Submarine : the Evolution of the Anti-submarine Aircraft , 1912 to 1980 . London : Jane 's Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7106 - 0008 - 0 . OCLC 10324173 . Deals with technical developments , including the first dipping hydrophones Prior , Robin ( 1999 ) . The First World War . London : Cassell . ISBN 978 - 0 - 304 - 35256 - 2 . Raudzens , George ( October 1990 ) . `` War - Winning Weapons : The Measurement of Technological Determinism in Military History '' . The Journal of Military History . 54 ( 4 ) : 403 -- 434 . doi : 10.2307 / 1986064 . JSTOR 1986064 . Repington , Charles à Court ( 1920 ) . The First World War , 1914 -- 1918 . 2 . London : Constable . ISBN 978 - 1 - 113 - 19764 - 1 . Rickard , J ( 5 March 2001 ) . `` Erich von Ludendorff ( sic ) , 1865 -- 1937 , German General '' . Military History Encyclopedia on the Web . HistoryOfWar.org . Retrieved 6 February 2008 . Rickard , J ( 27 August 2007 ) . `` The Ludendorff Offensives , 21 March - 18 July 1918 '' . Roden , Mike . `` The Lost Generation -- myth and reality '' . Aftermath -- when the boys came home . Retrieved 6 November 2009 . Saadi , Abdul - Ilah ( 12 February 2009 ) . `` Dreaming of Greater Syria '' . Al Jazeera . Retrieved 14 August 2014 . Sachar , Howard Morley ( 1970 ) . The emergence of the Middle East , 1914 -- 1924 . Allen Lane . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7139 - 0158 - 0 . OCLC 153103197 . Salibi , Kamal Suleiman ( 1993 ) . `` How it all began -- A concise history of Lebanon '' . A House of Many Mansions -- the history of Lebanon reconsidered . I.B. Tauris . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85043 - 091 - 9 . OCLC 224705916 . Schindler , J ( 2003 ) . `` Steamrollered in Galicia : The Austro - Hungarian Army and the Brusilov Offensive , 1916 '' . War in History . 10 ( 1 ) : 27 -- 59 . doi : 10.1191 / 0968344503wh260oa . Shanafelt , Gary W ( 1985 ) . The secret enemy : Austria - Hungary and the German alliance , 1914 -- 1918 . East European Monographs . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88033 - 080 - 0 . Shapiro , Fred R ; Epstein , Joseph ( 2006 ) . The Yale Book of Quotations . Yale University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 10798 - 2 . Smith , David James ( 2010 ) . One Morning In Sarajevo . Hachette UK . ISBN 978 - 0 - 297 - 85608 - 5 . He was photographed on the way to the station and the photograph has been reproduced many times in books and articles , claiming to depict the arrest of Gavrilo Princip . But there is no photograph of Gavro 's arrest -- this photograph shows the arrest of Behr . Souter , Gavin ( 2000 ) . Lion & Kangaroo : the initiation of Australia . Melbourne : Text Publishing . OCLC 222801639 . Sisemore , James D ( 2003 ) . `` The Russo - Japanese War , Lessons Not Learned '' . US Army Command and General Staff College . Smele , Jonathan . `` War and Revolution in Russia 1914 -- 1921 '' . World Wars in - depth . BBC . Archived from the original on 10 November 2011 . Retrieved 12 November 2009 . Speed , Richard B , III ( 1990 ) . Prisoners , Diplomats and the Great War : A Study in the Diplomacy of Captivity . New York : Greenwood Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 26729 - 1 . OCLC 20694547 . Stevenson , David ( 1996 ) . Armaments and the Coming of War : Europe , 1904 -- 1914 . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 820208 - 0 . OCLC 33079190 . Stevenson , David ( 2004 ) . Cataclysm : The First World War as Political Tragedy . New York : Basic Books . pp. 560pp . ISBN 978 - 0 - 465 - 08184 - 4 . OCLC 54001282 . Strachan , Hew ( 2003 ) . The First World War : Volume I : To Arms . New York : Viking . ISBN 978 - 0 - 670 - 03295 - 2 . OCLC 53075929 . Taylor , Alan John Percivale ( 1963 ) . The First World War : An Illustrated History . Hamish Hamilton . ISBN 978 - 0 - 399 - 50260 - 6 . OCLC 2054370 . Taylor , Alan John Percivale ( 1998 ) . The First World War and its aftermath , 1914 -- 1919 . Century of Conflict , 1848 -- 1948 . London : Folio Society . OCLC 49988231 . Taylor , John M ( Summer 2007 ) . `` Audacious Cruise of the Emden '' . The Quarterly Journal of Military History . 19 ( 4 ) : 38 -- 47 . doi : 10.1353 / jmh. 2007.0331 ( inactive 2018 - 08 - 17 ) . ISSN 0899 - 3718 . Terraine , John ( 1963 ) . Ordeal of Victory . Philadelphia : J.B. Lippincott . pp. 508pp . ISBN 978 - 0 - 09 - 068120 - 4 . OCLC 1345833 . Todman , Dan ( 2005 ) . The Great War : Myth and Memory . A & C Black . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8264 - 6728 - 7 . Tomasevich , Jozo ( 2001 ) . War and Revolution in Yugoslavia : 1941 - 1945 . Stanford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 7924 - 1 . Retrieved 4 December 2013 . Tschanz , David W. Typhus fever on the Eastern front in World War I. Montana State University . Archived from the original on 11 June 2010 . Retrieved 12 November 2009 . Tuchman , Barbara Wertheim ( 1966 ) . The Zimmermann Telegram ( 2nd ed . ) . New York : Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 02 - 620320 - 3 . OCLC 233392415 . Tucker , Spencer C ; Roberts , Priscilla Mary ( 2005 ) . Encyclopedia of World War I. Santa Barbara : ABC - Clio . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85109 - 420 - 2 . OCLC 61247250 . Tucker , Spencer C ; Wood , Laura Matysek ; Murphy , Justin D ( 1999 ) . The European powers in the First World War : an encyclopedia . Taylor & Francis . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8153 - 3351 - 7 . Velikonja , Mitja ( 2003 ) . Religious Separation and Political Intolerance in Bosnia - Herzegovina . Texas A&M University Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58544 - 226 - 3 . von der Porten , Edward P ( 1969 ) . German Navy in World War II . New York : T.Y. Crowell . ISBN 978 - 0 - 213 - 17961 - 8 . OCLC 164543865 . Westwell , Ian ( 2004 ) . World War I Day by Day . St. Paul , Minnesota : MBI Publishing . pp. 192pp . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7603 - 1937 - 6 . OCLC 57533366 . Wilgus , William John ( 1931 ) . Transporting the A.E.F. in Western Europe , 1917 -- 1919 . New York : Columbia University Press . OCLC 1161730 . Willmott , H.P. ( 2003 ) . World War I. New York : Dorling Kindersley . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7894 - 9627 - 0 . OCLC 52541937 . Winegard , Timothy . `` Here at Vimy : A Retrospective -- The 90th Anniversary of the Battle of Vimy Ridge '' . Canadian Military Journal . 8 ( 2 ) . Winter , Denis ( 1983 ) . The First of the Few : Fighter Pilots of the First World War . Penguin . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 005256 - 5 . Wohl , Robert ( 1979 ) . The Generation of 1914 ( 3 ed . ) . Harvard University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 34466 - 2 . Zieger , Robert H ( 2001 ) . America 's Great War : World War I and the American experience . Lanham , Maryland : Rowman & Littlefield . p. 50 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8476 - 9645 - 1 . `` History in brief ( Israel ) '' . The Economist. 28 July 2005 . Retrieved 30 December 2008 . Israeli Foreign Ministry . `` Ottoman Rule '' . Jewish Virtual Library . Retrieved 30 December 2008 . De Groot , Gerard J ( 2001 ) . The First World War . Basingstoke : Palgrave . ISBN 978 - 0 - 333 - 74534 - 2 . Turner , Leonard Charles Frederick ( 1976 ) . Origins of the First World War . London : Edward Arnold . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 09947 - 8 . Henig , Ruth B. ( Ruth Beatrice ) ( 1994 ) . The origins of the First World War . London : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 10233 - 9 . Stevenson , David ( 1988 ) . The First World War and international politics . Oxford : University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 873049 - 1 . Primary sources Collins , Ross F. ed . World War I : Primary Documents on Events from 1914 to 1919 ( Greenwood Press , 2008 ) online Historiography and memory Baker , Kevin ( June 2006 ) . `` Stabbed in the Back ! The past and future of a right - wing myth '' . Harper 's Magazine . Deak , John . `` The Great War and the Forgotten Realm : The Habsburg Monarchy and the First World War '' Journal of Modern History ( 2014 ) 86 # 2 pp : 336 -- 380 . Iriye , Akira . `` The Historiographic Impact of the Great War '' . Diplomatic History ( July 2014 ) doi : 10.1093 / dh / dhu035 Jones , Heather . `` As the centenary approaches : the regeneration of First World War historiography '' . Historical Journal ( 2013 ) 56 # 3 pp : 857 -- 878 . Jones , Heather . `` Goodbye to all that ? : Memory and meaning in the commemoration of the first world war '' . Juncture ( 2014 ) 20 # 4 pp : 287 -- 291 . Kitchen , James E. , Alisa Miller and Laura Rowe , eds . Other Combatants , Other Fronts : Competing Histories of the First World War ( 2011 ) excerpt Kramer , Alan . `` Recent Historiography of the First World War -- Part I '' , Journal of Modern European History ( Feb. 2014 ) 12 # 1 pp 5 -- 27 ; `` Recent Historiography of the First World War ( Part II ) '' , ( May 2014 ) 12 # 2 pp 155 -- 174 Mulligan , William . `` The Trial Continues : New Directions in the Study of the Origins of the First World War '' . English Historical Review ( 2014 ) 129 # 538 pp : 639 -- 666 . Reynolds , David . The Long Shadow : The Legacies of the Great War in the Twentieth Century ( 2014 ) Excerpt and text search Sanborn , Joshua . `` Russian Historiography on the Origins of the First World War Since the Fischer Controversy '' . Journal of Contemporary History ( 2013 ) 48 # 2 pp : 350 -- 362 . Sharp , Heather . `` Representing Australia 's Involvement in the First World War : Discrepancies between Public Discourses and School History Textbooks from 1916 to 1936 '' . Journal of Educational Media , Memory , and Society ( 2014 ) 6 # 1 pp : 1 -- 23 . Trout , Stephen . `` On the Battlefield of Memory : The First World War and American Remembrance , 1919 -- 1941 ( 2013 ) Turan , Ömer . `` Turkish Historiography of the First World War '' . Middle East Critique ( 2014 ) 23 # 2 pp : 241 -- 257 . Winter , Jay , ed . The Cambridge History of the First World War ( 2 vol . Cambridge University Press , 2014 ) External links Listen to this article ( 3 parts ) ( info ) Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` World War I '' dated 2006 - 06 - 24 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . ( Audio help ) More spoken articles 1914 -- 1918 - online International Encyclopedia of the First World War The Heritage of the Great War / First World War . Graphic color photos , pictures and music A multimedia history of World War I European Newspapers from the start of the First World War and the end of the war Powerpoint summary of the war The World War I Document Archive Wiki , Brigham Young University Maps of Europe covering the history of World War I at omniatlas.com `` World War I Crossroads '' current discussions by scholars World War I ( First World War ) Guide to websites Documents from Mount Holyoke College EFG1914 -- Film digitisation project on First World War WWI Films on the European Film Gateway The British Pathé WW1 Film Archive World War I British press photograph collection -- A sampling of images distributed by the British government during the war to diplomats overseas , from the UBC Library Digital Collections Personal accounts of American World War I veterans , Veterans History Project , Library of Congress . Animated maps An animated map `` Europe plunges into war '' An animated map of Europe at the end of the war Library Guides National Library of New Zealand State Library of New South Wales US Library of Congress Indiana University Bloomington , USA New York University , USA University of Alberta , Canada History of World War I by region and country Africa Angola East Africa Egypt Liberia Morocco South Africa South West Africa Southern Rhodesia North America Canada United States South America Brazil Asia Caucasus India Iran Iraq Japan Levant Siam Vietnam Yemen Europe Austria - Hungary Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Estonia France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Luxembourg Poland Ottoman Empire Portugal Romania Russia Serbia Spain Sweden Switzerland Ukraine United Kingdom Oceania Australia New Zealand World War I Home fronts Theatres European Balkans Western Front Eastern Front Italian Front Middle Eastern Gallipoli Sinai and Palestine Caucasus Persia Mesopotamia South Arabia African South West East Kamerun Togoland North Asian and Pacific Tsingtao German New Guinea and Samoa At sea North Atlantic U-boat campaign Mediterranean North Sea Baltic Indian , Pacific and South Atlantic Oceans Papeete Madras Penang Cocos Coronel Falkland Islands Más a Tierra Principal participants ( people ) Entente powers Belgium Brazil China France French Empire Greece Italy Japan Montenegro Portuguese Empire Romania Russia Russian Empire Russian Republic Serbia United Kingdom British Empire United States Central Powers Germany Austria - Hungary Ottoman Empire Bulgaria Timeline Pre-War conflicts Scramble for Africa ( 1880 -- 1914 ) Russo - Japanese War ( 1905 ) First Moroccan ( Tangier ) Crisis ( 1905 -- 06 ) Agadir Crisis ( 1911 ) Italo - Turkish War ( 1911 -- 12 ) French conquest of Morocco ( 1911 -- 12 ) First Balkan War ( 1912 -- 13 ) Second Balkan War ( 1913 ) Prelude Origins Sarajevo assassination Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo July Crisis Autumn 1914 Battle of the Frontiers Battle of Cer First Battle of the Marne Siege of Tsingtao Battle of Tannenberg Battle of Galicia Battle of the Masurian Lakes Battle of Kolubara Battle of Sarikamish Race to the Sea First Battle of Ypres 1915 Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes Second Battle of Ypres Battle of Gallipoli Second Battle of Artois Battles of the Isonzo Gorlice -- Tarnów Offensive Great Retreat Second Battle of Champagne Kosovo Offensive Siege of Kut Battle of Loos 1916 Erzurum Offensive Battle of Verdun Lake Naroch Offensive Battle of Asiago Battle of Jutland Battle of the Somme first day Brusilov Offensive Baranovichi Offensive Battle of Romani Monastir Offensive Battle of Transylvania 1917 Capture of Baghdad First Battle of Gaza Zimmermann Telegram Second Battle of Arras Second Battle of the Aisne Kerensky Offensive Third Battle of Ypres ( Passchendaele ) Battle of Mărășești Battle of Caporetto Southern Palestine Offensive Battle of Cambrai Armistice of Erzincan 1918 Operation Faustschlag Treaty of Brest - Litovsk Spring Offensive Battle of Goychay Battle of Aghsu Battle of Kyurdamir Second Battle of the Marne Battle of Baku Hundred Days Offensive Vardar Offensive Battle of Megiddo Third Transjordan attack Meuse - Argonne Offensive Battle of Vittorio Veneto Battle of Aleppo Armistice of Salonica Armistice of Mudros Armistice of Villa Giusti Armistice with Germany Other conflicts Mexican Revolution ( 1910 -- 20 ) Somaliland Campaign ( 1910 -- 20 ) Libyan resistance movement ( 1911 -- 43 ) Maritz Rebellion ( 1914 -- 15 ) Zaian War ( 1914 -- 21 ) Indo - German Conspiracy ( 1914 -- 19 ) Senussi Campaign ( 1915 -- 16 ) Volta - Bani War ( 1915 -- 17 ) Easter Rising ( 1916 ) Anglo - Egyptian Darfur Expedition ( 1916 ) Kaocen Revolt ( 1916 -- 17 ) Central Asian Revolt ( 1916 - 17 ) Russian Revolution ( 1917 ) Finnish Civil War ( 1918 ) Post-War conflicts Russian Civil War ( 1917 -- 21 ) Ukrainian -- Soviet War ( 1917 -- 21 ) Armenian -- Azerbaijani War ( 1918 -- 20 ) Georgian -- Armenian War ( 1918 ) German Revolution ( 1918 -- 19 ) Revolutions and interventions in Hungary ( 1918 -- 20 ) Hungarian -- Romanian War ( 1918 -- 19 ) Greater Poland Uprising ( 1918 -- 19 ) Estonian War of Independence ( 1918 -- 20 ) Latvian War of Independence ( 1918 -- 20 ) Lithuanian Wars of Independence ( 1918 -- 20 ) Third Anglo - Afghan War ( 1919 ) Egyptian Revolution ( 1919 ) Polish -- Ukrainian War ( 1918 -- 19 ) Polish -- Soviet War ( 1919 -- 21 ) Irish War of Independence ( 1919 -- 21 ) Turkish War of Independence Greco - Turkish War ( 1919 -- 22 ) Turkish -- Armenian War ( 1920 ) Iraqi revolt ( 1920 ) Polish -- Lithuanian War ( 1920 ) Vlora War ( 1920 ) Franco - Syrian War ( 1920 ) Soviet -- Georgian War ( 1921 ) Irish Civil War ( 1922 -- 23 ) Aspects Opposition Pacifism Anti-war movement Deployment Schlieffen Plan ( German ) Plan XVII ( French ) Warfare Military engagements Naval warfare Convoy system Air warfare Cryptography Room 40 Horse use Poison gas Railways Strategic bombing Technology Trench warfare Total war Christmas truce Last surviving veterans Civilian impact Atrocities Prisoners Casualties Economic history 1918 flu pandemic Destruction of Kalisz Rape of Belgium German occupation of Belgium German occupation of Luxembourg German occupation of northeastern France Ober Ost Ottoman people Armenian Genocide Assyrian genocide Pontic Greek genocide Urkun ( Kyrgyzstan ) Blockade of Germany Women Australia Popular culture German prisoners of war in the United States Agreements Partition of the Ottoman Empire Sykes -- Picot Agreement Agreement of Saint - Jean - de-Maurienne French - Armenian Agreement Damascus Protocol Paris Peace Conference Venizelos -- Tittoni agreement Treaties Treaty of Brest - Litovsk Treaty of Lausanne Treaty of London Treaty of Neuilly Treaty of St. Germain Treaty of Sèvres Treaty of Trianon Treaty of Versailles Consequences Aftermath `` Fourteen Points '' League of Nations World War I memorials In popular culture Centenary outbreak Portal History of Europe Prehistory Paleolithic Europe Neolithic Europe Bronze Age Europe Iron Age Europe Classical antiquity Classical Greece Roman Republic Hellenistic period Roman Empire Early Christianity Crisis of the Third Century Fall of the Western Roman Empire Late antiquity Middle Ages Early Middle Ages Migration Period Christianization Francia Byzantine Empire Maritime republics Viking Age Kievan Rus ' Holy Roman Empire High Middle Ages Feudalism Crusades Mongol invasion Serbian Empire Late Middle Ages Hundred Years ' War Kalmar Union Renaissance Early modern Reformation Age of Discovery Baroque Thirty Years ' War Absolute monarchy Ottoman Empire Portuguese Empire Spanish Empire Early modern France Polish -- Lithuanian Commonwealth Swedish Empire Dutch Republic British Empire Habsburg Monarchy Russian Empire Age of Enlightenment Modern Great Divergence Industrial Revolution French Revolution Napoleonic Wars Nationalism Revolutions of 1848 World War I Russian Revolution Interwar period World War II Cold War European integration See also Art of Europe Genetic history of Europe History of the Mediterranean region History of the European Union History of Western civilization Maritime history of Europe Military history of Europe Books View or order collections of articles World War I Portals Access related topics World War I portal War portal History portal Find out more on Wikipedia 's Sister projects Media from Commons News stories from Wikinews Definitions from Wiktionary Textbooks from Wikibooks Quotations from Wikiquote Learning resources from Wikiversity BNF : cb11939093g ( data ) GND : 4079163 - 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"World War I (often abbreviated as WWI or WW1), also known as the First World War or the Great War, was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918. Contemporaneously described as the \"war to end all wars\",[7] more than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, were mobilised in one of the largest wars in history.[8][9] Over nine million combatants and seven million civilians died as a result of the war (including the victims of a number of genocides), a casualty rate exacerbated by the belligerents' technological and industrial sophistication, and the tactical stalemate caused by gruelling trench warfare. It was one of the deadliest conflicts in history and precipitated major political change, including the Revolutions of 1917–1923 in many of the nations involved. Unresolved rivalries at the end of the conflict contributed to the start of the Second World War twenty-one years later.[10]\n"
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-1810249292135137067 | FA Community Shield | FA Community Shield - wikipedia FA Community Shield Jump to : navigation , search FA Community Shield Organising body The Football Association Founded 1908 ; 109 years ago ( 1908 ) Region England Number of teams Current champions Arsenal ( 15th title ) Most successful club ( s ) Manchester United ( 21 titles ) Website FA Community Shield 2017 FA Community Shield The Football Association Community Shield ( formerly the Charity Shield ) is English football 's annual match contested between the champions of the previous Premier League season and the holders of the FA Cup at Wembley Stadium . If the Premier League champions also won the FA Cup then the league runners - up provide the opposition . The fixture is a recognised competitive football super cup . Organised by the Football Association , proceeds from the game are distributed to community - based initiatives and charities around the country . Revenue from the gate receipts and match programme sales is distributed to the 124 clubs who competed in The FA Cup from the First Round onwards , for onward distribution to charities and projects of their choice , while the remainder is distributed to the FA 's national charity partners . The fixture was first played in the 1908 -- 09 season , replacing the Sheriff of London Charity Shield . The current holders are Arsenal who defeated Chelsea in the 2017 match . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Rules 3 Status 4 Records 5 Venues 5.1 Permanent venues 5.2 Neutral and guest host venues 6 Winners 6.1 By year 6.2 By number of wins ( clubs ) 6.3 By number of wins ( other ) 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) The Community Shield evolved from the Sheriff of London Charity Shield that had been introduced in 1898 as a professionals versus amateurs cup ( the gentlemen and players tradition ) . The Football Association Charity Shield , as it was known at the time , was designed to replace the Sheriff of London Charity Shield after the leading amateur clubs fell out with the FA . The new format was to have the Football League First Division champions play the Southern League champions , and the first match was in 1908 between Manchester United ( the First Division champions ) and Queens Park Rangers ( the Southern League champions ) . The match was drawn 1 -- 1 , so the game was replayed when Manchester United won 4 -- 0 . This is the only Charity Shield game to go to a replay . Both games were played at Stamford Bridge . The competition format varied over the years : in 1913 the Shield was contested between Amateurs and Professionals XIs , while in 1921 the Shield was contested between the Football League and FA Cup winners for the first time . The format continued to vary in the 1920s , usually along the lines of Amateurs v. Professionals , including one year ( 1927 ) where the Professionals were represented by the FA Cup holders Cardiff City and the Amateurs by the Corinthians , echoing the format of the trophy 's predecessor , the Sheriff of London Charity Shield . In 1930 the Football League winner v. FA Cup winner returned , and with a few exceptions , this format has remained to the present day . Notable exceptions include the 1950 Shield , which involved the England World Cup team against an FA team that had toured Canada that summer , and the 1961 Shield , when Tottenham Hotspur became the first team of the 20th century to win the Double , and so played a Football Association XI . The game had been moved to the start of the season from 1959 onwards . The question of which two teams should contest the Shield should one team win both the FA Cup and League continued to linger . In 1971 , Arsenal became the second team to win the Double since the Shield 's foundation , but owing to their previously arranged pre-season friendly matches , they could not take part . Leicester City were invited as Division Two champions to play FA Cup runners - up Liverpool instead and went on to win the trophy , despite having won neither the League ( until 2016 , when they contested it again and were runners - up ) nor the FA Cup ( at all ) . In 1972 , league champions Derby County and FA Cup winners Leeds United both declined to take part in the Charity Shield , so Manchester City , who had finished in fourth in the First Division , and Third Division champions Aston Villa were invited to take part ; Manchester City won 1 -- 0 . Despite finishing the season eleventh , City also contested the 1973 Charity Shield but lost 1 - 0 to Second Division champions Burnley . In 1974 the then FA secretary , Ted Croker , created the current format with the match being played at Wembley Stadium , and being contested by the reigning League and FA Cup holders . Four drawn games in the 1980s and early 1990s resulted in each team holding the trophy for 6 months , but in 1993 penalties were re-introduced to decide drawn games . With the formation of a new top league , the FA Premier League , the Shield became a showcase match between the Premier League and FA Cup winners from the 1993 competition onwards . In 2002 , the Charity Commission found that the Football Association failed to meet its legal obligations under charity law , by failing to specify what money from ticket sales went to charity , and delaying payments to the charities nominated . As a result , the competition was renamed the Community Shield . Arsenal were the first winners of the renamed Community Shield with a 1 -- 0 victory over Liverpool . In 2016 , the FA 's official silversmith Thomas Lyte restored and rebuilt the Football Association 's original 1908 Charity Shield to mark 50 years since England beat West Germany in the 1966 FIFA World Cup . The trophy was sold at auction with the proceeds going to the Bobby Moore Fund for Cancer Research UK raising £ 40,000 . The auction was held at The Royal Garden Hotel in Kensington , where the England team celebrated the 1966 victory . The Bobby Moore Fund became the FA 's charity partner in July 2016 . Rules ( edit ) The rules of the Community Shield are generally the same as those for Premier League , with a team of 11 starting players and 7 substitutes . However , unlike in most other competitions where only three substitutions are permitted , teams in the Community Shield are permitted up to six substitutions . If the scores are level after 90 minutes , the teams play a penalty shootout . Status ( edit ) An official honour in the English game , the Community Shield is the first competitive game of the new top - flight English football season . However , it has been considered by some to be a minor trophy and Community Shield games may not be as hotly contested as other trophy finals . The game has been described by some media sources , including Mark Lawrenson , as a `` glorified friendly '' . Prior to the 2008 FA Community Shield , Manchester United manager Sir Alex Ferguson summarised his opinion of the competition : `` It 's always a game we never quite use as a do or die thing ; we use it as a barometer for fitness '' . On the other hand , many media , clubs and players continue to recognise the importance of the match as the first official game and trophy of the domestic season . Ahead of the 2016 FA Community Shield against Manchester United , Leicester City manager Claudio Ranieri asked , `` Why do you say this question , a friendly ? When is the Community Shield a friendly ? Of course we will be at the maximum and Manchester United will be at their maximum . The two teams want to win . I am very excited . '' The following year , Chelsea manager Antonio Conte affirmed the significance of the cup , stating `` It is not a friendly game . It is an official game and there is a trophy so for us it must be important '' ahead of his side 's clash with Arsenal , the team that had denied his club the double the previous season . Records ( edit ) The most successful teams in the competition are Manchester United ( 17 outright wins , 4 shared ) , Arsenal ( 14 outright wins , 1 shared ) , Liverpool ( 10 outright wins , 5 shared ) and Everton ( 8 outright wins , 1 shared ) . The highest scoring game was Manchester United 's 8 -- 4 win against Swindon Town in 1911 . Everton hold the record for most consecutive wins ( 4 ) from 1984 to 1987 ; however , the 1986 was shared with Liverpool . Manchester United hold the record for most consecutive losses ( 4 ) from 1998 to 2001 . During this period Manchester United also held the record for most consecutive games played ( 6 ) from 1996 to 2001 in which they won 2 . Tottenham Hotspur goalkeeper Pat Jennings scored against Manchester United from his own penalty area in the 1967 Charity Shield , which was shared at 3 - 3 . Brighton & Hove Albion are the only club to win just the Shield , never the FA Cup or the League . Venues ( edit ) Multiple guest and neutral hosts Ground Hosts Years Stamford Bridge , London 10 1908 , 1909 , 1910 , 1911 , 1923 , 1927 , 1930 , 1950 , 1955 , 1970 Highbury , London 7 1924 , 1934 , 1935 , 1938 , 1948 , 1949 , 1953 White Hart Lane , London 6 1912 , 1920 , 1921 , 1925 , 1951 , 1961 Old Trafford , Manchester 6 1922 , 1928 , 1952 , 1957 , 1965 , 1967 Maine Road , Manchester 5 1926 , 1937 , 1956 , 1968 , 1973 Villa Park , Birmingham 1931 , 1972 , 2012 Goodison Park , Liverpool 1933 , 1963 , 1966 The Den , London 1913 , 1929 Molineux , Wolverhampton 1954 , 1959 For purposes of clarity , venues mentioned in italics in this section no longer exist . Permanent venues ( edit ) Since 1974 , the Community Shield has been at a permanent home rather than guest venues . Empire Stadium ( Old Wembley ) : 1974 -- 2000 Millennium Stadium : 2001 -- 2006 Wembley Stadium ( New Wembley ) : 2007 -- 2011 , since 2013 Neutral and guest host venues ( edit ) The fixture was originally played at various neutral grounds or the home ground of one of the teams competing . In total there have been seventeen host grounds other than the aforementioned permanent three . The first ground to host the fixture was Stamford Bridge in 1908 and the last ground which guest hosted the fixture was Villa Park in 2012 , which was due to Wembley and the Millennium Stadium hosting the 2012 Olympics football tournament . Stadiums considered included St James ' Park , and the Stadium of Light but Villa Park was chosen for the 2012 contest . There have been eight grounds which have hosted the fixture on one single occasion , these being : St James ' Park in 1932 , Roker Park in 1936 , Burnden Park in 1958 , Turf Moor in 1960 , Portman Road in 1962 , Anfield in 1964 , Elland Road in 1969 and Filbert Street in 1971 . Nine grounds have hosted the fixtures on multiple occasions . Winners ( edit ) By year ( edit ) For a full list of the Shield results and scorers for each year , see List of FA Community Shield matches . By number of wins ( clubs ) ( edit ) The trophy Team Wins ( outright wins / shared titles ) Years ( * title was shared ) Manchester United 21 ( 17 / 4 ) 1908 , 1911 , 1952 , 1956 , 1957 , 1965 * , 1967 * , 1977 * , 1983 , 1990 * , 1993 , 1994 , 1996 , 1997 , 2003 , 2007 , 2008 , 2010 , 2011 , 2013 , 2016 Arsenal 15 ( 14 / 1 ) 1930 , 1931 , 1933 , 1934 , 1938 , 1948 , 1953 , 1991 * , 1998 , 1999 , 2002 , 2004 , 2014 , 2015 , 2017 Liverpool 15 ( 10 / 5 ) 1964 * , 1965 * , 1966 , 1974 , 1976 , 1977 * , 1979 , 1980 , 1982 , 1986 * , 1988 , 1989 , 1990 * , 2001 , 2006 Everton 9 ( 8 / 1 ) 1928 , 1932 , 1963 , 1970 , 1984 , 1985 , 1986 * , 1987 , 1995 Tottenham Hotspur 7 ( 4 / 3 ) 1921 , 1951 , 1961 , 1962 , 1967 * , 1981 * , 1991 * Chelsea 1955 , 2000 , 2005 , 2009 Manchester City 1937 , 1968 , 1972 , 2012 Wolverhampton Wanderers 4 ( 1 / 3 ) 1949 * , 1954 * , 1959 , 1960 * Leeds United 1969 , 1992 Burnley 2 ( 1 / 1 ) 1960 * , 1973 West Bromwich Albion 2 ( 1 / 1 ) 1920 , 1954 * Blackburn Rovers 1912 Bolton Wanderers 1958 Brighton & Hove Albion 1910 Cardiff City 1927 Derby County Huddersfield Town 1922 Leicester City 1971 Newcastle United 1909 Nottingham Forest 1978 Sheffield Wednesday 1935 Sunderland 1936 Aston Villa 1 ( 0 / 1 ) 1981 * Portsmouth 1 ( 0 / 1 ) 1949 * West Ham United 1 ( 0 / 1 ) 1964 * By number of wins ( other ) ( edit ) Team Wins Years English Professionals XI 1913 , 1923 , 1924 , 1929 English Amateurs XI 1925 , 1926 England 1950 FIFA World Cup XI 1950 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Where the money goes '' . The FA . Retrieved 30 March 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The FA Community Shield history '' . The FA Cup & Competitions . The FA . Retrieved 30 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 4 . THE CORINTHIAN ERA : : ISFA '' . www.isfa.org.uk . Retrieved 21 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Football Association Charity Shield '' . www.the-english-football-archive.com . Archived from the original on 23 December 2007 . Retrieved 22 May 2008 . ( Wayback machine ) ^ Jump up to : Jonathan Swindlehurst ( 9 August 2009 ) . `` Community Shield Preview - A brief history '' . A different league . Archived from the original on 3 September 2011 . Retrieved 23 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Dronfield , Dylan ( 4 March 2002 ) . `` Charity Shield warning for FA '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ `` FA to rename Charity Shield '' . BBC Sport. 8 February 2002 . Retrieved 2001 - 02 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Community Shield match details '' . The Football Association . 29 July 2002 . Archived from the original on 15 June 2004 . Retrieved 4 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Evening Standard : FA Charity Shield to be auctioned off to raise money for the Bobby Moore Fund Jump up ^ The FA 's new official charity partner is Bobby Moore Fund Jump up ^ ( 1 ) ^ Jump up to : `` Community Shield will not be a friendly game - Leicester 's Claudio Ranieri '' . Espn Fc. 2015 - 08 - 03 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Match Preview : 2016 FA Community Shield '' . Manutd.com . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ Lawrenson , Mark ( 5 August 2007 ) . `` Lawro 's Community Shield verdict '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 19 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Bryant , Tom ( 9 August 2009 ) . `` Chelsea v Manchester United - Community Shield as it happened '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 19 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Community Shield : Chelsea 2 Manchester United 2 '' . Daily Record . 10 August 2009 . Archived from the original on 10 June 2011 . Retrieved 19 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Relaxed Manchester United to take on Portsmouth at Wembley '' . 9 August 2008 . Archived from the original on 13 August 2008 . Retrieved 10 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Banks , Tony . `` Chelsea 's John Terry rues Community Shield defeat to Arsenal '' . Express.co.uk . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ Tweedale , Alistair ( 2015 - 07 - 31 ) . `` Community Shield 2015 : Why winning would give Chelsea or Arsenal an early edge in Premier League title race '' . Telegraph . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` After Arsenal 's win , how often do Community / Charity Shield winners win the Premier League ? '' . City A.M. 2014 - 08 - 11 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ http://www.espnfc.com/chelsea/story/3169492/antonio-conte-chelsea-players-very-tired-following-preseason-tour-of-asia Jump up ^ `` History of the Charity Shield '' . BBC . 9 August 2001 . Retrieved 22 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Stone , Simon ( 16 February 2011 ) . `` Old Trafford in pole for 2012 Community Shield '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 31 May 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` List of Charity / Community Shield matches at RSSSF '' . Rsssf.com. 2015 - 08 - 06 . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 09 . External links ( edit ) Official site at TheFA.com FA Charity / Community Shields FA Charity Shield ( 1908 -- 2001 ) 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1993 FA Community Shield ( 2002 -- present ) 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 List of matches Men 's football in England The Football Association National teams England U-21 U-20 U-19 U-18 U-17 U-16 League competitions Level 1 Premier League Levels 2 -- 4 English Football League ( EFL ) Levels 5 -- 6 National League Levels 7 -- 8 Isthmian League Northern Premier League Southern League Levels 9 -- 10 Combined Counties League East Midlands Counties League ( level 10 only ) Eastern Counties League Essex Senior League ( level 9 only ) Hellenic League Midland League Northern Counties East League Northern League North West Counties League Southern Counties East League South West Peninsula League ( level 10 only ) Spartan South Midlands League Southern Combination League United Counties League Wessex Football League Western League West Midlands ( Regional ) League ( level 10 only ) Cup competitions FA cups FA Cup FA Community Shield FA Trophy FA Vase FA Inter-League Cup League cups EFL Cup EFL Trophy Northern Premier League Cup Isthmian League Cup Southern League Cup County cups List of County Cups Others Reserve and youth football Defunct leagues Defunct cups Lists List of clubs List of clubs by honours won Current managers Stadiums by capacity Record home attendances Venues Competitions Trophies and awards History Records National football supercups of Europe ( UEFA region ) Current Albania Andorra Armenia Belarus Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus England Estonia Faroe Islands France Georgia Germany Gibraltar Hungary Iceland Israel Italy Kazakhstan Lithuania Macedonia Malta Moldova Netherlands Northern Ireland Norway Poland Portugal Republic of Ireland Romania Russia San Marino Slovakia Slovenia Spain Turkey Ukraine Defunct Austria Azerbaijan Bosnia and Herzegovina Czech Republic Denmark East Germany Greece Republic of Ireland FAI Super Cup LFA President 's Cup Top Four Cup Latvia Northern Ireland Norway San Marino Soviet Union Sweden Switzerland Joint Czechoslovak Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=FA_Community_Shield&oldid=810156071 '' Categories : FA Community Shield National association football supercups Football competitions in England Recurring sporting events established in 1908 1908 establishments in England Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from January 2013 Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Lietuvių Magyar മലയാളം Malti Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 November 2017 , at 17 : 20 . About Wikipedia | when did the charity shield become the community shield | [
"In 2002, the Charity Commission found that the Football Association failed to meet its legal obligations under charity law, by failing to specify what money from ticket sales went to charity, and delaying payments to the charities nominated.[6] As a result, the competition was renamed the Community Shield.[7] Arsenal were the first winners of the renamed Community Shield with a 1–0 victory over Liverpool.[8]"
] | [
"2002"
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8432699230307022884 | BuzzFeed Unsolved | BuzzFeed Unsolved - wikipedia BuzzFeed Unsolved Buzzfeed Unsolved Logo Also known as Unsolved Genre Web series , thriller , mystery , comedy , documentary Created by Ryan Bergara Written by Ryan Bergara Starring Ryan Bergara Shane Madej Brent Bennett Zack Evans Theme music composer Audio Network Warner Chappell Production Music Inc . AudioBlocks Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons True Crime : 4 Supernatural : 4 No. of episodes True Crime : 30 Supernatural : 35 Production Executive producer ( s ) Matthew Henick Producer ( s ) Ryan Bergara Editor ( s ) Anthony Frederick Steven Castro Mike Reilly Grant Henderson Devlin McClusky Production company ( s ) BuzzFeed BuzzFeedBlue Release Original network YouTube BuzzFeed Original release February 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 04 ) BuzzFeed Unsolved ( also known as simply Unsolved ) is a weekly web series on BuzzFeed 's Youtube channel , BuzzFeed Unsolved Network , that also streams on Amazon Prime , Facebook , and Hulu . The series started in 2016 , with the first few episodes originally being a part of BuzzFeed 's IRL series , and is created by Ryan Bergara . The show has now been divided into BuzzFeed Unsolved : True Crime , which deals with unsolved crimes , and BuzzFeed Unsolved : Supernatural , which deals with paranormal mysteries and ghost hunting , having a total of 7 seasons . There is another spin - off series called BuzzFeed Unsolved : Postmortem in which the hosts answer fan - asked questions about the most recent episode . True Crime first aired on February 4 , 2016 , and Supernatural first aired on April 26 , 2016 . The series has recently finished its 4th season of Supernatural , which began on April 20 , 2018 and ended June 8 , 2018 . The show covers unsolved crimes , haunted places , demonic possessions , and historical occurrences that defy explanation , presenting them and the theories that surround them in a dark , yet comedic manner . In some episodes , they visit the actual places where the unexplained events or unsolved crime occurred , often ghost hunting during Supernatural episodes . Bergara and Madej investigate the former prison cell of Al Capone within Eastern State Penitentiary during BuzzFeed Unsolved : Supernatural Season 3 , Episode 3 In December 2017 , Bergara started a Facebook Watch - based spin off show , BuzzFeed Unsolved : Sports Conspiracies , with Zack Evans co-hosting in place of Madej in which various conspiracy theories in the world of sports are discussed . On July 13 2018 , season 4 of True Crime premiered alongside the announcement that the series would be moving to its own YouTube channel , BuzzFeed Unsolved Network . Contents ( hide ) 1 Hosts 1.1 Guests 2 Episodes 2.1 BuzzFeed Unsolved - True Crime 2.1. 1 Season 4 2.2 BuzzFeed Unsolved - Supernatural 2.3 Spin - offs and Specials 2.3. 1 BuzzFeed Unsolved - Sports Conspiracies 2.3. 2 Holiday Specials 2.3. 3 Retrospectives 3 The Hotdaga 4 References Hosts ( edit ) The Buzzfeed Unsolved : True Crime & Supernatural shows are currently hosted by Ryan Bergara and co-hosted by Shane Madej , who took over from the original co-host , Brent Bennett , in late 2016 . The contrast between Bergara 's belief in conspiracies and the paranormal and Madej 's ( formerly Bennett 's ) arbitrary skepticism is a key element throughout the series . Bergara believes in ghosts , demons , and aliens , but does not believe in things such as Bigfoot . Madej is skeptical of most things , except Bigfoot and aliens . There are three fan groups based around each host . Those who believe in ghosts like Bergara are the `` Boogaras '' and those who are skeptics like Madej are the `` Shaniacs '' . An additional group based upon fans who do not fall into either are called `` Shitfishes . '' The hosts coined all three phrases . Although they are also the `` Berry Boys '' due to a visit to a berry amusement park , they are infamously known as the self - proclaimed title of `` Ghoul Boys '' ( mainly by Madej ) , the two slay demons and ghosts . Guests ( edit ) In BuzzFeed Unsolved : Supernatural Season 4 Ancient Aliens contributor Giorgio Tsoukalos was featured in the discussion about a potential UFO sighting . Episodes ( edit ) BuzzFeed Unsolved - True Crime ( edit ) Season 1 # Episode Published Links hide Description The Mysterious Death of the Somerton Man February 4 , 2016 Episode Just a friendly reminder to lock your doors . The Horrifying Unsolved Slaughter at Hinterkaifeck Farm February 20 , 2016 Episode Have fun sleeping ! The Bizarre Death of Elisa Lam March 18 , 2016 Episode What happened in that hotel ? The Chilling Mystery of the Black Dahlia April 1 , 2016 Episode What happened to Elizabeth Short ? 5 The Strange Deaths of the 9 Hikers of Dyatlov Pass April 15 , 2016 Episode An expedition gone horribly wrong or proof that we are n't alone ? 6 The Mysterious Death of Tupac Shakur - Part 1 May 20 , 2016 Episode Who killed Tupac ? 7 The Mysterious Death of Biggie Smalls - Part 2 May 27 , 2016 Episode Who killed Biggie Smalls ? 8 The Horrifying Murders of the Zodiac Killer June 24 , 2016 Episode A deep dive into one of the most infamous cold cases of all time . 9 The Mysterious Disappearance of the Sodder Children December 23 , 2016 Episode What happened on the fateful night of 1945 to the Sodder children ? 10 The Odd Death of Michelle Von Emster January 27 , 2017 Episode Some things may not be what they seem . 11 The Shocking Case of O.J. Simpson March 4 , 2017 Episode Did O.J. really do it ? 12 The Strange Disappearance of D.B. Cooper March 10 , 2017 Episode The F.B.I. 's greatest unsolved case ! Season 2 # Episode Published Links hide Description The Terrifying Axeman of New Orleans July 28 , 2017 Episode Q + A We explore one of the bloodiest chapters in New Orleans history . The Mysterious Death of the Boy in the Box August 4 , 2017 Episode Q + A Who killed America 's Unknown Child ? The Bizarre Road Trip of a Missing Family August 11 , 2017 Episode Q + A What caused this seemingly normal family to abandon their home ? The Tragic Murder of JonBenét Ramsey August 18 , 2017 Episode Q + A A look into America 's most - discussed cold case . 5 The Odd Vanishing of Amelia Earhart August 25 , 2017 Episode Q + A What truly happened to the famed aviator ? 6 The Creepy Murder in Room 1046 September 1 , 2017 Episode Q + A What really happened to this mystery man ? 7 The Strange Drowning of Natalie Wood September 8 , 2017 Episode Q + A Who killed this Hollywood star ? 8 The Mysterious Poisoned Pill Murders September 15 , 2017 Episode Q + A The incidents depicted happened 35 years ago . 9 The Disturbing Murders at Keddie Cabin September 22 , 2017 Episode Q + A We tackle a fresh case in the remote forests of Northern California . 10 The Suspicious Assassination of JFK September 29 , 2017 Episode Q + A The unexplained death of a President . Season 3 # Episode Published Links hide Description The Grisly Murders of Jack the Ripper January 26 , 2018 Episode Q + A In this season premiere , we finally take on the most infamous serial killer of all time . The Thrilling Gardner Museum Heist February 2 , 2018 Episode Q + A Who stole $500 million in art ... and got away with it ? The Ghastly Cleveland Torso Murders February 9 , 2018 Episode Q + A We tackle one of the most gruesome serial killers of all time . The Enigmatic Death of the Isdal Woman February 16 , 2018 Episode Q + A Who was this murdered mystery woman ? 5 The Strange Killing of Ken Rex McElroy February 23 , 2018 Episode Q + A Vigilante justice , or cold - blooded murder ? 6 The Scandalous Murder of William Desmond Taylor March 2 , 2018 Episode Q + A A Hollywood legend has been shot in the back ... but whodunit ? 7 The Historic Disappearance of Louis Le Prince March 9 , 2018 Episode Q + A This French inventor stepped onto a train ... and disappeared from history . 8 The Disturbing Mystery of the Jamison Family March 16 , 2018 Episode Q + A One missing family , dozens of clues ... and no answers . Season 4 ( edit ) # Episode Published Links Description The Sinister Disappearance of Jimmy Hoffa July 13 , 2018 Season Premiere . What really happened to this famed Mob figure ? BuzzFeed Unsolved - Supernatural ( edit ) Season 1 # Episode Published Links hide Description The Creepy Real - Life `` Men In Black '' April 29 , 2016 Episode Will Smith and Tommy Lee Jones are n't walking through that door . The Secret Society Of The Illuminati July 29 , 2016 Episode Is the Illuminati actually a real thing ? 3 Horrifying Cases Of Ghosts and Demons October 26 , 2016 Episode Can ghosts and demons harm the living ? The Chilling Exorcism Of Anneliese Michel November 12 , 2016 Episode One of the most chilling cases of demonic possession of all time . 5 The Bizarre Toxic Death of Gloria Ramirez December 3 , 2016 Episode Unraveling one of the strangest deaths in medical history . 6 The Spirits Of The Whaley House January 13 , 2017 Episode Rated the # 1 haunted house in America by Travel Channel . Were they right ? 7 The Haunted Decks of the Queen Mary February 17 , 2017 Episode What happens when we stay the night on a real - life ghost ship ? Season 2 # Episode Published Links hide Description The Ghosts And Demons Of Bobby Mackey 's April 7 , 2017 Episode Hey there demons , it 's me , ya boy Bigfoot : The Convincing Evidence April 14 , 2017 Episode Is Bigfoot real ? We decided to find out ! 3 Real - Life Creepy Cases Of Ancient Aliens April 21 , 2017 Episode Q + A Were our ancestors visited by extraterrestrials ? The Haunted Halls Of Waverly Hills Hospital April 28 , 2017 Episode Q + A See why this Sanatorium is one of the most haunted places in the world . 5 The Strangest Disappearances In The Bermuda Triangle May 5 , 2017 Episode Q + A What 's really going on in the Bermuda Triangle ? 6 The Murders That Haunt The Lizzie Borden House May 12 , 2017 Episode Q + A We investigated the house of a hundred - year - old murder mystery . 7 The Spontaneous Human Combustion Of Mary Reeser May 19 , 2017 Episode Q + A What caused this woman to burst into flames ? 8 The Haunting Of The Salem Witch Trials May 26 , 2017 Episode Q + A Did one of America 's darkest chapters leave behind spiritual evidence ? 9 The Haunted Quarters Of The Dauphine Orleans Hotel June 2 , 2017 Episode Q + A What spirits lurk in this infamous New Orleans hotel ? 10 The Bizarre Voodoo World Of New Orleans June 9 , 2017 Episode Q + A Can we really contact the spirit world ? Season 3 # Episode Published Links hide Description The Ghost Town At Vulture Mine October 13 , 2017 Episode Q + A We search for the buried spirits of a lawless frontier town . Three Bizarre Cases Of Alien Abductions October 20 , 2017 Episode Q + A Are we alone ? Unsolved takes on the mysteries of the universe . The Captive Spirits Of Eastern State Penitentiary October 27 , 2017 Episode Q + A Does this prison still hold the spirits of its former inmates ? The Demonic Goatman 's Bridge November 3 , 2017 Episode Q + A Does a demonic entity actually reside near Alton Bridge ? 5 The Horrors Of Pennhurst Asylum November 10 , 2017 Episode Q + A Do the dead still walk the corridors of this infamous asylum ? 6 Roswell 's Bizarre UFO Crash November 17 , 2017 Episode Q + A What really happened in the New Mexico desert ? 7 The Mysterious Disappearance Of The Roanoke Colony November 24 , 2017 Episode Q + A We tackle the oldest mystery in US history . 8 London 's Haunted Viaduct Tavern December 1 , 2017 Episode Q + A The boys cross the pond to investigate a historically haunted London pub . 9 The Chilling Chambers of Colchester Castle December 8 , 2017 Episode Q + A We investigate our first haunted castle ! 10 The Subterranean Terrors of the London Tombs December 15 , 2017 Episode Q + A What lurks beneath the streets of London ? Season 4 # Episode Published Links hide Description The Search for the Mysterious Mothman April 20 , 2018 Episode Q + A Does this otherworldly creature stalk the West Virginia wilderness ? The Shadowy Spirits of Rolling Hills Hospital April 27 , 2018 Episode Q + A We dance with the dead in this infamous haunted hospital . The Demonic Bellaire House May 4 , 2018 Episode Q + A Is this cursed property truly home to a demon ? The Phantom Prisoners of Ohio State Penitentiary May 11 , 2018 Episode Q + A What horrors lurk in this historic prison ? 5 The Unexplained Phoenix Lights Phenomenon May 18 , 2018 Episode Q + A Lights in the sky . Extraterrestrials , or something even stranger ? Featuring alien expert Giorgio Tsoukalos . 6 The Spirits of Moon River Brewing May 25 , 2018 Episode Q + A We travelled to one of the most haunted locations in Savannah , Georgia . 7 The Horrifying Sorrel - Weed Haunted Mansion June 1 , 2018 Episode Q + A Do the spirits of the Civil War still haunt this Savannah landmark ? 8 The Mystical Villa Montezuma Mansion June 8 , 2018 Episode Q + A Is this musical mansion a gateway to the spirit world ? Spin - offs and specials ( edit ) BuzzFeed Unsolved - sports conspiracies ( edit ) # Episode Published hide Description The Mysterious Retirement of Michael Jordan December 14 , 2017 What really lead to the GOAT 's early retirement ? Patrick Ewing and the Frozen Envelope December 21 , 2017 Was the 1985 NBA Draft rigged ? The Strange Case of Deflategate December 28 , 2017 We cover one of the most talked about cases in sports history . Muhammad Ali and the Phantom Punch January 4 , 2018 Did Liston take a dive in this title fight ? 5 The Notorious Game 6 of Lakers vs. Kings January 11 , 2018 Was Game 6 of the 2002 Lakers Kings series fixed ? Holiday Specials ( edit ) # Episode Published Links hide Description The Legend of Krampus December 17 , 2017 Episode ( Animated ) A ho - ho - horrifying holiday special ! Retrospectives ( edit ) # Episode Published Link Description Unsolved Almost 70th Episode Retrospective July 15 , 2018 Episode Its an Unsolved extravaganza as the boys relive some of their biggest cases . The hotdaga ( edit ) At the end of Post Mortem episodes , the animated creations of Madej are shown . These are animated mini-episodes featuring stories which are also narrated by Madej . Bergara is not a fan of the series , but listens to it as it is narrated to the audience . The series originated when Madej jokingly wanted a skate boarding hot dog at the end of a Q + A episode , and it has grown to multiple mini-episodes and musical numbers . Fans of the series have also made season compilations on YouTube for other fans to watch the shorts in their entirety . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : BuzzfeedBlue ( October 4 , 2017 ) . JFK - Q + A ( Special Announcement ) . YouTube . Retrieved December 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Klein , Jessica ( 6 Oct 2017 ) . `` Watch Season 3 Trailer of BuzzFeed Unsolved Supernatural '' . TubeFilter . Retrieved 18 Jan 2018 . Jump up ^ North , Caroline ( 9 Nov 2017 ) . `` Denton Urban Legend Put to the Test on Buzzfeed Web Series '' . Dallas Observer . Retrieved 18 Jan 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Buzzfeed : Unsolved : Paranormal playtime streaming on Amazon Prime '' . Communities Digital News . 2018 - 04 - 15 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` ' BuzzFeed Unsolved : Supernatural ' Season 4 : New Spots , `` Same Two Idiots '' `` . Inverse . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : Gorsek , Stephanie ( 4 Sep 2017 ) . `` BuzzFeed 's One Redeeming Quality Is This Series '' . The Odyssey . Retrieved 18 Jan 2018 . Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLVAvUrL_VQiMK9tLmc1wTzPqamT6MFUwY Jump up ^ Weiss , Geoff ( 11 Dec 2017 ) . `` BuzzFeed Unveils Facebook Watch Slate , Including ' Worth It ' Spin - Off , ' Quinta Vs. Everything ' '' . Tubefilter . Retrieved 18 Jan 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Entwistle , Lauren ( 21 Sep 2017 ) . `` '' Hey Demons , it 's me ... ya boi '' -- how Buzzfeed Unsolved is bringing out the pseudo-sleuths in all of us `` . Medium . Retrieved 18 Jan 2018 . Jump up ^ Pellock , Megan ( 25 Oct 2017 ) . `` '' BuzzFeed Unsolved '' Is A Great Show To Watch This Halloween Season `` . The Odyssey . Retrieved 18 Jan 2018 . Jump up ^ @ mrein39 , Mads Reineke . `` Rev Ranks : ' Buzzfeed Unsolved ' adds diversity to repetitive website '' . LSU Now . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Ryan Bergara on Twitter '' . Twitter . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 19 . Jump up ^ BuzzfeedBlue . Buzzfeed Unsolved - True Crime : Season 1 . YouTube . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ BuzzfeedBlue . Buzzfeed Unsolved - True Crime : Season 2 . YouTube . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ BuzzfeedBlue . Buzzfeed Unsolved - Supernatural : Season 1 . YouTube . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ BuzzfeedBlue . Buzzfeed Unsolved - Supernatural : Season 2 . YouTube . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ BuzzfeedBlue . Buzzfeed Unsolved - Supernatural : Season 3 . YouTube . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ryan Bergara on Twitter '' . Twitter . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 17 . Jump up ^ maisie ( 2017 - 10 - 05 ) , The Hot Daga Season One - BuzzFeed Unsolved , retrieved 2018 - 04 - 17 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=BuzzFeed_Unsolved&oldid=850575462 '' Categories : 2016 web series debuts American web series Documentary internet series Mystery web series Non-fiction web series Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from December 2017 Pages using infobox television with editor parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 16 July 2018 , at 18 : 25 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | when does the next season of buzzfeed unsolved come out | [
"On July 13 2018, season 4 of True Crime premiered alongside the announcement that the series would be moving to its own YouTube channel, BuzzFeed Unsolved Network.\n"
] | [
"July 13 2018"
] |
-5755597119855151008 | 'Till I Collapse | ' Till I Collapse - wikipedia ' Till I Collapse `` ' Till I Collapse '' Song by Eminem featuring Nate Dogg from the album The Eminem Show Released May 26 , 2002 Recorded 2002 Genre Hardcore hip hop , rap rock Length 4 : 58 Label Aftermath Shady Interscope Songwriter ( s ) Marshall Mathers Nathaniel Hale Luis Resto Producer ( s ) Eminem `` Till I Collapse '' is a song by American rapper Eminem . It was released from his fourth studio album , The Eminem Show , during 2002 . It is the 18th track on the album , and features American rapper Nate Dogg performing the hook . Despite never being released as a single , the song has managed to chart numerous times worldwide . Contents 1 Background 2 Critical reception 3 In popular culture 4 Track listing 5 Chart positions 6 Certifications 7 References 8 External links Background ( edit ) The song samples the `` stomp - stomp - clap '' beat made famous by the rock band Queen on their song `` We Will Rock You '' ( 1977 ) . Although it has never been released as a single , it has charted on a few occasions when other Eminem albums have been released . In 2012 it was certified double - platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America for digital sales of 2,000,000 copies in the United States . In 2018 it was certified quintuple - platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America for digital sales of 5,000,000 copies in the United States . In the second verse , Eminem makes references to several rappers who he believes are the best in the industry . `` It goes , Reggie ( Redman ) , Jay - Z , Tupac and Biggie , Andre from Outkast , Jada ( Jadakiss ) , Kurupt , Nas and then me '' -- Eminem , `` Till I Collapse '' Critical reception ( edit ) David Browne wrote that this song is about underrating Eminem himself : `` In songs like the trudging ' Till I Collapse ( ... ) he tells how persecuted he 's been by the government , how his lyrics are constantly misinterpreted , and how ( he 'll ) probably never get the props ( he ) ... ( deserves ) . DX Magazine called this song `` massive hand - clap driven beat . '' Steve Juon wrote in his favorable review , `` Wrapping up the album are `` Till I Collapse , '' another surprisingly militaresque track . '' Kris Ex described `` ' Till I Collapse '' as an `` all paranoid horror - movie instrumentation bottomed with arena - rock grandeur . '' On October 9 , 2013 , WatchMojo.com rated ' Till I Collapse number 7 on their ' Top 10 Eminem Songs ' . In popular culture ( edit ) Although `` ' Till I Collapse '' was not released as a single , when the single `` Shake That '' ( also featuring Nate Dogg ) was released in 2006 , several Eminem songs re-charted that same week , including this one . It charted in the United Kingdom at number 192 on 15 April 2006 . In 2008 , it appeared in HBO 's Oscar de la Hoya -- Manny Pacquiao 24 / 7 . In 2009 , it was used in an advert for the then - upcoming game Call of Duty : Modern Warfare 2 . It raised digital download sales of the song worldwide considerably , but in Britain the song sold so many copies after the advert aired that it re-charted that week ( 21 November 2009 ) at number 73 , a new peak . During the 2010 -- 11 NBA season , the song was used during the Cleveland Cavaliers ' team introductions . Shane Mosley used this song as an entrance theme with his bout with Floyd Mayweather as did Shane Carwin for his bout against Junior dos Santos . Major League Baseball pitcher Jesse Litsch used the song as his entrance music during the 2011 season . The song has also been used in the credits of the Season 8 premiere of Entourage . It was also used in September 2011 in the trailer and soundtrack for the film Real Steel , and in trailers and TV spots for the Oliver Stone - directed film Savages . Track listing ( edit ) Aftermath / Interscope -- INTR - 10803 - 1 Side A No . Title Length 1 . `` ' Till I Collapse '' 4 : 57 Side B No . Title Length 1 . `` ' Till I Collapse '' ( Instrumental ) 5 : 43 2 . `` ' Till I Collapse '' ( A cappella ) 4 : 09 Chart positions ( edit ) Chart ( 2006 - 18 ) Peak position Canadian Digital Songs ( Billboard ) 30 Irish Singles Chart 77 Slovakia ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 100 Sweden Heatseekers ( Sverigetopplistan ) 10 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 73 US Digital Songs ( Billboard ) 35 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) Gold 15,000 Germany ( BVMI ) Gold 250,000 Italy ( FIMI ) Gold 25,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Gold 400,000 United States ( RIAA ) 5 × Platinum 5,000,000 shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Chart Log UK : E-40 - E-Z Rollers '' . zobbel.de . Retrieved 3 January 2011 . Archived May 17 , 2013 , at WebCite Jump up ^ riaa.com Archived June 24 , 2013 , at WebCite Jump up ^ RIAA - Gold & Platinum Searchable Database - May 09 , 2014 Archived November 24 , 2012 , at WebCite Jump up ^ The Eminem Show Review Music Reviews and News EW.com Archived October 29 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Eminem - The Eminem Show ( Advanced Copy ) Read Hip Hop Reviews , Rap Reviews & Hip Hop Album Reviews HipHop DX Archived October 30 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` RapReview Of The Week : `` The Eminem Show '' . RapReviews.com . May 28 , 2002 - Archived March 22 , 2013 , at WebCite Jump up ^ The Eminem Show Album Reviews Rolling Stone Archived December 15 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Billboard database query '' . Billboard. 25 December 2010 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Net knives '' . Walkup Music . Retrieved 29 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Eminem Featuring Nate Dogg -- ' Till I Collapse '' . Discogs . Retrieved February 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Eminem Featuring Nate Dogg - ' Till I Collapse '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on April 28 , 2018 . Retrieved April 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Irish Charts - Week ending 20th September 2012 '' . Irish Recorded Music Association . Archived from the original on 21 September 2012 . Retrieved 21 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Singles Digital Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201641 into search . Retrieved October 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Veckolista Heatseeker - Vecka 46 , 17 november 2017 '' ( in Swedish ) . Sverigetopplistan . Retrieved April 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved April 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Eminem Chart History ( Digital Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Eminem -- Till I Collapse '' ( in Danish ) . IFPI Denmark . 15 March 2013 . Retrieved May 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( Eminem ; ' Till I Collapse ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Retrieved April 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Eminem -- ' Till I Collapse '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved April 28 , 2018 . ' Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Eminem -- ' Till I Collapse '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved April 28 , 2018 . Select singles in the Format field . Select Gold in the Certification field . Enter Till I Collapse in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Eminem -- ' Till I Collapse '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved April 28 , 2018 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Eminem songs Songs discography Videography Production discography Awards and nominations D12 discography Bad Meets Evil Slim Shady EP `` Just Do n't Give a Fuck '' The Slim Shady LP `` My Name Is '' `` Role Model '' `` Guilty Conscience '' The Marshall Mathers LP `` The Real Slim Shady '' `` The Way I Am '' `` Stan '' The Eminem Show `` Without Me '' `` Cleanin ' Out My Closet '' `` Superman '' `` Sing for the Moment '' `` Business '' 8 Mile soundtrack `` Lose Yourself '' Encore `` Just Lose It '' `` Mosh '' `` Encore '' `` Like Toy Soldiers '' `` Mockingbird '' `` Ass Like That '' Curtain Call : The Hits `` When I 'm Gone '' `` Shake That '' Eminem Presents : The Re-Up `` You Do n't Know '' `` Jimmy Crack Corn '' Relapse `` Crack a Bottle '' `` We Made You '' `` 3 a.m. '' `` Old Time 's Sake '' `` Beautiful '' Refill `` Forever '' `` Hell Breaks Loose '' `` Elevator '' `` Music Box '' Recovery `` Not Afraid '' `` Love the Way You Lie '' `` No Love '' `` Space Bound '' The Marshall Mathers LP 2 `` Berzerk '' `` Survival '' `` Rap God '' `` The Monster '' `` Headlights '' Shady XV `` Guts Over Fear '' `` Detroit vs. Everybody '' Southpaw soundtrack `` Phenomenal '' `` Kings Never Die '' Revival `` Walk on Water '' `` Untouchable '' `` River '' `` Nowhere Fast '' `` Framed '' Collaborations `` Dead Wrong '' `` Forgot About Dre '' `` The Watcher '' `` Renegade '' `` Rock City '' `` Hellbound '' `` Rap Name '' `` Shit Hits the Fan '' `` One Day at a Time '' `` Welcome 2 Detroit '' `` Smack That '' `` Touchdown `` Drop the World '' `` Roman 's Revenge '' `` Love the Way You Lie ( Part II ) '' `` That 's All She Wrote '' `` I Need a Doctor '' `` Writer 's Block '' `` Throw That '' `` My Life '' `` C'mon Let Me Ride '' `` Numb '' `` Calm Down '' `` Best Friend '' `` No Favors '' `` Revenge '' Other songs `` ' 97 Bonnie & Clyde '' `` Kim '' `` Bitch Please II '' `` White America '' `` ' Till I Collapse '' `` The Warning '' `` Wo n't Back Down '' `` Bad Guy '' `` Rhyme or Reason '' `` Legacy '' `` So Far ... '' `` Campaign Speech '' Nate Dogg Discography Studio albums G - Funk Classics , Vol. 1 & 2 Music & Me Nate Dogg Compilation albums The Prodigal Son Essentials Collaboration albums The Hard Way Featured singles `` Indo Smoke '' `` Regulate '' `` Let 's Play House '' `` Bitch Please '' `` The Next Episode '' `` Where I Wanna Be '' `` Lay Low '' `` Ca n't Deny It '' `` Area Codes '' `` ' Till I Collapse '' `` Gangsta Nation '' `` 21 Questions '' `` The Set Up '' `` I Like That '' `` Thugs Get Lonely Too '' `` Gangsta Party '' `` Real Soon '' `` Shake That '' `` Have a Party '' `` Boss ' Life '' Related articles Snoop Dogg 213 Warren G Tha Dogg Pound Death Row Records Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%27Till_I_Collapse&oldid=846486135 '' Categories : 2002 songs Eminem songs Nate Dogg songs Songs written by Eminem Songs written by Luis Resto ( musician ) Songs written by Nate Dogg Hardcore hip hop songs Hidden categories : Webarchive template webcite links Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from February 2017 CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) CS1 Danish - language sources ( da ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Slovakdigital Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboarddigitalsongs Certification Table Entry usages for Denmark Certification Table Entry usages for Germany Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Articles created via the Article Wizard Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Nederlands Português Edit links This page was last edited on 19 June 2018 , at 02 : 03 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who is reggie that eminem refers to in till i collapse | [
"\"It goes, Reggie (Redman), Jay-Z, Tupac and Biggie, Andre from Outkast, Jada (Jadakiss), Kurupt, Nas and then me\" – Eminem, \"Till I Collapse\"\n"
] | [
"Redman"
] |
-1172541148939553575 | The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel | The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel - wikipedia The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel Genre Comedy - drama Period drama Created by Amy Sherman - Palladino Starring Rachel Brosnahan Alex Borstein Michael Zegen Marin Hinkle Tony Shalhoub Composer ( s ) Sam Phillips Eric Gorfain Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 8 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Amy Sherman - Palladino Daniel Palladino Producer ( s ) Dhana Gilbert Matthew Shapiro Salvatore Carino Production location ( s ) New York City Cinematography M. David Mullen Camera setup Single - camera Running time 46 -- 61 minutes Production company ( s ) Dorothy Parker Drank Here Productions Picrow Amazon Studios Release Original network Amazon Video Picture format 4K ( UHDTV ) Audio format 5.1 Dolby Digital Original release March 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 17 ) -- present ( present ) External links Official website The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel is an American period comedy - drama web television series created by Amy Sherman - Palladino , that premiered on March 17 , 2017 . The series stars Rachel Brosnahan as the titular Miriam `` Midge '' Maisel , a housewife in 1958 New York City who discovers she has a knack for stand - up comedy . Following the premiere of the pilot episode to critical acclaim , the series was picked up by Amazon for a two - season order on April 10 , 2017 . The first season was released on November 29 , 2017 , to positive reviews . The series won two Golden Globe Awards ( Best Television Series -- Musical or Comedy and Best Actress -- Musical or Comedy for Brosnahan ) and five Primetime Emmy Awards , including Outstanding Comedy Series and Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series for Brosnahan . It was renewed for a third season on May 20 , 2018 , before the second season had aired . The second season is scheduled to premiere on December 5 , 2018 . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 2.3 Guest 3 Episodes 3.1 Season 1 ( 2017 ) 3.2 Season 2 ( 2018 ) 4 Production 4.1 Background 4.2 Development 4.3 Casting 4.4 Filming 4.5 Design 5 Release 5.1 Marketing 5.2 Premiere 6 Reception 6.1 Critical response 6.2 Awards and nominations 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) Miriam `` Midge '' Maisel is an upper middle class Jewish housewife living on the Upper West Side of New York City in 1958 . Her husband , Joel , is a businessman who moonlights as a struggling comedian at The Gaslight Cafe . One night , after a particularly unsuccessful performance as a stand - up comedian , Joel confesses to Midge that he has been having an affair with his secretary , and leaves her . Devastated when her husband walks out , with her powder - blue suitcase , Midge gets drunk and returns to the Gaslight Cafe . She impulsively goes on stage , delivering an impromptu set , confessing her predicament to the audience . Her bawdy , biting and brilliant delivery enthralls the audience . She gets so carried away describing her misfortune , that she partly strips , after which she is promptly arrested . She is hauled off to jail with the not - yet famous , iconic comic , Lenny Bruce . After she bails him out of jail , Bruce warns Midge that the comedy business is terrible , but Midge takes his warning as encouragement and teams up with Susie Meyerson , Gaslight Cafe comedy club employee and comic manager wannabe , to hone her act . Susie encourages Midge to push herself to become a professional stand - up comedienne , although Midge at first is not so sure . When Midge moves back in with her parents with her two young children , she decides to get a job as a cosmetics saleswoman at the high - end department store , B. Altman . Her job exposes her to an additional world which she can draw from to develop her comedy , in addition to providing a sense of independence . She begins to go to parties , further developing her comic skills . After touring around the many clubs to see a variety of comedians performing in New York , she meets top comedienne , Sophie Lennon , and is invited to visit her for lunch before Midge opens for her in a New Jersey club . At lunch Midge discovers that the real Sophie is a far cry from the comic persona she portrays on stage . Lennon urges Midge to find a persona for herself , warning her that she will not succeed at comedy by just being `` herself , '' because no one wants to laugh at a beautiful , smart , feminine woman - only men can be themselves on stage . Not one to be told that she is not good enough for anything , Midge exposes Lennon 's secret in a hilarious routine which gets her and Susie `` blackballed '' from any and all venues in New York . Once again enlisting the help of Bruce , Midge is able to perform , and brings down the house with her insightful , but caustic humor . Unbeknownst to Midge , her husband is in the audience . They had just the night before gotten back together , but nevertheless Midge is still hurt over the affair and the separation , and expresses her feelings in her set . Joel , Midge 's husband , leaves the club , drunk and confused when he realizes just how much he hurt Midge , and how talented and funny she is . Season One ends with Midge declaring her new stage name is Mrs. Maisel . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Rachel Brosnahan as Miriam `` Midge '' Maisel , a Jewish housewife who discovers a flair for stand - up comedy . After her husband leaves her , she finds a job as a make - up counter girl at B. Altman . Alex Borstein as Susie Myerson , an employee of The Gaslight Cafe and later Midge 's manager . Michael Zegen as Joel Maisel , Midge 's estranged husband , who leaves Midge for his secretary . He is also an aspiring stand - up comic , but only relies on the routines of Bob Newhart . Tony Shalhoub as Abraham `` Abe '' Weissman , Midge 's father . Marin Hinkle as Rose Weissman , Midge 's mother . Recurring ( edit ) Bailey De Young as Imogene Cleary , Midge 's best friend . Nunzio and Matteo Pascale as Ethan Maisel , Midge and Joel 's eldest child . Matilda Szydagis as Zelda , the Weissmans ' live - in maid . Brian Tarantina as Jackie , the emcee at The Gaslight . Joel Johnstone as Archie Cleary , Imogene 's husband and Joel 's coworker . Holly Curran as Penny Pann , Joel 's former secretary and girlfriend . Cynthia Darlow as Mrs. Moskowitz , Joel 's secretary and Penny 's replacement . Luke Kirby as Lenny Bruce , a well - known New York City comedian . Kevin Pollak as Moishe Maisel , Joel 's father . Caroline Aaron as Shirley Maisel , Joel 's mother . David Paymer as Harry Drake , a successful manager of comedians with clients including Sophie Lennon . Mary Testa as Drina Romanoff , a psychic that Rose frequents . Zachary Levi as TBA ( season 2 ) Jane Lynch as Sophie Lennon ( season 2 ; guest season 1 ) , a successful stand - up comic who relies on shticky gimmicks about her life in Queens and her frumpy appearance . In reality , she is a rich aristocrat with refined taste and wears a fat suit on stage . Guest ( edit ) Gilbert Gottfried as Strip Club Emcee ( `` Pilot '' ) , an emcee at the strip club where Midge and Joel first see Lenny Bruce perform . Matthew Cusack , Mike Rosengarten , and Eric William Morris as The Kingston Trio ( `` Pilot '' ) , a folk group that Midge and Joel see at the Gaslight performing the song `` Sixteen Tons '' . Caitlin Mehner as Honey Bruce ( `` Pilot '' ) , the wife of Lenny Bruce . Max Casella as Michael Kessler ( `` Because You Left '' ) , Midge 's lawyer . Alison Smith as Jane Jacobs ( `` The Disappointment of the Dionne Quintuplets '' ) , a community activist whose rally Miriam stumbles across in Washington Square Park . Allen Lewis Rickman as Red Skelton ( `` The Disappointment of the Dionne Quintuplets '' ) , a comedian that Miriam and Susie see perform at the Copacabana nightclub . Carolee Carmello as Loretta ( `` The Disappointment of the Dionne Quintuplets '' ) Wallace Shawn as Herb Smith ( `` Doink '' ) , a hack comedy writer who Midge briefly hires after she bombs a set . Frank L. Ridley as Sal ( `` Doink '' ) , the bartender at the Old Town Bar where Joel and Archie go to drink . Nate Corddry as Randall ( `` Mrs. X at the Gaslight '' ) , an amateur comedian who does improvisational skits with Midge at parties . Will Brill as Noah ( `` Mrs. X at the Gaslight '' ) , Midge 's brother . Justine Lupe as Astrid ( `` Mrs. X at the Gaslight '' ) , Noah 's wife and Midge 's sister - in - law . She is very insecure about the fact that she is not Jewish . Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date `` Pilot '' Amy Sherman - Palladino Amy Sherman - Palladino March 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 17 ) In 1958 Manhattan , Miriam `` Midge '' Maisel is a contented , young , Jewish , Upper West Side housewife who has been married for four years . She occupies herself with raising her son and daughter and facilitating her untalented husband 's dream of becoming a stand - up comedian at The Gaslight Cafe . When her reality is threatened by his decision to leave her for his secretary , she drunkenly discovers that she herself possesses a previously unrealized talent for stand - up comedy . Arrested for baring her breasts onstage , Midge finds herself in a police car with Lenny Bruce . Susie bails Midge out , and Midge bails out Lenny Bruce . `` Ya Shivu v Bolshom Dome Na Kholme '' Amy Sherman - Palladino Amy Sherman - Palladino November 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 29 ) Joel breaks the news of the separation to his father . Both Midge 's and Joel 's parents are unhappy about the breakup . To make people happier , Midge invites all four parents plus Joel to dinner at her apartment . Conflict erupts . After Joel 's father reveals that he plans to evict Midge and the children from their apartment , Midge leaves her own dinner party to go back to the Gaslight , where she performs again and is arrested again . `` Because You Left '' Daniel Palladino Daniel Palladino November 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 29 ) Midge , in jail again , is bailed out by Lenny Bruce . Midge 's parents , who were babysitting her kids until 1 : 30 a.m. are baffled about Midge 's new life . Midge and Susie engage a lawyer , but in court , Midge clashes with the judge and is found in contempt of court and put in a jail cell until she comes up with a $200 fine . She asks Joel for the money to pay her fine , which he agrees to do . Meanwhile , Midge 's father Abe visits Joel 's father Moishe to ask if he can share the cost to keep the apartment where Midge and the children are living , and Moishe agrees . Midge joins Lenny Bruce at the Village Vanguard , where she does a short set . Susie visits the Friars Club to talk with Harry Gray ( played by David Paymer ) about managing Midge . Joel asks Miriam to give their marriage another go , but she says no . `` The Disappointment of the Dionne Quintuplets '' Amy Sherman - Palladino Amy Sherman - Palladino November 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 29 ) Midge moves in with her parents . Abe wants to turn off TV where Ethan is watching Howdy Doody , Midge suggests she could have TV in her room where she could also watch Jack Paar , but Abe is reluctant . Midge takes Ethan to visit Joel in his new apartment , which she discovers he shares with Penny Pann . Susie takes Midge to a record store of rare and little - known albums , where Midge buys a record by Redd Foxx , and meets Virgil and Oz . Susie also takes her to many other clubs to see other comics perform , including Red Skelton . Midge wants to be friends with Susie , but Susie claims she just wants a professional relationship . When Midge gets home late , Abe angrily says he wo n't buy her a TV . Miriam decides she needs to get a job . 5 5 `` Doink '' Amy Sherman - Palladino Daniel Palladino November 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 29 ) Midge applies for a job running elevators at B. Altman , but is hired instead for the makeup department . Performing at the Gaslight , Midge has her first experience in failing to get laughs . She decides to try hiring a comedy writer : Herb Smith ( played by Wallace Shawn . ) When Midge performs jokes Herb Smith wrote for her , she bombs even worse , and tells Susie she 's giving up on having a stand - up career . Meanwhile , Joel takes Penny Pann to meet his parents , who are charming to her but agree , `` No . '' Archie cancels a double date to go with Joel and Penny to see The Music Man on Broadway , making up a number of excuses why they can not attend . Midge goes to party with her makeup counter friends and has a great time making people laugh . Susie stares unhappily at the telephone she bought in order to be Midge 's agent . 6 6 `` Mrs. X at the Gaslight '' Scott Ellis Sheila R. Lawrence November 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 29 ) Midge entertains ( unpaid ) at parties hosted by her new B. Altman friends . She meets and briefly performs with male comic Randall ( played by Nate Corddry ) , who later introduces her to his agent from William Morris . Columbia University professor Abe is recruited to join Bell Labs . Midge 's brother Noah and his wife Astrid ( a gentile who enthusiastically converted to Judaism to impress the unbothered Weissmans ) visit to join in the celebration . But when Midge 's family goes out to celebrate at a Chinese restaurant , the occasion is spoiled because Joel and Penny Pann are in the same restaurant . Joel apologizes to Midge before noticing that she no longer wears her wedding and engagement rings . When Midge visits Susie at her apartment , Susie bluntly tells Midge that they are in a partnership and Midge does n't require a man to be a successful comic . Midge tearfully apologizes yet insists that Susie needs to support Midge personally if they 're going to be professional partners , and the two reconcile . As the episode ends , Virgil and Oz are shown from above enjoying a tape of Midge 's earlier comic performances . Not knowing her name , they label the tape they have `` Mrs. X at the Gaslight . '' 7 7 `` Put That On Your Plate ! '' Daniel Palladino Daniel Palladino November 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 29 ) Midge hones her comedy act . At work , Joel 's ideas win him fans . Susie tries to get Midge a chance to open for comedienne Sophie Lennon . Abe brings home a surprise dinner guest -- a divorce attorney . Rose is furious , and not consoled when Abe confesses that Joel already tried to come back but Midge turned him away . Rose seeks consolation from Drina , but Drina has vanished , replaced by `` Madame Cosma . '' Joel tells Abe that , with his new promotion , he can pay for everything Midge might want . Midge visits Sophie Lennon ( played by Jane Lynch ) , discovering that the beloved comedienne `` from Queens '' is really a rich and arrogant graduate of Yale University . Onstage `` Sophie '' is a gimmick , wearing a fat suit . The real Sophie tells Midge that women ca n't succeed without gimmicks . As Midge leaves to meet her parents in synagogue , Sophie forces a mink coat on her for a parting gift . In synagogue , Rose loudly demands to know where the mink coat came from . Later , at the Gaslight , Midge lampoons expectations imposed on women , and makes fun of Sophie Lennon , exposing her act in the process . Sophie 's agent Harry , in the audience to hear Midge perform , is furious , and tells the terrified Susie , `` You 're on my bad side ! '' 8 8 `` Thank You and Good Night '' Amy Sherman - Palladino Amy Sherman - Palladino November 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 29 ) Susie and Midge get drunk at a bar , upset that Midge made fun of Sophie Lennon , and now Harry might try to ruin her career . The next day , a hungover Midge hosts a birthday party for her son , where she reconnects with Joel and ends up sleeping with him in her childhood room . It appears that they may get back together , but Joel later overhears a bootleg tape of Midge 's first act at Virgil and Oz 's record store , and gets angry . At the big company meeting , a deflated Joel announces that he wants to quit . Midge 's `` shit gig '' at a stripper show is canceled because of Harry . Susie begs Lenny Bruce to come back to the Gaslight to help Midge , which he does . Midge 's set is a great hit , and at the end she introduces herself as `` Mrs. Maisel . '' Joel watches Midge 's act , argues with Susie about it , then sadly leaves the Gaslight , attacking one of her hecklers while admitting her act was great . Season 2 ( 2018 ) ( edit ) The second season will feature Midge and Susie going out on the road together with Midge playing clubs along the Borscht Belt in the Catskill Mountains . Production ( edit ) Background ( edit ) Amy Sherman - Palladino was inspired by childhood memories of her father ( a standup comedian based in NYC ) and an admiration for early female comics such as Joan Rivers . Sherman - Palladino explained the show concept as follows : I wanted to do a story about a woman who thought she 'd scored ... She 'd gotten it all , and then , bam , it all falls apart . And in falling apart , she discovers an ambition and a need to speak , and a voice that she just frankly did n't know was there . '' The series drew inspiration from female comedians of the time period like Rivers and Totie Fields . Development ( edit ) On June 6 , 2016 , it was announced that Amazon had given the production a pilot order . The pilot episode was written by Sherman - Palladino , who was also expected to executive produce . On March 2 , 2017 , it was reported that the pilot would premiere as a part of Amazon 's Spring 2017 pilot season on March 17 , 2017 . On April 10 , 2017 , it was announced that Amazon had given the production a series order consisting of two seasons . The series was expected to be executive produced by Sherman - Palladino and Daniel Palladino with Dhana Gilbert serving as a producer . On October 10 , 2017 , it was reported that the series would premiere on November 29 , 2017 . On May 20 , 2018 , it was announced that Amazon had renewed the series for a third season . On October 24 , 2018 , it was announced that the second season would premiere on December 5 , 2018 . Casting ( edit ) On August 5 , 2016 , it was announced that Rachel Brosnahan had been cast in the pilot 's titular lead role . In September 2016 , it was reported that Tony Shalhoub and Michael Zegen had joined the pilot 's main cast . On October 6 , 2016 , it was announced that Marin Hinkle had been cast in one of the pilot 's main roles . In May 2017 , it was reported that Joel Johnstone , Caroline Aaron , Kevin Pollak , and Bailey De Young were set to appear in recurring roles . On May 23 , 2018 , it was announced that Zachary Levi would appear in the second season in a recurring capacity . On August 15 , 2018 , it was reported that Jane Lynch would reprise her role of Sophie Lennon in recurring capacity in season two . Filming ( edit ) Principal photography for the pilot took place from September 27 to October 14 , 2016 in New York City . On October 4 and 5 , 2016 , filming took place at 96 St. Marks Place in New York City where exterior shots were being filmed . Residents of the building being used for filming were reportedly unhappy about the disruption that the production would cause . Design ( edit ) The `` apartment '' where Midge and her husband Joel live was created on the same set as the apartment where Midge 's parents live , but with more modern ( late - 1950s ) design , inspired in part by Doris Day movies , according to production designer Bill Groom . The retro looking typeface used for the main title is called Sparkly and was designed by Stuart Sandler of Font Diner . Release ( edit ) Marketing ( edit ) On October 10 , 2017 , the official trailer for the first season was released . On August 9 , 2018 , a teaser trailer for the second season was released . On October 24 , 2018 , the official trailer for season two was released . Premiere ( edit ) On November 13 , 2017 , the series held its official premiere at the Village East Cinema in New York City . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) The series has been met with a positive response from critics since its premiere . On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , the first season has an approval rating of 94 % based on 70 reviews , with an average rating of 7.63 out of 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel is an upbeat addition to Amazon 's original offerings , propelled by a playful yet poignant performance by Rachel Brosnahan . '' On Metacritic the series has an average weighted score of 80 out of 100 , based on 27 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . The pilot episode of The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel was one of Amazon Video 's most successful ever , achieving an average viewer rating of 4.9 ( out of 5 ) . The review of the pilot in The Guardian praised the `` combination of ( Sherman - Palladino 's ) banging dialogue and the utterly winning charm of Brosnahan '' , while The A.V. Club praised the `` outstanding '' production design and said `` this is a series that 's as confident as its heroine -- and what a heroine she is . Midge is already layered , conflicted , hilarious , and charming . '' A critic for Slate called the episode `` a knockout '' , stating that the stand - up element `` introduces a welcome streak of discipline , both verbal and thematic , into Sherman - Palladino 's charming but manic work . '' The Jerusalem Post highlighted the exceptionally well done `` Jewishness '' of the work , calling it a `` comedic delight of a show , combining Sherman - Palladino 's knack for witty dialogue with the colorful , rich world of 1950s New York and the intensity of family drama and changing times . '' NPR similarly highlighted the effectiveness of the comedy in the show , writing `` The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel is n't aiming for realism . It 's a heroic fantasy . And Midge 's humor , one might say , is the ultimate version of staircase wit . Recklessly honest , she says what female comedians would 've said half a century ago -- if they had only been free to say it . '' Awards and Nominations ( edit ) Year Award Nominee ( s ) Result Ref . 2018 Golden Globe Awards Best Television Series -- Musical or Comedy The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel Won Best Actress -- Television Series Musical or Comedy Rachel Brosnahan Won Critics ' Choice Television Awards Best Comedy Series The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel Won Best Actress in a Comedy Series Rachel Brosnahan Won Best Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series Alex Borstein Nominated Producers Guild of America Awards Outstanding Producer of Episodic Television , Comedy The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel Won Directors Guild of America Awards Outstanding Directorial Achievement for a Comedy Series Amy Sherman - Palladino ( for `` Pilot '' ) Nominated Costume Designers Guild Awards Excellence in Period Television Donna Zakowska Nominated Location Managers Guild Awards Outstanding Locations in Period Television Amanda Foley - Burbank , Jose Guerrero Nominated Peabody Award Entertainment , children 's and youth honoree The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel Won Television Critics Association Awards Individual Achievement in Comedy Rachel Brosnahan Won Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Comedy Series The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel Won Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series Rachel Brosnahan Won Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series Tony Shalhoub Nominated Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series Alex Borstein Won Outstanding Directing for a Comedy Series Amy Sherman - Palladino ( for `` Pilot '' ) Won Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series Won Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series Jane Lynch ( for `` Put That on Your Plate ! '' ) Nominated Outstanding Casting for a Comedy Series Meredith Tucker , Jeanie Bacharach , and Cindy Tolan Won Outstanding Cinematography for a Single Camera Series M. David Mullen ( for `` Pilot '' ) Nominated Outstanding Hairstyling for a Single Camera Series Francesca Paris , Christine Cantrell , Cassie Hurd , and Reo Anderson ( for `` Pilot '' ) Nominated Outstanding Music Supervision Robin Urdang , Amy Sherman - Palladino , and Daniel Palladino ( for `` Pilot '' ) Won Outstanding Period Costumes Donna Zakowska , Marina Rei , Ginnie Patton , and Sheila Grover ( for `` The Disappointment of the Dionne Quintuplets '' ) Nominated Outstanding Production Design for a Narrative Period or Fantasy Program ( One Hour or More ) Bill Groom , Neil Prince , Ellen Christiansen ( for `` Ya Shivu v Bolshom Dome Na Kholme '' ) Nominated Outstanding Single - Camera Picture Editing for a Comedy Series Brian A. Kates ( for `` Pilot '' ) Won People 's Choice Awards The Bingeworthy Show of 2018 The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel Pending References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Truong , Peggy ( August 2 , 2018 ) . `` Everything To Know About ' The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel ' Season 2 '' . Cosmopolitan . Retrieved August 5 , 2018 . Midge and Susie are going on the road . As ASP told The Hollywood Reporter after the 2018 PGA Awards , `` I want to see those two girls stay some nights in shitty hotels and playing some dumpy clubs . '' The duo 's stops will include the Catskills , the `` Borscht Belt , '' where everyone from Joan Rivers to Buddy Hackett frequented for three decades until the early ' 70s . Jump up ^ Busis , Hillary ( March 16 , 2017 ) . `` Gilmore Girls Creator Amy Sherman - Palladino Explains her Marvelous New TV Series '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved June 29 , 2018 . The show charts the improbable journey of one Miriam `` Midge '' Maisel ( House of Cards alum Rachel Brosnahan ) , a perfect 50s housewife who seems to have everything -- until her life implodes in a spectacular way . After the fall , though , Midge discovers a secret talent she never dreamed she might have : a knack for stand - up comedy . ^ Jump up to : Zuckerman , Esther ( November 28 , 2017 ) . `` Corsets and Comedy : Inside Amazon 's The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved June 29 , 2018 . `` I wanted to do a story about a woman who thought she 'd scored , '' Sherman - Palladino explains to a group of reporters . `` She 'd gotten it all , and then , bam , it all falls apart . And in falling apart , she discovers an ambition and a need to speak , and a voice that she just frankly did n't know was there . '' Jump up ^ `` Rachel Brosnahan on how ' trailblazer ' Joan Rivers inspired Marvelous Mrs Maisel '' . Metro . November 29 , 2017 . Retrieved December 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Soloski , Alexis ( November 21 , 2017 ) . `` Did You Hear the One About the Housewife Who Walks Into a Comedy Club ? '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ; Jaafar , Ali ( June 6 , 2016 ) . `` Amazon Orders 5 Pilots from Guillermo del Toro , Amy Sherman - Palladino & Others '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved July 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` Amazon Spring 2017 Pilot Season Set : 5 Pilots , Including Amy Sherman - Palladino 's ' Marvelous Mrs. Maisel ' & ' Master Legend ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved July 12 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( April 10 , 2017 ) . `` Amy Sherman - Palladino 's ' Mrs. Maisel ' Gets 2 - Season Series Order At Amazon '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved July 12 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( October 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel ' Gets Fall Premiere Date & Trailer '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved July 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Littleton , Cynthia ( May 20 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel ' Renewed for Season 3 by Amazon ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved July 12 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Turchiano , Danielle ( October 24 , 2018 ) . `` Amazon Announces ' The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel ' Season 2 Premiere Date ( Watch ) '' . Variety . Retrieved October 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( August 5 , 2016 ) . `` Rachel Brosnahan Cast As the Lead In Amy Sherman - Palladino 's Amazon Pilot '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved July 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( September 13 , 2016 ) . `` Tony Shalhoub Cast In ' The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel ' Amazon Pilot '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved July 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( September 19 , 2016 ) . `` Michael Zegen Cast In ' The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel ' Amazon Pilot '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved July 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( October 6 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel ' : Marin Hinkle Joins Amy Sherman - Palladino Pilot '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved July 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( May 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel ' : Joel Johnstone & Caroline Aaron Set To Recur '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved July 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( May 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel ' : Kevin Pollak & Bailey De Young Set To Recur '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved July 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( May 23 , 2018 ) . `` ' Marvelous Mrs. Maisel ' Recruits Zachary Levi for Season 2 ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ; Petski , Denise ( August 15 , 2018 ) . `` Jane Lynch To Reprise Emmy - Nominated Role On ' The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved August 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mink , Casey ( September 9 , 2016 ) . `` Now Casting : Amazon Pilot ' The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel ' and More '' . Backstage . Retrieved July 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Filming at Physical Graffiti building angers residents '' . Page Six . September 30 , 2016 . Retrieved July 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Beery , Zoë ( January 10 , 2018 ) . `` That font you hate is coming back in style '' . The Outline . Retrieved July 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic ( August 9 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel ' Is Going To The Catskills In Season 2 Teaser '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved August 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Cox , Lauren ( November 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel 's Rachel Brosnahan : Midge Is An ' Upologetically Confident ' Woman '' . Hollywood Life . Retrieved July 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel : Season 1 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved August 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved August 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Marvellous Mrs Maisel : from the writer of Gilmore Girls , with brazen nods to Mad Men '' . The Guardian . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Amy Sherman - Palladino 's The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel pilot lives up to its title '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Amid a Slew of Lackluster Amazon Pilots , Amy Sherman - Palladino 's The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel Is a Knockout '' . Slate . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The ' marvelous ' Jewish story of Miriam Maisel '' . The Jerusalem Post . Retrieved December 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Zippy And Delightful , ' The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel ' Spotlights An Unlikely Comic '' . NPR.org . Retrieved December 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Plaugic , Lizzie ( January 8 , 2018 ) . `` Amazon 's The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel wins the 2018 Golden Globe for best TV comedy '' . The Verge . Retrieved January 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Strause , Jackie ( January 8 , 2018 ) . `` Golden Globes : ' Marvelous Mrs. Maisel ' Wins Best TV Comedy or Musical '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Russian , Ale ( January 8 , 2018 ) . `` Amazon 's The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel Wins 2018 Golden Globe for Best Comedy Series '' . People . Retrieved January 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Piester , Lauren ( January 8 , 2018 ) . `` The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel Wins Golden Globe for Best TV Comedy But Is There Cheese Backstage ? '' . E ! News . Retrieved January 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Smith , Nigel ( January 8 , 2018 ) . `` First - Time Winner Rachel Brosnahan Pauses Globes Acceptance Speech for a Good Reason : ' Hi , Oprah ! ' '' . People . Retrieved January 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Plaugic , Lizzie ( January 8 , 2018 ) . `` Rachel Brosnahan wins 2018 's Best Actress Golden Globe for Amazon 's The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel '' . The Verge . Retrieved January 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Otterson , Joe ( January 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' Mrs. Maisel ' Star Rachel Brosnahan Advocates for More Women 's Stories During Golden Globes Win '' . Variety . Retrieved January 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Perez , Lexy ( January 8 , 2018 ) . `` Golden Globes : Rachel Brosnahan Wins Best Actress for ' Marvelous Mrs. Maisel ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( December 6 , 2017 ) . `` Critics ' Choice Awards 2018 : Netflix , FX 's FEUD Lead TV Nominations '' . TVLine . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Dupre , Elyse ( January 5 , 2018 ) . `` 2018 Producers Guild Award Nominations : The Full List of Film and TV Nominees '' . E ! News . Retrieved January 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` DGA Announces Nominees for Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Television , Commercials and Documentary for 2017 '' . Directors Guild of America . January 10 , 2018 . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Nolfi , Joey ( January 10 , 2018 ) . `` I , Tonya , Get Out earn Costume Designers Guild nominations '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sandberg , Bryn Elise ( February 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Crown , ' ' Dunkirk ' Among Locations Managers Guild International Awards Nominees '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Peabody Awards : The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel '' . Peabody Awards . Retrieved April 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Moraes , Lisa de ( August 5 , 2018 ) . `` FX Russia Thriller ' The Americans ' Takes TCA Trophies For Keri Russell , Best Drama And Program Of Year '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved August 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Koblin , John ( September 17 , 2018 ) . `` 2018 Emmys : ' Game of Thrones ' and ' Marvelous Mrs. Maisel ' Win Top Awards '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 18 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Hipes , Patrick ( July 12 , 2018 ) . `` Emmy Nominations : ' Game Of Thrones ' Tops Noms , With Netflix & HBO Leading Way '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved July 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lambe , Stacy ( September 11 , 2018 ) . `` 2018 Creative Arts Emmy Awards : The Complete Winners List '' . Entertainment Tonight . Retrieved September 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Macke , Johnni ( September 5 , 2018 ) . `` 2018 People 's Choice Awards : Complete List of Nominations '' . E ! News . Retrieved September 5 , 2018 . 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8443049226547472290 | Bridget Vreeland | Bridget Vreeland - wikipedia Bridget Vreeland Jump to : navigation , search Bridget Vreeland The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants character Bridget Vreeland played by Blake Lively in films First appearance Book Series : The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants ( novel ) Movie Series : The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants ( film ) Last appearance Book Series : Sisterhood Everlasting Movie Series : The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants 2 Created by Ann Brashares Portrayed by Blake Lively Ashley Hale ( young Bridget ) Information Nickname ( s ) Bee Gender Female Occupation Collegiate Soccer Coach Family Franz Vreeland ( father ) Marlene `` Marly '' Vreeland ( mother ; deceased ) Pervis `` Perry '' Vreeland ( twin brother ) Spouse ( s ) Eric Richman ( boyfriend ) Relatives Greta Randolph ( grandmother ) Pervis Randolph ( uncle ) Bridget `` Bee '' Vreeland is a main character in the 2001 novel The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants . She is portrayed by Blake Lively in the 2005 film adaptation of the first book , and the 2008 sequel , The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants 2 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants 3 The Second Summer of the Sisterhood 4 Girls in Pants : The Third Summer of the Sisterhood 5 Forever in Blue : The Fourth Summer of the Sisterhood 6 Sisterhood Everlasting 7 Other references Overview ( edit ) Bridget `` Bee '' Vreeland is the second - born among her best friends . ( In the film , she is the first . ) She and her friends grew up in Washington D.C . Her mother , Marlene , a debutante from Alabama committed suicide when Bridget was 11 years old . Her death creates a strain in the relationship between Bridget , her father , and her twin brother Perry . She is closer to her friends than her immediate family . Bridget excels in soccer and is known as the superstar of the group . She is also the most daring and courageous , often acting on impulse rather than reason . She usually does not think twice before doing something no matter how dangerous it is . Despite seeming to be the strongest of the four , she is actually the most vulnerable , often making self - destructive decisions when the consequences of her actions prove to be too much . Bridget 's most notable physical characteristic is the long , pale blonde hair . Carmen , Lena and Tibby , Bridget 's childhood best friends , often worry about Bridget because of her impulsive decisions . Bridget is also hardworking . In the Second Summer of the Sisterhood she arrives at her grandmother , Greta 's home in Alabama and works tirelessly in the attic transforming it into a bedroom . Marly and Bridget have many things in common like their intensity and beauty but Marly is described by Greta as giving up too easily . The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants ( edit ) The day after she and her friends discover the magic of the pants , Bridget leaves for soccer camp in Baja California , Mexico . Upon arriving there , a soccer coach , Eric Richman , immediately catches Bridget 's attention and she relentlessly pursues him , despite the camp 's anti-fraternizing policy . She shamelessly flirts with him even to the point of lying about her age and following Eric to a bar . She beat Eric in racing twice . Bridget becomes popular among her fellow campers for her great soccer skills and often shows off in the field , particularly in Eric 's presence . These actions earn her the scorn of her soccer coach , Molly , who wants to transform Bridget from a show - off into a real player . Meanwhile , Eric continues to shun her advances until she passes by his cabin one night and the two are intimate on the beach . This encounter proves to be too much for Bridget and she ends up staying in bed and avoiding everyone . Eventually , Eric asks Bridget to walk with him and tells her that their encounter was his fault and that if they met under different circumstances , he would worship her the way she deserves . Despite this , she still feels hurt . Still feeling down , Lena arrives in Baja to take her home and try to make everything better . The second summer of the Sisterhood ( edit ) Bridget has greatly changed since the first novel , She becomes more responsible as a woman and later becomes a soccer coach . Early in the summer , Bridget finds five letters in her father 's desk , all addressed to her and her twin brother from their estranged maternal grandmother . Impulsively , Bridget packs her bags for Alabama to meet Greta . Upon arriving there , Bridget assumes the alias Gilda Tomko and offers to do odd jobs for her grandmother . Unaware of Gilda 's real identity , Greta tells Bridget to clean out her attic so that it may be suitable for renting out . In doing so , Bridget is able to reconnect with her grandmother without disclosing who she really is and learn about Marly growing up . Bridget learns that her mother was very popular in Alabama during her youth ; from the cheerful pictures of her mother back then , she finds it hard to believe the story 's real tragic end . During Marly 's college days , she was sent to a mental institution for attempting suicide . Bridget learns that her father was her mother 's college history professor and their relationship cost him his job and forced them to move to Washington D.C. after their marriage . Greta also tells her ( still under the identity of Gilda ) that during the last years of Marly 's life , she tried to persuade Bridget 's father to get help for Marly , but he shunned Greta and told her not to contact their family . During her stay , Bridget also reconnects with her childhood friend , Billy Kline , and rediscovers the pleasure of playing soccer . When her job in the attic is done , Greta asks her to move in there and Bridget gladly accepts . During a rainstorm , the power goes out . Bridget sees Greta inject herself with insulin which reminds Bridget of the last years in Marly 's life ; she runs out of the house in the rain , remembering the moment she saw her mother dead . Shortly before dawn , Bridget returns home and Greta combs her hair , just like all the times she has done when Bridget was young . Bridget asks Greta if she knows who she is and Greta admits she has known all along . Upon learning about Lena 's problems , Bridget goes home instantly but promises her grandmother that she 'll come back for a visit with Perry . Billy helps Bridget with her bags at the bus stop and they kiss . Bridget then returns home to comfort Lena , just as Lena had comforted her the previous summer . Girls in Pants : the third summer of the Sisterhood ( edit ) Bridget goes to soccer camp in Pennsylvania , and is shocked to discover that one of her fellow coaches is none other than Eric . She finds her feelings for him reawakened but is stunned by the discovery that he has a girlfriend , Kaya . Bridget tries to avoid him , but her plan is shot down when she and Eric are made partners . Not wanting to upset Eric , Bridget selflessly puts her feelings aside and respects the relationship between Eric and Kaya . The two develop a friendship despite Bridget 's uncertainties . It is also revealed that she and Eric did indeed sleep together the first summer they met . Later , Bridget comes down with a fever , and Eric finds her in her cabin very ill . Eric carries her to his cabin and takes care of her . They fall asleep together , and Bridget wakes up to find him holding her . She feels confused and betrayed when he then leaves the camp for an unknown reason and decides that she wo n't hope for his attention anymore . As much as she prides herself on making this summer with Eric different from the first one , it begins to feel the same because once again , she is left wondering why he left her . She trains her soccer team hard , and they go on to defeat Eric 's in the championship . Bridget later questions Eric about his departure , and Eric reveals that he returned to New York to break up with his girlfriend because of his feelings for Bridget . He tells her he was ashamed of what he did the summer they met and felt he did n't deserve her . At first , she asks him if he got closer to her just to leave her , but he lets her know otherwise . He tells her that he thinks they were always meant to be , and they become a couple . Forever in blue : the fourth summer of the Sisterhood ( edit ) Bridget feels slightly at odds with the idea of being `` taken . '' She decides to take a trip to Turkey to help with an archaeological dig , along with several classmates from Brown . Eric , her boyfriend , has decided to coach a soccer camp in Mexico . Bridget meets a handsome professor named Peter in Turkey with whom there is a mutual attraction . Despite the fact that both of them are in relationships , the two share a kiss . Peter 's family then makes a surprise visit to celebrate his thirtieth birthday , and Bridget decides that she can not carry on the fling . She also realizes that she is becoming the person she will be for the rest of her life and does not want to be like this . Upon returning home , she tries to piece her family 's life together . She attempts to become closer to her twin brother , Perry , who has dropped out of college and became a social recluse . Eric calls her and surprises her with his arrival , and Bridget is pleasantly surprised when her father and brother help her clean the house . Eric stays the night at her house , and they end up having sex . After Eric leaves the next morning , she begins looking through old boxed up memories in her basement and finds mementos of her mother and her younger self . She realizes that her father does care because he has taken the time to save these things . She comes to terms with who her family is and buys Perry a rabbit , hoping it will help him venture into the outside world more . In this book , we continue to see Bridget compared to her mother . In addition to sharing the same hair colour , they also both attempt to date a college professor . Bridget is notoriously reckless like her mother . Although Bridget never makes the connection it becomes apparently obvious to the reader that the two are eerily similar . Sisterhood everlasting ( edit ) Ten years after the last novel , Bridget now lives in San Francisco with Eric . Although she wants to settle down with him , a part of her remains restless . When the `` sisters '' go to Greece and Tibby dies unexpectedly , Bridget leaves Eric , and soon after finds out she is pregnant with his child . She decides to go to Australia , where Tibby had been living together with Brian , only to find out that Tibby had a daughter before she died . Bridget and the girl , Bailey , form a very tight bond , and decides not to terminate her pregnancy as she had previously considered . Bridget reunites with Eric , and they , along with Carmen and Lena , move into the country home Tibby had bought for the sisters . Other references ( edit ) Bridget is mentioned in 3 Willows : The Sisterhood Grows by Jo , who remembers her as a counselor from soccer camp . Jo remembers that Bridget was dating Eric and that some girls at the camp saw them kissing . ( hide ) The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants series by Ann Brashares Books The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants The Second Summer of the Sisterhood Girls in Pants : The Third Summer of the Sisterhood Forever in Blue : The Fourth Summer of the Sisterhood Sisterhood Everlasting Characters Lena Kaligaris Bridget Vreeland Tibby Rollins Carmen Lowell Films The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants ( 2005 ) The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants 2 ( 2008 ) Spin -- off 3 Willows : The Sisterhood Grows Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bridget_Vreeland&oldid=793069595 '' Categories : Fictional characters introduced in 2001 Characters in American novels of the 21st century Fictional American people of Dutch descent Drama film characters Fictional characters from Maryland Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 30 July 2017 , at 12 : 28 . About Wikipedia | what happened to bridget's mom in sisterhood | [
"Bridget \"Bee\" Vreeland is the second-born among her best friends. (In the film, she is the first.) She and her friends grew up in Washington D.C. Her mother, Marlene, a debutante from Alabama committed suicide when Bridget was 11 years old. Her death creates a strain in the relationship between Bridget, her father, and her twin brother Perry. She is closer to her friends than her immediate family. Bridget excels in soccer and is known as the superstar of the group. She is also the most daring and courageous, often acting on impulse rather than reason. She usually does not think twice before doing something no matter how dangerous it is. Despite seeming to be the strongest of the four, she is actually the most vulnerable, often making self-destructive decisions when the consequences of her actions prove to be too much. Bridget's most notable physical characteristic is the long, pale blonde hair. Carmen, Lena and Tibby, Bridget's childhood best friends, often worry about Bridget because of her impulsive decisions. Bridget is also hardworking. In the Second Summer of the Sisterhood she arrives at her grandmother, Greta's home in Alabama and works tirelessly in the attic transforming it into a bedroom. Marly and Bridget have many things in common like their intensity and beauty but Marly is described by Greta as giving up too easily."
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"committed suicide when Bridget was 11 years old"
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7800567180960858587 | Colony of Virginia | Colony of Virginia - wikipedia Colony of Virginia Jump to : navigation , search Colony of Virginia Colony of England ( 1607 -- 1707 ) Colony of Great Britain ( 1707 -- 1776 ) 1607 -- 1776 Flag Coat of arms Motto `` En dat Virginia quintum '' ( English , `` Behold , Virginia gives the fifth '' ) Capital Jamestown ( 1607 -- 1699 ) Williamsburg ( 1699 -- 1776 ) Languages English , Siouan languages , Iroquoian languages , Algonquian languages Religion Church of England ( Anglicanism ) Government Constitutional monarchy Governor 1607 Edward Wingfield ( first ) 1771 -- 1775 Lord Dunmore ( last ) Legislature House of Burgesses ( 1619 -- 1776 ) History Founding 1607 Became Royal Colony 1624 Independence 1776 Currency Pound sterling Succeeded by Virginia Province of Carolina Bermuda Today part of United States Bermuda The Colony of Virginia , chartered in 1606 and settled in 1607 , was the first enduring English colony in North America , following failed proprietary attempts at settlement on Newfoundland by Sir Humphrey Gilbert in 1583 , and the subsequent further south Roanoke Island ( modern eastern North Carolina ) by Sir Walter Raleigh in the late 1580s . The founder of the new colony was the Virginia Company , with the first two settlements in Jamestown on the north bank of the James River and Popham Colony on the Kennebec River in modern - day Maine , both in 1607 . The Popham colony quickly failed due to a famine , disease , and conflict with local Native American tribes in the first two years . Jamestown occupied land belonging to the Powhatan Confederacy , and was also at the brink of failure before the arrival of a new group of settlers and supplies by ship in 1610 . Tobacco became Virginia 's first profitable export , the production of which had a significant impact on the society and settlement patterns . In 1624 , the Virginia Company 's charter was revoked by King James I , and the Virginia colony was transferred to royal authority as a crown colony . After the English Civil War in the 1640s and 50s , the Virginia colony was nicknamed `` The Old Dominion '' by King Charles II for its perceived loyalty to the English monarchy during the era of the Protectorate and Commonwealth of England. . From 1619 to 1775 / 1776 , the colonial legislature of Virginia was the House of Burgesses , which governed in conjunction with a colonial governor . Jamestown on the James River remained the capital of the Virginia colony until 1699 ; from 1699 until its dissolution the capital was in Williamsburg . The colony experienced its first major political turmoil with Bacon 's Rebellion of 1676 . After declaring independence from the Kingdom of Great Britain in 1775 , before the Declaration of Independence was officially adopted , the Virginia colony became the Commonwealth of Virginia , one of the original thirteen states of the United States , adopting as its official slogan `` The Old Dominion '' . The entire modern states of West Virginia , Kentucky , Indiana and Illinois , and portions of Ohio and Western Pennsylvania were later created from the territory encompassed , or claimed by , the colony of Virginia at the time of further American independence in July 1776 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Names and etymology 1.1 Virginia 1.2 Old Dominion 2 History 2.1 Elizabethan colonization attempts in the New World ( 1584 -- 1590 ) 2.2 Virginia Company ( 1606 -- 1624 ) 2.2. 1 Charter of 1606 -- creation of London and Plymouth companies 2.2. 2 Jamestown and the London company 2.2. 3 Powhatan Confederacy 2.2. 4 Popham colony and Plymouth company 2.2. 5 Charter of 1609 - the London company expands 2.2. 6 1609 Third Supply and Bermuda 2.2. 7 Abandonment and Fourth supply 2.2. 8 First Anglo - Powhatan War ( 1610 - 1614 ) , John Rolfe and Pocahontas 2.2. 9 Second Anglo - Powhatan War ( 1622 - 1632 ) 2.2. 9.1 Indian Massacre of 1622 2.3 Crown colony ( 1624 - 1652 ) 2.3. 1 Third Anglo - Powhatan War ( 1644 - 1646 ) 2.3. 2 Treaty of 1646 2.4 English Civil War and Commonwealth ( 1642 - 1660 ) 2.5 Crown colony restoration ( 1660 - 1775 ) 2.5. 1 Williamsburg era 2.6 American Revolution 3 Relations with the Indians 3.1 Iroquois Confederacy 3.2 Lord Dunmore 's War 4 Geography 4.1 Early settlements 4.2 `` Hundreds '' 4.3 Citties , Shires , and Counties 4.4 Later settlements 4.5 Northern Neck Proprietary 5 Government and law 6 Economy 7 Culture 7.1 Ethnic origins 7.2 Servitude and slavery 7.3 Religion 7.4 Education and literacy 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Names and etymology ( edit ) Virginia ( edit ) History of Virginia By year Pre-statehood American Revolution U.S. Civil War Post-Civil War Topics : Cities - Politics - Slavery Virginia portal The name `` Virginia '' is the oldest designation for English claims in North America . In 1584 , Sir Walter Raleigh sent Philip Amadas and Arthur Barlowe to explore what is now the North Carolina coast , and they returned with word of a regional king ( weroance ) named Wingina , who ruled a land supposedly called Wingandacoa . The name Virginia for a region in North America may have been originally suggested by Sir Walter Raleigh , named for Queen Elizabeth I , in approximately 1584 . In addition the term Wingandacoa may have influenced the name Virginia . '' On his next voyage , Raleigh learned that while the chief of the Secotans was indeed called Wingina , the expression wingandacoa heard by the English upon arrival actually meant `` What good clothes you wear ! '' in Carolina Algonquian , and was not the name of the country as previously misunderstood . `` Virginia '' was originally a term used to refer to North America 's entire eastern coast from the 34th parallel ( close to Cape Fear ) north to 48th parallel . This area included a large section of Canada and the shores of Acadia . The colony was also known as the Virginia Colony , the Province of Virginia , and occasionally as the Dominion and Colony of Virginia or His Majesty 's Most Ancient Colloney and Dominion of Virginia Old Dominion ( edit ) In gratitude for the loyalty of Virginians to the crown during the English Civil War , Charles II gave it the title of `` Old Dominion '' . The colony seal stated from Latin , ' Behold , Virginia gives the fifth `` , with Virginia claimed as the fifth English dominion after England , France , Scotland and Ireland . The state of Virginia maintains `` Old Dominion '' as its state nickname . The athletic teams of the University of Virginia are known as the `` Cavaliers , '' referring to supporters of Charles II , and Virginia has another state public university called `` Old Dominion University '' . History ( edit ) See also : History of Virginia Although Spain , France , Sweden , and the Netherlands all had competing claims to the region , none of these prevented the English from becoming the first European power to colonize successfully the Mid-Atlantic coastline . Earlier attempts had been made by the Spanish in what is now Georgia ( San Miguel de Gualdape , 1526 -- 27 ; several Spanish missions in Georgia between 1568 and 1684 ) , South Carolina ( Santa Elena , 1566 -- 87 ) , North Carolina ( Joara , 1567 -- 68 ) and Virginia ( Ajacán Mission , 1570 -- 71 ) ; and by the French in South Carolina ( Charlesfort , 1562 -- 63 ) . Farther south , the Spanish colony of Spanish Florida , centered on St. Augustine , was established in 1565 , while to the north , the French were establishing settlements in what is now Canada ( Charlesbourg - Royal briefly occupied 1541 -- 43 ; Port Royal , established in 1605 ) . Elizabethan colonization attempts in the new World ( 1584 -- 1590 ) ( edit ) Main article : Roanoke Colony In 1585 , Sir Walter Raleigh sent his first colonisation mission to the island of Roanoke ( in present - day North Carolina ) , with over 100 male setters . However , when Sir Francis Drake arrived at the colony in summer 1586 , the colonists opted to return to England , due to lack of supply ships , abandoning the colony . Supply ships arrived at the now - abandoned colony later in 1586 ; 15 soldiers were left behind to hold the island , however no trace of these men was later found . In 1587 , Raleigh sent another group to again attempt to establish a permanent settlement . The expedition leader , John White , returned to England for supplies that same year but was unable to return to the colony due to war between England and Spain . When he finally did return in 1590 , he found the colony abandoned . The houses were intact , but the colonists had completely disappeared . Although there are a number of theories about the fate of the colony , it remains a mystery and has come to be known as the `` Lost Colony '' . Two English children were born in this colony ; the first was named Virginia Dare -- Dare County , North Carolina , was named in honor of the baby , who was among those whose fate is unknown . The word Croatoan was found carved into a tree , the name of a tribe on a nearby island . Virginia Company ( 1606 -- 1624 ) ( edit ) Main article : Virginia Company Following the failure of an earlier colonisation attempt , in the early 1600s , England resumed attempts to set up a number of colonies . This time jointstock companies were used rather than giving extensive grants to a landed proprietor such as Gilbert or Raleigh. . Charter of 1606 -- creation of London and Plymouth companies ( edit ) Main article : Charter of 1606 The site of the 1607 Popham Colony is shown by `` Po '' on the map . The settlement at Jamestown is shown by `` J '' . James granted a proprietary charter to two competing branches of the Virginia Company , which were supported by investors . These were the Plymouth Company and the London Company . By the terms of the charter , the Plymouth Company was permitted to establish a colony of 100 miles ( 160 km ) square between the 38th parallel and the 45th parallel ( roughly between Chesapeake Bay and the current U.S. -- Canada border ) . The London Company was permitted to establish between the 34th parallel and the 41st parallel ( approximately between Cape Fear and Long Island Sound ) , and also owned a large portion of Atlantic and Inland Canada . In the area of overlap , the two companies were not permitted to establish colonies within one hundred miles of each other . During 1606 , each company organized expeditions to establish settlements within the area of their rights . The London company formed Jamestown in its exclusive territory , whilst the Plymouth colony formed the Popham Colony in its exclusive territory near what is now Phippsburg , Maine . Jamestown and the London Company ( edit ) Main articles : Jamestown , Virginia and History of the Jamestown Settlement ( 1607 -- 1699 ) The London Company hired Captain Christopher Newport to lead its expedition . On December 20 , 1606 , he set sail from England with his flagship , the Susan Constant , and two smaller ships , the Godspeed , and the Discovery , with 105 men and boys , plus 39 sailors . After an unusually long voyage of 144 days , they arrived at the mouth of the Chesapeake Bay and came ashore at the point where the southern side of the bay meets the Atlantic Ocean , an event that has come to be called the `` First Landing '' . They erected a cross and named the point of land Cape Henry , in honor of Henry Frederick , Prince of Wales , the eldest son of King James . Their instructions were to select a location inland along a waterway where they would be less vulnerable to the Spanish or other Europeans also seeking to establish colonies . They sailed westward into the Bay and reached the mouth of Hampton Roads , stopping at a location now known as Old Point Comfort . Keeping the shoreline to their right , they then ventured up the largest river , which they named the James , for their king . After exploring at least as far upriver as the confluence of the Appomattox River at present - day Hopewell , they returned downstream to Jamestown Island , which offered a favorable defensive position against enemy ships and deep water anchorage adjacent to the land . Within two weeks they had constructed their first fort and named their settlement Jamestown . In addition to securing gold and other precious minerals to send back to the waiting investors in England , the survival plan for the Jamestown colonists depended upon regular supplies from England and trade with the Native Americans . The location they selected was largely cut off from the mainland and offered little game for hunting , no fresh drinking water , and very limited ground for farming . Captain Newport returned to England twice , delivering the First Supply and the Second Supply missions during 1608 , and leaving the Discovery for the use of the colonists . However , death from disease and conflicts with the Natives Americans took a fearsome toll of the colonists . Despite attempts at mining minerals , growing silk , and exporting the native Virginia tobacco , no profitable exports had been identified , and it was unclear whether the settlement would survive financially . Powhatan Confederacy ( edit ) See also : Powhatan Confederacy The Powhatan Confederacy was a confederation of numerous linguistically related tribes in the eastern part of Virginia . The Powhatan Confederacy controlled a territory known as Tsenacommacah , which roughly corresponded with the Tidewater region of Virginia . It was in this territory that the English established Jamestown . At the time of the English arrival , the Powhatan were led by the paramount chief Wahunsenacawh . Popham colony and Plymouth Company ( edit ) On May 31 , 1607 , about 100 men and boys left England for what is now Maine . Approximately three months later , the group landed on a wooded peninsula where the Kennebec River meets the Atlantic Ocean and began building Fort St. George . By the end of the year , due to limited resources , half of the colonists returned to England . Late the next year , the remaining 45 sailed home , and the Plymouth company fell dormant . Charter of 1609 - the London Company expands ( edit ) Main article : Second Virginia Charter The 1609 charter for the Virginia colony `` from sea to sea '' In 1609 , with the abandonment of the Plymouth Company settlement , the London Company 's Virginia charter was adjusted to include the territory north of the 34th parallel and south of the 39th parallel , with its original coastal grant extended `` from sea to sea '' . Thus , at least according to James I 's writ , the Virginia Colony in its original sense extended to the coast of the Pacific Ocean , in what is now California , with all the states in between ( Kentucky , Missouri , Colorado , Utah , etc . ) belonging to Virginia . For practical purposes , though , the colonists rarely ventured far inland to what was known as `` The Virginia Wilderness '' , although the concept itself helped renew the interest of investors , and additional funds enabled an expanded effort , known as the Third Supply . 1609 Third Supply and Bermuda ( edit ) Main articles : History of Bermuda and Somers Isles Company Map depicting the Colony of Virginia ( according to the Second Charter ) , made by Willem Blaeu between 1609 and 1638 For the Third Supply , the London Company had a new ship built . The Sea Venture was specifically designed for emigration of additional colonists and transporting supplies . It became the flagship of the Admiral of the convoy , Sir George Somers . The Third Supply was the largest to date , with eight other ships joining the Sea Venture . The new Captain of the Sea Venture was the mission 's Vice-Admiral , Christopher Newport . Hundreds of new colonists were aboard the ships . However , weather was to drastically affect the mission . A few days out of London , the nine ships of the third supply mission encountered a massive hurricane in the Atlantic Ocean . They became separated during the three days the storm lasted . Admiral Somers had the new Sea Venture , carrying most of the supplies of the mission , deliberately driven aground onto the reefs of Bermuda to avoid sinking . However , while there was no loss of life , the ship was wrecked beyond repair , stranding its survivors on the uninhabited archipelago , to which they laid claim for England . The survivors at Bermuda eventually built two smaller ships and most of them continued on to Jamestown , leaving a few on Bermuda to secure the claim . The Company 's possession of Bermuda was made official in 1612 , when the third and final charter extended the boundaries of ' Virginia ' far enough out to sea to encompass Bermuda . Bermuda has since been known officially also as The Somers Isles ( in commemoration of Admiral Somers ) . The shareholders of the Virginia Company spun off a second company , the Somers Isles Company , which administered Bermuda from 1615 to 1684 . Upon their arrival at Jamestown , the survivors of the Sea Venture discovered that the 10 - month delay had greatly aggravated other adverse conditions . Seven of the other ships had arrived carrying more colonists , but little in the way of food and supplies . Combined with a drought , and hostile relations with the Native Americans , the loss of the supplies that had been aboard the Sea Venture resulted in the Starving Time in late 1609 to May 1610 , during which over 80 % of the colonists perished . Conditions were so adverse it appears , from skeletal evidence , that the survivors engaged in cannibalism . The survivors from Bermuda had brought few supplies and food with them , and it appeared to all that Jamestown must be abandoned and it would be necessary to return to England . Abandonment and fourth Supply ( edit ) Statistics regarding mortality rates : Dates Population New arrivals Easter , 1619 ~ 1,000 Easter , 1620 866 1620 -- 1621 + 1,051 Easter 1621 843 1620 -- 1624 + ~ 4,000 Feb. 1624 1,277 During this time , perhaps 5000 Virginians died of disease or were killed in the Indian massacre of 1622 . Samuel Argall was the captain of one of the seven ships of the Third Supply that had arrived at Jamestown in 1609 after becoming separated from the Sea Venture , whose fate was unknown . Depositing his passengers and limited supplies , he returned to England with word of the plight of the colonists at Jamestown . The King authorized another leader , Thomas West , 3rd Baron De La Warr , later better known as `` Lord Delaware '' , to have greater powers , and the London Company organized another supply mission . They set sail from London on April 1 , 1610 . Just after the survivors of the Starving Time and those who had joined them from Bermuda had abandoned Jamestown , the ships of the new supply mission sailed up the James River with food , supplies , a doctor , and more colonists . Lord Delaware was determined that the colony was to survive , and he intercepted the departing ships about 10 miles ( 16 km ) downstream of Jamestown . The colonists thanked Providence for the Colony 's salvation . West proved far harsher and more belligerent toward the Indians than any of his predecessors , engaging in wars of conquest against them . He first sent Gates to drive off the Kecoughtan from their village on July 9 1610 , then gave Chief Powhatan an ultimatum to either return all English subjects and property , or face war . Powhatan responded by insisting that the English either stay in their fort or leave Virginia . Enraged , De la Warr had the hand of a Paspahegh captive cut off and sent him to the paramount chief with another ultimatum : Return all English subjects and property , or the neighboring villages would be burned . This time , Powhatan did not even respond . First Anglo - Powhatan War ( 1610 - 1614 ) , John Rolfe and Pocahontas ( edit ) On August 9 , 1610 , tired of waiting for a response from Powhatan , West sent George Percy with 70 men to attack the Paspahegh capital , burning the houses and cutting down their cornfields . They killed 65 to 75 , and captured one of Wowinchopunk 's wives and her children . Returning downstream , the English threw the children overboard and shot out `` their Braynes in the water '' . The queen was put to the sword in Jamestown . The Paspahegh never recovered from this attack and abandoned their town . Another small force sent with Samuel Argall against the Warraskoyaks found that they had already fled , but he destroyed their abandoned village and cornfields as well . This event triggered the first Anglo - Powhatan War . Among the individuals who had briefly abandoned Jamestown was John Rolfe , a Sea Venture survivor who had lost his wife and son in Bermuda . He was a businessman from London who had some untried seeds for new , sweeter strains of tobacco with him , as well as some untried marketing ideas . It would turn out that John Rolfe held the key to the Colony 's economic success . By 1612 , Rolfe 's new strains of tobacco had been successfully cultivated and exported , establishing a first cash crop for export . Plantations and new outposts sprung up , initially both upriver and downriver along the navigable portion of the James , and thereafter along the other rivers and waterways of the area . The settlement at Jamestown could finally be considered permanently established . A period of peace followed the marriage in 1614 of colonist John Rolfe to Pocahontas , the daughter of Algonquian chief Powhatan . Second Anglo - Powhatan War ( 1622 - 1632 ) ( edit ) Indian massacre of 1622 ( edit ) Main article : Indian Massacre of 1622 Indian massacre of 1622 , depicted in a 1628 woodcut by Matthäus Merian out of Theodore de Bry 's workshop . The relations with the Natives took a turn for the worse after the death of Pocahontas in England and the return of John Rolfe and other colonial leaders in May 1617 . Disease , poor harvests and the growing demand for tobacco lands caused hostilities to escalate . After Wahunsenacawh 's death in 1618 , he was soon succeeded by his own younger brother , Opechancanough . He maintained friendly relations with the Colony on the surface , negotiating with them through his warrior Nemattanew , but by 1622 , after Nemattanew had been slain , Opechancanough was ready to order a limited surprise attack on them , hoping to persuade them to move on and settle elsewhere . Chief Opechancanough organized and led a well - coordinated series of surprise attacks on multiple English settlements along both sides of a 50 - mile ( 80 km ) long stretch of the James River , which took place early on the morning of March 22 , 1622 . This event came to be known as the Indian Massacre of 1622 and resulted in the deaths of 347 colonists ( including men , women , and children ) and the abduction of many others . The Massacre caught most of the Virginia Colony by surprise and virtually wiped out several entire communities , including Henricus and Wolstenholme Town at Martin 's Hundred . Jamestown was spared from destruction , however , due to a Virginia Indian boy named Chanco who , after learning of the planned attacks from his brother , gave warning to colonist Richard Pace with whom he lived . Pace , after securing himself and his neighbors on the south side of the James River , took a canoe across river to warn Jamestown , which narrowly escaped destruction , although there was no time to warn the other settlements . A year later , Captain William Tucker and Dr. John Potts worked out a truce with the Powhatan and proposed a toast using liquor laced with poison . 200 Virginia Indians were killed or made ill by the poison and 50 more were slaughtered by the colonists . For over a decade , the English settlers killed Powhatan men and women , captured children and systematically razed villages , seizing or destroying crops . By 1634 , a six - mile - long palisade was completed across the Virginia Peninsula . The new palisade provided some security from attacks by the Virginia Indians for colonists farming and fishing lower on the Peninsula from that point . On April 18 , 1644 , Opechancanough again tried to force the colonists to abandon the region with another series of coordinated attacks , killing almost 500 colonists . However , this was a much less devastating portion of the growing population than had been the case in the 1622 attacks . The forces of Royal Governor of Virginia William Berkeley captured the old warrior in 1646 , variously thought to be between 90 and 100 years old . In October , while a prisoner , Opechancanough was killed by a soldier ( shot in the back ) assigned to guard him . Crown colony ( 1624 - 1652 ) ( edit ) In 1620 , a successor to the Plymouth Company sent colonists to the New World aboard the Mayflower . Known as Pilgrims , they successfully established a settlement in what became Massachusetts . The portion of what had been Virginia north of the 40th parallel became known as New England , according to books written by Captain John Smith , who had made a voyage there . In 1624 , the charter of the Virginia Company was revoked by King James I and the Virginia Colony was transferred to royal authority in the form of a crown colony . Subsequent charters for the Maryland Colony in 1632 and to the eight Lords Proprietor of the Province of Carolina in 1663 and 1665 further reduced the Virginia Colony to roughly the coastal borders it held until the American Revolution . ( The exact border with North Carolina was disputed until surveyed by William Byrd II in 1728 . ) Third Anglo - Powhatan War ( 1644 - 1646 ) ( edit ) After twelve years of peace following the Indian Wars of 1622 - 1632 , another Anglo -- Powhatan War began on March 18 , 1644 , as a last effort by the remnants of the Powhatan Confederacy , still under Opechancanough , to dislodge the English settlers of the Virginia Colony . Around 500 colonists were killed , but that number represented a relatively low percent of the overall population , as opposed to the earlier massacre ( the 1622 attack had wiped out a third ; that of 1644 barely a tenth ) . However , Opechancanough , still preferring to use Powhatan tactics , did not make any major follow - up to this attack . This was followed by a last effort by the settlers to decimate the Powhatan . In July , they marched against the Pamunkey , Chickahominy , and Powhatan proper ; and south of the James , against the Appomattoc , Weyanoke , Warraskoyak , and Nansemond , as well as two Carolina tribes , the Chowanoke and Secotan . In February 1645 , the colony ordered the construction of three frontier forts : Fort Charles at the falls of the James , Fort James on the Chickahominy , and Fort Royal at the falls of the York . In August , Governor William Berkeley stormed Opechancanough 's stronghold and captured him . All captured males in the village over age 11 were deported to Tangier Island . Opechancanough , around 92 years old , was taken to Jamestown where he was shot in the back by a guard . Opechancanough 's death resulted in the disintegration of the Powhatan Confederacy into its component tribes , whom the colonists continued to attack . In March 1646 , the colony decided to build a fourth frontier fort , Fort Henry , at the falls of the Appomattox , where the modern city of Petersburg is located . Treaty of 1646 ( edit ) Red line shows boundary between the Virginia Colony and Tributary Indian tribes , as established by the Treaty of 1646 . Red dot shows Jamestown , capital of Virginia Colony . In the peace treaty of October 1646 , the new weroance , Necotowance , and the subtribes formerly in the Confederacy , each became tributaries to the King of England . At the same time , a racial frontier was delineated between Indian and English settlements , with members of each group forbidden to cross to the other side except by special pass obtained at one of the newly erected border forts . The extent of the Virginia colony open to patent by English colonists was defined as : All the land between the Blackwater and York rivers , and up to the navigable point of each of the major rivers - which were connected by a straight line running directly from modern Franklin on the Blackwater , northwesterly to the Appomattoc village beside Fort Henry , and continuing in the same direction to the Monocan village above the falls of the James , where Fort Charles was built , then turning sharp right , to Fort Royal on the York ( Pamunkey ) river . Necotowance thus ceded the English vast tracts of still - uncolonized land , much of it between the James and Blackwater . English settlements on the peninsula north of the York and below the Poropotank were also allowed , as they had already been there since 1640 . English Civil War and Commonwealth ( 1642 - 1660 ) ( edit ) See also : Virginia Cavaliers ( historical ) Although the newer , Puritan colonies , most notably Massachusetts , were dominated by Parliamentarians , the older colonies sided with the Crown . The Virginia Company 's two settlements , Virginia and Bermuda ( Bermuda 's Independent Puritans were expelled as the Eleutheran Adventurers , settling the Bahamas under William Sayle ) , Antigua and Barbados were conspicuous in their loyalty to the Crown , and were singled out by the Rump Parliament in An Act for prohibiting Trade with the Barbadoes , Virginia , Bermuda and Antego in October , 1650 . This dictated that due punishment ( be ) inflicted upon the said Delinquents , do Declare all and every the said persons in Barbada 's , Antego , Bermuda 's and Virginia , that have contrived , abetted , aided or assisted those horrid Rebellions , or have since willingly joyned with them , to be notorious Robbers and Traitors , and such as by the Law of Nations are not to be permitted any maner of Commerce or Traffique with any people whatsoever ; and do forbid to all maner of persons , Foreiners , and others , all maner of Commerce , Traffique and Correspondency whatsoever , to be used or held with the said Rebels in the Barbada 's , Bermuda 's , Virginia and Antego , or either of them . The Act also authorised Parliamentary privateers to act against English vessels trading with the rebellious colonies : `` All Ships that Trade with the Rebels may be surprized . Goods and tackle of such ships not to be embezeled , till judgement in the Admiralty ; Two or three of the Officers of every ship to be examined upon oath . '' Virginia 's population swelled with Cavaliers during and after the English Civil War . Despite the resistance of the Virginia Cavaliers , Virginian Puritan Richard Bennett was made Governor answering to Cromwell in 1652 , followed by two more nominal `` Commonwealth Governors '' . Nonetheless , the colony was rewarded for its loyalty to the Crown by Charles the II following the Restoration when he dubbed it the Old Dominion . Crown colony Restoration ( 1660 - 1775 ) ( edit ) With the Restoration in 1660 the Governorship returned to its previous holder , Sir William Berkeley . In 1676 , Bacon 's Rebellion challenged the political order of the colony . While a military failure , its handling did result in Governor Berkeley being recalled to England . In 1679 , the Treaty of Middle Plantation was signed . Williamsburg era ( edit ) Further information : James Blair ( Virginia ) ; Alexander Spotswood ; Sir William Gooch , 1st Baronet ; Robert Dinwiddie ; and Francis Fauquier The largest and richest and most influential of the American colonies was Virginia , where conservatives were in full control of the colonial and local governments . At the local level , Church of England parishes handled many local affairs , and they in turn were controlled not by the minister , but rather by a closed circle of rich landowners who comprised the parish vestry . Ronald L. Heinemann emphasizes the ideological conservatism of Virginia , while noting there were also religious dissenters who were gaining strength by the 1760s : The tobacco planters and farmers of Virginia adhered to the concept of a hierarchical society that they or their ancestors had brought with them from England . Most held to the general idea of a Great Chain of Being : at the top were God and his heavenly host ; next came kings ... who were divinely sanctioned to rule , then a hereditary aristocracy who were followed in descending order by wealthy landed gentry , small , independent farmers , tenant farmers , servants ... Aspirations to rise above one 's station in life were considered a sin . In actual practice , colonial Virginia never had a bishop to represent God nor a hereditary aristocracy with titles like ' duke ' or ' baron ' . However it did have a royal governor appointed by the king , as well as a powerful landed gentry . The status quo was strongly reinforced by what Jefferson called `` feudal and unnatural distinctions '' that were vital to the maintenance of aristocracy in Virginia . He targeted laws such as entail and primogeniture by which the oldest son inherited all the land . As a result increasingly large plantations , worked by white tenant farmers and by black slaves , gained in size and wealth and political power in the eastern ( `` Tidewater '' ) tobacco areas . Maryland and South Carolina had similar hierarchical systems , as did New York and Pennsylvania . During the Revolutionary era , all such laws were repealed by the new states . The most fervent Loyalists left for Canada or Britain or other parts of the Empire . They introduced primogeniture in Upper Canada ( Ontario ) in 1792 , and it lasted until 1851 . Such laws lasted in England until 1926 . American Revolution ( edit ) Main article : Virginia in the American Revolution Relations with the Indians ( edit ) Lines show legal treaty frontiers between Virginia Colony and Indian Nations in various years , as well as today 's state boundaries . Red : Treaty of 1646 . Green : Treaty of Albany ( 1684 ) . Blue : Treaty of Albany ( 1722 ) . Orange : Proclamation of 1763 . Black : Treaty of Camp Charlotte ( 1774 ) . Area west of this line in present - day Southwest Virginia was ceded by the Cherokee in 1775 . As the English expanded out from Jamestown , encroachment of the new arrivals and their ever - growing numbers on what had been Indian lands resulted in several conflicts with the Virginia Indians . For much of the 17th century , English contact and conflict was mostly with the Algonquian peoples that populated the coastal regions , primarily the Powhatan Confederacy . Following a series of wars and the decline of the Powhatan as a political entity , the colonists expanded westward in the late 17th and 18th centuries , encountering the Shawnee , Iroquoian - speaking peoples such as the Nottoway , Meherrin , Iroquois and Cherokee , as well as Siouan - speaking peoples such as the Tutelo , Saponi , and Occaneechi . Iroquois Confederacy ( edit ) See also : Iroquois Confederacy Map of Iroquois expansion during Beaver Wars 1638 - 1711 . A c. 1724 English copy of a deerskin Catawba map of the tribes between Charleston ( left ) and Virginia ( right ) following the displacements of a century of disease and enslavement and the Beaver and Yamasee Wars . As the English settlements expanded beyond the Tidewater territory traditionally occupied by the Powhatan , they encountered new groups with which there had been minimal relations with the Colony . In the late 17th century , the Iroquois Confederacy expanded into the Western region of Virginia as part of the Beaver Wars . They arrived shortly before the English settlers , and displaced the resident Siouan tribes . Lt. Gov. Alexander Spotswood made further advances in policy with the Virginia Indians along the frontier . In 1714 , he established Fort Christanna to help educate and trade with several tribes with which the colony had friendly relations , as well as to help protect them from hostile tribes . In 1722 , he negotiated the Treaty of Albany . Lord Dunmore 's War ( edit ) Main article : Lord Dunmore 's War Geography ( edit ) See also : Environment of Virginia The cultural geography of colonial Virginia gradually evolved , with a variety of settlement and jurisdiction models experimented with . By the late 17th century and into the 18th century , the primary settlement pattern was based on plantations ( to grow tobacco ) , farms , and some towns ( mostly ports or courthouse villages ) . Early settlements ( edit ) The fort at Jamestown , founded in 1607 , remained the primary settlement of the colonists for several years . A few strategic outposts were constructed , including Fort Algernon ( 1609 ) at the entrance to the James River . Early attempts to occupy strategic locations already inhabited by natives at what is now Richmond and Suffolk failed owing to native resistance . A short distance farther up the James , in 1611 , Thomas Dale began the construction of a progressive development at Henricus on and about what was later known as Farrars Island . Henricus was envisioned as possible replacement capital for Jamestown , and was to have the first college in Virginia . ( The ill - fated Henricus was destroyed during the Indian Massacre of 1622 ) . In addition to creating the new settlement at Henricus , Dale also established the port town of Bermuda Hundred , as well as `` Bermuda Cittie '' ( sic ) in 1613 , now part of Hopewell , Virginia . He began the excavation work at Dutch Gap , using methods he had learned while serving in Holland . `` Hundreds '' ( edit ) Bermuda Hundred and other early English settlements upriver of Jamestown Once tobacco had been established as an export cash crop , investors became more interested and groups of them united to create largely self - sufficient `` hundreds . '' The term `` hundred '' is a traditional English name for an administrative division of a shire ( or county ) to define an area which would support one hundred heads of household . In the colonial era in Virginia , the `` hundreds '' were large developments of many acres , necessary to support land hungry tobacco crops . The `` hundreds '' were required to be at least several miles from any existing community . Soon , these patented tracts of land sprung up along the rivers . The investors sent shiploads of settlers and supplies to Virginia to establish the new developments . The administrative centers of Virginia 's hundreds were essentially small towns or villages , and were often palisaded for defense . An example was Martin 's Hundred , located downstream from Jamestown on the north bank of the James River . It was sponsored by the Martin 's Hundred Society , a group of investors in London . It was settled in 1618 , and Wolstenholme Towne was its administrative center , named for Sir John Wolstenholme , one of the investors . Bermuda Hundred ( now in Chesterfield County ) and Flowerdew Hundred ( now in Prince George County ) are other names which have survived over centuries . Others included Berkeley Hundred , Bermuda Nether Hundred , Bermuda Upper Hundred , Smith 's Hundred , Digges Hundred , West Hundred and Shirley Hundred ( and , in Bermuda , Harrington Hundreds ) . Including the creation of the `` hundreds '' , the various incentives to investors in the Virginia Colony finally paid off by 1617 . By this time , the colonists were exporting 50,000 pounds of tobacco to England a year and were beginning to generate enough profit to ensure the economic survival of the colony . Citties , shires , and counties ( edit ) Main articles : Shires of Virginia and Counties of Virginia In 1619 , the plantations and developments were divided into four `` incorporations '' or `` citties '' ( sic ) , as they were called . These were Charles Cittie , Elizabeth Cittie , Henrico Cittie , and James Cittie , which included the relatively small seat of government for the colony at Jamestown Island . Each of the four `` citties '' ( sic ) extended across the James River , the main conduit of transportation of the era . Elizabeth Cittie , know initially as Kecoughtan ( a Native word with many variations in spelling by the English ) , also included the areas now known as South Hampton Roads and the Eastern Shore . In 1634 , a new system of local government was created in the Virginia Colony by order of the King of England . Eight shires were designated , each with its own local officers . Within a few years , the shires were renamed counties , a system which has remained to the present day . Later settlements ( edit ) In 1630 , under the governorship of John Harvey , the first settlement on the York River was founded . In 1632 , the Virginia legislature voted to build a fort to link Jamestown and the York River settlement of Chiskiack and protect the colony from Indian attacks . In 1634 , a palisade was built near Middle Plantation . This wall stretched across the peninsula between the York and James rivers and protected the settlements on the eastern side of the lower Peninsula from Indians . The wall also served to contain cattle . In 1699 , a new capital was established and built at Middle Plantation , soon renamed Williamsburg . Northern Neck proprietary ( edit ) Main article : Northern Neck Proprietary In the period following the English Civil War , the exiled King Charles II of England hoped to shore up the loyalty of several of his supporters by granting them a significant area of mostly uncharted land to control as a Proprietary in Virginia ( a claim that would only be valid were the king to return to power ) . While under the jurisdiction of the Virginia Colony , the proprietary maintained complete control of the granting of land within that territory ( and revenues obtained from it ) until after the American Revolution . The grant was for the land between the Rappahannock and Potomac Rivers , which included the titular Northern Neck , but as time went on also would include all of what is today Northern Virginia and into West Virginia . Due to ambiguities of the text of the various grants causing disputes between the proprietary and the colonial government , the tract was finally demarcated via the Fairfax Line in 1746 . Government and law ( edit ) Main articles : Virginia Governor 's Council and House of Burgesses See also : List of colonial governors of Virginia Hanover County Courthouse ( c. 1735 -- 1742 ) , with its arcaded front , is typical of a numerous colonial courthouse built in Virginia . In the initial years under the Virginia Company , the colony was governed by a council , headed by a council President . From 1611 to 1618 , under the orders of Sir Thomas Dale , the settlers of the colony were under a regime of martial law that became known as Dale 's Code . Under a charter from the company in 1618 , a new model of governance was put in place in 1619 , which created a new House of Burgesses . On July 30 , 1619 , burgesses met at Jamestown Church as the first elected representative legislative assembly in the New World . The legal system in the colony was thereafter based around the English common law . For much of the history of the Royal Colony , the formal appointed governor was absentee , often remaining in England . In his stead , a series of acting or Lieutenant Governors who were physically present held actual authority . In the later years of its history , as it became increasingly civilized , more governors made the journey . The first settlement in the colony , Jamestown , served as the capital and main port of entry from its founding until 1699 . During this time , a series of statehouses ( capitols ) were used and subsequently consumed by fires ( both accidental , and in the case of Bacon 's Rebellion , intentional ) . Following such a fire , in 1699 the capital was relocated inland , away from the swampy clime of Jamestown to Middle Plantation , soon to be renamed Williamsburg . The capital of Virginia remained in Williamsburg , until it was moved further inland to Richmond in 1779 during the American Revolution . Economy ( edit ) See also : Plantation economy and Tobacco in the American Colonies The entrepreneurs of the Virginia Company experimented with a number of means of making the colony profitable . The orders sent with the first colonists instructed that they search for precious metals ( specifically gold ) . While no gold was found , various products were sent back , including pitch and clapboard . In 1608 , early attempts were made at breaking the Continental hold on glassmaking through the creation of a glassworks . In 1619 , the colonist built the first ironworks in North America . In 1612 , settler John Rolfe planted tobacco obtained from Bermuda ( during his stay there as part of the Third Supply ) . Within a few years , the crop proved extremely lucrative in the European market . As the English increasingly used tobacco products , tobacco in the American colonies became significant economic force , especially in the tidewater region surrounding the Chesapeake Bay . Vast plantations were built along the rivers of Virginia , and social / economic systems developed to grow and distribute this cash crop . Some elements of this system included the importation and employment of slaves to grow crops . Planters would then fill large hogsheads with tobacco and convey them to inspection warehouses . In 1730 , the Virginia House of Burgesses standardized and improved quality of tobacco exported by establishing the Tobacco Inspection Act of 1730 , which required inspectors to grade tobacco at 40 specified locations . Culture ( edit ) Ethnic origins ( edit ) England supplied the great majority of colonists . In 1608 , the first Poles and Slovaks arrived as part of a group of skilled craftsmen . In 1619 , the first Africans arrived , though the concept of racially based slavery did not evolve for several decades . In the mid-17th century , French Huguenots arrived in the colony . In the early 18th century , German specialists arrived to establish the Germanna settlement . Scots and Scots - Irish settled on the Virginia frontier . Some Welsh arrived including the ancestors of Thomas Jefferson . Servitude and slavery ( edit ) Main article : History of slavery in Virginia With the boom in tobacco planting , there was a severe shortage of laborers to work the labor - intensive crop . One method to solve the shortage was through the usage of indentured servants . By the 1640s , legal documents started to define the changing nature of indentured servants and their status as servants . In 1640 , John Punch was sentenced to lifetime servitude as punishment for trying to escape from his master Hugh Gwyn . This is the earliest legal sanctioning of slavery in Virginia . After this trial , the relationship between indentured servants and their masters changed , as planters saw permanent servitude a more appealing and profitable prospect than seven - year indentures . As many indentured workers were illiterate , especially Africans , there were opportunities for abuse by planters and other indenture holders . Some ignored the expiration of servants ' indentured contracts and tried to keep them as lifelong workers . One example is with Anthony Johnson , who argued with Robert Parker , another planter , over the status of John Casor , formerly an indentured servant of his . Johnson argued that his indenture was for life and Parker had interfered with his rights . The court ruled in favor of Johnson and ordered that Casor be returned to him , where he served the rest of his life as a slave . Such documented cases marked the transformation of Negroes from indentured servants into slaves . In the late 17th century , the Royal African Company , which was established by the King of England to supply the great demand for labor to the colonies , had a monopoly on the provision of African slaves to the colony . As plantation agriculture was established earlier in Barbados , in the early years , slaves were shipped from Barbados ( where they were seasoned ) to the colonies of Virginia and Carolina . Religion ( edit ) Main article : Religion in early Virginia In 1619 , the Anglican Church was formally established as the official religion in the colony , and would remain so until shortly after the American Revolution . Establishment meant that local tax funds paid the parish costs , and that the parish had local civic functions such as poor relief . The upper class planters controlled the vestry , which ran the parish and chose the minister . The church in Virginia was controlled by the Bishop of London , who sent priests and missionaries , but there were never enough , and they reported very low standards of personal morality . By the 1760s , dissenting Protestants , especially Baptists and Methodists , were growing rapidly and started challenging the Anglicans for moral leadership . Education and literacy ( edit ) Rear view of the Wren Building at the College of William and Mary , begun in 1695 The first printing press used in Virginia began operation in Jamestown on June 8 , 1680 , though within a few years it was shut down by the Governor and Crown of England for want of a license . It was not until 1736 that the first newspaper , the Virginia Gazette , began circulation under printer William Parks of Williamsburg . The Syms - Eaton Academy , started in 1634 , became the first free public school in America . Private tutors were often favored among those families who could afford them . For most of the 17th century , a university education for settlers of Virginia required a journey to England or Scotland . Such journeys were undertaken by wealthy young men . In the early years , many settlers received their education prior to immigrating to the colony . In 1693 , the College of William and Mary was founded at Middle Plantation ( soon renamed Williamsburg ) . The college included a common school for Virginia Indians , supplemented by local pupils , which lasted until a 1779 overhaul of the institution 's curriculum . The college , located in the capital and heart of the Tidewater region , dominated the colony 's intellectual climate until after independence . After 1747 , some Virginians began to attend institutions at Princeton and Philadelphia . Generations began to move west into the Piedmont and Blue Ridge areas . It is in this region of Virginia that two future Presbyterian colleges trace their origins to lower level institutions founded in this time period . First , what would become Hampden -- Sydney College was founded in 1775 , immediately prior to the American Revolution . Likewise , Augusta Academy was a classical school that would evolve into Washington and Lee University ( though would not grant its first bachelor 's degree until 1785 ) . See also ( edit ) United States portal North America portal Virginia portal British Empire portal English colonial empire Former counties , cities , and towns of Virginia History of Virginia History of Virginia on stamps Jamestown Exposition List of colonial governors of Virginia Southern Colonies Anne Orthwood 's bastard trial , showing the development of law in the Colony of Virginia References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Library of Virginia FAQ About Virginia '' . Jump up ^ GILBERT ( Saunders Family ) , SIR HUMPHREY '' ( history ) , Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online , University of Toronto , May 2 , 2005 ^ Jump up to : `` Instructions for the Virginia Colony 1606 '' . American history from revolution to reconstruction . Retrieved 22 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Tarter , Brent. `` Old Dominion '' . Encyclopedia Virginia . Virginia Foundation for the Humanities . Retrieved 29 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Questions about Virginia '' . The Library of Virginia . Retrieved 20 June 2017 . `` Virginia was named for Queen Elizabeth I of England , who was known as the Virgin Queen . Historians think the English adventurer Sir Walter Raleigh suggested the name about 1584 . Jump up ^ Stewart , George ( 1945 ) . Names on the Land : A Historical Account of Place - Naming in the United States . New York : Random House . p. 22 . Jump up ^ Sams , Conway ( 1916 ) . The Conquest of Virginia : the Forest Primeval ; An Account Based on Original Documents . New York and London : G.P. Putnam 's Sons . pp. 282 -- 83 . Jump up ^ `` Algonkian Ethnohistory of the Carolina Sound , Part 1 '' . Homepages.rootsweb.ancestry.com. 1944 - 06 - 15 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 10 . Jump up ^ Vaughan , Alden T. ( 1 January 2004 ) . `` Early American Indian Documents : Virginia treaties , 1607 - 1722 '' . University Publications of America -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Mathews , Mitford McLeod ( 1 January 1951 ) . `` A Dictionary of Americanisms on Historical Principles '' . University of Chicago Press -- via Google Books . ^ Jump up to : `` America 's Lost Colony : Can New Dig Solve Mystery ? '' . National Geographic . Retrieved 22 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The American Story , Penguin , Combined Volume '' . Google books . Penguin . Retrieved 22 June 2017 . An area of overlapping territory was created within which the two companies were not permitted to establish colonies within one hundred miles of each other . Jump up ^ `` The Virginia Company '' . Retrieved 22 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Prelude to Jamestown '' . Nps.gov. 1989 - 08 - 18 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Maine 's Lost Colony '' . Smithsonian . Retrieved 22 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Hobson Woodward . A Brave Vessel : The True Tale of the Castaways Who Rescued Jamestown and Inspired Shakespeare 's The Tempest . Viking ( 2009 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 670 - 02096 - 6 Jump up ^ `` The Third Virginia Charter 1612 '' . Retrieved 23 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Brown , David. Skeleton of teenage girl confirms cannibalism at Jamestown colony , Washington Post , 1 May 2013 . Retrieved on 1 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Bernard W. Sheehan , Savagism and civility : Indians and Englishmen in Colonial Virginia ( 1990 ) p 226 Jump up ^ `` The Story of Jamestown '' . NPS Historical Handbook . National Park Service . Retrieved 18 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Rountree , Helen C. Pocahontas , Powhatan , Opechancanough : Three Indian Lives Changed by Jamestown . University of Virginia Press : Charlottesville , 2005 Jump up ^ A Study of Virginia Indians Jump up ^ Ronald L. Heinemann et al. Old Dominion , New Commonwealth : A History of Virginia , 1607 -- 2007 ( 2007 ) p 67 Jump up ^ Holly Brewer , `` Entailing Aristocracy in Colonial Virginia : ' Ancient Feudal Restraints ' and Revolutionary Reform , '' William and Mary Quarterly ( 1997 ) 54 # 2 307 - 346 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Richard B. Morris , `` Primogeniture and Entailed Estates in America , '' Columbia Law Review , 27 ( Jan. 1927 ) , 24 - 51 . in JSTOR Jump up ^ John McLaren ( 2005 ) . Despotic Dominion : Property Rights in British Settler Societies . p. 178 . ISBN 9780774810739 . Jump up ^ `` Hundred Define Hundred at Dictionary.com '' . Dictionary.reference.com . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : `` The First Legislative Assembly '' . Colonial National Historical Park ( NPS ) . Retrieved 7 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Holshouser , Joshua D. ; Brylinsk - Padnbey , Lucyna ; Kielbasa , Katarzyna ( July 2007 ) . `` Jamestown : The Birth of American Polonia 1608 -- 2008 ( The Role and Accomplishments of Polish Pioneers in the Jamestown Colony ) '' . Polish American Congress . Retrieved October 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Henderson , George ; Olasij , Thompson Dele ( January 10 , 1995 ) . Migrants , Immigrants , and Slaves : Racial and Ethnic Groups in America . University Press of America . p. 116 . ISBN 978 - 0819197382 . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Robertson , Patrick ( November 8 , 2011 ) . Robertson 's Book of Firsts : Who Did What for the First Time . Bloomsbury Publishing USA . ISBN 978 - 1596915794 . Retrieved October 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Uminski , Sigmund H. ( 1974 ) . The Polish pioneers in Virginia . Polish Publication Society of America . p. 8 . ASIN B0006CA8QI . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Christopher E. Hendricks ( 2006 ) . The Backcountry Towns of Colonial Virginia . p. 10 . ISBN 9781572335431 . Jump up ^ Walter Wayland , John ( 1902 ) . `` The Germans of the Valley '' . Virginia Magazine of History and Biography. 9 ( 4 ) : 337 -- 352 . JSTOR 4242456 . Jump up ^ Lyman Chalkey ( 1912 ) . Chronicles of the Scotch - Irish Settlement in Virginia : Extracted from the Original Court Records of Augusta County , 1745 -- 1800 . p. 3 . Jump up ^ Alan Pell Crawford ( 2008 ) . Twilight at Monticello : The Final Years of Thomas Jefferson . p. 8 . ISBN 9781400060795 . Jump up ^ Donoghue , John ( 2010 ) . `` Out of the Land of Bondage '' : The English Revolution and the Atlantic Origins of Abolition '' ( PDF ) . The American Historical Review . Jump up ^ Foner , Philip S. ( 1980 ) . `` History of Black Americans : From Africa to the Emergence of the Cotton Kingdom '' . Oxford University Press : 3 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` The Royal African Company -- Supplying Slaves to Jamestown '' . Colonial National Historical Park ( National Park Service ) . Retrieved 7 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Edward L. Bond and Joan R. Gundersen . The Episcopal Church in Virginia , 1607 -- 2007 ( 2007 ) Jump up ^ Richard R. Beeman , `` Social Change and Cultural Conflict in Virginia : Lunenberg County , 1746 to 1774 . '' William and Mary Quarterly ( 1978 ) : 455 -- 476 . in JSTOR Jump up ^ Rhys Isaac , The transformation of Virginia , 1740 -- 1790 ( 1982 ) Jump up ^ James B. Bell , Empire , Religion and Revolution in Early Virginia , 1607 -- 1786 ( 2013 ) . ^ Jump up to : ( none given ) ( July 1 , 1898 ) . `` Old Virginia Editors '' . William and Mary Quarterly . 1 . VII ( 1 ) : 9 -- 12 . doi : 10.2307 / 1919905 . JSTOR 1919905 . Retrieved 7 March 2014 . ^ Jump up to : ( none given ) ( January 1 , 1898 ) . `` Education in Colonial Virginia : Part IV , The Higher Education '' . William and Mary Quarterly . 1 . VII ( 1 ) : 171 -- 172 ; 174 -- 187 . Retrieved 7 March 2014 . Jump up ^ ( none given ) ( July 1 , 1898 ) . `` Education in Colonial Virginia : Part V : Influence of William and Mary College '' . William and Mary Quarterly . 1 . VII ( 1 ) : 1 . doi : 10.2307 / 1919904 . JSTOR 1919904 . Retrieved 7 March 2014 . Further reading ( edit ) Main article : History of Virginia § Colonial Heinemann , Ronald L. , John G. Kolp , Anthony S. Parent Jr. , and William G. Shade , Old Dominion , New Commonwealth : A History of Virginia , 1607 -- 2007 ( 2007 ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8139 - 2609 - 4 . Rubin , Louis D. Virginia : A Bicentennial History . States and the Nation Series . ( 1977 ) , popular Wallenstein , Peter . Cradle of America : Four Centuries of Virginia History ( 2007 ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7006 - 1507 - 0 . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who chose the governor of the royal colony of virginia | [
"In actual practice, colonial Virginia never had a bishop to represent God nor a hereditary aristocracy with titles like 'duke' or 'baron'. However it did have a royal governor appointed by the king, as well as a powerful landed gentry. The status quo was strongly reinforced by what Jefferson called \"feudal and unnatural distinctions\" that were vital to the maintenance of aristocracy in Virginia. He targeted laws such as entail and primogeniture by which the oldest son inherited all the land. As a result increasingly large plantations, worked by white tenant farmers and by black slaves, gained in size and wealth and political power in the eastern (\"Tidewater\") tobacco areas. Maryland and South Carolina had similar hierarchical systems, as did New York and Pennsylvania.[24] During the Revolutionary era, all such laws were repealed by the new states.[25] The most fervent Loyalists left for Canada or Britain or other parts of the Empire. They introduced primogeniture in Upper Canada (Ontario) in 1792, and it lasted until 1851. Such laws lasted in England until 1926.[26]"
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"the king"
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3566841459086577803 | The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies | The Hobbit : the Battle of the Five Armies - wikipedia The Hobbit : the Battle of the Five Armies For the eponymous battle , see Middle - earth wars and battles § Battle of Five Armies . The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies Theatrical release poster Directed by Peter Jackson Produced by Carolynne Cunningham Zane Weiner Fran Walsh Peter Jackson Screenplay by Fran Walsh Philippa Boyens Peter Jackson Guillermo del Toro Based on The Hobbit by J.R.R. Tolkien Starring Martin Freeman Ian McKellen Richard Armitage Evangeline Lilly Lee Pace Luke Evans Benedict Cumberbatch Ken Stott James Nesbitt Cate Blanchett Ian Holm Christopher Lee Hugo Weaving Orlando Bloom Music by Howard Shore Cinematography Andrew Lesnie Edited by Jabez Olssen Production companies New Line Cinema Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer WingNut Films Distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures Release date 1 December 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 01 ) ( London premiere ) 11 December 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 11 ) ( New Zealand ) 17 December 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 17 ) ( United States ) Running time 144 minutes Country New Zealand United States Language English Budget $250 million ( gross ) $209 million ( net ) Box office $956 million The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies is a 2014 epic high fantasy action film directed by Peter Jackson and written by Jackson , Fran Walsh , Philippa Boyens , and Guillermo del Toro . It is the third and final installment in Peter Jackson 's three - part film adaptation based on the novel The Hobbit by J.R.R. Tolkien , following An Unexpected Journey ( 2012 ) and The Desolation of Smaug ( 2013 ) , and together they act as a prequel to Jackson 's The Lord of the Rings film trilogy . It was produced by New Line Cinema , Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer and WingNut Films , and distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures . The Battle of the Five Armies was released on December 11 , 2014 in New Zealand , December 12 , 2014 in the United Kingdom , and on December 17 , 2014 in the United States . It stars Martin Freeman , Ian McKellen , Richard Armitage , Evangeline Lilly , Luke Evans , Lee Pace , Benedict Cumberbatch , Ken Stott , and James Nesbitt . The ensemble cast also features Cate Blanchett , Ian Holm , Christopher Lee , Hugo Weaving , and Orlando Bloom . The film received mixed reviews but was widely praised for the musical score , its cast performances , visual effects , direction and the action sequences and grossed over $956 million worldwide , making it the second highest - grossing film of 2014 ( behind Transformers : Age of Extinction ) and the 44th - highest - grossing film of all time . At the 87th Academy Awards , the film received a nomination for Best Sound Editing . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Score 4 Distribution 4.1 Marketing 4.2 Video games 4.3 Theatrical release 4.4 Home media 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.1. 1 North America 5.1. 2 Outside North America 5.2 Critical response 5.3 Accolades 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) Bilbo and the Dwarves watch from the Lonely Mountain as the dragon Smaug sets Laketown ablaze. Bard breaks out of prison , and eventually kills Smaug with the black arrow brought to him by his son Bain . Smaug 's falling body crushes the fleeing Master of Laketown and his cronies , who were escaping on a boat laden with the town 's gold . Bard reluctantly becomes the new leader of the people of Laketown as they seek refuge in the ruins of Dale , while Legolas travels to investigate Mount Gundabad with Tauriel . Thorin , now struck with `` dragon sickness '' over the vast treasure in the mountain , searches obsessively for the Arkenstone , which Bilbo had previously found but kept hidden . Thorin , hearing that Laketown survivors have fled to Dale , orders the entrance of the Lonely Mountain sealed off . Meanwhile , Galadriel , Elrond , and Saruman arrive at Dol Guldur and free Gandalf , sending him to safety with Radagast . They battle and defeat the Nazgûl and a formless Sauron himself , banishing them to the East . Azog , marching on Erebor with his vast Orc army , sends his son Bolg to Gundabad to summon their second army . Legolas and Tauriel witness the march of Bolg 's army , bolstered by Orc berserkers and giant bats . Thranduil and an Elf army arrive in Dale and form an alliance with Bard in order to reclaim a treasure once withheld from them by Thrór. Bard goes to the mountain and asks Thorin for the share of gold that he had previously promised the people of Laketown , but Thorin refuses . Gandalf arrives at Dale to warn Bard and Thranduil of the threat posed by Azog , but Thranduil dismisses him . Bilbo sneaks out of Erebor to hand the Arkenstone over to Thranduil and Bard so that they can trade it for the treasures they were promised and prevent a battle . When Bard 's and Thranduil 's armies gather at the gates of Erebor , offering to trade the Arkenstone for the promised treasures , Thorin angrily refuses to believe they have the Arkenstone until Bilbo admits giving it away and chides Thorin for letting greed cloud his judgement . Outraged by what he sees as betrayal , Thorin nearly kills Bilbo , but Gandalf appears and shames Thorin into releasing Bilbo . Thorin 's cousin Dáin arrives with his Dwarf army , and a battle of Dwarves against Elves and Men begins , until Wereworms emerge from the ground , releasing Azog 's army from their tunnels . With the Orcs outnumbering Dáin 's army , Thranduil and Bard 's forces , along with Gandalf and Bilbo , join the battle . However , a second front is opened when many Orcs , Ogres , and Trolls attack Dale , forcing Bard to withdraw his forces to defend the city . Inside Erebor , Thorin suffers traumatic hallucinations before regaining his sanity and leading his company to join the battle . He rides towards Ravenhill with Dwalin , Fíli , and Kíli to kill Azog ; Bilbo follows them , using his magic ring to move through the combat unseen . Meanwhile , Tauriel and Legolas arrive to warn the Dwarves of Bolg 's approaching army . Fíli is captured , and Azog kills him as Bilbo and the other Dwarves are forced to watch . As Thorin engages Azog in a fight to the death , Bolg knocks Bilbo unconscious , overpowers Tauriel and then kills Kíli , who had come to her aid . Legolas battles Bolg and eventually kills him . Thorin kills Azog , but is fatally wounded in the process . The Great Eagles arrive with Radagast and Beorn to fight the newly arriving Orc army , and the Orcs are finally defeated . Bilbo regains consciousness and makes peace with the dying Thorin . Tauriel mourns Kili , and Thranduil acknowledges their love . Legolas then tells Thranduil he must leave , and Thranduil advises him to seek out a Dunedain ranger in the north who goes by the name `` Strider '' . Bilbo bids farewell to the remaining members of Thorin 's company and journeys home to the Shire with Gandalf . As the two part ways on the outskirts of the Shire , Gandalf admits his knowledge of Bilbo 's ring and warns him that magic rings are not to be used lightly . Bilbo returns to Bag End to find his belongings being auctioned off because he was presumed dead . He cancels the sale , but finds his home pillaged ; he starts to tidy up and to settle back in . Sixty years later , Bilbo receives a visit from Gandalf on his 111th birthday . Cast ( edit ) The Battle of the Five Armies panel at 2014 SDCC Further information : Cast of The Hobbit film series and Casting of The Hobbit film series Martin Freeman as Bilbo Baggins Ian Holm as Old Bilbo Baggins Ian McKellen as Gandalf the Grey Richard Armitage as Thorin Oakenshield Luke Evans as Bard the Bowman Orlando Bloom as Legolas Greenleaf Evangeline Lilly as Tauriel Lee Pace as Thranduil Graham McTavish as Dwalin Ken Stott as Balin Aidan Turner as Kíli Dean O'Gorman as Fíli Benedict Cumberbatch as Smaug Cumberbatch also voices Sauron Manu Bennett as Azog Mark Hadlow as Dori Jed Brophy as Nori Adam Brown as Ori John Callen as Óin Peter Hambleton as Glóin William Kircher as Bifur James Nesbitt as Bofur Stephen Hunter as Bombur Cate Blanchett as Galadriel Hugo Weaving as Elrond Christopher Lee as Saruman Sylvester McCoy as Radagast John Tui as Bolg Billy Connolly as Dáin Mikael Persbrandt as Beorn Stephen Fry as The Master of Laketown Ryan Gage as Alfrid Lickspittle Mark Mitchinson as Braga John Bell as Bain Peggy and Mary Nesbitt as Tilda and Sigrid Simon London as Feren Additionally , Peter Jackson 's and Andy Serkis 's daughters made cameo appearances as girls rowing away during Smaug 's attack ; movement coach Terry Notary and stand - in Jamie Haugh appear as Laketown refugees after the destruction ; Conan Stevens , who was to play Bolg , appears as the Keeper of the Dungeons , an Orc captain holding Gandalf hostage and the sons of key second - assistant director Guy Campbell , casting director Miranda Rivers , and Weta Workshop founder Richard Taylor appear as Hobbit children during the auction scene . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Further information : The Hobbit ( film series ) § Development The Hobbit was originally envisioned as a two - part film , but Jackson confirmed plans for a third film on 30 July 2012 , turning his adaptation of The Hobbit into a trilogy . According to Jackson , the third film would contain the Battle of the Five Armies and make extensive use of the appendices that Tolkien wrote to expand the story of Middle - earth ( published in the back of The Return of the King ) . Jackson also stated that while the third film will largely make use of footage originally shot for the first and second films , it would require additional filming as well . The third film was titled There and Back Again in August 2012 . In April 2014 , Jackson changed the title of the film to The Battle of the Five Armies as he thought the new title better suited the situation of the film . He stated on his Facebook page , `` There and Back Again felt like the right name for the second of a two film telling of the quest to reclaim Erebor , when Bilbo 's arrival there , and departure , were both contained within the second film . But with three movies , it suddenly felt misplaced -- after all , Bilbo has already arrived ' there ' in the Desolation of Smaug . '' Shaun Gunner , the chairman of The Tolkien Society , supported the decision : `` The Battle of the Five Armies much better captures the focus of the film but also more accurately channels the essence of the story . '' Score ( edit ) Main article : Music of The Hobbit film series § The Battle of the Five Armies As with all the previous films , Howard Shore composed the score . Conrad Pope ( who conducted the orchestra ) and James Sizemore orchestrated the music for the New Zealand Symphony Orchestra and for two Gamelan orchestra , while the London Voices and Tiffin ' Boys choir were recorded in AIR Lyndhurst , London . The score featured a few new themes for Dain , Gundabad ( featuring a `` chorus '' of didgeridoos ) and the Dwarves ' war preparations , but focused more on blending and clashing the themes against one another , eventually bringing the themes to a resolution . Billy Boyd , who played Peregrin Took in The Lord of the Rings , wrote and recorded the song `` The Last Goodbye '' to be played over the end credits of the film . Distribution ( edit ) Marketing ( edit ) A teaser trailer for the film was released on July 28 , 2014 attached to Guardians of the Galaxy , Into the Storm , and If I Stay . The second theatrical trailer was released on November 6 , 2014 attached to Interstellar and The Hunger Games : Mockingjay -- Part 1 . To promote the film 's release , Wellington - based association football club , Wellington Phoenix , wore a special designed jersey to commemorate the opening of The Hobbit : The Battle of Five Armies . The custom , film - themed jersey was worn only once , on December 13 , 2014 . In the film 's Japanese release on December 13 , Warner Bros. collaborated with mobile gaming company A-Lim to bring Bilbo , Gandalf , and Legolas into the game Brave Frontier at the end of December as Vortex Dungeon units . The campaign only ran until February 2015 . Smaug made a guest appearance , animated by WETA and voiced again by Cumberbatch , on the satire show The Colbert Report on December 12 , 2014 to promote the film . Video Games ( edit ) Two video games were developed to coincide with the film 's theatrical release . A tie - in fighting video game The Hobbit : Battle of the Five Armies -- Fight for Middle Earth was released simultaneously with the film for Android and iOS platforms to negative reviews from critics and users . An action - adventure video game Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor was released for Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 4 & Xbox One in October 2014 and for PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 on November 21 , nearly a week prior to The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies world premiere in London , on 1 December . The events of the game take place directly after Sauron fled to Mordor , escaping The White Council , which was shown at the beginning of the film . The game was planned to act as an overlap between The Hobbit film series and The Lord of the Rings film series . Theatrical release ( edit ) Initially the film was set for a July 2014 release ; however , it was later pushed back to December . The world premiere of The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies was held in London at Leicester Square on 1 December 2014 . The film opened in theatres on 11 December 2014 in New Zealand , on December 12 in the United Kingdom and on December 17 in the United States . Warner Bros released the film on December 18 in Greece and December 26 , in Australia . The film was released in China on January 23 , 2015 . An extended edition of the film had a one - night - only re-release on October 13 , 2015 , accompanied by a special greeting from Peter Jackson . Home Media ( edit ) The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies was released on March 6 , 2015 on Digital Release from digital retailers . The DVD and Blu - ray were released on March 24 , 2015 in the United States . It topped the home video sales chart in its opening week . An Extended Edition of the film , with 20 minutes of additional footage and original music was released on Digital HD on 20 October and on DVD , Blu - ray , and Blu - ray 3D on November 17 , 2015 in the United States and on November 23 , 2015 , in the United Kingdom . Unlike the theatrical version 's PG - 13 rating , the Extended Edition has been rated R by the MPAA for `` some violence '' . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) Like its predecessors , The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies became a financial success . It grossed a total of $255.1 million in North America and $700.9 million in other countries for a worldwide total of $956 million . Worldwide , it is the second - highest - grossing film of 2014 ( behind Transformers : Age of Extinction ) , the lowest - grossing film of The Hobbit series , and the 40th - highest - grossing film of all time . According to Deadline Hollywood 's estimation , the film made a profit of $103.4 million . The film failed to earn $1 billion at the box office , despite various pundits projecting it to reach that milestone . The Hollywood Reporter said that The Battle of the Five Armies was unlikely to gross $1 billion worldwide due to `` plunging exchange rates around the globe '' witnessed that year , and that Warner Bros. and MGM ultimately would take in nearly $90 million less than expected due to the rising dollar and plunging foreign currencies . However , despite this failure , Forbes has declared the trilogy `` an unmitigated financial grand - slam for all parties . '' North America ( edit ) In the U.S. and Canada , it is the lowest - grossing of the three films of The Hobbit trilogy , and also the lowest - grossing of the six Middle - earth adaptations , but the sixth - highest - grossing film of 2014 . It opened on Tuesday , December 16 , 2014 across 3,100 theaters and widened to 3,875 the following day . It earned $11.2 million from Tuesday late - night shows , which is the second - highest of 2014 , matching the numbers earned by Guardians of the Galaxy and both behind The Hunger Games : Mockingjay -- Part 1 ( $17 million ) of which $2.5 million of just over 22 % came from IMAX showings . This broke the record for a Middle - earth adaptation previews previously set by The Desolation of Smaug with $8.8 million . It then topped the box office on its opening day ( Wednesday , December 17 , 2014 ) , earning $24.5 million ( including previews ) , which is the third - highest Middle - earth adaptation Wednesday opening behind the Wednesday openings of The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( $34.5 million ) and The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers ( $26.2 million ) . In total , the film earned $57.4 million in its traditional three - day opening and $89.1 million over its five - day course making it the second - biggest five - day opening in The Hobbit franchise , beating the $86.1 million opening of The Desolation of Smaug , but still behind An Unexpected Journey 's $100.2 million five - day opening . However , on a three - day basis , the film underperformed expectations and fell short of its predecessors . The film set a December IMAX opening record with $13.4 million ( previously held by Mission : Impossible -- Ghost Protocol ) . 3D accounted for 49 % of the total gross while IMAX generated 15 % or $13.4 million over five days , and $7.4 million over three days , and premium large - format screens comprised 8 % of the total opening - weekend gross with $7.2 million from 396 theaters . The film passed the $100 million mark on its seventh day ( December 23 , 2014 ) . It became the third film of 2014 to earn $100 million in just under a week following Lionsgate 's The Hunger Games : Mockingjay -- Part 1 ( $168.7 million in its opening week ) and Disney / Marvel 's Guardians of the Galaxy ( $134.4 million in its first week ) . It was in first place at the North American box office for three consecutive weekends despite facing competition from numerous new releases each weekend , but was finally overtaken by Taken 3 in its fourth weekend . Outside North America ( edit ) The film began its international roll - out a week prior to its wide North American release . It opened Wednesday , December 10 , 2014 in 11 European markets , earning $11.3 million and December 11 , 2014 in 17 additional markets , earning $13.7 million , for a two - day total of $26.6 million and topped the charts in each of the territories . Through Sunday , December 14 , 2015 , it had an opening weekend total of $122.2 million from 37 countries in 15,395 screens , topping the box office and outperforming the previous two installments on a local currency and admissions basis . Seventy - one percent of the total gross ( $86.7 million ) came from 3D showings . However , the overseas opening weekend was still lower than the openings of An Unexpected Journey ( $138 million ) and The Desolation of Smaug ( $135.4 million ) -- both on a dollar basis . It set a December IMAX opening record with $6.4 million across 160 IMAX screens , previously held by An Unexpected Journey with $5.03 million . The film opened to an additional 59 countries in its second weekend and earned $109 million from 19,315 screens still holding the top spot and fell gradually by 13 % as a result of facing minor competitions . In its third weekend , the film added a further $89 million abroad , remaining at number one . It was in first place at the box office outside North America for four consecutive weekends and five in total . The film achieved numerous records in international markets during its opening weekend . It set an all - time Warner Bros. opening record in Russia ( $13.8 million ) , Argentina ( $2.1 million ) , Sweden , and Finland . It also set a 2014 opening record in Germany ( $20.5 million ) , France ( $15.1 million ) , and Spain ( $6.3 million ) . It also had the best Middle - earth saga opening in the UK ( $15.2 million ) , and Mexico ( $6.3 million ) . In Brazil , the film scored the second - biggest Warner Bros. opening of all time with $6.8 million ( behind Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ) . In Australia , the film was released on 26 December 2014 and set an opening - day record with $5.6 million , which is the biggest of 2014 , the second - biggest Boxing Day gross , and the fourth - biggest ever in Australia behind Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ( $7.092 million ) , The Avengers ( $6.0 million ) , and The Hobbit : The Desolation of Smaug ( $5.9 million ) . It went on to earn $10.1 million in its opening weekend . The film set an all - time opening record for Warner Bros. in China where it earned $49.8 million in its opening weekend ( a record previously held by Pacific Rim ) . IMAX generated $6.8 million of the total gross , which was once the second - highest IMAX three - day gross behind Transformers : Age of Extinction 's $10 million . Other high openings were recorded in Korea ( $10.4 million ) , Poland ( $5.6 million ) , Italy ( $5.6 million ) , Malaysia ( $3 million ) , and Taiwan ( $2.8 million ) . In total earnings , its largest markets are China ( $121.7 million ) ; UK , Ireland , and Malta ( $61.3 million ) ; and Australia ( $27 million ) . Critical response ( edit ) MTV reported that early reviews for The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies were `` generally positive '' with critics praising the film `` for its energy , shorter running time and satisfying closure '' . According to IBT , reviews for the film were mostly positive , with critics `` praising director Peter Jackson 's effort at transforming J.R.R. Tolkien 's fantasy novel into an epic adventure film trilogy '' . According to CBS News , critics said the film `` will satisfy fans '' but `` otherwise , it may be worth waiting until it 's available to rent '' . Oliver Gettel of the Los Angeles Times said the critical consensus was that the film is `` a flawed but fitting finale to The Hobbit trilogy '' . The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 59 % approval rating based on 243 reviews , with an average rating of 6.3 / 10 . The website 's consensus reads `` Though somewhat overwhelmed by its own spectacle , The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies ends Peter Jackson 's second Middle - earth trilogy on a reasonably satisfying note . '' The film also holds a Metacritic score of 59 out of 100 based on 45 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . In CinemaScore polls conducted during the opening weekend , cinema audiences gave the film an average grade of `` A -- '' on an A+ to F scale , the same score as its predecessor . Scott Foundas of Variety said `` The result is at once the trilogy 's most engrossing episode , its most expeditious ( at a comparatively lean 144 minutes ) and also its darkest -- both visually and in terms of the forces that stir in the hearts of men , dwarves and orcs alike . '' Todd McCarthy of The Hollywood Reporter said `` After six films , 13 years and 1031 minutes of accumulated running time , Peter Jackson has concluded his massively remunerative genuflection at the altar of J.R.R. Tolkien with a film that may be the most purely entertaining of any in the collection . '' Andrew Pulver of The Guardian said `` This film is a fitting cap to an extended series that , if nothing else , has transformed Tolkien 's place in the wider culture . '' Chris Tilly from IGN Movies said `` There 's a little too much padding in the final Hobbit flick , and the best sequence is without doubt the film 's first . But the central battle is indeed spectacular , and as ' The Age of Orc ' approaches , it rounds out this particular story in stirring and emotional fashion . '' Russell Baillie of The New Zealand Herald said The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies is `` something less than the supposed ' defining chapter ' of Jackson 's time in Middle - earth as it 's been billed . But action-wise , it certainly goes out with a very pleasing bang . '' Conversely , Inkoo Kang of TheWrap said `` The 144 - minute running time showcases Jackson 's worst tendencies : eons - long battle scenes , sloppy and abrupt resolutions , portentous romances , off - rhythm comic timing , and , newly in this case , patience - testing fan service . '' Tim Robey of The Daily Telegraph described the film as `` a paragraph on steroids '' that was `` neither very terrible nor remotely unexpected . It 's a series of stomping footnotes in search of a climax . '' The BBC 's Nicholas Barber wrote that with The Hobbit series , Jackson had succeeded in bridging the gap between The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings and that The Battle of the Five Armies was a `` colossal technical achievement '' , but he also criticised that the film as such was not compelling because of `` its repetitive battle scenes and a lack of plot '' . Nicolas Rapold of The New York Times said `` Bilbo may fully learn a sense of friendship and duty , and have quite a story to tell , but somewhere along the way , Mr. Jackson loses much of the magic . '' Accolades ( edit ) Main article : List of accolades received by The Hobbit film series Year Award Category Recipient Result Ref . 2014 Heartland Film Festival Truly Moving Picture Award The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies Won Phoenix Film Critics Society Awards Best Visual Effects Joe Letteri , Matt Aitken , Eric Saindon , Scott Chambers Nominated 2015 Academy Awards Best Sound Editing Brent Burge and Jason Canovas Nominated Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by a Stunt Ensemble in a Motion Picture The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies Nominated Critics ' Choice Movie Awards Best Hair & Makeup The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies Nominated Best Visual Effects The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies Nominated British Academy Film Awards Best Special Visual Effects Joe Letteri , Eric Saindon , David Clayton , R. Christopher White Nominated Denver Film Critics Society Best Original Song Billy Boyd , Philippa Boyens , Fran Walsh Nominated Empire Awards Best Film The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies Nominated Best Director Peter Jackson Nominated Best Actor Richard Armitage Nominated Best Sci - Fi / Fantasy The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies Nominated Saturn Awards Best Fantasy Film The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies Won Best Writing Fran Walsh , Philippa Boyens , Peter Jackson and Guillermo del Toro Nominated Best Supporting Actor Richard Armitage Won Best Supporting Actress Evangeline Lilly Nominated Best Music Howard Shore Nominated Best Make - up Peter King , Rick Findlater and Gino Acevedo Nominated Best Special Effects Joe Letteri , Eric Saindon , David Clayton and R. Christopher White Nominated References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies ( 12A ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . 28 November 2014 . Retrieved 28 November 2014 . 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Also there are many acoustic guitar and other well sung and performed songs like `` Far over the misty Mountains Cold '' and the ending son have been performed . You can watch some videos on Youtube `` . TheOneRing.net. 20 October 2014 . Retrieved 20 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Battle of the five armies trailer released '' . Guardian . 29 July 2014 . Retrieved 3 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Frame by Frame Analysis of The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies Teaser Trailer -- July 28th 2014 '' . The One Ring. 29 July 2014 . Retrieved 3 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Phoenix joins forces with The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies '' . wellingtonphoenix.com . Retrieved 7 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` '' Brave Frontier '' Mixes It Up with `` The Hobbit '' and Adds Bilbo Baggins `` . Crunchyroll . Retrieved 15 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Bilbo Baggins Makes A Cameo In Brave Frontier '' . Siliconera . Retrieved 15 December 2014 . 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Forbes . Retrieved 22 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( 22 December 2014 ) . `` ' Hobbit ' , ' Annie ' , ' Museum ' Lose Loot On Soft Sunday -- B.O. Actuals '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved 23 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( 24 December 2014 ) . `` Christmas Box Office : ' Interview ' Interesting Wrinkle , But Wo n't Make Waves '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved 25 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Dave McNary ( 24 December 2014 ) . `` ' Hobbit ' Finale Crosses $100 Million Mark in U.S. '' Variety . Retrieved 25 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( 28 December 2014 ) . `` ' Hobbit ' Bags $400 M+ Cume ; ' Exodus ' Muscular In New Markets : Intl Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved 29 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro and Brian Brooks ( 4 January 2015 ) . `` ' Hobbit ' Holds No. 1 With $21.9 M , ' Woman in Black 2 ′ Beats Estimates With $15.1 M -- Sunday B.O. 2nd Update '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved 5 January 2015 . 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External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies Official website The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies on IMDb The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies at Rotten Tomatoes Links to related articles The Lord of the Rings and The Hobbit film series The Lord of the Rings Films The Fellowship of the Ring The Two Towers The Return of the King Music The Fellowship of the Ring The Two Towers The Return of the King `` Aníron '' `` Concerning Hobbits '' `` Into the West '' `` May It Be '' `` A Walking Song '' Production Original characters ( Figwit ) Production design Principal photography Special effects Accolades The Exhibition Gollum : How We Made Movie Magic The Long and Short of It The Hobbit Films An Unexpected Journey The Desolation of Smaug The Battle of the Five Armies Production Original characters Tauriel Music `` I See Fire '' Accolades Video games The Two Towers The Return of the King The Third Age The Third Age ( GBA ) Tactics The Battle for Middle - earth The Battle for Middle - earth II The Battle for Middle - earth II : The Rise of the Witch - king Conquest Aragorn 's Quest War in the North Lego The Lord of the Rings Guardians of Middle - earth Lego The Hobbit Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor Middle - earth : Shadow of War Middle - earth in film Middle - earth Enterprises Animated films The Hobbit ( 1977 ) The Lord of the Rings ( 1978 ) The Return of the King ( 1980 ) Live - action films Sagan om ringen ( 1971 ) The Hobbit ( 1985 ) Hobitit ( 1993 ) Peter Jackson series The Lord of the Rings The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2001 ) The Two Towers ( 2002 ) The Return of the King ( 2003 ) The Hobbit An Unexpected Journey ( 2012 ) The Desolation of Smaug ( 2013 ) The Battle of the Five Armies ( 2014 ) Fan films The Hunt for Gollum ( 2009 ) Born of Hope ( 2009 ) Book Category Peter Jackson Films directed Bad Taste ( 1987 ) Meet the Feebles ( 1989 ) Braindead ( 1992 ) Heavenly Creatures ( 1994 ) The Frighteners ( 1996 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2001 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) King Kong ( 2005 ) The Lovely Bones ( 2009 ) The Hobbit : An Unexpected Journey ( 2012 ) The Hobbit : The Desolation of Smaug ( 2013 ) The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies ( 2014 ) Other films The Valley ( 1976 ) Forgotten Silver ( 1995 ) Crossing the Line ( 2008 ) Produced only Valley of the Stereos ( 1992 ) Jack Brown Genius ( 1997 , also writer ) District 9 ( 2009 ) The Adventures of Tintin ( 2011 ) West of Memphis ( 2012 ) Mortal Engines ( 2018 , also writer ) Companies WingNut Films Weta Workshop Weta Digital Park Road Post Related The Lord of the Rings ( film series ) The Hobbit ( film series ) Guillermo del Toro Filmography Unrealized projects Awards and nominations Films Directed Doña Lupe ( short ; 1985 ) Geometria ( short ; 1987 ) Cronos ( 1993 ) Mimic ( 1997 ) The Devil 's Backbone ( 2001 ) Blade II ( 2002 ) Hellboy ( 2004 ) Pan 's Labyrinth ( 2006 ) Hellboy II : The Golden Army ( 2008 ) Pacific Rim ( 2013 ) Crimson Peak ( 2015 ) The Shape of Water ( 2017 ) Written only Do n't Be Afraid of the Dark ( 2010 ) The Hobbit : An Unexpected Journey ( 2012 ) The Hobbit : The Desolation of Smaug ( 2013 ) The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies ( 2014 ) Scary Stories to Tell in the Dark ( TBA ) Produced only Crónicas ( 2004 ) Insignificant Things ( 2008 ) Rudo y Cursi ( 2008 ) Julia 's Eyes ( 2010 ) Do n't Be Afraid of the Dark ( 2010 ) The Book of Life ( 2014 ) Pacific Rim Uprising ( 2018 ) Scary Stories to Tell in the Dark ( TBA ) Novels The Strain ( 2009 ) The Fall ( 2010 ) The Night Eternal ( 2011 ) Trollhunters ( 2015 ) Television `` Treehouse of Horror XXIV '' ( 2013 ; opening sequence ) The Strain ( 2014 -- 17 ) `` Night Zero '' Tales of Arcadia Trollhunters ( 2016 -- 18 ) 3 Below ( 2018 ) Wizards ( 2019 ) 10 After Midnight ( TBA ) Video games Hellboy : The Science of Evil ( 2008 ) P.T. ( 2014 ) Death Stranding ( TBA ) Sundown ( canceled ) Insane ( canceled ) Silent Hills ( canceled ) Related articles Cha Cha Cha Films Mirada Studios The Hobbit ( film series ) J.R.R. Tolkien 's The Hobbit Hobbit ( word ) Legendarium Middle - earth Editions English - language editions Early American editions The Annotated Hobbit Translations Characters Bilbo Gandalf Thorin Oakenshield Balin Dwalin Fíli Kíli Dori Nori Ori Óin Glóin Bifur Bofur Bombur Tom , Bert & Bill Elrond Great Goblin Gollum Lord of the Eagles Beorn Elvenking Master of Lake - town Smaug Bard Dáin Náin Related works The History of The Hobbit Bilbo 's Last Song Adaptations and derivatives Radio The Hobbit ( 1968 ) Film The Hobbit ( 1977 ) The Hobbit ( 1985 ) Hobitit ( 1993 ) Peter Jackson series An Unexpected Journey ( 2012 ) The Desolation of Smaug ( 2013 ) The Battle of the Five Armies ( 2014 ) Original characters Music Video games The Hobbit ( 1982 ) The Hobbit ( 2003 ) Guardians of Middle - earth ( 2012 ) Lego The Hobbit ( 2014 ) Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor ( 2014 ) Toys Middle - earth Lego sets portal category wiktionary commons Saturn Award for Best Fantasy Film The Golden Voyage of Sinbad ( 1973 ) Doc Savage : The Man of Bronze ( 1974 / 75 ) The Holes ( 1976 ) Oh , God ! ( 1977 ) Heaven Can Wait ( 1978 ) The Muppet Movie ( 1979 ) Somewhere in Time ( 1980 ) Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1981 ) The Dark Crystal ( 1982 ) Something Wicked This Way Comes ( 1983 ) Ghostbusters ( 1984 ) Ladyhawke ( 1985 ) The Boy Who Could Fly ( 1986 ) The Princess Bride ( 1987 ) Who Framed Roger Rabbit ( 1988 ) Ghost ( 1989 / 90 ) Edward Scissorhands ( 1991 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) The Nightmare Before Christmas ( 1993 ) Forrest Gump ( 1994 ) Babe ( 1995 ) Dragonheart ( 1996 ) Austin Powers ( 1997 ) The Truman Show ( 1998 ) Being John Malkovich ( 1999 ) Frequency ( 2000 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2001 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) Spider - Man 2 ( 2004 ) Batman Begins ( 2005 ) Superman Returns ( 2006 ) Enchanted ( 2007 ) The Curious Case of Benjamin Button ( 2008 ) Watchmen ( 2009 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 2010 ) Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ( 2011 ) Life of Pi ( 2012 ) Her ( 2013 ) The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies ( 2014 ) Cinderella ( 2015 ) The Jungle Book ( 2016 ) The Shape of Water ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Hobbit:_The_Battle_of_the_Five_Armies&oldid=856630674 '' Categories : 2014 films English - language films The Hobbit ( film series ) 2014 3D films 2010s action films 2010s adventure films 2010s fantasy films 2010s prequel films American films American 3D films American fantasy adventure films American sequel films Demons in film New Zealand films New Zealand fantasy films New Zealand sequel films Fantasy war films Films scored by Howard Shore Films directed by Peter Jackson IMAX films High fantasy films Prequel films Rotoscoped films Motion capture in film Screenplays by Guillermo del Toro Screenplays by Peter Jackson Screenplays by Fran Walsh Screenplays by Philippa Boyens WingNut Films films New Line Cinema films Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer films Warner Bros. films Films shot in New Zealand Films about dragons Sequel films Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from January 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Latviešu Magyar മലയാളം მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Zazaki 中文 39 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 August 2018 , at 15 : 55 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | the hobbit the battle of the five armies running time | [
"The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies\nTheatrical release posterDirected by\nPeter JacksonProduced by\n\nCarolynne Cunningham\nZane Weiner\nFran Walsh\nPeter Jackson\nScreenplay by\n\nFran Walsh\nPhilippa Boyens\nPeter Jackson\nGuillermo del Toro\nBased on\nThe Hobbitby J. R. R. TolkienStarring\n\nMartin Freeman\nIan McKellen\nRichard Armitage\nEvangeline Lilly\nLee Pace\nLuke Evans\nBenedict Cumberbatch\nKen Stott\nJames Nesbitt\nCate Blanchett\nIan Holm\nChristopher Lee\nHugo Weaving\nOrlando Bloom\nMusic by\nHoward ShoreCinematography\nAndrew LesnieEdited by\nJabez OlssenProductioncompanies \n\nNew Line Cinema\nMetro-Goldwyn-Mayer\nWingNut Films\nDistributed by\nWarner Bros. PicturesRelease date\n1 December 2014 (2014-12-01) (London premiere)\n11 December 2014 (2014-12-11) (New Zealand)\n17 December 2014 (2014-12-17) (United States)\n\n\nRunning time\n144 minutes[1]Country\n\nNew Zealand[2]\nUnited States\nLanguage\nEnglishBudget\n\n$250 million (gross)[3]\n$209 million (net)[3]\nBox office\n$956 million[4]"
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"144 minutes"
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6399339826057898767 | Today (UK newspaper) | Today ( UK newspaper ) - wikipedia Today ( UK newspaper ) `` Sunday Today '' redirects here . For weekend edition of NBC Today , see Weekend Today . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Today Type Daily newspaper Format Tabloid Owner ( s ) Eddy Shah , Lonrho , News International Founded 4 March 1986 Ceased publication 17 November 1995 Headquarters Wapping , London Today was a national newspaper in the United Kingdom that was published between 1986 and 1995 . Contents 1 History 2 Controversies 3 Editors of Today 4 Editors of Sunday Today 5 References History ( edit ) Today , with the American newspaper USA Today as an inspiration , launched on Tuesday 4 March 1986 , with the front - page headline , `` Second Spy Inside GCHQ '' . At 18p ( equivalent to 48p in 2016 ) , it was a middle - market tabloid , a rival to the long - established Daily Mail and Daily Express . It pioneered computer photo - typesetting and full - colour offset printing at a time when national newspapers were still using Linotype machines , letterpress and could only reproduce photographs in black and white . The colour was initially crude , produced on equipment which had no facility for colour proofing , so the first view of the colour was on the finished product . However , it forced the conversion of all UK national newspapers to electronic production and colour printing . The newspaper 's motto , hung in the newsroom , was `` propa truth , not propaganda '' . Launched by regional newspaper entrepreneur Eddy Shah , it was bought by Tiny Rowland 's Lonrho within four months . ( Shah would launch the short - lived , unsuccessful national tabloid The Post in 1988 . ) Alastair Campbell was political editor and his long - term partner , Fiona Millar was news editor . Alongside the daily newspaper , a Sunday edition was launched . Sunday Today suffered from having three editors in less than a year , and was closed early in 1987 as a cost - saving measure . The newspaper began a sponsorship of the English Football League at the start of 1986 - 87 , but withdrew after a season . Today was sold to Rupert Murdoch 's News International in 1987 . Today ceased publication on 17 November 1995 , the first long - running national newspaper title to close since the Daily Sketch in 1971 . The last edition 's headline was ' Goodbye , it 's been great to know you `` . The editorial said `` ... Now we are forced into silence by the granite and unforgiving face of the balance sheet ... '' . Richard Stott was editor when Today ceased publication ; he died in July 2007 . Other journalists at the close included Peter Prendergast ( city editor ) , Anne Robinson ( columnist ) , Barry Wigmore ( US editor , based in New York ) , David McMaster ( managing editor ) and the MP Tony Banks ( football correspondent ) . Controversies ( edit ) One of the newspaper 's early controversial front page photographs was in 1988 , when it portrayed Nigel Lawson as a terminator , accompanied by the headline Nigel the Great Tax Terminator in reference to his tax cuts in that year 's Budget . In the early 1990s the newspaper printed a column attacking the city of Liverpool and its inhabitants which was accompanied by a photograph showing a large rubbish tip directly behind the city 's iconic Liver Building . In reality , no such rubbish tip existed anywhere in the vicinity of the Liver Building ; it subsequently emerged that the photograph was a fake created from a composite of images of the buildings and a rubbish tip that was not in Liverpool , although the photograph 's caption implied that the image illustrated the supposed poor upkeep of the city . Despite these revelations , the newspaper did not inform its readers of its deception or print any correction . In the immediate aftermath of the 1995 Oklahoma City bombing , the paper showed a fireman carrying the body of a young girl under the headline `` IN THE NAME OF ALLAH '' , which proved embarrassing when it was found that the bombing had been perpetrated by survivalists , not Muslim terrorists . Again , the paper did not publish a correction . In 1996 , Hugh Grant won damages from News ( UK ) Ltd over what his lawyers called a `` highly defamatory '' article in January 1995 . The newspaper had falsely claimed that Grant verbally abused a young extra with a `` foul - mouthed tongue lashing '' on the set of The Englishman Who Went Up a Hill But Came Down a Mountain . Editors of Today ( edit ) 1985 : Richard Olley 1986 : Brian MacArthur 1987 : Dennis Hackett 1987 : David Montgomery 1991 : Martin Dunn 1993 : Richard Stott Editors of Sunday Today ( edit ) 1986 : Tony Holden 1986 : Peter McKay 1986 : Bill Hagerty References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Greenslade , Roy ( 2004 ) ( 2003 ) . Press Gang : How Newspapers Make Profits From Propaganda . London : Pan . p. 481 . Jump up ^ Howard , Stephen ( 4 June 1996 ) . `` Actor Hugh wins substantial libel award '' . Press Association . access - date = requires url = ( help ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Defunct newspapers of the United Kingdom National Dailies British Gazette British Worker The Bullionist Daily Chronicle Daily Citizen The Daily Courant Daily Dispatch Daily Express Daily Gazette Daily Gazetteer Daily Herald The Independent Daily News Daily Sketch Daily Sport The Day Financial News Financier and Bullionist Greyhound Express The Hour Indicator Jewish Times The Morning Chronicle Morning Herald Morning Leader The Morning Post Morning Standard Morning Star New Daily News Chronicle The Post Sporting Chronicle Sporting Life The Sportsman ( 1865 ) The Sportsman ( 2006 ) Today Sundays Empire News Independent on Sunday Lloyd 's Weekly Newspaper National News News of the World News on Sunday The Planet on Sunday Reynold 's News Sunday Business Sunday Chronicle Sunday Correspondent Sunday Dispatch Sunday Evening Telegram Sunday Graphic Sunday Illustrated Sunday Referee Sunday Special Sunday Sportsman Sunday Today Sunday Worker Weeklies Action Athletic News The Age Black and White The Blackshirt Early Times The Era The European The Examiner The Fascist Week The Graphic The Illustrated London News The Leader Mark Lane Express The Sphere The Weekly True Sun Regional London evening newspapers The Echo Evening News Evening Post Evening Times The Globe Jewish Evening News London Evening News London Evening Post London Lite The Pall Mall Gazette St James 's Gazette The Star The Sun ( 1792 - 1806 ) The Sun ( 1893 - 1906 ) True Sun The Westminster Gazette Whitehall Evening Post Dailies Birmingham Evening Despatch Bristol Mercury Bristol Evening World Burnley Evening Star Chatham Evening Post Chelmsford Evening Herald Daily Post Darlington Evening Dispatch Doncaster Evening Post Edinburgh Evening Dispatch Evening Citizen ( Glasgow ) Hereford Evening News Huddersfield Daily Chronicle Eastern Morning News ( Hull ) Glasgow Evening News Jewish Post and Gazette ( London ) Jewish Times ( London ) Kent Today Leicester Daily Post Leicester Evening Mail Liverpool Courier Liverpool Daily Post Liverpool Evening Express Liverpool Mercury London Daily News The London Paper Luton Evening Post Manchester Evening Chronicle Northern Whig ( Belfast ) Nottingham Daily Express Nottingham Evening News Nottingham Journal Shields Evening News Southern Daily Mail ( Portsmouth ) Slough Evening Mail Surrey Daily Advertiser Watford Evening Echo Yorkshire Evening News Sundays Sunday Pink ( Manchester ) Sunday Sentinel ( Stoke ) Western Independent ( Plymouth ) Yorkshire on Sunday Weeklies Brighton Herald Leeds Mercury Trewman 's Exeter Flying Post Other British Journal Caledonian Mercury ( thrice weekly ) The New Day Scottish Daily News Scottish Leader ( daily ) Related Burney Collection of Newspapers Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Today_(UK_newspaper)&oldid=849743310 '' Categories : Defunct newspapers of the United Kingdom Publications established in 1986 Publications disestablished in 1995 1986 establishments in the United Kingdom 1995 disestablishments in the United Kingdom Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Articles needing additional references from June 2018 All articles needing additional references Articles needing additional references from August 2008 Talk Contents About Wikipedia हिन्दी Edit links This page was last edited on 11 July 2018 , at 01 : 52 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did newspapers start printing in color uk | [
"Today, with the American newspaper USA Today as an inspiration, launched on Tuesday 4 March 1986, with the front-page headline, \"Second Spy Inside GCHQ\". At 18p (equivalent to 48p in 2016), it was a middle-market tabloid, a rival to the long-established Daily Mail and Daily Express. It pioneered computer photo-typesetting and full-colour offset printing at a time when national newspapers were still using Linotype machines, letterpress and could only reproduce photographs in black and white. The colour was initially crude, produced on equipment which had no facility for colour proofing, so the first view of the colour was on the finished product. However, it forced the conversion of all UK national newspapers to electronic production and colour printing. The newspaper's motto, hung in the newsroom, was \"propa truth, not propaganda\".\n"
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"1986"
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-3055908387591035190 | 2024 Summer Olympics | 2024 Summer Olympics - wikipedia 2024 Summer Olympics Jump to : navigation , search `` Paris 2024 '' redirects here . For the Summer Paralympics , see 2024 Summer Paralympics . Games of the XXXIII Olympiad Host city Paris , France Motto Made for sharing ( French : Venez partager ) Opening ceremony 2 August ( 81 months from now ) Closing ceremony 18 August Stadium Stade de France Summer < Tokyo 2020 Los Angeles 2028 > Winter < Beijing 2022 TBD 2026 > Part of a series on 2024 Summer Olympics ( show ) Bid process ( bid details ) Development ( venues , torch relay ) Marketing ( mascots ) Broadcasters Opening ceremony ( flag bearers ) Chronological summary Medal table ( medallists ) Controversies World and Olympic records Closing ceremony ( flag bearers ) Paralympics IOC CNOSF POCOG The 2024 Summer Olympics ( French : Les Jeux olympiques d'été de 2024 ) , officially known as the Games of the XXXIII Olympiad , and commonly known as Paris 2024 , is a forthcoming international multi-sport event which will be hosted in Paris from 2 to 18 August 2024 . Having previously hosted the 1900 Summer Olympics and the 1924 Summer Olympics , Paris will become the second city after London ( 1908 , 1948 and 2012 ) to host the Olympic Games three times . 2024 will also mark the centennial of the 1924 Summer Olympics , which were held in the same city , and was the last time Paris held the Olympic Games . Bidding to host the Games started in 2015 with five candidate cities in contention , but Hamburg , Rome and Budapest withdrew , leaving Paris and Los Angeles as the remaining candidates . On 11 July , a proposal to elect the 2024 and 2028 Olympic host cities at the same time was approved by an Extraordinary IOC Session on 11 July 2017 in Lausanne . On 31 July 2017 , the IOC made a deal with Los Angeles to host the 2028 Summer Olympics , which made Paris the host of the 2024 Summer Olympics . The formal announcement of the hosts for both Olympiads took place at the 131st IOC Session in Lima , Peru , on 13 September 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Bidding process 1.1 Host city election 2 Sports 3 Venues 3.1 Grand Paris zone 3.2 Paris Centre zone 3.3 Versailles zone 3.4 Stand - alone venues 3.5 Non-competitive venues 3.6 Provisional football venues 4 Marketing 4.1 Mascot 4.2 Emblem 5 Media 6 Broadcasting rights 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Bidding process ( edit ) Further information : Bids for the 2024 and 2028 Summer Olympics Paris , Hamburg , Budapest , Rome and Los Angeles were the five candidate cities . However , the process was hit by withdrawals , with political uncertainty and cost cited as deterring bidding cities . Hamburg withdrew its bid on 29 November 2015 after holding a referendum . Rome withdrew its bid on 21 September 2016 citing fiscal difficulties . On 22 February 2017 , Budapest withdrew its bid after a petition against the bid collected more signatures than necessary for a referendum . Following these withdrawals , the IOC Executive Board met in Lausanne , Switzerland to discuss the 2024 and 2028 bid processes on 9 June 2017 . The International Olympic Committee formally proposed electing the 2024 and 2028 Olympic host cities at the same time in 2017 , a proposal which was approved by an Extraordinary IOC Session on 11 July 2017 in Lausanne . The IOC set up a process where the LA and Paris 2024 bid committees , and the IOC held meetings to discuss who would host in 2024 and who would host in 2028 . Following the decision to award the 2024 and 2028 games simultaneously , Paris was understood to be the preferred host for the 2024 Games . On 31 July 2017 , the IOC announced Los Angeles as the sole candidate for the 2028 games , opening Paris up to be confirmed as hosts for the 2024 Games . Both decisions were ratified at the 131st IOC Session on 13 September 2017 . Host city election ( edit ) Paris was elected as the host city on September 13 , 2017 at the 131st IOC Session in Lima , Peru . The two French IOC members , Guy Drut and Tony Estanguet were ineligible to vote in this host city election under the rules of the Olympic Charter . 2024 Summer Olympics bidding results City NOC name Votes Paris France Unanimous Sports ( edit ) In 2007 , the IOC established the concept of Olympics including 28 sports : 25 permanent ' core ' sports with 3 additional sports selected for each individual Games . On 8 September 2013 , IOC added wrestling to the Olympic programme for the 2020 and 2024 Games , representing one of these additional sports . FILA ( now known as United World Wrestling ) changed freestyle and Greco - Roman wrestling weight classes for men and decreased to 6 categories in order to add more weights for women . However , in August 2016 , the IOC added five sports to the 2020 Olympics , with plans to separately evaluate the existing 28 sports . No indication was given how this would affect the number of sports in 2024 . The Paris organizers are also in discussions with the IOC and various professional eSport organizations to introduce eSports as a medal - winning sport during the Olympics . Tony Estanguet of the Paris committee said that introducing eSports would help to make the Olympics more relevant to the younger generations : `` The youth , yes they are interested in esport and this kind of thing . Let 's look at it . Let 's meet them . Let 's try if we can find some bridges . '' The final decision as to whether video games will be featured in the 2024 Olympics will be made in 2020 . During the Lima Session , the IOC approved the Rio 2016 sports program for Paris 2024 . New sports will be chosen during the 134th IOC Session in 2019 in Milan , Italy . The 2024 Summer Olympic programme would feature 28 sports encompassing 306 events . The number of events in each discipline is noted in parentheses . Aquatics Diving ( 8 ) Swimming ( 34 ) Synchronized swimming ( 2 ) Water polo ( 2 ) Archery ( 4 ) Athletics ( 47 ) Badminton ( 5 ) Basketball ( 2 ) Boxing ( 13 ) Canoeing Slalom ( 4 ) Sprint ( 12 ) Cycling BMX ( 2 ) Mountain biking ( 2 ) Road ( 4 ) Track ( 10 ) Equestrian Dressage ( 2 ) Eventing ( 2 ) Jumping ( 2 ) Fencing ( 10 ) Field hockey ( 2 ) Football ( 2 ) Golf ( 2 ) Gymnastics Artistic ( 14 ) Rhythmic ( 2 ) Trampoline ( 2 ) Handball ( 2 ) Judo ( 14 ) Modern pentathlon ( 2 ) Rowing ( 14 ) Rugby sevens ( 2 ) Sailing ( 10 ) Shooting ( 15 ) Table tennis ( 4 ) Taekwondo ( 8 ) Tennis ( 5 ) Triathlon ( 2 ) Volleyball Volleyball ( 2 ) Beach volleyball ( 2 ) Weightlifting ( 15 ) Wrestling Freestyle ( 12 ) Greco - Roman ( 6 ) Venues ( edit ) Grand Paris zone ( edit ) The Stade de France Venue Events Capacity Status Stade de France Opening and Closing Ceremonies 75,000 Existing Athletics Seine - Saint - Denis Aquatics ( swimming , diving and synchronised swimming ) 17,000 Additionnal Water Polo Arena ( Piscine de Marville ) Water polo 5,000 Existing Le Bourget - Pavilion I Badminton 7,000 Temporary Le Bourget - Pavilion II Volleyball 18,000 ( 13,000 + 5,000 ) Temporary Le Bourget Shooting Range Shooting 3,000 Temporary Stade Olympique Yves - du - Manoir , Colombes Field hockey 15,000 ( 10,000 + 5,000 ) Existing U Arena , Nanterre Gymnastics ( artistic , rhythmic and trampoline ) 17,000 Opened in 2017 Le Zénith Weightlifting 6,000 Existing Paris Centre zone ( edit ) The Grand Palais Venue Events Capacity Status Champ de Mars Beach Volleyball 12 , 000 Temporary Eiffel Tower and river Seine Marathon ( start ) 13 , 000 ( 3 , 000 sitting ) Temporary Marathon Swimming Surfing Triathlon Champs - Élysées Marathon ( finish ) 10 , 000 Temporary Race Walking Road Cycling Skateboarding ( street ) Grand Palais Fencing 8 , 000 Existing Taekwondo Les Invalides Archery 6 , 000 Temporary Jardins des Tuileries Skateboarding ( park ) 5,000 Temporary Palais des Sports ( Paris ) Sport Climbing 5 , 000 Temporary Halle Georges Carpentier Table tennis 5 , 000 Temporary Stade Charléty Baseball 18 , 000 Existing Softball Stade Jean - Bouin Rugby 20 , 000 Existing Stade Roland Garros Tennis 24 , 000 ( main courts + 2 , 000 + 8x250 ) Existing Court Philippe Chatrier Handball ( play - offs , as possible to cover the court to indoor configuration ) 15 , 000 Temporary Court Suzanne Lenglen Boxing ( only ) 10 , 000 Temporary Court des Serres Tennis 5 , 000 and all other courts ( tennis only ) Existing Parc des Princes Football ( see above ) 48 , 000 or 61 , 000 Existing Stade Pierre de Coubertin ( Paris ) Handball ( preliminaries ) 4 , 000 Existing Karate Palais des sports Marcel - Cerdan Women 's Basketball ( preliminaries ) 4 , 000 Existing Paris Arena I & II Judo 16 , 000 Existing ( Arena I ) Planned ( Arena II ) Men 's Basketball ( preliminaries at Arena II , matches from last preliminaries at Arena I ) Women 's Basketball ( playoffs at Arena I ) Wrestling 8 , 000 Versailles zone ( edit ) Palace of Versailles Venue Events Capacity Status Le Golf National Golf 35,000 Existing Vélodrome de Saint - Quentin - en - Yvelines Track cycling 10,000 ( 2 x 5,000 ) Existing BMX ( racing and freestyle ) Modern Pentathlon ( fencing ) Château de Versailles Equestrian ( jumping , dressage , eventing country races at own park circuit ) 80,000 ( 22,000 + 58,000 ) Temporary Modern Pentathlon ( excluding fencing ) Élancourt Hill Mountain Bike 25,000 Existing Stand - alone venues ( edit ) Venue Events Capacity Status Vaires - sur - Marne Rowing 22 , 000 ( 10 , 000 + 12 , 000 ) Existing Kayak Canoe slalom Old Port of Marseille ( Marseille ) Sailing 5 , 000 Existing Biarritz Surfing 5 , 000 Temporary Non-competitive venues ( edit ) Venue Events Capacity Status L'Île - Saint - Denis Olympic Village Additionnal Le Bourget Media Village Temporary International Broadcast Centre Main Press Centre Provisional football venues ( edit ) Paris Le Havre Lens Lille Caen Valenciennes Sedan Le Mans Rennes Nantes Montbeliard Nancy Lyon St - Etienne Grenoble Strasbourg Marseille Nice Montpellier Toulouse Bordeaux 2024 Summer Olympics ( France ) Parc des Princes , 60,583 , Paris ( M / W quarterfinals , finals ) Stade Vélodrome , 67,394 , Marseille , ( M / W quarterfinal , M semi-final ) Parc Olympique Lyonnais , 59,186 , Lyon , ( M quarterfinal , W semi-final , M 3rd place ) Stade Pierre - Mauroy , 50,157 , Lille , ( W quarterfinal , M semi-final , W 3rd place ) Stade Matmut Atlantique , 42,115 , Bordeaux , ( M / W quarterfinal , W semi-final ) Stade Geoffroy - Guichard , 42,000 , Saint - Étienne , ( 3 preliminaries ) Stade Bollaert - Delelis , 38,223 , Lens , ( 3 preliminaries ) YellowPark , 40,000 , Nantes , ( 3 preliminaries ) Allianz Riviera , 35,624 , Nice , ( 3 preliminaries ) Stadium Municipal , 33,150 , Toulouse , ( 3 preliminaries ) Stade de la Mosson , 32,939 , Montpellier , ( 3 preliminaries ) Roazhon Park , 29,778 , Rennes , ( 3 preliminaries ) Stade Océane , 25,178 , Le Havre , ( 3 preliminaries ) MMArena , 25,000 , Le Mans , ( 3 preliminaries ) Stade du Hainaut , 24,926 , Valenciennes , ( 3 preliminaries ) Stade de la Meinau , 24,230 , Strasbourg , ( 3 preliminaries ) Stade Louis Dugauguez , 23,189 , Sedan , ( 3 preliminaries ) Stade Michel d'Ornano , 21,500 , Caen , ( 3 preliminaries ) Stade Marcel Picot , 20,087 , Nancy , ( 3 preliminaries ) Stade des Alpes , 20,068 , Grenoble , ( 3 preliminaries ) Stade Auguste Bonal , 20,025 , Montbéliard , ( 3 preliminaries ) Marketing ( edit ) Mascot ( edit ) To be announced in 2022 . Emblem ( edit ) To be unveiled in 2019 . Media ( edit ) Broadcasting rights ( edit ) Armenia -- APMTV Asia -- Dentsu ( rights to be sold to local broadcasters ) Brazil -- Grupo Globo Canada -- CBC / Radio - Canada , TSN , RDS China -- CCTV Europe -- Discovery Communications , Eurosport Germany -- ARD , ZDF Hungary -- MTVA Japan -- Japan Consortium Kosovo -- RTK MENA -- beIN Sports New Zealand -- Sky Television North Korea -- SBS Pacific Islands : -- Sky Television South Africa -- SABC , SuperSport South Korea -- SBS Sub-Saharan Africa -- Econet Media , SuperSport United States -- NBCUniversal United Kingdom -- BBC ^ 1 -- Included nations & territories are Cook Islands , Fiji , Kiribati , Marshall Islands , Federated States of Micronesia , Nauru , Niue , Palau , Samoa , Solomon Islands , Tonga , Tuvalu and Vanuatu . See also ( edit ) Olympics portal Olympic Games International Olympic Committee List of IOC country codes References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` IOC Executive Board approve joint awarding plans for 2024 and 2028 Olympics '' . Inside the Games . 9 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Wharton , David . `` Los Angeles makes deal to host 2028 Summer Olympics '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Olympic Games : Paris & LA to host 2024 & 2028 respectively '' . www.bbc.com . Retrieved 16 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Butler , Nick . `` Exclusive : IOC vow to `` further adjust '' candidature process after Budapest 2024 withdrawal `` . Inside the Games . Retrieved 1 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Five world - class cities in strong competition for Olympic Games 2024 -- IOC to contribute USD 1.7 billion to the local organising committee '' ( Press release ) . Lausanne , Switzerland : International Olympic Committee . 16 September 2015 . Archived from the original on 18 September 2015 . Retrieved 17 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Rome 2024 Olympic bid collapses in acrimony Archived 21 September 2016 at the Wayback Machine . at BBC News . Retrieved 21 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2024 Olympics : Budapest to drop bid to host Games '' . BBC . 22 February 2017 . Archived from the original on 23 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Mather , Victor ( 22 February 2017 ) . `` Budapest Withdraws Bid to Host 2024 Summer Olympics '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 23 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Budapest to withdraw bid for 2024 Olympics , leaving L.A. and Paris as only contenders '' . Los Angeles Times . February 2017 . Archived from the original on 23 February 2017 . Retrieved 22 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Meeting of the IOC Executive Board in Lausanne -- Information for the media '' . Olympic.org. 19 May 2017 . Archived from the original on 22 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bach Says Paris and LA Mayors Are ' Optimistic ' About Agreement After Initial Discussions - GamesBids.com '' . gamesbids.com . Jump up ^ `` Paris set to host 2024 Olympics , Los Angeles to be awarded 2028 Games by IOC '' . ABC News . Retrieved 1 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wrestling added to Olympic programme for 2020 and 2024 Games '' . Olympic.org. 8 September 2013 . Archived from the original on 23 September 2016 . Retrieved 13 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2020 Olympic Games : Shortlisted International Federations Report '' ( PDF ) . International Olympic Committee . August 2013 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 23 February 2014 . Retrieved 15 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` IOC approves five new sports for Olympic Games Tokyo 2020 '' . Olympic.org. 3 August 2016 . Archived from the original on 7 October 2016 . Retrieved 21 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Paris Olympic bid committee is open to esports on 2024 Olympic program '' . Associated Press . August 9 , 2017 . Retrieved August 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Morris , Chris . `` Video Games May Be a Part of the 2024 Olympics '' . Fortune . Jump up ^ `` No Changes in Core Olympic Sports for Paris 2024 '' . Around the Rings. 15 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` JO 2024 : les nouveaux sports seront connus en 2019 '' ( in French ) . L'Equipe. 15 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Le FC Nantes aura son nouveau stade , le YellowPark , en 2022 '' ( in French ) . FranceInfo. 19 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Connoly , Eoin ( 17 May 2017 ) . `` Wednesday 's Daily Deal Round - Up : Olympic partnerships for Discovery and more '' . SportsPro . Sportspromedia.com . Retrieved 17 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` IOC awards 2018 -- 2024 broadcast rights in Asia '' . International Olympic Committee . Olympic.org. 29 July 2015 . Archived from the original on 30 July 2015 . Retrieved 29 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` IOC reaches agreement for broadcast rights in Brazil with Grupo Globo through to 2032 '' . International Olympic Committee . Olympic.org. 10 December 2015 . Archived from the original on 13 December 2015 . Retrieved 11 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` IOC awards 2022 -- 2024 broadcast rights in Canada to CBC / Radio - Canada '' . International Olympic Committee . Olympic.org. 21 October 2015 . Archived from the original on 25 October 2015 . Retrieved 21 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` TSN , RDS to broadcast 2022 and 2024 Olympic Games '' . TSN. 21 October 2015 . Archived from the original on 23 October 2015 . Retrieved 21 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` IOC awards 2018 -- 2024 broadcast rights in China '' . International Olympic Committee . Olympic.org. 4 December 2014 . Archived from the original on 7 December 2014 . Retrieved 4 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` IOC awards all TV and multiplatform broadcast rights in Europe to Discovery and Eurosport for 2018 -- 2024 Olympic Games '' . International Olympic Committee . Olympic.org. 29 June 2015 . Archived from the original on 1 July 2015 . Retrieved 29 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Carp , Sam ( 1 August 2017 ) . `` Report : ARD and ZDF secure long - term Olympic deal '' . SportsPro . Sportspromedia.com . Retrieved 1 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hungarian Public Television Agrees Deal To Broadcast Summer And Winter Olympics Until 2024 '' . Hungary today . hungarytoday.hu. 20 June 2016 . Archived from the original on 21 June 2016 . Retrieved 20 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` IOC awards 2018 -- 2024 broadcast rights in Japan '' . International Olympic Committee . Olympic.org. 19 June 2014 . Archived from the original on 26 June 2014 . Retrieved 19 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` IOC awards 2018 -- 2024 broadcast rights in Middle East and North Africa '' . International Olympic Committee . Olympic.org. 27 July 2015 . Archived from the original on 30 July 2015 . Retrieved 27 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` IOC awards 2018 - 2024 broadcast rights in New Zealand and Pacific Island Territories '' . Olympic.org. 23 March 2016 . Archived from the original on 26 March 2016 . Retrieved 23 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` IOC awards SBS broadcast rights for 2018 , 2020 , 2022 and 2024 Olympic Games '' . Olympic.org. 4 July 2011 . Archived from the original on 20 August 2012 . Retrieved 18 August 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` IOC Awards 2018 - 2024 Broadcast Rights in Africa '' . IOC . Olympic.org. 10 July 2017 . Archived from the original on 10 July 2017 . Retrieved 10 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` IOC awards Olympic Games broadcast rights to NBCUniversal through to 2032 '' . Olympic.org. 7 May 2014 . Archived from the original on 8 May 2014 . Retrieved 7 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Olympics : BBC to broadcast every Games up to and including 2024 '' . BBC Sport. 2 February 2016 . Archived from the original on 2 February 2016 . Retrieved 3 February 2016 . External links ( edit ) Paris 2024 Paris 2024 ( IOC ) Preceded by Tokyo Summer Olympic Games Paris XXXIII Olympiad ( 2024 ) Succeeded by Los Angeles Bids for the 2024 and 2028 Summer Olympic Games 131st Session of the International Olympic Committee ( Lima , Peru ) Elected cities Paris ( 2024 ) Los Angeles ( 2028 ) Cancelled bids Budapest Hamburg Rome Non-selected bids Berlin Boston Washington , D.C. 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where are the 2024 summer olympics going to be held | [
"The 2024 Summer Olympics (French: Les Jeux olympiques d'été de 2024), officially known as the Games of the XXXIII Olympiad, and commonly known as Paris 2024, is a forthcoming international multi-sport event which will be hosted in Paris from 2 to 18 August 2024. Having previously hosted the 1900 Summer Olympics and the 1924 Summer Olympics, Paris will become the second city after London (1908, 1948 and 2012) to host the Olympic Games three times. 2024 will also mark the centennial of the 1924 Summer Olympics, which were held in the same city, and was the last time Paris held the Olympic Games."
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"Paris"
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-5512443761941910389 | Sofia the First | Sofia the First - wikipedia Sofia the First Jump to : navigation , search Sofia the First Genre Fantasy Adventure Musical Created by Craig Gerber Directed by Jamie Mitchell Larry Leichliter ( co-director , 7 episodes ) Voices of Ariel Winter Wayne Brady Sara Ramirez Travis Willingham Darcy Rose Byrnes Tim Gunn Jess Harnell Zach Callison Tyler Merna Nicolas Cantu Theme music composer Jeannie Lurie Gabriel Mann Opening theme Sofia The First ! By : Ariel Winter Ending theme Sofia The First ( Instrumental ) Composer ( s ) Kevin Kliesch Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 95 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Jamie Mitchell Craig Gerber ( co ) Running time approx. 22 minutes Production company ( s ) Disney Television Animation Toiion Animation Studios TeamTO ( since season 3 ) Distributor Disney -- ABC Domestic Television Release Original network Disney Junior Original release November 18 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 18 ) -- present Chronology Related shows Elena of Avalor Elena and the Secret of Avalor External links Official website disneyjunior.disney.com/sofia-the-first Sofia the First is an American animated television series produced for Disney Channel . Jamie Mitchell is the Director and Executive Producer and Craig Gerber serves as Story Editor and Producer . The show follows the adventures of Sofia , played by Ariel Winter . Sofia becomes a princess when her mother , Miranda , marries King Roland II of Enchancia . The show features songs by John Kavanaugh and Erica Rothschild and a musical score by Kevin Kliesch . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Plot 3 Cast and characters 4 Episodes 5 Reception 6 See also 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) The series pilot episode `` Once Upon a Princess '' , premiered on November 18 , 2012 on Disney Channel , featuring a cameo from Cinderella . The 3 good fairies from Sleeping Beauty also get introduced as teachers . The series itself premiered on January 11 , 2013 on Disney Channel during its Disney Junior block . Disney Junior renewed Sofia the First for a second season on March 5 , 2013 , and then the series was renewed on January 8 , 2014 . The show 's second double - length episode , The Floating Palace , aired on November 24 , 2013 , with an appearance from Ariel . The third double - length episode , The Curse of Princess Ivy , aired on November 23 , 2014 , featuring Rapunzel . On April 14 , 2015 , the series was renewed for a fourth season by Disney Junior . Gerber clarified in December that it will begin in Spring and have 24 22 - minute episodes plus 2 60 - minute specials . On January 29 , 2015 , a spin - off series was announced titled Elena of Avalor . The series premiered on July 22 , 2016 on Disney Channel . In addition , a television movie premiered on November 20 , 2016 titled Elena and the Secret of Avalor , which featured characters from Sofia the First . Plot ( edit ) A young girl named Sofia and her mother Miranda lived a peasant life in the kingdom of Enchancia . One day , Sofia 's mother marries King Roland II , which leads to her becoming a princess . As she adjusts to her new role , Sofia works to live amongst the royal family while having different adventures along the way . King Roland presents Sofia with a magical amulet , which , Sofia discovers , gives her the power to talk to animals and summon Disney princesses in the time of need . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main article : List of Sofia the First characters Ariel Winter as Sofia Darcy Rose Byrnes as Princess Amber Zach Callison as Prince James ( Season 1 - Early Season 2 ) Tyler Merna as Prince James ( Season 2 - Mid-Season 3 ) Nicolas Cantu as Prince James ( Mid-Season 3 - ) Sara Ramirez as Queen Miranda Travis Willingham as King Roland II Jess Harnell as Cedric Wayne Brady as Clover Tim Gunn as Baileywick Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Sofia the First episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired Pilot November 18 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 18 ) 25 January 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 11 ) February 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 14 ) 30 February 28 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 28 ) August 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 12 ) 28 August 5 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 05 ) March 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 31 ) 24 April 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 28 ) TBA Reception ( edit ) In October 2012 , Sofia was initially identified as Disney 's first Latina princess when a producer spoke during a press tour . A Disney Junior general manager later clarified that `` ... Sofia is a fairytale girl who lives in a fairytale world . All our characters come from fantasy lands that may reflect elements of various cultures and ethnicities but none are meant to specifically represent those real world cultures . '' Sofia has a mixed fairy - tale heritage , as a Disney spokeswoman elaborated , `` ... Sofia 's mother , Queen Miranda , was born in a fictitious land , Galdiz , a place with Latin influences . Miranda met Sofia 's father , Birk Balthazar , who hailed from the kingdom of Freezenberg , and together they moved to Enchancia , the place where Sofia was born . '' Galdiz is based on Spain and Freezenberg is based on Scandinavia . The National Hispanic Media Coalition president / CEO interpreted Kanter 's half - Spanish ( - inspired ) description of Sofia as her not qualifying as Latina . Sofia the First : Once Upon a Princess premiered on Disney Channel on November 18 , 2012 , garnering 8.17 million viewers ( when the Live + 7 ratings were tabulated ) , which made it the # 1 cable TV telecast of all time for kids 2 - 5 and girls 2 - 5 . It also set a record for the # 1 preschool cable TV telecast ever in total viewers and for adults 18 - 49 . See also ( edit ) Television in the United States portal Disney portal Cartoon portal 2010s portal Disney Princess References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Disney Jr 's ' Sofia The First ' Set To Debut January 11 '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media , LLC . November 27 , 2012 . Retrieved February 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.toiion.com/html/eng_toiion_project_sofia.html Jump up ^ http://www.teamto.com/en/les-productions/princesse-sofia/ Jump up ^ `` Kevin Kliesch talks about composing the score for Disney Junior 's `` Sofia the First '' `` . Media Mikes . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 5 , 2013 ) . `` Disney Junior 's ' Sofia The First ' Renewed For Second Season '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved October 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( January 8 , 2014 ) . `` ' Sofia The First ' , ' Doc McStuffins ' & ' Jake and the Neverland Pirates ' Renewed by Disney Junior '' . TV by the Numbers . Disney Channel . Retrieved February 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick . `` ' Sofia The First ' & ' Doc McStuffins ' Renewed At Disney Junior '' . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 05 . Jump up ^ @ _CraigGerber ( 4 December 2016 ) . `` @ JMRollie 24 22 - minute episodes and 2 60 - minute specials . '' ( Tweet ) . Archived from the original on 6 December 2016 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Evans , Greg ( June 9 , 2016 ) . `` Disney Channel Sets Premiere Date For ' Sofia ' Spinoff ' Elena Of Avalor ' '' . deadline.com . Retrieved June 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Keller , Joel ( October 11 , 2016 ) . `` In Elena and the Secret of Avalor , Jane Fonda Plays Sorceress Who Imprisoned Elena '' . tvinsider.com . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cite error : The named reference season4 was invoked but never defined ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ Rome , Emily ; Mitchell , Jamie ( 16 October 2012 ) . `` ' Sofia the First ' : Disney 's first Hispanic princess ? '' . Entertainment Weekly . She is Latina , ... It 's sort of a matter - of - fact situation rather than an overt thing . Jump up ^ Rodriguez , Cindy ; Kanter , Nancy . `` Disney producer ' misspoke ' : ' First Latina princess ' is n't Latina '' . CNN . Retrieved October 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rodriguez , Cindy . `` Backlash for Disney 's first Latina princess '' . CNN . Retrieved October 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Sieczkowski , Cavan ; Kanter , Nancy ( 23 October 2012 ) . `` Princess Sofia Is Not Latina , Says Disney '' . Huffington Post . Sofia 's mom comes from a fictitious land , Galdiz , which was inspired by Spain . Jump up ^ Gicas , Peter ; Gerber , Craig ( 22 October 2013 ) . `` Disney Backpedal ? Mouse House Now Says New Princess Sofia Is Not Latina After Controversy Erupts '' . Eonline . a mixed - heritage princess in a fairy - tale world . Her mother is originally from an enchanted kingdom inspired by Spain ( Galdiz ) and her birth father hailed from an enchanted kingdom inspired by Scandinavia Jump up ^ `` Alex Nogales ' , NHMC President & CEO , Statement on `` Sofia the First '' `` . 23 October 2012 . Yesterday we met with Nancy Kanter , Senior Vice President , Original Programming & General Manager , Disney Junior Worldwide , to discuss Disney Junior 's `` Sofia the First . '' She shared that `` Sofia the First '' is in fact not a Latina Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda . `` Disney Channel 's ' Sofia the First ' Crowned # 1 Cable TV Telecast Ever in Kids 2 - 5 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 4 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Official website Sofia the First on IMDb Sofia The First at the Big Cartoon DataBase Disney Junior original programming Original series Doc McStuffins The Lion Guard Miles from Tomorrowland Sofia the First Goldie & Bear Mickey and the Roadster Racers Puppy Dog Pals Vampirina Acquired series Kate & Mim - Mim The Octonauts P. King Duckling PJ Masks Re-running series Special Agent Oso Handy Manny Henry Hugglemonster Imagination Movers Little Einsteins Jake and the Never Land Pirates My Friends Tigger & Pooh Mickey Mouse Clubhouse Sheriff Callie 's Wild West Original short series Minnie 's Bow - Toons Nina Needs to Go ! Small Potatoes Whisker Haven Tales with the Palace Pets Returning short series Can You Teach My Alligator Manners ? Cars Toons Choo Choo Soul Chuggington : Badge Quest Go , Baby ! Handy Manny 's School for Tools Happy Monster Band Tasty Time with ZeFronk Where Is Warehouse Mouse ? Shanna 's Show Original future programming Fancy Nancy See also Disney Junior -- Live on Stage ! Disney movies Disney Channel Playhouse Disney Soapnet Disney Television Animation List of programs broadcast by Toon Disney and List of programs broadcast by Disney Junior Disney Princess Snow White Cinderella Aurora Ariel Belle Jasmine Pocahontas Mulan Tiana Rapunzel Merida Films Featured Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs Cinderella Sleeping Beauty The Little Mermaid Beauty and the Beast Aladdin Pocahontas Mulan The Princess and the Frog Tangled Brave Sequels The Return of Jafar Aladdin and the King of Thieves Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas Pocahontas II : Journey to a New World The Little Mermaid II : Return to the Sea Cinderella II : Dreams Come True Cinderella III : A Twist in Time Mulan II Tangled : Before Ever After Prequels Beauty and the Beast : Belle 's Magical World The Little Mermaid : Ariel 's Beginning Shorts Tangled Ever After The Legend of Mor'du Disney Princess Enchanted Tales : Follow Your Dreams ( DTV 2 shorts ) Live - action Maleficent Cinderella Beauty and the Beast Aladdin Television The Little Mermaid Aladdin Sing Me a Story with Belle Tangled : The Series Albums Disney 's Princess Favorites Disney Princess : The Ultimate Song Collection Disney Princess Tea Party Ultimate Disney Princess Related If You Can Dream Mickey 's Pirate and Princess Party Sofia the First Disney Princess : Enchanted Journey Kingdom Hearts Disney Princess : My Fairytale Adventure Kilala Princess Once Upon a Time Disney 's Descendants Elena of Avalor The 7D Elena and the Secret of Avalor List of Disney Princess firsts Annie Award for Best Animated Television Production The Simpsons ( 1992 ) The Simpsons ( 1993 ) The Simpsons ( 1994 ) The Simpsons ( 1995 ) The Simpsons ( 1996 ) The Simpsons ( 1997 ) The Simpsons / The New Batman / Superman Adventures ( 1998 ) The Simpsons ( 1999 ) The Simpsons / Mickey Mouse Works ( 2000 ) The Simpsons / Batman Beyond ( 2001 ) The Simpsons ( 2002 ) The Simpsons ( 2003 ) SpongeBob SquarePants ( 2004 ) Star Wars : Clone Wars ( 2005 ) Foster 's Home for Imaginary Friends ( 2006 ) Creature Comforts / El Tigre : The Adventures of Manny Rivera ( 2007 ) Robot Chicken / Avatar : The Last Airbender ( 2008 ) Prep & Landing / The Penguins of Madagascar ( 2009 ) Futurama / SpongeBob SquarePants ( 2010 ) The Simpsons / The Amazing World of Gumball ( 2011 ) Robot Chicken / DreamWorks Dragons / Bubble Guppies ( 2012 ) Futurama / Adventure Time / Sofia the First ( 2013 ) The Simpsons / Gravity Falls / Tumble Leaf ( 2014 ) The Simpsons / Wander Over Yonder / Tumble Leaf ( 2015 ) Bob 's Burgers / Adventure Time / Tumble Leaf ( 2016 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sofia_the_First&oldid=806835992 '' Categories : 2010s American animated television series 2013 American television series debuts American children 's adventure television series American children 's animated fantasy television series American musical television series Annie Award winners Computer - animated television series Crossover animation Disney Channel shows Disney Princess English - language television programs Preschool education television series Television series by Disney Television Animation Child characters in television Disney characters originating in television TV5 ( Philippines ) shows Fantasy television characters Fictional characters introduced in 2012 Fictional characters who use magic Fictional princesses CGI characters Sofia the First Hidden categories : Pages with reference errors Pages with broken reference names Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский Српски / srpski Svenska Українська ייִדיש 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 24 October 2017 , at 13 : 12 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who does the voice of amber in sofia the first | [
"Darcy Rose Byrnes as Princess Amber"
] | [
"Darcy Rose Byrnes"
] |
1322604845377989235 | Marie Van Brittan Brown | Marie Van Brittan Brown - Wikipedia Marie Van Brittan Brown This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Marie Van Brittan Brown ( 1922 - 10 - 30 ) 30 October 1922 Jamaica , Queens , New York 2 February 1999 ( 1999 - 02 - 02 ) ( aged 76 ) Jamaica , Queens , New York Known for Creation of home security systems Spouse ( s ) Albert Brown Marie Van Brittan Brown ( October 30 , 1922 -- February 2 , 1999 ) was an African - American inventor , becoming the originator of the home security system ( U.S. Patent 3,482,037 ) in 1966 , along with her husband Albert Brown , a patent was granted in 1969 . Brown was born in Jamaica , Queens , New York ; she died there at the age of 76 . Contents 1 Biography 2 Invention 3 Sources 4 References 5 Further reading Biography ( edit ) Marie Van Brittan Brown 's father was born in Massachusetts and her mother 's roots originated from Pennsylvania . Brown and her husband lived at 151 - 158 & 135th Avenue in Jamaica , Queens , New York . She worked as a nurse and her husband was an electronics technician , so they did not always normal hours or simultaneously work . Marie and Albert Brown had two children . Their daughter Norma followed in her mother 's footsteps and became a nurse as well as creator of her own inventions . Invention ( edit ) Brown cited the inspiration for her invention as the long time it would take for police to arrive at a house after being called by residents . Brown did not always feel safe when she was home alone at times , because the crime rate had risen in her neighborhood . Having to answer the door to know who was on the other side was not something Brown liked to do . Brown 's system had a set of four peep - holes and a camera that could slide up and down to look at each one . Anything and everything the camera picked up would appear on a monitor . Also , a resident could unlatch the door by remote control . The system included a device that enabled a homeowner to use a television set to view the person at the door and hear the caller 's voice . The home security system that she and her husband invented allowed the monitor to be in a different room , and all of this was possible via a radio controlled wireless system . If the person viewing the images on the monitor did not feel safe they could press a button that would send an alarm to police or security . She and her husband cited other inventors in their patent , such as Edward D. Phiney and Thomas J. Reardon . Thirteen inventors who came along after Brown have cited her patent , with the latest being in 2013 . Even now , over fifty years later , her invention is being used by smaller businesses and living facilities . Although the system was originally intended for domestic uses , many businesses began to adopt her system due to its effectiveness . For her invention she received an award from the National Science Committee . Sources ( edit ) Social Security Death Index United States Patent Office Black Stars : African American Women Scientists and Inventors , by Sullivan et al. , publ . Jossey - Bass , 2001 , ISBN 0 - 471 - 38707 - X References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Inventor Marie Van Brittan Brown born African American Registry '' . www.aaregistry.org . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : `` Brown , Marie Van Brittan ( 1922 -- 1999 ) The Black Past : Remembered and Reclaimed '' . www.blackpast.org . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 11 . Jump up ^ Home security system utilizing television surveillance , 1966 - 08 - 01 , retrieved 2018 - 04 - 11 Jump up ^ `` Marie Van Brittan Brown : Home Security System Inventor - America Comes Alive '' . America Comes Alive. 2015 - 02 - 13 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Google Patents '' . patents.google.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 12 . Jump up ^ Webster , Raymond B. ( 1999 ) . African American firsts in science & technology . Detroit ( u.a. ) : Gale . p. 127 . ISBN 0787638765 . Further reading ( edit ) Zierdt - Warshaw , Linda ; Winkler , Alan ; Bernstein , Leonard ( 2000 ) . American Women in Technology : An Encyclopedia . Santa Barbara , Calif. : ABC - CLIO . ISBN 9781576070727 . WorldCat Identities ISNI : 0000 0001 2399 5184 VIAF : 92371037 This article about an American scientist is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marie_Van_Brittan_Brown&oldid=858707457 '' Categories : 1922 births 1999 deaths American inventors Women inventors African - American inventors People from Jamaica , Queens American scientist stubs Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from December 2010 All articles needing additional references Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Italiano Português Edit links This page was last edited on 9 September 2018 , at 02 : 58 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | when was the first home security system invented | [
"Marie Van Brittan Brown (October 30, 1922 – February 2, 1999) was an African-American inventor, becoming the originator of the home security system ( U.S. Patent 3,482,037) in 1966, along with her husband Albert Brown, a patent was granted in 1969. Brown was born in Jamaica, Queens, New York;[1] she died there at the age of 76.\n"
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-3892331775167708900 | 1st Academy Awards | 1st Academy Awards - Wikipedia 1st Academy Awards Jump to : navigation , search 1st Academy Awards The first Academy Awards was at The Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel . Date May 16 , 1929 ( 1929 - 05 - 16 ) Site Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel Hollywood , Los Angeles , California , U.S. Hosted by Douglas Fairbanks Highlights Best Picture Wings Most awards 7th Heaven and Sunrise : A Song of Two Humans ( 3 ) Most nominations 7th Heaven ( 5 ) Academy Awards 2nd → The 1st Academy Awards ceremony , presented by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) , honored the best films of 1927 and 1928 and took place on May 16 , 1929 at a private dinner held at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel in Los Angeles , California . AMPAS president Douglas Fairbanks hosted the show . Tickets cost $5 ( which would be $71 in 2017 considering inflation ) , 270 people attended the event and the presentation ceremony lasted 15 minutes . Awards were created by Louis B. Mayer , founder of Louis B. Mayer Pictures Corporation ( at present merged into Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer ) . It is the only Academy Awards ceremony not to be broadcast either on radio or television . The radio broadcast was introduced the following year in 1930 . During the ceremony , the AMPAS presented Academy Awards , now known as the Oscars in 12 categories . Winners were announced three months before the live event . Some nominations were announced without reference to a specific film , such as for Ralph Hammeras and Nugent Slaughter , who received nominations in the now defunct category of Engineering Effects . Unlike later ceremonies , an actor could be awarded for multiple works within a calendar year for the same category . Emil Jannings , for example , was given the Best Actor award for his work in both The Way of All Flesh and The Last Command . Also , Charlie Chaplin and Warner Brothers each received an Honorary Award . Major winners at the ceremony included 7th Heaven and Sunrise , which each received three awards , and Wings , receiving two awards . Among its honors , Sunrise won the award for Unique and Artistic Picture and Wings won the award for Outstanding Picture ( now known as Best Picture ) . These two categories at the time were regarded equally as the top award of the night intended to honor different and important aspects of superior filmmaking . The next year , the Academy dropped the Unique and Artistic Picture award , and decided retroactively that the award won by Wings was the highest honor that could be awarded . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Ceremony 3 Winners and nominees 3.1 Awards 3.2 Honorary Awards 3.3 Multiple nominations and awards 4 Gallery 5 See also 6 References 7 Bibliography Background ( edit ) In 1927 , the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) was established by Louis B. Mayer , originator of Louis B. Mayer Pictures Corporation , which then would be joined into Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer ( MGM ) . Mayer 's purpose in creating the award was to unite the five branches of the film industry , including actors , directors , producers , technicians , and writers . Mayer commented on the creation of the awards `` I found that the best way to handle ( filmmakers ) was to hang medals all over them ... If I got them cups and awards , they 'd kill them to produce what I wanted . That 's why the Academy Award was created '' . Mayer asked Cedric Gibbons , art director of MGM , to design an Academy Award trophy . Nominees were notified through a telegram in February 1928 . In August 1928 , Mayer contacted the Academy Central Board of Judges to decide winners . However , according to the American director King Vidor , the voting for the Academy Award for Best Picture was in the hands of the AMPAS founders Douglas Fairbanks , Sid Grauman , Mayer , Mary Pickford , and Joseph Schenck . Ceremony ( edit ) The ceremony was held on May 16 , 1929 at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel , located in Los Angeles . It consisted of a private dinner with 36 banquet tables , where 270 people attended and tickets cost five dollars ( equivalent to $71.26 in 2017 ) . Actors and actresses arrived at the hotel in luxury vehicles , where many fans attended to encourage celebrities . The ceremony was not broadcast on radio or television , and was hosted by AMPAS director Fairbanks during a 15 - minute event . Winners and nominees ( edit ) Winners were announced three months before the ceremony . The recipients included : Emil Jannings , the inaugural first award recipient for Best Actor ( The Way of All Flesh and The Last Command ) ; Janet Gaynor for Best Actress ( 7th Heaven , Street Angel , and Sunrise : A Song of Two Humans ) ; Frank Borzage for Best Director , Drama ( 7th Heaven ) ; Lewis Milestone for Best Director , Comedy ( Two Arabian Knights ) ; and Wings for Best Picture ( the most expensive film of its time ) . Two presentations were made of a Special Award : Charlie Chaplin , a multiple nominee for one movie ( Best Actor , Best Writer and Best Director , Comedy ; all for The Circus ) having been removed from the list so as to recognize his total contribution to the industry ; and Warner Brothers , an award for pioneering talking pictures ( The Jazz Singer ) . Three categories were eliminated for subsequent presentations : Best Engineering Effects , Best Title Writing , and Best Unique and Artistic Quality of Production . The larger film producers received the preponderance of awards : Fox Film Corporation , Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer , Paramount Pictures , Radio - Keith - Orpheum , and Warner Bros ... Awards ( edit ) Winners are listed first and indicated with double dagger Outstanding Picture Wings -- Lucien Hubbard for Paramount Pictures 7th Heaven -- William Fox for Fox Film Corporation The Racket -- Howard Hughes for The Caddo Company Best Unique and Artistic Picture Sunrise : A Song of Two Humans -- William Fox for Fox Film Corporation Chang : A Drama of the Wilderness -- Merian C. Cooper and Ernest B. Schoedsack for Paramount Pictures The Crowd -- Irving Thalberg for MGM Best Director , Comedy Picture Lewis Milestone -- Two Arabian Knights Ted Wilde -- Speedy Best Director , Dramatic Picture Frank Borzage -- 7th Heaven King Vidor -- The Crowd Herbert Brenon -- Sorrell and Son Best Actor Emil Jannings -- The Last Command and The Way of All Flesh Richard Barthelmess -- The Noose and The Patent Leather Kid Best Actress Janet Gaynor -- 7th Heaven , Street Angel , and Sunrise : A Song of Two Humans Louise Dresser -- A Ship Comes In Gloria Swanson -- Sadie Thompson Best Original Story Underworld -- Ben Hecht The Last Command -- Lajos Bíró Best Adaptation 7th Heaven -- Benjamin Glazer , based on the play by Austin Strong Glorious Betsy -- Anthony Coldeway , based on the play by Rida Johnson Young The Jazz Singer -- Alfred A. Cohn , based on the story `` The Day of Atonement '' and the play The Jazz Singer by Samson Raphaelson Best Art Direction The Dove and Tempest -- William Cameron Menzies 7th Heaven -- Harry Oliver Sunrise : A Song of Two Humans -- Rochus Gliese Best Cinematography Sunrise : A Song of Two Humans -- Charles Rosher and Karl Struss The Devil Dancer -- George Barnes The Magic Flame -- George Barnes Sadie Thompson -- George Barnes Best Engineering Effects Wings -- Roy Pomeroy ( No specific film ) -- Ralph Hammeras ( No specific film ) -- Nugent Slaughter Best Title Writing ( No specific film ) -- Joseph W. Farnham ( No specific film ) -- George Marion Jr . The Private Life of Helen of Troy -- Gerald Duffy ( posthumous nomination ) Honorary Awards ( edit ) Charlie Chaplin `` For versatility and genius in acting , writing , directing and producing The Circus '' . Warner Brothers Production `` For producing The Jazz Singer , the pioneer outstanding talking picture , which has revolutionized the industry '' . Multiple nominations and awards ( edit ) The following six films received multiple nominations : Nominations Film 5 7th Heaven Sunrise : A Song of Two Humans The Crowd The Last Command Sadie Thompson Wings The following three films received multiple awards : Awards Film 7th Heaven Sunrise : A Song of Two Humans Wings Gallery ( edit ) Academy Award winners -- Gallery Wings is the first film to win the Academy Award for Best Picture , which was at the time known as Outstanding Picture . Also won an award for the Best Engineering Effects Sunrise : A Song of Two Humans won the Academy Award for Best Unique and Artistic Picture , the only year that such a prize was awarded . The prize was intended to honor prestige art films separately from `` commercial fare '' . Frank Borzage , Best Director , Dramatic Picture Emil Jannings , Best Actor Janet Gaynor , Best Actress Charles Chaplin , Honorary Award Warner Brothers Production , Honorary Award . In top image First National Studios , Burbank , c. 1928 . See also ( edit ) 1927 in film 1928 in film References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The 1st Academy Awards Memorable Moments '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . ^ Jump up to : `` The Official Academy Awards Database '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2009 . Retrieved February 18 , 2012 . Reader must select `` 1927 / 28 '' in the `` Award Year ( s ) : '' drop - down menu and press `` Search '' . ^ Jump up to : `` History of the Academy Awards '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Archived from the original on April 8 , 2010 . Retrieved May 6 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Dirks , Tim . `` 1927 -- 28 Academy Awards Winners and History '' . Filmsite . Rainbow Media . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2010 . Retrieved May 6 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Cosgrave 2007 , p. 1 Jump up ^ Eyman 2005 , p. 117 Jump up ^ Eyman 2005 , p. 209 Jump up ^ Eyman 2005 , p. 138 ^ Jump up to : `` This day in History '' . History . A&E Television Networks . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2010 . Retrieved October 5 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Pawlak , Debra Ann . `` The Story of the First Academy Awards '' . The MediaDrome ( ( inconsistent citations ) ) ^ Jump up to : Cosgrave 2007 , p. 4 Jump up ^ `` Names make news '' . Time . Time Inc . May 27 , 1929 . Archived from the original on October 27 , 2010 . Retrieved October 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Decherney , Peter ( August 14 , 2012 ) . `` Hollywood and the Culture Elite : How the Movies Became American '' . Columbia University Press -- via Google Books . Bibliography ( edit ) Cosgrave , Bronwyn ( 2007 ) . Made for Each Other : Fashion and the Academy Awards ( I ed . ) . New York , United States : Bloomsbury Publishing USA . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7475 - 7630 - 3 . OCLC 74523691 . Eyman , Scott ( 2005 ) . Lion of Hollywood : the life and legend of Louis B. Mayer ( I ed . ) . New York , United States : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 7432 - 0481 - 6 . OCLC 57506846 . Academy Awards Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) Records Most wins per ceremony Oscar season Governors Awards Nicholl Fellowships in Screenwriting Pre-show Awards of Merit Best Picture Director Actor Actress Supporting Actor Supporting Actress Adapted Screenplay Original Screenplay Animated Feature Documentary Feature Foreign Language Film Animated Short Film Documentary Short Subject Live Action Short Film Cinematography Costume Design Film Editing Makeup and Hairstyling Original Score Original Song Production Design Sound Editing Sound Mixing Visual Effects Special awards Governors Awards Academy Honorary Award Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award Special Achievement Academy Award Academy Scientific and Technical Awards Academy Award of Merit ( non-competitive ) Scientific and Engineering Award Technical Achievement Award John A. Bonner Medal of Commendation Gordon E. Sawyer Award Student Awards Student Academy Award Former awards Merit Awards Assistant Director Dance Direction Story Special Awards Academy Juvenile Award Ceremonies ‡ ( List Book ) 1927 / 28 1928 / 29 1929 / 30 1930 / 31 1931 / 32 1932 / 33 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 2017 Footnote ‡ Dates and years listed for each ceremony were the eligibility period of film release in Los Angeles County . For the first five ceremonies , the eligibility period was done on a seasonal basis , from August to July . For the 6th ceremony , held in 1934 , the eligibility period lasted from August 1 , 1932 to December 31 , 1933 . Since the 7th ceremony held in 1935 , the period of eligibility became the full previous calendar year from January 1 to December 31 . Book Category Portal Academy Awards lists Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) Records Oscar season Oscar speech History of film Most wins per ceremony Combined major Oscars Superlatives Big Five All four acting categories Combined major awards Academy , Emmy , Grammy , and Tony Award careers Acting All nominees Best Actor ( by age ) Best Actress ( by age ) Best Supporting Actor ( by age ) Best Supporting Actress ( by age ) Acting noms in foreign language Actor multi-nom years Multi-Best Picture acting careers Multi-win Actors Multi-nom Actors Love curse Directing Best Director ( by age ) Film Films Foreign - language wins Foreign - language nominees Foreign - language noms in other categories Foreign - language : count by country Animated feature noms in other categories Ethnicity African Argentine Asian Australian Black Brazilian British Canadian Chilean Colombian Cuban French German - speaking Greek Hispanic - American ( U.S. ) Indian Iranian Italian Jewish Latin American Mexican New Zealand Nordic Pakistani Polish Puerto Rican Spanish Uruguayan Other Ceremonies Families Fictitious LGBT Multi-win years Posthumous Best Picture Presenters Trophy displays Oldest & Youngest Awards for Walt Disney Women in Non-gendered Categories Book Category Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1st_Academy_Awards&oldid=831501333 '' Categories : Academy Awards ceremonies 1928 film awards 1929 in Los Angeles 1929 in American cinema May 1929 events First events Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from April 2011 Use American English from February 2012 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Azərbaycanca বাংলা Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Latviešu Magyar मराठी Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو 中文 33 more Edit links This page was last edited on 20 March 2018 , at 22 : 25 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what film was the first ever best picture winner at the oscars | [
"Major winners at the ceremony included 7th Heaven and Sunrise, which each received three awards, and Wings, receiving two awards. Among its honors, Sunrise won the award for Unique and Artistic Picture and Wings won the award for Outstanding Picture (now known as Best Picture). These two categories at the time were regarded equally as the top award of the night intended to honor different and important aspects of superior filmmaking. The next year, the Academy dropped the Unique and Artistic Picture award, and decided retroactively that the award won by Wings was the highest honor that could be awarded.[2]"
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"Wings"
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1964206870315197937 | Lily Munster | Lily Munster - wikipedia Lily Munster Jump to : navigation , search Lily Munster The Munsters character Yvonne De Carlo as Lily Munster . First appearance `` Munster Masquerade '' Last appearance `` A Visit from the Teacher '' Created by Lily Richardson Portrayed by Yvonne De Carlo ( 1964 -- 1966 ; 1981 ) Cynthia Adler ( 1973 ) Lee Meriwether ( 1988 - 1991 ) Veronica Hamel ( 1995 ) Ann Magnuson ( 1996 ) Portia de Rossi ( 2012 ) Information Nickname ( s ) Mom , Aunt Lily Species Vampire Gender Female Occupation housewife Spouse ( s ) Herman Munster ( 1865 -- present ) Children Eddie Munster Relatives Vladimir Dracula ( father ) Marilyn Munster ( niece ) Lester Dracula ( brother ) Nationality American ( formerly Romanian ) Lily Munster , Countess of Shroudshire ( née Dracula ) , is a fictional character in the CBS sitcom , The Munsters , originally played by Yvonne De Carlo . The matriarch of the Munster household , Lily is a vampire . The role was later played by Lee Meriwether in The Munsters Today and by Portia de Rossi in Mockingbird Lane . In the original unaired color pilot her name was Phoebe Munster . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origins 2 Description 3 Development 4 References Origins ( edit ) Lily was born in 1827 to Count Vladimir Dracula ( Grandpa ) and his 166th wife ( referred to only as `` Grandma '' ) . She lived with Grandpa for some time in Transylvania ( a region in Romania ) before meeting Herman Munster and marrying him in 1865 . She , Grandpa , and Herman moved to America sometime before the mid-1940s and adopted her sister 's child , Marilyn . In the mid-1950s , she gave birth to Eddie , her and Herman 's only child . Her name is presumably derived from the tradition of the lily as a flower of death , or a vague reference to Lilith , a female demon of Jewish mythology . Description ( edit ) Lily is the matriarch of the Munster family . She is very close with her niece , Marilyn . She has a werewolf for a brother , who appears in one episode , and a sister who is mentioned a few times who is Marilyn 's mother . Lily is the voice of reason in the Munster household , often relied upon to set problems right , and typically mediates when Herman and Grandpa squabble . Lily also has a fiery temper . While she is deeply in love with Herman ( `` Pussycat , '' as she calls him ) , she also frequently gets very angry at him ( due to his frequent stupidity and occasional selfishness ) , and Herman often meekly discloses his fear ( to others ) of being on the receiving end of her wrath . She also has reprimanded her own father ( Grandpa ) on several occasions for his own foolish actions and stubborn self - righteousness . Lily treats her niece Marilyn as her own daughter , but shares the family 's concern that Marilyn 's `` hideousness '' is going to condemn her to a spinster 's life . As such , she is very much in favor of Marilyn dating , and is very accommodating to Marilyn 's fleeting beaus despite their `` rudeness . '' ( What Lily is perceiving as lack of manners is in fact the young man 's terror of seeing Marilyn 's monstrous relatives ) . Lily is very supportive of her son , Eddie , and keeps a close eye on his activities and social circle . Lily is mainly a housewife , and her duties include spreading garbage around the mansion and `` dusting '' with a vacuum cleaner operating in reverse so that it blows dirt about in the nine - room - and - a-dungeon house . During the course of the series , Lily works as a welder in a shipyard , a fashion model , and a palm reader in a tea room . In one episode she forces Herman to give her money so that she and Marilyn can open a beauty parlor , but this soon goes out of business , as Lily assumes her clientele wants to look more like her . These part - time jobs never seem to stick , and Lily would be back to being a homemaker by the next episode . Lily is a beautiful and slender woman who appears to be in her middle age years , although she is actually hundreds of years old . Later incarnations of the character , played by different actresses , would change her skin from green to pale white . A white streak in her hair recalls the monster 's mate from Bride of Frankenstein . Lily usually dresses in an ankle - length pale pink gown that appears faded and old , and she sometimes also wears a scarf . Her necklace features a bat - shaped medallion . When away from the Munster house , she often wears a long silver cape with a hood , which in reality is a casket liner . In the episode `` Munsters Masquerade '' , Lily demonstrates the ability to float in the air while dancing . True to her vampire nature , when Lily sleeps she resembles a corpse : ramrod straight and fingers cradled on her chest , even holding a lily ( flower ) between her fingers . However , like her father , she casts a reflection , sleeps at night and has no problems going out in the daylight ( although she wears her heavy cape and hood ) , despite the two being vampires . She also never is shown to be craving blood or attempting to bite a mortal , like Grandpa occasionally does . Development ( edit ) Lily was not in the original pilot episode of The Munsters . Instead , Herman is married to a much more Gothic - looking wife named Phoebe , played by Joan Marshall . The producers scrapped the Phoebe character after deciding she seemed almost an exact double of the Morticia Addams character on The Addams Family . Lily appeared in the second pilot and all other episodes . In the pilot , the Phoebe character was depicted as more goth in nature , and also has a somewhat abrasive bickering relationship with Herman and a strained relationship with Eddie , both elements toned down with Lily . Yvonne De Carlo was cast for the role in March 1964 . When first cast , Gwynne and Lewis went to the producers and complained because De Carlo was a movie star of long standing and they were worried that she would not fit in . However , after a few shows , they had to admit they had been wrong , and all got on well . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Saxon , Wolfgang ( January 11 , 2007 ) . `` Yvonne De Carlo , Who Played Lily on ' The Munsters , ' Dies at 84 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 10 . ( hide ) The Munsters TV series The Munsters episodes The Mini-Munsters The Munsters Today Mockingbird Lane Films Munster , Go Home ! The Munsters ' Revenge Here Come the Munsters The Munsters ' Scary Little Christmas Characters Herman Munster Lily Munster Grandpa Eddie Munster Marilyn Munster Other Munster Koach DRAG - U-LA Munster Mansion Universal Monsters Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lily_Munster&oldid=783533865 '' Categories : Fictional characters introduced in 1964 The Munsters characters Fictional vampires Female characters in television Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Pages using infobox character with unknown parameters All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2007 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2008 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Edit links This page was last edited on 2 June 2017 , at 22 : 47 . About Wikipedia | who played herman munster's wife on the munsters | [
"Lily Munster, Countess of Shroudshire (née Dracula), is a fictional character in the CBS sitcom, The Munsters, originally played by Yvonne De Carlo.[1] The matriarch of the Munster household, Lily is a vampire. The role was later played by Lee Meriwether in The Munsters Today and by Portia de Rossi in Mockingbird Lane."
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"Yvonne De Carlo"
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