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-4699056410447398713 | It's Such a Pretty World Today | It 's Such a Pretty World Today - wikipedia It 's Such a Pretty World Today Jump to : navigation , search `` It 's Such a Pretty World Today '' Single by Wynn Stewart from the album It 's Such a Pretty World Today B - side `` Ol ' What 's Her Name '' Released January 1967 Genre Country Label Capitol Songwriter ( s ) Dale Noe Producer ( s ) Marvin Hughes Ken Nelson Wynn Stewart singles chronology `` I Keep Forgettin ' That I Forgot About You '' ( 1965 ) `` It 's Such a Pretty World Today '' ( 1967 ) `` ' Cause I Have You '' ( 1967 ) `` I Keep Forgettin ' That I Forgot About You '' ( 1965 ) `` It 's Such a Pretty World Today '' ( 1967 ) `` ' Cause I Have You '' ( 1967 ) `` It 's Such a Pretty World Today '' Single by Andy Russell Released 1967 Format 7 '' ( 45 rpm ) Label Capitol Songwriter ( s ) Dale Noe Producer ( s ) Al de Lory `` It 's Such a Pretty World Today '' is the title of a popular song released in 1967 . The song was written by songwriter Dale Noe . The song was originally a country music single by singer Wynn Stewart . Although Stewart had previously hit the Top 40 on the Billboard US country chart with songs such as `` Wishful Thinking '' in 1960 , `` It 's Such a Pretty World Today '' was Stewart 's highest charting hit , peaking at No. 1 on the country music chart for two weeks in the late spring of 1967 . It was released as a single from his album of the same name that year . Contents ( hide ) 1 Chart performance 2 Andy Russell version 3 Other versions 4 References Chart performance ( edit ) Chart ( 1967 ) Peak position U.S. Billboard Hot Country Singles Andy Russell version ( edit ) That same year , Mexican - American singer Andy Russell recorded a cover version of the song . Russell had enjoyed quite a bit of popularity in the U.S. throughout the 1940s and 1950s , recording songs such as `` Bésame Mucho '' and co-starring in a short - lived daily musical show with his then - wife , Della , on ABC from 1950 - 1951 . After the couple divorced , Russell left the U.S. and attained great success in Mexico and Latin America as a singer , actor , and host of his own television show . He returned in the mid 1960s and tried resurrecting his singing career . Although his cover of `` It 's Such a Pretty World Today '' failed to reach the Billboard Hot 100 pop chart ( it `` bubbled under '' , peaking at No. 119 ) , it did spend one week at No. 1 on the adult contemporary chart , making the song the first to top the AC chart while not entering the pop chart . Other versions ( edit ) Other artists who have recorded cover versions of the song include : Loretta Lynn , whose version appears on her 1967 album Singin ' with Feelin ' ; Nancy Sinatra , who also recorded the song in 1967 and included it on her album Country , My Way ; and Marie Osmond , whose version appears on her 1973 album Paper Roses . Sinatra 's version of the song can be heard near the end of a second season episode of the AMC drama Breaking Bad . Singer Mark Dinning reached # 117 in the Record World Magazine charts . The Jimmy Bowen Singers released a version of the song as a single in 1967 , but it did not chart . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . The Billboard Book Of Top 40 Country Hits : 1944 - 2006 , Second edition . Record Research . p. 334 . Jump up ^ `` Andy & Della Russell '' . imdb.com . Retrieved June 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Andy & Della Russell `` Who Shot The Hole In My Sombrero '' . youtube.com . Retrieved June 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hyatt , Wesley ( 1999 ) . The Billboard Book of # 1 Adult Contemporary Hits ( Billboard Publications ) , page 57 . Jump up ^ Calendar nancysinatra.com . Retrieved 29 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Jimmy Bowen Singers , `` It 's Such a Pretty World Today '' Single Release `` . Retrieved December 17 , 2016 . Preceded by `` Sam 's Place '' by Buck Owens Billboard Hot Country Singles number - one single ( Wynn Stewart version ) June 3 - June 10 , 1967 Succeeded by `` All the Time '' by Jack Greene Preceded by `` Do n't Sleep in the Subway '' by Petula Clark Billboard Easy Listening Singles number - one single ( Andy Russell version ) August 5 , 1967 Succeeded by `` In the Chapel in the Moonlight '' by Dean Martin Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=It%27s_Such_a_Pretty_World_Today&oldid=757327391 '' Categories : 1967 songs 1967 singles Wynn Stewart songs Loretta Lynn songs Nancy Sinatra songs Marie Osmond songs Jimmy Bowen songs Song recordings produced by Ken Nelson ( United States record producer ) Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles Billboard Hot Country Songs number - one singles Capitol Records singles Reprise Records singles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 30 December 2016 , at 01 : 57 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who sang the song it's such a pretty world today | [
"The song was originally a country music single by singer Wynn Stewart. Although Stewart had previously hit the Top 40 on the Billboard US country chart with songs such as \"Wishful Thinking\" in 1960, \"It's Such a Pretty World Today\" was Stewart's highest charting hit, peaking at No.1 on the country music chart for two weeks in the late spring of 1967. It was released as a single from his album of the same name that year."
] | [
"Wynn Stewart"
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-6088917730676694645 | Too Close to Home (TV series) | Too Close to Home ( TV series ) - wikipedia Too Close to Home ( TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search Too Close To Home Genre Drama Created by Tyler Perry Starring Danielle Savre Brock O'Hurn Kelly Sullivan Brad Benedict Brooke Anne Smith Alpha Trivette Trisha Rae Stahl Robert Craighead Annie Thrash Courtney Burrell Curran Walters Crystle Stewart Justin Gabriel Nick Ballard Charles Justo Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 24 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Tyler Perry Running time 42 minutes Production company ( s ) Tyler Perry Studios Release Original network TLC Picture format NTSC ( 480i ) HDTV 1080i Original release August 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 22 ) -- February 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 22 ) External links Official website www.tlc.com/tv-shows/too-close-to-home/ Too Close to Home is an American television drama series , created , executive produced , written and directed by Tyler Perry that debuted on TLC on August 22 , 2016 . It is the first scripted series for TLC . TLC renewed the show for a second season on September 1 , 2016 , which premiered on January 4 , 2017 . Reruns of the show often aired on the OWN network where all of Tyler Perry 's other shows regularly air . On November 2 , 2017 , it was confirmed that the show had been cancelled and would not be renewed for a third season . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 3 Production 4 Series overview 5 Episodes 5.1 Season 1 ( 2016 ) 5.2 Season 2 ( 2017 ) 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) The series follows a young woman , Anna , from a working class life who , after having an affair with the President of the United States , becomes the center of a political scandal . When the scandal erupts , she returns to her old life . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Danielle Savre as Annie Belle `` Anna '' Hayes : A woman who works in the White House , but after her affair with the President is revealed she resorts to a safe place , which is her hometown in Happy , Alabama Brock O'Hurn as Brody Allen : Anna 's former love interest who currently has feelings for Bonnie Kelly Sullivan as Bonnie Hayes : Anna 's eldest sister , who has natural love for Anna . She takes care of Anna 's daughter Rebel , Shelby 's son Mac , and her mother Jolene . She also helps Brody take care of his father , Dr Allen . She also works at the May Sally 's Diner Brad Benedict as J.B. : Brody 's estranged half - brother and Bonnie 's ex-boyfriend . Brooke Anne Smith as Michelle `` Shelby '' Hayes : The youngest Hayes sister , who is a drug and alcohol addict , and who is the mother of Mac Alpha Trivette as Doctor Allen : Brody 's father who has dementia Trisha Rae Stahl as Jolene : Anna , Bonnie and Shelby 's mother who is suffering from morbid obesity and hoarding Robert Craighead as Sheriff Mobley Annie Thrash as Rebel : Anna 's 15 - year - old daughter that she left behind to move to DC Curran Walters as Mac : Shelby 's teenage son who is a similar age to Rebel Crystle Stewart as Frankie ( season 2 ) : a licensed therapist and the Hayes ' neighbor who knows about Regina and Elm 's affair Justin Gabriel as Rick ( season 2 ; recurring , season 1 ) : Shelby 's love interest Nick Ballard as Dax ( season 2 ; recurring , season 1 ) : Anna 's friend who works with her in the White House Charles Justo as Victor ( season 2 ; recurring , season 1 ) : Another one of Anna 's friends and Dax 's boyfriend Recurring ( edit ) Christian Ochoa as John ( season 1 ) a news reporter Ashley Love - Mills as Valerie : Anna 's best friend who also works with her in the White House . She despite Anna after learning of her affair with the President Jason Vendryes as Agent Larry ( season 1 ) Matt Battaglia as President Thomas ( season 2 ; guest , season 1 ) : Anna 's potential love interest Heather Locklear as First Lady Katelynn ( season 2 ; guest , season 1 ) Angela Rigsby as Octavia ( season 2 ; guest , season 1 ) : a next door neighbor of Bonnie who also works with her at the diner Azur - De Johnson as Regina ( season 2 ) : Nelson 's wife who has an affair with his best friend , Elm . Courtney Burrell as Nelson ( season 2 ) : Octavia 's older brother and Regina 's husband who returns after serving time in the army Nelson Estevez as Elm ( season 2 ) : Nelson 's friend and Tina 's husband K.D. Aubert as Tina ( season 2 ) : Elm 's wife James Shanklin as Eli ( season 2 ) : Rebel and Mack 's father . He has caused trouble with the Hayes sisters . Production ( edit ) It was officially ordered as a series on March 31 , 2016 with an eight - episode order . On June 21 , 2016 announced that Too Close to Home is Perry 's first series or film with an all - white starring cast , even though the full cast is very diverse . Danielle Savre was cast as the series ' lead , and Heather Locklear and Matt Battaglia make guest appearances . Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 8 August 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 22 ) October 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 10 ) 8 January 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 04 ) February 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 22 ) Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Dangerously Close '' August 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 22 ) 0.77 Anna , who works at the White House , has her closely guarded secret revealed . Special guest stars : Heather Locklear and Matt Battaglia . `` Alabama '' August 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 22 ) 0.77 In order to protect herself , Anna searches for a safe haven after her secret gets found out and soon finds that home is the only place to go . Special guest star : Heather Locklear . `` Highway 16 '' August 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 29 ) 0.81 While she 's with Bonnie , Shelby unknowingly puts their lives in danger `` Have You Heard ? '' September 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 05 ) 0.60 Anna 's recent controversy sparks questions 5 5 `` A Surprise Visit '' September 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 12 ) 0.63 Anna introduces her co-worker's partner Victor to Happy , Alabama 6 6 `` Hard Feelings '' September 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 19 ) 0.68 Anna 's arrival home comes with unhappy results . 7 7 `` In My Sister 's Shoes '' October 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 03 ) 0.66 Bonnie shares a memorable moment with Anna . 8 8 `` The Evil Dragon '' October 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 10 ) 0.76 In the season 1 finale , J.B. meets up with Shelby . Season 2 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 9 `` The Mysterious Man '' January 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 04 ) 1.027 The town is abuzz following a catastrophic event . Special guest stars : Heather Locklear and Matt Battaglia . 10 `` A Family Affair '' January 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 11 ) 1.032 Mack reveals troubling news about Rebel . 11 `` Blocked In '' January 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 18 ) 1.6555 Regina and Elm take precautions to keep their secret , and an unexpected guest arrives in Happy . Special guest stars : Heather Locklear and Matt Battaglia . 12 `` A Happy Invasion '' January 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 25 ) 1.177 Outsiders invade Happy , Alabama . Special guest star : Heather Locklear 13 5 `` Car Trouble '' February 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 01 ) 1.179 Frankie 's car trouble leads to a shocking revelation for Octavia . 14 6 `` A Game of Chess '' February 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 08 ) 1.027 Octavia fights to keep a family secret ; Bonnie tries to keep her family safe . Special guest star : Heather Locklear 15 7 `` Mercury '' February 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 15 ) 0.979 Temper flare when the community comes together to clean Jolene 's trailer . Special guest stars : Heather Locklear and Matt Battaglia . 16 8 `` Blurred Lines '' February 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 22 ) 1.174 Confrontation and chaos surround everyone amid a joyful occasion . Special guest stars : Heather Locklear and Matt Battaglia . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( March 31 , 2016 ) . `` Too Close To Home : Tyler Perry Scripted Drama Ordered at TLC '' . Variety . Retrieved August 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( September 1 , 2016 ) . `` Tyler Perry 's ' Too Close To Home ' Renewed For Second Season By TLC '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved September 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://radiotvtalk.blog.ajc.com/2017/11/02/future-for-tlcs-tyler-perry-drama-too-close-to-home-bleak/ ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( June 21 , 2016 ) . `` Too Close To Home : Tyler Perry TLC Drama Series Sets Cast ; Heather Locklear To Guest Star '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved August 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kickham , Dylan ( March 31 , 2016 ) . `` Tyler Perry to helm TLC 's first scripted series '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Barr , Merrill ( March 31 , 2016 ) . `` Tyler Perry is Developing TLC 's First Scripted Drama '' . TV Guide . Retrieved August 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( March 31 , 2016 ) . `` TLC Courts Scandal , But Sticks To Script , With Tyler Perry Series '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved August 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Obenson , Tambay ( June 21 , 2016 ) . `` Cast Set for Tyler Perry 's TLC Scripted Series , Too Close to Home '' . ShadowandAct.com . Retrieved August 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Too Close To Home About the Show '' . TLC . Retrieved September 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( August 23 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.22. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved August 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 30 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.29. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved August 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 7 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.5. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved September 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 13 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.12. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved September 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 20 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.19. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved September 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 4 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.3. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved October 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Too Close To Home Season 1 Episode Guide '' . TV Guide . Retrieved September 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://tvseriesfinale.com/tv-show/close-home-season-one-ratings/ . Missing or empty title = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : http://tvseriesfinale.com/tv-show/too-close-to-home-tlc-tv-show-season-two-ratings/ External links ( edit ) Too Close to Home on IMDb Tyler Perry Stage I Know I 've Been Changed I Can Do Bad All by Myself Diary of a Mad Black Woman Madea 's Family Reunion Madea 's Class Reunion Why Did I Get Married ? Meet the Browns Madea Goes to Jail What 's Done in the Dark The Marriage Counselor Laugh to Keep from Crying Madea 's Big Happy Family A Madea Christmas Aunt Bam 's Place I Do n't Want to Do Wrong ! The Haves and the Have Nots Madea Gets a Job Hell Hath No Fury Like a Woman Scorned Madea 's Neighbors from Hell Madea on the Run Films Madea series Diary of a Mad Black Woman Madea 's Family Reunion Meet the Browns Madea Goes to Jail I Can Do Bad All by Myself Madea 's Big Happy Family Madea 's Witness Protection A Madea Christmas Madea 's Tough Love Boo ! A Madea Halloween Boo 2 ! A Madea Halloween Independent films Daddy 's Little Girls Why Did I Get Married ? The Family That Preys Why Did I Get Married Too ? For Colored Girls Good Deeds Peeples Temptation : Confessions of a Marriage Counselor The Single Moms Club Acrimony Television House of Payne Meet the Browns For Better or Worse The Haves and the Have Nots Love Thy Neighbor If Loving You Is Wrong Too Close to Home Books Do n't Make a Black Woman Take Off Her Earrings See also Madea Tyler Perry Studios TLC original programming 7 Little Johnstons 10 Years Younger 48 Hours 90 Day Fiancé All About Sex Breaking Amish Buying Naked Cake Boss Curvy Brides Extreme Cheapskates Four Weddings Gypsy Sisters A Haunting Home Sweet Bus I Am Jazz I Found The Gown Leah Remini : It 's All Relative The Little Couple Little People , Big World Long Lost Family Love , Lust or Run My 600 Pound Life My Big Fat Fabulous Life My Big Fat Gypsy Wedding My Big Fat American Gypsy Wedding My Giant Life My Strange Addiction Next Great Baker Kate Plus 8 Kindred Spirits OutDaughtered Outrageous 911 Our Little Family Paranormal Lockdown Randy to the Rescue Say Yes to the Dress Say Yes to the Dress : Atlanta Say Yes to the Dress : Bridesmaids Say Yes to the Dress : Randy Knows Best Say Yes to the Dress : The Big Day Secretly Pregnant Sex Sent Me to the ER Something Borrowed , Something New The Willis Family Too Close to Home Untold Stories of the E.R. See also Template : Former TLC Programming Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Too_Close_to_Home_(TV_series)&oldid=815150054 '' Categories : TLC ( TV network ) programs 2016 American television series debuts 2010s American television series English - language television programs American drama television series Television series created by Tyler Perry Television shows filmed in Georgia ( U.S. state ) Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 13 December 2017 , at 01 : 56 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what happened to the tv show too close to home | [
"On November 2, 2017, it was confirmed that the show had been cancelled and would not be renewed for a third season.[3]"
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"cancelled"
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1035257294705435288 | Gilded Age | Gilded Age - wikipedia Gilded Age era in the history of the USA between the late 1860 's and the 1890 's This article is about social and economic history . For other uses , see Gilded Age ( disambiguation ) . The Breakers , a Gilded Age mansion in Newport , Rhode Island , belonging to the wealthy Vanderbilt family of railroad industry tycoons The May 10 , 1869 , celebration of the completion of the First Transcontinental Railroad The Gilded Age in United States history is the late 19th century , from the 1870s to about 1900 . The term for this period came into use in the 1920s and 1930s and was derived from writer Mark Twain 's and Charles Dudley Warner 's 1873 novel The Gilded Age : A Tale of Today , which satirized an era of serious social problems masked by a thin gold gilding . The early half of the Gilded Age roughly coincided with the middle portion of the Victorian era in Britain and the Belle Époque in France . Its beginning in the years after the American Civil War overlaps the Reconstruction Era ( which ended in 1877 ) . It was followed in the 1890s by the Progressive Era . The Gilded Age was an era of rapid economic growth , especially in the North and West . As American wages were much higher than those in Europe , especially for skilled workers , the period saw an influx of millions of European immigrants . The rapid expansion of industrialization led to real wage growth of 60 % between 1860 and 1890 , spread across the ever - increasing labor force . The average annual wage per industrial worker ( including men , women , and children ) rose from $380 in 1880 to $564 in 1890 , a gain of 48 % . However , the Gilded Age was also an era of abject poverty and inequality as millions of immigrants -- many from impoverished regions -- poured into the United States , and the high concentration of wealth became more visible and contentious . Railroads were the major growth industry , with the factory system , mining , and finance increasing in importance . Immigration from Europe and the eastern states led to the rapid growth of the West , based on farming , ranching , and mining . Labor unions became important in the very rapidly growing industrial cities . Two major nationwide depressions -- the Panic of 1873 and the Panic of 1893 -- interrupted growth and caused social and political upheavals . The South after the Civil War remained economically devastated ; its economy became increasingly tied to commodities , cotton and tobacco production , which suffered from low prices . With the end of the Reconstruction era in 1877 , African - American people in the South were stripped of political power and voting rights and were left economically disadvantaged . The political landscape was notable in that despite some corruption , turnout was very high and national elections saw two evenly matched parties . The dominant issues were cultural ( especially regarding prohibition , education , and ethnic or racial groups ) and economic ( tariffs and money supply ) . With the rapid growth of cities , political machines increasingly took control of urban politics . In business , powerful nationwide trusts formed in some industries . Unions crusaded for the 8 - hour working day and the abolition of child labor ; middle class reformers demanded civil service reform , prohibition of liquor and beer , and women 's suffrage . Local governments across the North and West built public schools chiefly at the elementary level ; public high schools started to emerge . The numerous religious denominations were growing in membership and wealth , with Catholicism becoming the largest denomination . They all expanded their missionary activity to the world arena . Catholics , Lutherans and Episcopalians set up religious schools and the larger denominations set up numerous colleges , hospitals , and charities . Many of the problems faced by society , especially the poor , during the Gilded Age gave rise to attempted reforms in the subsequent Progressive Era . Contents 1 The name and the era 2 Industrial and technological advances 2.1 Technical advances 2.2 Railroads 2.2. 1 Shipping freight and passengers 2.2. 2 Basis of the private financial system 2.2. 3 Inventing modern management 2.2. 4 Career paths 2.2. 5 Love - hate relationship with the railroads 2.2. 6 Impact on farming 2.3 Economic growth 2.4 Wages 2.5 Inequality of income 2.6 Rise of labor unions 3 Politics 3.1 Metropolitan area politics 3.2 Scandals and corruption 3.3 National politics 3.4 Ethnocultural politics : pietistic Republicans versus liturgical Democrats 4 Immigration 4.1 Waves of old and new immigrants 4.1. 1 New immigrants 4.2 Chinese immigrants 5 Rural life 6 Urban life 7 The South and the West 7.1 The South 7.2 The West 7.2. 1 Native assimilation 7.2. 2 Family life 8 Art 9 Women 's roles 9.1 Social activism 9.2 Employment 10 Social thought 11 Religion 12 See also 13 References 14 Further reading 14.1 Historiography 14.2 Primary sources 14.3 Scholarly journals 15 External links The name and the Era ( edit ) Periods in United States history ( hide ) Colonial period 1607 -- 1775 American Revolution 1765 -- 1783 Confederation Period 1783 -- 1788 Federalist Era 1788 -- 1801 Jeffersonian Era 1801 -- 1817 Era of Good Feelings 1817 -- 1825 Jacksonian Era 1825 -- 1849 Civil War era 1849 -- 1865 Reconstruction era 1865 -- 1877 Gilded Age 1870s -- c. 1900 Progressive Era 1897 -- 1920 Roaring Twenties 1920 -- 1929 Great Depression 1929 -- 1939 World War II 1941 -- 1945 Postwar era 1945 -- 1964 Civil Rights era 1964 -- 1980 Reagan Era 1981 -- 2001 Current Era 2001 -- present Timeline The term `` Gilded Age '' for the period of economic boom after the American Civil War up to the turn of the century was applied to the era by historians in the 1920s , who took the term from one of Mark Twain 's lesser known novels , The Gilded Age : A Tale of Today ( 1873 ) . The book ( co-written with Charles Dudley Warner ) satirized the promised ' golden age ' after the Civil War , portrayed as an era of serious social problems masked by a thin gold gilding of economic expansion . In the 1920s and 30s `` Gilded Age '' became a designated period in American history . The term was adopted by literary and cultural critics as well as historians , including Van Wyck Brooks , Lewis Mumford , Charles Austin Beard , Mary Ritter Beard , Vernon Louis Parrington and Matthew Josephson . For them , `` Gilded Age '' was a pejorative term used to describe a time of materialistic excesses combined with extreme poverty . The early half of the Gilded Age roughly coincided with the middle portion of the Victorian era in Britain and the Belle Époque in France . With respect to eras of American history , historical views vary as to when the Gilded Age began , ranging from starting right after the American Civil War ( ended , 1865 ) , or 1873 , or as the Reconstruction Era ended in 1877 . The point noted as the end of the Gilded Age also varies . It is generally given as the beginning of the Progressive Era in the 1890s ( sometimes the United States presidential election of 1896 ) but also falls in a range that includes the Spanish -- American War in 1898 , Theodore Roosevelt 's accession to the presidency in 1901 , and even the U.S. entry into World War I ( 1917 ) . Industrial and technological advances ( edit ) Main articles : Second Industrial Revolution , Rail transportation in the United States , and Economic history of the United States Technical advances ( edit ) The Gilded Age was a period of economic growth as the United States jumped to the lead in industrialization ahead of Britain . The nation was rapidly expanding its economy into new areas , especially heavy industry like factories , railroads , and coal mining . In 1869 , the First Transcontinental Railroad opened up the far - west mining and ranching regions . Travel from New York to San Francisco now took six days instead of six months . Railroad track mileage tripled between 1860 and 1880 , and then doubled again by 1920 . The new track linked formerly isolated areas with larger markets and allowed for the rise of commercial farming , ranching , and mining , creating a truly national marketplace . American steel production rose to surpass the combined totals of Britain , Germany , and France . Investors in London and Paris poured money into the railroads through the American financial market centered in Wall Street . By 1900 , the process of economic concentration had extended into most branches of industry -- a few large corporations , called `` trusts '' , dominated in steel , oil , sugar , meat , and farm machinery . Through vertical integration these trusts were able to control each aspect of the production of a specific good , ensuring that the profits made on the finished product were maximized and prices minimized , and by controlling access to the raw materials , prevented other companies from being able to compete in the marketplace . Several monopolies -- most famously Standard Oil -- came to dominate their markets by keeping prices low when competitors appeared ; they grew at a rate four times faster than that of the competitive sectors . A Los Angeles oil district , circa 1900 Increased mechanization of industry is a major mark of the Gilded Age 's search for cheaper ways to create more product . Frederick Winslow Taylor observed that worker efficiency in steel could be improved through the use of very close observations with a stop watch to eliminate wasted effort . Mechanization made some factories an assemblage of unskilled laborers performing simple and repetitive tasks under the direction of skilled foremen and engineers . Machine shops grew rapidly , and they comprised highly skilled workers and engineers . Both the number of unskilled and skilled workers increased , as their wage rates grew . Engineering colleges were established to feed the enormous demand for expertise . Railroads invented modern management , with clear chains of command , statistical reporting , and complex bureaucratic systems . They systematized the roles of middle managers and set up explicit career tracks . They hired young men ages 18 -- 21 and promoted them internally until a man reached the status of locomotive engineer , conductor , or station agent at age 40 or so . Career tracks were invented for skilled blue - collar jobs and for white - collar managers , starting in railroads and expanding into finance , manufacturing , and trade . Together with rapid growth of small business , a new middle class was rapidly growing , especially in northern cities . The United States became a world leader in applied technology . From 1860 to 1890 , 500,000 patents were issued for new inventions -- over ten times the number issued in the previous seventy years . George Westinghouse invented air brakes for trains ( making them both safer and faster ) . Theodore Vail established the American Telephone & Telegraph Company and built a great communications network . Thomas Edison , in addition to inventing hundreds of devices , established the first electrical lighting utility , basing it on direct current and an efficient incandescent lamp . Electric power delivery spread rapidly across Gilded Age cities . The streets were lighted at night , and electric streetcars allowed for faster commuting to work and easier shopping . Petroleum launched a new industry beginning with the Pennsylvania oil fields in the 1860s . The United States dominated the global industry into the 1950s . Kerosene replaced whale oil and candles for lighting homes . John D. Rockefeller founded Standard Oil Company and monopolized the oil industry , which mostly produced kerosene before the automobile created a demand for gasoline in the 20th century . Railroads ( edit ) According to historian Henry Adams the system of railroads needed : the energies of a generation , for it required all the new machinery to be created -- capital , banks , mines , furnaces , shops , power - houses , technical knowledge , mechanical population , together with a steady remodelling of social and political habits , ideas , and institutions to fit the new scale and suit the new conditions . The generation between 1865 and 1895 was already mortgaged to the railways , and no one knew it better than the generation itself . The impact can be examined through five aspects : shipping , finance , management , careers , and popular reaction . Shipping freight and passengers ( edit ) First they provided a highly efficient network for shipping freight and passengers across a large national market . The result was a transforming impact on most sectors of the economy including manufacturing , retail and wholesale , agriculture , and finance . The United States now had an integrated national market practically the size of Europe , with no internal barriers or tariffs , all supported by a common language , and financial system and a common legal system . Basis of the private financial system ( edit ) Railroads financing provided the basis for a dramatic expansion of the private ( non-governmental ) financial system . Construction of railroads was far more expensive than factories . In 1860 , the combined total of railroad stocks and bonds was $1.8 billion ; 1897 it reached $10.6 billion ( compared to a total national debt of $1.2 billion ) . Funding came from financiers throughout the Northeast , and from Europe , especially Britain . About 10 percent of the funding came from the government , especially in the form of land grants that could be realized when a certain amount of trackage was opened . The emerging American financial system was based on railroad bonds . New York by 1860 was the dominant financial market . The British invested heavily in railroads around the world , but nowhere more so than the United States ; The total came to about $3 billion by 1914 . In 1914 -- 1917 , they liquidated their American assets to pay for war supplies . Inventing Modern management ( edit ) Railroad management designed complex systems that could handle far more complicated simultaneous relationships than could be dreamed of by the local factory owner who could patrol every part of his own factory in a matter of hours . Civil engineers became the senior management of railroads . The leading innovators were the Western Railroad of Massachusetts and the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad in the 1840s , the Erie in the 1850s and the Pennsylvania in the 1860s . Career paths ( edit ) The railroads invented the career path in the private sector for both blue - collar workers and white - collar workers . Railroading became a lifetime career for young men ; women were almost never hired . A typical career path would see a young man hired at age 18 as a shop laborer , be promoted to skilled mechanic at age 24 , brakemen at 25 , freight conductor at 27 , and passenger conductor at age 57 . White - collar careers paths likewise were delineated . Educated young men started in clerical or statistical work and moved up to station agents or bureaucrats at the divisional or central headquarters . At each level they had more and more knowledge , experience , and human capital . They were very hard to replace , and were virtually guaranteed permanent jobs and provided with insurance and medical care . Hiring , firing , and wage rates were set not by foreman , but by central administrators , in order to minimize favoritism and personality conflicts . Everything was done by the book , whereby an increasingly complex set of rules dictated to everyone exactly what should be done in every circumstance , and exactly what their rank and pay would be . By the 1880s the career railroaders were retiring , and pension systems were invented for them . Love - hate relationship with the railroads ( edit ) America developed a love - hate relationship with railroads . Boosters in every city worked feverishly to make sure the railroad came through , knowing their urban dreams depended upon it . The mechanical size , scope , and efficiency of the railroads made a profound impression ; people dressed in their Sunday best to go down to the terminal to watch the train come in . Travel became much easier , cheaper , and more common . Shoppers from small towns could make day trips to big city stores . Hotels , resorts , and tourist attractions were built to accommodate the demand . The realization that anyone could buy a ticket for a thousand - mile trip was empowering . Historians Gary Cross and Rick Szostak argue : with the freedom to travel came a greater sense of national identity and a reduction in regional cultural diversity . Farm children could more easily acquaint themselves with the big city , and easterners could readily visit the West . It is hard to imagine a United States of continental proportions without the railroad . The engineers became model citizens , bringing their can - do spirit and their systematic work effort to all phases of the economy as well as local and national government . By 1910 , major cities were building magnificent palatial railroad stations , such as the Pennsylvania Station in New York City , and the Union Station in Washington DC . But there was also a dark side . By the 1870s , railroads were vilified by Western farmers who absorbed the Granger movement theme that monopolistic carriers controlled too much pricing power , and that the state legislatures had to impose maximum prices . Local merchants and shippers supported the demand and got some `` Granger Laws '' passed . Anti-railroad complaints were loudly repeated in late 19th century political rhetoric . The most hated railroad man in the country was Collis P. Huntington ( 1821 -- 1900 ) , the president of the Southern Pacific Railroad who dominated California 's economy and politics . One textbook argues : `` Huntington came to symbolize the greed and corruption of late - nineteenth - century business . Business rivals and political reformers accused him of every conceivable evil . Journalists and cartoonists made their reputations by pillorying him ... Historians have cast Huntington as the state 's most despicable villain . '' However Huntington defended himself : `` The motives back of my actions have been honest ones and the results have redounded far more to the benefit of California than they have to my own . '' Impact on farming ( edit ) Further information : Meat packing industry The growth of railroads from 1850s to 1880s made commercial farming much more feasible and profitable . Millions of acres were opened to settlement once the railroad was nearby , and provided a long - distance outlet for wheat , cattle and hogs that reached all the way to Europe . Rural America became one giant market , as wholesalers bought the consumer products produced by the factories in the East , and shipped them to local merchants in small stores nationwide . Shipping live animals was slow and expensive . It was more efficient to slaughter them in major packing centers such as Chicago , Kansas City , St. Louis , Milwaukee , and Cincinnati , and then ship dressed meat out in refrigerated freight cars . The cars were cooled by slabs of ice that had been harvested from the northern lakes in wintertime , and stored for summer and fall usage . Chicago , the main railroad center , benefited enormously , with Kansas City a distant second . Historian William Cronon concludes : Because of the Chicago packers , ranchers in Wyoming and feedlot farmers in Iowa regularly found a reliable market for their animals , and on average received better prices for the animals they sold there . At the same time and for the same reason , Americans of all classes found a greater variety of more and better meats on their tables , purchased on average at lower prices than ever before . Seen in this light , the packers ' `` rigid system of economy '' seemed a very good thing indeed . Economic growth ( edit ) Main articles : Economic history of the United States § Late 19th century , and Robber baron ( industrialist ) Scottish immigrant Andrew Carnegie led the enormous expansion of the American steel industry . During the 1870s and 1880s , the U.S. economy rose at the fastest rate in its history , with real wages , wealth , GDP , and capital formation all increasing rapidly . For example , between 1865 and 1898 , the output of wheat increased by 256 % , corn by 222 % , coal by 800 % and miles of railway track by 567 % . Thick national networks for transportation and communication were created . The corporation became the dominant form of business organization , and a scientific management revolution transformed business operations . By the beginning of the 20th century , gross domestic product and industrial production in the United States led the world . Kennedy reports that `` U.S. national income , in absolute figures in per capita , was so far above everybody else 's by 1914 . '' Per capita income in the United States was $377 in 1914 compared to Britain in second place at $244 , Germany at $184 , France at $153 , and Italy at $108 , while Russia and Japan trailed far behind at $41 and $36 . Europe , especially Britain , remained the financial center of the world until 1914 , yet the United States ' growth caused foreigners to ask , as British author W.T. Stead wrote in 1901 , `` What is the secret of American success ? '' The businessmen of the Second Industrial Revolution created industrial towns and cities in the Northeast with new factories , and hired an ethnically diverse industrial working class , many of them new immigrants from Europe . Wealthy industrialists and financiers such as John D. Rockefeller , Jay Gould , Henry Clay Frick , Andrew W. Mellon , Andrew Carnegie , Henry Flagler , Henry H. Rogers , J.P. Morgan , Leland Stanford , Meyer Guggenheim , Jacob Schiff , Charles Crocker , Cornelius Vanderbilt would sometimes be labeled `` robber barons '' by their critics , who argue their fortunes were made at the expense of the working class , by chicanery and a betrayal of democracy . Their admirers argued that they were `` Captains of Industry '' who built the core America industrial economy and also the non-profit sector through acts of philanthropy . For instance , Andrew Carnegie donated over 90 % of his wealth and said that philanthropy was their duty -- the `` Gospel of Wealth '' . Private money endowed thousands of colleges , hospitals , museums , academies , schools , opera houses , public libraries , and charities . John D. Rockefeller donated over $500 million to various charities , slightly over half his entire net worth . Nevertheless , many business leaders were influenced by Herbert Spencer 's theory of Social Darwinism , which justified laissez - faire capitalism , ruthless competition and social stratification . This emerging industrial economy quickly expanded to meet the new market demands . From 1869 to 1879 , the U.S. economy grew at a rate of 6.8 % for NNP ( GDP minus capital depreciation ) and 4.5 % for NNP per capita . The economy repeated this period of growth in the 1880s , in which the wealth of the nation grew at an annual rate of 3.8 % , while the GDP was also doubled . Economist Milton Friedman states that for the 1880s , `` The highest decadal rate ( of growth of real reproducible , tangible wealth per head from 1805 to 1950 ) for periods of about ten years was apparently reached in the eighties with approximately 3.8 percent . '' Wages ( edit ) The rapid expansion of industrialization led to real wage growth of 60 % between 1860 and 1890 , spread across the ever - increasing labor force . Real wages ( adjusting for inflation ) rose steadily , with the exact percentage increase depending on the dates and the specific work force . The Census Bureau reported in 1892 that the average annual wage per industrial worker ( including men , women , and children ) rose from $380 in 1880 to $564 in 1890 , a gain of 48 % . Economic historian Clarence D. Long estimates that ( in terms of constant 1914 dollars ) , the average annual incomes of all American non-farm employees rose from $375 in 1870 to $395 in 1880 , $519 in 1890 and $573 in 1900 , a gain of 53 % in 30 years . Australian historian Peter Shergold found that the standard of living for industrial workers was higher than in Europe . He compared wages and the standard of living in Pittsburgh with Birmingham , England , one of the richest industrial cities of Europe . After taking account of the cost of living ( which was 65 % higher in the U.S. ) , he found the standard of living of unskilled workers was about the same in the two cities , while skilled workers in Pittsburgh had about 50 % to 100 % higher standard of living as those in Birmingham , England . According to Shergold the American advantage grew over time from 1890 to 1914 , and the perceived higher American wage led to a heavy steady flow of skilled workers from Britain to industrial America . According to historian Steve Fraser , workers generally earned less than $800 a year , which kept them mired in poverty . Workers had to put in roughly 60 hours a week to earn this much . Wage labor was widely condemned as ' wage slavery ' in the working class press , and labor leaders almost always used the phrase in their speeches . As the shift towards wage labor gained momentum , working class organizations became more militant in their efforts to `` strike down the whole system of wages for labor . '' In 1886 , economist and New York Mayoral candidate Henry George , author of Progress and Poverty , stated `` Chattel slavery is dead , but industrial slavery remains . '' Inequality of income ( edit ) The unequal distribution of wealth remained high during this period . From 1860 to 1900 , the wealthiest 2 % of American households owned more than a third of the nation 's wealth , while the top 10 % owned roughly three fourths of it . The bottom 40 % had no wealth at all . In terms of property , the wealthiest 1 % owned 51 % , while the bottom 44 % claimed 1.1 % . Historian Howard Zinn argues that this disparity along with precarious working and living conditions for the working classes prompted the rise of populist , anarchist , and socialist movements . French economist Thomas Piketty notes that economists during this time , such as Willford I. King , were concerned that the United States was becoming increasingly in - egalitarian to the point of becoming like old Europe , and `` further and further away from its original pioneering ideal . '' There was a significant human cost attached to this period of economic growth , as American industry had the highest rate of accidents in the world . In 1889 , railroads employed 704,000 men , of whom 20,000 were injured and 1,972 were killed on the job . The U.S. was also the only industrial power to have no workman 's compensation program in place to support injured workers . Rise of labor unions ( edit ) Main article : Labor history of the United States New York police violently attacking unemployed workers in Tompkins Square Park , 1874 . Craft - oriented labor unions , such as carpenters , printers , shoemakers and cigar makers , grew steadily in the industrial cities after 1870 . These unions used frequent short strikes as a method to attain control over the labor market , and fight off competing unions . They generally blocked women , blacks and Chinese from union membership , but welcomed most European immigrants . The railroads had their own separate unions . An especially large episode of unrest ( estimated at eighty thousand railroad workers and several hundred thousand other Americans , both employed and unemployed ) broke out during the economic depression of the 1870s and became known as the Great Railroad Strike of 1877 , which was , according to historian Jack Beatty , `` the largest strike anywhere in the world in the 19th century . '' This strike did not involve labor unions , but rather uncoordinated outbursts in numerous cities . The strike and associated riots lasted 45 days and resulted in the deaths of several hundred participants ( no police or soldiers were killed ) , several hundred more injuries , and millions in damages to railroad property . The unrest was deemed severe enough by the government that President Rutherford B. Hayes intervened with federal troops . Starting in the mid-1880s a new group , the Knights of Labor , grew rapidly . Too rapidly , for it spun out of control and failed to handle the Great Southwest Railroad Strike of 1886 . The Knights avoided violence , but their reputation collapsed in the wake of the Haymarket Square Riot in Chicago in 1886 , when anarchists allegedly bombed the policemen dispersing a meeting . Police then randomly fired into the crowd , killing and wounding a number of people , including other police , and arbitrarily rounded up anarchists , including leaders of the movement . Seven anarchists went on trial ; four were hanged even though no evidence directly linked them to the bombing . One had in his possession a Knights of Labor membership card . At its peak , the Knights claimed 700,000 members . By 1890 , membership had plummeted to fewer than 100,000 , then faded away . Strikes organized by labor unions became routine events by the 1880s as the gap between the rich and the poor widened . There were 37,000 strikes between 1881 and 1905 . By far the largest number were in the building trades , followed far behind by coal miners . The main goal was control of working conditions and settling which rival union was in control . Most were of very short duration . In times of depression strikes were more violent but less successful , because the company was losing money anyway . They were successful in times of prosperity when the company was losing profits and wanted to settle quickly . The largest and most dramatic strike was the 1894 Pullman Strike , a coordinated effort to shut down the national railroad system . The strike was led by the upstart American Railway Union led by Eugene V. Debs and was not supported by the established brotherhoods . The union defied federal court orders to stop blocking the mail trains , so President Cleveland used the U.S. Army to get the trains moving again . The ARU vanished and the traditional railroad brotherhoods survived , but avoided strikes . The new American Federation of Labor , headed by Samuel Gompers , found the solution . The AFL was a coalition of unions , each based on strong local chapters ; the AFL coordinated their work in cities and prevented jurisdictional battles . Gompers repudiated socialism and abandoned the violent nature of the earlier unions . The AFL worked to control the local labor market , thereby empowering its locals to obtain higher wages and more control over hiring . As a result , the AFL unions spread to most cities , reaching a peak membership in 1919 . Severe economic recessions -- called `` panics '' -- struck the nation in the Panic of 1873 and the Panic of 1893 . They lasted several years , with high urban unemployment , low incomes for farmers , low profits for business , slow overall growth , and reduced immigration . They generated political unrest . Politics ( edit ) Main article : Third Party System A Group of Vultures Waiting for the Storm to `` Blow Over '' -- `` Let Us Prey . '' Cartoon denouncing the corruption of New York 's Boss Tweed and other Tammany Hall figures , drawn in 1871 by Thomas Nast and published in Harper 's Weekly . Gilded Age politics , called the Third Party System , featured intense competition between two major parties , with minor parties coming and going , especially on issues of concern to prohibitionists , to labor unions and to farmers . The Democrats and Republicans ( nicknamed the `` Grand Old Party , '' GOP ) fought over control of offices , which were the rewards for party activists , as well as over major economic issues . Very high voter turnout often exceeded 80 % or even 90 % in some states as the parties drilled their loyal members much as an army drills its soldiers . Competition was intense and elections were very close . In the southern states , lingering resentment over the Civil War remained and meant that much of the South would vote Democrat . After the end of Reconstruction in 1877 , competition in the South took place mainly inside the Democratic Party . Nationwide , turnout fell sharply after 1900 . Metropolitan area politics ( edit ) The major metropolitan centers underwent rapid population growth and as a result had many lucrative contracts and jobs to award . To take advantage of the new economic opportunity , both parties built so - called `` political machines '' to manage elections , to reward supporters and to pay off potential opponents . Financed by the `` spoils system '' , the winning party distributed most local , state and national government jobs , and many government contracts , to its loyal supporters . Large cities became dominated by political machines in which constituents supported a candidate in exchange for anticipated patronage . These votes would be repaid with favors back from the government once the appropriate candidate was elected ; and very often candidates were selected based on their willingness to play along with the spoils system . The largest and most notorious political machine was Tammany Hall in New York City , led by Boss Tweed . Scandals and corruption ( edit ) Political corruption was rampant , as business leaders spent significant amounts of money ensuring that government did not regulate the activities of big business -- and they more often than not got what they wanted . Such corruption was so commonplace that in 1868 the New York state legislature legalized such bribery . Historian Howard Zinn argues that the U.S. government was acting exactly as Karl Marx described capitalist states : `` pretending neutrality to maintain order , but serving the interests of the rich '' . Historian Mark Wahlgren Summers calls it , `` The Era of Good Stealings , '' noting how machine politicians used `` padded expenses , lucrative contracts , outright embezzlements , and illegal bond issues . '' He concludes : Corruption gave the age a distinctive flavor . It marred the planning and development of the cities , infected lobbyists dealings , and disgraced even the cleanest of the Reconstructed states . For many reasons , however , its effect on policy was less overwhelming than once imagined . Corruption influenced a few substantive decisions ; it rarely determined one . Numerous swindlers were active , especially before the Panic of 1873 exposed the falsifications and caused a wave of bankruptcies . Former President Ulysses S. Grant was the most famous victim of scoundrels and con - men , of whom he most trusted Ferdinand Ward . Grant was cheated out of all his money , although some genuine friends bought Grant 's personal assets and allowed him to keep their use . Interpreting the phenomena , historian Allan Nevins deplored `` The Moral Collapse in Government and Business : 1865 - 1873 . '' He argued that at war 's end society showed confusion and unsettlement as well as a hurried aggressive growth on the other . They : united to give birth to an alarming public and private corruption . Obviously much of the shocking improbity was due to the heavy war - time expenditures ... Speculators and jobbers waxed fat on government money , the collection of federal revenues offered large opportunities for graft ... Under the stimulus of greenback inflation , business ran into excesses and lost sight of elementary cannons of prudence . Meanwhile it became clear that thievery had found a better opportunity to grow because the conscience of the nation aroused against slavery , had neglected what seemed minor evils ... The thousands who had rushed into speculations which they had no moral right to risk , the pushing , hardened men brought to the front by the turmoil , observed a courser , lower standard of conduct ... Much of the trouble lay in the immense growth of national wealth unaccompanied by any corresponding growth in civic responsibility . National politics ( edit ) Further information : History of conservatism in the United States § The Gilded Age `` The Bosses of the Senate '' ( 1889 ) . Reformers like the cartoonist Joseph Keppler depicted the Senate as controlled by the giant moneybags , who represented the nation 's financial trusts and monopolies . Major scandal reached into Congress with the Crédit Mobilier of America scandal of 1872 , and disgraced the White House during the Grant Administration ( 1869 -- 1877 ) . This corruption divided the Republican party into two different factions : the Stalwarts led by Roscoe Conkling and the Half - Breeds led by James G. Blaine . There was a sense that government - enabled political machines intervened in the economy and that the resulting favoritism , bribery , inefficiency , waste , and corruption were having negative consequences . Accordingly , there were widespread calls for reform , such as Civil Service Reform led by the Bourbon Democrats and Republican Mugwumps . In 1884 , their support elected Democrat Grover Cleveland to the White House , and in doing so gave the Democrats their first national victory since 1856 . The Bourbon Democrats supported a free - market policy , with low tariffs , low taxes , less spending and , in general , a laissez - faire ( hands - off ) government . They argued that tariffs made most goods more expensive for the consumer and subsidized `` the trusts '' ( monopolies ) . They also denounced imperialism and overseas expansion . By contrast , Republicans insisted that national prosperity depended on industry that paid high wages , and warned that lowering the tariff would bring disaster because goods from low - wage European factories would flood American markets . Presidential elections between the two major parties were so closely contested that a slight nudge could tip the election in the advantage of either party , and Congress was marked by political stalemate . With support from Union veterans , businessmen , professionals , craftsmen , and larger farmers , the Republicans consistently carried the North in presidential elections . The Democrats , often led by Irish Catholics , had a base among Catholics , poorer farmers , and traditional party - members . Some sources consider that America in the Gilded Age was led by a string of relatively weak presidents collectively referred to as the `` forgettable presidents '' ( Johnson , Grant , Hayes , Garfield , Arthur and Harrison , with the possible exception of Cleveland ) who served in the White House during this period . `` What little political vitality existed in Gilded Age America was to be found in local settings or in Congress , which overshadowed the White House for most of this period . '' Overall , Republican and Democratic political platforms remained remarkably constant during the years before 1900 . Republicans generally favored inflationary , protectionist policies , while Democrats favored hard - money , free trade , and other laissez - faire policies . Ethnocultural politics : pietistic Republicans Versus liturgical Democrats ( edit ) Voting behavior by religion , Northern US , late 19th century % Dem % GOP Immigrant Groups Irish Catholics 80 20 All Catholics 70 30 Confessional German Lutherans 65 35 German Reformed 60 40 French Canadian Catholics 50 50 Less Confessional German Lutherans 45 55 English Canadians 40 60 British Stock 35 65 German Sectarians 30 70 Norwegian Lutherans 20 80 Swedish Lutherans 15 85 Haugean Norwegians 5 95 Natives : Northern Stock Quakers 5 95 Free Will Baptists 20 80 Congregational 25 75 Methodists 25 75 Regular Baptists 35 65 Blacks 40 60 Presbyterians 40 60 Episcopalians 45 55 Natives : Southern Stock ( living in North ) Disciples 50 50 Presbyterians 70 30 Baptists 75 25 Methodists 90 10 From 1860 to the early 20th century , the Republicans took advantage of the association of the Democrats with `` Rum , Romanism , and Rebellion '' . `` Rum '' stood for the liquor interests and the tavernkeepers , in contrast to the GOP , which had a strong dry element . `` Romanism '' meant Roman Catholics , especially Irish Americans , who ran the Democratic Party in most cities , and whom the reformers denounced for political corruption and their separate parochial - school system . `` Rebellion '' harked back to the Democrats of the Confederacy , who had tried to break the Union in 1861 , as well as to their northern allies , called `` Copperheads . '' Demographic trends boosted the Democratic totals , as the German and Irish Catholic immigrants became Democrats and outnumbered the English and Scandinavian Republicans . The new immigrants who arrived after 1890 seldom voted at this time . During the 1880s and 1890s , the Republicans struggled against the Democrats ' efforts , winning several close elections and losing two to Grover Cleveland ( in 1884 and 1892 ) . Religious lines were sharply drawn . In the North , about 50 % of the voters were pietistic Protestants ( especially Methodists , Scandinavian Lutherans , Presbyterians , Congregationalists , Disciples of Christ ) who believed in using the government to reduce social sins , such as drinking . They strongly supported the GOP , as the table shows . In sharp contrast , liturgical groups , especially the Catholics , Episcopalians , and German Lutherans , voted for the Democrats . They saw the Democratic party as their best protection from the moralism of the pietists , and especially from the threat of prohibition . Both parties cut across the class structure , with the Democrats more bottom - heavy and the GOP better represented among businessmen and professionals in the North . Many cultural issues , especially prohibition and foreign - language schools , became hard - fought political issues because of the deep religious divisions in the electorate . For example , in Wisconsin the Republicans tried to close down German - language Catholic and Lutheran parochial schools , and were defeated in 1890 when the Bennett Law was put to the test . Prohibition debates and referendums heated up politics in most states over a period of decades , as national prohibition was finally passed in 1919 ( and repealed in 1933 ) , serving as a major issue between the wet Democrats and the dry GOP . Immigration ( edit ) Main article : History of immigration to the United States Prior to the Gilded Age , the time commonly referred to as the old immigration saw the first real boom of new arrivals to the United States . During the Gilded Age , approximately 20 million immigrants came to the United States in what is known as the new immigration . Some of them were prosperous farmers who had the cash to buy land and tools in the Plains states especially . Many were poor peasants looking for the American Dream in unskilled manual labor in mills , mines , and factories . Few immigrants went to the poverty - stricken South , though . To accommodate the heavy influx , the federal government in 1892 opened a reception center at Ellis Island near the Statue of Liberty . Waves of old and new immigrants ( edit ) These immigrants consisted of two groups : The last big waves of the `` Old Immigration '' from Germany , Britain , Ireland , and Scandinavia , and the rising waves of the `` New Immigration '' , which peaked about 1910 . Some men moved back and forth across the Atlantic , but most were permanent settlers . They moved into well - established communities , both urban and rural . The German American communities spoke German , but their younger generation was bilingual . The Scandinavian groups generally assimilated quickly ; they were noted for their support of reform programs , such as prohibition . Businessman P.J. Kennedy of Boston in 1900 ; his grandson John F. Kennedy became president in 1960 . In terms of immigration , after 1880 the old immigration of Germans , British , Irish , and Scandinavians slackened off . The United States was producing large numbers of new unskilled jobs every year , and to fill them came number from Italy , Poland , Austria , Hungary , Russia , Greece , and other points in southern and central Europe , as well as French Canada . The older immigrants by the 1870s had formed highly stable communities , especially the German Americans . The British immigrants tended to blend into the general population . Irish Catholics had arrived in large numbers in the 1840s and 1850s in the wake of the great famine in Ireland when starvation killed millions . Their first few decades were characterized by extreme poverty , social dislocation , crime and violence in their slums . By the late 19th century , the Irish communities had largely stabilized , with a strong new `` lace curtain '' middle - class of local businessmen , professionals , and political leaders typified by P.J. Kennedy ( 1858 -- 1929 ) in Boston . In economic terms , Irish Catholics were nearly at the bottom in the 1850s . They reached the national average by 1900 , and by the late 20th century they far surpassed the national average . In political terms , the Irish Catholics comprised a major element in the leadership of the urban Democratic machines across the country . Although they were only a third of the total Catholic population , the Irish also dominated the Catholic Church , producing most of the bishops , college presidents , and leaders of charitable organizations . The network of Catholic institutions provided high status , but low - paying lifetime careers to sisters and nuns in parochial schools , hospitals , orphanages and convents . They were part of an international Catholic network , with considerable movement back and forth from Ireland , England , France , Germany and Canada . New immigrants ( edit ) Temporary quarters for Volga Germans in central Kansas , 1875 Norwegian settlers in front of their sod house in North Dakota in 1898 The `` New Immigration '' were much poorer peasants and rural folk from southern and eastern Europe , including mostly Italians , Poles and Jews . Some men , especially the Italians and Greeks , saw themselves as temporary migrants who planned to return to their home villages with a nest egg of cash earned in long hours of unskilled labor . Others , especially the Jews , had been driven out of Eastern Europe and had no intention of returning . Historians analyze the causes of immigration in terms of push factors ( pushing people out of the homeland ) and pull factors ( pulling them to America ) . The push factors included economic dislocation , shortages of land , and antisemitism . Pull factors were the economic opportunity of good inexpensive farmland or jobs in factories , mills and mines . The first generation typically lived in ethnic enclaves with a common language , food , religion , and connections through the old village . The sheer numbers caused overcrowding in tenements in the larger cities . In the small mill towns , however , management usually built company housing with cheap rents . Chinese immigrants ( edit ) Asian immigrants -- Chinese at this time -- were hired by California construction companies for temporary railroad work . The European Americans strongly disliked the Chinese for their alien life - styles and threat of low wages . The construction of the Central Pacific Railroad from California to Utah was handled largely by Chinese laborers . In the 1870 census , there were 63,000 Chinese men ( with a few women ) in the entire U.S. ; this number grew to 106,000 in 1880 . Labor unions , led by Samuel Gompers strongly opposed the presence of Chinese labor . Immigrants from China were not allowed to become citizens until 1950 ; however , as a result of the Supreme Court decision in United States v. Wong Kim Ark , their children born in the U.S. were full citizens . Congress banned further Chinese immigration through the Chinese Exclusion Act in 1882 ; the act prohibited Chinese laborers from entering the United States , but some students and businessmen were allowed in on a temporary basis . The Chinese population declined to only 37,000 in 1940 . Although many returned to China ( a greater proportion than most other immigrant groups ) , most of them stayed in the United States . Chinese people were unwelcome in urban neighborhoods , so they resettled in the `` Chinatown '' districts of large cities . The exclusion policy lasted until the 1940s . Rural Life ( edit ) Main article : History of agriculture in the United States § Railroad Age : 1860 - 1910 A dramatic expansion in farming took place during the Gilded Age , with the number of farms tripling from 2.0 million in 1860 to 6.0 million in 1905 . The number of people living on farms grew from about 10 million in 1860 to 22 million in 1880 to 31 million in 1905 . The value of farms soared from $8.0 billion in 1860 to $30 billion in 1906 . The federal government issued 160 - acre ( 65 ha ) tracts virtually free to settlers under the Homestead Act of 1862 . Even larger numbers purchased lands at very low interest from the new railroads , which were trying to create markets . The railroads advertised heavily in Europe and brought over , at low fares , hundreds of thousands of farmers from Germany , Scandinavia and Britain . Despite their remarkable progress and general prosperity , 19th - century U.S. farmers experienced recurring cycles of hardship , caused primarily by falling world prices for cotton and wheat . Along with the mechanical improvements which greatly increased yield per unit area , the amount of land under cultivation grew rapidly throughout the second half of the century , as the railroads opened up new areas of the West for settlement . The wheat farmers enjoyed abundant output and good years from 1876 to 1881 when bad European harvests kept the world price high . They then suffered from a slump in the 1880s when conditions in Europe improved . The farther west the settlers went , the more dependent they became on the monopolistic railroads to move their goods to market , and the more inclined they were to protest , as in the Populist movement of the 1890s . Wheat farmers blamed local grain elevator owners ( who purchased their crop ) , railroads and eastern bankers for the low prices . This protest has now been attributed to the far increased uncertainty in farming due to its commercialisation , with monopolies , the gold standard and loans being simply visualisations of this risk . The first organized effort to address general agricultural problems was the Grange movement . Launched in 1867 , by employees of the U.S. Department of Agriculture , the Granges focused initially on social activities to counter the isolation most farm families experienced . Women 's participation was actively encouraged . Spurred by the Panic of 1873 , the Grange soon grew to 20,000 chapters and 1.5 million members . The Granges set up their own marketing systems , stores , processing plants , factories and cooperatives . Most went bankrupt . The movement also enjoyed some political success during the 1870s . A few Midwestern states passed `` Granger Laws '' , limiting railroad and warehouse fees . The agricultural problems gained mass political attention in the Populist movement , which won 44 votes in the Electoral College in 1892 . Its high point came in 1896 with the candidacy of William Jennings Bryan for the Democrats , who was sympathetic to populist concerns such as the silver standard . Urban Life ( edit ) Main article : American urban history The Home Insurance Building in Chicago , built in 1885 , was the world 's first skyscraper . American society experienced significant changes in the period following the Civil War , most notably the rapid urbanization of the North . Due to the increasing demand for unskilled workers , most European immigrants went to mill towns , mining camps , and industrial cities . New York , Philadelphia , and especially Chicago saw rapid growth . Louis Sullivan became a noted architect using steel frames to construct skyscrapers for the first time while pioneering the idea of `` form follows function '' . Chicago became the center of the skyscraper craze , starting with the ten - story Home Insurance Building in 1884 -- 1885 by William Le Baron Jenney . As immigration increased in cities , poverty rose as well . The poorest crowded into low - cost housing such as the Five Points and Hell 's Kitchen neighborhoods in Manhattan . These areas were quickly overridden with notorious criminal gangs such as the Five Points Gang and the Bowery Boys . Overcrowding spread germs ; the death rates in big city tenements vastly exceeded those in the countryside . Rapid outward expansion required longer journeys to work and shopping for the middle class office workers and housewives . The working - class generally did not own automobiles until after 1945 ; they typically walked to nearby factories and patronized small neighborhood stores . The middle class demanded a better transportation system . Slow horse - drawn streetcars and faster electric trolleys were the rage in the 1880s . In the horse - drawn era , streets were unpaved and covered with dirt or gravel . However , this produced uneven wear , opened new hazards for pedestrians , and made for dangerous potholes for bicycles and for motor vehicles . Manhattan alone had 130,000 horses in 1900 , pulling streetcars , delivery wagons , and private carriages , and leaving their waste behind . They were not fast , and pedestrians could dodge and scramble their way across the crowded streets . In small towns people mostly walked to their destination so they continued to rely on dirt and gravel into the 1920s . Larger cities had much more complex transportation needs . They wanted better streets , so they paved them with wood or granite blocks . In 1890 , a third of Chicago 's 2000 miles of streets were paved , chiefly with wooden blocks , which gave better traction than mud . Brick surfacing was a good compromise , but even better was asphalt paving . With London and Paris as models , Washington laid 400,000 square yards of asphalt paving by 1882 , and served as a model for Buffalo , Philadelphia , and elsewhere . By the end of the century , American cities boasted 30 million square yards of asphalt paving , followed by brick construction . Street - level electric trolleys moved at 12 miles per hour , and became the main transportation service for middle class shoppers and office workers . Big - city streets became paths for faster and larger and more dangerous vehicles , the pedestrians beware . In the largest cities , street railways were elevated , which increased their speed and lessened their dangers . Boston built the first subway in the 1890s followed by New York a decade later . The South and the West ( edit ) The South ( edit ) Main articles : History of the Southern United States and African - American Civil Rights Movement ( 1865 -- 95 ) The Southern United States in red The South remained heavily rural and was much poorer than the North or West . In the South , Reconstruction brought major changes in agricultural practices . The most significant of these was sharecropping , where tenant farmers `` shared '' up to half of their crop with the landowners , in exchange for seed and essential supplies . About 80 % of the Black farmers and 40 % of White ones lived under this system after the Civil War . Most sharecroppers were locked in a cycle of debt , from which the only hope of escape was increased planting . This led to the over-production of cotton and tobacco ( and thus to declining prices and income ) , soil exhaustion , and poverty among both landowners and tenants . Agriculture 's Share of the Labor Force , 1890 Northeast 15 % Middle Atlantic 17 % Midwest 43 % South Atlantic 63 % South Central 67 % West 29 % There were only a few scattered cities -- small courthouse towns serviced the farm population . Local politics revolved around the politicians and lawyers based at the courthouse . Mill towns , narrowly focused on textile production or cigarette manufacture , began opening in the Piedmont region especially in the Carolinas . Racial segregation and outward signs of inequality were everywhere , and rarely were challenged . Blacks who violated the color line were liable to expulsion or lynching . Cotton became even more important than before , as poor whites needed the cash that cotton would bring . Cotton prices were much lower than before the war , so everyone was poor . White southerners showed a reluctance to move north , or to move to cities , so the number of small farms proliferated , and they became smaller as the population grew . Many of the White farmers , and most of the Blacks , were tenant farmers who owned their work animals and tools , and rented the land . Others were day laborers or very poor sharecroppers , who worked under the supervision of the landowner . There was little cash in circulation , because most farmers operated on credit accounts from local merchants , and paid off their debts at cotton harvest time in the fall . Although there were small country churches everywhere , there were only a few dilapidated elementary schools . Apart from private academies , there were very few high schools until the 1920s . Conditions were marginally better in newer areas , especially in Texas and central Florida , with the deepest poverty in South Carolina , Mississippi , and Arkansas . The vast majority of African Americans lived in the South , and as the promises of emancipation and reconstruction faded , they entered the nadir of race relations . Every Southern state and city passed Jim Crow laws that were in effect between the late 19th century and 1964 , when they were abolished by Congress . They mandated de jure ( legal ) segregation in all public facilities , such as stores and street cars , with a supposedly `` separate but equal '' status for Blacks . In reality , this led to treatment and accommodations that were dramatically inferior to those provided for White Americans , systematizing a number of economic , educational and social disadvantages . Schools for Blacks were far fewer and poorly supported by taxpayers , although Northern philanthropies and churches kept open dozens of academies and small colleges . In the face of years of mounting violence and intimidation directed at blacks during Reconstruction , the federal government was unable to guarantee constitutional protections to freedmen and women . In the Compromise of 1877 President Hayes withdrew Union troops from the South ; `` Redeemers '' ( White Democrats ) acted quickly to reverse the groundbreaking advances of Reconstruction . Black political power was eliminated in the 1880s , and in the 1890s new laws effectively blocked over 90 % of the Blacks from voting ( with some exceptions in Tennessee ; blacks did vote in the border states ) . The West ( edit ) Main article : American Frontier Map of the United States , 1870 -- 80 . Orange indicates statehood , light blue territories , and green unorganized territories In 1869 , the First Transcontinental Railroad -- a combination of the Union Pacific from Omaha to Utah and the Central Pacific from Utah to California -- opened up the far west mining and ranching regions . Travel from New York to San Francisco now took six days instead of six months . After the Civil War , many from the East Coast and Europe were lured west by reports from relatives and by extensive advertising campaigns promising `` the Best Prairie Lands '' , `` Low Prices '' , `` Large Discounts For Cash '' , and `` Better Terms Than Ever ! '' . The new railroads provided the opportunity for migrants to go out and take a look , with special family tickets , the cost of which could be applied to land purchases offered by the railroads . Farming the plains was indeed more difficult than back east . Water management was more critical , lightning fires were more prevalent , the weather was more extreme , rainfall was less predictable . The fearful stayed home , while migrants were mainly motivated by a search improve their economic life . Farmers sought larger , cheaper and more fertile land ; merchants and tradesman sought new customers and new leadership opportunities . Laborers wanted higher paying work and better conditions . With the Homestead Act providing free land to citizens and the railroads selling cheap lands to European farmers , the settlement of the Great Plains was swiftly accomplished , and the frontier had virtually ended by 1890 . Native assimilation ( edit ) Native American policy was set by the national government ( the states had very little role ) , and after 1865 the national policy was that Native Americans either had to assimilate into the larger community or remain on reservations , where the government provided subsidies . Reservation natives were no longer allowed to roam or fight their traditional enemies . The U.S. Army was to enforce the laws . Natives of the West came in conflict with expansion by miners , ranchers and settlers . By 1880 , the buffalo herds , a foundation for the hunting economy had disappeared . Violence petered out in the 1880s and practically ceased after 1890 . Native Americans individually had the choice of living on reservations , with food , supplies , education and medical care provided by the federal government , or living on their own in the larger society and earning wages , typically as a cowboy on a ranch , or manual worker in town . Reformers wanted to give as many Native Americans as possible the opportunity to own and operate their own farms and ranches , so the issue was how to give individual natives land owned by the tribe . To assimilate the natives into American society , reformers set up training programs and schools , such as the Carlisle Indian Industrial School in Carlisle , Pennsylvania , that produced many prominent Native American leaders . However , anti-assimilation traditionalists on the reservations resisted integration and the resulting loss of their traditional life . In 1887 , the Dawes Act proposed to divide tribal land and parcel out 160 acres ( 0.65 km2 ) of land to each head of family . Such allotments were to be held in trust by the government for 25 years , then given to owners with full title , so they could sell it or mortgage it . As individual natives sold their land , the total held by the native community shrank by almost half . The individualized system undermined the traditional communal tribal organization . Furthermore , a majority of natives responded to intense missionary activity by converting to Christianity . The long - term goal of Dawes Act was to integrate natives into the mainstream ; the majority accepted integration and were absorbed into American society , leaving a trace of native ancestry in millions of American families . Those who refused to assimilate remained in poverty on reservations , supported until now by Federal food , medicine and schooling . In 1934 , national policy was reversed again by the Indian Reorganization Act which tried to protect tribal and communal life on reservations . Family Life ( edit ) Few single men attempted to operate a farm ; farmers clearly understood the need for a hard - working wife , and numerous children , to handle the many chores , including child - rearing , feeding and clothing the family , managing the housework , and feeding the hired hands . During the early years of settlement , farm women played an integral role in assuring family survival by working outdoors . After a generation or so , women increasingly left the fields , thus redefining their roles within the family . New conveniences such as sewing and washing machines encouraged women to turn to domestic roles . The scientific housekeeping movement was promoted across the land by the media and government extension agents , as well as county fairs which featured achievements in home cookery and canning , advice columns for women in the farm papers , and home economics courses in schools . Although the eastern image of farm life on the prairies emphasizes the isolation of the lonely farmer and the bleakness of farm life , in reality rural folk created a rich social life for themselves . For example , many joined a local branch of the Grange ; a majority had ties to local churches . It was popular to organize activities that combined practical work , abundant food , and simple entertainment such as barn raisings , corn huskings , and quilting bees . One could keep busy with scheduled Grange meetings , church services , and school functions . Women organized shared meals and potluck events , as well as extended visits between families . Childhood on western farms is contested territory . One group of scholars argues the rural environment was salubrious because it allowed children to break loose from urban hierarchies of age and gender , promoted family interdependence , and produced children who were more self - reliant , mobile , adaptable , responsible , independent and more in touch with nature than their urban or eastern counterparts . However other historians offer a grim portrait of loneliness , privation , abuse , and demanding physical labor from an early age . Art ( edit ) The Chess Players , Thomas Eakins ( 1876 ) The Cup Of Tea , Mary Cassatt ( ca . 1879 ) Some well - known painters of the Gilded Age include : Winslow Homer , Thomas Eakins , John Singer Sargent , Mary Cassatt , James Abbott McNeill Whistler , Childe Hassam , John Henry Twachtman and Maurice Prendergast . The New York Art world took a major turn during the Gilded age , seeing an outgrowth of exhibitions and the establishment of major auction houses with a focus on American Art . The Gilded Age was pivotal in establishing the New York Art world in the international art market . New York Art Galleries , Clubs , and Associations During the Gilded Age American Art Association American Watercolor Society Ashcan School Brummer Gallery Century Association Colony Club Cottier Gallery Grand Central Art Galleries Lotos Club Montross Gallery National Association of Portrait Painters Salmagundi Club Union League Club of New York Women 's roles ( edit ) Social activism ( edit ) This 1902 cartoon from the Hawaiian Gazette shows a WCTU activist using the water cure to torture a brewmaster as the Anti-Saloon League mans the pump . During the Gilded Age , many new social movements took hold in the United States . Many women abolitionists who were disappointed that the Fifteenth Amendment did not extend voting rights to them , remained active in politics , this time focusing on issues important to them . Reviving the temperance movement from the Second Great Awakening , many women joined the Women 's Christian Temperance Union ( WCTU ) in an attempt to bring morality back to America . Its chief leader was Frances Willard ( 1839 - 1898 ) , who had a national and international outreach from her base in Evanston , Illinois . Often the WCTU women took up the issue of women 's suffrage which had lain dormant since the Seneca Falls Convention . With leaders like Susan B. Anthony , the National American Woman Suffrage Association ( NAWSA ) was formed in order to secure the right of women to vote . Employment ( edit ) Many young women worked as servants or in shops and factories until marriage , then typically became full - time housewives . However , black , Irish and Swedish adult women often worked as servants . In most large Northern cities , the Irish Catholic women dominated the market for servants . Heavy industry was a male domain , but in light industries such as textiles and food processing , large numbers of young women were hired . Thousands of young unmarried Irish and French Canadian women worked in Northeastern textile mills . Coming from poor families these jobs meant upward social mobility , more money , and more social prestige in their community that made them more attractive marriage partners . In Cohoes , New York , mill women went on strike in 1882 to gain union recognition . They fought off Swedish strike breakers in order to protect the status they had achieved . After 1860 , as the larger cities opened department stores , middle - class women did most of the shopping ; increasingly they were served by young middle - class women clerks . Typically , most young women quit their jobs when they married . In some ethnic groups , however , married women were encouraged to work , especially among African - Americans , and Irish Catholics . When the husband operated a small shop or restaurant , wives and other family members could find employment there . Widows and deserted wives often operated boarding houses . Career women were few . The teaching profession had once been heavily male , but as schooling expanded many women took on teaching careers . If they remained unmarried they could have a prestigious but poorly paid lifetime career in the middle class . At the end of the period nursing schools opened up new opportunities for women , but medical schools remained nearly all male . Business opportunities were rare , unless it was a matter of a widow taking over her late husband 's small business . However the rapid acceptance of the sewing machine made housewives more productive and opened up new careers for women running their own small millinery and dressmaking shops . When her husband died , Lydia Moss Bradley ( 1816 -- 1908 ) inherited $500,000 ; shrewd investments doubled that sum and she later became president of his old bank in Peoria , Illinois . She worked from home to handle banking business . In an age when philanthropists such as Johns Hopkins , Cornell , Purdue , Vanderbilt , Stanford , Rice and Duke were perpetuating their names by founding universities , she lifted her aspirations from the original idea of an orphanage to the loftier goal and in 1897 founded Bradley University in Peoria . Social thought ( edit ) A leading magazine , The Nation espoused Classical liberalism every week starting in 1865 , under the influential editor E.L. Godkin ( 1831 -- 1902 ) . Science played an important part in social thought as the work of Charles Darwin became known among intellectuals . Following Darwin 's idea of natural selection , English philosopher Herbert Spencer proposed the idea of social Darwinism . This new concept justified the stratification of the wealthy and poor , and it was in this proposal that Spencer coined the term `` survival of the fittest . '' Joining Spencer was Yale professor William Graham Sumner whose book What Social Classes Owe to Each Other ( 1884 ) argued that assistance to the poor actually weakens their ability to survive in society . Sumner argued for a laissez - faire and free - market economy . Few people , however , agreed with the social Darwinists , because they ridiculed religion and denounced philanthropy . Henry George proposed a `` single tax '' in his book Progress and Poverty . The tax would be leveled on the rich and poor alike , with the excess money collected used to equalize wealth and level out society . The Norwegian American economist Thorstein Veblen argued in The Theory of the Leisure Class ( 1899 ) that the `` conspicuous consumption and conspicuous leisure '' of the wealthy had become the basis of social status in America . In Looking Backward ( 1887 ) , the reformer Edward Bellamy envisioned a future America set in the year 2000 in which a socialist paradise has been established . The works of authors such as George and Bellamy became popular , and soon clubs were created across America to discuss their ideas , although these organizations rarely made any real social change . Religion ( edit ) Main articles : History of religion in the United States and Third Great Awakening The Third Great Awakening which began before the Civil War returned and made a significant change in religious attitudes toward social progress . Followers of the new Awakening promoted the idea of the Social Gospel which gave rise to organizations such as the YMCA , the American branch of the Salvation Army , and settlement houses such as Hull House , founded by Jane Addams in Chicago in 1889 . The Third Great Awakening was a period of religious activism in American history from the late 1850s to the 20th century . It affected pietistic Protestant denominations and had a strong sense of social activism . It gathered strength from the postmillennial theology that the Second Coming of Christ would come after mankind had reformed the entire earth . The Social Gospel movement gained its force from the Awakening , as did the worldwide missionary movement . New groupings emerged , such as the Holiness movement and Nazarene movements , Theosophy and Christian Science . The Protestant mainline denominations ( especially the Methodist , Episcopal , Presbyterian , and Congregational churches ) grew rapidly in numbers , wealth and educational levels , throwing off their frontier beginnings and becoming centered in towns and cities . Leaders such as Josiah Strong advocated a muscular Christianity with systematic outreach to the unchurched in America and around the globe . Others built colleges and universities to train the next generation . Each denomination supported active missionary societies , and made the role of missionary one of high prestige . The great majority of pietistic mainline Protestants ( in the North ) supported the Republican Party , and urged it to endorse prohibition and social reforms . ( see Third Party System ) The Awakening in numerous cities in 1858 was interrupted by the American Civil War . In the South ; on the other hand , the Civil War stimulated revivals and strengthened the Baptists , especially . After the war , Dwight L. Moody made revivalism the centerpiece of his activities in Chicago by founding the Moody Bible Institute . The hymns of Ira Sankey were especially influential . Across the nation , `` drys '' crusaded , in the name of religion , for the prohibition of alcohol . The Woman 's Christian Temperance Union mobilized Protestant women for social crusades against not only liquor , but also pornography and prostitution , and sparked the demand for women 's suffrage . The Gilded Age plutocracy came under harsh attack from the Social Gospel preachers and reformers in the Progressive Era who became involved with issues of child labor , compulsory elementary education and the protection of women from exploitation in factories . All the major denominations sponsored growing missionary activities inside the United States and around the world . Colleges associated with churches rapidly expanded in number , size and quality of curriculum . The promotion of muscular Christianity became popular among young men on campus and in urban YMCAs , as well as such denominational youth groups such as the Epworth League for Methodists and the Walther League for Lutherans . See also ( edit ) Victorian era portal African - American Civil Rights Movement ( 1865 -- 95 ) American business history American frontier Belle Époque in France Gay Nineties History of the United States ( 1865 -- 1918 ) List of Gilded Age mansions Nadir of American race relations New South Presidency of Ulysses S. Grant References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Christopher M. Nichols , Nancy C. Unger . A Companion to the Gilded Age and Progressive Era . John Wiley & Sons , 2017 . p. 7 . Jump up ^ Stiglitz , Joseph ( 2013 ) . The Price of Inequality : How Today 's Divided Society Endangers Our Future . W.W. Norton & Company . p. xxxiv . ISBN 978 - 0393345063 . ^ Jump up to : Hudson , Winthrop S. ( 1965 ) . Religion in America . New York : Charles Scribner 's Sons . pp. 228 -- 324 . Jump up ^ Upchurch , T. Adams ( 2009 ) . Historical Dictionary of the Gilded Age . Scarecrow Press . p. 82 . ISBN 978 - 0810862999 . Retrieved 7 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Horowitz , Joseph ( 2012 ) . Moral Fire : Musical Portraits from America 's Fin de Siècle . University of California Press . pp. xi -- xii . Jump up ^ Lapolla , Jordan ( July 2006 ) . `` Thoughts on Periodizing the Gilded Age : Capital Accumulation , Society , and Politics , 1873 -- 1898 '' ( PDF ) . Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era : 193 -- 94 . Jump up ^ Marcus , Robert ( 1971 ) . Grand Old Party : Political Structure in the Gilded Age , 1880 -- 1896 . New York : Oxford University Press . OCLC 108077 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Joy J. ( 1997 ) . New Orleans in the gilded age : Politics and urban progress , 1880 -- 1896 . Baton Rouge : Louisiana Historical Association . ISBN 978 - 0807109106 . Jump up ^ De Santis , Vincent ( 1973 ) . The Gilded Age , 1877 -- 1896 . Northbrook , Illinois : A.H.M. ISBN 978 - 0882955360 . Jump up ^ Grob , Gerald N. ; Billias , George Athan ( 1972 ) . From Jacksonian Democracy to the Gilded Age - Historical Interpretations : 1815 -- 1896 ( 2nd ed . ) . New York : Free Press . 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Bullough , and Richard J. Orsi , The elusive Eden : A new history of California ( 1988 ) p. 247 . Jump up ^ Dennis Drabelle ( 2012 ) . The Great American Railroad War : How Ambrose Bierce and Frank Norris Took On the Notorious Central Pacific Railroad . St. Martin 's Press . p. 178 . ISBN 9781250015051 . Jump up ^ Margaret Walsh , `` Pork packing as a leading edge of Midwestern industry , 1835 - 1875 . '' Agricultural History 51.4 ( 1977 ) : 702 - 717 . in JSTOR Jump up ^ William Cronon ( 2009 ) . Nature 's Metropolis : Chicago and the Great West . W.W. Norton . p. 254 . ISBN 9780393072457 . Jump up ^ Edward C. Kirkland , Industry Comes of Age : Business , Labor , and Public Policy , 1860 -- 1897 ( 1961 ) pp. 400 -- 05 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , Paul ( 1987 ) . The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers . New York : Random House . p. 242 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 394 - 54674 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Kennedy , Paul ( 1987 ) . The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers . New York : Random House . p. 243 . 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Working - Class Life : The `` American Standard '' in Comparative Perspective , 1899 -- 1913 . University of Pittsburgh Press . pp. 5 -- 7 , 222 , 224 . ISBN 978 - 0822976981 . ^ Jump up to : Steve Fraser ( 2015 ) . The Age of Acquiescence : The Life and Death of American Resistance to Organized Wealth and Power . Little , Brown and Company . p. 66 . ISBN 978 - 0316185431 . ^ Jump up to : Lawrence B. Glickman ( 1999 ) . A Living Wage : American Workers and the Making of Consumer Society . Cornell University Press . p. 19 . ISBN 978 - 0801486142 . Jump up ^ Tindall , George Brown and Shi , David E. ( 2012 ) . America : A Narrative History ( Brief Ninth Edition ) ( Vol. 2 ) . W.W. Norton & Company . ISBN 0393912671 p. 589 Jump up ^ Zinn , Howard ( 2005 ) . A People 's History of the United States . New York : Harper Perennial Modern Classics . p. 264 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 083865 - 2 . Jump up ^ Zinn , Howard ( 2005 ) . `` 13 The Socialist Challenge '' . A People 's History of the United States . New York : Harper Perennial Modern Classics . pp. 321 -- 357 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 083865 - 2 . Jump up ^ Piketty , Thomas ( 2014 ) . Capital in the Twenty - First Century . Belknap Press . pp. 348 -- 50 , 506 . ISBN 978 - 0674430006 . Jump up ^ Zinn , Howard ( 2005 ) . A People 's History of the United States . New York : Harper Perennial Modern Classics . p. 256 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 083865 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Tindall , George Brown and Shi , David E. America : A Narrative History ( Brief 9th ed. 2012 ) vol 2 p. 590 Jump up ^ Walter Licht ( 1977 ) . Nineteenth - century American Railwaymen : A Study in the Nature and Organization of Work . Princeton UP . pp. 190 -- 91 . Jump up ^ Melvyn Dubofsky and Foster Rhea Dulles , Labor in America : a history ( 2010 and earlier editions ) Jump up ^ Gwendolyn Mink , Old Labor and New Immigrants in American Political Development : Union , Party and State , 1875 -- 1920 ( 1990 ) Jump up ^ Paul Michel Taillon ( 2009 ) . Good , Reliable , White Men : Railroad Brotherhoods , 1877 -- 1917 . Jump up ^ Bacon , Katie ( June 12 , 2007 ) . The Dark Side of the Gilded Age . The Atlantic . Retrieved March 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Robert V. Bruce , 1877 : Year of Violence ( 1957 ) , the standard scholarly history . Jump up ^ Brier , Stephen , producer & director ( 1984 ) . 1877 , The Grand Army of Starvation ( Documentary ) . American Social History Productions , inc . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ Zinn , Howard ( 2005 ) . A People 's History of the United States . New York : Harper Perennial Modern Classics . p. 272 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 083865 - 2 . But to this day it has not been discovered who threw the bomb . ^ Jump up to : Tindall , George Brown and Shi , David E. ( 2012 ) . America : A Narrative History . 2 ( Brief Ninth ed . ) . W.W. Norton & Company . p. 596 . ISBN 978 - 0393912678 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Robert E. Weir , Beyond Labor 's Veil : The Culture of the Knights of Labor ( 1996 ) Jump up ^ Tindall , George Brown and Shi , David E. ( 2012 ) . America : A Narrative History ( Brief Ninth Edition ) ( Vol. 2 ) . W.W. Norton & Company . ISBN 0393912671 p. 595 Jump up ^ David Montgomery , `` Strikes in Nineteenth - Century America , '' Social Science History ( 1980 ) 4 # 1 pp. 81 -- 104 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Almont Lindsey , The Pullman Strike : The Story of a Unique Experiment and of a Great Labor Upheaval ( 1943 ) Jump up ^ Livesay , Harold C. ( 1993 ) . Samuel Gompers and Organized Labor in America . Jump up ^ Wicker , Elmus ( 2006 ) . Banking panics of the gilded age ( PDF ) . Cambridge University Press . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2014 - 03 - 23 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 23 . Jump up ^ James Q. Wilson ; Dilulio Jr. , John J. ; Bose , Meena ( 2012 ) . American Government : Institutions and Policies . Cengage Learning . p. 190 . ISBN 978 - 1111830014 . ^ Jump up to : Jaycox , Faith ( 2005 ) . The Progressive Era . Infobase Publishing . p. 78 . ISBN 9781438108865 . Jump up ^ Tindall , George Brown ; Shi , David E. ( 2012 ) . America : A Narrative History ( Brief Ninth Edition ) . 2 . W.W. Norton . p. 578 . Jump up ^ Zinn , Howard ( 2005 ) . A People 's History of the United States . New York : Harper Perennial Modern Classics . p. 258 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 083865 - 2 . Jump up ^ Mark Wahlgren Summers , The Era of Good Stealings ( 1993 ) pp. 4 , 303 . Jump up ^ Scott B. MacDonald , Separating Fools from Their Money : A History of American Financial Scandals ( 2007 ) pp 37 - 82 . Jump up ^ Geoffrey Ward A Disposition to Be Rich : How a Small - Town Pastor 's Son Ruined an American President , Brought on a Wall Street Crash , and Made Himself the Best - Hated Man in the United States . ( 2012 ) , The author is his subject 's great - grandson . Jump up ^ Allan Nevins , The Emergence of Modern America , 1865 - 1878 ( 1927 ) pp 178 - 202 , quote at pp 178 - 79 . Jump up ^ Harrison Cook Thomas , The return of the Democratic Party to power in 1884 ( 1919 ) online , covers 1880 - 88 . Jump up ^ Kohn , George C. ( 2001 ) . The New Encyclopedia of American Scandal . Infobase Publishing . pp. 43 , 84 . ISBN 9781438130224 . Jump up ^ Beito , Linda Royster ; Beito , David T. ( Spring 2000 ) . `` Gold Democrats and the Decline of Classical Liberalism , 1896 - 1900 '' . Independent Review . 4 : 555 -- 75 . Jump up ^ Painter , Nell Irvin ( 1989 ) . Standing at Armageddon : The United States , 1877 -- 1919 . W.W. Norton . p. 80 . ISBN 9780393305883 . Jump up ^ `` Politics in the Gilded Age '' ( PDF ) . The Saylor Academy . June 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ AP US History . `` The Politics of the Gilded Age '' ( PDF ) . Los Alamitos , California : Unified School District . Retrieved January 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Kennedy , David M. ; Cohen , Lizabeth ( January 1 , 2013 ) . The American Pageant -- A History of the American People ( Fifteenth ed . ) . Cengage Advantage Books . p. 486 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 133 - 95972 - 4 . Retrieved January 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , David M. ; Cohen , Lizabeth ( 2016 ) . American Pageant : Since 1865 . 2 . Boston : Cengage Learning . pp. 508 -- 09 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 305 - 07592 - 4 . Retrieved January 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Kleppner , Paul ( 1979 ) . The Third Electoral System 1853 -- 1892 : Parties , Voters , and Political Cultures . Chapel Hill , North Carolina : The University of North Carolina Press . p. 182 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 6554 - 5 . Jump up ^ Summers , Mark W. ( 2000 ) . `` Chapter 1 '' . Rum , Romanism , and Rebellion : The Making of a President , 1884 . University of North Carolina Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 4849 - 4 . Jump up ^ Finkelman , Paul ( 2001 ) . Encyclopedia of the United States in the Nineteenth Century : Grand tour - presidency . 2 . Simon and Schuster . p. 515 . ISBN 978 - 0684805009 . Jump up ^ Whyte , William Foote ( 2006 ) ( June1927 ) . `` The Bennett Law Campaign in Wisconsin '' . Wisconsin Magazine of History . 10 ( 4 ) . Jump up ^ Jensen , Richard J. ( 1971 ) . The Winning of the Midwest : Social and Political Conflict , 1888 -- 1896 . U. of Chicago Press . pp. 89 -- 110 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 39825 - 9 . Jump up ^ Thomas J. Archdeacon , Becoming American : An Ethnic History ( 1984 ) Jump up ^ Brian Greenberg ; Linda S. Watts ( 2009 ) . Social History of the United States . ABC - CLIO . pp. 127 -- 28 . ISBN 9781598841282 . Jump up ^ Stephan Thernstrom , ed. , Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups ( 1980 ) Jump up ^ Stanley Nadel , Little Germany : Ethnicity , Religion , and Class in New York City , 1845 -- 80 ( 1990 ) . Jump up ^ Rowland Berthoff , British Immigrants in Industrial America , 1790 -- 1950 ( 1953 ) . Jump up ^ Joseph J. Lee and Marion Casey , eds. , Making the Irish American : History and heritage of the Irish in the United States ( 2007 ) . Jump up ^ Steven P. Erie , Rainbow 's end : Irish - Americans and the dilemmas of urban machine politics , 1840 -- 1985 ( 1990 ) . Jump up ^ Charles Morris , American Catholic : The saints and sinners who built America 's most powerful church ( 2011 ) . Jump up ^ Sioban Nelson , Read Say Little , Do Much : Nurses , Nuns , and Hospitals in the Nineteenth Century ( 2001 ) online Jump up ^ John Higham ( 2002 ) ( 1955 ) . Strangers in the Land : Patterns of American Nativism , 1860 -- 1925 . Rutgers U.P. p. 65 . ISBN 9780813531236 . Jump up ^ Susan F. Martin ( 2010 ) . A Nation of Immigrants . Cambridge U.P. p. 106 . ISBN 9781139492737 . Jump up ^ Thomas Adams Upchurch ( 2009 ) . Historical Dictionary of the Gilded Age . Scarecrow Press . p. 160 . ISBN 9780810862999 . Jump up ^ See Historical Census Statistics on the Foreign - born Population of the United States : 1850 -- 1990 U.S. Bureau of the Census Jump up ^ Franklin Odo ( 2002 ) . The Columbia Documentary History of the Asian American Experience . Columbia U.P. p. 112 . ISBN 9780231110303 . Jump up ^ Yong Chen , Chinese San Francisco , 1850 -- 1943 : A Trans - Pacific Community ( 2000 ) Jump up ^ Shannon , Fred A. ( 1945 ) . The farmer 's last frontier : agriculture , 1860 - 1897 . New York : Farrar & Rinehart . Archived from the original on 2012 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ Barnhart , John D. ( December 1945 ) . `` Review of The Farmer 's Last Frontier , Agriculture , 1860 - 1897 '' . Indiana Magazine of History . 41 ( 4 ) . Jump up ^ Historical Statistics ( 1975 ) p. 437 series K1 - K16 Jump up ^ William Clark , Farms and farmers : the story of American agriculture ( 1970 ) p. 205 Jump up ^ Shannon , Fred A. ( 1945 ) . `` Chapter 1 '' . The farmer 's last frontier : agriculture , 1860 - 1897 . New York : Farrar & Rinehart . Jump up ^ Elwyn B. Robinson , History of North Dakota ( 1982 ) p. 203 Jump up ^ Press , Donald E. ( 1977 ) . `` Kansas Conflict : Populist Versus Railroader in the 1890s '' . Kansas Historical Quarterly . 43 ( 3 ) : 319 -- 33 . Jump up ^ `` The Economics of American Farm Unrest , 1865 - 1900 '' . eh.net . Jump up ^ D. Sven Nordin , Rich Harvest : A History of the Grange , 1867 -- 1900 ( 1974 ) Jump up ^ `` U.S. Electoral College '' . www.archives.gov . Jump up ^ `` Bryan 's `` Cross of Gold '' Speech : Mesmerizing the Masses `` . historymatters.gmu.edu . Jump up ^ Cherny , Robert W. ( 13 November 1994 ) . A Righteous Cause : The Life of William Jennings Bryan . University of Oklahoma Press . ISBN 9780806126678 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Arthur Schlesinger , The Rise of the City , 1878 -- 1898 ( 1933 ) Jump up ^ Joseph J. Korom ( 2008 ) . The American Skyscraper , 1850 -- 1940 : A Celebration of Height . Branden Books . pp. 93 -- 94 . ISBN 9780828321884 . Jump up ^ Tyler Anbinder ( 2001 ) . Five Points : The 19th - century New York City Neighborhood that Invented Tap Dance , Stole Elections , and Became the World 's Most Notorious Slum . Simon and Schuster . ISBN 9780684859958 . Jump up ^ Robert M. Fogelson ( 2003 ) . Downtown : Its Rise and Fall , 1880 -- 1950 . Yale U.P. ISBN 978 - 0300098273 . Jump up ^ David O. Whitten , `` A Century of Parquet Pavements : Wood as a Paving Material in the United States And Abroad , 1840 - 1940 . '' Essays in Economic and Business History 15 ( 1997 ) : 209 - 26 . Jump up ^ Arthur Maier Schlesinger , The Rise of the City : 1878 - 1898 ( 1933 ) p 88 - 93 . Jump up ^ John D. Fairfield , `` Rapid Transit : Automobility and Settlement in Urban America '' Reviews in American History 23 # 1 ( 1995 ) , pp. 80 - 85 online . Jump up ^ `` Census Regions and Divisions of the United States '' ( PDF ) . US Census Bureau . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ayers , Edward L. ( 2007 ) . The Promise of the New South : Life After Reconstruction - 15th Anniversary Edition . Oxford University Press . ISBN 9780199886838 . ^ Jump up to : Woodward , C. Vann ( 1951 ) . Origins of the New South , 1877 -- 1913 . Jump up ^ Whitten , David O. ( 2001 ) . Whaples , Robert , ed . `` The Depression of 1893 '' . EH.Net Encyclopedia . Retrieved 30 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Hahn , Steven ( 2005 ) . A Nation under Our Feet : Black Political Struggles in the Rural South from Slavery to the Great Migration . Harvard University Press . pp. 425 -- 426 . ISBN 978 - 0674017658 . Jump up ^ Woodward , C. Vann ( 1951 ) . The Origins of the New South , 1877 -- 1913 . LSU Press . p. 400 . ISBN 9780807158210 . Jump up ^ Logan , Rayford W. ( 1954 ) . The Negro In American Life And Thought : The Nadir , 1877 -- 1901 . Jump up ^ Woodward , C. Vann ( 1955 ) . The Strange Career of Jim Crow . Oxford University Press . Jump up ^ Perman , Michael ( 2001 ) . Struggle for Mastery : Disfranchisement in the South , 1888 -- 1908 . University of North Carolina Press . ISBN 978 - 0807849095 . Jump up ^ Bain , David ( 2000 ) . Empire express : Building the first transcontinental railroad . New York : Penguin Books . ISBN 978 - 0140084993 . ^ Jump up to : Ray Allen Billington and Martin Ridge , Westward Expansion ( 5th ed. 1982 ) ch. 32 Jump up ^ Robert M. Utley , and Wilcomb E. Washburn , Indian Wars ( 1987 ) pp. 220 -- 79 . Jump up ^ Francis Paul Prucha , The Great Father : The United States Government and the American Indians ( 1986 ) pp. 181 -- 241 , 311 -- 25 Jump up ^ Deborah Fink , Agrarian Women : Wives and Mothers in Rural Nebraska , 1880 -- 1940 ( 1992 ) Jump up ^ Chad Montrie , `` ' Men Alone Cannot Settle a Country : ' Domesticating Nature in the Kansas - Nebraska Grasslands , '' Great Plains Quarterly , Fall 2005 , Vol. 25 Issue 4 , pp. 245 -- 58 Jump up ^ Karl Ronning , `` Quilting in Webster County , Nebraska , 1880 -- 1920 , '' Uncoverings , 1992 , Vol. 13 , pp. 169 -- 91 Jump up ^ Nathan B. Sanderson , `` More Than a Potluck , '' Nebraska History , Fall 2008 , Vol. 89 Issue 3 , pp. 120 -- 31 Jump up ^ Katherine Harris , Long Vistas : Women and Families on Colorado Homesteads ( 1993 ) Jump up ^ Elliott West , Growing Up with the Country : Childhood on the Far Western Frontier ( 1989 ) Jump up ^ Elizabeth Hampsten , Settlers ' Children : Growing Up on the Great Plains ( 1991 ) Jump up ^ Lillian Schlissel , Byrd Gibbens and Elizabeth Hampsten , Far from Home : Families of the Westward Journey ( 2002 ) Jump up ^ Riney - Kehrberg takes a middle position in Childhood on the Farm : Work , Play , and Coming of Age in the Midwest ( 2005 ) Jump up ^ Griffin , Randall C. Homer , Eakins , and Anshutz : The Search for American Identity in the Gilded Age . University Park , Pa : Pennsylvania State University , 2004 . Jump up ^ `` Documenting the Gilded Age : New York City Exhibitions at the Turn of the 20th Century '' . New York Art Resources Consortium . Retrieved February 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Glubok , Shirley . The Art of America in the Gilded Age . New York : Macmillan , 1974 . Jump up ^ Archives of American Art . `` Summary of the American Art Association records , 1853 -- 1924 '' . Smithsonian Institution . Retrieved 4 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Clubs '' . Retrieved 4 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Galleries '' . Retrieved 4 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Century Association '' . Retrieved 4 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cottier Gallery '' . Retrieved 4 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Grand Central Art Galleries '' . Retrieved 4 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lotos Club '' . Retrieved 4 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Montross Gallery '' . Retrieved 4 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` National Association of Portrait Painters '' . Retrieved 4 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Salmagundi Club '' . Retrieved 4 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Gilded Age New York '' . New York Art Resources Consortium . Retrieved 4 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Aileen S. Kraditor , The Ideas of the Woman Suffrage Movement : 1890 -- 1920 ( 1965 ) Jump up ^ Hasia R. Diner ( 1983 ) . Erin 's Daughters in America : Irish Immigrant Women in the Nineteenth Century . Johns Hopkins University Press . pp. 74 -- 85 . ISBN 9780801828720 . Jump up ^ Daniel J. Walkowitz , `` Working - class women in the Gilded Age : factory , community and family life among Cohoes , New York , cotton workers . '' Journal of Social History 5.4 ( 1972 ) : 464 -- 90 . in JSTOR Jump up ^ Susan Porter Benson ( 1987 ) . Counter cultures : Saleswomen , managers , and customers in American department stores , 1890 -- 1940 . p. passim . Jump up ^ Wendy Gamber ( 2007 ) . The Boardinghouse in Nineteenth - Century America . p. passim . Jump up ^ by Donald H. Parkerson and Jo Ann Parkerson , The Emergence of the Common School in the U.S. Countryside ( 1998 ) Jump up ^ Jo Anne Preston ( 1993 ) . `` Domestic ideology , school reformers , and female teachers : Schoolteaching becomes women 's work in Nineteenth - Century New England '' . New England Quarterly . 66 ( 4 ) : 531 -- 51 . doi : 10.2307 / 366032 . JSTOR 366032 . Jump up ^ Gloria Moldow , Women doctors in gilded - age Washington : race , gender , and professionalization ( University of Illinois Press , 1987 ) , ch. 1 . Jump up ^ Wendy Gamber ( 1997 ) . The Female Economy : The Millinery and Dressmaking Trades , 1860 -- 1930 . University of Illinois Press . ISBN 9780252066016 . Jump up ^ Christal Dagit , `` Lydia Moss Bradley , '' Illinois Heritage ( Mar / Apr2015 ) 18 # 2 pp. 29 -- 31 . Jump up ^ Gustav Pollak , ed . Fifty Years of American Idealism : 1865 -- 1915 . ) ( 1915 ) ; online , with excerpts on many political topics . Jump up ^ Sidney Fine ( 1964 ) . Laissez faire and the general - welfare state : a study of conflict in American thought , 1865 -- 1901 . U. of Michigan Press . Jump up ^ Charles Howard Hopkins . The Rise of the Social Gospel in American Protestantism , 1865 -- 1915 . ( 1940 ) online edition Jump up ^ Robert William Fogel , The Fourth Great Awakening & the Future of Egalitarianism ( 2000 ) Jump up ^ Schlesinger , Rise of the City pp 320 - 48 . Jump up ^ Paul Kleppner , The Third Electoral System , 1853 -- 1892 : Parties , Voters , and Political Cultures ( 2009 ) Jump up ^ Jensen ( 171 ) Jump up ^ Randall M. Miller , et al , eds . Religion and the American Civil War ( 1998 ) Jump up ^ James F. Findlay Dwight L. Moody : American Evangelist , 1837 -- 1899 ( 2007 ) Jump up ^ Ruth Bordin , Women and Temperance : The Quest for Power and Liberty , 1873 -- 1900 ( 1981 ) Jump up ^ Marsden , George ( 1973 ) . `` The Gospel of Wealth , the Social Gospel , and the Salvation of Souls in Nineteenth - Century America '' . Fides et Historia. 5 ( 1 , 2 ) : 10 -- 21 . Jump up ^ Varg , Paul A. ( 1954 ) . `` Motives in Protestant Missions , 1890 -- 1917 '' . Church History . 23 ( 1 ) : 68 -- 82 . JSTOR 3161183 . Jump up ^ Shenk , Wilbert R. , ed. ( 2004 ) . North American Foreign Missions , 1810 -- 1914 : Theology , Theory , and Policy . Jump up ^ Setran , David P. ( 2005 ) . `` Following the Broad - Shouldered Jesus : The College YMCA and the Culture of Muscular Christianity in American Campus Life , 1890 -- 1914 '' . American Educational History Journal . 32 ( 1 ) : 59 -- 66 . Further reading ( edit ) Archdeacon , Thomas J. Becoming American : An Ethnic History ( 1984 ) on immigration and ethnicity Argersinger ; Peter H. Structure , Process , and Party : Essays in American Political History . ( 1992 ) online version Arnesen , Eric , ed . Encyclopedia of U.S. Labor and Working - Class History ( 3 vol. 2006 ) , essays by scholars Beatty , Jack ( 2008 ) . Age of Betrayal : The Triumph of Money in America , 1865 -- 1900 . Vintage . ISBN 978 - 1400032426 . Buenker , John D. and Joseph Buenker , eds . Encyclopedia of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era . ( 2005 ) . 1256 pp. in three volumes . ISBN 0 - 7656 - 8051 - 3 ; 900 short essays by 200 scholars Calhoun , Charles W. , ed. ( 2007 ) . The Gilded Age : Perspectives on the Origins of Modern America ( 2nd ed . ) . Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7425 - 5037 - 7 . Cherny , Robert W. ( 1997 ) . American Politics in the Gilded Age , 1868 -- 1900 . Wheeling , Illinois : Harlan Davidson . Dewey , Davis R. National Problems : 1880 -- 1897 ( 1907 ) Edwards , Rebecca ( 2005 ) . New Spirits : Americans in the Gilded Age , 1865 -- 1905 . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0195147292 . Faulkner , Harold U. ; Politics , Reform , and Expansion , 1890 -- 1900 ( 1959 ) , scholarly survey , strong on economic and political history Questia edition ; also online Fink , Leon . The Long Gilded Age : American Capitalism and the Lessons of a New World Order ( University of Pennsylvania Press , 2015 ) excerpt Folsom , Burton W. , and Forrest McDonald . The Myth of the Robber Barons : A New Look at the Rise of Big Business in America ( 1991 ) , by leading conservative scholars Fraser , Steve ( 2015 ) . The Age of Acquiescence : The Life and Death of American Resistance to Organized Wealth and Power . Little , Brown and Company . ISBN 0316185434 . Garraty , John A . The New Commonwealth , 1877 -- 1890 , 1968 scholarly survey , strong on economic and political history Jensen , Richard . `` Democracy , Republicanism and Efficiency : The Values of American Politics , 1885 -- 1930 , '' in Byron Shafer and Anthony Badger , eds , Contesting Democracy : Substance and Structure in American Political History , 1775 -- 2000 ( U of Kansas Press , 2001 ) pp 149 -- 180 ; online version Jordan , Philip D. ( 1968 ) , Ohio Comes of Age : 1873 - 1900 Volume 5 , The Ohio Historical Society Kirkland , Edward C. Industry Comes of Age , Business , Labor , and Public Policy 1860 -- 1897 ( 1961 ) , standard survey Kleppner , Paul . The Third Electoral System 1853 -- 1892 : Parties , Voters , and Political Cultures U of North Carolina Press , ( 1979 ) online version Knight , Peter . Reading the Market : Genres of Financial Capitalism in Gilded Age America ( 2016 ) . xiv , 315 pp Marten , James , ed . Children and Youth during the Gilded Age and Progressive Era ( 2014 ) online Morgan , H. Wayne . From Hayes to McKinley : National Party Politics , 1877 -- 1896 ( 1969 ) Questia edition Morgan , H. Wayne ed . The Gilded Age : A Reappraisal Syracuse University Press 1970 . interpretive essays online Nevins , Allan . The Emergence of Modern America , 1865 -- 1878 ( 1933 ) social and cultural history Rees , Jonathan . Industrialization and the Transformation of American Life : A Brief Introduction ( M.E. Sharpe , 2013 ) 139 pp Rothbard , Murray N. ( 2017 ) . The Progressive Era . Auburn , Alabama : Mises Institute . pp. 109 -- 98 . ISBN 978 - 1610166744 . emphasis on popular voting , online excerpt Schlesinger , Arthur M. The Rise of the City : 1877 -- 1898 ( 1933 ) , social history of big city life ; online ; also online review Schlesinger , Arthur M. , Jr. , ed . History of U.S. political parties : vol 2 : 1860 - 1910 : the gilded age of politics ( 1973 ) online Schlup , Leonard C. ; James G. Ryan ( 2003 ) . Historical Dictionary of the Gilded Age . M.E. Sharpe . ISBN 9780765621061 . Shannon , Fred A . The Farmer 's Last Frontier : 1860 -- 1897 ( 1945 ) survey of economic history online Smythe , Ted Curtis ; The Gilded Age Press , 1865 -- 1900 ( 2003 ) . online edition ; newspapers and magazines Stiles , T.J. ( 2010 ) . The First Tycoon : The Epic Life of Cornelius Vanderbilt . Random House . ISBN 9780307271556 . ; Pulitzer prize . Summers , Mark Wahlgren . The Gilded Age ( 1997 ) scholarly textbook ; 336pp Summers , Mark Wahlgren . Party Games : Getting , Keeping , and Using Power in Gilded Age Politics ( 2005 ) online Summers , Mark Wahlgren . The era of good stealings ( 1993 ) Summers , Mark Wahlgren . Rum , Romanism , and Rebellion : The Making of a President , 1884 ( 2003 ) online Summers , Mark Wahlgren . The Press Gang : Newspapers and Politics , 1865 - 1878 ( 1994 ) Trachtenberg , Alan . The incorporation of America : Culture and society in the gilded age ( 2007 ) chapter 5 online Upchurch , Thomas Adams ( 2009 ) . Historical Dictionary of the Gilded Age . Scarecrow Press . ISBN 9780810862999 . 276 pp Wagner , David . Ordinary People : In and Out of Poverty in the Gilded Age ( 2008 ) ; traces people who were at one time in a poor house White , Richard . `` Corporations , Corruption , and the Modern Lobby : A Gilded Age Story of the West and the South in Washington , D.C. '' , Southern Spaces , 16 April 2009 . White , Richard . The Republic for Which It Stands : The United States during Reconstruction and the Gilded Age , 1865 - 1896 ( Oxford History of the United States , 2017 ) . Woodward , C. Vann ( 1951 ) , The Origins of the New South , Louisiana State University Press , the classic history . online Boles , John B ; Johnson , Bethany L , eds. ( 2003 ) , Origins of the new South fifty years later . Historiography ( edit ) De Santis , Vincent P . `` The Political Life of the Gilded Age : A Review of the Recent Literature . '' The History Teacher 9.1 ( 1975 ) : 73 -- 106 . in JSTOR historiography De Santis , Vincent P . `` The Gilded Age In American History '' Hayes Historical Journal 7 # 2 ( 1988 ) online Rodgers , Daniel T. `` Capitalism and Politics in the Progressive Era and in Ours . '' Journal of the Gilded Age & Progressive Era ( 2014 ) 13 # 3 pp 379 - 386 . White , Richard . The Republic for Which It Stands : The United States during Reconstruction and the Gilded Age , 1865 - 1896 ( 2017 ) pp 873 - 901 Primary sources ( edit ) Hoogenboom , Ari , and Olive Hoogenboom , eds . The Gilded Age ( 1967 ) online ; 66 short annotated excerpts from primary sources . Link , William A. , and Susannah J. Link , eds . The Gilded Age and Progressive Era : A Documentary Reader ( 2012 ) excerpt and text search Scholarly journals ( edit ) Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era , scholarly quarterly Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era on JSTOR Hayes Historical Journal : A Journal of the Gilded Age 1976 - 1993 , selected articles full text External links ( edit ) More general information to the Gilded Age on the Library of Congress New Spirits : A Web Site on Americans in the Gilded Age , 1865 -- 1905 by Rebecca Edwards , Vassar College Documenting the Gilded Age : New York City Exhibitions at the Turn of the 20th Century ( NYARC ) Documenting the Gilded Age : New York City Exhibitions at the Turn of the 20th Century ( NYARC ) Phase 2 Gilding the Gilded Age : Interior Decoration Tastes & Trends in New York City ( A collaboration between The Frick Collection and The William Randolph Hearst Archive at LIU Post ) Phase 3 WWW - VL : History : United States : The Gilded Age , 1876 -- 1900 by Robert Spencer , University of Southern Maine . An extensive collection of materials . America 's Wealth in the Gilded Age accessed March 29 , 2006 Illinois During the Gilded Age , 1866 -- 1896 , primary documents ; from Northern Illinois University Libraries Harper 's Weekly 150 cartoons on elections 1860 -- 1912 ; Reconstruction topics ; Chinese exclusion ; plus American Political Prints from the Library of Congress , 1766 -- 1876 Elections 1860 -- 1912 as covered by Harper 's Weekly ; news , editorials , cartoons ( many by Thomas Nast see also ( 1 ) , The Cartoons from Thomas Nast provided by HarpWeek , Tusche , tone and stone : 19th C. news illustration in Harper 's Weekly : Thomas Nast 1840 - 1902 ) . `` Graphic Witness '' caricatures in history Gilded Age & Progressive Era Cartoons , industry , labor , politics , prohibition from Ohio State University Puck cartoons Keppler cartoons 1892 cartoons Slum Life In New York City During the Nineteenth Century 's Gilded Age Photographs of prominent politicians , 1861 - 1922 ; these are pre-1923 and out of copyright History of the United States Timeline Prehistory Pre-Columbian Colonial 1776 -- 1789 1789 -- 1849 1849 -- 1865 1865 -- 1918 1918 -- 1945 1945 -- 1964 1964 -- 1980 1980 -- 1991 1991 -- 2008 2008 -- present Topics American Century Cities Constitution Demographic Diplomatic Economic Education Immigration Medical Merchant Marine Military Musical Religious Slavery Southern Technological and industrial Territorial acquisitions Territorial evolution Voting rights Women Category Portal United States articles History By event Timeline of U.S. history Pre-Columbian era Colonial era Thirteen Colonies military history Continental Congress American Revolution War American frontier Confederation Period Drafting and ratification of Constitution Federalist Era War of 1812 Territorial acquisitions Territorial evolution Mexican -- American War Civil War Reconstruction Era Indian Wars Gilded Age Progressive Era African - American civil rights movement 1865 -- 1896 / 1896 -- 1954 / 1954 -- 1968 Spanish -- American War Imperialism World War I Roaring Twenties Great Depression World War II home front Nazism in the United States American Century Cold War Korean War Space Race Feminist Movement Vietnam War Post-Cold War ( 1991 -- 2008 ) War on Terror War in Afghanistan Iraq War Recent events ( 2008 -- present ) By topic Outline of U.S. history Demographic Discoveries Economic debt ceiling Inventions before 1890 1890 -- 1945 1946 -- 91 after 1991 Military Postal Technological and industrial Geography Territory counties federal district federal enclaves Indian reservations insular zones minor outlying islands populated places states Earthquakes Extreme points Islands Mountains peaks ranges Appalachian Rocky National Park Service National Parks Regions East Coast West Coast Great Plains Gulf Mid-Atlantic Midwestern New England Pacific Central Eastern Northern Northeastern Northwestern Southern Southeastern Southwestern Western Longest rivers Arkansas Colorado Columbia Mississippi Missouri Red ( South ) Rio Grande Yukon Time Water supply and sanitation Politics Federal Executive Cabinet Civil service Executive departments Executive Office Independent agencies Law enforcement President of the United States Powers Public policy Legislative House of Representatives current members Speaker Senate current members President pro tempore Vice President Judicial Courts of appeals District courts Supreme Court Law Bill of Rights civil liberties Code of Federal Regulations Constitution federalism preemption separation of powers Federal Reporter United States Code United States Reports Intelligence Central Intelligence Agency Defense Intelligence Agency Federal Bureau of Investigation National Geospatial - Intelligence Agency National Reconnaissance Office National Security Agency Office of the Director of National Intelligence Uniformed Armed Forces Army Marine Corps Navy Air Force Coast Guard National Guard NOAA Corps Public Health Service Corps 51st state political status of Puerto Rico District of Columbia statehood movement Elections Electoral College Foreign relations Foreign policy Hawaiian sovereignty movement Ideologies anti-Americanism exceptionalism nationalism Local government Parties Democratic Republican Third parties Red states and blue states Purple America Scandals State government governor state legislature state court Uncle Sam Economy By sector Agriculture Banking Communications Energy Insurance Manufacturing Mining Tourism Trade Transportation Companies by state Currency Exports Federal budget Federal Reserve System Financial position Labor unions Public debt Social welfare programs Taxation Unemployment Wall Street Society Culture Americana Architecture Cinema Cuisine Dance Demography Education Family structure Fashion Flag Folklore Languages American English Indigenous languages ASL Black American Sign Language HSL Plains Sign Talk Arabic Chinese French German Italian Russian Spanish Literature Media Journalism Internet Newspapers Radio Television Music Names People Philosophy Public holidays Religion Sexuality Sports Theater Video games Visual art Social class Affluence American Dream Educational attainment Homelessness Home - ownership Household income Income inequality Middle class Personal income Poverty Professional and working class conflict Standard of living Wealth Issues Ages of consent Capital punishment Crime incarceration Criticism of government Discrimination Ableism affirmative action antisemitism intersex rights Islamophobia LGBT rights racism same - sex marriage Drug policy Energy policy Environmental movement Gun politics Health care abortion health insurance hunger obesity smoking Human rights Immigration illegal International rankings National security Mass surveillance Terrorism Separation of church and state Outline Index Book Category Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gilded_Age&oldid=864427974 '' Categories : Words coined in the 1870s Eras of United States history Economic history of the United States Gold standard History of the United States ( 1865 -- 1918 ) Economic booms Progressive Era in the United States Gilded Age Mark Twain Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Pages using web citations with no URL CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Articles with short description Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Afrikaans Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 14 more Edit links This page was last edited on 17 October 2018 , at 04 : 11 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | to what period of time does the term gilded age refer | [
"The Gilded Age in United States history is the late 19th century, from the 1870s to about 1900. The term for this period came into use in the 1920s and 1930s and was derived from writer Mark Twain's and Charles Dudley Warner's 1873 novel The Gilded Age: A Tale of Today, which satirized an era of serious social problems masked by a thin gold gilding. The early half of the Gilded Age roughly coincided with the middle portion of the Victorian era in Britain and the Belle Époque in France. Its beginning in the years after the American Civil War overlaps the Reconstruction Era (which ended in 1877).[1] It was followed in the 1890s by the Progressive Era.\n"
] | [
"from the 1870s to about 1900"
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-8746507331646438481 | List of minimum wages by country | List of minimum wages by country - wikipedia List of minimum wages by country Minimum wages per hour in U.S. dollars : No data No minimum wage $0.00 -- $1.00 $1.01 -- $2.00 $2.01 -- $3.00 $3.01 -- $5.00 $5.01 -- $7.50 $7.51 -- $10.00 $10.00 + This is a list of official minimum wage rates of the 193 United Nations member states , and also includes the following territories and states with limited recognition : Taiwan , Hong Kong , Northern Cyprus , Kosovo , and Palestine . Note this a current legislative minimal wage in the country for the current year and beyond , which still may be not in force , actual minimum wage may be lower . Also note that specialists workers are only directors ( CEOs ) of the companies . Some countries may have a very complicated minimum wage system ; for example , India has more than 1202 minimum wage rates . Contents 1 Methodology 2 Countries 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Methodology ( edit ) The minimum wages listed refer to a gross amount , that is before deduction of taxes and social security contributions , which vary from one country to another . Also excluded from calculations are regulated paid days off , including public holidays , sick pay , annual leave and social insurance contributions paid by the employer . For the sake of comparison , an annual wage column is provided in international dollars , a hypothetical unit of currency calculated based on the purchasing power parity of household final consumption expenditure . For calculating the annual wage , the lowest general minimum wage was used . Countries ( edit ) Country Minimum wage Annual Workweek ( hours ) Hourly Percent of GDP per capita Effective per Nominal ( US $ ) PPP ( Int $ ) Nominal ( US $ ) PPP ( Int $ ) Afghanistan 5,500 Afghani ( $95 ) per month for non-permanent private sector . The minimum wage for permanent government workers was 6,000 Afghanis ( $103 ) per month . There was no minimum wage for permanent workers in the private sector . 7003104700000000000 ♠ 1,047 7003327200000000000 ♠ 3,272 40 6999500000000000000 ♠ 0.5 7000157000000000000 ♠ 1.57 7002168300000000000 ♠ 168.3 % 2017 Albania 24,000 Albanian lek ë ( $226 ) per month , in private sector and 37,000 lekë ( $330 ) per month in public sector . The law establishes a 40 - hour workweek , but the actual workweek is typically set by individual or collective - bargaining agreement . 7003241800000000000 ♠ 2,418 7003521800000000000 ♠ 5,218 40 7000116000000099999 ♠ 1.16 7000250990000099999 ♠ 2.51 7001452000000000000 ♠ 45.2 % 5 May 2017 Algeria 18,000 Algerian dinars ( $155 ) per month , nationally . 7003194600000000000 ♠ 1,946 7003562200000000000 ♠ 5,622 40 6999940000000000000 ♠ 0.94 7000270000000000000 ♠ 2.7 7001374000000000000 ♠ 37.4 % 1 January 2012 Andorra € 1017.47 ( $1177 ) per month , € 5.87 ( $6 ) per hour . 7004137960000000000 ♠ 13,796 7004106740000000000 ♠ 10,674 40 7000663000000000000 ♠ 6.63 7000513000000000000 ♠ 5.13 7001280000000000000 ♠ 28 % 1 January 2018 Angola 15,003 kwanza per month ; paid thirteen times a year . 7003117600000000000 ♠ 1,176 7003147400000000000 ♠ 1,474 44 6999510000000000000 ♠ 0.51 6999640000000000000 ♠ 0.64 7001228000000000000 ♠ 22.8 % 1 June 2014 Antigua and Barbuda EC $ 8.20 per hour . 7003631700000000000 ♠ 6,317 7003778800000000000 ♠ 7,788 40 7000304000000000000 ♠ 3.04 7000374000000000000 ♠ 3.74 7001344000000000000 ♠ 34.4 % 1 November 2014 Argentina 10,000 Argentine pesos ( $350 ) per month for up to 200 hours ; paid thirteen times a year . 7003785000000000000 ♠ 7,850 7004139510000000000 ♠ 13,951 48 7000315000000000000 ♠ 3.15 7000559000000000000 ♠ 5.59 7001700000000000000 ♠ 70 % 1 July 2018 Armenia 55,000 Armenian dram ( $107 ) per month . 7003136700000000000 ♠ 1,367 7003334900000000000 ♠ 3,349 40 6999660000000000000 ♠ 0.66 7000161000000000000 ♠ 1.61 7001379000000000000 ♠ 37.9 % 1 July 2015 Australia Most workers are covered by an award , which may vary by employee age , geographical location and industry . For employees 21 + not covered by an award or agreement , the minimum wages is A $ 18.93 ( $13 ) per hour , or A $719.20 ( $524 ) per week ; set federally by the Fair Work Commission . The figures indicated exclude mandatory employer superannuation contributions of at least 9.5 % of the employee 's total annual salary and any extra loadings received ( e.g. many employees are entitled to an extra 17.5 % of their daily income on days where they take annual leave , penalty rates for work undertaken on weekends and public holidays of up to 200 % of their base rate , and the entitlement that non-permanent employees be paid at least 15 % higher than the base rate of pay ) . Workers under 21 , apprentices and trainees not covered by an award each have a minimum wage level set nationally below the official minimum . Minimum wage for workers under 16 is 36.8 % of the 21 + minimum wage at A $ 6.97 ( $5 ) per hour . 7004287680000000000 ♠ 28,768 7004233740000000000 ♠ 23,374 38 7001145600000000000 ♠ 14.56 7001118300000000000 ♠ 11.83 7001508000000000000 ♠ 50.8 % 1 July 2018 Austria None ; National collective bargaining agreements set minimum wages by job classification for each industry and provide for a minimum wage of € 1,200 ( $1,289 ) per month . Wages where no such collective agreements exist , such as for domestic workers , janitorial staff and au pairs , are regulated by relevant legislation and are generally lower than those covered by collective bargaining . The national minimum wage legislation has lapsed , although is still in force by convention . 40 2017 Azerbaijan 130 Azerbaijani manat ( $76 ) per month . 7002907000000000000 ♠ 907 7003445700000000000 ♠ 4,457 40 6999440000000000000 ♠ 0.44 7000214000000000000 ♠ 2.14 7001258000000000000 ♠ 25.8 % 1 January 2018 The Bahamas B $ 5.25 ( $5.25 ) per hour , B $42 ( $42 ) per day , and B $210 ( $210 ) per week . 7004109200000000000 ♠ 10,920 7003957900000000000 ♠ 9,579 40 7000525000000000000 ♠ 5.25 7000461000000000000 ♠ 4.61 7001425000000000000 ♠ 42.5 % 15 August 2015 Bahrain None ; 300 BHD ( $800 ) for the public sector workers ( only applies to Bahraini nationals ) . 48 2017 Bangladesh 1,500 taka ( $19 ) per month for all economic sectors not covered by industry - specific wages ; in the garment industry the minimum wage is 5,300 taka ( $68 ) per month . The minimum wage is set nationally every five years by the National Minimum Wage Board in a tripartite forum industry by industry . 7002224000000000000 ♠ 224 7002564000000000000 ♠ 564 48 6998900000000000000 ♠ 0.09 6999230000000000000 ♠ 0.23 7001158000000000000 ♠ 15.8 % 1 December 2013 Barbados BDS $ 6.25 ( $3.13 ) per hour for household domestics and shop assistants ; the Ministry of Labor recommends all other sectors use this as the de facto minimum wage . 7003650000000000000 ♠ 6,500 7003528500000000000 ♠ 5,285 40 7000313000000000000 ♠ 3.13 7000254000000000000 ♠ 2.54 7001293000000000000 ♠ 29.3 % 1 March 2012 Belarus 305.00 Belarusian rubles ( $149 ) per month . 7003189600000000000 ♠ 1,896 7003746900000000000 ♠ 7,469 40 6999910000000000000 ♠ 0.91 7000359000000000000 ♠ 3.59 7001413009999900000 ♠ 41.3 % 1 January 2018 Belgium € 1,562.59 ( $1,826 ) per month , € 9.49 ( $11.09 ) per hour for workers 21 years of age and over ; € 1,604.06 ( $1,874 ) per month for workers 21 and a half years of age , with six months of service ; € 1,622.48 ( $1,896 ) per month for workers 22 years of age , with 12 months of service ; coupled with extensive social benefits . 7004211410000000000 ♠ 21,141 7004213090000000000 ♠ 21,309 38 7001107009999900000 ♠ 10.7 7001107800000000000 ♠ 10.78 7001459000000000000 ♠ 45.9 % 1 June 2017 Belize BZ $ 3.30 ( $1.65 ) per hour . 7003386100000000000 ♠ 3,861 7003677400000000000 ♠ 6,774 45 7000165000000000000 ♠ 1.65 7000289000000000000 ♠ 2.89 7001801009999900000 ♠ 80.1 % 26 May 2012 Benin 40,000 CFA francs ( $70 ) per month ; the government set minimum wage scales for a number of occupations . 7002825000000000000 ♠ 825 7003214900000000000 ♠ 2,149 40 6999400000000000000 ♠ 0.4 7000103000000000000 ♠ 1.03 7001991000000000000 ♠ 99.1 % 1 April 2014 Bhutan 3,750 Bhutanese ngultrum per month . 7002691000000000000 ♠ 691 7003202000000000000 ♠ 2,020 40 6999330000000000000 ♠ 0.33 6999970000000000000 ♠ 0.97 7001227000000000000 ♠ 22.7 % 1 February 2014 Bolivia 2000 Bolivian bolivianos ( $289 ) per month . plus an obligatory Christmas bonus equal to one month 's pay , prorated for the amount of time the worker has worked in their present position . Plus a second Christmas Bonus if the government decries the economy grew enough , plus an extra month paid in May if the company made a profit for the previous year . 7003376300000000000 ♠ 3,763 7003755800000000000 ♠ 7,558 48 7000151000000000000 ♠ 1.51 7000302990000000000 ♠ 3.03 7002104500000000000 ♠ 104.5 % 1 May 2017 Bosnia and Herzegovina 406 convertible marks ( $240 ) net per month . 7003220700000000000 ♠ 2,207 7003474100000000000 ♠ 4,741 40 7000106000000000000 ♠ 1.06 7000227990000099999 ♠ 2.28 7001389000000000000 ♠ 38.9 % 2015 Botswana 5.46 Botswana pula ( $0.58 ) an hour for most full - time labor in the private sector ; 3.03 ( $. 29 ) Botswana pula per hour for domestic workers or approximately 24.24 pula ( $2.28 ) a day ; 620 Botswana pula ( $60 ) per month for workers in the agriculture sector . 7002719000000000000 ♠ 719 7003140600000000000 ♠ 1,406 48 6999289990000000000 ♠ 0.29 6999560000000000000 ♠ 0.56 7000830000000000000 ♠ 8.3 % 1 June 2016 Brazil 954 Brazilian reais per month ( $236 ) , paid 13 times a year . The Brazilian minimum wage is adjusted annually by the federal government . Each Brazilian state has its own minimum wage , which can not be lower than the federal minimum wage . Rio Grande do Sul has the highest minimum wage nationwide , R $ 1,103.66 ( $273 ) . 7003388800000000000 ♠ 3,888 7003566300000000000 ♠ 5,663 44 7000170000000000000 ♠ 1.7 7000248000000000000 ♠ 2.48 7001374000000000000 ♠ 37.4 % 1 January 2018 Brunei None 48 2017 Bulgaria 510 Bulgarian lev ( $311 ) per month , 3.07 lev ( $1.8 ) per hour . 7003367000000000000 ♠ 3,670 7003851400000000000 ♠ 8,514 40 7000176000000000000 ♠ 1.76 7000409000000000000 ♠ 4.09 7001442000000000000 ♠ 44.2 % 1 January 2018 Burkina Faso 34,664 CFA francs ( $56 ) per month . 7002715000000000000 ♠ 715 7003190500000000000 ♠ 1,905 40 6999340000000000000 ♠ 0.34 6999920000000000000 ♠ 0.92 7002107600000000000 ♠ 107.6 % 1 April 2012 Burundi None ; in the past the government set the minimum wage , but during the year the minimum wage was set by market forces . 40 2017 Cambodia US $170 per month , for the garment and shoe industry . 48 1 January 2018 Cameroon 36,270 CFA francs ( $75 ) per month . 7002748000000000000 ♠ 748 7003181900000000000 ♠ 1,819 40 6999360000000000000 ♠ 0.36 6999870000000000000 ♠ 0.87 7001504000000000000 ♠ 50.4 % 30 July 2014 Canada The minimum wage in Canada is set by each province and territory ; ranges from C $ 10.96 to C $14 ( $8 - $10 USD ) per hour . 7004175360000000000 ♠ 17,536 7004167620000000000 ♠ 16,762 40 7000843000000000000 ♠ 8.43 7000806000000000000 ♠ 8.06 7001374000000000000 ♠ 37.4 % 1 May 2018 Cape Verde 13,000 Cape Verdean escudos ( $141 ) per month . 7003159500000000000 ♠ 1,595 7003341400000000000 ♠ 3,414 44 6999700000000000000 ♠ 0.7 7000149000000000000 ♠ 1.49 7001521000000000000 ♠ 52.1 % 1 January 2018 Central African Republic 35,000 CFA francs per month , 218.75 CFA francs per hour . 7002782000000000000 ♠ 782 7003139200000000000 ♠ 1,392 40 6999380000000000000 ♠ 0.38 6999670000000000000 ♠ 0.67 7002199300000000000 ♠ 199.3 % 2011 Chad 59,995 CFA francs ( $110 ) per month , 355 CFA francs ( $0.6 ) per hour . 7003123700000000000 ♠ 1,237 7003348400000000000 ♠ 3,484 39 6999610000000000000 ♠ 0.61 7000172000000000000 ♠ 1.72 7002175000000000000 ♠ 175 % 18 October 2011 Chile 276,000 Chilean pesos ( $416 ) per month for workers aged 18 -- 65 ; or 206,041 pesos ( $276 ) per month for workers younger than 18 and older than 65 ; and 178,037 pesos ( $268 ) per month for ' non remunerative ' purposes . 7003510500000000000 ♠ 5,105 7003727800000000000 ♠ 7,278 45 7000218000000000000 ♠ 2.18 7000311000000000000 ♠ 3.11 7001314000000000000 ♠ 31.4 % 1 January 2018 China The minimum wage in China is set locally ; ranges from RMB1 , 000 ( $146 ) per month , or RMB9. 50 ( $1.39 ) per hour in Guangxi ; to RMB2 , 190 ( $321 ) per month , or RMB19. 00 ( $2.78 ) per hour in Shanghai . 7003177500000000000 ♠ 1,775 7003311700000000000 ♠ 3,117 40 6999850000000000000 ♠ 0.85 7000150000000000000 ♠ 1.5 7001201000000000000 ♠ 20.1 % 12 November 2016 Colombia 781,242 Colombian pesos ( $277 ) per month 7003317700000000000 ♠ 3,177 7003683500000000000 ♠ 6,835 48 7000127000000000000 ♠ 1.27 7000274000000000000 ♠ 2.74 7001483000000000000 ♠ 48.3 % 24 January 2018 Comoros 55,000 Comorian francs ( $129 ) per month . 7003151200000000000 ♠ 1,512 7003303700000000000 ♠ 3,037 40 6999730000000000000 ♠ 0.73 7000146000000000000 ♠ 1.46 7002199500000000000 ♠ 199.5 % 2017 Democratic Republic of the Congo 1,680 Congolese francs ( $1.83 ) per day . 7002298000000000000 ♠ 298 7002741000000000000 ♠ 741 45 6999130000000000000 ♠ 0.13 6999320000000000000 ♠ 0.32 7001924000000000000 ♠ 92.4 % 1 January 2009 Republic of the Congo 90,000 CFA francs ( $170 ) per month in the formal sector . 7003185500000000000 ♠ 1,855 7003695800000000000 ♠ 6,958 40 6999890000000000000 ♠ 0.89 7000335000000000000 ♠ 3.35 7002121700000000000 ♠ 121.7 % 2017 Costa Rica Varies for specified industries from ₡ 10,060.75 ( $17 ) per 8 - hour work day for all workers to ₡ 13,141.39 ( $23 ) per day for specialized workers . All other occupations not explicitly covered fall under the generic scale , which varies from ₡ 300,255.79 ( $528 ) per month for unskilled workers to ₡ 644,689.30 ( $1134 ) per month for licentiates . 7003460900000000000 ♠ 4,609 7003700800000000000 ♠ 7,008 48 7000185000000000000 ♠ 1.85 7000281000000000000 ♠ 2.81 7001422000000000000 ♠ 42.2 % 1 January 2018 Côte d'Ivoire Varies by occupation , with the lowest set to 36,607 CFA franc ( $72 ) per month for the industrial sector ; a slightly higher minimum wage rate is applied for construction workers . 7002755000000000000 ♠ 755 7003186800000000000 ♠ 1,868 40 6999360000000000000 ♠ 0.36 6999900000000000000 ♠ 0.9 7001506000000000000 ♠ 50.6 % Croatia 3439.80 Croatian kuna ( $544 ) per month . 7003623500000000000 ♠ 6,235 7004103190000000000 ♠ 10,319 40 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 7000496000000000000 ♠ 4.96 7001441000000000000 ♠ 44.1 % 1 January 2018 Cuba 225 Cuban pesos ( $9 ) per month . ( Note that the exchange rate data and the International dollars conversion data for this row is for 2012 , as more current data was not available at the time of data entry ) Each citizen is however also given free food to supplement the salary . 7002147000000000000 ♠ 147 181 40 6998500000000000000 ♠ 0.05 6998800000000000000 ♠ 0.08 6999400000000000000 ♠ 0.4 % 1 May 2005 Cyprus None ; € 870 ( $1006 ) per month for shop assistants , nurses ' assistants , clerks , hairdressers , and nursery assistants ; it rises to € 924 ( $1069 ) after six months ' employment . For asylum seekers working as unskilled workers in the agricultural sector , the minimum monthly wage was 425 euros ( $570 ) with accommodation and food provided . For skilled workers in the agricultural sector , the minimum salary was 767 euros ( $1040 ) without accommodation and food . 48 2017 Czech Republic 12,200.00 Czech koruna ( $568 ) per month , or 73.20 koruna ( $3.4 ) per hour . 7003651200000000000 ♠ 6,512 7004106620000000000 ♠ 10,662 40 7000313000000000000 ♠ 3.13 7000513000000000000 ♠ 5.13 7001307000000000000 ♠ 30.7 % 1 January 2018 Denmark None ; instead , negotiated between unions and employer associations ; the average minimum wage for all private and public sector collective bargaining agreements was approximately DKK 110 ( nominally $16 ) per hour , exclusive of pension benefits . 37.5 2017 Djibouti None ; canceled by the 2006 Labor Code for occupational categories , establishing that wages be set after common agreement between employers and employees . For public sector workers , minimum wage was 35,000 DFJ ( $198 ) per month . 48 2017 Dominica EC $ 4.00 ( $1.50 ) per hour . 7003308100000000000 ♠ 3,081 7003422300000000000 ♠ 4,223 40 7000148000000000000 ♠ 1.48 7000202999999999999 ♠ 2.03 7001386000000000000 ♠ 38.6 % 1 June 2008 Dominican Republic 8,310 Dominican pesos ( $166 ) per month in the FTZs and between 9,412 pesos ( $188 ) and 15,448 pesos ( $309 ) outside the FTZs , depending upon the size of the company ; 5,884 pesos ( $117 ) per month for the public sector ; 320 pesos ( $6 ) a day for farm workers who are covered by minimum wage regulations based on a 10 - hour day , with the exception of sugarcane workers who received 146 pesos based on an eight - hour workday . 7002878000000000000 ♠ 878 7003187200000000000 ♠ 1,872 44 6999380000000000000 ♠ 0.38 6999820009999900000 ♠ 0.82 7001123000000000000 ♠ 12.3 % 2017 Ecuador US $ 451 per month ( for a 12 month average , including 13th and 14th salaries ) . The minimum wage has been set by the government at $386 per month for the year 2018 , but a worker also receives a 13th and a 14th salary . 7003541200000000000 ♠ 5,412 7003887200000000000 ♠ 8,872 40 7000260000000000000 ♠ 2.6 7000426999999999999 ♠ 4.27 7001789000000000000 ♠ 78.9 % 1 January 2018 Egypt None ; for the public sector the minimum wage is LE 1,200 ( $68 ) per month . 48 2017 El Salvador The minimum wage was set by the government at $304.17 monthly in 2018 . 7003365000000000000 ♠ 3,650 7003701900000000000 ♠ 7,019 44 7000160000000000000 ♠ 1.6 7000307000000000000 ♠ 3.07 7001815000000000000 ♠ 81.5 % 1 January 2018 Equatorial Guinea 129,035 CFA franc ( $224 ) . 7003266000000000000 ♠ 2,660 7003447900000000000 ♠ 4,479 48 7000107000000000000 ♠ 1.07 7000179000000000000 ♠ 1.79 7001172000000000000 ♠ 17.2 % 2017 Eritrea None ; 360 Eritrean nakfa ( $23.3 ) per month in the public sector . 44.5 2017 Estonia € 500 ( $581 ) per month , or € 2.97 ( $3 ) per hour . 7003651900000000000 ♠ 6,519 7003947900000000000 ♠ 9,479 40 7000313000000000000 ♠ 3.13 7000455990000099999 ♠ 4.56 7001319000000000000 ♠ 31.9 % 1 January 2018 Ethiopia None ; some government institutions and public enterprises set their own minimum wages : public sector employees , the largest group of wage earners , earned a monthly minimum wage of 420 Ethiopian birr ( $21 ) ; employees in the banking and insurance sector had a minimum monthly wage of 336 birr ( $18 ) . 48 2017 Federated States of Micronesia None ; US $ 2.65 per hour for employment with the national government ; all states have a minimum hourly wage for government workers : $2.00 in Pohnpei , $1.25 in Chuuk , $1.42 in Kosrae , and $1.60 in Yap ; $1.75 for private sector workers in Pohnpei . 40 2015 Fiji FJ $ 2.68 per hour . 7003323200000000000 ♠ 3,232 7003522600000000000 ♠ 5,226 48 7000129000000000000 ♠ 1.29 7000209009999900000 ♠ 2.09 7001574000000000000 ♠ 57.4 % 30 September 2017 Finland None ; however , the law requires all employers , including non-unionized ones , to pay minimum wages agreed to in collective bargaining agreements ; almost all workers are covered under such arrangements . 40 2017 France € 1,498.47 ( $1734 ) per month , € 9.88 ( $11 ) per hour . 7004202720000000000 ♠ 20,272 7004206690000000000 ♠ 20,669 35 7001111400000000000 ♠ 11.14 7001113600000000000 ♠ 11.36 7001500000000000000 ♠ 50 % 1 January 2018 Gabon 150,000 CFA francs ( $255 ) per month ; government workers received an additional monthly allowance of 20,000 CFA francs ( $34 ) per child ; government workers also received transportation , housing , and family benefits ; the law does not mandate housing or family benefits for private sector workers . 7003309200000000000 ♠ 3,092 7003486500000000000 ♠ 4,865 40 7000149000000000000 ♠ 1.49 7000234000000000000 ♠ 2.34 7001269000000000000 ♠ 26.9 % 1 February 2010 The Gambia 50 dalasi ( $1.25 ) per day . 7002317000000000000 ♠ 317 7002958000000000000 ♠ 958 48 6999130000000000000 ♠ 0.13 6999380000000000000 ♠ 0.38 7001571000000000000 ♠ 57.1 % 2017 Georgia 20 Georgian lari ( $8 ) per month for private sector workers which has remained unchanged since the early 1990s ; 115 lari ( $48 ) per month for public employees . 7001960000000000000 ♠ 96 7002282000000000000 ♠ 282 40 6998500000000000000 ♠ 0.05 6999140000000000000 ♠ 0.14 7000280000000099999 ♠ 2.8 % 2017 Germany € 8.84 ( $10 ) per hour . A higher minimum wage is often set by collective bargaining agreements and enforceable by law . 7004209890000000000 ♠ 20,989 7004224300000000000 ♠ 22,430 40.5 7000997000000000000 ♠ 9.97 7001106500000000000 ♠ 10.65 7001459000000000000 ♠ 45.9 % 1 January 2017 Ghana 9.68 Ghanaian cedis ( $1.7 ) per day . 7002579000000000000 ♠ 579 7003176000000000000 ♠ 1,760 40 6999280000000000000 ♠ 0.28 6999850000000000000 ♠ 0.85 7001410000000000000 ♠ 41 % 1 January 2018 Greece € 683.76 ( $762 ) per month in 12 payments , € 586 ( $653 ) per month in 14 payments , or € 4.23 ( $4.8 ) per hour . 7003925000000000000 ♠ 9,250 7004120660000000000 ♠ 12,066 40 7000445000000000000 ♠ 4.45 7000580000000000000 ♠ 5.8 7001451000000000000 ♠ 45.1 % 1 January 2013 Grenada Minimum wage schedules set pay by occupation ; for example , the minimum wage for domestic workers , for example , was EC $ 4.50 per hour , while that for a security guard was EC $8.00 per hour . 40 2017 Guatemala 81.87 Guatemalan quetzales ( $10.9 ) per day for agricultural and nonagricultural work and 74.89 quetzales ( $10.0 ) per day for work in export - sector regime factories . Minimum wage earners also are due a mandatory monthly bonus of 250 quetzales ( $33 ) , and salaried workers receive two mandatory yearly bonuses ( the bono 14 and the Christmas bonus ) , each equivalent to one month 's salary . 7003412700000000000 ♠ 4,127 7003697400000000000 ♠ 6,974 48 7000165000000000000 ♠ 1.65 7000279000000000000 ♠ 2.79 7001878000000000000 ♠ 87.8 % 1 January 2016 Guernsey £ 7.20 per hour ( $8.79 ) for those aged 18 + £ 6.50 per hour ( $8.49 ) for those aged 17 -- 18 . 1 January 2017 Guinea The labor code allows the government to set a minimum hourly wage ; however , the government has not exercised this provision except for setting the minimum wage for domestic workers at 440,000 GNF ( $62 ) per month . 48 2017 Guinea - Bissau 19,030 CFA francs ( $30 ) per month plus a bag of rice 7002392000000000000 ♠ 392 7002935000000000000 ♠ 935 45 6999170000000000000 ♠ 0.17 6999400000000000000 ♠ 0.4 7001581000000000000 ♠ 58.1 % 2017 Guyana G $ 35,000 ( $168 USD ) per month , or G $1,616 ( $7 USD ) per day , or G $202 ( $1 USD ) per hour . 7003203500000000000 ♠ 2,035 7003320400000000000 ♠ 3,204 40 6999980000000000000 ♠ 0.98 7000154000000000000 ♠ 1.54 7001409000000000000 ♠ 40.9 % 1 July 2013 Haiti 290 Haitian gourdes per day for servants for an eight - hour workday ; 400 Haitian gourdes per day for segment A industries ; 350 Haitian gourdes per day for segment B industries ; 290 Haitian gourdes per day for segment C industries ; 350 Haitian gourdes per day for companies with piece work that re-export ; and 350 Haitian gourdes per day for companies with piece work that exports . 7003142900000000000 ♠ 1,429 7003319400000000000 ♠ 3,194 48 6999569999999900000 ♠ 0.57 7000128000000000000 ♠ 1.28 7002179100000000000 ♠ 179.1 % 1 August 2017 Honduras Minimum wages ranged from a low of 6,096.71 Honduran lempiras per month , 25.41 lempiras per hour to 10,698.30 lempiras per month , 44.58 lempiras per hour . 7003247500000000000 ♠ 2,475 7003494800000000000 ♠ 4,948 44 7000108000000000000 ♠ 1.08 7000216000000000000 ♠ 2.16 7002104500000000000 ♠ 104.5 % 1 January 2018 Hong Kong HK $34.50 ( US $4.5 ) per hour is the minimum wage in Hong Kong . 7003924500000000000 ♠ 9,245 7004111260000000000 ♠ 11,126 40 7000444000000000000 ♠ 4.44 7000535000000099999 ♠ 5.35 7001190000000000000 ♠ 19 % 1 May 2017 Hungary 138,000 HUF ( $530 ) per month for unskilled labor , 180,500 HUF ( $695 ) per month for skilled labor . 7003603400000000000 ♠ 6,034 7004110850000000000 ♠ 11,085 40 7000290000000000000 ♠ 2.9 7000533000000000000 ♠ 5.33 7001415000000000000 ♠ 41.5 % 1 January 2018 Iceland None ; minimum wages are negotiated in various collectively bargained agreements and applied automatically to all employees in those occupations , regardless of union membership ; while the agreements can be either industry - or sector - wide , and in some cases firm - specific , the minimum wage levels are occupation - specific . 40 2017 India Varied from 160 rupees ( $2.40 ) per day in Bihar to 750 rupees ( $11.31 ) per day in Kerala . State governments set a separate minimum wage for agricultural workers . The minimum wages are set according to Minimum Wages Act , 1948 . 7002767000000000000 ♠ 767 7003249800000000000 ♠ 2,498 48 6999310000000000000 ♠ 0.31 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7001380000000000000 ♠ 38 % 2015 Indonesia Established by provincial and district authorities , which vary by province , district , and sector ; the lowest minimum wage is in the province of Yogyakarta at rupiah 1,454,154 ( $98 ) per month and the highest is in Jakarta at rupiah 3,648,035 ( $248 ) per month . 7003130400000000000 ♠ 1,304 7003350000000000000 ♠ 3,500 40 6999630000000000000 ♠ 0.63 7000168000000000000 ♠ 1.68 7001301000000000000 ♠ 30.1 % 1 January 2018 Iran 1,111,269 Iranian tomans ( equal to 11,112,690 rials , and to $266 ) per month effective on the 2017 Persian New year ; set annually for each industrial sector and region . The standard workweek is 44 hours , and any work over 48 entitles the worker to overtime . 7003401300000000000 ♠ 4,013 7004110830000000000 ♠ 11,083 44 7000175000000000000 ♠ 1.75 7000484000000000000 ♠ 4.84 7001556000000000000 ♠ 55.6 % 21 March 2018 Iraq 250,000 Iraqi dinars ( $214 ) per month . 7003253400000000000 ♠ 2,534 7003522200000000000 ♠ 5,222 40 7000122000000000000 ♠ 1.22 7000250990000099999 ♠ 2.51 7001301000000000000 ♠ 30.1 % 2014 Ireland € 9.55 ( $11 ) per hour , with sub-minimal rates for those under 18 ( 70 % of minimum ) , and for those over 18 in first year of employment ( 80 % ) , in second year of employment ( 90 % ) , and in certain types of training ( 75 % to 90 % ) . 7004218350000000000 ♠ 21,835 7004193670000000000 ♠ 19,367 39 7001107700000000000 ♠ 10.77 7000955000000000000 ♠ 9.55 7001271000000000000 ♠ 27.1 % 1 January 2018 Isle of Man £ 7.50 per hour ( $9.15 ) for those aged 21 + £ 6.85 per hour ( $8.36 ) for those aged 18 -- 20 . 1 April 2017 Israel ₪ 5,300 Israeli new shekel ( $1,472 ) per month ; or ₪ 29.12 Israeli new shekel ( $8.09 ) per hour . 7004176670000000000 ♠ 17,667 7004143890000000000 ♠ 14,389 42 7000809000000000000 ♠ 8.09 7000659000000000000 ♠ 6.59 7001386000000000000 ♠ 38.6 % 1 April 2018 Italy None ; instead set through collective bargaining agreements on a sector - by - sector basis . 40 2017 Jamaica J $ 6,200 ( $49 USD ) per week . 7003252000000000000 ♠ 2,520 7003404300000000000 ♠ 4,043 40 7000121000000000000 ♠ 1.21 7000194000000000000 ♠ 1.94 7001458000000000000 ♠ 45.8 % 1 March 2016 Japan Ranges from 737 -- 958 Japanese yen ( $6.6 -- 8.6 ) per hour ; set on a prefectural and industry basis . 7004136660000000000 ♠ 13,666 7004143070000000000 ♠ 14,307 40 7000657000000000000 ♠ 6.57 7000688000000000000 ♠ 6.88 7001338009999900000 ♠ 33.8 % 14 October 2017 Jordan 220 Jordanian dinars ( $310 ) per month . 7003371800000000000 ♠ 3,718 7003800000000000000 ♠ 8,000 48 7000149000000000000 ♠ 1.49 7000321000000000000 ♠ 3.21 7001884000000000000 ♠ 88.4 % 12 February 2017 Kazakhstan 28,284 Kazakhstani tenge ( $78 ) per month . 7003104100000000000 ♠ 1,041 7003298700000000000 ♠ 2,987 40 6999500000000000000 ♠ 0.5 7000144000000000000 ♠ 1.44 7001118000000000000 ♠ 11.8 % 1 January 2018 Kenya Set by the government by location , age and skill level ; the lowest agricultural minimum wage for unskilled employees was 6,415.55 Kenyan shillings per month , 269.40 per day , excluding housing allowance . 7002745000000000000 ♠ 745 7003165600000000000 ♠ 1,656 52 6999280000000000000 ♠ 0.28 6999610000000000000 ♠ 0.61 7001525000000000000 ♠ 52.5 % 1 May 2017 Kiribati AUD $1.30 per hour for local businesses and companies , while the minimum wage for overseas - funded projects is AUD $3.00 an hour 7003208000000000000 ♠ 2,080 7003238900000000000 ♠ 2,389 40 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000115000000099999 ♠ 1.15 7002113300000000000 ♠ 113.3 % 1 November 2016 North Korea Averaging 5,000 -- 10,000 North Korean won ( $5.5 -- $11.1 ) per day . 2014 South Korea 7,530 won ( $6 ) per hour , although the effective comparable minimum wage is higher at 9,200 won ( $8 ) per hour due to a mandatory weekly paid holiday for people that work more than 15 hours per week , a law that is absent in other developed countries . The law applies equally to foreign , temporary or young workers covering all industries and regions nationwide and is scheduled to increase to 8,350 won ( $7 ) per hour , or 10,020 won ( $9 ) per hour if weekly paid holidays are included . As of 1 January 2019 . 7004138550000000000 ♠ 13,855 7004156040000000000 ♠ 15,604 40 7000666000000000000 ♠ 6.66 7000750000000000000 ♠ 7.5 7001427000000000000 ♠ 42.7 % 1 January 2018 Kosovo € 170 ( $224 ) per month for workers between 35 and 65 years of age ; € 130 ( $150 ) for workers under 35 years of age . 7003230000000000000 ♠ 2,300 7003622000000000000 ♠ 6,220 40 7000111000000000000 ♠ 1.11 7000299000000000000 ♠ 2.99 7001618000000000000 ♠ 61.8 % 17 August 2011 Kuwait 60 Kuwaiti dinars ( $216 ) per month . 7003240000000000000 ♠ 2,400 7003360000000000000 ♠ 3,600 48 6999960000000000000 ♠ 0.96 7000144000000000000 ♠ 1.44 7000480000000000000 ♠ 4.8 % 14 April 2010 Kyrgyzstan 1140 Kyrgyzstani som ( $14 ) per month , nominally ; used for administrative purpose . 7002199000000000000 ♠ 199 7002661000000000000 ♠ 661 40 6999100000000000000 ♠ 0.1 6999320000000000000 ♠ 0.32 7001186000000000000 ♠ 18.6 % 1 January 2017 Laos 800,000 Lao kip ( $100 ) per month ; additionally , employers were required to pay a 30,000 - kip ( $3.74 ) meal allowance per day . The minimum wage for civil servants and state enterprise employees was last increased to 1,400,000 kip ( $170 ) per month . 7003201200000000000 ♠ 2,012 7003518000000000000 ♠ 5,180 48 6999810000000000000 ♠ 0.81 7000208000000000000 ♠ 2.08 7001791009999900000 ♠ 79.1 % 2014 Latvia € 430 ( $513 ) per month . 7003581700000000000 ♠ 5,817 7003905300000000000 ♠ 9,053 40 7000280000000099999 ♠ 2.8 7000435000000099999 ♠ 4.35 7001354000000000000 ♠ 35.4 % 1 January 2018 Lebanon 675,000 pounds ( $446 ) per month , or 30,000 pounds ( $19 ) per day . 7003537300000000000 ♠ 5,373 7003894700000000000 ♠ 8,947 48 7000215000000000000 ♠ 2.15 7000358000000000000 ♠ 3.58 7001625000000000000 ♠ 62.5 % 1 February 2012 Lesotho 1,178 maloti ( $102 ) per month to 1,285 maloti ( $112 ) per month ; varied by sector . 7003106000000000000 ♠ 1,060 7003302700000000000 ♠ 3,027 45 6999450000000000000 ♠ 0.45 7000129000000000000 ♠ 1.29 7002102600000000000 ♠ 102.6 % 2014 Liberia 15 Liberian dollars ( $0.31 ) per hour not exceeding 8 hours per day , excluding benefits , for unskilled laborers ; 5,600 LD ( $114 ) per month for civil servants . 7002332000000000000 ♠ 332 7002474000000000000 ♠ 474 48 6999130000000000000 ♠ 0.13 6999190000000000000 ♠ 0.19 7001583000000000000 ♠ 58.3 % 2014 Libya 450 Libyan dinars ( $325 ) per month ; the government heavily subsidizes rent and utilities . 7003388500000000000 ♠ 3,885 7003777000000000000 ♠ 7,770 40 7000187000000000000 ♠ 1.87 7000374000000000000 ♠ 3.74 7002133900000000000 ♠ 133.9 % 1 March 2011 Liechtenstein None 48 2014 Lithuania € 400 ( $462 ) per month , € 2.45 ( $2.8 ) per hour . 7003574500000000000 ♠ 5,745 7003999200000000000 ♠ 9,992 40 7000275990000099999 ♠ 2.76 7000480000000000000 ♠ 4.8 7001335000000000000 ♠ 33.5 % 1 January 2018 Luxembourg € 1,998.59 ( $2312 ) per month , € 11.5525 ( $13 ) per hour for unskilled workers over 18 ; increased by 20 % for a skilled employee ; decreased by 20 % to 25 % in the case of an adolescent worker . 7004270900000000000 ♠ 27,090 7004237910000000000 ♠ 23,791 40 7001130200000000000 ♠ 13.02 7001114400000000000 ♠ 11.44 7001232000000000000 ♠ 23.2 % 1 January 2018 Republic of Macedonia 10,500 Macedonian denars ( $182 ) per month . 7003230500000000000 ♠ 2,305 7003548800000000000 ♠ 5,488 40 7000111000000000000 ♠ 1.11 7000264000000000000 ♠ 2.64 7001367000000000000 ♠ 36.7 % 1 March 2016 Madagascar 133,013.40 Malagasy ariary per month , 767.40 ariary per hour for non-agricultural workers ; 134,920.00 ariary per month , 674.60 ariary per hour for agricultural workers . 7002462000000000000 ♠ 462 7003160100000000000 ♠ 1,601 41 6999220000000000000 ♠ 0.22 6999750000000000000 ♠ 0.75 7002106300000000000 ♠ 106.3 % 1 January 2015 Malawi MK 687.70 per day . 7002294000000000000 ♠ 294 7003103500000000000 ♠ 1,035 48 6999120000000000000 ♠ 0.12 6999410009999900000 ♠ 0.41 7001886000000000000 ♠ 88.6 % 1 January 2016 Malaysia RM 1000 ( $244 ) per month , or RM4. 81 ( $1.1 ) per hour on the peninsula ; and RM920 ( $224 ) per month , or RM4. 42 ( $1.0 ) per hour for the states of Sabah , Sarawak , and Labuan . To be fully enforced on July 1 , 2016 . 7003223500000000000 ♠ 2,235 7003578900000000000 ♠ 5,789 48 6999900000000000000 ♠ 0.9 7000232000000099999 ♠ 2.32 7001209009999900000 ♠ 20.9 % 1 July 2016 Maldives None ; 3,100 Maldivian rufiyaa ( $242 ) per month in the government sector . 48 2014 Mali 28,465 CFA francs ( $57 ) , supplemented by a required package of benefits , including social security and health care . 7002587000000000000 ♠ 587 7003156000000000000 ♠ 1,560 48 6999240000000000000 ♠ 0.24 6999620000000000000 ♠ 0.62 7001734000000000000 ♠ 73.4 % 2014 Malta € 778.34 ( $905 ) per month , or € 169.76 ( $197 ) per week ; combined with an annual mandatory bonus of € 270.20 ( $314 ) and a € 242.32 ( $281 ) annual cost of living increase , automatically adjusted for inflation . 7004105300000000000 ♠ 10,530 7004141520000000000 ♠ 14,152 40 7000505990000099999 ♠ 5.06 7000680000000000000 ♠ 6.8 7001373009999900000 ♠ 37.3 % 1 January 2017 Marshall Islands US $ 2.00 per hour for government and private sector employees . 7003416000000000000 ♠ 4,160 7003390200000000000 ♠ 3,902 40 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000188000000000000 ♠ 1.88 7001970000000000000 ♠ 97 % 6 March 1986 Mauritania 3,000 Mauritanian Ouguiya ( 30,000 Old Ouguiya , $83.8 in 2017 terms ) per month for adults . 7003100600000000000 ♠ 1,006 7002295000000000000 ♠ 295 40 6999480000000000000 ♠ 0.48 6999140000000000000 ♠ 0.14 7000770000000000000 ♠ 7.7 % 2011 Mauritius 607 Mauritian rupees ( $20 ) per week for an unskilled worker in the Export Processing Zone ( EPZ ) ; 794 rupees ( $26 ) per week for an unskilled factory worker outside the EPZ ; set by the government by sector , and increased each year based on the inflation rate . 7002915000000000000 ♠ 915 7003162200000000000 ♠ 1,622 45 6999390000000000000 ♠ 0.39 6999690009999900000 ♠ 0.69 7000770000000000000 ♠ 7.7 % 2014 Mexico 80.04 Mexican pesos ( $3.94 ) per day . 7003120400000000000 ♠ 1,204 7003225400000000000 ♠ 2,254 48 6999480000000000000 ♠ 0.48 6999900000000000000 ♠ 0.9 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 % 1 January 2016 Moldova 1900 Moldovan lei ( $96 ) per month in the private sector ; 1000 lei ( $50 ) per month in the public sector . 7002649000000000000 ♠ 649 7003174900000000000 ♠ 1,749 40 6999310000000000000 ♠ 0.31 6999840000000000000 ♠ 0.84 7001328009999900000 ♠ 32.8 % 1 May 2015 Monaco € 1,753.21 ( $2039 ) per month , or € 10.37 ( $12 ) per hour ; same as the French minimum wage , plus a 5 % adjustment . 7004234870000000000 ♠ 23,487 39 7001117200000000000 ♠ 11.72 17 % 1 January 2018 Mongolia 240,000 Mongolian tögrög ( $98 ) per month . 7003118000000000000 ♠ 1,180 7003346700000000000 ♠ 3,467 40 6999569999999900000 ♠ 0.57 7000167000000000000 ♠ 1.67 7001283000000000000 ♠ 28.3 % 1 January 2017 Montenegro € 193 ( $215 ) per month . 7003260200000000000 ♠ 2,602 7003538600000000000 ♠ 5,386 40 7000125000000000000 ♠ 1.25 7000259000000000000 ♠ 2.59 7001305000000000000 ♠ 30.5 % 1 May 2013 Morocco 3 000 MADs ( $310 ) per month in public sector , 2 570.86 MAD ( $265 ) per month in private sector , 69 , 73 MAD ( $7 ) per day for agricultural workers . 7003370900000000000 ♠ 3,709 7003855600000000000 ♠ 8,556 44 7000162000000000000 ♠ 1.62 7000374000000000000 ♠ 3.74 7002108900000000000 ♠ 108.9 % 1 July 2015 Mozambique Set for nine different economic sectors ; ranges from 3,002 Mozambican meticias ( $51 ) per month in the public sector , to 7,465 meticias ( $129 ) per month in the financial sector . 7002567000000000000 ♠ 567 7003181800000000000 ♠ 1,818 40 6999270000000000000 ♠ 0.27 6999870000000000000 ♠ 0.87 7002149400000000000 ♠ 149.4 % 1 May 2014 Myanmar 3,600 Myanmar kyat per day , 450 Myanmar kyat per hour . 7002757000000000000 ♠ 757 7003301100000000000 ♠ 3,011 44 6999330000000000000 ♠ 0.33 7000132000000000000 ♠ 1.32 7001526000000000000 ♠ 52.6 % 1 September 2015 Namibia None ; the mining , construction , security and agricultural sectors set basic levels of pay through collective bargaining . 45 2014 Nauru None ; there is a graduated salary system for public service officers and employees , none for private - sector workers . 40 2014 Nepal 8,000 Nepalese rupees ( $74 ) per month . 7002919000000000000 ♠ 919 7003262000000000000 ♠ 2,620 48 6999370000000000000 ♠ 0.37 7000105000000000000 ♠ 1.05 7002105700000000000 ♠ 105.7 % 10 June 2013 Netherlands € 1,578.00 ( $1826 ) per month , € 364.15 ( $421 ) per week , € 72.83 ( $84 ) per day , and € 9.11 ( $10 ) per hour for persons 22 and older ( in a 40 - hours work week , a work week with less hours has a higher minimum wage per hour ) ; between 30 -- 85 % of this amount for persons aged 15 -- 22 . 7004213480000000000 ♠ 21,348 7004212760000000000 ♠ 21,276 40 7001102600000000000 ♠ 10.26 7001102300000000000 ♠ 10.23 7001421000000000000 ♠ 42.1 % 1 January 2018 New Zealand NZ $ 16.50 ( $11 ) per hour for workers 18 years old or older , and NZ $13.20 ( $8 ) per hour for those aged 16 or 17 or in training ; there is no statutory minimum wage for employees who are under 16 years old . 7004255210000000000 ♠ 25,521 7004219410000000000 ♠ 21,941 40 7001122700000000000 ♠ 12.27 7001105500000000000 ♠ 10.55 7001569000000000000 ♠ 56.9 % 1 April 2018 Nicaragua Set for nine different economic sectors ; ranges from 3,187.43 Nicaraguan córdobas per month in the agricultural sector to 7,133.44 córdobas per month in the financial sector . 7003127300000000000 ♠ 1,273 7003339700000000000 ♠ 3,397 48 6999510000000000000 ♠ 0.51 7000136000000000000 ♠ 1.36 7001613000000000000 ♠ 61.3 % 1 September 2015 Niger 30,047 CFA francs ( $60 ) per month . 7002619000000000000 ♠ 619 7003163300000000000 ♠ 1,633 40 6999300000000000000 ♠ 0.3 6999780000000000000 ♠ 0.78 7002165500000000000 ♠ 165.5 % 17 August 2012 Nigeria 18,000 naira per month ( was $115 but following the recent devaluation of the naira has fallen to $58 , or $38 using the parallel market rate ) . 7002708000000000000 ♠ 708 7003174700000000000 ♠ 1,747 40 6999340000000000000 ♠ 0.34 6999840000000000000 ♠ 0.84 7001298000000000000 ♠ 29.8 % 1 January 2011 Northern Cyprus 2365 Turkish lira ( $506 ) per month ( gross minimum wage ) . 6600 40 1 March 2018 Norway None ; wages normally fall within a national scale negotiated by labor , employers , and local governments . 37.5 2014 Oman 225 Omani rials ( $592 ) per month plus allowances of 100 rials ( $263 ) per month for citizens ; does not apply to foreign workers . 7004102630000000000 ♠ 10,263 7004195000000000000 ♠ 19,500 45 7000439000000099999 ♠ 4.39 7000833000000000000 ♠ 8.33 7001425000000000000 ♠ 42.5 % 1 July 2013 Pakistan 15000 Pakistani rupees ( $158 ) per month . 7003170700000000000 ♠ 1,707 7003561100000000000 ♠ 5,611 48 6999680000000000000 ♠ 0.68 7000225000000000000 ♠ 2.25 7002107200000000000 ♠ 107.2 % 1 June 2016 Palau US $ 3.00 per hour ; does not include foreign workers . 7003624000000000000 ♠ 6,240 7003663800000000000 ♠ 6,638 40 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 7000319000000000000 ♠ 3.19 7001407000000000000 ♠ 40.7 % 1 October 2014 Palestine ₪ 1,450 ( $384 ) per month ; 7003483300000000000 ♠ 4,833 45 7000207009999999999 ♠ 2.07 2014 Panama 1.53 to 4.45 balboas ( $1.53 -- $4.45 USD ) per hour , depending on region and sector . Food and the use of housing facilities were considered part of the salary for some workers , such as domestic and agricultural workers . Salaries for domestic workers ranged from 250 to 275 balboas ( $250 - $275 USD ) per month . The agricultural and construction sectors received the lowest and highest minimum wages , respectively . 7003381900000000000 ♠ 3,819 7003647300000000000 ♠ 6,473 48 7000153000000000000 ♠ 1.53 7000259000000000000 ♠ 2.59 7001281000000000000 ♠ 28.1 % 1 January 2018 Papua New Guinea 3.20 Papua New Guinean kina ( $1 ) per hour . 7003229500000000000 ♠ 2,295 7003279500000000000 ♠ 2,795 44 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000122000000000000 ♠ 1.22 7001668000000000000 ♠ 66.8 % 1 August 2014 Paraguay 1,964,507 Paraguayan guaraníes ( $348 ) per month ; The law discriminates against domestic workers , who are legally entitled to only 40 percent of the minimum wage . The law mandates that housing and food be counted towards domestic worker 's salary . 7003389600000000000 ♠ 3,896 7003842600000000000 ♠ 8,426 48 7000156000000000000 ♠ 1.56 7000338000000000000 ♠ 3.38 7001881000000000000 ♠ 88.1 % 1 March 2014 Peru 850 Peruvian nuevos soles ( $294 ) per month . 7003312900000000000 ♠ 3,129 7003586200000000000 ♠ 5,862 48 7000125000000000000 ♠ 1.25 7000235000000000000 ♠ 2.35 7001450000000000000 ♠ 45 % 1 June 2012 Philippines Ranges from 243 PhP ( $4.8 ) daily non-plantation agricultural wage in Ilocos Region , to 512 PhP ( $10 ) daily non-agricultural wage in Metro Manila . 7003125400000000000 ♠ 1,254 7003312800000000000 ♠ 3,128 48 6999500000000000000 ♠ 0.5 7000125000000000000 ♠ 1.25 7001401000000000000 ♠ 40.1 % 5 October 2017 Poland 2,100 PLN ( $620 ) monthly . 13.7 PLN ( $4 ) per hour . 7003666700000000000 ♠ 6,667 7004134040000000000 ♠ 13,404 40 7000321000000000000 ♠ 3.21 7000644000000000000 ♠ 6.44 7001490000000000000 ♠ 49 % 1 January 2018 Portugal € 677 per month ( $791 ) in 12 payments ; € 580 per month ( $699 ) in 14 payments for full - time workers , rural workers , and domestic employees ages 18 and older . 7003784700000000000 ♠ 7,847 7004102350000000000 ♠ 10,235 40 7000377000000000000 ♠ 3.77 7000492000000000000 ♠ 4.92 7001334000000000000 ♠ 33.4 % 1 January 2018 Qatar None ; the labor law provides the emir with authority to set a minimum wage , but he did not do so . 48 2013 Romania 1900 lei ( $502.11 ) per month ; else 11.4 lei ( $3.01 ) per hour for a full - time schedule of 168 hours per month . See Minimum wage in Romania . 7003563000000000000 ♠ 5,630 7004120630000000000 ♠ 12,063 40 7000271000000000000 ♠ 2.71 7000580000000000000 ♠ 5.8 7001524000000000000 ♠ 52.4 % 1 January 2018 Russia 11163 ruble ( $178 ) per month. ( ) 7003127600000000000 ♠ 1,276 7003299200000000000 ♠ 2,992 40 6999610000000000000 ♠ 0.61 7000144000000000000 ♠ 1.44 7001121000000000000 ♠ 12.1 % 1 May 2018 Rwanda None ; ranges from 500 to 1,000 Rwandan francs ( $0.83 to $1.66 ) per day in the tea industry and 1500 to 5000 francs ( $2.50 to $8.30 ) per day in the construction industry . 45 2013 Saint Kitts and Nevis EC $ 9.00 per hour . 7003693300000000000 ♠ 6,933 7003908700000000000 ♠ 9,087 40 7000333000000000000 ♠ 3.33 7000437000000000000 ♠ 4.37 7001344000000000000 ♠ 34.4 % 1 November 2014 Saint Lucia Minimum wage for some sectors ; EC $ 300 ( $111 ) per month for office clerks ; EC $200 ( $74 ) for shop assistants ; EC $160 ( $59 ) for messengers . 40 2013 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Set sector by sector ; for example , EC $ 56 ( $20.74 ) per day for agriculture workers ( shelter not provided ) ; EC $40 ( $14.81 ) per day for industrial workers ; and EC $25 per day for household domestic workers . 7003240700000000000 ♠ 2,407 7003335100000000000 ♠ 3,351 40 7000116000000099999 ♠ 1.16 7000161000000000000 ♠ 1.61 7001292000000000000 ♠ 29.2 % 1 July 2008 Samoa WST $ 2.00 ( $0.89 ) per hour for the private sector ; WST $2.65 ( $1.18 ) for the public sector . 7003164400000000000 ♠ 1,644 7003223700000000000 ♠ 2,237 40 6999790000000000000 ♠ 0.79 7000108000000000000 ♠ 1.08 7001351000000000000 ♠ 35.1 % 2012 San Marino € 1501.49 ( $1735 ) per month ; or € 9.24 ( $10 ) per hour for the lowest paying industry 7004202450000000000 ♠ 20,245 7004234000000000000 ♠ 23,400 37.5 7001103800000000000 ♠ 10.38 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 7001384000000000000 ♠ 38.4 % 1 January 2017 São Tomé and Príncipe None ; 750,000 São Tomé and Príncipe dobras ( $40 ) per month for civil servants 2013 Saudi Arabia 3,000 Saudi riyals ( $800 ) per month for public sector ; does not apply to foreign workers . There are no minimum wage in private sector . 7003960000000000000 ♠ 9,600 7004185570000000000 ♠ 18,557 48 7000385000000000000 ♠ 3.85 7000743000000000000 ♠ 7.43 7001341000000000000 ♠ 34.1 % 2 February 2013 Senegal 209.10 CFA francs ( $0.42 ) per hour for general workers and 182.95 CFA francs ( $0.37 ) per hour for agricultural workers . 7002654000000000000 ♠ 654 7003161700000000000 ♠ 1,617 40 6999310000000000000 ♠ 0.31 6999780000000000000 ♠ 0.78 7001630000000000000 ♠ 63 % 1 January 1996 Serbia 22,620 Serbian dinars ( $223 ) net monthly . Also , 130 Serbian dinars ( $1.1 ) per hour net , and 175 Serbian dinars ( $1.5 ) per hour gross . 7003337800000000000 ♠ 3,378 7003739500000000000 ♠ 7,395 40 7000162000000000000 ♠ 1.62 7000356000000000000 ♠ 3.56 7001509000000000000 ♠ 50.9 % 1 January 2017 Seychelles SR 26.70 ( $1.9 ) per hour for all workers other than casual workers ; SR30. 78 ( $2.1 ) per hour for casual workers . 7003406900000000000 ♠ 4,069 7003643500000000000 ♠ 6,435 40 7000196000000000000 ♠ 1.96 7000309000000000000 ♠ 3.09 7001227000000000000 ♠ 22.7 % 1 January 2014 Sierra Leone 500,000 Sierra Leonean leones ( $57 ) per month . 7003118100000000000 ♠ 1,181 7003260200000000000 ♠ 2,602 40 6999569999999900000 ♠ 0.57 7000125000000000000 ♠ 1.25 7002176200000000000 ♠ 176.2 % 1 January 2015 Singapore None . However , two exceptions were made recently : 1 ) Cleaner jobs to have a minimum wage of 1,000 Singapore dollars ( $729 ) per month effective January 2014 . 2 ) Security guards to have a minimum wage of 1,100 SGD ( $802 ) per month effective September 2016 . 44 2013 Slovakia € 480 ( $577 ) per month , or € 2.75 ( $3.3 ) per hour . 7003644900000000000 ♠ 6,449 7004104000000000000 ♠ 10,400 40 7000310000000000000 ♠ 3.1 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 7001341000000000000 ♠ 34.1 % 1 January 2018 Slovenia € 842.79 ( $1,050 ) per month . 7004108900000000000 ♠ 10,890 7004144170000000000 ♠ 14,417 40 7000524000000000000 ♠ 5.24 7000693000000000000 ♠ 6.93 7001441000000000000 ♠ 44.1 % 27 January 2018 Solomon Islands SI $ 4.00 ( $0.55 ) per hour for all workers except those in the fishing and agricultural sectors , who received SI $3.20 per hour . 7002949000000000000 ♠ 949 7002955000000000000 ♠ 955 45 6999410009999900000 ♠ 0.41 6999410009999900000 ♠ 0.41 7001427000000000000 ♠ 42.7 % 1 May 2008 Somalia None . 48 2013 South Africa Not mandatory , but recommended minimum wage in private sector is 2,474 rand ( $155 ) per month except domestic and farm works ' wages 1,500 rand ( $95 ) , . 45 2013 South Sudan None . 2011 Spain € 858.55 ( $1051 ) per month in 12 payments , € 735.90 ( $901 ) per month in 14 payments . 7004116150000000000 ♠ 11,615 7004139220000000000 ♠ 13,922 40 7000558000000000000 ♠ 5.58 7000669000000000000 ♠ 6.69 7001383009999900000 ♠ 38.3 % 1 January 2018 Sri Lanka 10,000 rupees ( US $70.75 ) per month . 7002787000000000000 ♠ 787 7003241400000000000 ♠ 2,414 45 6999340000000000000 ♠ 0.34 7000103000000000000 ♠ 1.03 7001196000000000000 ♠ 19.6 % 1 January 2016 Sudan 425 Sudanese pounds ( $70 ) per month . 7002763000000000000 ♠ 763 7003108700000000000 ♠ 1,087 40 6999370000000000000 ♠ 0.37 6999520000000000000 ♠ 0.52 7001230000000000000 ♠ 23 % 2008 Suriname None ; SRD 600 ( $180 ) per month is the lowest wage for civil servants . 45 2013 Swaziland 531.6 Swazi emalangeni ( $76.50 ) per month for a domestic worker ; 420 emalangeni ( $60.50 ) a month for an unskilled worker ; 600 emalangeni ( $86.50 ) a month for a skilled worker . 7002694000000000000 ♠ 694 7003112800000000000 ♠ 1,128 48 6999330000000000000 ♠ 0.33 6999540000000000000 ♠ 0.54 7001190000000000000 ♠ 19 % 2011 Sweden None ; in Sweden the law provides for the right of workers to form and join independent unions to bargain wages collectively , and it prohibits antiunion discrimination . 40 2017 Switzerland 20 Swiss francs ( $20.18 ) per hour in Canton Jura and Neuchâtel , the rest of the country has no minimum wage . There are a minority of the voluntary General Labour Contracts ( GLC , collective labour agreements ) , reached on a sector - by - sector basis , contain minimum compensation clauses , which provide for compensation ranging from CHF 2,200 to 4,200 ( $2,363 to $4,511 ) per month for unskilled workers and CHF 2,800 to 5,300 ( $3,010 to $5,693 ) per month for skilled employees . On 18 May 2014 , Swiss voters rejected a federal initiative ( by 76.3 % ) that would have enforced GLCs for every sector and set the hourly minimum wage at CHF 22 ( $24.65 ) or ( PPP - adjusted : $12.55 ) . 41.7 2014 Syria 9,765 to 14,760 Syrian pounds ( $176 -- $266 ) per month , plus benefits , including compensation for meals , uniforms , and transportation . 7003211200000000000 ♠ 2,112 7003285000000000000 ♠ 2,850 40 7000102000000000000 ♠ 1.02 7000137000000000000 ♠ 1.37 7001540000000000000 ♠ 54 % 2013 Taiwan The minimum wage in Taiwan is NT $ 22,000 ( $741.84 USD ) per month ; NT $140 ( $4.7 USD ) per hour . 7003836600000000000 ♠ 8,366 7004182720000000000 ♠ 18,272 40 7000401999999999999 ♠ 4.02 7000878000000099999 ♠ 8.78 7001380000000000000 ♠ 38 % 1 January 2018 Tajikistan 250 Tajikistani somoni ( $31 ) per month , plus certain government subsidies for workers and their families . 7002351000000000000 ♠ 351 7003128800000000000 ♠ 1,288 40 6999170000000000000 ♠ 0.17 6999620000000000000 ♠ 0.62 7001432000000000000 ♠ 43.2 % 1 September 2013 Tanzania Varies by sector from 40,000 Tanzanian shillings ( $17 ) per month , to 400,000 shillings ( $174 ) per month . 7002215000000000000 ♠ 215 7002593000000000000 ♠ 593 45 6998900000000000000 ♠ 0.09 6999250000000000000 ♠ 0.25 7001213000000000000 ♠ 21.3 % 1 July 2013 Thailand Ranges from 300 Thai baht ( $8 ) per day and up , depending on the cost of living in various provinces ; set by provincial tripartite wage committees that sometimes include only employer representatives . 7003275800000000000 ♠ 2,758 7003730100000000000 ♠ 7,301 48 7000110000000000000 ♠ 1.1 7000293000000000000 ♠ 2.93 7001432000000000000 ♠ 43.2 % 1 January 2013 Timor - Leste US $ 115 per month . 7003138000000000000 ♠ 1,380 7003212300000000000 ♠ 2,123 44 6999600000000000000 ♠ 0.6 6999930000000000000 ♠ 0.93 7001992000000000000 ♠ 99.2 % 22 June 2012 Togo 35,000 ( $70 ) CFA francs per month . 7002722000000000000 ♠ 722 7003179600000000000 ♠ 1,796 40 6999350000000000000 ♠ 0.35 6999860000000000000 ♠ 0.86 7002120500000000000 ♠ 120.5 % 1 January 2012 Tonga None 40 2013 Trinidad and Tobago TT $ 15.00 ( $2.36 ) per hour . 7003460200000000000 ♠ 4,602 7003550300000000000 ♠ 5,503 40 7000221000000000000 ♠ 2.21 7000265000000000000 ♠ 2.65 7001167000000000000 ♠ 16.7 % 1 January 2015 Tunisia For the industrial sector : 340 Tunisian dinars ( $140 ) per month for a 48 - hour workweek and 290 dinars ( $120 ) per month for a 40 ‐ hour workweek ; 9 dinars ( $3.70 ) to 14 dinars ( $5.7 ) per day for agricultural workers ; supplemented with transportation and family allowances . 7003103100000000000 ♠ 1,031 7003300700000000000 ♠ 3,007 48 6999410009999900000 ♠ 0.41 7000120000000000000 ♠ 1.2 7001259000000000000 ♠ 25.9 % 2011 Turkey 2029.50 Turkish lira per month ( gross minimum wage ) . Net minimum wage after taxes is 1603.12 Turkish lira per month . Employer pays 2384.66 Turkish Lira per month including taxes and health insurance . 7003667200000000000 ♠ 6,672 7004152210000000000 ♠ 15,221 45 7000285000000000000 ♠ 2.85 7000650000000000000 ♠ 6.5 7001603000000000000 ♠ 60.3 % 1 January 2018 Turkmenistan 535 Turkmenistani manat ( $156 ) per month . 7003183400000000000 ♠ 1,834 7003484200000000000 ♠ 4,842 40 6999880000000000000 ♠ 0.88 7000233000000000000 ♠ 2.33 7001287000000000000 ♠ 28.7 % 1 January 2015 Tuvalu None ; the minimum annual salary in the public sector was approximately A $ 3,000 to A $4,000 ( $3,120 to $4,160 ) . 2013 Uganda 6,000 Ugandan shillings ( $1.7 ) per month . 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 7001600000000000000 ♠ 60 40 6998100000000000000 ♠ 0.01 6998300000000000000 ♠ 0.03 7000330000000000000 ♠ 3.3 % 1 January 1984 Ukraine ₴ 3723 ( UAH ) ( $142.67 ) per month , 22.41 hryvnias ( $0.86 ) per hour . 7003168000000000000 ♠ 1,680 7003755900000000000 ♠ 7,559 40 6999810000000000000 ♠ 0.81 7000363000000000000 ♠ 3.63 7001914000000000000 ♠ 91.4 % 1 January 2018 United Arab Emirates None . 48 2013 United Kingdom £ 7.83 per hour ( $11.03 ) for those aged 25 + £ 7.38 per hour ( $10.39 ) for those aged 21 -- 24 , £ 5.90 per hour ( $8.31 ) for those aged 18 -- 20 , £ 4.20 per hour ( $5.92 ) for under 18 , £ 3.70 per hour ( $5.21 ) for apprentices aged 16 to 18 and those aged 19 or over who are in their first year . 7004218130000000000 ♠ 21,813 7004212680000000000 ♠ 21,268 40 7001104900000000000 ♠ 10.49 7001102300000000000 ♠ 10.23 7001499000000000000 ♠ 49.9 % 1 April 2018 United States The federal nationwide minimum wage in the United States is US $ 7.25 per hour . States may also set a minimum , in which case the higher of the two is controlling ; some territories are exempt and have lower rates . The lowest minimum wage in the country is in Wyoming and Georgia state at $5.15 per hour . Since January 1 , 2017 , Seattle , Washington , has the highest minimum wage in the United States at $15 an hour . 7004150800000000000 ♠ 15,080 7004150800000000000 ♠ 15,080 40 7000725000000000000 ♠ 7.25 7000725000000000000 ♠ 7.25 7001262000000000000 ♠ 26.2 % 24 July 2009 Uruguay 10,000 Uruguayan pesos ( $349 ) per month . 500 pesos ( $17 ) per day . 50 pesos ( $1.7 ) per hour . 7003435100000000000 ♠ 4,351 7003532700000000000 ♠ 5,327 48 7000174000000000000 ♠ 1.74 7000213000000000000 ♠ 2.13 7001246000000000000 ♠ 24.6 % 1 January 2015 Uzbekistan 107,635 Uzbekistani som ( $35 ) per month . 7002503000000000000 ♠ 503 7003134800000000000 ♠ 1,348 40 6999240000000000000 ♠ 0.24 6999650000000000000 ♠ 0.65 7001207000000000000 ♠ 20.7 % 1 September 2014 Vanuatu 30,000 Vanuatu vatu ( $323 ) per month , 170 vatu per hour . 7003333100000000000 ♠ 3,331 7003304100000000000 ♠ 3,041 40 7000160000000000000 ♠ 1.6 7000146000000000000 ♠ 1.46 7001987000000000000 ♠ 98.7 % 20 August 2012 Venezuela 392,646.46 Venezuelan bolívares ( BsF ) per month , with a pension of 915,000 BsF. 392,647 and 915,000 BsF BsF are $1.77 and $4.06 at the open market exchange rate , which the government considers illegal , or $10.70 and $24.95 at the individually inaccessible for the citizens government exchange rate of 36,677.00 ( exchange rate known as SIMADI or DICOM ) . 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 40 6998100000000000000 ♠ 0.01 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 % 1 November 2017 Vietnam Varies by region ; Region I : VND 3,980,000 per month ; Region II : VND 3,530,000 per month ; Region III : VND 3,090,000 per month and Region IV : VND 2,760,000 per month . 7003152600000000000 ♠ 1,526 7003367600000000000 ♠ 3,676 40 6999730000000000000 ♠ 0.73 7000177000000000000 ♠ 1.77 7001584000000000000 ♠ 58.4 % 1 January 2018 Yemen None ; the minimum civil service wage was 21,000 rials ( $100 ) per month . 48 2013 Zambia Varies by sector ; 522,400 Zambian kwacha per month for domestic workers , K1 , 132,400 per month for shopkeepers , and between K1 , 132,400 and K2 , 101,039 for general workers ' in categories one to five -- which includes receptionists and clerks , among others ( wages are inclusive transportation , lunch , and housing allowances ) . Note that the references seem to refer to the old kwacha , which was replaced by the new kwacha in 2012 at the rate 1 new kwacha = 1000 old kwacha . 7002658000000000000 ♠ 658 7003167200000000000 ♠ 1,672 48 6999260000000000000 ♠ 0.26 6999670000000000000 ♠ 0.67 7001425000000000000 ♠ 42.5 % 4 July 2012 Zimbabwe None , except for agricultural and domestic workers ; government regulations for each of the 22 industrial sectors specify minimum wages . The minimum wage for all mine workers is currently pegged at $227 per month . 2012 See also ( edit ) List of countries by average wage List of countries by median wage List of minimum wage laws List of sovereign states in Europe by minimum wage List of sovereign states in Europe by net average wage List of U.S. minimum wages List of minimum wages in Canada List of minimum wages in China ( PRC ) The Minimum Wages Act , 1948 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Minimum Wage in India 2013 '' . PayCheck.in . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 08 . Jump up ^ The workweek is the country 's legal workweek in hours , above which is considered overtime and is often paid premium pay . See notes for variations on this definition . The main source for workweek data is : the Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2017 by the US Department of State . Jump up ^ The percentage was calculated by dividing the minimum wage ( PPP ) by the GDP per capita ( PPP ) from 2016 -- obtained from the World Bank 's GDP per capita , PPP ( current international $ ) , World Development Indicators database . Jump up ^ Annual wages were calculated by multiplying monthly wages by 12 , weekly wages by 52 , daily wages by 5x52 and hourly wages by Wx52 , where W is the legal maximum ( or the practical , if lower ) workweek length in hours . A US $ conversion rate from 2017 -- obtained from the World Bank 's Official exchange rate ( LCU per US $ , period average ) , World Development Indicators database -- was used to convert the annual wage from national currency to US dollars . The template To USD was used to convert the annual wage from national currency to US dollars . Jump up ^ Annual wages were calculated by multiplying monthly wages by 12 , weekly wages by 52 , daily wages by 5x52 and hourly wages by Wx52 , where W is the legal maximum ( or the practical , if lower ) workweek length in hours . A purchasing power parity ( PPP ) conversion rate from 2016 -- obtained from the World Bank 's PPP conversion factor , private consumption ( LCU per international $ ) , World Development Indicators database -- was used to convert the annual wage from national currency to international dollars . The template International dollars was used to convert the annual wage from national currency to international dollars . Jump up ^ Hourly wages were calculated by dividing the annual minimum wage ( USD ) rate by 52 weeks and then by the length of the standard hour workweek . Jump up ^ Hourly wages were calculated by dividing the annual minimum wage ( PPP ) by 52 weeks and then by the length of the standard workweek . ^ Jump up to : `` Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2017 '' . State.gov . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Albania , INSTAT : Labour Force , 3rd Quarter 2013 at the Wayback Machine ( archived March 11 , 2014 ) Jump up ^ Labour Costs And Regulations ( PDF ) , Albanian Investment Development Agency , retrieved 2 January 2013 Jump up ^ Increase of minimum wage / Rritja e pagës minimale Jump up ^ `` Algeria boosts minimum wage '' . 5 October 2011 . Retrieved 2 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Marché du travail '' ( in French ) . Mfe.org . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 08 . Jump up ^ Salari mínim i festius nacionals i parroquials -- Treball i Ocupació -- Govern d'Andorra . In Catalan . Jump up ^ `` Guide to Doing Business : Angola '' . Lexmundi.com . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : `` Minimum Wages Around The World '' . WageIndicator Foundation . Retrieved 1 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Minimum Wage Order , 2008 '' ( PDF ) . Government Printing Office , Antigua and Barbuda. 2 Jan 2008 . Jump up ^ Minimum wage increase takes effect in November -- Antigua Observer Jump up ^ `` Boletín de Estadísticas Laborales '' . Ministerio de Trabajo . Retrieved 7 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Government raises minimum wage in Armenia '' . Retrieved 28 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Armenia to raise minimum wage -- arminfo.info Avanesov Alexandr . December 1 , 2014 Jump up ^ Fair Work Ombudsman , Minimum Wages , Australian Government , retrieved 24 January 2016 Jump up ^ Fair Work Ombudsman . `` National minimum wage -- Pay '' . Australian Government . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 08 . Jump up ^ Miscellaneous Award 2010 , Australian Government , retrieved 24 January 2016 Jump up ^ `` FedEE Review of minimum wage rates '' . The Federation of International Employers . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Minimum monthly wage in Azerbaijan determined AZN 130 in 2018 '' . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Minimum monthly wage increased by 10.5 % in Azerbaijan '' . Report News Agency . Retrieved 10 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bahamas : Minimum Wages Act '' . Ilocarib.org.tt. 2002 - 01 - 21 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 08 . Jump up ^ Bahamas Government Increases National Minimum Wage by 40 Percent Lindsay Thompson , BIS , Jul 23 , 2015 Jump up ^ `` Minimumj Wages in bangladesh -- Issues and Challenges '' ( PDF ) . Culaw.ac.bd . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Garment workers ' minimum wage fixed at Tk 3,000 '' . Textiletoday.com.bd. 2010 - 11 - 01 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 12 - 02 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` RMG minimum wage gazette published '' . Dhaka Tribune . 2013 - 12 - 05 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Base hike '' . nationnews.com Barbados. 2012 - 03 - 15 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Salaire -- Service public fédéral Emploi , Travail et Concertation sociale '' . Emploi.belgique.be. 2013 - 06 - 28 . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ belize.gov.bz Jump up ^ `` The BCCI Trade and Investment Zone '' . Belize.org. 2012 - 05 - 26 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : `` ILO Global Wage Database 2012 '' . International Labour Organisation . Retrieved 8 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Fixation of National Minimum Wage ( NMW ) Rate Ministry of Agriculture and Forests '' . Moaf.gov.bt . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` National minimum wage revised to Nu 125 a day '' . KuenselOnline . Archived from the original on 2014 - 01 - 03 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 08 . Jump up ^ https://www.ine.gob.bo/subtemas_cuadros/salarioMinimo_html/SalarioMinimo_41201.htm Jump up ^ `` DS 1549 -- Incremento Salarial 2013 '' ( DS 1549 -- 2013 Wage Increase ) ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved 27 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Instructivo No. 218 / 12 -- Pago del Aguinaldo de Navidad Gestión 2012 '' ( Instruction No. 218 / 12 -- Christmas Bonus Payment Arrangement 2012 ) ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved 27 July 2013 . Jump up ^ El salario mínimo subirá a Bs 1.805 y el haber básico aumentará en 6 % publisher = La Razón . In Spanish . Jump up ^ Potpisan Opći kolektivni ugovor u FBiH , minimalna plata 406 maraka . In Bosnian . February 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Salário Mínimo 2018 -- Valor e Tabela do Salário Mínimo para 2018 '' ( Minimum wage 2018 -- Minimum Wage Value and Table for 2018 ) ( in Portuguese ) . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Novo salário mínimo pode ser maior em alguns estados brasileiros '' ( New minimum wage may be higher in some Brazilian states ) ( in Portuguese ) . globo.com. 2014 - 01 - 03 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Salário Mínimo 2016 -- Novo valor do salário em 2016 '' ( Minimum wage 2016 -- New salary amount in 2016 ) ( in Portuguese ) . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : `` Minimum wages '' . EuroStat . Retrieved 31 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Минимална работна заплата за страната по години в лева '' . 2012 - 04 - 26 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Минимална работна заплата в Република България 1991 - 2013 Експерт '' ( in Bulgarian ) . Accountantbg.com . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ site. meta - author . `` MINIMUM WAGE IN BULGARIA INCREASES '' . BNT News . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Commission Mixte Paritaire de Négociations Salariales du Secteur Prive '' ( PDF ) . Patronat.bf . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2016 - 01 - 15 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Cambodia hikes minimum wage for textiles workers by 11 pct from 2018 '' . REUTERS. 5 October 2017 . Retrieved 1 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Votresalaire.org/cameroun -- Cameroun , Salaire Minimum , SMIG , Salaire Minimum Interprofessionnel Garanti '' . Votresalaire.org . Archived from the original on 2014 - 01 - 08 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Current And Forthcoming Minimum Hourly Wage Rates For Experienced Adult Workers in Canada '' . Srv116.services.gc.ca . Retrieved 23 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Standard workweek hours vary by province ; ranges from 40 hours to 48 hours per week . Canadian Payroll Legislation Jump up ^ `` Cape Verde government raises minimum wage to 13,000 escudos '' . 8 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Governo vai aumentar salário mínimo nacional de 11 para 13 mil escudos '' ( in Portuguese ) . A Semana. 6 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 04 - 25 . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 26 . Jump up ^ Salaire minimum en Afrique , dans quels pays paie - t - on le mieux ? -- Mays Moussi . In French . Jump up ^ `` '' Tchad : Salaire Minimum Interprofessionnel Garanti ( SMIG ) et du Salaire Minimum Agricole Garanti ( SMAG ) FROM CHAD `` . Fromchad.blogvie.com . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Tchad : la crise sociale s'enlise '' . Afriquinfos . Archived from the original on 2014 - 03 - 04 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` ¿ Cuál es el valor del ingreso mínimo mensual ? -- Centro de Consultas . Dirección del Trabajo . Gobierno de Chile '' . Dt.gob.cl. 2013 - 08 - 24 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` A Complete Guide to China 's Minimum Wage Levels by Province , City , and District China Briefing News '' . yjbys.com. 2015 - 12 - 11 . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 最新 全国 最低 工资 标准 - 法律 快车 劳动 法 '' ( in Chinese ) . Lawtime.cn. 2015 - 07 - 03 . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : `` 中华 人民 共和国 人力 资源 和 社会 保障 部 '' . Mohrss.gov.cn. 2015 - 07 - 03 . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 03 . Jump up ^ Matthew J. Zito ; Rainy Yao ; Camille Chen ( 26 May 2015 ) . `` A Complete Guide to Minimum Wage Levels Across China 2015 '' . China Briefing . Retrieved 17 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Shira , Dezan ( 26 May 2016 ) . `` A Complete Guide to 2016 Minimum Wage Levels Across China '' . Retrieved 12 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Salario mínimo en Colombia para el 2018 : $781.242 '' . La República . Retrieved 24 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Journal Officiel de la Republique Democratique du Congo '' ( PDF ) . Ilo.org . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ The law defines different standard workweeks , ranging from 45 to 72 hours , for various jobs and prescribes rest periods and premium pay for overtime . Jump up ^ `` Fijación de Salarios Mínimos '' ( Fixation of minimum wages ) ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved 18 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tusalario.org / Costa Rica -- Minimum Wage , Minimum Wage in Costa Rica , Costa Rica Minimum Wage '' . Wageindicator.org . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Minimum Wage - Fixing Machinery Convention , 1928 ( No. 26 ) -- Côte d'Ivoire ( Ratification : 1960 ) '' ( in French ) . International Labour Organization . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2013 . Retrieved November 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ahad , Abdul ( 2013 - 11 - 21 ) . `` Ivory Coast raises minimum wage by 60 percent '' . Brecorder.com . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Castro increases minimum wage '' . Thefreelibrary.com . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ Informace o minimální mzdě od 1 . ledna 2018 Jump up ^ `` Country Reports on Human Rights Practices 2009 '' . State.gov. 2010 - 02 - 03 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : `` Country Reports on Human Rights Practices 2011 '' . State.gov. 2012 - 03 - 22 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Dominicans get higher minimum wage '' . Caribbean360. 2008 - 05 - 09 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` NATLEX '' . Ilo.org . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` > Resoluciones Salariales '' . OMLAD . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Frente Amplio propone llevar salario mínimo a 20,000 para empleados públicos -- Periódico Digital Dominicano '' . 7dias.com.do . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ . El Universo. 2017 - 12 - 27 https://www.eluniverso.com/noticias/2017/12/27/nota/6541678/alza-salario-basico-unificado-ecuador-sera-11-2018 . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 13 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Decreto No. 6 Salario Mínimo '' ( Decree No. 6 Minimum Wage ) ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved 27 August 2018 . Jump up ^ National minimum wage rates -- Estonian Tax and Customs Jump up ^ Fijian Government Increases National Minimum Wage The Fijian Government Jump up ^ `` National Minimum Wage : Increase Of New Rates Fulfilled By Government : Usamate Fiji Sun '' . fijisun.com.fj . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Salaire minimum de croissance ( Smic ) '' . Vosdroits.service-public.fr. 1970 - 01 - 01 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Google Translate '' . Translate.googleusercontent.com . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ Federal regulations set the working time of an employee to eight hours per day and limit the average workweek to a maximum of 48 hours per week . Collective bargaining agreements , however , may stipulate lower maximums , and in 2012 they stipulated on average 37.7 hours per week . These collective contracts directly or indirectly affecting 80 percent of the working population regulated the number of hours of work per week . According to the European Labor Force Survey , in 2011 the average full - time employee 's workweek was 39.9 hours for women and 41.1 hours for men . The value given is the average of the average women and men workweek . Jump up ^ `` Government Announces Increment in Minimum Wage / Salaries for Public Workers '' . Government of Ghana . ^ Jump up to : `` WSI -- Mindestlohndatenbank : Inhaltsverzeichnis '' ( PDF ) . Boeckler.de . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Minimum Wage '' . 2017 - 01 - 01 . Retrieved 23 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Minimum Wage Order covers loopholes : Kaieteur News '' . Kaieteurnewsonline.com. 2013 - 06 - 04 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ http://www.haitilibre.com/en/news-21679-haiti-flash-minimum-wages-all-details.html Jump up ^ `` Haiti -- Economy : Everything you need to know about the new Minimum Wage '' . Haitilibre.com. 2014 - 04 - 19 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` NATLEX '' . Ilo.org . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Stealing from the Poor '' ( PDF ) . Workersrights.org . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Aumento al mĂnimo es entre L 111 y L 386 -- Apertura '' ( in Spanish ) . LaPrensa.hn . Archived from the original on 2010 - 11 - 03 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Labour Department -- Employee Rights and Benefits '' . Labour.gov.hk . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ https://ado.hu/rovatok/munkaugyek/minimalber-es-garantalt-berminimum-2018-ban Jump up ^ `` Government -- Prime Minister 's Office -- News '' . Kormany.hu. 2012 - 12 - 19 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 12 - 24 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` European Labour Law Network '' . Labourlawnetwork.eu. 2013 - 01 - 01 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Agreement signed for wage hike in 2016 '' . Politics.hu. 2013 - 12 - 20 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ Wage Indicator Foundation . `` Minimum Wages India 2012 -- Current Minimum Wage Rate India '' . Retrieved 10 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Indonesia & Bali minimum wage -- UMK Bali & UMP Indonesia Jump up ^ http://www.rymand.com/Bulletins/salary%2097%20-1.pdf Jump up ^ https://financialtribune.com/articles/economy-domestic-economy/83942/minimum-wages-in-iran-to-rise-by-198 Jump up ^ Ramezani , Alireza ( 8 June 2017 ) . `` بخشنامه دستمزد ۹۶ ابلاغ شد '' . Al Monitor . Retrieved 8 June 2017 . Jump up ^ International Business Publications , USA ( 2008 - 03 - 03 ) . Iran Company Laws and Regulations Handbook . ISBN 9781433069994 . Retrieved 3 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Minimum rates of pay '' . Citizensinformation.ie . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ An hourly rate only is set . Eurostat calculates the monthly rate for Ireland as ( hourly rate x 39 hours x 52 weeks ) / 12 months `` Minimum wages ( earn_minw ) '' . eurostat . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Current Minimum Wage Rates '' . 2017 - 01 - 01 . Retrieved 23 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Labor Law Update April 2018 A clarification regarding the extension order -- shortening the work week in the Israeli Market Jump up ^ MLSS Public Relations Unit ( 1 March 2016 ) . `` Minimum Wage Rates Effective March 1 '' . Retrieved 2 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pay and Conditions of Employment Branch ( P.C.E.B ) '' . Ministry of Labour and Social Security . Retrieved 2 March 2016 . Jump up ^ 地域 別 最低 賃金 の 全国 一覧 ( National List of Regional Minimum Wages ) ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved 23 October 2017 . Jump up ^ 特定 最低 賃金 の 全国 一覧 ( National List of Minimum Wages by industry ) ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved 23 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Price , fee hikes go into effect as of Sunday '' . Retrieved 12 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Сведения о минимальной заработной плате , МРП и прожиточном минимуме ( на 1995 -- 2014 годы ) -- ПАРАГРАФ - WWW '' . Online.zakon.kz . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ Government of Kenya -- Ministry of Labour -- Minimum Wage Jump up ^ `` Uhuru hands workers 14pc raise in minimum wage '' . businessdailyafrica.com. 2013 - 05 - 01 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ http://www.islandlifemag.com/latest-news-pacific/kiribati-government-sets-new-minimum-wage/ ^ Jump up to : `` Country Reports on Human Rights Practices 2007 '' . State.gov. 2009 - 02 - 23 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Minimum Wage Council -- Republic of Korea '' . Retrieved 1 January 2017 . Jump up ^ http://biz.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2018/02/02/2018020202038.html Jump up ^ http://www.ziksir.com/ziksir/view/5749 Jump up ^ http://news.hankyung.com/article/2018072590331?nv=3&utm_source=naver&utm_medium=naver_newsstandcast&utm_campaign=newsstandcast_naver_all Jump up ^ https://www.straitstimes.com/world/world-briefs-s-korea-to-raise-minimum-wage Jump up ^ `` Republika e Kosoves '' ( PDF ) . Kryeministri-ks.net . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Kuwait sets minimum wage for first time Reuters '' . In.reuters.com. 2010 - 04 - 14 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Об установлении минимальной заработной платы '' . Fpk.kg . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 12 - 20 . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 06 . Jump up ^ На 90 сомов можно купить две буханки хлеба , считает М . Абдылдаев , а О . Лаврова полагает , что три буханки -- geziter.org . In Russian . Jump up ^ `` Private sector to pay higher minimum wage from January , Lao Voices '' . Archived from the original on January 27 , 2013 . Retrieved July 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Vientiane Times '' . Vientiane Times . 2012 - 01 - 01 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Labklājības ministrija '' . Lm.gov.lv. 2012 - 07 - 17 . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Vivre à l'étranger -- France - Diplomatie - Ministère des Affaires étrangères '' . Mfe.org . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ Golovnina , Maria ( 2011 - 02 - 28 ) . `` Libyans grapple with soaring food prices , queues '' . Reuters . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` ? ? '' ( PDF ) . Ssf.ly . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2013 - 10 - 17 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Social Security Programs Throughout the World : Africa , 2013 -- Libya '' . Ssa.gov . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Nutarimas dėl minimaliojo darbo užmokesčio '' . www.e-tar.lt. 2017 - 10 - 11 . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Ministère de la Sécurité Sociale du Grand - Duché de Luxembourg -- Paramètres sociaux '' . Mss.public.lu . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Social minimum wage and indexation of salaries -- Entreprises / / Luxembourg '' . Guichet.public.lu . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` МТСП '' . Mtsp.gov.mk . Archived from the original on 2014 - 03 - 04 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ Macedonian govt increases minimum wage in textile sector Jump up ^ The standard workweek was 40 hours in nonagricultural and service industries and 42.5 hours in the agricultural sector . Jump up ^ `` Malawi increase minimum wage rate over 100 percent Malawi Nyasa Times -- Malawi breaking news in Malawi '' . Nyasatimes.com . Archived from the original on 2014 - 03 - 06 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Perlaksanaan Gaji Minimum '' . Archived from the original on 2 October 2013 . Retrieved 22 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 04 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 23 . Jump up ^ The legal workweek is 40 hours , except for work in the agricultural sector . The legal workweek for agricultural employees ranges from 42 to 48 hours , depending on the season . Jump up ^ `` National Minimum Wage National Standing Order '' . Justiceservices.gov.mt . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ Bonus and Weekly Allowances -- Department for Industrial and Employment Relations -- Malta Jump up ^ `` NATLEX '' . Ilo.org. 2011 - 08 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ No legal standard workweek ; 40 hours per week has been used for comparison purposes . Jump up ^ `` Communiqué du Conseil des Ministres '' . Agence Mauritanienne d'Information. 2011 - 09 - 29 . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ Oudaa , Marouf ( 2011 - 08 - 23 ) . `` Mauritania Increases Minimum Wage by 43 % After Union Negotiation , AMI Says '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ Salarios Mínimos 2017 -- Servicio de Administración Tributaria ( SAT ) -- Secretaría de Hachienda y Crédito Público ( SHCP ) -- México . In Spanish . Jump up ^ `` Republic of Moldova : Fourth Reviews Under the Extended Arrangement '' ( PDF ) . International Monetary Fund . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` În Moldova va crește salariul minim -- Noutăţile Moldovei : politică , economie , societate , sport , cîntece moldoveneşti , cultura moldovenească , foto , video '' . NOI.MD . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ Government of Moldova Archived 2014 - 11 - 03 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Wages in the Principality -- Contracts and Pay -- Employees -- Employment -- Monaco Jump up ^ `` GDP per capita ( current US $ ) Data Table '' . Data.worldbank.org . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Minimum Wage Increased Mongolian Law Blog '' . lehmanlaw.mn . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Детаљи '' . Poreskauprava.gov.me . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ Minimum wage in public sector in Morocco Archived February 23 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Minimum wage in private sector in Morocco Archived May 3 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ SMAG : minimum agriculture wage Jump up ^ The law provides for a 44 - to 48 - hour maximum workweek . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 08 - 10 . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 01 . Jump up ^ Myanmar sets $2.80 daily minimum wage in bid to boost investment publisher = Business News -- reuters.com Jump up ^ By regulation the workweek in both the public and private sectors was 35 hours for office workers and 40 hours for manual laborers . Jump up ^ `` Government revises minimum remuneration of employee '' . GRS . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Amount of the minimum wage '' . government.nl. 2015 - 07 - 14 . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Brochure '' ( PDF ) . Docs.minszw.nl . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 14 . Jump up ^ The law does not establish a specific number of hours as constituting a full workweek , but most workweeks are 36 , 38 or 40 hours long . Jump up ^ `` Minimum pay '' . Current minimum wage rates -- Employment New Zealand . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 20 . Jump up ^ Nigeria : Senate Passes New Minimum Wage Bill -- Effective January 2011 . allafrica.com Archived December 6 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Turkish Republic Northern Cyprus , Ministry of Labor and Social Security '' . TRNC . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Oman hikes private sector minimum wages '' . Zawya. 2013 - 04 - 28 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ Updated 15 May 2013 , 9 : 11 AEST ( 2013 - 05 - 15 ) . `` Pay rise for Palau 's poor as government sets minimum wage Pacific Beat ABC Radio Australia '' . Radioaustralia.net.au . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ There is no legislation concerning maximum hours of work ; 40 hours a week was used for the purpose of calculating an annual wage . Jump up ^ Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics ( PCBS ) -- Press Release on the Results of the Labour Force Survey ( October -- December , 2014 ) Round Main Results Jump up ^ Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics ( PCBS ) -- On the occasion of May 1st -- International Workers Day Jump up ^ The Labour Law No. ( 7 ) of 2000 AD , Article 68 : `` The actual working hours per week shall be forty five hours . '' Jump up ^ `` Telemetro Reporta '' . Article . Telemetro . Retrieved 3 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Departamento De Analisis De Productividad Y Salario '' . Mitradel.gob.pa . Archived from the original on 2014 - 02 - 26 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Lae Chamber Of Commerce Inc '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ The law limits the workweek to 42 hours per week in urban areas and 44 hours per week in rural . Jump up ^ `` VivaParaguay.com '' . Retrieved May 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` TuSalario.org/Paraguay -- Salario mínimo '' . Tusalario.org . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Official Website of National Wages and Productivity Commission '' . Retrieved 24 September 2017 . Jump up ^ By law , the standard workweek is 48 hours for most categories of industrial workers and 40 hours for government workers , with an eight - hour - per - day limit . Jump up ^ http://wbj.pl/polish-government-to-increase-min-wage-to-pln-2100-hourly-rate-up-to-pln-13-7/ Jump up ^ `` Salário mínimo nacional em 2017 '' ( in Portuguese ) . Jump up ^ `` Salariul minim 2018 '' . romania-insider.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` from 1 May 2018 '' . Retrieved 2 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Saint Christopher and Nevis -- Statuory Rules and Orders -- No 35 of 2008 -- The Labour ( Minimum Wage ) ( National Minimum Wage ) Order , 2008 Jump up ^ Hewlett , LK ( 22 September 2014 ) . `` Minimum Wage Increases By 12.5 % '' . The St Kitts Nevis Observer . Archived from the original on 24 September 2014 . Retrieved 24 September 2014 . Jump up ^ The law provides for a 40 - to 44 - hour workweek . Jump up ^ `` Current Minimum Wages '' . Dol.gov.vc . Archived from the original on 2014 - 03 - 06 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ Saint Vincent and the Grenadines > Specific categories of workers -- Database of national labour , social security and related human rights legislation International Labour Organization Archived March 4 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ http://www.csdl.sm/contratti-industria-e-artigianato-le-tabelle-retributive/ Jump up ^ cdls.sm Archived 2014 - 10 - 27 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ The law sets the workweek at 36 hours in the public sector and 37.5 hours for industry and private businesses . Jump up ^ Nitaqat to enforce minimum salaries for citizens Arab News . December 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Journal Officiel de La Republique du Senegal -- Décret no 96 - 141 en date du 19 février 1996 '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2014 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 09 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Arhiva -- Minimalna zarada u Republici Srbiji '' . Paragraf.rs . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Srbi , od danas se rad konačno plaća više '' . B92.net. 2017 - 01 - 01 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 03 - 04 . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Nation Home '' . Nation.sc . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ The legal maximum workweek varied from 45 to 55 hours , depending on the economic sector . Jump up ^ `` Act : Supplement to the Sierra Leine Gazette Vol . CXXVIII No. 24 '' ( PDF ) . Sierra-leone.org . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` In Sierra Leone , `` Minimum Wage for Workers is 21,000 '' ... Says Labour Minister `` . News.sl . Archived from the original on 2013 - 09 - 27 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ Sierra Leone News : Parliament approves minimum wage -- awoko.org Jump up ^ Singapore sets basic wage of S $1,000 for cleaners . Jeanette Tan . Yahoo ! News . January 8 , 2014 Jump up ^ AsiaOne . September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Zrušený predpis č. 326 / 2012 Z. z . -- Nariadenie vlády o sume minimálnej mzdy na rok 2013 '' . Zakonypreludi.sk. 2013 - 12 - 31 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Slovenia ups minimum wage by 4.7 percent '' . kitco.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ ILO.org world database Jump up ^ the minimum wage for domestic workers in South Africa was 8.95 rand ( $0.90 ) per hour for employers in the urban areas and 7.65 rand ( $0.77 ) for employers in the semiurban and rural areas . The minimum wage for farm workers was 7.71 rand ( $0.77 ) per hour . The minimum hourly wage for domestic workers employed more than 27 hours per week ranged from 4.85 rand ( $0.49 ) to 7.06 rand ( $0.71 ) Jump up ^ Mywage.org/SouthSudan Jump up ^ `` Monthly minimum wages - bi-annual data '' . appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Jura parliament finally agrees minimum wage of 20 francs per hour '' . 2017 - 11 - 23 . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Allgemeinverbindlicherklärung von Gesamtarbeitsverträgen '' ( in German , French , and Italian ) . Neuchâtel : Swiss State Secretariat for Economic Affairs SECO , Swiss Federal Department of Economic Affairs , Education and Research EAER. 1 May 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ Eddy , Melissa ( May 18 , 2014 ) . `` Swiss Defeat Minimum Wage by Large Margin '' . New York Times . Retrieved May 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Abstimmungen -- Indikatoren , Abstimmung vom 18 . Mai 2014 : Mindestlohn - Initiative '' ( in German and French ) . Neuchâtel : Swiss Federal Office of Statistics , Swiss Federal Administration . 18 May 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ The law sets a maximal 45 - hour workweek for blue - and white - collar workers in industry , services , and retail trades and a 50 - hour workweek for all other workers . The law limits annual overtime to 170 hours for those working 45 hours a week and 140 hours for those working 50 hours a week . Based on the Swiss Federal Office of Statistics the typical workweek is 41.7 hours . Jump up ^ `` Betriebsübliche Arbeitszeit nach Wirtschaftsabteilungen ( NOGA 2008 ) , in Stunden pro Woche , 1990 - 2013 '' ( XLS ) ( statistics ) ( in German and French ) . Neuchâtel : Swiss Federal Office of Statistics , Swiss Federal Administration . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 20 . Total = 41.7 Jump up ^ `` The History of Enacting and Adjusting the Minimum Wage Policy '' . 中華 民國 勞動 部 ( in Chinese ) . 29 July 2016 . Retrieved 3 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Taiwan raises hourly minimum wage to NT $115 from Jan. 1 Society News WantChinaTimes.com '' . Wantchinatimes.com. 2013 - 12 - 31 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` ? ? '' . Pressa.tj . Archived from the original on 2013 - 09 - 27 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ According to the Ministry of Labor , there was no standard legal workweek for private sector workers , but most private employers retained a six - day , 44 - to 48 - hour workweek Jump up ^ `` Firms hit by wage hike , labour shortage Bangkok Post : business '' . Bangkok Post . 2013 - 01 - 02 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` 300 - Baht Daily Minimum Wage '' . Thailand.prd.go.th . Archived from the original on 2014 - 03 - 04 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Cabinet approves 300 baht daily minimum wage hike nationwide from Jan 1 '' . MCOT.net . Archived from the original on 2014 - 03 - 04 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` National minimum wage for private sector in East Timor set at US $115 '' . Macauhub English . 2012 - 06 - 05 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ Budget Statement 2015 -- Ministry of Finance Jump up ^ `` T.C. Çalışma ve Sosyal Güvenlik Bakanlığı '' . Csgb.gov.tr . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 16 . Jump up ^ Возрастут заработная плата и пособия -- Туркменистан : золотой век . In Russian . Jump up ^ `` Мінімальна заробітна плата '' . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` National Minimum Wage rates '' . GOV.UK. 2015 - 10 - 01 . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Federal minimum wage will increase to $7.25 on July 24 '' . United States Department of Labor . Retrieved 5 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Department of Labor Topic : Minimum Wage '' . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ Note : Federal minimum wage applies to businesses involved in interstate commerce , and to most businesses with gross revenues over $500,000 , where state minimum wage is lower . Jump up ^ `` Minimum Wage Change -- Spotlight '' . Dol.state.ga.us . Georgia Department of Labor . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` $15 Minimum Wage '' . seattle.gov. 1 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 10 - 09 . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ The standard workweek ranged from 44 to 48 hours , depending on the industry . Jump up ^ `` Минимальная зарплата в Узбекистане на сегодня и динамика изменения -- Справочник Узбекистана '' . Goldenpages.uz . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ Cullwick , Jonas . `` Wells accepts Vt30 , 000 as new minimum wage Vanuatu Daily Post '' . Dailypost.vu . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ ( PDF ) http://www.ghm.com.ve/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/41351.pdf . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Noticias de Venezuela y Dolar paralelo '' . DolarToday. 2014 - 12 - 01 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 27 . Jump up ^ Government of Zambia -- Statuory Instrument no 46 of 2012 -- The Minimum Wages and Conditions of Employment Act ( Laws , Volume 15 , Cap . 276 ) -- The Minimum Wages and Conditions of Employment ( General ) ( Amendment ) Order , 2012 Archived November 1 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Zambia : Government announces revised minimum wage '' . Lusakatimes.com . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . External links ( edit ) Minimum Wages around the World Lists of countries by financial rankings Trade Account balance % of GDP Exports net per capita Imports Leading trade partners Investment FDI received past FDI abroad GFI Funds Forex reserves Forex reserves ( ex . gold ) Gold reserves Sovereign wealth funds Pension funds Creditor nations Debtor nations Budget and debt Government budget PPP % of GDP Credit rating External debt Public debt future Income and taxes Tax rates Tax revenue Wage average median minimum Bank rates Central bank interest rate Commercial bank prime lending rate Currency Exchange rates to US $ Inflation rate Other Financial Development Index Corporate governance Development aid Ease of doing business Employment / Unemployment External assets Wealth Lists of countries by GDP rankings List of international rankings List of top international rankings by country Lists by country Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_minimum_wages_by_country&oldid=856897182 '' Categories : Minimum wage Lists of countries by economic indicator Law - related lists Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2014 CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) CS1 Bulgarian - language sources ( bg ) CS1 Chinese - language sources ( zh ) Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs CS1 uses Japanese - language script ( ja ) CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) Articles with dead external links from June 2016 CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from August 2018 Talk Article Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català فارسی Bahasa Indonesia 日本 語 پنجابی Português Русский Українська اردو 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 August 2018 , at 07 : 19 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | average hourly wage in india in us dollars | [
"\n\n\nCountry\n\nMinimum wage\n\nAnnual\n\nWorkweek (hours)[2]\n\nHourly\n\nPercent of GDP per capita[3]\n\nEffective per\n\nNominal (US$)[4]\n\nPPP (Int$)[5]\n\nNominal (US$)[6]\n\nPPP (Int$)[7]\n\n\n\n\n\n Afghanistan\n\n5,500 Afghani ($95) per month for non-permanent private sector. The minimum wage for permanent government workers was 6,000 Afghanis ($103) per month. There was no minimum wage for permanent workers in the private sector.[8]\n\n7003104700000000000♠1,047\n\n\n7003327200000000000♠3,272\n\n\n40\n\n6999500000000000000♠0.5\n\n\n7000157000000000000♠1.57\n\n\n7002168300000000000♠168.3%\n\n2017\n\n\n\n\n Albania\n\n24,000 Albanian lekë ($226) per month, in private sector and 37,000 lekë ($330) per month in public sector. The law establishes a 40-hour workweek, but the actual workweek is typically set by individual or collective-bargaining agreement.[8][9][10][11]\n\n7003241800000000000♠2,418\n\n\n7003521800000000000♠5,218\n\n\n40\n\n7000116000000099999♠1.16\n\n\n7000250990000099999♠2.51\n\n\n7001452000000000000♠45.2%\n\n5 May 2017\n\n\n\n\n Algeria\n\n18,000 Algerian dinars ($155) per month, nationally.[8][12][13]\n\n7003194600000000000♠1,946\n\n\n7003562200000000000♠5,622\n\n\n40\n\n6999940000000000000♠0.94\n\n\n7000270000000000000♠2.7\n\n\n7001374000000000000♠37.4%\n\n1 January 2012\n\n\n Andorra\n\n€1017.47 ($1177) per month, €5.87 ($6) per hour.[14]\n\n7004137960000000000♠13,796\n\n7004106740000000000♠10,674\n\n40\n\n7000663000000000000♠6.63\n\n7000513000000000000♠5.13\n\n7001280000000000000♠28%\n\n1 January 2018\n\n\n\n\n Angola\n\n15,003 kwanza per month; paid thirteen times a year.[15][16]\n\n7003117600000000000♠1,176\n\n\n7003147400000000000♠1,474\n\n\n44\n\n6999510000000000000♠0.51\n\n\n6999640000000000000♠0.64\n\n\n7001228000000000000♠22.8%\n\n1 June 2014\n\n\n\n\n Antigua and Barbuda\n\nEC$8.20 per hour.[8][17][18]\n\n7003631700000000000♠6,317\n\n\n7003778800000000000♠7,788\n\n\n40\n\n7000304000000000000♠3.04\n\n\n7000374000000000000♠3.74\n\n\n7001344000000000000♠34.4%\n\n1 November 2014\n\n\n\n\n Argentina\n\n10,000 Argentine pesos ($350) per month for up to 200 hours; paid thirteen times a year.[19]\n\n7003785000000000000♠7,850\n\n\n7004139510000000000♠13,951\n\n\n48\n\n7000315000000000000♠3.15\n\n\n7000559000000000000♠5.59\n\n\n7001700000000000000♠70%\n\n1 July 2018\n\n\n\n\n Armenia\n\n55,000 Armenian dram ($107) per month.[8][20][21]\n\n7003136700000000000♠1,367\n\n\n7003334900000000000♠3,349\n\n\n40\n\n6999660000000000000♠0.66\n\n\n7000161000000000000♠1.61\n\n\n7001379000000000000♠37.9%\n\n1 July 2015\n\n\n\n\n Australia\n\nMost workers are covered by an award, which may vary by employee age, geographical location and industry. For employees 21+ not covered by an award or agreement, the minimum wages is A$18.93 ($13) per hour, or A$719.20 ($524) per week; set federally by the Fair Work Commission. The figures indicated exclude mandatory employer superannuation contributions of at least 9.5% of the employee's total annual salary and any extra loadings received (e.g. many employees are entitled to an extra 17.5% of their daily income on days where they take annual leave, penalty rates for work undertaken on weekends and public holidays of up to 200% of their base rate, and the entitlement that non-permanent employees be paid at least 15% higher than the base rate of pay).Workers under 21, apprentices and trainees not covered by an award each have a minimum wage level set nationally below the official minimum.[22][23] Minimum wage for workers under 16 is 36.8% of the 21+ minimum wage at A$6.97 ($5) per hour.[24]\n\n7004287680000000000♠28,768\n\n\n7004233740000000000♠23,374\n\n\n38\n\n7001145600000000000♠14.56\n\n\n7001118300000000000♠11.83\n\n\n7001508000000000000♠50.8%\n\n1 July 2018\n\n\n Austria\n\nNone; National collective bargaining agreements set minimum wages by job classification for each industry and provide for a minimum wage of €1,200 ($1,289) per month[dubious – discuss]. Wages where no such collective agreements exist, such as for domestic workers, janitorial staff and au pairs, are regulated by relevant legislation and are generally lower than those covered by collective bargaining. The national minimum wage legislation has lapsed, although is still in force by convention.[25][8]\n\n\n\n\n\n40\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2017\n\n\n\n\n Azerbaijan\n\n130 Azerbaijani manat ($76) per month.[26][27]\n\n7002907000000000000♠907\n\n\n7003445700000000000♠4,457\n\n\n40\n\n6999440000000000000♠0.44\n\n\n7000214000000000000♠2.14\n\n\n7001258000000000000♠25.8%\n\n1 January 2018\n\n\n\n\n The Bahamas\n\nB$5.25 ($5.25) per hour, B$42 ($42) per day, and B$210 ($210) per week.[8][28][29]\n\n7004109200000000000♠10,920\n\n\n7003957900000000000♠9,579\n\n\n40\n\n7000525000000000000♠5.25\n\n\n7000461000000000000♠4.61\n\n\n7001425000000000000♠42.5%\n\n15 August 2015\n\n\n Bahrain\n\nNone; 300 BHD ($800) for the public sector workers (only applies to Bahraini nationals).[8]\n\n\n\n\n\n48\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2017\n\n\n\n\n Bangladesh\n\n1,500 taka ($19) per month for all economic sectors not covered by industry-specific wages; in the garment industry the minimum wage is 5,300 taka ($68) per month. The minimum wage is set nationally every five years by the National Minimum Wage Board in a tripartite forum industry by industry.[8][16][30][31][32]\n\n7002224000000000000♠224\n\n\n7002564000000000000♠564\n\n\n48\n\n6998900000000000000♠0.09\n\n\n6999230000000000000♠0.23\n\n\n7001158000000000000♠15.8%\n\n1 December 2013\n\n\n\n\n Barbados\n\nBDS$6.25 ($3.13) per hour for household domestics and shop assistants; the Ministry of Labor recommends all other sectors use this as the de facto minimum wage.[8][33]\n\n7003650000000000000♠6,500\n\n\n7003528500000000000♠5,285\n\n\n40\n\n7000313000000000000♠3.13\n\n\n7000254000000000000♠2.54\n\n\n7001293000000000000♠29.3%\n\n1 March 2012\n\n\n\n\n Belarus\n\n305.00 Belarusian rubles ($149) per month.[16]\n\n7003189600000000000♠1,896\n\n\n7003746900000000000♠7,469\n\n\n40\n\n6999910000000000000♠0.91\n\n\n7000359000000000000♠3.59\n\n\n7001413009999900000♠41.3%\n\n1 January 2018\n\n\n\n\n Belgium\n\n€1,562.59 ($1,826) per month, €9.49 ($11.09) per hour for workers 21 years of age and over; €1,604.06 ($1,874) per month for workers 21 and a half years of age, with six months of service; €1,622.48 ($1,896) per month for workers 22 years of age, with 12 months of service; coupled with extensive social benefits.[16][34]\n\n7004211410000000000♠21,141\n\n\n7004213090000000000♠21,309\n\n\n38\n\n7001107009999900000♠10.7\n\n\n7001107800000000000♠10.78\n\n\n7001459000000000000♠45.9%\n\n1 June 2017\n\n\n\n\n Belize\n\nBZ$3.30 ($1.65) per hour.[8][35][36]\n\n7003386100000000000♠3,861\n\n\n7003677400000000000♠6,774\n\n\n45\n\n7000165000000000000♠1.65\n\n\n7000289000000000000♠2.89\n\n\n7001801009999900000♠80.1%\n\n26 May 2012\n\n\n\n\n Benin\n\n40,000 CFA francs ($70) per month; the government set minimum wage scales for a number of occupations.[16][37]\n\n7002825000000000000♠825\n\n\n7003214900000000000♠2,149\n\n\n40\n\n6999400000000000000♠0.4\n\n\n7000103000000000000♠1.03\n\n\n7001991000000000000♠99.1%\n\n1 April 2014\n\n\n\n\n Bhutan\n\n3,750 Bhutanese ngultrum per month.[8][38][39]\n\n7002691000000000000♠691\n\n\n7003202000000000000♠2,020\n\n\n40\n\n6999330000000000000♠0.33\n\n\n6999970000000000000♠0.97\n\n\n7001227000000000000♠22.7%\n\n1 February 2014\n\n\n\n\n Bolivia\n\n2000 Bolivian bolivianos ($289) per month.[40][41] plus an obligatory Christmas bonus equal to one month's pay, prorated for the amount of time the worker has worked in their present position. Plus a second Christmas Bonus if the government decries the economy grew enough, plus an extra month paid in May if the company made a profit for the previous year.[42][43]\n\n7003376300000000000♠3,763\n\n\n7003755800000000000♠7,558\n\n\n48\n\n7000151000000000000♠1.51\n\n\n7000302990000000000♠3.03\n\n\n7002104500000000000♠104.5%\n\n1 May 2017\n\n\n\n\n Bosnia and Herzegovina\n\n406 convertible marks ($240) net per month.[44]\n\n7003220700000000000♠2,207\n\n\n7003474100000000000♠4,741\n\n\n40\n\n7000106000000000000♠1.06\n\n\n7000227990000099999♠2.28\n\n\n7001389000000000000♠38.9%\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n Botswana\n\n5.46 Botswana pula ($0.58) an hour for most full-time labor in the private sector; 3.03 ($.29) Botswana pula per hour for domestic workers or approximately 24.24 pula ($2.28) a day; 620 Botswana pula ($60) per month for workers in the agriculture sector.[8][16]\n\n7002719000000000000♠719\n\n\n7003140600000000000♠1,406\n\n\n48\n\n6999289990000000000♠0.29\n\n\n6999560000000000000♠0.56\n\n\n7000830000000000000♠8.3%\n\n1 June 2016\n\n\n\n\n Brazil\n\n954 Brazilian reais per month ($236), paid 13 times a year.[45] The Brazilian minimum wage is adjusted annually by the federal government. Each Brazilian state has its own minimum wage, which cannot be lower than the federal minimum wage. Rio Grande do Sul has the highest minimum wage nationwide, R$ 1,103.66 ($273).[46][47]\n\n7003388800000000000♠3,888\n\n\n7003566300000000000♠5,663\n\n\n44\n\n7000170000000000000♠1.7\n\n\n7000248000000000000♠2.48\n\n\n7001374000000000000♠37.4%\n\n1 January 2018\n\n\n Brunei\n\nNone[8]\n\n\n\n\n\n48\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2017\n\n\n\n\n Bulgaria\n\n510 Bulgarian lev ($311) per month, 3.07 lev ($1.8) per hour.[48][49][50][51]\n\n7003367000000000000♠3,670\n\n\n7003851400000000000♠8,514\n\n\n40\n\n7000176000000000000♠1.76\n\n\n7000409000000000000♠4.09\n\n\n7001442000000000000♠44.2%\n\n1 January 2018\n\n\n\n\n Burkina Faso\n\n34,664 CFA francs ($56) per month.[8][52]\n\n7002715000000000000♠715\n\n\n7003190500000000000♠1,905\n\n\n40\n\n6999340000000000000♠0.34\n\n\n6999920000000000000♠0.92\n\n\n7002107600000000000♠107.6%\n\n1 April 2012\n\n\n Burundi\n\nNone; in the past the government set the minimum wage, but during the year the minimum wage was set by market forces.[8][37]\n\n\n\n\n\n40\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2017\n\n\n Cambodia\n\nUS$170 per month, for the garment and shoe industry.[53][8][16]\n\n\n\n\n\n48\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1 January 2018\n\n\n\n\n Cameroon\n\n36,270 CFA francs ($75) per month.[8][54]\n\n7002748000000000000♠748\n\n\n7003181900000000000♠1,819\n\n\n40\n\n6999360000000000000♠0.36\n\n\n6999870000000000000♠0.87\n\n\n7001504000000000000♠50.4%\n\n30 July 2014\n\n\n\n\n Canada\n\nThe minimum wage in Canada is set by each province and territory; ranges from C$10.96 to C$14 ($8-$10 USD) per hour.[8][55][56]\n\n7004175360000000000♠17,536\n\n\n7004167620000000000♠16,762\n\n\n40\n\n7000843000000000000♠8.43\n\n\n7000806000000000000♠8.06\n\n\n7001374000000000000♠37.4%\n\n1 May 2018\n\n\n\n\n Cape Verde\n\n13,000 Cape Verdean escudos ($141) per month.[57][58]\n\n7003159500000000000♠1,595\n\n\n7003341400000000000♠3,414\n\n\n44\n\n6999700000000000000♠0.7\n\n\n7000149000000000000♠1.49\n\n\n7001521000000000000♠52.1%\n\n1 January 2018\n\n\n\n\n Central African Republic\n\n35,000 CFA francs per month, 218.75 CFA francs per hour.[59][60]\n\n7002782000000000000♠782\n\n\n7003139200000000000♠1,392\n\n\n40\n\n6999380000000000000♠0.38\n\n\n6999670000000000000♠0.67\n\n\n7002199300000000000♠199.3%\n\n2011\n\n\n\n\n Chad\n\n59,995 CFA francs ($110) per month, 355 CFA francs ($0.6) per hour.[8][61][62]\n\n7003123700000000000♠1,237\n\n\n7003348400000000000♠3,484\n\n\n39\n\n6999610000000000000♠0.61\n\n\n7000172000000000000♠1.72\n\n\n7002175000000000000♠175%\n\n18 October 2011\n\n\n\n\n Chile\n\n276,000 Chilean pesos ($416) per month for workers aged 18–65; or 206,041 pesos ($276) per month for workers younger than 18 and older than 65; and 178,037 pesos ($268) per month for 'non remunerative' purposes.[63]\n\n7003510500000000000♠5,105\n\n\n7003727800000000000♠7,278\n\n\n45\n\n7000218000000000000♠2.18\n\n\n7000311000000000000♠3.11\n\n\n7001314000000000000♠31.4%\n\n1 January 2018\n\n\n\n\n China\n\nThe minimum wage in China is set locally; ranges from RMB1,000 ($146) per month, or RMB9.50 ($1.39) per hour in Guangxi; to RMB2,190 ($321) per month, or RMB19.00 ($2.78) per hour in Shanghai.[16][64][65][66][66][67][68]\n\n7003177500000000000♠1,775\n\n\n7003311700000000000♠3,117\n\n\n40\n\n6999850000000000000♠0.85\n\n\n7000150000000000000♠1.5\n\n\n7001201000000000000♠20.1%\n\n12 November 2016\n\n\n\n\n Colombia\n\n781,242 Colombian pesos ($277) per month[69]\n\n7003317700000000000♠3,177\n\n\n7003683500000000000♠6,835\n\n\n48\n\n7000127000000000000♠1.27\n\n\n7000274000000000000♠2.74\n\n\n7001483000000000000♠48.3%\n\n24 January 2018\n\n\n\n\n Comoros\n\n55,000 Comorian francs ($129) per month.[8]\n\n7003151200000000000♠1,512\n\n\n7003303700000000000♠3,037\n\n\n40\n\n6999730000000000000♠0.73\n\n\n7000146000000000000♠1.46\n\n\n7002199500000000000♠199.5%\n\n2017\n\n\n\n\n Democratic Republic of the Congo\n\n1,680 Congolese francs ($1.83) per day.[8][70]\n\n7002298000000000000♠298\n\n\n7002741000000000000♠741\n\n\n45[71]\n\n6999130000000000000♠0.13\n\n\n6999320000000000000♠0.32\n\n\n7001924000000000000♠92.4%\n\n1 January 2009\n\n\n\n\n Republic of the Congo\n\n90,000 CFA francs ($170) per month in the formal sector.[8]\n\n7003185500000000000♠1,855\n\n\n7003695800000000000♠6,958\n\n\n40\n\n6999890000000000000♠0.89\n\n\n7000335000000000000♠3.35\n\n\n7002121700000000000♠121.7%\n\n2017\n\n\n\n\n Costa Rica\n\nVaries for specified industries from ₡10,060.75 ($17) per 8-hour work day for all workers to ₡13,141.39 ($23) per day for specialized workers. All other occupations not explicitly covered fall under the generic scale, which varies from ₡300,255.79 ($528) per month for unskilled workers to ₡644,689.30 ($1134) per month for licentiates.[72][73]\n\n7003460900000000000♠4,609\n\n\n7003700800000000000♠7,008\n\n\n48\n\n7000185000000000000♠1.85\n\n\n7000281000000000000♠2.81\n\n\n7001422000000000000♠42.2%\n\n1 January 2018\n\n\n\n\n Côte d'Ivoire\n\nVaries by occupation, with the lowest set to 36,607 CFA franc ($72) per month for the industrial sector; a slightly higher minimum wage rate is applied for construction workers.[8][74][75]\n\n7002755000000000000♠755\n\n\n7003186800000000000♠1,868\n\n\n40\n\n6999360000000000000♠0.36\n\n\n6999900000000000000♠0.9\n\n\n7001506000000000000♠50.6%\n\n1994\n\n\n\n\n Croatia\n\n3439.80 Croatian kuna ($544) per month.[16]\n\n7003623500000000000♠6,235\n\n\n7004103190000000000♠10,319\n\n\n40\n\n7000300000000000000♠3\n\n\n7000496000000000000♠4.96\n\n\n7001441000000000000♠44.1%\n\n1 January 2018\n\n\n Cuba\n\n225 Cuban pesos ($9) per month.[8][76] (Note that the exchange rate data and the International dollars conversion data for this row is for 2012, as more current data was not available at the time of data entry) Each citizen is however also given free food to supplement the salary.\n\n7002147000000000000♠147\n\n181\n\n40\n\n6998500000000000000♠0.05\n\n6998800000000000000♠0.08\n\n6999400000000000000♠0.4%\n\n1 May 2005\n\n\n Cyprus\n\nNone; €870 ($1006) per month for shop assistants, nurses' assistants, clerks, hairdressers, and nursery assistants; it rises to €924 ($1069) after six months' employment. For asylum seekers working as unskilled workers in the agricultural sector, the minimum monthly wage was 425 euros ($570) with accommodation and food provided. For skilled workers in the agricultural sector, the minimum salary was 767 euros ($1040) without accommodation and food.[8]\n\n\n\n\n\n48\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2017\n\n\n\n\n Czech Republic\n\n12,200.00 Czech koruna ($568) per month, or 73.20 koruna ($3.4) per hour.[77]\n\n7003651200000000000♠6,512\n\n\n7004106620000000000♠10,662\n\n\n40\n\n7000313000000000000♠3.13\n\n\n7000513000000000000♠5.13\n\n\n7001307000000000000♠30.7%\n\n1 January 2018\n\n\n Denmark\n\nNone; instead, negotiated between unions and employer associations; the average minimum wage for all private and public sector collective bargaining agreements was approximately DKK 110 (nominally $16) per hour, exclusive of pension benefits.[8][78]\n\n\n\n\n\n37.5\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2017\n\n\n Djibouti\n\nNone; canceled by the 2006 Labor Code for occupational categories, establishing that wages be set after common agreement between employers and employees. For public sector workers, minimum wage was 35,000 DFJ ($198) per month.[8][79]\n\n\n\n\n\n48\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2017\n\n\n\n\n Dominica\n\nEC$4.00 ($1.50) per hour.[8][80][81]\n\n7003308100000000000♠3,081\n\n\n7003422300000000000♠4,223\n\n\n40\n\n7000148000000000000♠1.48\n\n\n7000202999999999999♠2.03\n\n\n7001386000000000000♠38.6%\n\n1 June 2008\n\n\n\n\n Dominican Republic\n\n8,310Dominican pesos ($166) per month in the FTZs and between 9,412 pesos ($188) and 15,448 pesos ($309) outside the FTZs, depending upon the size of the company; 5,884 pesos ($117) per month for the public sector; 320 pesos ($6) a day for farm workers who are covered by minimum wage regulations based on a 10-hour day, with the exception of sugarcane workers who received 146 pesos based on an eight-hour workday.[8][82][83]\n\n7002878000000000000♠878\n\n\n7003187200000000000♠1,872\n\n\n44\n\n6999380000000000000♠0.38\n\n\n6999820009999900000♠0.82\n\n\n7001123000000000000♠12.3%\n\n2017\n\n\n\n\n Ecuador\n\nUS$451 per month (for a 12 month average, including 13th and 14th salaries). The minimum wage has been set by the government at $386 per month for the year 2018, but a worker also receives a 13th and a 14th salary.[84]\n\n7003541200000000000♠5,412\n\n\n7003887200000000000♠8,872\n\n\n40\n\n7000260000000000000♠2.6\n\n\n7000426999999999999♠4.27\n\n\n7001789000000000000♠78.9%\n\n1 January 2018\n\n\n Egypt\n\nNone; for the public sector the minimum wage is LE1,200 ($68) per month.[8]\n\n\n\n\n\n48\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2017\n\n\n\n\n El Salvador\n\nThe minimum wage was set by the government at $304.17 monthly in 2018.[8][16][85]\n\n7003365000000000000♠3,650\n\n\n7003701900000000000♠7,019\n\n\n44\n\n7000160000000000000♠1.6\n\n\n7000307000000000000♠3.07\n\n\n7001815000000000000♠81.5%\n\n1 January 2018\n\n\n\n\n Equatorial Guinea\n\n129,035 CFA franc ($224).[8]\n\n7003266000000000000♠2,660\n\n\n7003447900000000000♠4,479\n\n\n48\n\n7000107000000000000♠1.07\n\n\n7000179000000000000♠1.79\n\n\n7001172000000000000♠17.2%\n\n2017\n\n\n Eritrea\n\nNone; 360 Eritrean nakfa ($23.3) per month in the public sector.[8]\n\n\n\n\n\n44.5\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2017\n\n\n\n\n Estonia\n\n€500 ($581) per month, or €2.97 ($3) per hour.[16][48][86]\n\n7003651900000000000♠6,519\n\n\n7003947900000000000♠9,479\n\n\n40\n\n7000313000000000000♠3.13\n\n\n7000455990000099999♠4.56\n\n\n7001319000000000000♠31.9%\n\n1 January 2018\n\n\n Ethiopia\n\nNone; some government institutions and public enterprises set their own minimum wages: public sector employees, the largest group of wage earners, earned a monthly minimum wage of 420 Ethiopian birr ($21); employees in the banking and insurance sector had a minimum monthly wage of 336 birr ($18).[8]\n\n\n\n\n\n48\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2017\n\n\n Federated States of Micronesia\n\nNone; US$2.65 per hour for employment with the national government; all states have a minimum hourly wage for government workers: $2.00 in Pohnpei, $1.25 in Chuuk, $1.42 in Kosrae, and $1.60 in Yap; $1.75 for private sector workers in Pohnpei.[8]\n\n\n\n\n\n40\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n Fiji\n\nFJ$2.68 per hour.[87][88]\n\n7003323200000000000♠3,232\n\n\n7003522600000000000♠5,226\n\n\n48\n\n7000129000000000000♠1.29\n\n\n7000209009999900000♠2.09\n\n\n7001574000000000000♠57.4%\n\n30 September 2017\n\n\n Finland\n\nNone; however, the law requires all employers, including non-unionized ones, to pay minimum wages agreed to in collective bargaining agreements; almost all workers are covered under such arrangements.[8]\n\n\n\n\n\n40\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2017\n\n\n\n\n France\n\n€1,498.47 ($1734) per month, €9.88 ($11) per hour.[48][89]\n\n7004202720000000000♠20,272\n\n\n7004206690000000000♠20,669\n\n\n35\n\n7001111400000000000♠11.14\n\n\n7001113600000000000♠11.36\n\n\n7001500000000000000♠50%\n\n1 January 2018\n\n\n\n\n Gabon\n\n150,000 CFA francs ($255) per month; government workers received an additional monthly allowance of 20,000 CFA francs ($34) per child; government workers also received transportation, housing, and family benefits; the law does not mandate housing or family benefits for private sector workers.[8][90]\n\n7003309200000000000♠3,092\n\n\n7003486500000000000♠4,865\n\n\n40\n\n7000149000000000000♠1.49\n\n\n7000234000000000000♠2.34\n\n\n7001269000000000000♠26.9%\n\n1 February 2010\n\n\n\n\n The Gambia\n\n50 dalasi ($1.25) per day.[8]\n\n7002317000000000000♠317\n\n\n7002958000000000000♠958\n\n\n48\n\n6999130000000000000♠0.13\n\n\n6999380000000000000♠0.38\n\n\n7001571000000000000♠57.1%\n\n2017\n\n\n\n\n Georgia\n\n20 Georgian lari ($8) per month for private sector workers which has remained unchanged since the early 1990s; 115 lari ($48) per month for public employees.[8]\n\n7001960000000000000♠96\n\n\n7002282000000000000♠282\n\n\n40\n\n6998500000000000000♠0.05\n\n\n6999140000000000000♠0.14\n\n\n7000280000000099999♠2.8%\n\n2017\n\n\n\n\n Germany\n\n€8.84 ($10) per hour. A higher minimum wage is often set by collective bargaining agreements and enforceable by law.[16]\n\n7004209890000000000♠20,989\n\n\n7004224300000000000♠22,430\n\n\n40.5[91]\n\n7000997000000000000♠9.97\n\n\n7001106500000000000♠10.65\n\n\n7001459000000000000♠45.9%\n\n1 January 2017\n\n\n\n\n Ghana\n\n9.68 Ghanaian cedis ($1.7) per day.[16][8][92]\n\n7002579000000000000♠579\n\n\n7003176000000000000♠1,760\n\n\n40\n\n6999280000000000000♠0.28\n\n\n6999850000000000000♠0.85\n\n\n7001410000000000000♠41%\n\n1 January 2018\n\n\n\n\n Greece\n\n€683.76 ($762)per month in 12 payments, €586 ($653) per month in 14 payments, or €4.23 ($4.8) per hour.[48][93]\n\n7003925000000000000♠9,250\n\n\n7004120660000000000♠12,066\n\n\n40\n\n7000445000000000000♠4.45\n\n\n7000580000000000000♠5.8\n\n\n7001451000000000000♠45.1%\n\n1 January 2013\n\n\n Grenada\n\nMinimum wage schedules set pay by occupation; for example, the minimum wage for domestic workers, for example, was EC$4.50 per hour, while that for a security guard was EC$8.00 per hour.[8]\n\n\n\n\n\n40\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2017\n\n\n\n\n Guatemala\n\n81.87 Guatemalan quetzales ($10.9) per day for agricultural and nonagricultural work and 74.89 quetzales ($10.0) per day for work in export-sector regime factories. Minimum wage earners also are due a mandatory monthly bonus of 250 quetzales ($33), and salaried workers receive two mandatory yearly bonuses (the bono 14 and the Christmas bonus), each equivalent to one month's salary.[8][16]\n\n7003412700000000000♠4,127\n\n\n7003697400000000000♠6,974\n\n\n48\n\n7000165000000000000♠1.65\n\n\n7000279000000000000♠2.79\n\n\n7001878000000000000♠87.8%\n\n1 January 2016\n\n\n Guernsey\n\n£7.20 per hour ($8.79) for those aged 18+ £6.50 per hour ($8.49) for those aged 17–18.[94]\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1 January 2017\n\n\n Guinea\n\nThe labor code allows the government to set a minimum hourly wage; however, the government has not exercised this provision except for setting the minimum wage for domestic workers at 440,000 GNF ($62) per month.[8]\n\n\n\n\n\n48\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2017\n\n\n\n\n Guinea-Bissau\n\n19,030 CFA francs ($30) per month plus a bag of rice[8]\n\n7002392000000000000♠392\n\n\n7002935000000000000♠935\n\n\n45\n\n6999170000000000000♠0.17\n\n\n6999400000000000000♠0.4\n\n\n7001581000000000000♠58.1%\n\n2017\n\n\n\n\n Guyana\n\nG$35,000 ($168 USD) per month, or G$1,616 ($7 USD) per day, or G$202 ($1 USD) per hour.[95]\n\n7003203500000000000♠2,035\n\n\n7003320400000000000♠3,204\n\n\n40\n\n6999980000000000000♠0.98\n\n\n7000154000000000000♠1.54\n\n\n7001409000000000000♠40.9%\n\n1 July 2013\n\n\n\n\n Haiti\n\n290 Haitian gourdes per day for servants for an eight-hour workday; 400 Haitian gourdes per day for segment A industries; 350 Haitian gourdes per day for segment B industries; 290 Haitian gourdes per day for segment C industries; 350 Haitian gourdes per day for companies with piece work that re-export; and 350 Haitian gourdes per day for companies with piece work that exports.[96][8][97][98][99]\n\n7003142900000000000♠1,429\n\n\n7003319400000000000♠3,194\n\n\n48\n\n6999569999999900000♠0.57\n\n\n7000128000000000000♠1.28\n\n\n7002179100000000000♠179.1%\n\n1 August 2017\n\n\n\n\n Honduras\n\nMinimum wages ranged from a low of 6,096.71 Honduran lempiras per month, 25.41 lempiras per hour to 10,698.30 lempiras per month, 44.58 lempiras per hour.[8][16][100]\n\n7003247500000000000♠2,475\n\n\n7003494800000000000♠4,948\n\n\n44\n\n7000108000000000000♠1.08\n\n\n7000216000000000000♠2.16\n\n\n7002104500000000000♠104.5%\n\n1 January 2018\n\n\n\n\n Hong Kong\n\nHK$34.50 (US$4.5) per hour is the minimum wage in Hong Kong.[101]\n\n7003924500000000000♠9,245\n\n\n7004111260000000000♠11,126\n\n\n40\n\n7000444000000000000♠4.44\n\n\n7000535000000099999♠5.35\n\n\n7001190000000000000♠19%\n\n1 May 2017\n\n\n\n\n Hungary\n\n138,000 HUF ($530) per month for unskilled labor, 180,500 HUF ($695) per month for skilled labor.[16][102][103][104][105]\n\n7003603400000000000♠6,034\n\n\n7004110850000000000♠11,085\n\n\n40\n\n7000290000000000000♠2.9\n\n\n7000533000000000000♠5.33\n\n\n7001415000000000000♠41.5%\n\n1 January 2018\n\n\n Iceland\n\nNone; minimum wages are negotiated in various collectively bargained agreements and applied automatically to all employees in those occupations, regardless of union membership; while the agreements can be either industry- or sector-wide, and in some cases firm-specific, the minimum wage levels are occupation-specific.[8][48]\n\n\n\n\n\n40\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2017\n\n\n\n\n India\n\nVaried from 160 rupees ($2.40) per day in Bihar to 750 rupees ($11.31) per day in Kerala. State governments set a separate minimum wage for agricultural workers.[8] The minimum wages are set according to Minimum Wages Act, 1948.[106]\n\n7002767000000000000♠767\n\n\n7003249800000000000♠2,498\n\n\n48\n\n6999310000000000000♠0.31\n\n\n7000100000000000000♠1\n\n\n7001380000000000000♠38%\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n Indonesia\n\nEstablished by provincial and district authorities, which vary by province, district, and sector; the lowest minimum wage is in the province of Yogyakarta at rupiah 1,454,154 ($98) per month and the highest is in Jakarta at rupiah 3,648,035 ($248) per month.[16]\n[107]\n\n\n7003130400000000000♠1,304\n\n\n7003350000000000000♠3,500\n\n\n40\n\n6999630000000000000♠0.63\n\n\n7000168000000000000♠1.68\n\n\n7001301000000000000♠30.1%\n\n1 January 2018\n\n\n\n\n Iran\n\n1,111,269 Iranian tomans (equal to 11,112,690 rials, and to $266) per month effective on the 2017 Persian New year;[108][109][110] set annually for each industrial sector and region. The standard workweek is 44 hours, and any work over 48 entitles the worker to overtime.[8]\n\n7003401300000000000♠4,013\n\n\n7004110830000000000♠11,083\n\n\n44[111]\n\n7000175000000000000♠1.75\n\n\n7000484000000000000♠4.84\n\n\n7001556000000000000♠55.6%\n\n21 March 2018\n\n\n\n\n Iraq\n\n250,000 Iraqi dinars ($214) per month.[8]\n\n7003253400000000000♠2,534\n\n\n7003522200000000000♠5,222\n\n\n40\n\n7000122000000000000♠1.22\n\n\n7000250990000099999♠2.51\n\n\n7001301000000000000♠30.1%\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n Ireland\n\n€9.55 ($11) per hour, with sub-minimal rates for those under 18 (70% of minimum), and for those over 18 in first year of employment (80%), in second year of employment (90%), and in certain types of training (75% to 90%).[112]\n\n7004218350000000000♠21,835\n\n\n7004193670000000000♠19,367\n\n\n39[113]\n\n7001107700000000000♠10.77\n\n\n7000955000000000000♠9.55\n\n\n7001271000000000000♠27.1%\n\n1 January 2018\n\n\n Isle of Man\n\n£7.50 per hour ($9.15) for those aged 21+ £6.85 per hour ($8.36) for those aged 18–20.[114]\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1 April 2017\n\n\n\n\n\n Israel\n\n₪5,300 Israeli new shekel ($1,472) per month; or ₪29.12 Israeli new shekel ($8.09) per hour.[115]\n\n7004176670000000000♠17,667\n\n\n7004143890000000000♠14,389\n\n\n42\n\n7000809000000000000♠8.09\n\n\n7000659000000000000♠6.59\n\n\n7001386000000000000♠38.6%\n\n1 April 2018\n\n\n Italy\n\nNone; instead set through collective bargaining agreements on a sector-by-sector basis.[dubious – discuss][8]\n\n\n\n\n\n40\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2017\n\n\n\n\n Jamaica\n\nJ$6,200 ($49 USD) per week.[8][116][117]\n\n7003252000000000000♠2,520\n\n\n7003404300000000000♠4,043\n\n\n40\n\n7000121000000000000♠1.21\n\n\n7000194000000000000♠1.94\n\n\n7001458000000000000♠45.8%\n\n1 March 2016\n\n\n\n\n Japan\n\nRanges from 737 – 958 Japanese yen ($6.6–8.6) per hour; set on a prefectural and industry basis.[118][119]\n\n7004136660000000000♠13,666\n\n\n7004143070000000000♠14,307\n\n\n40\n\n7000657000000000000♠6.57\n\n\n7000688000000000000♠6.88\n\n\n7001338009999900000♠33.8%\n\n14 October 2017\n\n\n\n\n Jordan\n\n220 Jordanian dinars ($310) per month.[120]\n\n7003371800000000000♠3,718\n\n\n7003800000000000000♠8,000\n\n\n48\n\n7000149000000000000♠1.49\n\n\n7000321000000000000♠3.21\n\n\n7001884000000000000♠88.4%\n\n12 February 2017\n\n\n\n\n Kazakhstan\n\n28,284 Kazakhstani tenge ($78) per month.[8][16][121]\n\n7003104100000000000♠1,041\n\n\n7003298700000000000♠2,987\n\n\n40\n\n6999500000000000000♠0.5\n\n\n7000144000000000000♠1.44\n\n\n7001118000000000000♠11.8%\n\n1 January 2018\n\n\n\n\n Kenya\n\nSet by the government by location, age and skill level; the lowest agricultural minimum wage for unskilled employees was 6,415.55 Kenyan shillings per month, 269.40 per day, excluding housing allowance.[8][16][122][123]\n\n7002745000000000000♠745\n\n\n7003165600000000000♠1,656\n\n\n52\n\n6999280000000000000♠0.28\n\n\n6999610000000000000♠0.61\n\n\n7001525000000000000♠52.5%\n\n1 May 2017\n\n\n\n\n Kiribati\n\nAUD$1.30 per hour for local businesses and companies, while the minimum wage for overseas-funded projects is AUD$3.00 an hour[8][124]\n\n7003208000000000000♠2,080\n\n\n7003238900000000000♠2,389\n\n\n40\n\n7000100000000000000♠1\n\n\n7000115000000099999♠1.15\n\n\n7002113300000000000♠113.3%\n\n1 November 2016\n\n\n North Korea\n\nAveraging 5,000 – 10,000 North Korean won ($5.5 – $11.1) per day.[125]\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n South Korea\n\n7,530 won ($6) per hour,[126] although the effective comparable minimum wage is higher at 9,200 won ($8) per hour[127] due to a mandatory weekly paid holiday for people that work more than 15 hours per week, a law that is absent in other developed countries.[128] The law applies equally to foreign, temporary or young workers covering all industries and regions nationwide and is scheduled to increase to 8,350 won ($7) per hour, or 10,020 won ($9) per hour if weekly paid holidays are included.[129] As of 1 January 2019.[130]\n\n7004138550000000000♠13,855\n\n\n7004156040000000000♠15,604\n\n\n40\n\n7000666000000000000♠6.66\n\n\n7000750000000000000♠7.5\n\n\n7001427000000000000♠42.7%\n\n1 January 2018\n\n\n\n\n Kosovo\n\n€170 ($224) per month for workers between 35 and 65 years of age; €130 ($150) for workers under 35 years of age.[8][131]\n\n7003230000000000000♠2,300\n\n\n7003622000000000000♠6,220\n\n\n40\n\n7000111000000000000♠1.11\n\n\n7000299000000000000♠2.99\n\n\n7001618000000000000♠61.8%\n\n17 August 2011\n\n\n\n\n Kuwait\n\n60 Kuwaiti dinars ($216) per month.[8][132]\n\n7003240000000000000♠2,400\n\n\n7003360000000000000♠3,600\n\n\n48\n\n6999960000000000000♠0.96\n\n\n7000144000000000000♠1.44\n\n\n7000480000000000000♠4.8%\n\n14 April 2010\n\n\n\n\n Kyrgyzstan\n\n1140 Kyrgyzstani som ($14) per month, nominally; used for administrative purpose.[8][133][134][135]\n\n7002199000000000000♠199\n\n\n7002661000000000000♠661\n\n\n40\n\n6999100000000000000♠0.1\n\n\n6999320000000000000♠0.32\n\n\n7001186000000000000♠18.6%\n\n1 January 2017\n\n\n\n\n Laos\n\n800,000 Lao kip ($100) per month; additionally, employers were required to pay a 30,000-kip ($3.74) meal allowance per day. The minimum wage for civil servants and state enterprise employees was last increased to 1,400,000 kip ($170) per month.[8][136][137]\n\n7003201200000000000♠2,012\n\n\n7003518000000000000♠5,180\n\n\n48\n\n6999810000000000000♠0.81\n\n\n7000208000000000000♠2.08\n\n\n7001791009999900000♠79.1%\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n Latvia\n\n€430 ($513) per month.[138]\n\n7003581700000000000♠5,817\n\n\n7003905300000000000♠9,053\n\n\n40\n\n7000280000000099999♠2.8\n\n\n7000435000000099999♠4.35\n\n\n7001354000000000000♠35.4%\n\n1 January 2018\n\n\n\n\n Lebanon\n\n675,000 pounds ($446) per month, or 30,000 pounds ($19) per day.[8][139]\n\n7003537300000000000♠5,373\n\n\n7003894700000000000♠8,947\n\n\n48\n\n7000215000000000000♠2.15\n\n\n7000358000000000000♠3.58\n\n\n7001625000000000000♠62.5%\n\n1 February 2012\n\n\n\n\n Lesotho\n\n1,178 maloti ($102) per month to 1,285 maloti ($112) per month; varied by sector.[8]\n\n7003106000000000000♠1,060\n\n\n7003302700000000000♠3,027\n\n\n45\n\n6999450000000000000♠0.45\n\n\n7000129000000000000♠1.29\n\n\n7002102600000000000♠102.6%\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n Liberia\n\n15 Liberian dollars ($0.31) per hour not exceeding 8 hours per day, excluding benefits, for unskilled laborers; 5,600 LD ($114) per month for civil servants.[8]\n\n7002332000000000000♠332\n\n\n7002474000000000000♠474\n\n\n48\n\n6999130000000000000♠0.13\n\n\n6999190000000000000♠0.19\n\n\n7001583000000000000♠58.3%\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n Libya\n\n450 Libyan dinars ($325) per month; the government heavily subsidizes rent and utilities.[8][140][141][142]\n\n7003388500000000000♠3,885\n\n\n7003777000000000000♠7,770\n\n\n40\n\n7000187000000000000♠1.87\n\n\n7000374000000000000♠3.74\n\n\n7002133900000000000♠133.9%\n\n1 March 2011\n\n\n Liechtenstein\n\nNone[8]\n\n\n\n\n\n48\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n Lithuania\n\n€400 ($462) per month, €2.45 ($2.8) per hour.[143]\n\n7003574500000000000♠5,745\n\n\n7003999200000000000♠9,992\n\n\n40\n\n7000275990000099999♠2.76\n\n\n7000480000000000000♠4.8\n\n\n7001335000000000000♠33.5%\n\n1 January 2018\n\n\n\n\n Luxembourg\n\n€1,998.59 ($2312) per month, €11.5525 ($13) per hour for unskilled workers over 18; increased by 20% for a skilled employee; decreased by 20% to 25% in the case of an adolescent worker.[16][48][144][145]\n\n7004270900000000000♠27,090\n\n\n7004237910000000000♠23,791\n\n\n40\n\n7001130200000000000♠13.02\n\n\n7001114400000000000♠11.44\n\n\n7001232000000000000♠23.2%\n\n1 January 2018\n\n\n\n\n Republic of Macedonia\n\n10,500 Macedonian denars ($182) per month.[93][146][147]\n\n7003230500000000000♠2,305\n\n\n7003548800000000000♠5,488\n\n\n40\n\n7000111000000000000♠1.11\n\n\n7000264000000000000♠2.64\n\n\n7001367000000000000♠36.7%\n\n1 March 2016\n\n\n\n\n Madagascar\n\n133,013.40 Malagasy ariary per month, 767.40 ariary per hour for non-agricultural workers; 134,920.00 ariary per month, 674.60 ariary per hour for agricultural workers.[8][16]\n\n7002462000000000000♠462\n\n\n7003160100000000000♠1,601\n\n\n41[148]\n\n6999220000000000000♠0.22\n\n\n6999750000000000000♠0.75\n\n\n7002106300000000000♠106.3%\n\n1 January 2015\n\n\n\n\n Malawi\n\nMK 687.70 per day.[8][16][149]\n\n7002294000000000000♠294\n\n\n7003103500000000000♠1,035\n\n\n48\n\n6999120000000000000♠0.12\n\n\n6999410009999900000♠0.41\n\n\n7001886000000000000♠88.6%\n\n1 January 2016\n\n\n\n\n Malaysia\n\nRM1000 ($244) per month, or RM4.81 ($1.1) per hour on the peninsula; and RM920 ($224) per month, or RM4.42 ($1.0) per hour for the states of Sabah, Sarawak, and Labuan.[150][151] To be fully enforced on July 1, 2016.\n\n7003223500000000000♠2,235\n\n\n7003578900000000000♠5,789\n\n\n48[8]\n\n6999900000000000000♠0.9\n\n\n7000232000000099999♠2.32\n\n\n7001209009999900000♠20.9%\n\n1 July 2016\n\n\n Maldives\n\nNone; 3,100 Maldivian rufiyaa ($242) per month in the government sector.[8]\n\n\n\n\n\n48\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n Mali\n\n28,465 CFA francs ($57), supplemented by a required package of benefits, including social security and health care.[8]\n\n7002587000000000000♠587\n\n\n7003156000000000000♠1,560\n\n\n48[152]\n\n6999240000000000000♠0.24\n\n\n6999620000000000000♠0.62\n\n\n7001734000000000000♠73.4%\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n Malta\n\n€778.34 ($905) per month, or €169.76 ($197) per week; combined with an annual mandatory bonus of €270.20 ($314) and a €242.32 ($281) annual cost of living increase, automatically adjusted for inflation.[153][154]\n\n7004105300000000000♠10,530\n\n\n7004141520000000000♠14,152\n\n\n40\n\n7000505990000099999♠5.06\n\n\n7000680000000000000♠6.8\n\n\n7001373009999900000♠37.3%\n\n1 January 2017\n\n\n\n\n Marshall Islands\n\nUS$2.00 per hour for government and private sector employees.[8][155]\n\n7003416000000000000♠4,160\n\n\n7003390200000000000♠3,902\n\n\n40[156]\n\n7000200000000000000♠2\n\n\n7000188000000000000♠1.88\n\n\n7001970000000000000♠97%\n\n6 March 1986\n\n\n\n\n Mauritania\n\n3,000 Mauritanian Ouguiya (30,000 Old Ouguiya, $83.8 in 2017 terms) per month for adults.[157][158]\n\n7003100600000000000♠1,006\n\n\n7002295000000000000♠295\n\n\n40\n\n6999480000000000000♠0.48\n\n\n6999140000000000000♠0.14\n\n\n7000770000000000000♠7.7%\n\n2011\n\n\n\n\n Mauritius\n\n607 Mauritian rupees ($20) per week for an unskilled worker in the Export Processing Zone(EPZ); 794 rupees ($26) per week for an unskilled factory worker outside the EPZ; set by the government by sector, and increased each year based on the inflation rate.[8]\n\n7002915000000000000♠915\n\n\n7003162200000000000♠1,622\n\n\n45\n\n6999390000000000000♠0.39\n\n\n6999690009999900000♠0.69\n\n\n7000770000000000000♠7.7%\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n Mexico\n\n80.04 Mexican pesos ($3.94) per day.[16][159]\n\n7003120400000000000♠1,204\n\n\n7003225400000000000♠2,254\n\n\n48\n\n6999480000000000000♠0.48\n\n\n6999900000000000000♠0.9\n\n\n7001130000000000000♠13%\n\n1 January 2016\n\n\n\n\n Moldova\n\n1900 Moldovan lei ($96) per month in the private sector; 1000 lei ($50) per month in the public sector.[8][160][161][162]\n\n7002649000000000000♠649\n\n\n7003174900000000000♠1,749\n\n\n40\n\n6999310000000000000♠0.31\n\n\n6999840000000000000♠0.84\n\n\n7001328009999900000♠32.8%\n\n1 May 2015\n\n\n Monaco\n\n€1,753.21 ($2039) per month, or €10.37 ($12) per hour; same as the French minimum wage, plus a 5% adjustment.[163]\n\n7004234870000000000♠23,487\n\n\n\n39\n\n7001117200000000000♠11.72\n\n\n\n17%[164]\n\n1 January 2018\n\n\n\n\n Mongolia\n\n240,000 Mongolian tögrög ($98) per month.[8][165]\n\n7003118000000000000♠1,180\n\n\n7003346700000000000♠3,467\n\n\n40\n\n6999569999999900000♠0.57\n\n\n7000167000000000000♠1.67\n\n\n7001283000000000000♠28.3%\n\n1 January 2017\n\n\n\n\n Montenegro\n\n€193 ($215) per month.[8][166]\n\n7003260200000000000♠2,602\n\n\n7003538600000000000♠5,386\n\n\n40\n\n7000125000000000000♠1.25\n\n\n7000259000000000000♠2.59\n\n\n7001305000000000000♠30.5%\n\n1 May 2013\n\n\n\n\n Morocco\n\n3 000 MADs ($310) per month[167] in public sector, 2 570.86 MAD ($265) per month in private sector,[168] 69,73 MAD ($7) per day for agricultural workers.[169]\n\n7003370900000000000♠3,709\n\n\n7003855600000000000♠8,556\n\n\n44[170]\n\n7000162000000000000♠1.62\n\n\n7000374000000000000♠3.74\n\n\n7002108900000000000♠108.9%\n\n1 July 2015\n\n\n\n\n Mozambique\n\nSet for nine different economic sectors; ranges from 3,002 Mozambican meticias ($51) per month in the public sector, to 7,465 meticias ($129) per month in the financial sector.[8][16]\n\n7002567000000000000♠567\n\n\n7003181800000000000♠1,818\n\n\n40\n\n6999270000000000000♠0.27\n\n\n6999870000000000000♠0.87\n\n\n7002149400000000000♠149.4%\n\n1 May 2014\n\n\n\n\n Myanmar\n\n3,600 Myanmar kyat per day, 450 Myanmar kyat per hour.[8][171][172]\n\n7002757000000000000♠757\n\n\n7003301100000000000♠3,011\n\n\n44\n\n6999330000000000000♠0.33\n\n\n7000132000000000000♠1.32\n\n\n7001526000000000000♠52.6%\n\n1 September 2015\n\n\n Namibia\n\nNone; the mining, construction, security and agricultural sectors set basic levels of pay through collective bargaining.[8]\n\n\n\n\n\n45\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\n\n Nauru\n\nNone; there is a graduated salary system for public service officers and employees, none for private-sector workers.[8]\n\n\n\n\n\n40[173]\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n Nepal\n\n8,000 Nepalese rupees ($74) per month.[8][174]\n\n7002919000000000000♠919\n\n\n7003262000000000000♠2,620\n\n\n48\n\n6999370000000000000♠0.37\n\n\n7000105000000000000♠1.05\n\n\n7002105700000000000♠105.7%\n\n10 June 2013\n\n\n\n\n Netherlands\n\n€1,578.00 ($1826) per month, €364.15 ($421) per week, €72.83 ($84) per day, and €9.11 ($10) per hour for persons 22 and older (in a 40-hours work week, a work week with less hours has a higher minimum wage per hour); between 30–85% of this amount for persons aged 15–22.[175][176]\n\n7004213480000000000♠21,348\n\n\n7004212760000000000♠21,276\n\n\n40[177]\n\n7001102600000000000♠10.26\n\n\n7001102300000000000♠10.23\n\n\n7001421000000000000♠42.1%\n\n1 January 2018\n\n\n\n\n New Zealand\n\nNZ$16.50 ($11) per hour for workers 18 years old or older, and NZ$13.20 ($8) per hour for those aged 16 or 17 or in training; there is no statutory minimum wage for employees who are under 16 years old.[178]\n\n7004255210000000000♠25,521\n\n\n7004219410000000000♠21,941\n\n\n40\n\n7001122700000000000♠12.27\n\n\n7001105500000000000♠10.55\n\n\n7001569000000000000♠56.9%\n\n1 April 2018\n\n\n\n\n Nicaragua\n\nSet for nine different economic sectors; ranges from 3,187.43 Nicaraguan córdobas per month in the agricultural sector to 7,133.44 córdobas per month in the financial sector.[16]\n\n7003127300000000000♠1,273\n\n\n7003339700000000000♠3,397\n\n\n48\n\n6999510000000000000♠0.51\n\n\n7000136000000000000♠1.36\n\n\n7001613000000000000♠61.3%\n\n1 September 2015\n\n\n\n\n Niger\n\n30,047 CFA francs ($60) per month.[8][16]\n\n7002619000000000000♠619\n\n\n7003163300000000000♠1,633\n\n\n40\n\n6999300000000000000♠0.3\n\n\n6999780000000000000♠0.78\n\n\n7002165500000000000♠165.5%\n\n17 August 2012\n\n\n\n\n Nigeria\n\n18,000 naira per month (was $115 but following the recent devaluation of the naira has fallen to $58, or $38 using the parallel market rate).[8][179]\n\n7002708000000000000♠708\n\n\n7003174700000000000♠1,747\n\n\n40\n\n6999340000000000000♠0.34\n\n\n6999840000000000000♠0.84\n\n\n7001298000000000000♠29.8%\n\n1 January 2011\n\n\n Northern Cyprus\n\n2365 Turkish lira ($506) per month (gross minimum wage).[180]\n\n6600\n\n\n\n40\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1 March 2018\n\n\n Norway\n\nNone; wages normally fall within a national scale negotiated by labor, employers, and local governments.[8]\n\n\n\n\n\n37.5\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n Oman\n\n225 Omani rials ($592) per month plus allowances of 100 rials ($263) per month for citizens; does not apply to foreign workers.[8][181]\n\n7004102630000000000♠10,263\n\n\n7004195000000000000♠19,500\n\n\n45\n\n7000439000000099999♠4.39\n\n\n7000833000000000000♠8.33\n\n\n7001425000000000000♠42.5%\n\n1 July 2013\n\n\n\n\n Pakistan\n\n15000 Pakistani rupees ($158) per month.[8][16][37]\n\n7003170700000000000♠1,707\n\n\n7003561100000000000♠5,611\n\n\n48\n\n6999680000000000000♠0.68\n\n\n7000225000000000000♠2.25\n\n\n7002107200000000000♠107.2%\n\n1 June 2016\n\n\n\n\n Palau\n\nUS$3.00 per hour; does not include foreign workers.[8][182]\n\n7003624000000000000♠6,240\n\n\n7003663800000000000♠6,638\n\n\n40[183]\n\n7000300000000000000♠3\n\n\n7000319000000000000♠3.19\n\n\n7001407000000000000♠40.7%\n\n1 October 2014\n\n\n Palestine\n\n₪1,450 ($384) per month;[184][185][186]\n\n7003483300000000000♠4,833\n\n\n\n45\n\n7000207009999999999♠2.07\n\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n Panama\n\n1.53 to 4.45 balboas ($1.53 – $4.45 USD) per hour, depending on region and sector. Food and the use of housing facilities were considered part of the salary for some workers, such as domestic and agricultural workers. Salaries for domestic workers ranged from 250 to 275 balboas ($250-$275 USD) per month. The agricultural and construction sectors received the lowest and highest minimum wages, respectively.[8][187][188]\n\n7003381900000000000♠3,819\n\n\n7003647300000000000♠6,473\n\n\n48\n\n7000153000000000000♠1.53\n\n\n7000259000000000000♠2.59\n\n\n7001281000000000000♠28.1%\n\n1 January 2018\n\n\n\n\n Papua New Guinea\n\n3.20 Papua New Guinean kina ($1) per hour.[8][189]\n\n7003229500000000000♠2,295\n\n\n7003279500000000000♠2,795\n\n\n44[190]\n\n7000100000000000000♠1\n\n\n7000122000000000000♠1.22\n\n\n7001668000000000000♠66.8%\n\n1 August 2014\n\n\n\n\n Paraguay\n\n1,964,507 Paraguayan guaraníes ($348) per month; The law discriminates against domestic workers, who are legally entitled to only 40 percent of the minimum wage. The law mandates that housing and food be counted towards domestic worker's salary.[8][16][191][192]\n\n7003389600000000000♠3,896\n\n\n7003842600000000000♠8,426\n\n\n48\n\n7000156000000000000♠1.56\n\n\n7000338000000000000♠3.38\n\n\n7001881000000000000♠88.1%\n\n1 March 2014\n\n\n\n\n Peru\n\n850 Peruvian nuevos soles ($294) per month.[8][16]\n\n7003312900000000000♠3,129\n\n\n7003586200000000000♠5,862\n\n\n48\n\n7000125000000000000♠1.25\n\n\n7000235000000000000♠2.35\n\n\n7001450000000000000♠45%\n\n1 June 2012\n\n\n\n\n Philippines\n\nRanges from 243 PhP ($4.8) daily non-plantation agricultural wage in Ilocos Region, to 512 PhP ($10) daily non-agricultural wage in Metro Manila.[193]\n\n7003125400000000000♠1,254\n\n\n7003312800000000000♠3,128\n\n\n48[194]\n\n6999500000000000000♠0.5\n\n\n7000125000000000000♠1.25\n\n\n7001401000000000000♠40.1%\n\n5 October 2017\n\n\n\n\n Poland\n\n2,100 PLN ($620) monthly. 13.7 PLN ($4) per hour.[195][16]\n\n7003666700000000000♠6,667\n\n\n7004134040000000000♠13,404\n\n\n40\n\n7000321000000000000♠3.21\n\n\n7000644000000000000♠6.44\n\n\n7001490000000000000♠49%\n\n1 January 2018\n\n\n\n\n Portugal\n\n€677 per month ($791) in 12 payments; €580 per month ($699) in 14 payments for full-time workers, rural workers, and domestic employees ages 18 and older.[196]\n\n7003784700000000000♠7,847\n\n\n7004102350000000000♠10,235\n\n\n40\n\n7000377000000000000♠3.77\n\n\n7000492000000000000♠4.92\n\n\n7001334000000000000♠33.4%\n\n1 January 2018\n\n\n Qatar\n\nNone; the labor law provides the emir with authority to set a minimum wage, but he did not do so.[8]\n\n\n\n\n\n48\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2013\n\n\n\n\n Romania\n\n1900 lei ($502.11) per month; else 11.4 lei ($3.01) per hour for a full-time schedule of 168 hours per month. See Minimum wage in Romania.[197]\n\n7003563000000000000♠5,630\n\n\n7004120630000000000♠12,063\n\n\n40\n\n7000271000000000000♠2.71\n\n\n7000580000000000000♠5.8\n\n\n7001524000000000000♠52.4%\n\n1 January 2018\n\n\n\n\n Russia\n\n11163 ruble ($178) per month.{)[16][198]\n\n7003127600000000000♠1,276\n\n\n7003299200000000000♠2,992\n\n\n40\n\n6999610000000000000♠0.61\n\n\n7000144000000000000♠1.44\n\n\n7001121000000000000♠12.1%\n\n1 May 2018\n\n\n Rwanda\n\nNone; ranges from 500 to 1,000 Rwandan francs ($0.83 to $1.66) per day in the tea industry and 1500 to 5000 francs ($2.50 to $8.30) per day in the construction industry.[8]\n\n\n\n\n\n45\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2013\n\n\n\n\n Saint Kitts and Nevis\n\nEC$9.00 per hour.[8][199][200]\n\n7003693300000000000♠6,933\n\n\n7003908700000000000♠9,087\n\n\n40[201]\n\n7000333000000000000♠3.33\n\n\n7000437000000000000♠4.37\n\n\n7001344000000000000♠34.4%\n\n1 November 2014\n\n\n Saint Lucia\n\nMinimum wage for some sectors; EC$300 ($111) per month for office clerks; EC$200 ($74) for shop assistants; EC$160 ($59) for messengers.[8]\n\n\n\n\n\n40\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2013\n\n\n\n\n Saint Vincent and the Grenadines\n\nSet sector by sector; for example, EC$56 ($20.74) per day for agriculture workers (shelter not provided); EC$40 ($14.81) per day for industrial workers; and EC$25 per day for household domestic workers.[8][202][203]\n\n7003240700000000000♠2,407\n\n\n7003335100000000000♠3,351\n\n\n40\n\n7000116000000099999♠1.16\n\n\n7000161000000000000♠1.61\n\n\n7001292000000000000♠29.2%\n\n1 July 2008\n\n\n\n\n Samoa\n\nWST$2.00 ($0.89) per hour for the private sector; WST$2.65 ($1.18) for the public sector.[8]\n\n7003164400000000000♠1,644\n\n\n7003223700000000000♠2,237\n\n\n40\n\n6999790000000000000♠0.79\n\n\n7000108000000000000♠1.08\n\n\n7001351000000000000♠35.1%\n\n2012\n\n\n\n\n San Marino\n\n€1501.49 ($1735) per month; or €9.24 ($10) per hour for the lowest paying industry[204][8][205]\n\n7004202450000000000♠20,245\n\n\n7004234000000000000♠23,400\n\n\n37.5[206]\n\n7001103800000000000♠10.38\n\n\n7001120000000000000♠12\n\n\n7001384000000000000♠38.4%\n\n1 January 2017\n\n\n São Tomé and Príncipe\n\nNone; 750,000 São Tomé and Príncipe dobras ($40) per month for civil servants[79]\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2013\n\n\n\n\n Saudi Arabia\n\n3,000 Saudi riyals ($800) per month for public sector; does not apply to foreign workers. There are no minimum wage in private sector.[8][207]\n\n7003960000000000000♠9,600\n\n\n7004185570000000000♠18,557\n\n\n48\n\n7000385000000000000♠3.85\n\n\n7000743000000000000♠7.43\n\n\n7001341000000000000♠34.1%\n\n2 February 2013\n\n\n\n\n Senegal\n\n209.10 CFA francs ($0.42) per hour for general workers and 182.95 CFA francs ($0.37) per hour for agricultural workers.[8][16][208]\n\n7002654000000000000♠654\n\n\n7003161700000000000♠1,617\n\n\n40\n\n6999310000000000000♠0.31\n\n\n6999780000000000000♠0.78\n\n\n7001630000000000000♠63%\n\n1 January 1996\n\n\n\n\n Serbia\n\n22,620 Serbian dinars ($223) net monthly. Also, 130 Serbian dinars ($1.1) per hour net, and 175 Serbian dinars ($1.5) per hour gross.[8][209][210]\n\n7003337800000000000♠3,378\n\n\n7003739500000000000♠7,395\n\n\n40\n\n7000162000000000000♠1.62\n\n\n7000356000000000000♠3.56\n\n\n7001509000000000000♠50.9%\n\n1 January 2017\n\n\n\n\n Seychelles\n\nSR26.70 ($1.9) per hour for all workers other than casual workers; SR30.78 ($2.1) per hour for casual workers.[8][211][212]\n\n7003406900000000000♠4,069\n\n\n7003643500000000000♠6,435\n\n\n40[213]\n\n7000196000000000000♠1.96\n\n\n7000309000000000000♠3.09\n\n\n7001227000000000000♠22.7%\n\n1 January 2014\n\n\n\n\n Sierra Leone\n\n500,000 Sierra Leonean leones ($57) per month.[8][214][215][216]\n\n7003118100000000000♠1,181\n\n\n7003260200000000000♠2,602\n\n\n40\n\n6999569999999900000♠0.57\n\n\n7000125000000000000♠1.25\n\n\n7002176200000000000♠176.2%\n\n1 January 2015\n\n\n Singapore\n\nNone.[8] However, two exceptions were made recently: 1) Cleaner jobs to have a minimum wage of 1,000 Singapore dollars ($729) per month effective January 2014.[217] 2) Security guards to have a minimum wage of 1,100 SGD ($802) per month effective September 2016.[218]\n\n\n\n\n\n44\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2013\n\n\n\n\n Slovakia\n\n€480 ($577) per month, or €2.75 ($3.3) per hour.[16][219]\n\n7003644900000000000♠6,449\n\n\n7004104000000000000♠10,400\n\n\n40\n\n7000310000000000000♠3.1\n\n\n7000500000000000000♠5\n\n\n7001341000000000000♠34.1%\n\n1 January 2018\n\n\n\n\n Slovenia\n\n€842.79 ($1,050) per month.[16][48][220]\n\n7004108900000000000♠10,890\n\n\n7004144170000000000♠14,417\n\n\n40\n\n7000524000000000000♠5.24\n\n\n7000693000000000000♠6.93\n\n\n7001441000000000000♠44.1%\n\n27 January 2018\n\n\n\n\n Solomon Islands\n\nSI$4.00 ($0.55) per hour for all workers except those in the fishing and agricultural sectors, who received SI$3.20 per hour.[8]\n\n7002949000000000000♠949\n\n\n7002955000000000000♠955\n\n\n45\n\n6999410009999900000♠0.41\n\n\n6999410009999900000♠0.41\n\n\n7001427000000000000♠42.7%\n\n1 May 2008\n\n\n Somalia\n\nNone.[8]\n\n\n\n\n\n48\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2013\n\n\n South Africa\n\nNot mandatory, but recommended minimum wage in private sector is 2,474 rand ($155)[221] per month except domestic and farm works' wages 1,500 rand ($95),.[8][222]\n\n\n\n\n\n45\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2013\n\n\n South Sudan\n\nNone.[223]\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2011\n\n\n\n\n Spain\n\n€858.55 ($1051) per month in 12 payments, €735.90 ($901) per month in 14 payments.[48][224]\n\n7004116150000000000♠11,615\n\n\n7004139220000000000♠13,922\n\n\n40\n\n7000558000000000000♠5.58\n\n\n7000669000000000000♠6.69\n\n\n7001383009999900000♠38.3%\n\n1 January 2018\n\n\n\n\n Sri Lanka\n\n10,000 rupees (US$70.75) per month.[16]\n\n7002787000000000000♠787\n\n\n7003241400000000000♠2,414\n\n\n45\n\n6999340000000000000♠0.34\n\n\n7000103000000000000♠1.03\n\n\n7001196000000000000♠19.6%\n\n1 January 2016\n\n\n\n\n Sudan\n\n425 Sudanese pounds ($70) per month.[125]\n\n7002763000000000000♠763\n\n\n7003108700000000000♠1,087\n\n\n40\n\n6999370000000000000♠0.37\n\n\n6999520000000000000♠0.52\n\n\n7001230000000000000♠23%\n\n2008\n\n\n Suriname\n\nNone; SRD 600 ($180) per month is the lowest wage for civil servants.[8]\n\n\n\n\n\n45\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2013\n\n\n Swaziland\n\n531.6 Swazi emalangeni ($76.50) per month for a domestic worker; 420 emalangeni ($60.50) a month for an unskilled worker; 600 emalangeni ($86.50) a month for a skilled worker.[79]\n\n7002694000000000000♠694\n\n7003112800000000000♠1,128\n\n48\n\n6999330000000000000♠0.33\n\n6999540000000000000♠0.54\n\n7001190000000000000♠19%\n\n2011\n\n\n Sweden\n\nNone; in Sweden the law provides for the right of workers to form and join independent unions to bargain wages collectively, and it prohibits antiunion discrimination.[8]\n\n\n\n\n\n40\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2017\n\n\n Switzerland\n\n20 Swiss francs ($20.18) per hour in Canton Jura and Neuchâtel, the rest of the country has no minimum wage.[225] There are a minority of the voluntary General Labour Contracts (GLC, collective labour agreements), reached on a sector-by-sector basis,[226] contain minimum compensation clauses, which provide for compensation ranging from CHF 2,200 to 4,200 ($2,363 to $4,511) per month for unskilled workers and CHF 2,800 to 5,300 ($3,010 to $5,693) per month for skilled employees.[8] On 18 May 2014, Swiss voters rejected a federalinitiative (by 76.3%) that would have enforced GLCs for every sector and set the hourly minimum wage at CHF 22 ($24.65) or (PPP-adjusted: $12.55).[227][228]\n\n\n\n\n\n41.7[229][230]\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\n\n Syria\n\n9,765 to 14,760 Syrian pounds ($176–$266) per month, plus benefits, including compensation for meals, uniforms, and transportation.[79]\n\n7003211200000000000♠2,112\n\n7003285000000000000♠2,850\n\n40\n\n7000102000000000000♠1.02\n\n7000137000000000000♠1.37\n\n7001540000000000000♠54%\n\n2013\n\n\n\n\n Taiwan\n\nThe minimum wage in Taiwan is NT$22,000 ($741.84 USD) per month; NT$140 ($4.7 USD) per hour.[231][232]\n\n7003836600000000000♠8,366\n\n\n7004182720000000000♠18,272\n\n\n40\n\n7000401999999999999♠4.02\n\n\n7000878000000099999♠8.78\n\n\n7001380000000000000♠38%\n\n1 January 2018\n\n\n\n\n Tajikistan\n\n250 Tajikistani somoni ($31) per month, plus certain government subsidies for workers and their families.[79][233]\n\n7002351000000000000♠351\n\n\n7003128800000000000♠1,288\n\n\n40\n\n6999170000000000000♠0.17\n\n\n6999620000000000000♠0.62\n\n\n7001432000000000000♠43.2%\n\n1 September 2013\n\n\n\n\n Tanzania\n\nVaries by sector from 40,000 Tanzanian shillings ($17) per month, to 400,000 shillings ($174) per month.[8][16]\n\n7002215000000000000♠215\n\n\n7002593000000000000♠593\n\n\n45[234]\n\n6998900000000000000♠0.09\n\n\n6999250000000000000♠0.25\n\n\n7001213000000000000♠21.3%\n\n1 July 2013\n\n\n\n\n Thailand\n\nRanges from 300 Thai baht ($8) per day and up, depending on the cost of living in various provinces; set by provincial tripartite wage committees that sometimes include only employer representatives.[235][236][237]\n\n7003275800000000000♠2,758\n\n\n7003730100000000000♠7,301\n\n\n48\n\n7000110000000000000♠1.1\n\n\n7000293000000000000♠2.93\n\n\n7001432000000000000♠43.2%\n\n1 January 2013\n\n\n\n\n Timor-Leste\n\nUS$115 per month.[8][238]\n\n7003138000000000000♠1,380\n\n\n7003212300000000000♠2,123\n\n\n44\n\n6999600000000000000♠0.6\n\n\n6999930000000000000♠0.93\n\n\n7001992000000000000♠99.2%\n\n22 June 2012\n\n\n\n\n Togo\n\n35,000 ($70) CFA francs per month.[8][16]\n\n7002722000000000000♠722\n\n\n7003179600000000000♠1,796\n\n\n40\n\n6999350000000000000♠0.35\n\n\n6999860000000000000♠0.86\n\n\n7002120500000000000♠120.5%\n\n1 January 2012\n\n\n Tonga\n\nNone[8]\n\n\n\n\n\n40\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2013\n\n\n\n\n Trinidad and Tobago\n\nTT$15.00 ($2.36) per hour.[239]\n\n7003460200000000000♠4,602\n\n\n7003550300000000000♠5,503\n\n\n40\n\n7000221000000000000♠2.21\n\n\n7000265000000000000♠2.65\n\n\n7001167000000000000♠16.7%\n\n1 January 2015\n\n\n\n\n Tunisia\n\nFor the industrial sector: 340 Tunisian dinars ($140) per month for a 48-hour workweek and 290 dinars ($120) per month for a 40‑hour workweek; 9 dinars ($3.70) to 14 dinars ($5.7) per day for agricultural workers; supplemented with transportation and family allowances.[79]\n\n7003103100000000000♠1,031\n\n\n7003300700000000000♠3,007\n\n\n48\n\n6999410009999900000♠0.41\n\n\n7000120000000000000♠1.2\n\n\n7001259000000000000♠25.9%\n\n2011\n\n\n\n\n Turkey\n\n2029.50 Turkish lira per month (gross minimum wage). Net minimum wage after taxes is 1603.12 Turkish lira per month. Employer pays 2384.66 Turkish Lira per month including taxes and health insurance.[240]\n\n7003667200000000000♠6,672\n\n\n7004152210000000000♠15,221\n\n\n45\n\n7000285000000000000♠2.85\n\n\n7000650000000000000♠6.5\n\n\n7001603000000000000♠60.3%\n\n1 January 2018\n\n\n\n\n Turkmenistan\n\n535 Turkmenistani manat ($156) per month.[8][241]\n\n7003183400000000000♠1,834\n\n\n7003484200000000000♠4,842\n\n\n40\n\n6999880000000000000♠0.88\n\n\n7000233000000000000♠2.33\n\n\n7001287000000000000♠28.7%\n\n1 January 2015\n\n\n Tuvalu\n\nNone; the minimum annual salary in the public sector was approximately A$3,000 to A$4,000 ($3,120 to $4,160).[8]\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2013\n\n\n\n\n Uganda\n\n6,000 Ugandan shillings ($1.7) per month.[8][16][37]\n\n7001200000000000000♠20\n\n\n7001600000000000000♠60\n\n\n40\n\n6998100000000000000♠0.01\n\n\n6998300000000000000♠0.03\n\n\n7000330000000000000♠3.3%\n\n1 January 1984\n\n\n\n\n Ukraine\n\n₴3723 (UAH) ($142.67) per month, 22.41 hryvnias ($0.86) per hour.[16][242]\n\n7003168000000000000♠1,680\n\n\n7003755900000000000♠7,559\n\n\n40\n\n6999810000000000000♠0.81\n\n\n7000363000000000000♠3.63\n\n\n7001914000000000000♠91.4%\n\n1 January 2018\n\n\n United Arab Emirates\n\nNone.[8]\n\n\n\n\n\n48\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2013\n\n\n\n\n United Kingdom\n\n£7.83 per hour ($11.03) for those aged 25+ £7.38 per hour ($10.39) for those aged 21–24, £5.90 per hour ($8.31) for those aged 18–20, £4.20 per hour ($5.92) for under 18, £3.70 per hour ($5.21) for apprentices aged 16 to 18 and those aged 19 or over who are in their first year.[243]\n\n7004218130000000000♠21,813\n\n\n7004212680000000000♠21,268\n\n\n40\n\n7001104900000000000♠10.49\n\n\n7001102300000000000♠10.23\n\n\n7001499000000000000♠49.9%\n\n1 April 2018\n\n\n\n\n United States\n\nThe federal nationwide minimum wage in the United States is US$7.25 per hour.[244] States may also set a minimum, in which case the higher of the two is controlling; some territories are exempt and have lower rates.[245] The lowest minimum wage in the country is in Wyoming and Georgia state at $5.15 per hour.[246][247] Since January 1, 2017, Seattle, Washington, has the highest minimum wage in the United States at $15 an hour.[248]\n\n7004150800000000000♠15,080\n\n\n7004150800000000000♠15,080\n\n\n40\n\n7000725000000000000♠7.25\n\n\n7000725000000000000♠7.25\n\n\n7001262000000000000♠26.2%\n\n24 July 2009\n\n\n\n\n Uruguay\n\n10,000 Uruguayan pesos ($349) per month. 500 pesos ($17) per day. 50 pesos ($1.7) per hour.[8][249][250]\n\n7003435100000000000♠4,351\n\n\n7003532700000000000♠5,327\n\n\n48\n\n7000174000000000000♠1.74\n\n\n7000213000000000000♠2.13\n\n\n7001246000000000000♠24.6%\n\n1 January 2015\n\n\n\n\n Uzbekistan\n\n107,635 Uzbekistani som ($35) per month.[8][251]\n\n7002503000000000000♠503\n\n\n7003134800000000000♠1,348\n\n\n40\n\n6999240000000000000♠0.24\n\n\n6999650000000000000♠0.65\n\n\n7001207000000000000♠20.7%\n\n1 September 2014\n\n\n\n\n Vanuatu\n\n30,000 Vanuatu vatu ($323) per month, 170 vatu per hour.[8][252]\n\n7003333100000000000♠3,331\n\n\n7003304100000000000♠3,041\n\n\n40\n\n7000160000000000000♠1.6\n\n\n7000146000000000000♠1.46\n\n\n7001987000000000000♠98.7%\n\n20 August 2012\n\n\n\n\n Venezuela\n\n392,646.46 Venezuelan bolívares (BsF) per month, with a pension of 915,000 BsF.[253] 392,647 and 915,000 BsF BsF are $1.77 and $4.06 at the open market exchange rate, which the government considers illegal, or $10.70 and $24.95 at the individually inaccessible for the citizens government exchange rate of 36,677.00 (exchange rate known as SIMADI or DICOM).[254]\n\n7001200000000000000♠20\n\n\n7000300000000000000♠3\n\n\n40\n\n6998100000000000000♠0.01\n\n\n5000000000000000000♠0\n\n\n5000000000000000000♠0%\n\n1 November 2017\n\n\n\n\n Vietnam\n\nVaries by region; Region I: VND 3,980,000 per month; Region II: VND 3,530,000 per month; Region III: VND 3,090,000 per month and Region IV: VND 2,760,000 per month.[8][16]\n\n7003152600000000000♠1,526\n\n\n7003367600000000000♠3,676\n\n\n40\n\n6999730000000000000♠0.73\n\n\n7000177000000000000♠1.77\n\n\n7001584000000000000♠58.4%\n\n1 January 2018\n\n\n Yemen\n\nNone; the minimum civil service wage was 21,000 rials ($100) per month.\n\n\n\n\n\n48\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2013\n\n\n\n\n Zambia\n\nVaries by sector; 522,400 Zambian kwacha per month for domestic workers, K1,132,400 per month for shopkeepers, and between K1,132,400 and K2,101,039 for general workers' in categories one to five – which includes receptionists and clerks, among others (wages are inclusive transportation, lunch, and housing allowances).[255][256] Note that the references seem to refer to the old kwacha, which was replaced by the new kwacha in 2012 at the rate 1 new kwacha = 1000 old kwacha.\n\n7002658000000000000♠658\n\n\n7003167200000000000♠1,672\n\n\n48\n\n6999260000000000000♠0.26\n\n\n6999670000000000000♠0.67\n\n\n7001425000000000000♠42.5%\n\n4 July 2012\n\n\n Zimbabwe\n\nNone, except for agricultural and domestic workers; government regulations for each of the 22 industrial sectors specify minimum wages. The minimum wage for all mine workers is currently pegged at $227 per month.[125]\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2012\n"
] | [
"0.31"
] |
2757052134900163960 | Toyota Matrix | Toyota Matrix - wikipedia Toyota Matrix Jump to : navigation , search Toyota Matrix Overview Manufacturer Toyota Also called Toyota Corolla Matrix Production 2002 -- 2014 Model years 2003 -- 2013 ( USA ) 2003 -- 2014 ( Canada ) Assembly Cambridge , Ontario , Canada ( TMMC ) Body and chassis Class Compact car Sport compact Body style 5 - door hatchback Layout Front engine , front wheel drive / all wheel drive Related Toyota Corolla Lexus CT Pontiac Vibe Chronology Successor Toyota Corolla iM The Toyota Matrix , officially referred to as the Toyota Corolla Matrix , is a compact hatchback manufactured by Toyota Motor Manufacturing Canada in Cambridge , Ontario and derived from the Toyota Corolla . Introduced in 2002 as a 2003 model , the Matrix is the result of a joint venture between Toyota and General Motors , with the GM version being the Pontiac Vibe , which was assembled by New United Motor Manufacturing , Inc . ( NUMMI ) in Fremont , California . Officially sold in North America until being discontinued , the Matrix was positioned as a sporty hatchback counterpart of the North American Corolla and was counted as a variant of it in Toyota 's sales figures . Although identical mechanically , and nearly as much internally , the Matrix and Vibe had different sheetmetal and exterior trim designed by their respective brands . Both vehicles are narrow , tall station wagons styled in a quasi-SUV fashion ( called a crossover utility vehicle or `` CUV '' by Toyota ) and marketed to a fairly youthful market segment . This type of car is also commonly referred to as a sport wagon . First sold in February 2002 , the Matrix saw a minor facelift for the 2005 model year , and was redesigned completely in 2008 for the 2009 model year , following the new tenth generation Corolla . Sales of the Matrix were discontinued in the United States in 2013 , and in Canada in 2014 . Contents ( hide ) 1 First generation ( E130 ; 2003 -- 2008 ) 1.1 Models 1.1. 1 Standard ( 2003 -- 2008 ) 1.1. 2 XR ( 2003 -- 2008 ) 1.1. 3 XRS ( 2003 -- 2006 ) 1.1. 4 M - Theory ( 2007 ) 1.2 Interior 1.3 Crash testing 1.4 Recalls 2 Second generation ( E140 ; 2009 -- 2014 ) 2.1 Models 2.2 Safety 2.3 Recalls 3 Discontinuation 4 References 5 External links First generation ( e130 ; 2003 -- 2008 ) ( edit ) First generation Overview Production February 2002 -- December 2007 Model years 2003 -- 2008 Designer Craig Kember ( 1999 ) Body and chassis Related Toyota Corolla ( E130 ) Powertrain Engine 1,794 cc ( 1.794 L ; 109.5 cu in ) 1ZZ - FE I4 123 -- 130 hp ( 92 -- 97 kW ) 1,796 cc ( 1.796 L ; 109.6 cu in ) 2ZZ - GE I4 164 -- 180 hp ( 122 -- 134 kW ) Transmission 4 - speed automatic 5 - speed C59 manual 6 - speed C60 manual Dimensions Wheelbase 102.4 in ( 2,601 mm ) Length 171.3 in ( 4,351 mm ) Width 69.9 in ( 1,775 mm ) Height 61.0 in ( 1,549 mm ) The Matrix was first introduced in the 2003 model year and based on the Toyota Corolla platform . Relatively unchanged in 2004 , a facelift for 2005 brought minor revisions to the exterior -- mainly revised styling to the front fascia due to complaints of rubbing the ground on the previous incarnation and replacing the red lenses on the taillamps with clear ones . Also , the center instrument panel was slightly redesigned and featured a Toyota head unit in place of the previous GM - sourced radio . Two 1.8 L four - cylinder engines were offered in the Matrix : the 1ZZ - FE used in the Corolla , which originally made 130 horsepower ( 97 kW ) in 2003 through 2005 models , but was reduced to 126 horsepower ( 94 kW ) in 2006 , and the performance - oriented 2ZZ - GE taken from the Toyota Celica GT - S , which produced 164 horsepower ( 122 kW ) ( previously 180 horsepower ( 130 kW ) in 2003 , 173 hp ( 129 kW ) in 2004 , and 170 horsepower ( 130 kW ) in 2005 ) . The 2006 drop in power was due to new testing standards , and not a change in the engine 's actual performance . In late 2006 , Toyota discontinued use of the 2ZZ - GE engine and dropped the XRS from the Matrix lineup to be temporarily replaced by the M - Theory edition . Like each year of the XRS model , the M - Theory was a limited production run of 2500 cars . All wheel drive was also available from 2003 -- 2006 when coupled to the 1ZZ engine and automatic transmission , but was dropped at the same time as the XRS . Models ( edit ) Standard ( 2003 -- 2008 ) ( edit ) 2005 -- 2008 Toyota Matrix Standard Starting out at US $14,670 in 2003 , the no - frills base model came with few options . While it did have standard air conditioning , it left out features like color - keyed mirrors and door handles , blacked out window frames and power mirrors . One option the base model could be had with was AWD for an additional $1,465 ( although the actual increase was $2,445 , since AWD only came with an automatic transmission ) . Adding AWD brought the car 's curb weight of 2,679 lb ( 1,215 kg ) up to 2,943 lb ( 1,335 kg ) and decreased power by 7 hp ( 5 kW ) and 7 lb ⋅ ft ( 9 N ⋅ m ) . In 2004 , the price of a base model remained unchanged , but by the last year of production , 2008 , it had risen to $15,510 . XR ( 2003 -- 2008 ) ( edit ) 2003 -- 2004 Toyota Matrix XR The Matrix 's XR mid-grade trim level added features like color - matched mirrors and door handles , a leather - wrapped steering wheel , and a panic button on the key fob . Options available with the XR trim included a sunroof , body kit , and 16 - inch ( 410 mm ) alloy wheels . A 2003 XR started at US $16,180 and 2,701 lb ( 1,225 kg ) , but when equipped with AWD cost at least $18,445 ( only $305 less than an XRS ) and weighed in at 2,965 lb ( 1,345 kg ) . Like the base model , the XR 's AWD engine was detuned . Again , the car 's price for its sophomore year stayed the same , but in the four years after that , it rose to $16,990 . XRS ( 2003 -- 2006 ) ( edit ) 2004 Toyota Matrix XRS with TRD grille For US $18,750 - , the top - of - the - line model came standard with four - wheel disc brakes and six speakers . Also included on all XRS models were anti-lock brakes with Electronic Brakeforce Distribution , 16 - inch alloy wheels , and cruise control . In 2003 , 17 - inch wheels could be had , but only on cars without a sunroof . An option combining 17 - inch ( 430 mm ) wheels and a sunroof became available the second year of production . In 2005 , an XRS started out at $18,850 , and for its last year , it sold for at least $19,250 . The XRS trim included an engine upgrade to Toyota 's higher - performance 2ZZ - GE engine . Displacing 1,796 cc ( 1.796 L ; 109.6 cu in ) , or 109.6 cubic inches , it produced 180 hp ( 134 kW ) and 130 lb ⋅ ft ( 176 N ⋅ m ) -- a then - rare 100 horsepower - per - liter . While its 11.5 : 1 compression ratio was a large factor in its performance , the engine could change to a second cam profile at higher RPMs through Toyota 's VVTL - i and was designed for operation up to 8500 RPM . The engine 's high compression necessitates `` premium '' gasoline ( 91 octane or above in the ( R + M ) / 2 scale ) . With the exception of an available automatic in 2003 , a six - speed manual transmission was the only gearbox offered in the XRS . A Transitional Low Emission Vehicle ( TLEV ) its first year of production , the 2ZZ was retrofitted in 2004 with a smog pump and reclassified as an Ultra Low Emission Vehicle ( ULEV ) . The Matrix was able to come to a full stop from 60 mph ( 97 km / h ) in only 114 feet ( 35 m ) . On a skidpad , the car achieved . 83 g , only . 03 g less than the Celica GTS , during testing by Motor Trend and Sport Compact Car . Due to being front wheel drive , the XRS has a weight distribution of 59 / 41 ( front / rear ) , which may result in understeer when driven hard . It weighs in at a relatively light 2,800 lb ( 1,300 kg ) . M - Theory ( 2007 ) ( edit ) Not a trim level , the M - Theory edition was a 2007 - only appearance package with an exclusive `` Speedway Blue '' color . For US $1,500 , a customer got 17 - inch Caldina wheels , a chrome exhaust tip , a numbered plaque ( 1 of 2500 ) , four wheel disc brakes , and a spoiler . To improve handling , a `` sport tuned suspension '' and strut tower brace were included . Interior ( edit ) 2004 XRS dashboard Interior with seats folded . One of the Matrix 's unique design features is its interior , particularly the rear 60 / 40 seats and cargo area . Made with rigid plastic backs , the rear seats fold flat , creating a 53.2 cu ft ( 1.51 m ) cargo area . In a practicality test , Motor Trend was able to haul more cargo in the Matrix than in a Subaru WRX wagon with 61.1 cu ft ( 1.73 m ) of space . In addition to the eight tie - downs in the back for attaching the included cargo nets and tonneau cover , the seats and rear floor have integrated rails for installing extra tie - downs . Up front , the passenger seat also folds flat , accommodating long items like surf boards or allowing drivers to use the tray in its back to hold items like a laptop computer . An electronic device can be charged with the 115 volt / 100 watt power inverter ( US models only ) . The first year of production ( 2003 ) , the instrument cluster was completely red . However , the next year , Toyota made the numbers white while keeping the rest of the gauges red . When the car was updated in 2005 , a digital clock was added to the radio bezel . Crash testing ( edit ) NHTSA crash test ratings ( 2003 ) : Frontal Crash Test -- Driver : Frontal Crash Test -- Passenger : Side Impact Rating -- Side Impact Rating -- Rear : Rollover Rating : Recalls ( edit ) In May 2008 , Toyota issued a recall for 2003 and 2004 model year Corollas and Matrixes . The recall notice cites two bolts in each of the front doors as potentially causing the window to come off the track and break . This recall only applies to models equipped with power windows . General Motors issued a recall for the same problem on 2003 and 2004 Pontiac Vibes with power windows at the same time . On August 26 , 2010 , Toyota issued a recall for 2005 to 2008 model year Corollas and Matrixes , equipped with the 1ZZ - FE engine and two - wheel drive . The recall notices states that an improperly manufactured Engine Control Module ( ECM ) can develop a crack in its circuitry , potentially causing the `` Check Engine '' light to illuminate , harsh shifting , and stalling and / or failure of the engine to start . Second generation ( e140 ; 2009 -- 2014 ) ( edit ) Second generation Overview Production January 2008 -- 2014 Model years 2009 -- 2013 ( USA ) 2009 - 2014 ( Canada ) Assembly Cambridge , Ontario , Canada ( TMMC ) Designer Hirofumi Fukui ( 2005 ) Yoshiyasu Neuchi and Shigetoshi Kozai ( 2011 facelift : 2009 ) Body and chassis Related Toyota Corolla ( E140 ) Powertrain Engine 1,797 cc ( 1.797 L ; 109.7 cu in ) 2ZR - FE I4 132 hp ( 98 kW ) 2,362 cc ( 2.362 L ; 144.1 cu in ) 2AZ - FE I4 158 hp ( 118 kW ) Transmission 4 - speed automatic 5 - speed automatic 5 - speed manual Dimensions Wheelbase 102.4 in ( 2,601 mm ) Length 173.0 in ( 4,394 mm ) AWD : 171.9 in ( 4,366 mm ) Width 69.5 in ( 1,765 mm ) Height 61.0 in ( 1,549 mm ) XRS & AWD : 61.4 in ( 1,560 mm ) Rear view Initially rumored by Toyota and auto news media as a Matrix replacement named the Blade , the second generation Matrix was unveiled on October 31 , 2007 , at the Specialty Equipment Market Association ( SEMA ) show in Las Vegas , and was first available at dealerships in February 2008 , as a 2009 model . The Matrix ' Pontiac Vibe sibling was also upgraded , but production of that model ended after 2009 when the entire Pontiac brand was retired . In the United States , three trim grades ( Standard ( base ) , S , and XRS ) are offered , as well as two inline - four engines : a 1,797 cc ( 1.797 L ; 109.7 cu in ) 2ZR - FE for the base model ( chassis code ZRE142 ) and a 2,362 cc ( 2.362 L ; 144.1 cu in ) 2AZ - FE for the S and XRS grades . The former is offered with either a five - speed manual or four - speed automatic transmission , while the larger engine is equipped with either a manual or automatic five - speed transmission . In addition , the S grade can be equipped with a four - speed automatic and all - wheel drive . 2011 Toyota Matrix XR AWD Canadian buyers are offered four trim levels : a 1.8 L - powered base model and the XR , AWD , and XRS models with a 2.4 - liter engine . This Toyota Matrix generation marks it the first time it is sold in Mexico . The Toyota Matrix comes only in two trim levels to Mexico : Base and XR . For the 2011 model year , the Matrix received redesigned exterior and interior elements , including front and rear fascias , wheels , and seat fabrics . Models ( edit ) Toyota Matrix XRS In 2008 Toyota began offering different trim levels in the United States and Canada . The XR trim became exclusive for Canada , and the S model was released only in the U.S. , while AWD remained available in both markets after 2009 . All vehicles have an independent front suspension with MacPherson struts , but only XRS models and cars equipped with all - wheel drive and 158 horsepower , feature an independent rear suspension using double wishbones instead of a semi-independent torsion beam . The 2009 models have less interior space than the preceding years , with a total of 48.9 cu ft ( 1.38 m ) compared to the original 53.2 cu ft ( 1.51 m ) . The XRS grade was dropped from the U.S. lineup for the 2011 model year . Safety ( edit ) All models come standard with side torso airbags , side curtain airbags , anti-lock braking and electronic brakeforce distribution . For the 2010 model the previously optional Vehicle Stability Control and traction control systems became standard . Toyota 's Smart Stop Technology was added to the Matrix for the 2011 model year . The Matrix is rated `` Good '' in both frontal and side Insurance Institute for Highway Safety ( IIHS ) crash tests . NHTSA crash test ratings ( 2009 ) : Frontal Crash Test -- Driver : Frontal Crash Test -- Passenger : Side Impact Rating -- Driver : Side Impact Rating -- Passenger : Rollover Rating : Recalls ( edit ) The 2009 to 2010 model year Toyota Matrix ( and its Pontiac Vibe relative ) are subject to the 2009 -- 2011 Toyota vehicle recalls regarding floor mat and accelerator pedal replacement . On October 10 , 2012 , Toyota issued a recall for 2009 model year Corolla and Matrix , along with 10 other models . The recall notices states that improperly lubricated driver 's side power window master switch may develop a `` notchy '' or sticky feel , and that improper aftermarket lubrication may present a fire hazard . The repair involves lubricating the switch assembly with a special fluorine grease . Discontinuation ( edit ) On August 5 , 2013 , Toyota announced that it would end production of the Matrix for the US market after the 2013 model year due to declining sales , and that there were no plans to replace it with another vehicle . The Canadian market continued for the 2014 model year , with those assembled in Cambridge , Ontario by Toyota Motor Manufacturing Canada . The Matrix was then discontinued in Canada and was not offered for the 2015 model year . Toyota continued to sell a range of compact hatchbacks in North America through its Scion brand . On September 1 , 2016 , `` the Scion brand transitioned to Toyota . '' For the 2017 model year , the Toyota Corolla iM will be the successor of the Matrix . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` What We Make -- Voltz '' . New United Motor Manufacturing , Inc . Archived from the original on 2008 - 05 - 12 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Sales '' . Automotive News magazine . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 28 . Jump up ^ Huffman , John . `` A sleek `` CUV '' with youthful imagination - 2003 Toyota Matrix `` . The Car Connection . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : Jacquot , Josh ( April 2009 ) . `` 2003 Toyota Matrix XRS Road Test Review '' . Sport Compact Car . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ Hakim , Danny ( 2002 - 06 - 02 ) . `` Private Sector ; A Hip Toyota , by His Design '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : Walton , Chris ( March 2002 ) . `` The Next Band Wagons '' . Motor Trend : 82 -- 90 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2004 Toyota Matrix Photo Archive '' . Edmunds.com . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2005 Toyota Matrix Photo Archive '' . Edmunds.com . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2006 Toyota Matrix Complete Review '' . New Car Test Drive , Inc . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` 2004 Toyota Matrix -- Specs '' . New-cars.com . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` 2005 Toyota Matrix New Car Buyer 's Guide '' . Car.com . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : Peters , Eric . `` 2007 Toyota Matrix Review '' . The Car Connection . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` 2003 Toyota Matrix Complete Review '' . New Car Test Drive , Inc . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2003 Toyota Matrix Front - wheel Drive Hatchback vs All - wheel Drive Hatchback '' . Autoblog.com . Jump up ^ `` 2004 - 2008 Toyota Matrix '' . Autoblog.com . Jump up ^ `` 2004 -- 2008 Toyota Matrix XR '' . Autoblog.com . Jump up ^ `` 2005 - 2006 Toyota Matrix XRS '' . Autoblog.com . Jump up ^ `` 2003 Toyota Matrix XRS '' . Fueleconomy.gov . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` 2004 Toyota Matrix XRS '' . Fueleconomy.gov . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : Bedard , Patrick ( June 2002 ) . `` Chrysler PT Cruiser vs. Ford Focus , Pontiac Vibe , Mazda Protegé5 , Suzuki Aerio , Toyota Matrix '' . Car and Driver . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ Huffman , John Pearley ( November 2000 ) . `` Toyota Thunder : TRD Celica GT - S -- Road Test '' . Car and Driver . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` 2003 Toyota Matrix - Compare Trims '' . Autoblog.com . Jump up ^ `` 2008 Toyota Matrix '' . gaywheels.com . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Toyota Matrix M - Theory Package Announced '' . autoblog.com . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Toyota Matrix a ' crossover ' of youthful practicality '' . Jsonline.com . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Safercar.gov '' . Safercar.gov . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ Toyota Recall Notice -- SSC 80A -- `` 2003 through 2004 Model Year Corolla and Corolla Matrix front door glass bolts safety recall notice '' Jump up ^ `` 2003 Pontiac Vibe Recalls '' . Motor Trend Magazine . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Toyota Announces Voluntary Safety Recall on Certain Toyota Corolla and Corolla Matrix Models '' ( Press release ) . US : Toyota . 2010 - 08 - 26 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 07 - 31 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : `` Toyota Matrix Performance & Specs '' . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Toyota cuts Matrix with Blade '' . AutoWeek Magazine . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Toyota Releases Pricing on 2009 Corolla and Matrix -- and Releases a Special - Edition FJ Cruiser '' . Edmunds.com . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Toyota Matrix Specs '' . Toyota . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Matrix Features '' . Canada : Toyota . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Price Your Toyota '' . Canada : Toyota . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Toyota Vehicles : 2011 Toyota Matrix Debuts at the Chicago Auto Show '' ( Press release ) . US : Toyota . 2011 - 02 - 08 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 02 - 11 . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Matrix Specifications '' . Canada : Toyota . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Toyota Vehicles : Toyota Unveils New Corolla Matrix at 2007 SEMA Show / Toyota '' ( Press release ) . US : Toyota . 2007 - 10 - 31 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Toyota Vehicles : Vehicle Stability Control and Traction Control Now Standard Equipment in 2010 Toyota Corolla and Matrix / Toyota '' ( Press release ) . US : Toyota . 2009 - 01 - 23 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` IIHS - HLDI : Toyota Matrix '' . Iihs.org . November 18 , 2009 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` IIHS - HLDI : Toyota Matrix '' . Iihs.org . November 18 , 2009 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 Toyota Matrix 4 - DR . w / SAB '' . Safercar.gov. 2009 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Safety / Recall '' ( Press release ) . US : Toyota . Archived from the original on 2009 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Toyota Announces Voluntary Recall of Certain Vehicles For The Driver 's Side Power Window Master Switch '' ( Press release ) . US : Toyota . 2012 - 10 - 10 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 10 - 12 . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ Ross , Jeffrey N. ( 2013 - 08 - 05 ) . `` Toyota Matrix discontinued for 2014 '' . Autoblog . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ Cato , Jeremy ( 2014 - 07 - 10 ) . `` Six cars that replace the Toyota Matrix '' . The Globe and Mail . Canada . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Scion Owners '' . Canada : Toyota . 2016 - 09 - 01 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 19 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Toyota Matrix . Toyota Motor Corporation Marques Toyota Daihatsu Lexus Hino Leahead Ranz Subaru Former marques Scion Subsidiaries Calty Design Research Central Motors Hino Motors Kanto Auto Works Toyota Australia Toyota Central R&D Labs Toyota Financial Services Toyota Manufacturing UK Toyota ( GB ) PLC Toyota Motor Europe Toyota Motor Manufacturing Canada Toyota Motor Manufacturing France Toyota Motor Manufacturing Turkey Toyota Motor North America Toyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America Toyota Motor Philippines Toyota Motor Thailand Toyota Motorsport GmbH Joint ventures WiLL GAC Toyota ( 50 % ) Indus Motors Company Sichuan FAW Toyota Motor ( 50 % ) Toyota Kirloskar Motor Toyota Peugeot Citroën Automobile Czech UMW Toyota Motor ( 49 % ) Current models Cars 86 Agya Allion Auris Aurion Avalon Avensis Aygo Camry Camry Hybrid Century Corolla Corolla Altis Corolla Axio Corolla Fielder Corolla iM Crown Crown Majesta Etios JPN Taxi Mark X Mirai Passo Pixis Epoch Pixis Joy Pixis Mega Premio Porte Prius Prius Plug - 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size Avalon Avalon Avalon Avalon Sport compact Corolla GT - S / SR5 Celica Celica Celica Celica Celica Celica Paseo Paseo Sports car Celica Supra Celica Supra 86 Supra Supra MR2 MR2 MR2 Spyder Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Toyota_Matrix&oldid=829215067 '' Categories : All - wheel - drive vehicles Front - wheel - drive vehicles Sport compact cars Compact cars Hatchbacks Toyota vehicles 2000s automobiles 2010s automobiles Goods manufactured in Canada Cambridge , Ontario Cars introduced in 2002 Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2016 Articles with dead external links from March 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Bahasa Indonesia 日本 語 Polski Suomi Türkçe Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 7 March 2018 , at 09 : 07 . 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"The Toyota Matrix, officially referred to as the Toyota Corolla Matrix, is a compact hatchback manufactured by Toyota Motor Manufacturing Canada in Cambridge, Ontario and derived from the Toyota Corolla. Introduced in 2002 as a 2003 model, the Matrix is the result of a joint venture between Toyota and General Motors, with the GM version being the Pontiac Vibe, which was assembled by New United Motor Manufacturing, Inc. (NUMMI) in Fremont, California.[1]"
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"compact hatchback"
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-2814216861411779973 | Veterans Health Administration | Veterans health Administration - wikipedia Veterans health Administration Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Veterans Benefits Administration . `` VA Medical Center '' redirects here . For transit stations of this name , see Medical Center Station . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Agency overview Formed 1865 Jurisdiction Federal government of the United States Headquarters 810 Vermont Avenue NW. , Washington , D.C. , United States 38 ° 54 ′ 03 '' N 77 ° 02 ′ 05 '' W / 38.90083 ° N 77.03472 ° W / 38.90083 ; - 77.03472 Employees 298,546 ( 2015 ) Annual budget $65 billion USD ( 2015 ) Agency executives David Shulkin , Secretary Vacant , Under Secretary for Health Parent agency United States Department of Veterans Affairs Website www.va.gov/HEALTH/ The Veterans Health Administration ( VHA ) is the component of the United States Department of Veterans Affairs ( VA ) led by the Under Secretary of Veterans Affairs for Health that implements the medical assistance program of the VA through the administration and operation of numerous VA Medical Centers ( VAMC ) , Outpatient Clinics ( OPC ) , Community Based Outpatient Clinics ( CBOC ) , and VA Community Living Centers ( VA Nursing Home ) Programs . Many evaluations have found that by most measures VHA care is equal to , and sometimes better than , care provided in the private sector , when judged by standard evidence - based guidelines . The VHA is distinct from the U.S. Department of Defense Military Health System of which it is not a part . The VHA division has more employees than all other elements of the VA combined . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Veterans Health Administration scandal of 2014 2 VA Health Reform 2.1 1993 Clinton Healthcare Reform 2.2 1994 VA Primary Care Directive 2.3 Dr. Kenneth W. Kizer and the VA Reform 3 Use of electronic records 4 Initiatives 5 Services 5.1 Mental health 5.2 PTSD 5.3 Women 5.4 Primary care 5.5 Specialty care 6 Evaluations 7 Physicians 8 Eligibility for VA health care benefits 8.1 Eligibility priority groups 9 Covered services / acute care benefits 9.1 Standard benefits 9.2 Limited benefits 10 Long term benefits 10.1 Standard benefits 10.2 Limited benefits 10.3 Financial Assessment for Long - Term Care Services 11 Home health care 11.1 Skilled Home Health Care Services ( SHHC ) 11.2 Homemakers / Home Health Aide Services ( H / HHA ) 11.3 Family Caregivers Program 12 Patient Aligned Care Team ( PACT ) 13 VA dental Care 14 Transplant service 15 Vet Centers 16 OEF / OIF / OND veterans 16.1 OEF / OIF / OND Care Management Team 17 Domiciliary Care Program 18 VA travel reimbursement 19 Federal benefits for veterans , dependents and survivors 19.1 Medical programs 20 See also 21 References History ( edit ) The first Federal agency to provide medical care to veterans was the Naval Home in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . The home was created in 1812 and was followed by the creation of Soldiers Home in 1853 and St. Elizabeth 's Hospital in 1855 . Congress created the National Home for Disabled Volunteer Soldiers in 1865 in response to the high number of Civil War casualties . These homes were initially intended to be room and board for disabled veterans . However , by the late 1920s , the homes were providing a level of care comparable to hospital care . President Hoover created the Veterans Administration ( VA ) in 1930 to consolidate all veteran services . General Omar N. Bradley was appointed to VA administrator and Bradley appointed Major General Paul Hawley as director of VA medicine , both in 1945 . Hawley successfully established a policy that affiliated new VA hospitals with medical schools . Hawley also promoted resident and teaching fellowships at VA hospitals . Ultimately , Hawley was responsible for starting the hospital - based research program at the VA . Bradley resigned in 1947 . However , upon resignation , 97 hospitals were in operation and 29 new hospitals had been built . As a result , the VA health system was able to serve a much larger population of veterans than it had served in previous years . In 1988 , President Reagan signed the Department of Veterans Affairs Act , which elevated the VA to Cabinet - level , then becoming known as the Department of Veterans Affairs . The Department of Veterans Affairs oversees the Veterans Health Administration . In the mid-1980s the VHA was criticized for their high operative mortality . To that end , Congress passed Public Law 99 - 166 in December 1985 which mandated the VHA to report their outcomes in comparison to national averages and the information must be risk - adjusted to account for the severity of illness of the VHA surgical patient population . In 1991 the National VA Surgical Risk Study ( NVASRS ) began in 44 Veterans Administration Medical Centers . By December 31 , 1993 there was information for 500,000 non-cardiac surgical procedures . In 1994 NVASRS was expanded to all 128 VHA hospitals that performed surgery . The name was then changed to the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program . Beginning in the mid-1990s VHA underwent what the agency characterizes as a major transformation aimed at improving the quality and efficiency of care it provides to its patients . That transformation included eliminating underutilized inpatient beds and facilities , expanding outpatient clinics , and restructuring eligibility rules . A major focus of the transformation was the tracking of a number of performance indicators -- including quality - of - care measures -- and holding senior managers accountable for improvements in those measures . Veterans health Administration scandal of 2014 ( edit ) Main article : Veterans Health Administration scandal of 2014 In May 2014 , major problems with scheduling timely access to medical care became public . According to a retired doctor at the center interviewed by CNN , at least 40 veterans died waiting for care at the Phoenix , Arizona Veterans Health Administration facilities . An investigation of delays in treatment throughout the Veterans Health Administration system was conducted by the Veterans Affairs Inspector General , but it only found six deaths caused by the delay . On May 30 , 2014 , Secretary of Veterans Affairs Eric Shinseki resigned from office due to the fallout from the scandal . Despite the negative exposure and the subsequent vows by Washington lawmakers to take action , the major problems still exist . On June 24 , 2014 , Senator Tom Coburn , Republican from Oklahoma , and a medical doctor , released a report called Friendly Fire : Death , Delay , and Dismay at the VA which detailed the actions and misconduct of employees of the Department of Veteran Affairs . The report is based on yearlong investigations conducted by Senator Coburn 's office on Veterans Health Administration facilities across the nation . The report details the many veterans who have died waiting for health care as a result of the VA misconduct . Secret waiting lists , poor patient care , the millions of dollars that are intended for health care that has gone unspent every year and reports of bonuses paid out to employees who have lied and covered up statistics are also detailed in the report . However , a VA Inspector General 's report issued on August 26 , 2014 , reported that six , not forty , veterans had died experiencing `` clinically significant delays '' while on waiting lists to see a VA doctor , and in each of these six cases , `` we are unable to conclusively assert that the absence of timely quality care caused the deaths of these veterans . '' VA health reform ( edit ) 1993 Clinton healthcare reform ( edit ) The Clinton Healthcare Plan was a health care reform proposed by the Clinton Administration . Even though the reform was not successful , a task force was created in response to the Clinton Healthcare Reform proposal to determine if the VA was ready for managed care . The negative results of market research forced the VA system to re-evaluate its current operations . Research revealed that three out of four veterans would leave the VA network if a national healthcare system were adopted . They also found that there was a high demand for primary care throughout the VA system . Research showed that many VA facilities believed that 55 percent of patients would choose to receive primary care at the VA facility if a primary care system was fully implemented in 1993 . The study also showed that the VA facilities believed that 83 percent of veterans would choose to receive primary care at the VA if fully implemented by 1998 . These results made it clear to the administration that it was time for a reform . 1994 VA primary care directive ( edit ) This directive required all VA facilities to have primary care teams by year 1996 . As a result , percentage of patients receiving primary care at the VA increased from 38 percent to 45 percent to 95 percent , during 1993 , 1996 , and 1999 . This mandate served as the foundation for the VA reorganization under Dr. Kenneth W. Kizer . Dr. Kenneth W. Kizer and the VA reform ( edit ) Dr. Kizer , a physician trained in emergency medicine and Public Health , was appointed by President Bill Clinton as Director of U.S. Veterans Health Administration in 1994 . He was hired to update and modernize the VA health system in order to eliminate negative perception and to align the system with current market trends . Core issues included : Advancements in technology and biomedical knowledge Aging and socioeconomically disadvantaged Medicare patients Coordinating care Rising healthcare costs There was much opposition to a major reform . Many legislators preferred an incremental change over a wide - scale reform . However , Kizer was known as being very innovative . To publicize his vision he expressed his mission and vision of the `` new VHA '' and outlined seven key principles to guide change . His ultimate goal was to provide coordinated , high quality care at a low cost . He launched his reorganization plan in 1995 by decentralizing the VA system . He organized all VA operating units into 22 geographic based networks known as Veterans Integrated Service Networks ( VISNs ) . This allowed networks to manage themselves and adapt to the demographics of their location . Patients were then assigned to a group of doctors who would provide coordinated care . One director was hired for each VISN network . Instead of hiring all directors internally , a third of the newly hired VISN directors were hired outside of the VA system . The directors were responsible for meeting performance goals and improving upon measurable key efficiency and quality indicators . Directors monitored performances and reports were generated to show each network 's performance . Some of these indicators included : chronic disease quality prevention performance patient satisfaction ratings utilization management The reform also changed the procedure for allocating funds to the various VISNs . Historically , funds were distributed between hospitals based on historical costs . However , it was found that this method affected efficiency and quality of services . Therefore , funding for each VISN was distributed based on the number of veterans seen in each network , rather than on historical values . The New England Journal of Medicine conducted a study from 1994 -- 2000 to evaluate the efficacy of the healthcare reform . They gathered the results of the evaluated key indicators from each of the networks and interpreted the results . There were noticeable improvements , compared with the same key indicators used for the Medicare fee for service system , as soon as two years after the reorganization . These improvements continued through year 2000 . These results indicate that the changes made throughout the VA healthcare system , under the leadership of Kizer , did improve the efficiency and quality of care in VA healthcare system . Use of electronic records ( edit ) VHA is especially praised for its efforts in developing a low cost open source electronic medical records system VistA which can be accessed remotely ( with secure passwords ) by health care providers . With this system , patients and nurses are given bar - coded wristbands , and all medications are bar - coded as well . Nurses are given wands , which they use to scan themselves , the patient , and the medication bottle before dispensing drugs . This helps prevent four of the most common dispensing errors : wrong med , wrong dose , wrong time , and wrong patient . The system , which has been adopted by all veterans hospitals and clinics and continuously improved by users , has cut the number of dispensing errors in half at some facilities and saved thousands of lives . At some VHA medical facilities , doctors use wireless laptops , putting in information and getting electronic signatures for procedures . Doctors can call up patient records , order prescriptions , view X-rays or graph a chart of risk factors and medications to decide treatments . Patients have a home page that have boxes for allergies and medications , records every visit , call and note , and issues prompts reminding doctors to make routine checks . This technology has helped the VHA achieve cost controls and care quality that the majority of private providers can not achieve . The Veterans Health Administration Office of Research and Development 's research into developing better - functioning prosthetic limbs , and treatment of PTSD are also heralded . The VHA has devoted many years of research into the health effects of the herbicide Agent Orange used by military forces in Vietnam . In October 2012 , the VHA announced a new goal `` to care for and heal our wounded Veterans . In addition to repairing their damaged bodies and minds , VA has embarked on a unique campaign to repair their crumbling intimate relationships . '' Initiatives ( edit ) The VHA has expanded its outreach efforts to include men and women veterans and homeless veterans . The VHA , through its academic affiliations , has helped train thousands of physicians , dentists , and other health professionals . Several newer VA medical centers have been purposely located adjacent to medical schools . The VHA support for research and residency / fellowship training programs has made the VA system a leader in the fields of geriatrics , spinal cord injuries , Parkinson 's disease ( 1 ) , and palliative care . The VHA has initiatives in place to provide a `` seamless transition '' to newly discharged veterans transitioning from Department of Defense health care to VA care for conditions incurred in the Iraq War or war in Afghanistan . The Veterans Health Administration Office of Research and Development 's research into developing better - functioning prosthetic limbs , and treatment of PTSD are also heralded . The VHA has devoted many years of research into the health effects of the herbicide Agent Orange used by military forces in the Vietnam War . In October 2012 , the VHA announced a new goal `` to care for and heal our wounded Veterans . In addition to repairing their damaged bodies and minds , VA has embarked on a unique campaign to repair their crumbling intimate relationships . '' The VHA has also adopted Boston University 's Project RED program , designed to improve the discharge process for veterans in hopes that , by educating patients , the VHA will experience a reduced number of readmission among veterans and provide more information on telerehabilitation . Services ( edit ) Mental health ( edit ) The percentage of patients with a mental illness was 15 percent in 2007 . The percentage of veterans with mental illnesses has trended up . The VHA allocated an extra 1.4 billion dollars per year to mental health program between 2005 and 2008 . Mental health services in 2006 were evaluated as a part of the Mental Health Strategic Plan . The report concluded : `` Quality of care at the VA was shown to be better than the private sector . The VA had a higher level of performance then the private sector for 7 out of 9 indicators . In fact , they `` exceeded private plan performance by large margins ... Patients did not indicate improvement in their conditions . However , they had a very favorable opinions of their care . In 2009 , the VA implemented an initiative called Suicide Assessment and Follow - Up Engagement : Veteran Emergency Treatment ( SAFE VET ) to identify and treat veterans at risk of suicide by providing care coordination for outpatient mental health services and community - based support . PTSD ( edit ) Veteran Affairs utilization rates among Iraqi and Afghanistan - war veterans in the mid-Atlantic region with PTSD diagnosis between 2002 -- 2008 were tracked using ICD - 9 codes of those newly diagnosed . When compared to veterans already being treated , veterans new to VA treatment program were less likely to complete follow up visits , and had fewer medication - possession days ( 74.9 days versus 34.9 days ) ; also long wait times hindered VA medical utilization . Limitations to this study included : type of treatment intervention was not delineated ; only looked at PTSD treatment over a short period of time ( 180 days ) . Another study found there was an increase in demand of the VA health system among veterans . Nearly 250,000 veterans were identified between 2001 and 2007 ; Iraq and Afghanistan war veterans had a 40 percent utilization rate , compared to only 10 percent of Vietnam veterans . Veterans were categorized into three groups : non-mental health diagnosis , non-PTSD mental diagnosis , and PTSD mental diagnosis . The most prevalent diagnosis was PTSD . The typical veteran affected by PTSD was male , from the Army or Marines , and a lower - ranked officer . Veterans with PTSD had a high utilization of the VA system at over 91 percent . While this was a comprehensive study , there is more to be studied and understood about the effects of PTSD on returning veterans from active combat . A major limitation is that this study only captured the utilization of veterans within the VA health system . There was no data on veterans who sought medical services outside of the VA health system . We can have a better understanding of the mental health needs of veterans returning to civilian life . Moreover , it would be beneficial to explore and examine how utilization of mental health services is affected by the stigma that persists among veterans . Additional awareness of medical resources available to veterans can help to erase the stigma of seeking mental health treatment . Women ( edit ) With the population of women veterans projected to rise from 1.6 million in 2000 to 1.9 million in 2020 , the VA has worked to integrate quality women 's medical services into the VA system . However , studies show that 66.9 percent of women who do not use the VA for women 's services consider private practice physicians more convenient . Also , 48.5 percent of women do not use women 's services at the VA due to a lack of knowledge of VA eligibility and services . Primary care ( edit ) General care includes health evaluation and counseling , disease prevention , nutrition counseling , weight control , smoking cessation , and substance abuse counseling and treatment as well as gender - specific primary care , e.g. , cervical cancer screens ( Pap smears ) , breast cancer screens ( mammograms ) , birth control , preconception counseling , Human Papillomavirus ( HPV ) vaccine and menopausal support ( hormone replacement therapy ) . Mental health includes evaluation and assistance for issues such as depression , mood , and anxiety disorders ; intimate partner and domestic violence ; elder abuse or neglect ; parenting and anger management ; marital , caregiver , or family - related stress ; and post-deployment adjustment or post-traumatic stress disorder ( PTSD ) . Veterans may have experienced sexual harassment or sexual assault , known as military sexual trauma ( MST ) during their service . Health services are available to victims . VHA provides free , confidential counseling and treatment for MST - related mental and physical health conditions . Specialty care ( edit ) Management and screening of chronic conditions includes heart disease , diabetes , cancer , glandular disorders , osteoporosis and fibromyalgia as well as sexually transmitted diseases such as HIV / AIDS and hepatitis . Reproductive health care includes maternity care , infertility evaluation and limited treatment ; sexual problems , tubal ligation , urinary incontinence , and others . VHA is prohibited from providing either in - vitro fertilization or abortion services . Rehabilitation , home care , and long - term care referrals are given to those in need of rehabilitation therapies such as physical therapy , occupational therapy , speech - language therapy , exercise therapy , recreational therapy , and vocational therapy . Evaluations ( edit ) `` Patients routinely rank the veterans system above the alternatives '' , according to the American Customer Satisfaction Index . In 2008 , the VHA got a satisfaction rating of 85 for inpatient treatment , compared with 77 for private hospitals . In the same report VHA outpatient care scored 3 points higher than for private hospitals . `` As compared with the Medicare fee - for - service program , the VA performed significantly better on all 11 similar quality indicators for the period from 1997 through 1999 . In 2000 , the VA outperformed Medicare on 12 of 13 indicators . '' A study that compared VHA with commercial managed care systems in their treatment of diabetes patients found that in all seven measures of quality , the VHA provided better care . A RAND Corporation study in 2004 concluded that the VHA outperforms all other sectors of American health care in 294 measures of quality . Patients from the VHA scored significantly higher for adjusted overall quality , chronic disease care , and preventive care , but not for acute care . A 2009 Congressional Budget Office report on the VHA found that `` the care provided to VHA patients compares favorably with that provided to non-VHA patients in terms of compliance with widely recognized clinical guidelines -- particularly those that VHA has emphasized in its internal performance measurement system . Such research is complicated by the fact that most users of VHA 's services receive at least part of their care from outside providers . '' A Harvard Medical School - led study shows that cancer care provided by the Veterans Health Administration for men 65 years and older is at least as good as , and by some measures better than , Medicare - funded fee - for - service care obtained through the private sector . Physicians ( edit ) Doctors who work in the VHA system are typically paid less in core compensation than their counterparts in private practice . However , VHA compensation includes benefits not generally available to doctors in private practice , such as lesser threat of malpractice lawsuits , freedom from billing and insurance company payment administration , and the availability of the government 's open source electronic records system VistA . Eligibility for VA health care benefits ( edit ) A VA Veteran identification VIC card for Veterans eligible for VA health care benefits To be eligible for VA health care benefit programs one must have served in the active military , naval or air service and separated under any condition other than dishonorable . The minimum duty requirements are that veterans who enlisted after September 7 , 1980 , or who entered active duty after October 16 , 1981 , must have served 24 continuous months or the full period for which they were called to active duty in order to be eligible . The minimum duty requirement may not apply to veterans who were discharged for a disability incurred in the line of duty , for a hardship or `` early out '' . The VA determines the minimum requirements when the veteran enrolls for VA health care benefits . To apply for entry into the VA health care system the veteran must complete VA Form 10 - 10EZ , Application for health care benefits . Eligible veterans will receive a VA Veterans Health Identification Card ( VHIC ) formerly Veteran identification card ( VIC ) for use at all VA medical facilities . By federal law , eligibility for benefits is determined by a system of eight priority groups . Retirees from military service , veterans with service - connected injuries or conditions rated by VA , and Purple Heart recipients are within the higher priority groups . Current and former members of the Reserves and the National Guard who were called to active duty ( other than for monthly drills and annual training ) by a federal executive order may be eligible for VA health care benefits . Veterans without rated service - connected conditions may become eligible based on financial need , adjusted for local cost of living . Veterans who do not have service - connected disabilities totaling 50 % or more may be subject to copayments for any care they received for nonservice - connected conditions . Eligibility priority groups ( edit ) Priority Groups Group Description Group 1 Veterans with service - connected disabilities rated 50 percent or more disabling . Veterans determined by VA to be unemployable due to service - connected conditions . Group 2 Veterans with service - connected disabilities rated 30 or 40 percent . Group 3 Veterans who are former POWs . Veterans awarded the Purple Heart Medal . Veterans awarded the Medal of Honor . Veterans whose discharge was for a disability incurred or aggravated in the line of duty . Veterans with VA service - connected disabilities rated 10 percent or 20 percent . Veterans awarded special eligibility classification under Title 38 , U.S.C. , § 1151 , `` benefits for individuals disabled by treatment or vocational rehabilitation . '' Group 4 Veterans receiving increased compensation or pension based on their need for regular aid and attendance or by reason of being permanently housebound . Veterans determined by VA to be catastrophically disabled . Group 5 Nonservice - connected Veterans and noncompensable service - connected Veterans rated 0 percent , whose annual income and / or net worth are not greater than the VA financial thresholds . Veterans receiving VA Pension benefits . Veterans eligible for Medicaid benefits . Group 6 Compensable 0 percent Service - connected Veterans . Veterans exposed to ionizing radiation during atmospheric testing or during the occupation of Hiroshima and Nagasaki . Project 112 / SHAD participants . Veterans who served in the Republic of Vietnam between January 9 , 1962 and May 7 , 1975 . Veterans who served in the Persian Gulf War in the Southwest Asia theater of operations from August 2 , 1990 , through November 11 , 1998 . Veterans who served on active duty at Camp Lejeune for not fewer than 30 days beginning January 1 , 1957 and ending December 31 , 1987 . Veterans who served in a theater of combat operations after Nov. 11 , 1998 , as follows : Currently enrolled Veterans and new enrollees who were discharged from active duty on or after January 28 , 2003 , are eligible for the enhanced benefits for 5 years post discharge . Group 7 Veterans with incomes below the geographic means test income thresholds and who agree to pay the applicable copayment . Group 8 Veterans with gross household incomes above the VA national income threshold and the geographically - adjusted income threshold for their resident location and who agrees to pay copayments . Veterans eligible for enrollment : Noncompensable 0 - percent service - connected and : Subpriority a : Enrolled as of January 16 , 2003 , and who have remained enrolled since that date and / or placed in this subpriority due to changed eligibility status . Subpriority b : Enrolled on or after June 15 , 2009 whose income exceeds the current VA National Income Thresholds or VA National Geographic Income Thresholds by 10 percent or less Veterans eligible for enrollment : Nonservice - connected and Subpriority c : Enrolled as of January 16 , 2003 , and who remained enrolled since that date and / or placed in this subpriority due to changed eligibility status Subpriority d : Enrolled on or after June 15 , 2009 whose income exceeds the current VA National Income Thresholds or VA National Geographic Income Thresholds by 10 percent or less Veterans NOT eligible for enrollment : Veterans not meeting the criteria above : Subpriority e : Noncompensable 0 percent service - connected Subpriority f : Nonservice - connected Covered services / acute care benefits ( edit ) Standard benefits ( edit ) Preventive Care Services Counseling on inheritance of genetically determined disease Immunization Nutrition Education Physical Examinations ( Including eye and hearing examinations ) Health Care Assessments Screening Test Health Education Programs Ambulatory ( Outpatient ) and Hospital ( Inpatient ) , Diagnostic and Treatment Services Medical Surgical ( Including reconstructive / plastic surgery as a result of disease or trauma ) Mental Health Dialysis Substance Abuse Prescription Drugs ( when prescribed by a VA Physician ) Limited benefits ( edit ) The following care services have limitations and may have special eligibility criteria : Ambulance Services Chiropractic Care ( at 47 VA hospitals ) Dental Care ( see VA Dental Care ) Durable Medical Equipment ( walkers , crutches , canes , bathtub seats ) Eyeglasses Hearing Aids Home Health Care Maternity and Parturition ( Childbirth ) Services Usually provided in non-VA contracted hospitals at VA expense ; care is usually limited to a mother . ( VA may furnish health care services to a newborn child of a woman Veteran who is receiving maternity care furnished by VA for not more than seven days after the birth if the Veteran delivered the child in ( 1 ) a VA facility , or ( 2 ) another facility pursuant to a VA contract for services relating to such delivery ) Non-VA Health Care Services Long term benefits ( edit ) Standard benefits ( edit ) Geriatric Evaluation . Geriatric evaluation is the comprehensive assessment of a Veteran 's ability to care for him / herself physical health and social environment , which leads to a plan of care . The plan could include treatment , rehabilitation , health promotion and social services . These evaluations are performed by inpatient Geriatic Evaluation Management ( GEM ) Units , GEM clinics , geriatic primary care clinics and other outpatient settings . Adult Day Health Care . The adult day health care ( ADHC ) program is a therapeutic day care program , providing medical and rehabilitation services to disabled Veterans in a combined setting . Respite Care . Respite care provides supportive care to Veterans on a short - term basis to give the caregiver planned relief from the physical and emotional demands associated with providing care . Respite care can be provided in the home or other institutional settings . Home Care . Skilled home care is provided by VA and contract agencies to Veterans that are home bound with chronic diseases and includes nursing , physical / occupational therapy and social services . Hospice / Palliative Care . Hospice / Palliative care programs offers pain management , symptom control and other medical services to terminally ill Veterans or Veterans in the late stages of the choronic disease process . Services also include respite care as well as bereaverement counseling to family members . Limited benefits ( edit ) Nursing Home Care . VA provides nursing home services to Veterans through three national programs : VA owned and operated Community Living Centers ( CLC ) , State Veterans ' Homes owned and operated by the states , and the community nursing home program . Each program has admission and eligibility criteria specific to the program . Nursing home care is available for enrolled Veterans who need nursing home care for a service - connected disability , or Veterans or who have a 70 percent or greater service - connected disability and Veterans with a rating of total disability based on individual unemployability . VA provided nursing home care for all other Veterans is based on available resources . Domiciliary Care . Domiciliary care provides rehabilitative and long - term , health maintenance care for Veterans who require some care , but who do not require all services provided in nursing homes . Domiciliary care emphasizes rehabilitation and return to the community . VA may provide domiciliary care to Veterans whose annual income does not exceed the maximum annual rate of VA pension or to Veterans who have no adequate means of support . Financial assessment for long - term care services ( edit ) For Veterans who are not automatically exempt from making co-pays for long - term care services separates financial assessment ( VA Form 10 - 10EC , APPLICATION FOR EXTENDED CARE SERVICES ) must be completed to determine whether a Veteran qualifies for cost - free services or to what extent they are required to make long - care co-pays . Unlike co-pays for other VA health care services , which are based on fixed changes for all long - term care co-pay changes are individually adjusted based on each Veteran 's financial status . Home health care ( edit ) Home health care includes VA 's Skilled Home Health Care Services ( SHHC ) and Homemakers and Home Health Aide Services ( H / HHA ) . Skilled home health care services ( SHHC ) ( edit ) SHHC services are in - home services provided by specially trained personnel , including nurses , physical therapists , occupational therapists and social workers . Care includes clinical assessment , treatment planning and treatment provision , health status monitoring , patient and family education , reassessment , referral and follow - up . Homemakers / home health Aide services ( H. / HHA ) ( edit ) H / HHA services are personal care and related support services that enable frail or disabled Veterans to live at home . Family caregivers program ( edit ) VA 's Family Caregivers Program provides support and assistance to caregivers of post 9 / 11 Veterans and Servicemembers being medically discharged . Eligible primary Family Caregivers can receive a stipend , training , mental health services , travel and lodging reimbursement , and access to health insurance if they are not already under a health plan care . Patient Aligned care team ( PACT ) ( edit ) The Department of Veterans Affairs ' Office of Patient Care Services has a Primary Care Program Office that has implemented a new patient - centered medical home ( PCMH ) model at VHA primary care sites . This PCMH model is referred to as Patient Aligned Care Teams ( PACT ) . PAC Teams provide accessible , patient - centered care and are managed by primary care providers with the active involvement of other clinical and non-clinical staff . Veteran patients will be at the center of a `` teamlet , '' which will include a primary care provider , RN care manager , LPN / health tech , and a medical support assistant ( MSA ) . This teamlet is supported by a broader `` team , '' which includes social workers , dieticians , pharmacists , and mental health specialists . Patient Aligned Care Teams ( PACTs ) are being implemented at all VA Primary Care Sites , including VA Community Based Outpatient Clinics ( CBOC ) . VA dental care ( edit ) For VA dental care a veteran must have a service - connected compensable dental disability or condition . Those who were prisoners of war ( POWs ) and those whose service - connected disabilities have been rated at 100 percent or who are receiving the 100 percent rate by reason of individual unemployability ( IU ) are eligible for any needed dental care , as are those veterans actively engaged in a 38 USC Chapter 31 vocational rehabilitation program and veterans enrolled who may be homeless and receiving care under VHA Directive 2007 - 039 . Transplant service ( edit ) If the need arises , veterans are eligible for transplant service . The request will be coordinated by the Primary Care Team . Vet Centers ( edit ) The Vet Center Program was established by Congress in 1979 in response to the readjustment problems that a significant number of Vietnam - era veterans were continuing to experience after their return from combat . In subsequent years , Congress extended eligibility to all combat veterans who served on active duty from previous conflicts . All community based Vet Centers provide readjustment counseling , outreach services and referral services to help veterans make a satisfying post-war readjustment to civilian life . Services are also available for their family members for military related issues . Vet Centers are staffed with small multidisciplinary teams some of whom are combat veterans themselves . OEF / OIF / OND Veterans ( edit ) OEF / OIF / OND care management team ( edit ) The Operation Enduring Freedom / Operation Iraqi Freedom / Operation New Dawn ( OEF / OIF / OND ) Care Management Team helps returning service members achieve a smooth transition of health care services . A specialized OEF / OIF / OND care management team provides case management and care coordination for all severely ill , injured and impaired combat veterans , including those suffering from : Mental illness Traumatic brain injury Spinal cord injury Blindness Burns Amputation Terminal Illness / Injury Polytrauma Other conditions not mentioned above that cause significant impairment to daily living Domiciliary care program ( edit ) The Domiciliary Care Program of the Department of Veterans Affairs provides residential rehabilitative and clinical care to veterans who have a wide range of problems , illnesses , or rehabilitative care needs which can be medical , psychiatric , substance use , homelessness , vocational , educational , or social . The Domiciliary Care Program provides a 24 - hour therapeutic setting utilizing a peer and professional support environment . The programs provide a strong emphasis on psychosocial rehabilitation and recovery services that instill personal responsibility to achieve optimal levels of independence upon discharge to independent or supportive community living . The VA Domiciliary Care Program also provides rehabilitative care for homeless veterans . Eligibility : VA may provide domiciliary care to veterans whose annual gross household income does not exceed the maximum annual rate of VA pension or to veterans who the Secretary of Veterans Affairs determines have no adequate means of support . The copays for extended care services apply to domiciliary care . VA travel reimbursement ( edit ) Veterans may be eligible for mileage reimbursement or special mode transport in association with obtaining VA health care services if the veteran has a service - connected rating of 30 percent or more , or is traveling for treatment of a service - connected condition , receives a VA pension , the veteran 's income does not exceed the maximum annual VA pension rate , the veteran is traveling for a scheduled compensation or pension examination , is in certain emergency situations . has a medical condition that requires a special mode of transportation and travel is pre-authorized , as are certain non-veterans when related to care of a veteran ( caregivers , attendants and donors ) . Federal benefits for Veterans , dependents and survivors ( edit ) Medical programs ( edit ) The Civilian Health and Medical Program of the Department of Veterans Affairs ( CHAMPVA ) is a health benefit program in which the Department of Veterans Affairs ( VA ) shares the cost of certain health care services and supplies with eligible beneficiaries . The program is available to spouses and children of veterans with permanent and total service - connected disability ineligible for the DoD TRICARE . The surviving spouse or child of a veteran who died from a VA service - connected disability , or who at the time of death was rated permanently and total disabled . Similarly to TRICARE , CHAMPVA beneficiaries are also accepted by TRICARE providers . The Spina Bifida Program ( SB ) . Is a comprehensive health care benefits program administered by the Department of Veterans Affairs for birth children of certain Vietnam and Korea War veterans who have been diagnosed with spina bifida ( except spina bifida occulta ) . The SB program provides reimbursement for inpatient and outpatient medical services , pharmacy , durable medical equipment , and supplies . The Children of Women Vietnam Veterans ( CWVV ) Health Care Program . Is a federal health benefits program administered by the Department of Veterans Affairs for children of women Vietnam War veterans born with certain birth defects . The CWVV Program provides reimbursement for medical care related to covered birth defects and conditions associated with the covered birth defect except for spina bifida . See also ( edit ) Veterans benefits for post-traumatic stress disorder in the United States EBenefits Gerontology Rehabilitation Research and Development Service References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` VA History '' . VHA . Retrieved July 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs ( February 9 , 2016 ) . `` Office of Budget '' . Va.gov . Retrieved September 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Barry , Catherine N. ; Bowe , Thomas R. ; Suneja , Anecia ( August 1 , 2016 ) . `` An Update on the Quality of Medication Treatment for Mental Disorders in the VA '' . Psychiatric Services . 67 ( 8 ) : 930 . doi : 10.1176 / appi. ps. 670804 . ISSN 1075 - 2730 . Jump up ^ Watkins , Katherine E. ; Smith , Brad ; Akincigil , Ayse ; Sorbero , Melony E. ; Paddock , Susan ; Woodroffe , Abigail ; Huang , Cecilia ; Crystal , Stephen ; Pincus , Harold Alan ( November 16 , 2015 ) . `` The Quality of Medication Treatment for Mental Disorders in the Department of Veterans Affairs and in Private - Sector Plans '' . Psychiatric Services . 67 ( 4 ) : 391 -- 96 . doi : 10.1176 / appi. ps. 201400537 . ISSN 1075 - 2730 . Jump up ^ Asch , Steven M. ; McGlynn , Elizabeth A. ; Hogan , Mary M. ; Hayward , Rodney A. ; Shekelle , Paul ; Rubenstein , Lisa ; Keesey , Joan ; Adams , John ; Kerr , Eve A. ( December 21 , 2004 ) . `` Comparison of Quality of Care for Patients in the Veterans Health Administration and Patients in a National Sample '' . Annals of Internal Medicine . 141 ( 12 ) : 938 . doi : 10.7326 / 0003 - 4819 - 141 - 12 - 200412210 - 00010 . ISSN 0003 - 4819 . PMID 15611491 . Jump up ^ Kerr , Eve A. ( August 17 , 2004 ) . `` Diabetes Care Quality in the Veterans Affairs Health Care System and Commercial Managed Care : The TRIAD Study '' . Annals of Internal Medicine . 141 ( 4 ) : 272 -- 81 . doi : 10.7326 / 0003 - 4819 - 141 - 4 - 200408170 - 00007 . ISSN 0003 - 4819 . PMID 15313743 . Jump up ^ Trivedi , Amal N. ; Matula , Sierra ; Miake - Lye , Isomi ; Glassman , Peter A. ; Shekelle , Paul ; Asch , Steven ( 2011 ) . `` Systematic Review : Comparison of the Quality of Medical Care in Veterans Affairs and Non-Veterans Affairs Settings '' . Medical Care . 49 ( 1 ) : 76 -- 88 . doi : 10.1097 / mlr. 0b013e3181f53575 . JSTOR 25767038 . PMID 20966778 . Jump up ^ Keating , Nancy L. ; Landrum , Mary Beth ; Lamont , Elizabeth B. ; Bozeman , Samuel R. ; Krasnow , Steven H. ; Shulman , Lawrence N. ; Brown , Jennifer R. ; Earle , Craig C. ; Oh , William K. ( June 7 , 2011 ) . `` Quality of Care for Older Patients With Cancer in the Veterans Health Administration Versus the Private Sector '' . Annals of Internal Medicine . 154 ( 11 ) : 727 . doi : 10.7326 / 0003 - 4819 - 154 - 11 - 201106070 - 00004 . ISSN 0003 - 4819 . PMID 21646556 . Jump up ^ Shekelle , Paul G. ; Asch , Steven ; Glassman , Peter ; Matula , Sierra ; Trivedi , Amal ; Miake - Lye , Isomi ( 2010 ) . Comparison of Quality of Care in VA and Non-VA Settings : A Systematic Review . VA Evidence - based Synthesis Program Reports . Washington ( DC ) : Department of Veterans Affairs ( US ) . PMID 21155199 . Jump up ^ Trivedi , Amal N ; Grebla , Regina C ( 2011 ) . `` Quality and Equity of Care in the Veterans Affairs ... : Medical Care '' . LWW. 49 ( 6 ) : 560 . doi : 10.1097 / MLR. 0b013e31820fb0f6 . Jump up ^ Lancaster , Robert T. ; Tanabe , Kenneth K. ; Schifftner , Tracy L. ; Warshaw , Andrew L. ; Henderson , William G. ; Khuri , Shukri F. ; Hutter , Matthew M. ( June 1 , 2007 ) . `` Liver Resection in Veterans Affairs and Selected University Medical Centers : Results of the Patient Safety in Surgery Study '' . Journal of the American College of Surgeons. 204 ( 6 ) : 1242 -- 51 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jamcollsurg. 2007.02. 069 . Jump up ^ Longman , Phillip . Best care anywhere . Berrett - Koehler Publishers , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` VA History in Brief '' ( PDF ) . United States Department of Veterans Affairs . Retrieved May 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Khuri , SF ; Daley , J ; Henderson , WG ( 2002 ) . `` The Comparative Assessment and Improvement of Quality Surgical Care in the Department of Veterans Affairs '' . Archives of Surgery . 137 ( 1 ) : 20 -- 27 . doi : 10.1001 / archsurg. 137.1. 20 . PMID 11772210 . ^ Jump up to : Quality Initiatives Undertaken by the Veterans Health Administration Congressional Budget Office Report , August 2009 Jump up ^ Scott Bronstein ; Drew Griffin . `` A fatal wait : Veterans languish and die on a VA hospital 's secret list '' . CNN . Retrieved May 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Obama vows action on any VA ' misconduct ' '' . BBC News . Retrieved May 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Veterans Secretary Eric Shinseki resigns after report '' . BBC News . Retrieved May 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ VA crisis : solutions exist , but have n't happened , panel hears -- CNNPolitics.com Jump up ^ IG probes uncover more problems at VA hospitals TheHill Jump up ^ Friendly Fire : Death , Delay , and Dismay at the VA -- Stripes.com Jump up ^ The VA Is n't Broken , Yet ; Inside the Koch brothers ' campaign to invent a scandal and dismantle the country 's most successful health care system . by Alicia Mundy , Washington Monthly , March / April / May 2016 . Jump up ^ Review of Alleged Patient Deaths , Patient Wait Times , and Scheduling Practices at the Phoenix VA Health Care System VA Office of Inspector General , Veterans Health Administration . August 26 , 2014 . Pub . No. 14 - 02603 - 267 Jump up ^ Inglehart J.K. ( 1996 ) . `` Reform of the Veterans Affairs Health Care System '' . The New England Journal of Medicine . 335 ( 18 ) : 18 . doi : 10.1056 / nejm199610313351821 . ^ Jump up to : Yano ; et al. ( 2007 ) . `` The Evolution of Changes in Primary Care Delivery Underlying the Veterans Health Administration 's Quality Transformation '' . American Journal of Public Health . 97 ( 12 ) : 2151 -- 59 . doi : 10.2105 / ajph. 2007.115709 . PMC 2089092 . PMID 17971540 . CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) Jump up ^ Ashton , C. , Headley , E. , Parrino , T. , Starfield , B. ( September 1995 ) . Primary Care in VA . Boston : Management decision and Research Center . Washington , DC : U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs . Office of Research and Development . Health Services Research and Development Service Jump up ^ Kizer et al. ( Jun 2000 ) . Reinventing VA Healthcare : Systematizing Quality Improvement and Quality Innovation . Medical Care . 38 ( 6 Suppl 1 ) Jump up ^ Kizer , K.W et al. ( May 2003 ) . Effects of the Transformation of the Veterans Affairs Health Care System on the Quality of Care . New England Journal of Medicine . 348 ( 22 ) . ^ Jump up to : Comparison of Quality of Care for Patients in the Veterans Health Administration and Patients in a National Sample Annals of Internal Medicine , December 21 , 2004 Jump up ^ `` Code Red '' by Philip Longman , Washington Monthly , September 7 , 2009 ^ Jump up to : Vets Loving Socialized Medicine Show Government Offers Savings Bloomberg , October 2 , 2009 ^ Jump up to : Relationship Retreats : Warriors to Soul Mates FatherhoodChannel.com , October 20 , 2012 ^ Jump up to : PAIRS Essentials VA Program Support Guide , January 2013 Jump up ^ `` Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center Home '' . Web.archive.org . Archived from the original on March 29 , 2008 . Retrieved April 10 , 2017 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` VA Fellowship for Robert Wood Johnson Clinical Scholars -- Office of Academic Affiliations '' . Va.gov . November 1 , 2013 . Retrieved May 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Spinal Cord Injury & Disorders Services . `` Spinal Cord Injury & Disorders Home '' . Web.archive.org . Archived from the original on April 27 , 2008 . Retrieved April 10 , 2017 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Project RED ( Re-Engineered Discharge ) '' . Boston University . Jump up ^ `` Transforming discharge processes for Veterans '' . U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs . ^ Jump up to : Watkins , K.E. , Pincus , H.A. et al. , ( 2011 ) . Veterans Health Administration Mental Health Program Evaluation : Capstone Report , Santa Monica , Calif. : RAND Corporation , TR - 956 - VHA Jump up ^ `` Veterans Health Administration Mental Health Program Evaluation : Capstone Report '' . RAND . October 19 , 2011 . Retrieved May 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Emergency Departments Identify and Support Veterans at Risk of Suicide , Enhancing Their Access to Outpatient Mental Health Services '' . Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality . November 20 , 2013 . Retrieved November 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Aakre , JM ( 2014 ) . `` Mental Health Service Utilization by Iraq and Afghanistan Veterans After Entry Into PTSD Specialty Treatment '' . Pschiatric Services . ^ Jump up to : Cohen , B ; et al. ( 2009 ) . `` Mental Health Diagnoses and Utilization of VA Non-Mental Health Medical Services Among Returning Iraq and Afghanistan Veterans '' . Journal of General Internal Medicine . doi : 10.1007 / s11606 - 009 - 1117 - 3 . Jump up ^ ( 2007 ) . Women Veterans : Past , Present , and Future . Department of Veterans Affairs . Jump up ^ Washington , D.L. ; Yano , E.M. ; Simon , B ; Sun , S ( 2006 ) . `` To use or not to use . What influences why women veterans choose VA health care '' . Journal of General Internal Medicine . 21 Suppl 3 : S11 -- 18 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1525 - 1497.2006. 00369. x . PMC 1513176 . PMID 16637939 . Jump up ^ `` Effect of the Transformation of the Veterans Affairs Health Care System on the Quality of Care '' New England Journal of Medicine , May 29 , 2003 Jump up ^ Diabetes Care Quality in the Veterans Affairs Health Care System and Commercial Managed Care : The TRIAD Study Annals of Internal Medicine , August 17 , 2004 Jump up ^ VHA vs. Medicare : And the winner is ... Harvard Gazette , June 6 , 2011 Jump up ^ VA Health Care Eligibility & Enrollment Jump up ^ Staff writer . `` Veteran 's affairs '' . ACAtoday . American Chiropractic Association . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2006 . Retrieved December 29 , 2013 . ( hide ) Agencies under the United States Department of Veterans Affairs Headquarters : 810 Vermont Avenue NW ( Veterans Affairs Department Building ) David Shulkin , Secretary of Veterans Affairs Thomas G. Bowman , Deputy Secretary of Veterans Affairs Deputy Secretary of Veterans Affairs Board of Veterans ' Appeals Center for Women Veterans Office of Acquisition and Material Management Office of Information and Technology Office of Occupational Safety and Health Office of Policy , Planning and Preparedness Office of Regulation Policy and Management Office of Small and Disadvantaged Business Utilization VA Police Under Secretary of Veterans Affairs for Health Veterans Health Administration Under Secretary of Veterans Affairs for Benefits Veterans Benefits Administration Under Secretary of Veterans Affairs for Memorial Affairs National Cemetery Administration Chairman of the Board of Veterans ' Appeals Board of Veterans ' Appeals Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Veterans_Health_Administration&oldid=827535168 '' Categories : Healthcare in the United States United States Department of Veterans Affairs Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Use mdy dates from July 2017 Articles needing additional references from July 2017 All articles needing additional references All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from May 2017 All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from March 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی Edit links This page was last edited on 25 February 2018 , at 08 : 15 . About Wikipedia | does va stand for veterans administration or veterans affairs | [
"The Veterans Health Administration (VHA) is the component of the United States Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) led by the Under Secretary of Veterans Affairs for Health[2] that implements the medical assistance program of the VA through the administration and operation of numerous VA Medical Centers (VAMC), Outpatient Clinics (OPC), Community Based Outpatient Clinics (CBOC), and VA Community Living Centers (VA Nursing Home) Programs."
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"Veterans Affairs"
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1325256952138211092 | Fear Files: Darr Ki Sacchi Tasvirein | Fear Files : Darr Ki Sacchi Tasvirein - Wikipedia Fear Files : Darr Ki Sacchi Tasvirein Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) For the video game of same name , see F.E.A.R. Files . Fear Files Season 3 : Darr Ki Sacchi Tasvirein Genre Horror Thriller Created by Dreamzz Images Contiloe Entertainment Essel Vision Productions Written by Gitangshu Dey Country of origin India Original language ( s ) Hindi Tamil No. of seasons No. of episodes 12 ( as of August 27th , 2017 ) ( 3rd Season ) Production Producer ( s ) Majid Azam Abhimanyu Singh Rupali Singh Nitin Keni Cinematography Shakil B. Khan Subhransu Das Raju Gauli Camera setup Multi camera Single Camera Running time 40 minutes approximately Release Original network Zee TV Picture format 576i ( SDTV ) , 1080i ( HDTV ) Original release 30 June 2012 - 17 August 2014 ( 1 - 2 Season ) 22 July 2017 -- Present ( 3rd Season ) Chronology Related shows Bhoot Aaya Aahat Adbhuture External links Website www.zeetv.com/shows/fear-files/ % 20www.zeetv.com/shows/fear-files Fear Files ... Darr Ki Sacchi Tasvirein is an Indian horror television series which started on 30 June 2012 on Zee TV and last aired on 17 August 2014 after two seasons . Its 3rd Season started on 22 July 2017 , Which airs on Saturday and Sunday at 10 : 30 PM IST . It was firstly co-produced by Majid Azam 's Dreamzz Images and Contiloe Entertainment , but later changed to Nitin Keni 's Essel Vision Productions . The series focuses on stories of paranormal incidents and investigations into the strange events . Cast ( edit ) Aditi Sajwan as Nikhat Mariam Nirusha References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Fear Files - zeetv.com '' . Jump up ^ Vijaya Tiwari ( 7 Jul 2013 ) . `` Anand Goradia in Fear Files '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 22 . External links ( edit ) Official website Programs currently broadcast by Zee TV Soap Opera Aisi Deewangi Dekhi Nahi Kahi Bin Kuch Kahe Kumkum Bhagya Kundali Bhagya Piyaa Albela Sethji Woh Apna Sa Zindagi Ki Mahek Jeet Gayi Toh Piya Morey ( TV Series ) Reality Show Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Weekends Show Fear Files Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fear_Files:_Darr_Ki_Sacchi_Tasvirein&oldid=797905257 '' Categories : Zee TV television series 2012 Indian television series debuts Paranormal reality television series Indian horror fiction television series Hidden categories : Use Indian English from May 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from May 2015 Articles needing additional references from May 2014 All articles needing additional references Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 29 August 2017 , at 21 : 15 . About Wikipedia | when does fear files come on zee tv | [
"Fear Files...Darr Ki Sacchi Tasvirein is an Indian horror television series which started on 30 June 2012 on Zee TV and last aired on 17 August 2014 after two seasons.[1][2] Its 3rd Season started on 22 July 2017, Which airs on Saturday and Sunday at 10:30 PM IST. It was firstly co-produced by Majid Azam's Dreamzz Images and Contiloe Entertainment, but later changed to Nitin Keni's Essel Vision Productions. The series focuses on stories of paranormal incidents and investigations into the strange events."
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"Saturday and Sunday at 10:30 PM IST"
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5104803323282505331 | Warning sign | Warning sign - wikipedia Warning sign Jump to : navigation , search `` Warning Sign '' redirects here . For other uses , see Warning Sign ( disambiguation ) . For a sign on a vehicle or building relating to it or its contents , see placard . This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article may be in need of reorganization to comply with Wikipedia 's layout guidelines . Please help by editing the article to make improvements to the overall structure . ( December 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article may have too many section headers dividing up its content . Please help improve the article by merging similar sections and removing unneeded subheaders . ( December 2017 ) This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( December 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Some of this article 's listed sources may not be reliable . Please help this article by looking for better , more reliable sources . Unreliable citations may be challenged or deleted . ( December 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article may be too long to read and navigate comfortably . The readable prose size is 14 kilobytes . Please consider splitting content into sub-articles , condensing it , or adding or removing subheadings . ( December 2008 ) Exhibit mostly of warning signs ( with some regulatory signs like Do Not Enter ) , Turin Automobile Museum A warning sign is a type of traffic sign that indicates a hazard ahead on the road that may not be readily apparent to a driver . While designs vary , they usually take the shape of an equilateral triangle with a white background and thick red border . In the People 's Republic of China ( except for Macau and Hong Kong ) , they appear with a black border and a yellow background . In Sweden , Serbia , Bosnia and Herzegovina , Greece , Finland , Iceland , the Republic of Macedonia and Poland , they have a red border with an amber background . The polar bear warning sign in Svalbard recently changed from displaying a black bear on white background to a white bear on black background ( both signs are triangular with a red border ) . Some countries ( like France , Norway and Spain ) that normally use a white background have adopted an orange or amber background for road work or construction signs . Warning signs in some countries have a diamond shape in place of the standard triangular shape . In the United States , Canada , Mexico , Thailand , Australia , Japan , Indonesia , Malaysia , New Zealand , most of South America , and also Ireland ( diverging from the standards of the rest of Europe ) use warning signs are black on a yellow background and usually diamond - shaped , while temporary signs ( which are typically construction signs ) are black on an orange background . Some other countries also use these standards for some signage . The warning signs usually contain a symbol . In Europe they are based on the UNECE Vienna Convention on Road Signs and Signals . In the United States they are based on the MUTCD standard and often contain text only . Contents 1 History 2 Modern warning sign shapes and colors 2.1 General caution 2.2 Obstacles 2.3 Animals crossing the roadway 2.4 Unusual vehicles in roadway 2.5 Road work or construction 2.6 Curves and corners 2.6. 1 Chevrons and arrows 2.7 Tunnels 2.8 Bridges 2.9 Traffic signals 2.10 Warning signs for regulatory signs 2.11 Intersections 2.12 Lane starts and ends 2.13 Merge to stay with through traffic 2.14 Roads with one entry point 2.15 End of roadway 2.16 Pedestrian crossings 2.17 Schools 2.18 Bicycle 2.19 Other signs with unprotected people 2.20 Fire stations 2.21 Oncoming traffic 2.22 Level crossing ( railway crossing ) 2.23 Falling rocks 2.24 Other warnings ( aircraft - related ) 2.25 Crosswinds or Side winds 2.26 Road conditions 2.27 Miscellaneous 3 Warning signs with lights 4 Non-traffic warning signs 5 See also 6 Note History ( edit ) 17th - century sign along Salvador Street in Alfama , Lisbon says `` Year of 1686 . His Majesty commands all coaches , seges and litters coming from Salvador 's entrance to back up to the same part '' British specimen , c. 1860s . Early Czech warning signs , c. mid-1930s . The blue signs were later supplanted with red - white - black signs . Pre-standardization British School Zone with metal - cutout generic Warning symbol embellished with red glass reflector - spheres . Some of the first roadside signs -- ancient milestones -- merely gave distance measures . Hazard warnings were rare though occasional specimens appeared , such as the specific warning about horse - drawn vehicles backing up which was carved in stone in Lisbon 's Alfama neighborhood in 1686 . The early signs did not have high - contrast lettering and their messages might have been easily overlooked . Signs were written in the local language ( example ) ; symbolic signs , though long used on certain tradesmen 's signs ( like the pawnbrokers ' tri-ball symbol ) were to be used for traffic only much later in history . Complex signage systems emerged with the appearance of motorcars . In 1908 the automobile association in West London erected some warning signs . In 1909 , nine European governments agreed on the use of four pictorial symbols , indicating bump , curve , intersection , and railroad crossing . The intensive work on international road signs that took place between 1926 and 1949 eventually led to the development of the European road sign system . As the 20th century progressed , and traffic volume and vehicle speeds increased , so did the importance of road sign visibility . Earlier flat - painted signs gave way to signs with embossed letters , which in turn gave way to button copy signs -- round retroreflective `` buttons '' helped to achieve greater night visibility . Flat metal signs reappeared in the 1980s with the widespread use of surfaces covered with retroflective sheeting materials like Scotchlite . In Europe , the 1968 Vienna Convention on Road Signs and Signals ( which became effective in 1978 ) tried , among other things , to standardize important signs . After the fall of the Iron Curtain and greater ease of country - to - country driving in the Eurozone , European countries moved toward lessening the regional differences in warning signs . In modern regulations , U.S. warning signs are classified as Series W signs , such as : W1 Series ( curves and turns ) , W2 Series ( intersections ) , W22 Series ( blasting ) , et cetera , ending with the W25 Series ( concerning extended green traffic lights ) . Some U.S. warning signs are without category while others like the warning stripes at tunnel portals or plain red End of Roadway signs are classified as Object Markers ( OM Series ) . In the U.S. , Stop and speed limit signs fall under the R Series ( Regulatory ) . Modern U.S. signs are widely standardized ; unless they are antique holdovers from an earlier era , oddities like a yellow Stop sign or a red Slippery When Wet sign would typically appear only on private property -- perhaps at a hospital campus or in a shopping mall parking lot . Street sign theft by pranksters , souvenir hunters , and scrappers has become problematic : removal of warning signs costs municipalities money to replace lost signs , and can contribute to traffic collisions . Some authorities affix theft - deterrence stickers to the back sides of signs . Some jurisdictions have criminalized unauthorized possession of road signs or have outlawed their resale to scrap metal dealers . In some cases , thieves whose sign - removal lead to road fatalities have been charged with manslaughter . Artistically inclined vandals sometimes paint additional details onto warning signs : a beer bottle , a handgun , or a boom box added to the outstretched hand of the Pedestrian Crossing person , for example . Modern warning sign shapes and colors ( edit ) Warning signs can indicate any potential hazard , obstacle or condition requiring special attention . Some of the most common warning signs are the following . Most common designs Diamond - shaped with yellow background and black border Triangular with red border and white background Triangular with red border and yellow background Triangular with black border and yellow background Less common designs Diamond - shaped with orange background and black border Diamond - shaped with fluorescent green background and black border Diamond - shaped with fluorescent pink background and black border Diamond - shaped with black background and yellow border Triangular with red border and blue background Red upward - pointing triangle Pentagon with yellow background and black border Pentagon with fluorescent green background and black border Pentagon with blue background and white border Circular with yellow background ( Railroad Crossing ) Rectangular shape with yellow background ( Exit , reduce speed ) World map of typical designs in use Color indicates prevalent type of warning signs in use ( click for large image and detailed info key ) . General caution ( edit ) General warning signs are used in instances in which the particular hazard , obstacle or condition is not covered by a standard sign . In Europe , they usually comprise an exclamation mark on the standard triangular sign ( Unicode # 9888 : ⚠ ) with an auxiliary sign below in the local language identifying the hazard , obstacle or condition . In countries using diamond - shaped signs , the explanatory language is often written directly on the diamond - shaped sign , although it may contain only a general warning such as `` Caution '' , and pictograms may also be used . Belgium Chile China Finland France Germany Ireland Italy Jamaica Japan New Zealand Norway Panama , Peru , Venezuela Poland Russia South Korea Sweden Thailand United Kingdom Ukraine Obstacles ( edit ) Diamond - shaped with reflectors are placed at point of curbs , dividers , or other lane obstacles . Rectangular signs with diagonal stripes indicate solid objects such as barricades , bridge abutments , utility poles or natural obstacles near the roadway . Left side obstacles are marked with stripes running high to low , left to right ; right side obstacle signs use stripes running high to low , right to left ; in a sense akin to International symbol of arrow pointing down toward side toward roadway . New Zealand and U.S. road diverges / splits Philippines dual carriageway ahead sign U.S. and Canada divided road ahead sign Alternate U.S. divided highway ahead sign U.S. divided road ahead sign New York State pass left or right of obstacle sign United Kingdom , Nepal , Hong Kong , Singapore `` end of dual carriageway '' sign Australian Divided road ahead sign Australia end divided road sign Animals crossing the roadway ( edit ) These signs warn of wild animals ( moose , bear , elk , deer , reindeer , polar bears , camels , wallabies , kangaroos , alligators , etc . ) or farm animals ( cows , horses , ducks , sheep ) that may stray onto the road . In the United States , a `` share the road '' plaque is sometimes placed below these warning signs when used in this manner . Kangaroo crossing sign in Australia Philippines cattle crossing sign Brazil wild animals sign Japan animals crossing Italy , Germany , Latvia and Sudan wild animal crossing sign UK wild fowl warning sign Russia cattle crossing sign Russia wild animal crossing sign Camel warning sign in the UAE A sheep warning sign in the UK Norway moose crossing sign Norway reindeer crossing sign Norway polarbear warning ( Only on Svalbard ) Wild elephant zone - Surin , Thailand UK horse riders warning sign Moose sign from Sweden Swedish sheep crossing Reindeer crossing sign from Sweden Swedish horse crossing Swedish horse riders warning sign China : farm animals crossing Germany : ducklings New Zealand : kiwi crossing New Zealand : kiwi zone at night U.S. and Canada deer crossing sign U.S. cattle crossing sign Caltrans migrating bears sign Pennsylvania duck crossing sign New Zealand : Equestrians Sheep ( New Zealand ) U.S. bear zone U.S. bighorn sheep crossing U.S. moose area U.S. sheep crossing Germany : amphibious animals area Australia : cassowary crossing Unusual vehicles in roadway ( edit ) Also equipment ( tractors , forklifts , snowmobiles , Amish buggies etc . ) crossing or traveling along the road . Taiwan : handcarts crossing . U.K. horse - drawn vehicle ahead warning sign . U.K. military vehicles crossing warning sign . Pennsylvania tank crossing warning sign . Sweden horse - drawn vehicle ahead warning sign . Sweden snowmobile crossing sign . U.S. tractor / farm vehicle crossing warning sign . New York State motorcycle crossing warning sign . New York State ATV crossing warning sign . Ohio golf cart crossing warning sign . Ohio horse - drawn vehicle ahead warning sign . Horse - drawn vehicle ahead , Ohio . Canada logging truck crossing warning sign . Canada ATV crossing warning sign . Canada snowmobile crossing sign . Road work or construction ( edit ) These signs are often temporary in nature and used to indicate road work ( construction ) , poor roads , or temporary conditions ahead on the road including : flagmen , survey crew , single - lane , detour , bridge out , utility crew ahead , blasting area , bump , dip , frost heaves , flooding ( with signs labeled `` High water '' ) , soft shoulder , uneven pavement , freshly oiled road , loose gravel , smoke on road , trucks entering , etc . ( Note that some `` high water '' signs are posted to alert drivers of a flood - prone area and do not actually mean that there is a flooded section of road ahead . ) In France , Italy , Spain , Norway etc. , warning ( and speed limit ) signs connected with road work have yellow background , these countries normally have white background on signs . In America and Ireland , signs connected with road work have orange background . New Zealand road work sign Brazil road work sign . Ireland road work sign . Jamaica road work sign Austria and Turkey road works sign . Italy construction sign . Norway road work sign . Swedish road work sign . France construction sign . Poland construction sign . Thailand construction sign . Ukraine road work sign . UK road work sign . UK loose chippings warning sign . Netherlands and Turkey loose chippings warning sign . Norway loose chippings sign . Poland loose chippings sign . New Zealand loose chippings sign . Singapore works access ahead sign Singapore heavy vehicles turning ahead sign Canada construction ahead sign . U.S. road work ahead sign . U.S. road work ahead sign , metric version . U.S. and Canada Workers on the road sign . New York State bridge closed ahead sign . Caltrans traffic fines doubled in work zones sign . New York State increased enforcement area work zone sign . Temporary road closure signs in Los Angeles . Curves and corners ( edit ) These signs indicate that ahead are dangerous or unexpected bends in the road , some being continuous , others being sharp - ended . Signs may indicate whether the curves are to the right or to the left and whether the degree to which the curves or bends are sharp . They may also indicate a series of curves or bends ahead . Brazil sharp turn sign Brazil curve sign Chile curve sign Chile sharp turn sign Colombia sharp turn sign Colombia curve sign Indonesia and Thailand left curve sign Malaysia left curve sign Mexico sharp curve ahead sign Mexico sharp turn ahead sign Mexico sharp reverse curves ahead sign Mexico sharp reverse turns ahead sign Mexico winding road ahead sign Panama and Peru sharp turn sign Panama and Peru curve sign Philippines sharp turn ahead sign Philippines sharp reserve turns ahead sign Philippines sharp curve ahead sign Philippines sharp reserve curves ahead sign Philippines winding road ahead sign Saudi Arabia right bend Uruguay sharp turn sign Uruguay curve sign U.S. and Canada sharp turn ahead sign U.S. turn to the right sign , with advisory speed limit U.S. and Canada sharp curve ahead sign U.S. curve to the right sign , with advisory speed limit U.S. and Canada sharp reverse turns ahead sign U.S. and Canada sharp reverse curves ahead sign U.S. and Canada winding road ahead sign U.S. side road junction on a curve sign U.S. crossroad on a curve sign U.S. side road junction on a curve sign U.S. side road junction on a curve sign U.S. side road junction on a double curve sign U.S. crossroad on a double curve sign U.S. and Canada hairpin curve ahead sign California reverse turns ahead sign , with advisory speed limit Quebec hairpin curve ahead sign UK left bend ahead France right curve sign Netherlands bend to right Norway right bend New Zealand fish hook curve to the left sign New Zealand 90 and 120 degrees curve to the left sign Australia sharp turn ahead sign Australia sharp curve ahead sign Australia sharp reverse curves ahead sign Australia winding road ahead sign Ireland sharp corner ( Advisory speed < 50 km / h ) Ireland curve sign ( Advisory speed > 45 km / h ) Malaysian two dangerous curve on the left sign India curve to right sign India curve to left sign Austria and Turkey left curve sign Sweden and Greece curve to the left sign Poland curve to left sign Ireland double bend China double bend Poland double bend UK double bend Norway double bend Italy , Latvia , Sudan double bend Ireland series of curves ( winding road ) Chevrons and arrows ( edit ) Chevron - shaped symbols or arrows on rectangular signs may be placed at the actual location of the bend or curve to further mark the location of the curve and to assist in negotiation of the curve . They may also be used to indicate `` merge '' with other traffic , as for an on - ramp of a limited - access highway . An unusual occurrence of the rectangular arrow sign appears on the eastbound approach to Dead Man 's Curve in Cleveland , Ohio , USA , a curve so sharp that in places an arrow 's stem is printed on one sign and the arrow 's point is printed on another larger sign further down the road ; from the driver 's perspective at a distance the two signs visually blend together to form one large arrow image . Philippines curve chevron U.S. and Canada curve chevron Quebec curve chevron Norway curve chevrons Sweden curve chevrons Russia curve chevrons Singapore chevron signs France curve chevrons Australia curve chevron New Zealand curve chevrons with advisory speed limit France curve chevrons France ring of chevrons in traffic circle hub Switzerland curve chevrons U.S. curve arrow Canada curve arrow Quebec curve arrow U.S. curve arrow ( vandalized with gunfire ) Tunnels ( edit ) The signs are used to indicate tunnels , where lights are usually required , and a general change in the light level . May also indicate low ceiling clearance . Truck drivers should also watch for prohibited cargo signs ( e.g. , hazmat , propane , explosives ) upon approach to tunnels . United States ( California ) Czech Republic Jamaica Norway Russia Singapore South Korea Sweden Taiwan United Kingdom New Zealand Bridges ( edit ) These signs are used where traffic may be constricted to a narrow bridge , or where the bridge may have a movable span closed to vehicles while boats pass ( e.g. , drawbridge or floating bridge ) . They may also be used for underpass to indicate low overhead clearance . Philippines narrow bridge warning sign U.S. narrow bridge warning sign U.S. narrow bridge warning sign ( alternative ) U.S. one lane bridge warning sign India narrow bridge warning sign Jamaica narrow bridge warning sign New Zealand narrow bridge warning sign ( one way bridges also have priority signs ) Italy drawbridge ahead sign Russia and Latvia drawbridge ahead sign UK drawbridge ahead sign Czech Republic drawbridge ahead sign Norway drawbridge ahead sign Ontario and Quebec bridge warning sign Canada and Australia narrow bridge warning sign Quebec deer - proof bridge warning sign Singapore height prohibition ahead sign 4.5 m ( 15 ft ) U.S. sign . 3.8 m ( 12 ft 6 in ) Ireland bridge height sign 4.65 m ( 15.3 ft ) New Zealand underpass height sign 3.82 m ( 12.5 ft ) New York State restricted - weight bridge ahead sign 5 short tons ( 4.5 t ) Traffic signals ( edit ) These warning signs indicate that traffic lights are ahead , and are often used when it is difficult to see that a traffic light may already be showing red , to warn a driver to prepare to slow down . They may be supplemented with flashing light or lighted sign when light is red or turning red . Some countries also have signs warning of signals for ramp meters , fire stations , and airfields . Australia Belgium Botswana , Lesotho , Namibia , South Africa , Swaziland , Tanzania Brazil Chile , Venezuela China Colombia , Panama , Peru France Germany , Saudi Arabia Indonesia Ireland Italy : vertical traffic signal ahead Italy : horizontal traffic signal ahead Japan Malaysia Mexico Netherlands New Zealand Norway Philippines Poland South Korea Spain Thailand United Kingdom , Hong Kong , Singapore , Dominica , Saint Kitts and Nevis United States , Canada , Dominican Republic , Jamaica United States : alternative United States : ramp meter ahead Uruguay Warning signs for Regulatory signs ( edit ) As for traffic signals , above , some `` stop '' or `` yield '' signs may require additional warning or reminder , especially in dense areas or where the sign has been added recently . Australia stop sign ahead Australia give way sign ahead Jamaica stop ahead sign Jamaica give way ahead sign New Zealand stop ahead sign New Zealand give way ahead sign New Zealand speed limit ahead sign Philippines stop sign ahead Philippines give way sign ahead U.S. and Canada stop sign ahead U.S. stop sign ahead ( alternative ) U.S. and Canada yield ahead sign U.S. yield sign ahead ( alternative ) U.S. speed zone ahead U.S. speed zone ahead ( alternative ) U.S. school speed zone ahead Canada speed zone ahead Germany stop sign ahead China stop sign ahead Intersections ( edit ) These signs warn of road crossings at ( crossroads , T - intersection , forks ( Y - intersection ) , rotary / roundabout ) . They may also indicate `` hidden driveway '' intersecting the road ahead . ( Compare with bridges , overpasses , viaducts ) . Australia , New Zealand and Ontario crossroads ahead sign Australia and New Zealand crossroads from the left sign Australia , New Zealand and Ontario side road intersection on left sign Australia and New Zealand junction at corner with a minor road sign Australia T - intersection ahead sign Australia and New Zealand junction at corner with a minor road sign Brazil crossroads sign Brazil side road sign Brazil oblique side road sign Chile crossroads sign Chile side road sign Colombia crossroads sign Colombia side road sign Colombia oblique side road sign Jamaica crossroad sign Jamaica side road sign Jamaica T - intersection sign Jamaica priority crossroad sign Panama crossroads sign Panama side road sign Panama oblique side road sign Peru crossroads sign Peru crossroads with minor road ahead sign Peru major road ahead sign Peru side road sign Peru side road with minor road sign Peru oblique side road sign Philippines crossroads ahead sign Philippines priority crossroads ahead sign Philippines side road ahead sign Philippines priority side road ahead sign Philippines oblique side road ahead sign Philippines T - intersection ahead sign Philippines Y - intersection ahead sign Saudi Arabia crossroads sign Uruguay crossroads sign Uruguay side road sign UK crossroads ahead sign Norway crossroads ahead sign Japan crossroads sign Italy , Latvia and Sudan crossroads with right - of - way from the right sign Italy , Latvia and Sudan junction with a minor side - road sign Italy , Latvia and Sudan junction with a minor cross road sign Swedish intersection with minor side - road sign Swedish intersection with minor cross road sign Norway intersection with minor cross road sign Ireland crossroads with a major road sign Ireland junction with a minor side - road sign Ireland junction at corner with a minor road sign Ireland junction at a bend with a minor road sign Ireland junction with dual - carriageway sign U.S. and Canada intersection ahead sign U.S. and Canada intersection ahead sign U.S. and Canada intersection ahead sign U.S. and Canada intersection ahead sign U.S. and Canada intersection ahead sign Hidden intersection , Delaware Roundabouts / rotaries Australian and New Zealand roundabout ahead sign Brazil roundabout sign Chile roundabout sign Colombia roundabout sign Jamaica roundabout sign Panama roundabout sign Peru roundabout sign Philippines roundabout ahead sign Uruguay roundabout sign Ireland roundabout ahead sign Finland roundabout sign Norway roundabout sign Roundabout ahead sign in Poland UK large roundabout ahead sign Italy , Latvia and Sudan roundabout ahead sign U.S. and Canada roundabout / traffic circle ahead sign U.S. traffic circle ahead sign Lane starts and ends ( edit ) These signs indicate when a multilane highway is being narrowed , when a passing lane is ending , or where the road is widening or a passing lane starting . Another type of sign is used to indicate central `` two - way '' left turning lane in center of roadway . Warning signs may also warn of `` Highway ends '' , where the road changes class or type . Philippines road narrow sign U.S. and Canada right lane ends sign Brazil road narrows on both sides sign Japan lane decrease sign Taiwan : right lane ends ahead Italy , Latvia and Sudan road narrows from the right Norway road narrows on both sides UK road narrows on both sides ahead sign Australia road narrow sign Canada and New York State one lane road ahead sign New York State one lane road ahead sign Massachusetts lane drop ahead Merge to stay with through traffic ( edit ) In the United States and Canada , there is special signage for lanes that are about to exit , so that drivers who wish to remain on the main road have adequate time to merge . Such lanes are sometimes indicated by special striping ( `` alligator stripes '' ) and the sign , `` Through Traffic Merge Left '' ( or right ) . On freeways , the green directions sign for the exit ramp may have the additional notation , `` Exit Only , '' and should have black letters on a yellow background for emphasis . Australia and New Zealand merging traffic sign Brazil merging traffic sign Chile merging traffic sign Colombia merging traffic sign Panama , U.S. and Canada merging traffic sign Peru merging traffic sign Philippines merging traffic sign Uruguay merging traffic sign U.S. and Canada Added Lane traffic sign Caltrans W74 all traffic merge left sign Japan join sign Germany merge with through traffic sign Italy merge from right sign Roads with one entry point ( edit ) Roadways that only have one entry / exit point - `` dead end '' , `` not a through street '' or `` no outlet '' . New Zealand : No exit Australia and Philippines : No through road U.S. dead end sign U.S. `` no outlet '' sign Pennsylvania No Through Street sign Pennsylvania loop street sign New York City : dead end Canada : cul - de-sac sign Canada : `` no exit '' sign Jamaica no through road sign End of roadway ( edit ) Canada U.S. ( New York City ) : roadway ends . U.S. roadway ends here ( aka the `` red splat '' ) . Pedestrian crossings ( edit ) The signs are used to warn drivers of people walking in the street . They may also be used to warn of children playing , playgrounds , bicycle area , deaf child , blind pedestrians , and thickly settled zones where pedestrians may enter the road . In California , United States near the Mexican border , there are warning signs showing a running family . This is to warn motorists to look out for illegal immigrants who try to escape authorities by running through freeway traffic . The symbol was created by California Department of Transportation employee John Hood in the late 1980s . Australia pedestrian sign Philippines pedestrian sign Philippines slow down pedestrian crossing ahead sign Botswana , Lesotho , Namibia , South Africa , Swaziland and Tanzania pedestrian crossing sign Botswana , Lesotho , Namibia , South Africa , Swaziland and Tanzania pedestrian sign Indonesian pedestrian crossing sign Ireland pedestrian sign Malaysia pedestrian sign UK zebra crossing ahead sign France pedestrian crossing sign Netherlands pedestrian crossing sign Norway pedestrian crossing sign Thailand pedestrian crossing sign Brazil pedestrian sign UK pedestrians on road ahead sign Poland pedestrian crossing ahead sign Sweden pedestrian crossing sign ( Used to warn ahead ) Russia pedestrian crossing sign Australia : crosswalk ahead U.S. and Canada pedestrian crossing sign Children crossing , Ireland Blind pedestrian crossing sign , Pennsylvania Special needs child crossing , New York City Blind child , Delaware Hearing impaired child sign Pennsylvania Deaf child area sign , New York State Deaf child , Delaware Deaf children near sign , California Caution ( running family ) , California Autistic child warning , USA Schools ( edit ) The signs mark school zones ( in which lower speed limits may be in place ) , student crossings , crossing guards or signals ahead . In the U.S. and Canada , pentagon - shaped signs are used in place of the usual diamond - shaped signs . The shape of the U.S. school zone resembles a one - room schoolhouse and is the only U.S. sign shaped this way . Some Canadian provinces use an identical sign . Ontario uses a white on blue version of this sign . U.S. / Canada school zone Australia children sign Australia : School ahead New Zealand children sign Philippines children sign Botswana , Lesotho , Namibia , South Africa , Swaziland and Tanzania children sign Indonesia children sign Ireland children crossing sign Japan children crossing sign Malaysia children crossing sign UK children sign Netherlands children sign Brazil school zone sign Brazil children sign Norway children sign France children sign Thailand School crossing ahead Thailand School children crossing Russia children crossing sign Poland children crossing sign Poland : kindergarten U.S. school bus stop ahead sign Bicycle ( edit ) Australia bicycles sign Poland bicycle crossing warning sign Norway bicycle crossing warning sign Russia bicycle crossing warning sign U.K. bicycles crossing ahead sign U.S. bicycles ahead sign New York City share the road sign Pennsylvania share the road sign Maryland share the road sign San Francisco bike lane sign U.S. bikeway narrows sign Other signs with unprotected people ( edit ) Norway skiers crossing sign . Sweden skiers crossing sign . U.S. playground ahead sign . Canada playground ahead sign . Fire stations ( edit ) These signs warn of approach to where firefighters may be entering the road with fire engines or other emergency apparatus , where other drivers will have to stop and wait until they pass . U.S. fire station sign . Canadian fire station sign . Delaware emergency vehicles sign . Wisconsin fire trucks entering when signal flashes sign . Texas emergency vehicles sign . New York State firehouse sign . Maryland `` firehouse signal '' sign . Oncoming traffic ( edit ) The signs may be used to warn people of oncoming traffic ; shown when a motorway becomes a dual carriageway or a normal road without a central reservation or median . Australia and New Zealand two - way traffic sign Brazil two - way traffic sign Ireland two - way traffic sign Italy , Latvia , and Sudan two - way traffic sign Jamaica two - way traffic sign Sweden two - way traffic sign Germany two - way traffic ahead sign Norway two - way traffic sign Poland two - way traffic sign U.S. two - way traffic sign Level crossing ( railway crossing ) ( edit ) These signs are used to warn of level crossings ahead . In most countries , a red triangle warning sign is used , with various pictograms for unguarded crossings , crossings with manual gates , and automatic level crossings . In most of Europe , an old - style gate is used for a crossing with gates , and a steam locomotive for a crossing without gates . Germany uses an electric train . Similar pictograms are also used in Ireland , albeit on an amber diamond sign . In the United States the warning of all types of railway crossings is made using a circular yellow sign . The actual crossing is also marked with crossed `` railroad crossing '' crossbuck signs ( stop , look , listen ) and possibly lights , bells , and barriers . Crossing with gate Brazil controlled railroad crossing sign UK level crossing with gate or barrier sign Ireland level crossing with gates sign Italy rail crossing with gates sign Sweden crossing with gate sign German level crossing sign used for guarded and unguarded crossings Norway crossing with gate sign Russia crossing with gate sign Unguarded crossing Australia railway level crossing without gate or barrier ahead sign Philippines uncontrolled railroad crossing sign Brazil uncontrolled railroad crossing sign UK railway level crossing without gate or barrier ahead Taiwan : crossing , no gate , first warning Italy rail crossing without safety arm Sweden unguarded crossing sign Norway unguarded crossing sign Russia unguarded crossing sign Other crossings Philippines railroad crossing with signals ahead sign Ireland automatic level crossing sign Finland tram crossing sign Greece tram crossing sign UK tramcars crossing ahead sign Russia tram crossing sign Norway tram crossing sign U.S. railroad crossing sign ( general ) Canada railroad crossing sign ( general ) Caltrans light rail crossing ahead sign U.S. humped - crossing low vehicle scrape risk U.S. skewed crossing ( hazard to cyclists ) Australia and New Zealand railroad crossing with signals ahead New Zealand cyclists watch for track - ruts Warning at crossing ( crossbucks ) Philippines railroad crossing sign U.S. railroad crossing sign Thai RR crossing sign Norway signal track level crossing sign Netherlands track level crossing sign Austrian railway crossing sign Russia single - track railway sign Taiwan : electric tram crossing , multiple tracks UK railway or tramway crossing without gate or barrier ( the crossbuck ) Falling rocks ( edit ) These signs may be used to indicate the hazards of fallen or falling rocks on the road ahead . They are usually pictographs , but may also include wording , such as `` fallen rock '' , `` falling rock '' , or `` rock slide '' . In Italy the words may be `` caduta sassi '' or `` caduta massi '' ; in France `` chûte de pierres '' ; in Mexico `` derrumbe s '' . Australia and New Zealand falling rocks sign Philippines road narrow sign United Kingdom and Hong Kong `` falling rocks '' warning sign Norway falling rocks sign Ukraine falling rocks sign Japanese `` falling rocks '' sign New York State fallen rock sign Pennsylvania falling rocks sign North Carolina falling rock sign Idaho watch for rock sign Caltrans rock slide area sign New York State rock / mud slides warning sign Caltrans `` falling rocks '' sign Canada `` falling rocks '' sign Other warnings ( aircraft - related ) ( edit ) For example , a warning sign with the image of an aircraft in the middle of it indicates an airport or airfield , where drivers should be prepared for low - flying aircraft . Philippines low flying aircraft warning sign Norway low flying aircraft sign Russia low flying aircraft sign UK low flying aircraft sign Ireland low flying aircraft sign New York State low flying planes sign Delaware low flying aircraft Pennsylvania balloon launch area Low flying airplanes cross here sign , Wisconsin Crosswinds or side winds ( edit ) Flying socks , as indicated by a windsock on red triangle or yellow diamond signs , indicate locations where a strong side wind may cause the trajectory of the moving vehicle to change drastically , perhaps even `` flying '' across lanes , causing an accident . Japan cross winds sign UK side winds likely ahead warning sign Sweden side winds warning sign Norway cross winds sign Poland side winds sign Ukraine powerful crosswinds area sign New York State crosswinds sign Pennsylvania high cross winds sign Idaho frequent high winds sign Road conditions ( edit ) `` Slippery when wet '' , `` grooved pavement '' ( warning to motorcyclists and bicyclists ) , `` Open joints on bridge '' , `` Icy Road '' , `` Bridge freezes before roadway '' and variants thereof , and `` bump '' or `` dip '' ahead ( not related to construction ) . Truck drivers will need to pay attention to `` Steep grade '' warnings ( or `` Down grade , use lower gear '' ) , sometimes posted with the percent grade ( e.g. , 5 percent ) . Steep hills may also feature `` Runaway truck escape '' or `` Emergency stop '' areas with corresponding signs . The UK has a sign warning of `` Adverse camber '' on a curve . Also `` Loose gravel '' , `` Soft shoulder '' , `` Speed hump '' , and `` Watch for Ice . '' Slippery pavement Australia and New Zealand slippery when wet Philippines slippery when wet United States slippery when wet U.S. and Canada bridge ices before road Brazil slippery road sign Japan slippery when wet Swedish slippery pavement sign Norway slippery pavement sign UK slippery road ahead sign Poland slippery pavement sign Poland icy or snow - covered roads Czech black ice prone area Nebraska , may be icy ahead Michigan , bridge may be icy Steep grade Australia and New Zealand steep descent sign Philippines steep descent sign U.S. and Canada steep grade / hill sign U.S. steep hill sign U.S. and Canada steep grade / hill percentage sign California watch downhill speed Brazil steep descent sign Austria steep grade sign UK 10 % down grade sign Netherlands 10 % grade sign France 10 % down grade sign Norway steep grade sign Poland steep grade sign Korea steep descent sign Japan steep descent sign Delaware hill sign ( alternate ) Idaho steep grade percentage sign Bumpy road Australia and New Zealand hump sign Philippines hump sign U.S. bump sign New Jersey bumps sign U.S. rough road sign Brazil bump sign Brazil rough road sign Ireland bumpy road sign Japan bumpy road sign Korea bumpy road sign Norway bumpy road sign Germany bumpy road sign Ukraine bump sign Canada bump sign Canada bumps sign Miscellaneous ( edit ) Other U.S. and Australia : Dip New York State rumble strips ahead sign Idaho occasional blinding dust storms sign Road floods during high tide , Hawaii Frost heaves , Idaho Severe storm area , Idaho Ferry crossing , Missouri Fog area , Ohio Czech fog area Netherlands rain or snow area Italy risk of fire United Kingdom try your brakes Unusual warning signs UK : toad zone . UK , Tank Crossing . Lithuania : blind spot . Netherlands ( Texel ) : caution quicksand . New Zealand , Penguin Crossing . Colombia , opossum area . U.S. : remote controlled railway locomotives . Germany : watch out , the railway crossing is privately owned . No unpermitted crossing . Australia , Assorted Wildlife Crossing . Svalbard , Polar Bear Area ( new white bear variant ) . U.S. ( vintage ) , Avoid Bears . On Laos / Thailand border : ahead we drive on opposite side of road . Poland : danger , car ferry ahead . New Zealand : exceptional curves / intersections / R.R. x-ing situation . U.S. : trolley testing underway . U.S. ( Alaska ) : Warning : No Warnings Ahead . Taiwan , owl crossing . Danger High Voltage , Saudi Arabia . UK , Slow Children & Ducks Crossing sign . U.S. ( California ) , Hang - Glider Xing ( crossing ) . Germany : look out wide snowcat vehicles . Poland : buildings may collapse , steer clear . South Korea , Beware of White Squirrels . Thailand : go upland during tremors , tsunami zone . U.S. ( Alaska ) Bison may ram cars ( hand - painted ) . South Africa : baboons . Austria : caution , marmots ! Namibia : leopard zone . Australia : fruit bats , virus risk . South Africa : lions , stay in car . UK : badger crossing . Germany : danger of drowning in channel . WWII urban front line : sightseers stay back . Germany : unexploded ordnance . Falkland Islands : slow , landmines . Germany : flash flood area . Italy : flash flood area ( hydroelectric activity ) . Australia : frill - necked lizard zone . Finland : mosquito swarms . South Africa : beware of hippos . Greenland : musk ox area . Germany : mind the otters . Namibia : warthog zone . Germany : falling ice . Italy : beware of toxic gases from fumaroles . Greenland : dogsled crossing . Germany : danger of collapse due to mine subsidence . Germany : unstable underground . U.S. : underground fire -- road might collapse . Germany : pet and wildlife conflicts , disease - bearing ticks . On barb wire at Auschwitz 1 : high voltage . Germany : overhanging vegetation . Ireland : quayside dropoff . Australia , Tasmanian devil area . Japan : Iriomote cat zone . Australia : golf ball zone . Réunion Island : risk of falling palm fronds . Trolle Ljungby , Sweden : pheasant family crossing . Israel : camel zone sign , multilingual . Norway : military exercise underway . Bulgaria : children ( `` children do n't have brakes '' ) . Scotland : passing zone ( plus hand - painted caution lambs sign on old tire ) . Bosnia : ( 1992 - 95 wartime ) hand - painted Alert Snipers ! U.S. ( Alaska ) : deadly cold , proceed only at your own risk . U.S. ( California ) : message to undocumented immigrants that crossing the desert can be fatal . Danger of death , a safari park of Italy . U.S. ( Oregon ) : Deadly wave warning . Czech , Alert : traffic accidents with serious consequences . Vandal - modified joke signs Germany : generic caution with added Santa sleigh . Sweden : generic caution symbol with added skvader jackalope . In Finland . a generic caution with vandal - added hedgehog picture . Vandal added skis to an Austrian Cattle Crossing sign . Germany : stork area with added droppings . In France , a vandal added animals . Generic Warning symbol to which a Czech vandal added : `` beware of low - flying witches '' . Australian Cassowary Crossing and Speed Bump signs modified by vandal to be a combined before and after roadkill scene . Pedestrian Crossing with added wings and Red Bull can . In Scotland , Cattle Crossing sign vandal - modified to warn against elephants . Germany : waiter added to caution sign . Germany : Kitesurfer added to bumpy road sign . Warning signs with lights ( edit ) Some warning signs have flashing lights to alert drivers of conditions ahead or remind drivers to slow down . In Britain , they are called warning light . Flashing lights can be dangerous for people with certain forms of epilepsy and / or sensory processing disorder . Attached lights School zone traffic warning sign in Denmark . France red traffic signal ahead . Crosswalk alert with solar - powered lit outline . Denmark portable multipurpose traffic warning array . School Zone sign with warning light in U.S. U.S. flood zone sign . Non-traffic warning signs ( edit ) Sign in Niagara Falls , Ontario , warning people not to climb over guard rail overlooking the Niagara River . Warning entrance sign to an exhibitions at Palazzo Pitti museum compound , Florence , Italy . Warning signs are also found on other potential dangerous sites . At the base of electricity pylons or fences of substations or radiotechnical equipment with open parts leading high voltage , there are signs warning of high voltage . Warning signs can be found at the top of inclines . `` Beware of Dog '' is a typical warning of the presence of a dog , but there is no standard sign design . Others include wet floor signs . See also ( edit ) Hazard symbol Note ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Warning signs . ^ Federal Highway Administration . `` Section 1A. 13 Definitions of Words and Phrases in This Manual '' . Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices ( 2003 ed . ) . Washington , DC . p. 1A - 14 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 01 . Warning Sign -- a sign that gives notice to road users of a situation that might not be readily apparent . ^ `` CNN - Defendants get 15 - year prison sentences for stop - sign killings - June 20 , 1997 '' . cnn.com . ^ `` Florida Defendants Get Retrial on Manslaughter Convictions Resulting from Deaths at Intersection Where Stop Sign Downed ; Dissenting Judge Argues for Acquittal '' . usroads.com . ^ `` Tampabay : Suddenly , stop sign case is over '' . sptimes.com . ^ `` Highway safety sign becomes running story on immigration - The San Diego Union - Tribune '' . signonsandiego.com . ^ Driver 's Handbook Traffic signs Signs Warning sign Regulatory sign Prohibitory traffic sign Mandatory sign Special regulation sign Stop sign Yield sign Crossbuck Dead End sign One - way traffic Speed limit ( by country ) Advisory speed limit Information sign Direction , position , or indication sign Variable - message sign Bilingual sign Driver location signs Logo sign Priority to the right By comparison Comparison of European road signs Comparison of MUTCD - influenced traffic signs Comparison of traffic signs in English - speaking countries By country Africa Botswana Mauritius South Africa Zimbabwe Asia Azerbaijan Bangladesh Brunei Cambodia China Hong Kong India Indonesia Iran Israel Japan Laos Malaysia Nepal Pakistan Singapore South Korea Sri Lanka Thailand Turkey United Arab Emirates Vietnam Europe Austria Bosnia and Herzegovina Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Iceland Ireland Italy Liechtenstein Netherlands Norway Poland Sweden Switzerland Ukraine United Kingdom Scotland Wales North America Canada Mexico United States Oceania Australia New Zealand South America Argentina Brazil Chile Colombia Lights Traffic light Traffic - light signalling and operation Traffic light control and coordination Typefaces Alfabeto Normale ( IT ) Austria ( AT ) Caractères ( FR ) Clarendon ( US ) Clearview ( US / CA / ID / PH / LK ) DIN 1451 ( DE / SADC ) Drogowskaz ( PL ) Enigmatic ( JP / KR ) Highway Gothic ( Global ) Bitstream Vera Sans ( TW ) Frutiger ( Europe ) GOST 10807 - 78 ( USSR ) GOST R 52290 - 2004 ( RU ) Hangil ( KR ) LLM Lettering ( MY ) Motorway ( Europe ) NPS Rawlinson Roadway ( US ) Panno ( KR ) SNV ( CH ) Tern ( Europe ) Trafikkalfabetet ( NO ) Transport ( UK ) Tratex ( SE ) Vialog ( JP ) Conventions Geneva Convention on Road Traffic Vienna Convention on Road Traffic Vienna Convention on Road Signs and Signals Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices ( US ) SADC Road Traffic Signs Manual ( SADC ) Traffic Signs Regulations and General Directions ( UK ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Warning_sign&oldid=816480553 '' Categories : Traffic signs Safety Hazards Warning systems Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing reorganization from December 2017 Articles needing cleanup from December 2017 All pages needing cleanup Articles that may contain original research from December 2017 All articles that may contain original research Articles needing additional references from December 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles lacking reliable references from December 2017 All articles lacking reliable references Articles with multiple maintenance issues Articles that may be too long from December 2008 Articles containing Italian - language text Articles containing French - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Башҡортса Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano Қазақша Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Română Русский Svenska தமிழ் 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 21 December 2017 , at 16 : 43 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | the sign marked in this triangle in red colour | [
"These signs are used to warn of level crossings ahead. In most countries, a red triangle warning sign is used, with various pictograms for unguarded crossings, crossings with manual gates, and automatic level crossings. In most of Europe, an old-style gate is used for a crossing with gates, and a steam locomotive for a crossing without gates. Germany uses an electric train. Similar pictograms are also used in Ireland, albeit on an amber diamond sign. In the United States the warning of all types of railway crossings is made using a circular yellow sign. The actual crossing is also marked with crossed \"railroad crossing\" crossbuck signs (stop, look, listen) and possibly lights, bells, and barriers."
] | [
"to warn of level crossings ahead"
] |
-8601162877240793614 | Miss Peregrine's Home for Peculiar Children (film) | Miss Peregrine 's Home for Peculiar Children ( film ) - wikipedia Miss Peregrine 's Home for Peculiar Children ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search Miss Peregrine 's Home for Peculiar Children Theatrical release poster Directed by Tim Burton Produced by Peter Chernin Jenno Topping Screenplay by Jane Goldman Based on Miss Peregrine 's Home for Peculiar Children by Ransom Riggs Starring Eva Green Asa Butterfield Chris O'Dowd Allison Janney Rupert Everett Terence Stamp Ella Purnell Judi Dench Samuel L. Jackson Music by Mike Higham Matthew Margeson Cinematography Bruno Delbonnel Edited by Chris Lebenzon Production companies Chernin Entertainment Tim Burton Productions TSG Entertainment Scope Pictures St. Petersburg Clearwater Film Commission Ingeniøus Distributed by 20th Century Fox Release date September 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 25 ) ( Fantastic Fest ) September 30 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 30 ) ( United States ) Running time 127 minutes Country United States United Kingdom Language English Budget $110 million Box office $296.5 million Miss Peregrine 's Home for Peculiar Children is a 2016 fantasy film directed by Tim Burton and written by Jane Goldman , based on the 2011 novel of the same name by Ransom Riggs . The film stars Eva Green , Asa Butterfield , Chris O'Dowd , Allison Janney , Rupert Everett , Terence Stamp , Ella Purnell , Judi Dench , and Samuel L. Jackson . Filming began in February 2015 in London and the Tampa Bay Area . The film premiered at Fantastic Fest in Austin , Texas , on September 25 , 2016 , and was theatrically released in the United States on September 30 , 2016 , by 20th Century Fox . It grossed $296 million worldwide against a production budget of $110 million . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 The Peculiars 2.1. 1 The Peculiar Adults 2.1. 2 The Peculiar Children 2.1. 3 The Wights and Hollows 2.2 The Non-Peculiars 3 Production 4 Music 5 Release 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical response 5.3 Accolades 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) For years , Abraham Portman has told stories to his grandson Jacob about his childhood surviving in World War II , battling monsters and living at a secret home for children in Cairnholm , Wales . According to Abe , the home 's children and their headmistress Miss Alma Peregrine possess paranormal abilities and are known as `` peculiars '' . When Jacob turns sixteen , Jake responds to a panicked phone call from Abe , and goes to his house to find him dying with his eyes removed . Abe tells him to go to `` the loop of September 3 , 1943 '' . After Abe dies , Jake glimpses a monster exactly like the ones described in Abe 's stories hiding in the forest . Jake 's parents sign him up for psychiatrist check - ups , and following advice from his psychiatrist , Dr. Golan , and the lead of a letter from Miss Peregrine to Abe , Jake travels to Cairnholm with his father to investigate the children 's home , whereupon he learns that it was destroyed during a Luftwaffe raid . However upon visiting the ruined house , he finds the children there alive and well . They take him through a portal in a cave and he emerges in the year 1943 when the house was still intact . Miss Peregrine greets him and explains that she belongs to a class of female peculiars called `` ymbrynes '' who can shapeshift into birds ( in Miss Peregrine 's case , a peregrine falcon ) and manipulate time . To avoid persecution , she and the children hide from the outside world in a time loop she created , accessible only to peculiars and set to September 3 , 1943 . This time loop allows them to live the same day repeatedly and avoid aging as long as they stay inside of it . Jake is introduced to the rest of the children , including aerokinetic Emma Bloom , to whom he is attracted . Jake learns that he himself is a peculiar and , like Abe , has the ability to see the invisible monsters from Abe 's stories , `` hollowgast '' ( or `` hollows '' ) . Hollows are invisible disfigured peculiar scientists that resulted from killing an Ymbryne in a failed experiment to become immortal by harvesting her powers . Led by shapeshifter Mr. Barron , they hunt Peculiars to consume their eyeballs , which allows them to become `` wights '' , hollows with regained visible human forms , but with milky - white eyes . A wounded ymbryne named Miss Avocet arrives and explains that Barron raided her January 2016 time loop at Blackpool , England , killed her children , and is trying to repeat his failed experiment by using more ymbrynes . Jake realized earlier that a hollow could be in the island after he sees eyeless sheep corpses in the present . Worried , Miss Peregrine decides to move out with her children and Miss Avocet . Jake returns to 2016 and realizes the hollow is even closer after another victim was killed , so he goes back to the cave to warn his friends . However , he is followed by another visitor on the island , an ornithologist who reveals himself to be a disguise for Mr. Barron . Barron reveals that he was about to gain Miss Peregrine 's loop from Abe , but his hungry hollow companion Mr. Malthus killed him before he could . Barron then posed as Dr. Golan and encouraged Jake to go to the island so he could find the loop . Using Jake as a hostage at the children 's home , Barron forces Miss Peregrine to trap herself in bird form and takes her to Blackpool , leaving Jake , the other children , and Miss Avocet as prey for Malthus . Malthus arrives and kills Miss Avocet , but Jake and the children escape just as the Luftwaffe bomb is about to destroy the house . Without Miss Peregrine to reset it , the house is destroyed and the loop closes , leaving Jake and the children stuck in 1943 , but safe from Malthus , who is killed in the explosion . Rescuing a sunken ocean liner , they travel to Blackpool and enter its January 2016 loop , fight Barron 's wight and hollow allies , and rescue Miss Peregrine and other captive Ymbrynes . Barron disguises himself as Jake , hoping to confuse the children who have come to finish him off . When the last remaining hollow arrives it mistakes Barron for Jake and kills him , and is in turn killed by Jake . Before the time loop closes , Emma tells Jake that because of Miss Peregrine 's injury in the battle , the children will live in 1943 and that they will handle the hollows . Jake says goodbye to them as they exit and return to their ship in 1943 , while he stays in his year of 2016 . He travels back to Florida and relates his adventures to his grandfather , who is alive and well , as Malthus ' death in the beginning of 2016 erased his presence in Florida later on . Abe gives Jake a map of international time loops and money from different countries and urges him to seek out Emma . After months of searching and traveling , Jake reaches Emma and the other children in 1943 . Emma and Jake confess their feelings , and start traveling along with Miss Peregrine and the other children , searching a new home . Cast ( edit ) The peculiars ( edit ) The Peculiar adults ( edit ) Eva Green as Miss Alma LeFay Peregrine , the headmistress of Miss Peregrine 's Home for Peculiar Children who can transform into a peregrine falcon and manipulate time . Terence Stamp as Abraham `` Abe '' Portman , Jake 's grandfather who can see the invisible hollows . Callum Wilson as a young Abe . Judi Dench as Miss Esmeralda Avocet , the headmistress of another shelter for Peculiar Children . Like Miss Peregrine , Miss Avocet can manipulate time and can transform into an avocet . The Peculiar Children ( edit ) Asa Butterfield as Jacob `` Jake '' Portman , a 16 - year - old American teenager and Abe 's grandson . He visits Miss Peregrine 's Home for Peculiar Children and is given by Miss Peregrine the task / promise of protecting the children . Like his grandfather , Jake has the ability to see the invisible hollows . Butterfield also portrays Mr. Barron 's disguise as Jake . Aiden Flowers as a 10 - year - old Jake . Nicholas Oteri as a 6 - year - old Jake . Ella Purnell as Emma Bloom , an aerokinetic teenager who can manipulate air and can breathe to create liquid bubbles under water . She is lighter than air and must always wear lead shoes or a tether to keep from floating away . Emma is also Abe 's former love interest in the 1940s and Jake 's current love interest . Finlay MacMillan as Enoch O'Connor , a teenager and Olive 's love interest who can reanimate the dead and bring to life inanimate objects as his living puppets for a limited time by placing a heart inside . Lauren McCrostie as Olive Abroholos Elephanta , a pyrokinetic red - haired teenager and Enoch 's love interest . She has to wear special black gloves in order to prevent burning everything she touches . Cameron King as the voice and motion - capture of Millard Nullings , an invisible boy . Pixie Davies as Bronwyn Bruntley , a super-strong young girl . Georgia Pemberton as Fiona Frauenfeld , a young girl who can control and maintain plants including the vegetables in Miss Peregrine 's garden . Milo Parker as Hugh Apiston , a boy with bees living in his stomach . Raffiella Chapman as Claire Densmore , a young girl with and additional mouth hidden in the back of her head . Hayden Keeler - Stone as Horace Somnusson , boy who can project his dreams ( which are sometimes prophetic ) through a monocle . Joseph and Thomas Odwell as the Twins , two masked gorgon - like twin boys who turn anyone who sees them into stone . They normally wear hoods to hide their faces . Louis Davison as Victor Bruntley , Bronwyn 's late brother who had the same ability as her . He was killed by a hollow infiltrator prior to the events in the film , and was briefly brought back to life by Enoch . The wights and hollows ( edit ) Samuel L. Jackson as Mr. Barron , the shapeshifting leader of the wights and hollows who is exclusive to the film . Barron and his wight and hollow minions hunt peculiars and devour their eyes upon capture to recover human form . His shapeshifting peculiarity allows him to disguise himself as another person . When he uses his peculiarity to become a person who does n't exist , his white eyes do n't change , so he has to wear contact lenses . He can also form blades , axes and / or lassos with his own hands . Allison Janney as Dr. Nancy Golan , Jake 's psychiatrist and one of Mr. Barron 's disguised forms . Rupert Everett as John Lamont ( credited as `` Ornithologist '' ) , an ornithologist and another of Mr. Barron 's disguised forms . Scott Handy as Mr. Gleeson , a cryokinetic wight . Helen Day as Miss Edwards , a half - simian wight with a great agility , dexterity and mobility . Jack Brady as Mr. Clark , a wight . Philip Philmar as Mr. Archer , a wight . Robert Milton Wallace as Mr. Malthus , a hollow . The non-peculiars ( edit ) Chris O'Dowd as Franklin `` Frank '' Portman , Jake 's father and Abe 's son . Kim Dickens as Maryann Portman ( credited as `` Jake 's Mom '' ) , Jake 's mother and an up - and - coming businesswoman . O - Lan Jones as Shelly , Jake 's drugstore supervisor and co-worker . Jennifer Jarackas as Susie Portman , Frank 's sister and Jake 's aunt . She passes Jake her late father 's gift which gives him the way to find Miss Peregrine 's time loop . George Vricos as Bobby , Judy 's husband and Jake 's uncle . Brooke Jaye Taylor as Judy , Bobby 's wife and Jake 's other aunt . Ioan Hefin as Kev , the bartender on Cairnholm in the present day . Nicholas Amer as Oggie , a blind and elderly present - day resident of Cairnholm . Shaun Thomas and Justin Davies as Dylan and Worm , two present - day teenage Welsh residents whom Jake meets in Cairnholm . Director Tim Burton makes a cameo appearance in the film as a visitor at the fun fair in Blackpool who gets a skeleton thrown at him by a Hollow . Glen Mexted , who previously worked with Burton as an extra in both Dark Shadows and the music video for The Killers ' `` Here with Me '' , also appears in the same scene as a customer eating ice cream . Production ( edit ) The film rights to the 2011 novel Miss Peregrine 's Home for Peculiar Children by Ransom Riggs were sold to 20th Century Fox on May of that year . In November , Deadline.com reported that Tim Burton was in talks to direct and would also be involved in selecting a writer On December 2 , Jane Goldman was reportedly hired to adapt the story as a screenplay for the film . On July 28 , 2014 , Eva Green was set to play Miss Peregrine in the film ; Mischa Barton , Lucy Hale and Alison Sudol were also considered . On September 24 , 2014 , it was announced that Asa Butterfield was being eyed for the second lead role as Burton 's choice , but that at that time he had not yet been offered the role . On November 5 , 2014 , Ella Purnell was offered a role and was in final talks to join the film ; it was also reported that Butterfield had been offered the male lead role , and was the favored choice . On February 6 , 2015 , Samuel L. Jackson was added to the cast to play Mr. Barron , while Butterfield was confirmed for the second lead role . Terence Stamp , Chris O'Dowd , Rupert Everett , Kim Dickens , and Judi Dench were announced as being in the cast on March 12 , 2015 . Filming was initially set to begin in August 2014 in London. Principal photography on the film began on February 24 , 2015 in the Tampa Bay Area . Filming lasted for two weeks in Hillsborough and Pinellas counties , in the Florida area . It is the second Tim Burton film to be shot in the Tampa Bay area , the first being Edward Scissorhands , in 1989 . Production of the film later moved to Caerhays Castle and Minions in Cornwall , and Blackpool in the United Kingdom , and Brasschaat , a municipality close to Antwerp , Belgium . Music ( edit ) The film 's score was composed by Mike Higham and Matthew Margeson . The soundtrack was released on October 11 , 2016 by La - La Land Records . Florence and the Machine recorded the film 's end credits song , `` Wish That You Were Here '' . Release ( edit ) Miss Peregrine 's Home for Peculiar Children was originally set for a release date of July 31 , 2015 . The release date moved to March 4 , 2016 , then again to December 25 , 2016 , before finally moving to September 30 , 2016 . Box Office ( edit ) Miss Peregrine 's Home for Peculiar Children grossed $87.2 million in the United States and Canada and $207.9 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $295.1 million , against a production budget of $110 million . In the United States and Canada , the film opened alongside Deepwater Horizon and was projected to gross around $25 million from 3,522 theaters in its opening weekend . In total , the film earned $28.9 million during its opening weekend , finishing first at the box office . The opening was on par with Dark Shadows ' $29.7 million in 2012 , Burton 's last big budgeted film . Variety called it `` a mediocre start '' given the film 's $110 million budget . It had number one openings in Russia ( $6.3 million ) , France ( $5.3 million ) , Mexico ( 3.8 million ) , Australia ( $3.1 million ) , Brazil ( $2.7 million ) and the Philippines ( $1.7 million ) and the biggest opening for Burton in Malaysia and Indonesia . In South Korea , it debuted at number two with $5.2 million . The film was released in China and Italy in December 2016 and Japan in February 2017 . Critical response ( edit ) On Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 64 % based on 209 reviews , with an average rating of 5.9 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Miss Peregrine 's Home for Peculiar Children proves a suitable match for Tim Burton 's distinctive style , even if it 's on stronger footing as a visual experience than a narrative one . '' On Metacritic , the film has a score of 57 out of 100 based on 43 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` B + '' on an A+ to F scale . IGN critic Samatha Ladwig gave the film a 7.2 / 10 , summarizing her review with : `` Though there are lingering questions about certain characters by the time the end credits roll , the film 's striking visuals help compensate for its unemotional and anti-climactic script . '' Justin Chang of Los Angeles Times wrote `` Easily the director 's finest work since his masterful 2007 screen adaptation of Sweeney Todd , and a striking reminder of what an unfettered gothic imagination can achieve with the right focus and an infusion of discipline . '' USA Today 's Brian Truitt gave the film 31⁄2 out of 4 and wrote , `` After a long run of dystopian YA movies for teen crowds , Burton is just the right guy to make cinema weird again . '' Calvin Wilson of St. Louis Post-Dispatch gave the film 31⁄2 out of 4 and stated , `` Burton delivers his most ambitious and engaging film since Sweeney Todd ( 2007 ) . Although the story becomes increasingly complex as it goes along , the emotional payoff is more than worth it . '' Michael O'Sullivan of The Washington Post gave the film 3 out of 4 and wrote `` The very idea of this - at once gruesome and darkly funny -- is perfectly suited to Burton 's sensibility , which also reveals itself in the casting of Butterfield , who has the quality of a young , slightly less freaky Johnny Depp . '' The Guardian 's Jordan Hoffman gave the film 4 out of 5 and said , `` We get the playfulness of seeing quirky magic powers mixed with the familiarity of how a time loop plays out . Add in Burton 's authorial visual stamp and what we 've got is an extremely pleasing formula . It gels as Tim Burton 's best ( non-musical ) live - action movie for 20 years . '' James Berardinelli from ReelViews gave the film 3 out of 4 and stated , `` Overall , despite feeling a little long and suffering from a rushed ending , Miss Peregrine 's Home for Peculiar Children is a fresh and engaging storybook adventure that should appeal to viewers both inside and out of the core demographic . '' The New York Times ' Manohla Dargis gave a positive review , writing : `` The story gets awfully busy -- you may get lost in 1943 or perhaps closer to the present -- but it scarcely matters . Mr. Burton 's attention to detail and to the ebb and flow of tone ( scary , funny , eerie ) , as well as his sensitive , gentle work particularly with the child actors , make each new turn another occasion for unfettered imagination . '' Devan Coggan from Entertainment Weekly gave the film `` B - '' ( 67 / 100 ) , with describing the film `` The film chooses style over substance , emphasizing how cool the children 's powers are without fleshing them out as full characters . To compete with Burton 's best , his heroic weirdos need a little more heart -- and the monsters need sharper teeth . '' On the other hand , Kyle Smith of the New York Post , Richard Roeper of the Chicago Sun - Times and Tom Huddleston of Time Out decried the film . According to Smith , who gave the film 2 stars out of 4 : `` It may be senseless , but it 's sumptuous : the picture looks like it cost about a billion bucks , with absolutely every detail giving Burton an excuse to take his mad picture - book mind and let loose , the way Emma the girl full of air keeps soaring away from earthly constraints . Burton may give us a bland hero , a tepid love story and a muddled plot but , hey , at least he 's got a skeleton army doing battle with giant tentacle monsters at an amusement park . '' Roeper , who scored the film 11⁄2 stars out of 4 , began his review by writing : `` I 'm wondering if the mutant kids at Miss Peregrine 's Home for Peculiar Children ever play basketball against their rivals across the pond , Xavier 's School for Gifted Youngsters . I 'd watch that . I 'd certainly rather watch that than Tim Burton 's adaptation of the popular children 's book about a school for freakishly gifted children . This is a messy , confusing , uninvolving mishmash of old - school practical effects and CGI battles that feels ... off nearly every misstep of the way . Tom Huddleston of Time Out gave the film 2 stars out of 5 , writing : `` Director Tim Burton likes his films busy : watch a classic like Beetlejuice or Batman , and you 'll be pushed to find a single frame that is n't packed with background detail , weird creatures , ornate furnishings and intricate costumes . The problem with his new film , Miss Peregrine 's Home for Peculiar Children , is that the script is every bit as busy and it can get pretty confusing . '' Accolades ( edit ) Award Date of ceremony Recipient ( s ) and nominee ( s ) Result Ref . Costume Designers Guild February 21 , 2017 Excellence in Fantasy Film Colleen Atwood Nominated Globes de Cristal Awards January 30 , 2017 Best Foreign Film Tim Burton Nominated Hollywood Music in Media Awards November 17 , 2016 Best Original Song -- Sci - Fi / Fantasy Film `` Wish That You Were Here '' -- Florence and the Machine Nominated People 's Choice Awards January 18 , 2017 Favorite Dramatic Movie Miss Peregrine 's Home for Peculiar Children Nominated Saturn Awards June 28 , 2017 Best Fantasy Film Miss Peregrine 's Home for Peculiar Children Nominated Teen Choice Awards August 13 , 2017 Choice Fantasy Movie Miss Peregrine 's Home for Peculiar Children Nominated Choice Fantasy Movie Actor Asa Butterfield Nominated Choice Fantasy Movie Actress Eva Green Nominated Visual Effects Society Awards February 7 , 2017 Outstanding Visual Effects in a Photoreal Feature Jelmer Boskma , Frazer Churchill , Hal Couzens , Andrew Lockley and Hayley Williams Nominated Women Film Critics Circle December 19 , 2016 Best Family Film Miss Peregrine 's Home for Peculiar Children Nominated References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` MISS PEREGRINE 'S HOME FOR PECULIAR CHILDREN ( 2D ) ( 12A ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . September 16 , 2016 . Retrieved September 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Miss Peregrine 's Home for Peculiar Children ( 2016 ) '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Miss Peregrine 's Home for Peculiar Children ( 2016 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ryan Faughnder ( September 27 , 2016 ) . `` ' Miss Peregrine ' expected to top ' Deepwater Horizon ' and ' Magnificent Seven ' at the box office '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved September 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : McClintock , Pamela ( September 18 , 2015 ) . `` Hugh Jackman 's ' Greatest Showman on Earth ' Pushed a Year to Christmas 2017 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 7 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kroll , Justin ( July 28 , 2014 ) . `` Eva Green Eyes Tim Burton 's ' Miss Peregrine 's Home for Peculiar Children ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved February 20 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Tim Burton - Directed Miss Peregrine 's Home for Peculiar Children Starts Filming '' . ComingSoon.net . March 12 , 2015 . Retrieved March 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Abraham Portman ( Character ) '' . IMDb . Retrieved March 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Fleming , Jr. , Mike ( February 6 , 2015 ) . `` Samuel L. Jackson To Star In Tim Burton 's ' Miss Peregrine 's Home For Peculiar Children ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 7 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Peculiar Children casting news '' . ScreenTerrier . March 23 , 2015 . Retrieved October 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Fleming , Jr. , Mike ( May 17 , 2011 ) . `` 20th Century Fox Closes ' Miss Peregrine 's Home For Peculiar Children ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Jr. , Mike ( November 15 , 2011 ) . `` Tim Burton Circles ' Miss Peregrine 's Home For Peculiar Children ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Jr. , Mike ( December 2 , 2011 ) . `` ' X-Men : First Class ' Scribe Jane Goldman Scripting ' Miss Peregrine 's Home For Peculiar Children ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sneider , Jeff ( September 24 , 2014 ) . `` Asa Butterfield Eyed to Star in Tim Burton 's ' Miss Peregrine 's Home for Peculiar Children ' '' . TheWrap . Retrieved September 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( November 5 , 2014 ) . `` Ella Purnell and Asa Butterfield to Star in Tim Burton 's ' Miss Peregrine 's ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved February 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Now Casting ' Miss Peregrine 's Home for Peculiar Children ' and Other Upcoming Auditions '' . Backstage. April 16 , 2014 . Retrieved February 20 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tim Burton 's New Film , `` Miss Peregrine 's Home For Peculiar Children , '' To Begin Shooting In the Tampa Bay area In February `` . Tampa EDC . February 17 , 2015 . Archived from the original on February 20 , 2015 . Retrieved February 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hollywood filming on track in Blackpool '' . Blackpool Gazette . May 6 , 2015 . Retrieved May 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Gone For A Burton '' . Cornwall Independent . 2 October 2016 . p. 25 . Jump up ^ Ford , Rebecca ( June 20 , 2013 ) . `` ' Independence Day 2 , ' ' Peregrine 's Home for Peculiars ' Get Release Dates '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Miss Peregrine ' To Punish Competition At Weekend Box Office -- Preview '' . Deadline.com . ^ Jump up to : Pamela McClintock ( October 2 , 2016 ) . `` Weekend Box Office : ' Miss Peregrine 's ' Blows Past ' Deepwater Horizon ' With $28.5 M '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brent Lang ( October 2 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' Miss Peregrine ' Tops With $28.5 Million , ' Deepwater Horizon , ' ' Masterminds ' Bomb '' . Variety . Retrieved October 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( October 9 , 2016 ) . `` ' Miss Peregrine ' Nears $100 M Overseas ; ' Girl On The Train ' Chugs $16.5 M ; ' A Monster Calls ' In Spain -- Intl Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved October 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( October 2 , 2016 ) . `` ' Miss Peregrine ' Books $36.5 M ; ' Finding Dory ' , ' Bridget Jones ' Reach Milestones ; Big Frame For Local Pics -- Intl Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved October 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( October 16 , 2016 ) . `` ' Inferno ' Ignites With $50 M Offshore ; ' Miss Peregrine ' Tops $130 M -- Intl Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved October 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Miss Peregrine 's Home for Peculiar Children ( 2016 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved September 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Miss Peregrine 's Home for Peculiar Children reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved September 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` CinemaScore '' . cinemascore.com . Jump up ^ Ladwig , Samantha ( September 26 , 2016 ) . `` Miss Peregrine 's Home for Peculiar Children Review '' . IGN . Retrieved October 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Times , Los Angeles . `` The Tim Burton magic is back with ' Miss Peregrine 's Home for Peculiar Children ' '' . Jump up ^ Truitt , Brian ( October 1 , 2016 ) . `` Review : ' Miss Peregrine ' winningly embraces the weird '' . USA Today . Retrieved October 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Calvin . `` ' Miss Peregrine 's Home for Peculiar Children ' is a wonderful film '' . Jump up ^ O'Sullivan , Michael ( September 29 , 2016 ) . `` ' Miss Peregrine ' movie review : An engagingly oddball fantasia from Tim Burton '' -- via washingtonpost.com . Jump up ^ Hoffman , Jordan ( September 25 , 2016 ) . `` Miss Peregrine 's Home For Peculiar Children review : mordant British YA X-Men is Tim Burton 's best in 20 years '' -- via The Guardian . Jump up ^ Berardinelli , James ( September 29 , 2016 ) . `` Miss Peregrine 's Home for Peculiar Children ( United States / United Kingdom , 2016 ) '' . Retrieved October 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dargis , Manohla ( September 29 , 2016 ) . `` Review : In ' Miss Peregrine 's Home , ' Chasing Grandpa 's Stories Down a Rabbit Hole '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Miss Peregrine 's Home for Peculiar Children ' : EW review '' . Jump up ^ Smith , Kyle ( September 29 , 2016 ) . `` Do n't visit ' Miss Peregrine 's Home for Peculiar Children ' '' . New York Post . Retrieved October 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Roeper , Richard ( September 29 , 2016 ) . `` ' Miss Peregrine 's Home for Peculiar Children ' neglects the kids '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved October 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Huddleston , Tom ( September 26 , 2016 ) . `` Miss Peregrine 's Home for Peculiar Children '' . Retrieved October 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Excellence in Fantasy Film '' . Costume Designers Guild . Retrieved February 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Globes De Cristal 2017 : Nominations and Awards '' . Globes de Cristal Awards . January 19 , 2017 . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Timberlake & Alexandre Desplat Among Winners At Hollywood Music In Media Awards '' . Deadline . November 18 , 2016 . Retrieved November 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( November 2 , 2016 ) . `` ' La La Land ' Scores Three Hollywood Music in Media Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved November 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` People 's Choice Awards Nominees 2017 -- Full List '' . Deadline.com . November 15 , 2016 . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` Saturn Awards Nominations 2017 : ' Rogue One , ' ' Walking Dead ' Lead '' . Variety . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ceron , Ella ( June 19 , 2017 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards 2017 : See the First Wave of Nominations '' . Teen Vogue . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( January 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' Rogue One ' Leads Visual Effects Society Feature Competition With 7 Nominations As ' Doctor Strange , ' ' Jungle Book ' Grab 6 Each '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Berger , Laura ( December 14 , 2016 ) . `` Women Film Critics Circle Nominations : ' Hidden Figures , ' ' 13th , ' & More '' . Women and Hollywood . Retrieved December 15 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Official website Miss Peregrine 's Home for Peculiar Children on IMDb ( hide ) Tim Burton Filmography Frequent collaborators Unproduced projects Tim Burton Productions Directorial works Feature films Pee - wee 's Big Adventure ( 1985 ) Beetlejuice ( 1988 ) Batman ( 1989 ) Edward Scissorhands ( 1990 ) Batman Returns ( 1992 ) Ed Wood ( 1994 ) Mars Attacks ! ( 1996 ) Sleepy Hollow ( 1999 ) Planet of the Apes ( 2001 ) Big Fish ( 2003 ) Charlie and the Chocolate Factory ( 2005 ) Corpse Bride ( 2005 ) Sweeney Todd : The Demon Barber of Fleet Street ( 2007 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 2010 ) Dark Shadows ( 2012 ) Frankenweenie ( 2012 ) Big Eyes ( 2014 ) Miss Peregrine 's Home for Peculiar Children ( 2016 ) Dumbo ( 2019 ) Short films The Island of Doctor Agor ( 1971 ) Stalk of the Celery Monster ( 1979 ) Hansel and Gretel ( 1982 ) Vincent ( 1982 ) Frankenweenie ( 1984 ) Stainboy ( 2000 ) Music videos `` Bones '' `` Here with Me '' Produced only The Nightmare Before Christmas ( 1993 ) Cabin Boy ( 1994 ) Batman Forever ( 1995 ) James and the Giant Peach ( 1996 ) 9 ( 2009 ) Abraham Lincoln : Vampire Hunter ( 2012 ) Alice Through the Looking Glass ( 2016 ) Literature The Melancholy Death of Oyster Boy & Other Stories ( 1997 ) Television series Beetlejuice ( 1989 -- 91 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Miss_Peregrine%27s_Home_for_Peculiar_Children_(film)&oldid=817445636 '' Categories : 2016 films English - language films 2016 3D films 2010s adventure films 2010s fantasy films American films American 3D films American adventure films American fantasy films American fantasy adventure films British films British 3D films British adventure films British fantasy films British fantasy adventure films Dark fantasy films Films about children Films about orphans Films based on fantasy novels Films set in 1943 Films set in 2006 Films set in 2010 Films set in 2016 Films set in Blackpool Films set in California Films set in Florida Films set in London Films set in Tokyo Films set in Wales Films shot in Belgium Films shot in Florida Films shot in London Steampunk films Performance capture in film Time loop films Time travel films 20th Century Fox films Screenplays by Jane Goldman Films directed by Tim Burton Films produced by Peter Chernin World War II films United States Navy in films Nazis in fiction Films set on islands Films based on American novels Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Use mdy dates from September 2016 Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Magyar മലയാളം Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 28 December 2017 , at 12 : 13 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who did rupert everett play in miss peregrine | [
"Samuel L. Jackson as Mr. Barron, the shapeshifting leader of the wights and hollows who is exclusive to the film. Barron and his wight and hollow minions hunt peculiars and devour their eyes upon capture to recover human form.[9] His shapeshifting peculiarity allows him to disguise himself as another person. When he uses his peculiarity to become a person who doesn’t exist, his white eyes don't change, so he has to wear contact lenses. He can also form blades, axes and/or lassos with his own hands.\n\nAllison Janney as Dr. Nancy Golan, Jake's psychiatrist and one of Mr. Barron's disguised forms.[7]\nRupert Everett as John Lamont (credited as \"Ornithologist\"), an ornithologist and another of Mr. Barron's disguised forms.[7]\n\n"
] | [
"John Lamont"
] |
1919939603270018313 | Judi Dench | Judi Dench - wikipedia Judi Dench Jump to : navigation , search Dame Judi Dench CH DBE FRSA Dench at the 60th British Academy Film Awards in 2007 Judith Olivia Dench ( 1934 - 12 - 09 ) 9 December 1934 ( age 82 ) Heworth , North Riding of Yorkshire , England Residence London and Surrey , England Nationality British Occupation Actress , artist , author Years active 1957 -- present Spouse ( s ) Michael Williams ( m . 1971 ; d . 2001 ) Children Finty Williams Relatives Jeffery Dench ( brother ) Emma Dench ( niece ) Rebekah Elmaloglou ( cousin ) Sebastian Elmaloglou ( cousin ) Dame Judith Olivia `` Judi '' Dench , CH , DBE , FRSA ( born 9 December 1934 ) is an English actress and author . Dench made her professional debut in 1957 with the Old Vic Company . Over the following few years , she performed in several of Shakespeare 's plays in such roles as Ophelia in Hamlet , Juliet in Romeo and Juliet , and Lady Macbeth in Macbeth . Although most of her work during this period was in theatre , she also branched into film work and won a BAFTA Award as Most Promising Newcomer . She drew strong reviews for her leading role in the musical Cabaret in 1968 . Over the next two decades , Dench established herself as one of the most significant British theatre performers , working for the National Theatre Company and the Royal Shakespeare Company . She achieved success in television during this period , in the series A Fine Romance from 1981 until 1984 , and in 1992 with a starring role in the romantic comedy series As Time Goes By . Her film appearances were infrequent and included supporting roles in major films such as A Room with a View ( 1986 ) supporting Maggie Smith , before she rose to international fame as M in GoldenEye ( 1995 ) , a role she continued to play in James Bond films until Skyfall ( 2012 ) . A seven - time Oscar nominee , Dench won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her role as Queen Elizabeth I in Shakespeare in Love and has received nominations for her roles in Mrs Brown ( 1997 ) , Chocolat ( 2000 ) , Iris ( 2001 ) , Mrs Henderson Presents ( 2005 ) , Notes on a Scandal ( 2006 ) , and Philomena ( 2013 ) . She has also received many award nominations for her acting in theatre , film and television ; her competitive awards include six British Academy Film Awards , four BAFTA TV Awards , seven Olivier Awards , two Screen Actors Guild Awards , two Golden Globes , and a Tony Award . She has also received the BAFTA Fellowship ( 2001 ) and the Special Olivier Award ( 2004 ) . In June 2011 , she received a fellowship from the British Film Institute ( BFI ) . Dench is also a Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts ( FRSA ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 Early work 2.2 Prominence 2.3 Popular success 2.4 2001 -- 2005 2.5 2006 -- 2010 2.6 2011 -- 2014 2.7 2015 -- present 3 Personal life 3.1 Honours and charity 3.2 Political and social interests and involvement 4 Filmography 5 Discography 6 Awards and nominations 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Early life ( edit ) Dench was born in Heworth , North Riding of Yorkshire . Her mother , Eleanora Olive ( née Jones ) , was born in Dublin , Ireland . Her father , Reginald Arthur Dench , a doctor , was born in Dorset , England , and later moved to Dublin , where he was raised . He met Dench 's mother while he was studying medicine at Trinity College , Dublin . Dench attended The Mount School , a Quaker independent secondary school in York , and became a Quaker . Her brothers , one of whom was actor Jeffery Dench , were born in Tyldesley , Lancashire . Her niece , Emma Dench , is a Roman historian and professor previously at Birkbeck , University of London , and currently at Harvard University . Career ( edit ) In Britain , Dench has developed a reputation as one of the greatest actresses of the post-war period , primarily through her work in theatre , which has been her forte throughout her career . She has more than once been named number one in polls for Britain 's best actor . Early work ( edit ) Through her parents , Dench had regular contact with the theatre . Her father , a physician , was also the GP for the York theatre , and her mother was its wardrobe mistress . Actors often stayed in the Dench household . During these years , Judi Dench was involved on a non-professional basis in the first three productions of the modern revival of the York Mystery Plays in the 1950s . In 1957 , in one of the last productions in which she appeared during this period , she played the role of the Virgin Mary , performed on a fixed stage in the Museum Gardens . Though she initially trained as a set designer , she became interested in drama school as her brother Jeff attended the Central School of Speech and Drama . She applied and was accepted by the School , then based at the Royal Albert Hall , London , where she was a classmate of Vanessa Redgrave , graduating with a first class degree in drama and four acting prizes , one being the Gold Medal as Outstanding Student . In September 1957 , she made her first professional stage appearance with the Old Vic Company , at the Royal Court Theatre , Liverpool , as Ophelia in Hamlet . A history of Britain in the years 1957 - 1962 , one volume in a series , cites a contemporaneous review of her performance : `` ... has talent which will be shown to better advantage when she acquires some technique to go with it . '' Dench then made her London debut in the same production at the Old Vic . She remained a member of the company for four seasons , 1957 -- 1961 , her roles including Katherine in Henry V in 1958 ( which was also her New York debut ) , and as directed and designed by Franco Zeffirelli . During this period , she toured the United States and Canada and appeared in Yugoslavia and at the Edinburgh Festival . She joined the Royal Shakespeare Company in December 1961 playing Anya in The Cherry Orchard at the Aldwych Theatre in London and made her Stratford - upon - Avon debut in April 1962 as Isabella in Measure for Measure . She subsequently spent seasons in repertory both with the Playhouse in Nottingham from January 1963 ( including a West African tour as Lady Macbeth for the British Council ) and with the Playhouse Company in Oxford from April 1964 . That same year , she made her film debut in The Third Secret . Prominence ( edit ) The 1966 BAFTA Award for Most Promising Newcomer to Leading Film Roles was made to Dench for her performance in Four in the Morning and this was followed in 1968 by a BAFTA Television Best Actress Award for her role in John Hopkins ' 1966 BBC drama Talking to a Stranger . In 1968 , she was offered the role of Sally Bowles in the musical Cabaret . As Sheridan Morley later reported : `` At first she thought they were joking . She had never done a musical and she has an unusual croaky voice which sounds as if she has a permanent cold . So frightened was she of singing in public that she auditioned from the wings , leaving the pianists alone on stage '' . But when it opened at the Palace Theatre in February 1968 , Frank Marcus , reviewing for Plays and Players , commented that : `` She sings well . The title song , in particular , is projected with great feeling . '' Dench with Laurence Olivier , Joseph O'Conor , and John Neville at the Monument to the Unknown Hero on Mount Avala , Serbia in the early 1970s After a long run in Cabaret , she rejoined the RSC making numerous appearances with the company in Stratford and London for nearly twenty years , winning several `` best actress '' awards . Among her roles with the RSC , she was the Duchess in John Webster 's The Duchess of Malfi in 1971 . In the Stratford 1976 season , and then at the Aldwych in 1977 , she gave two comedy performances , first in Trevor Nunn 's musical staging of The Comedy of Errors as Adriana , then partnered with Donald Sinden as Beatrice and Benedick in John Barton 's `` British Raj '' revival of Much Ado About Nothing . As Bernard Levin wrote in The Sunday Times : `` ... demonstrating once more that she is a comic actress of consummate skill , perhaps the very best we have . '' One of her most notable achievements with the RSC was her performance as Lady Macbeth in 1976 . Nunn 's acclaimed production of Macbeth was first staged with a minimalist design at The Other Place theatre in Stratford . Its small round stage focused attention on the psychological dynamics of the characters , and both Ian McKellen in the title role , and Dench , received exceptionally favourable notices . `` If this is not great acting I do n't know what is '' , wrote Michael Billington in The Guardian . `` It will astonish me if the performance is matched by any in this actress 's generation '' , commented JC Trewin in The Lady . The production transferred to London , opening at the Donmar Warehouse in September 1977 , and was adapted for television , later released on VHS and DVD . Dench won the SWET Best Actress Award in 1977 . Dench was nominated for a BAFTA for her role as Hazel Wiles in the 1979 BBC drama On Giant 's Shoulders . In 1989 , she was cast as Pru Forrest , the long - time silent wife of Tom Forrest , in the BBC soap opera The Archers on its 10,000 th edition . She had a romantic role in the BBC television film Langrishe , Go Down ( 1978 ) , with Jeremy Irons and a screenplay by Harold Pinter from the Aidan Higgins novel , directed by David Jones , in which she played one of three spinster sisters living in a fading Irish mansion in the Waterford countryside . Dench made her debut as a director in 1988 with the Renaissance Theatre Company 's touring season , Renaissance Shakespeare on the Road , co-produced with the Birmingham Rep , and ending with a three - month repertory programme at the Phoenix Theatre in London . Dench 's contribution was a staging of Much Ado About Nothing , set in the Napoleonic era , which starred Kenneth Branagh and Emma Thompson as Benedick and Beatrice . She has made numerous appearances in the West End including the role of Miss Trant in the 1974 musical version of The Good Companions at Her Majesty 's Theatre . In 1981 , Dench was due to play Grizabella in the original production of Cats , but was forced to pull out due to a torn Achilles tendon , leaving Elaine Paige to play the role . She has acted with the National Theatre in London where she played an unforgettable Cleopatra in Antony and Cleopatra ( 1987 ) . In September 1995 , she played Desiree Armfeldt in a major revival of Stephen Sondheim 's A Little Night Music , for which she won an Olivier Award . Popular success ( edit ) After the long period between James Bond films Licence to Kill ( 1989 ) and GoldenEye ( 1995 ) , the producers brought in Dench to take over as the role of M , James Bond 's boss . The character was reportedly modeled on Dame Stella Rimington , the real - life head of MI5 between 1992 and 1996 , ; Dench became the first woman to portray M , succeeding Robert Brown . The seventeenth spy film in the series and the first to star Pierce Brosnan as the fictional MI6 officer , GoldenEye marked the first Bond film made after the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War , which provided the plot 's back story . The film earned a worldwide gross of US $350.7 million , with critics viewing the film as a modernisation of the series . In 1997 , Dench appeared in her first starring film role as Queen Victoria in John Madden 's teleplay Mrs Brown , which depicts Victoria 's relationship with her personal servant and favourite John Brown , played by Billy Connolly . Filmed with the intention of being shown on BBC One and on WGBH 's Masterpiece Theatre , it was eventually acquired by Miramax mogul Harvey Weinstein , who felt the drama film should receive a theatrical release after seeing it and took it from the BBC to US cinemas . Released to generally positive reviews and unexpected commercial success , going on to earn more than $13 million worldwide , the film was screened in the Un Certain Regard section at the 1997 Cannes Film Festival . For her performance , Dench garnered universal acclaim by critics and was awarded her fourth BAFTA and first Best Actress nomination at the 70th Academy Awards . In 2011 , while accepting a British Film Institute Award in London , Dench commented that the project launched her Hollywood career and joked that `` it was thanks to Harvey , whose name I have had tattooed on my bum ever since . '' Dench 's other film of 1997 was Roger Spottiswoode 's Tomorrow Never Dies , her second film in the James Bond series . The same year , Dench reteamed with director John Madden to film Shakespeare in Love ( 1998 ) , a romantic comedy - drama that depicts a love affair involving playwright William Shakespeare , played by Joseph Fiennes , while he was writing the play Romeo and Juliet . On her performance as Queen Elizabeth I , The New York Times commented that `` Dench 's shrewd , daunting Elizabeth is one of the film 's utmost treats . '' The following year , she was nominated for most of the high - profile awards , winning both the Academy Award and the BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role . On her Oscar win , Dench joked on - stage , `` I feel for eight minutes on the screen I should only get a little bit of him . '' Also in 1999 , Dench won the Tony Award for her 1999 Broadway performance in the role of Esme Allen in Sir David Hare 's Amy 's View . The same year , she co-starred along with Cher , Joan Plowright , Maggie Smith , and Lily Tomlin in Franco Zeffirelli 's semi-autobiographical period drama Tea with Mussolini which tells the story of young Italian boy Luca 's upbringing by a circle of British and American women , before and during World War II . 1999 also saw the release of Pierce Brosnan 's third Bond film , The World Is Not Enough . This film portrayed M in a larger role with the main villain , Renard , coming back to haunt her when he engineers the murder of her old friend Sir Robert King and seemingly attempts to kill his daughter Electra . 2001 -- 2005 ( edit ) In January 2001 , Dench 's husband Michael Williams died from lung cancer . Dench went to Nova Scotia , Canada , almost immediately after Williams 's funeral to begin production on Lasse Hallström 's drama film The Shipping News , a therapy she later credited as her rescue : `` People , friends , kept saying , ' You are not facing up to it ; you need to face up to it , ' and maybe they were right , but I felt I was -- in the acting . Grief supplies you with an enormous amount of energy . I needed to use that up . '' In between , Dench finished work on Richard Eyre 's film Iris ( 2001 ) , in which she portrayed novelist Iris Murdoch . Dench shared her role with Kate Winslet , both actresses portraying Murdoch at different phases of her life . Each of them was nominated for an Academy Award the following year , earning Dench her fourth nomination within five years . In addition , she was awarded both an ALFS Award and the Best Leading Actress Award at the 55th British Academy Film Awards . Following Iris , Dench immediately returned to Canada to finish The Shipping News alongside Kevin Spacey and Julianne Moore . Based on the Pulitzer Prize - winning novel by E. Annie Proulx , the drama revolves around a quiet and introspective typesetter ( Spacey ) who , after the death of his daughter 's mother , moves to Newfoundland along with his daughter and his aunt , played by Dench , in hopes of starting his life anew in the small town where she grew up . The film earned mixed reviews from critics , and was financially unsuccessful , taking in just US $24 million worldwide with a budget of US $35 million . Dench , however , received BAFTA and SAG Award nominations for her performance . In 2002 , Dench was cast opposite Rupert Everett , Colin Firth , and Reese Witherspoon in Oliver Parker 's The Importance of Being Earnest , a comedy about mistaken identity set in English high society during the Victorian Era . Based on Oscar Wilde 's classic comedy of manners of the same name , she portrayed Lady Bracknell , a role she had repeatedly played before , including a stint at the Royal National Theatre in 1982 . The film was released to lukewarm reactions by critics -- who called it `` breezy entertainment , helped by an impressive cast '' , but felt that it also suffered `` from some peculiar directorial choices '' -- and earned just US $17.3 million during its limited release . Dench 's other film of 2002 was Die Another Day , the twentieth installment in the James Bond series . The Lee Tamahori -- directed spy film marked her fourth appearance as MI6 head M and the franchise 's last performance by Pierce Brosnan as Bond . Die Another Day received generally mixed reviews by critics who praised Tamahori 's work on the film , but claimed the plot was damaged by excessive use of CGI . Regardless , it became the highest - grossing James Bond film up to that time . In the 2002 animated children 's series Angelina Ballerina , Dench lent her voice to Miss Lilly , Angelina 's ballet teacher . Her daughter , Finty Williams , provided the voice of Angelina herself . In 2004 , Dench appeared as Aereon , an ambassador of the Elemental race who helps uncover the mysterious past of Richard B. Riddick , played by Vin Diesel , in David Twohy 's science fiction sequel , The Chronicles of Riddick . Selected by Diesel , who prompted writers to re-create the character to fit a female persona because he wanted to work with the actress , she called filming `` tremendous fun '' , although she `` had absolutely no idea what was going on in the plot . '' The film was a critical and box office failure . In his review of the film , James Berardinelli from ReelViews remarked that he felt that Dench 's character served no more `` useful purpose than to give ( her ) an opportunity to appear in a science fiction movie . '' She followed Riddick with a more traditional role in Charles Dance 's English drama Ladies in Lavender , also starring friend Maggie Smith . In the film , Dench plays one half of a sister duo and takes it upon herself to nurse a washed up stranger to health , eventually finding herself falling for a man many decades younger than she . The specialty release garnered positive reviews from critics , with Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun - Times calling it `` perfectly sweet and civilized ( and ) a pleasure to watch Smith and Dench together ; their acting is so natural it could be breathing . '' Also in 2004 , Dench provided her voice for several smaller projects . In Walt Disney 's Home on the Range , she , along with Roseanne Barr and Jennifer Tilly , voiced a mismatched trio of dairy cows who must capture an infamous cattle rustler , for his bounty , in order to save their idyllic farm from foreclosure . The film was mildly successful for Disney . A major hit for Dench came with Joe Wright 's Pride & Prejudice , a 2005 adaptation of the novel by Jane Austen , starring Keira Knightley and Donald Sutherland . Wright persuaded Dench to join the cast as Lady Catherine de Bourgh by writing her a letter that read `` I love it when you play a bitch . Please come and be a bitch for me . '' Dench had only one week available to shoot her scenes , forcing Wright to make them his first days of filming . With both a worldwide gross of over US $121 million and several Academy Award and Golden Globe nominations , the film became a critical and commercial success . 2006 -- 2010 ( edit ) Dench , in her role as `` M '' , was the only cast member carried through from the Brosnan films to appear in Casino Royale ( 2006 ) , Martin Campbell 's reboot of the James Bond film series , starring Daniel Craig in his debut performance as the fictional MI6 agent . The thriller received largely positive critical response , with reviewers highlighting Craig 's performance and the reinvention of the character of Bond . It earned over US $594 million worldwide , ranking it among the highest - grossing James Bond films ever released . In April 2006 , Dench returned to the West End stage in Hay Fever alongside Peter Bowles , Belinda Lang , and Kim Medcalf . She finished off 2006 with the role of Mistress Quickly in the RSC 's new musical The Merry Wives , a version of The Merry Wives of Windsor . Dench at the premiere of Notes on a Scandal in Berlin in 2007 Dench appeared opposite Cate Blanchett as a London teacher with a dedicated fondness for vulnerable women in Richard Eyre 's 2006 drama film Notes on a Scandal , an adaption from the 2003 novel of the same name by Zoë Heller . A fan of Heller 's book , Dench `` was thrilled to be asked to ... play that woman , to try to find a humanity in that dreadful person . '' The specialty film opened to generally positive reviews and commercial success , grossing US $50 million worldwide , exceeding its £ 15 million budget . In his review for Chicago Sun - Times , film critic Roger Ebert declared the main actresses `` perhaps the most impressive acting duo in any film of 2006 . Dench and Blanchett are magnificent . '' The following year , Dench earned her sixth Academy nomination and went on to win a BIFA Award and an Evening Standard Award . Dench , as Miss Matty Jenkyns , co-starred with Eileen Atkins , Michael Gambon , Imelda Staunton , and Francesca Annis in the BBC One five - part series Cranford . The first season of the series began transmission in November 2007 . Dench became the voice for the narration for the updated Walt Disney World Epcot attraction Spaceship Earth in February 2008 . The same month , she was named as the first official patron of the York Youth Mysteries 2008 , a project to allow young people to explore the York Mystery Plays through dance , film - making and circus . Her only film of 2008 was Marc Forster 's Quantum of Solace , the twenty - second Eon - produced James Bond film , in which she reprised her role as M along with Daniel Craig . A direct sequel to the 2006 film Casino Royale , Forster felt Dench was underused in the previous films , and wanted to make her part bigger , having her interact with Bond more . The project gathered generally mixed reviews by critics , who mainly felt that Quantum of Solace was not as impressive as the predecessor Casino Royale , but became another hit for the franchise with a worldwide gross of US $591 million . For her performance , Dench was nominated for a Saturn Award the following year . Dench returned to the West End in mid-2009 , playing Madame de Montreuil in Yukio Mishima 's play Madame de Sade , directed by Michael Grandage as part of the Donmar season at Wyndham 's Theatre . The same year , she appeared in Sally Potter 's experimental film Rage , a project that featured 14 actors playing fictional figures in and around the fashion world , giving monologues before a plain backdrop . Attracted to the fact that it was unlike anything she had done before , Dench welcomed the opportunity to work with Potter . `` I like to do something that 's not expected , or predictable . I had to learn to smoke a joint , and I set my trousers alight , '' she said about filming . Her next film was Rob Marshall 's musical film Nine , based on Arthur Kopit 's book for the 1982 musical of the same name , itself suggested by Federico Fellini 's semi-autobiographical film 81⁄2 . Also starring Daniel Day - Lewis , Marion Cotillard , Penélope Cruz , and Sophia Loren , she played Lilli La Fleur , an eccentric but motherly French costume designer , who performs the song `` Folies Bergères '' in the film . Despite mixed to negative reviews , Nine was nominated for four Academy Awards , and awarded both the Satellite Award for Best Film and Best Cast . Also in 2009 , Dench reprised the role of Matilda Jenkyns in Return to Cranford , the two - part second season of a Simon Curtis television series . Critically acclaimed , Dench was nominated for a Golden Globe Award , a Primetime Emmy Award , and a Satellite Award . In 2010 , she renewed her collaboration with Peter Hall at the Rose Theatre in Kingston upon Thames in A Midsummer Night 's Dream , which opened in February 2010 ; she played Titania as Queen Elizabeth I in her later years -- almost 50 years after she first played the role for the Royal Shakespeare Company . In July 2010 , Dench performed `` Send in the Clowns '' at a special celebratory promenade concert from the Royal Albert Hall as part of the proms season , in honour of composer Stephen Sondheim 's 80th birthday . 2011 -- 2014 ( edit ) In 2011 , Dench starred in Jane Eyre , My Week with Marilyn and J. Edgar . In Cary Joji Fukunaga 's period drama Jane Eyre , based on the 1847 novel of the same name by Charlotte Brontë , she played the role of Alice Fairfax , housekeeper to Rochester , the aloof and brooding master of Thornfield Hall , where main character Jane , played by Mia Wasikowska , gets employed as a governess . Dench reportedly signed to the project after she had received a humorous personal note from Fukunaga , in which he `` promised her that she 'd be the sexiest woman on set if she did the film . '' Acclaimed among critics , it was a mediocre arthouse success at the box office , grossing US $30.5 million worldwide . In Simon Curtis ' My Week with Marilyn , which depicts the making of the 1957 film The Prince and the Showgirl starring Marilyn Monroe and Laurence Olivier , Dench played actress Sybil Thorndike . The film garnered largely positive reviews , and earned Dench a Best Actress in a Supporting Role nomination at the 65th BAFTA Awards . Dench 's last film of 2011 was Clint Eastwood 's J. Edgar , a biographical drama film about the career of FBI director J. Edgar Hoover , played by Leonardo DiCaprio , from the Palmer Raids onwards , including an examination of his private life as a closeted homosexual . Hand - picked by Eastwood to play Anna Marie Hoover , Hoover 's mother , Dench initially thought a friend was setting her up upon receiving Eastwood 's phone call request . `` I did n't take it seriously to start with . And then I realised it was really him and that was a tricky conversation , '' she stated . Released to mixed reception , both with critics and commercially , the film went on to gross US $79 million worldwide . The same year , Dench reunited with Rob Marshall and Johnny Depp for a cameo appearance in Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides , playing a noblewoman who is robbed by Captain Jack Sparrow , played by Depp . She made a second cameo that year in Ray Cooney 's Run for Your Wife . Dench with Skyfall co-star Ben Whishaw at the Noël Coward Theatre in May 2013 In 2011 , Dench reunited with director John Madden on the set of the comedy - drama The Best Exotic Marigold Hotel ( 2012 ) , starring an ensemble cast also consisting of Celia Imrie , Bill Nighy , Ronald Pickup , Maggie Smith , Tom Wilkinson , and Penelope Wilton , as a group of British pensioners moving to a retirement hotel in India , run by the young and eager Sonny ( Dev Patel ) . Released to positive reviews by critics , who declared the film a `` sweet story about the senior set featuring a top - notch cast of veteran actors , '' it became a surprise box - office hit following its international release , eventually grossing $ US134 million worldwide , mostly from its domestic run . Best Exotic Marigold Hotel was ranked among the highest - grossing specialty releases of the year , and Dench , who Peter Travers from Rolling Stone called `` resilient marvel '' , garnered a Best Actress nod at both the British Independent Film Awards and Golden Globe Awards . Also in 2012 , Friend Request Pending , an indie short film which Dench had filmed in 2011 , received a wide release as part of the feature films Stars in Shorts and The Joy of Six . In the 12 - minute comedy , directed by My Week with Marilyn assistant director Chris Foggin on a budget of just £ 5,000 , she portrays a pensioner grappling with a crush on her church choirmaster and the art of cyber-flirting via social networking . Dench made her seventh and final appearance as M in the twenty - third James Bond film , Skyfall ( 2012 ) , directed by Sam Mendes . In the film , Bond investigates an attack on MI6 ; it transpires that it is part of an attack on M by former MI6 operative , Raoul Silva ( played by Javier Bardem ) to humiliate , discredit and kill M as revenge against her for betraying him . Dench 's position as M was subsequently filled by Ralph Fiennes ' character . Coinciding with the 50th anniversary of the James Bond series , Skyfall was positively received by critics and at the box office , grossing over $1 billion worldwide , and became the highest - grossing film of all - time in the UK and the highest - grossing film in the James Bond series . Critics called Dench 's Saturn Awards - nominated performance `` compellingly luminous '' . In 2013 , Dench starred as the title character in the Stephen Frears directed film , Philomena , a film inspired by true events of a woman looking for the son which the Catholic Church took from her a half - century before . The film was screened in the main competition section at the 70th Venice International Film Festival , where it was very favorably received by critics . On Dench 's performance , The Times commented that `` this is Dench 's triumph . At 78 , she has a golden career behind her , often as queens and other frosty matriarchs . So the warmth under pressure she radiates here is nearly a surprise ( ... ) Dench gives a performance of grace , nuance and cinematic heroism . '' She was subsequently nominated for many major acting awards , including a seventh Academy Award nomination . 2015 -- present ( edit ) In 2015 , Dench appeared opposite Dustin Hoffman in Dearbhla Walsh 's small screen adaptation of Roald Dahl 's children 's novel Esio Trot ( 1990 ) , in which a retired bachelor falls in love with his widowed neighbour , played by Dench , who keeps a tortoise as a companion after the death of her husband , First broadcast on BBC One on New Year 's Day 2015 , it became one of the most - watched programmes of the week , and earned Dench a her first Best Actress nomination at the 2016 International Emmy Awards . On her performance , Telegraph 's Michael Hogan commented : `` We 've grown accustomed to seeing Dench in forbidding roles but here she recalled her footloose , flirtatious side , displayed in sitcoms as A Fine Romance and As Time Goes By . The Dame was sparkly and downright ravishing . '' As with most of the original cast , Dench reprised the role of Evelyn in John Madden 's The Second Best Exotic Marigold Hotel ( 2015 ) , the sequel to the 2011 sleeper hit . The comedy - drama was released to lukewarm reviews from critics , who found it `` as original as its title -- but with a cast this talented and effortlessly charming , that hardly matters . '' From April to May 2015 , Dench played a mother , with her real - life daughter Finty Williams playing her character 's daughter , in The Vote at the Donmar Warehouse . The final performance was broadcast live on More4 at 8 : 25 pm ; the time when the events in the play take place . The appearance marked her first performance at the theatre since 1976 . On 20 September 2015 , she was the guest on BBC Radio 4 's Desert Island Discs for the third time , in which she revealed that her first acting performance was as a snail . She reprised her role as M in the 2015 James Bond film , Spectre , in the form of a recording that was delivered to Bond . In 2016 , Dench made Olivier Award history when she won Best Actress in a Supporting Role for her role in The Winter 's Tale , breaking her own record with her eighth win as a performer . Next , she co-starred as Cecily Neville , Duchess of York to Benedict Cumberbatch 's Richard III in the second series of the BBC Two historical series The Hollow Crown . The same year , she was cast alongside Eva Green and Asa Butterfield in Tim Burton 's dark fantasy film Miss Peregrine 's Home for Peculiar Children . Dench played Miss Esmeralda Avocet , a headmistress who can manipulate time and can transform into a bird . The film garnered mixed reviews from critics , who felt it was `` on stronger footing as a visual experience than a narrative one . '' Budgeted on US $110 million , it became a commercial hit , grossing nearly US $300 million worldwide . Dench appeared in several 2017 films . She co-starred in Justin Chadwick 's Tulip Fever , alongside Alicia Vikander and Christoph Waltz , and headlined Stephen Frears 's biographical drama Victoria & Abdul , reprising the role of Queen Victoria , opposite Ali Fazal as Abdul . In addition , she will play Princess Natalia Dragomiroff in Kenneth Branagh 's ensemble mystery film Murder on the Orient Express , based on the 1934 novel of the same name by Agatha Christie . Personal life ( edit ) On 5 February 1971 , Dench married British actor Michael Williams . They had their only child , Tara Cressida Frances Williams , an actress known professionally as Finty Williams , on 24 September 1972 . Dench and her husband starred together in several stage productions and on the Bob Larbey British television sitcom , A Fine Romance ( 1981 -- 84 ) . Michael Williams died from lung cancer in 2001 , aged 65 . They have one grandchild , Finty 's son Sam Williams ( born in 1997 ) . Dench has been in a relationship with conservationist David Mills since 2010 . During a 2014 interview with The Times magazine , she discussed how she never expected to find love again after her husband 's death , `` I was n't even prepared to be ready for it . It was very , very gradual and grown up ... It 's just wonderful . '' In early 2012 , Dench discussed her macular degeneration , with one eye `` dry '' and the other `` wet '' , for which she has been treated with injections into the eye . She said that she needs someone to read scripts to her . She also underwent knee surgery in 2013 , but stated that she recovered from the procedure well and `` It 's not an issue for me . '' Dench has been critical of prejudice in the movie industry against older actresses . She stated in 2014 , `` I 'm tired of being told I 'm too old to try something . I should be able to decide for myself if I ca n't do things and not have someone tell me I 'll forget my lines or I 'll trip and fall on the set '' ; and `` Age is a number . It 's something imposed on you ... It drives me absolutely spare when people say , ' Are you going to retire ? Is n't it time you put your feet up ? ' Or tell me ( my ) age . '' In 2013 , she spoke about her personal religious faith . Dench , a Quaker , said `` I think it informs everything I do ... I could n't be without it '' . Honours and charity ( edit ) Dench was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire ( OBE ) in the 1970 Birthday Honours and Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire ( DBE ) in the 1988 New Year Honours . She was appointed Member of the Order of the Companions of Honour ( CH ) in the 2005 Birthday Honours . In June 2011 , she became a fellow of the British Film Institute ( BFI ) . Dench is a patron of the Leaveners , Friends School Saffron Walden , The Archway Theatre , Horley , Surrey and OnePlusOne Marriage and Partnership Research , London . She became president of Mountview Academy of Theatre Arts in London in 2006 , taking over from Sir John Mills , and is president of Questors Theatre , Ealing . In May 2006 , she became an Honorary Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts ( FRSA ) . She was also patron of Ovingdean Hall School , a special day and boarding school for the deaf and hard of hearing in Brighton , which closed in 2010 , and Vice President of The Little Foundation . Dame Judi is also a long - standing and active Vice President of the national disabled people 's charity Revitalise . Dench is an Honorary Fellow of Lucy Cavendish College , Cambridge . In 1996 , she was awarded a DUniv degree from Surrey University and in 2000 -- 2001 , she received an honorary DLitt degree from Durham University . On 24 June 2008 , she was honoured by the University of St Andrews , receiving an honorary DLitt degree at the university 's graduation ceremony . On 26 June 2013 , she was honoured by the University of Stirling , receiving an honorary doctorate at the university 's graduation ceremony in recognition of her outstanding contribution to the Arts , particularly to film . In March 2013 , Dench was listed as one of the fifty best - dressed over 50s by The Guardian . One of the highest - profile actresses in British popular culture , Dench appeared on Debrett 's 2017 list of the most influential people in the UK . Political and social interests and involvement ( edit ) Dench has worked with the non-governmental indigenous organisation , Survival International , campaigning in the defence of the tribal people , the San of Botswana and the Arhuaco of Colombia . She made a small supporting video saying the San are victims of tyranny , greed and racism . Dench is also a patron of the Karuna Trust , a charity that supports work amongst some of India 's poorest and most oppressed people , mainly though not exclusively Dalits . On 22 July 2010 , Dench was awarded an honorary degree of Doctor of Letters ( DLitt ) by Nottingham Trent University . The Dr. Hadwen Trust announced on 15 January 2011 , that Dench had become a patron of the trust , joining , among others , Joanna Lumley and David Shepherd . On 19 March 2012 , it was announced that Dench was to become honorary patron of the charity Everton in the Community , the official charity of Everton F.C. and it was revealed that Dench is an Everton supporter . Dench is an advisor to the American Shakespeare Center . She is a patron of the Shakespeare Schools Festival , a charity that enables school children across the UK to perform Shakespeare in professional theatres . She is also a patron of Shakespeare North , a playhouse project due to be completed in 2019 in the town of Prescot in Knowsley , near Liverpool . She is patron of East Park Riding for the Disabled , a riding school for disabled children at Newchapel , Surrey . Dench is also a Vice-President of national charity Revitalise , that provides accessible holidays for those with disabilities . In 2011 , along with musician Sting and billionaire entrepreneur Richard Branson , she publicly urged policy makers to adopt more progressive drug policies by decriminalizing drug use . Dench was one of 200 celebrities to sign an open letter to the people of Scotland asking them to vote No to independence , published in August 2014 , a few weeks before the Scottish referendum . Filmography ( edit ) Main article : Judi Dench filmography The Third Secret ( 1964 ) A Midsummer Night 's Dream ( 1968 ) A Room with a View ( 1985 ) Henry V ( 1989 ) GoldenEye ( 1995 ) Hamlet ( 1996 ) Tomorrow Never Dies ( 1997 ) Mrs Brown ( 1997 ) Shakespeare in Love ( 1998 ) The World Is Not Enough ( 1999 ) Tea with Mussolini ( 1999 ) Chocolat ( 2000 ) The Last of the Blonde Bombshells ( 2000 ) The Shipping News ( 2001 ) Iris ( 2001 ) Die Another Day ( 2002 ) Chronicles of Riddick ( 2004 ) Ladies in Lavender ( 2004 ) Mrs Henderson Presents ( 2005 ) Pride & Prejudice ( 2005 ) Notes on a Scandal ( 2006 ) Casino Royale ( 2006 ) Quantum of Solace ( 2008 ) Nine ( 2009 ) J. Edgar ( 2011 ) Jane Eyre ( 2011 ) My Week with Marilyn ( 2011 ) Skyfall ( 2012 ) The Best Exotic Marigold Hotel ( 2012 ) Philomena ( 2013 ) Roald Dahl 's Esio Trot ( 2014 ) The Second Best Exotic Marigold Hotel ( 2015 ) Spectre ( 2015 ) Miss Peregrine 's Home for Peculiar Children ( 2016 ) Tulip Fever ( 2017 ) Victoria & Abdul ( 2017 ) Murder on the Orient Express ( 2017 ) Discography ( edit ) Pericles ( 1968 ) Shakespeare Recording Society , Caedmon Records Cabaret ( 1968 ) , Original London cast album CBS ( 1973 ) The Good Companions ( 1974 ) , Original London cast recording ( 1974 ) A Midsummer Night 's Dream ( 1995 ) ; from Felix Mendelssohn as Recitant . Conducted by Seiji Ozawa A Little Night Music ( 1995 ) by Stephen Sondheim , Royal National Theatre Cast Nine ( 2009 ) Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Spaceship Earth ( Epcot ) narrator of the current version of the attraction . ( 2008 ) Awards and nominations ( edit ) Main article : List of awards and nominations received by Judi Dench References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Entertainment : Hollywood 's premier Dame '' . BBC News . 24 February 2002 . Retrieved 13 January 2012 . Jump up ^ http://www.bbcamerica.com/anglophenia/2017/09/watch-judi-dench-raps-with-u-k-grime-music-star-mc-lethal-bizzle Jump up ^ `` ' And Furthermore ' Description '' at WHSmith web site Archived 20 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : `` Dame Judi Dench receives BFI fellowship '' 23 June 2011 , BBC News Jump up ^ 11.22. 13 . `` Dame Judi Dench on Playing the Inspiring Philomena '' . The Daily Beast . Retrieved 11 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Staff writers ( 6 September 2002 ) . `` The Importance of Dame Judi '' . BBC News . Retrieved 16 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Extraordinary Story of an Extraordinary Woman Judi Dench '' . The Huffington Post . 6 November 2013 . Retrieved 11 February 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Michael Billington ( 12 September 2005 ) . `` Please God , not retirement '' . The Guardian . UK . Retrieved 16 February 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Michael Billington ( 23 March 1998 ) . `` Judi Dench : Nothing like the Dame '' . The Guardian . UK . Retrieved 16 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Emma Dench '' . Harvard Magazine . March -- April 2010 . Retrieved 11 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Hopkins and Dench named best British actors '' . The Guardian . UK . 18 August 2005 . Retrieved 29 December 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Connery and Dench Top Legend Poll '' . Time Out Group . 25 February 2005 . Retrieved 29 December 2006 . ^ Jump up to : `` Judi Dench bio at TalkTalk.com '' . Jump up ^ `` Dame Judi speaks up for Mystery Plays '' . HoldTheFrontPage.co.uk. 18 September 2003 . Retrieved 29 December 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Judith Olivia ( Judi ) Dench '' . People of Today . Debrett 's . Archived from the original on 21 February 2014 . Retrieved 29 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Sheridan Morley ( 1986 ) . The great stage stars : distinguished theatrical careers of the past and present . London : Angus & Robertson . ISBN 978 - 0 - 207 - 14970 - 2 . Jump up ^ Robert Tanitch ( 2007 ) . London stage in the 20th century . London : Haus Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 904950 - 74 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Dench 's nomination for On Giant 's Shoulders '' . BAFTA website . Retrieved 23 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Archers Backstage '' . BBC Online . Retrieved 6 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Staff writers ( 15 January 2002 ) . `` Record - breaking Cats bows out '' . BBC News . Retrieved 16 February 2009 . Jump up ^ West 2010 , p. 45 . Jump up ^ Rimington 2008 , p. 244 . Jump up ^ Jay MacDonald . `` Her majesty 's not - so - secret service '' . BookPage . Archived from the original on 26 August 2006 . Retrieved 14 November 2006 . Jump up ^ Nigel Morris ( 30 April 2002 ) . `` Woman tipped to head MI5 in footsteps of Stella Rimington '' . Independent , The ( London ) . Archived from the original on 13 October 2007 . Retrieved 14 November 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office History for James Bond Movies '' . The Numbers . Nash Information Service . Retrieved 18 October 2007 . Jump up ^ James Kendrick . `` GoldenEye '' . Qnetwork . Retrieved 27 April 2007 . Jump up ^ Todd McCarthy ( 15 November 1995 ) . `` GoldenEye '' . Variety . Retrieved 18 November 2006 . ^ Jump up to : `` Favorite backer '' . New York Post . 8 July 2011 . Retrieved 17 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Mrs Brown ( 1997 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 17 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Festival de Cannes : Mrs Brown '' . festival-cannes.com . Retrieved 27 September 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Awards for Judi Dench '' . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved 9 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` China Resists Western Efforts to Bond '' . Daily News . 10 March 1997 . Archived from the original on 4 October 2013 . Retrieved 6 January 2007 . Jump up ^ `` GoldenEye '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 14 January 2007 . Jump up ^ `` FILM REVIEW : Shakespeare Saw a Therapist '' . The New York Times . 11 December 1998 . Retrieved 7 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1998 ( 71st ) Academy Awards '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Retrieved 14 October 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dench : Acting ' resuced ' me following husband 's death '' . Irish Examiner. 15 October 2012 . Retrieved 15 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Howe , Desson ( 15 February 2002 ) . `` Iris : Heroic on a Human Scale '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 13 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Shipping News ( 2001 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 13 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Shipping News '' . The Numbers . Retrieved 13 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Matthewman , Scott ( 9 October 2009 ) . `` Turn off the TV : Radio choices October 10 -- 16 '' . The Stage . Retrieved 13 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Importance of Being Earnest '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 13 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Die Another Day ( 2002 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 13 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Roger Moore ( 4 October 2008 ) . `` Bye bye to Ian Fleming 's James Bond ? '' . The Times . London . Retrieved 5 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Die Another Day explodes at the box office '' . BBC News . 22 November 2002 . Retrieved 21 September 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Chronicles of Riddick : An Interview with Vin Diesel '' . Backfilm.com. 1 November 2004 . Retrieved 13 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Clarke , Donald ( 24 November 2005 ) . `` Dame 's Treat '' . The Irish Times . Retrieved 13 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Chronicles of Riddick ( 2004 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 13 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Berardinelli , James . `` Chronicles of Riddick , The '' . ReelViews . Retrieved 13 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger . `` Ladies in Lavender ( 2004 ) '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved 13 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Home on the Range '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 13 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Hoggard , Liz ( 11 September 2005 ) . `` Meet the puppet master '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 10 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Hewitt 2005 . Jump up ^ Wright 2005 , 1 : 00 : 05 -- 1 : 00 : 15 . Jump up ^ `` Pride & Prejudice ( 2005 ) '' . The Numbers . Retrieved 10 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Casino Royale ( 2006 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 12 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Merry Wives -- The Musical '' . Royal Shakespeare Company . Retrieved 29 December 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Adams , Tim ( 14 October 2012 ) . `` Judi Dench : ' I never want to stop working ' '' . The Observer . London : Guardian News and Media Limited . Retrieved 9 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` NOTES ON A SCANDAL ( 2007 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 7 June 2009 . Jump up ^ Gritten , David ( 26 January 2007 ) . `` How to make a scandalously good movie '' . The Telegraph . London . Retrieved 22 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Notes on a Scandal ( 2006 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 12 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Disney 's Theme Park EPCOT Turns 30 Today And Celebreates '' . The Floria News Journal . 10 November 2012 . Retrieved 10 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dame Judi Dench gives her support to York Youth Mysteries '' . City of York Council . 20 February 2008 . Retrieved 10 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Fostering change '' . The Star . 11 October 2008 . Retrieved 13 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Quantum of Solace ( 2008 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 10 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Quantum of Solace '' . The Numbers . Retrieved 9 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Nominations for the 35th Annual Saturn Awards '' . Academy of Science Fiction , Fantasy & Horror Films . Archived from the original on 29 February 2012 . Retrieved 17 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Espiner , Mark ( 19 March 2009 ) . `` What to say about ... Judi Dench in Madame de Sade '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 10 November 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Cochrane , Kira ( 12 September 2009 ) . `` Judi Dench : ' Does nobody ever believe anything I do ? ' '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 10 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Hernandez , Ernio ( 23 January 2008 ) . `` Work Resumes on Script for Rob Marshall 's Nine Film '' . Playbill News . Playbill . Retrieved 7 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Nine ( 2009 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 10 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Espiner , Mark ( 16 February 2010 ) . `` Judi Dench in A Midsummer Night 's Dream : Press views '' . BBC News . Retrieved 10 November 2012 . Jump up ^ White , Lesley ( 14 February 2010 ) . `` Peter and Judi play a Tug of Love '' . The Sunday Times . UK . Jump up ^ `` About the Rose '' . The Rose Theatre . Retrieved 22 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Nissim , Mayer ( 21 October 2011 ) . `` Judi Dench had no ego on ' Jane Eyre ' set , says director Cary Fukunaga '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 9 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Judi Dench given sexy Jane Eyre promise '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 9 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Jane Eyre ( 2011 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 9 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Jane Eyre '' . The Numbers . Retrieved 9 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` My Week with Marilyn ( 2011 film profile ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 9 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Judge , Michael ( 29 January 2011 ) . `` A Hollywood Icon Lays Down the Law '' . WSJ.com . Retrieved 18 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` J. Edgar ( 2011 ) '' . The Numbers . Retrieved 9 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Pozzi , James . `` Dame Judi Dench set to make cameo in Wimbledon - shot film '' . South West Londoner . Retrieved 9 November 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Best Exotic Marigold Hotel ( 2012 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 30 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Best Exotic Marigold Hotel Crosses $100 Million '' . Fox Searchlight Pictures . CommingSoon.net. 31 May 2012 . Retrieved 30 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Knegt , Peter ( 23 July 2012 ) . `` Specialty Box Office : ' Queen ' Reigns For Indie Debuts ; LCD Soundsystem Doc Has Great ' One Night Only ' '' . Indiewire . Retrieved 30 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Travers , Peter ( 3 May 2012 ) . `` The Best Exotic Marigold Hotel '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 30 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Reynolds , Simon ( 5 November 2012 ) . `` ' Broken ' , ' Sightseers ' , ' Berberian Sound Studio ' lead BIFA nominations '' . Digital Spy . Hearst Magazines UK . Retrieved 6 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Jones , Alice ( 9 November 2012 ) . `` What M did next : Judi Dench tries cyber-flirting in low - budget indie film '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 9 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Coyle , Jake ( 9 November 2012 ) . `` Judi Dench On Skyfall & Her Reign As M '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved 11 November 2012 . Jump up ^ McCartney , Jenny ( 28 October 2012 ) . `` Older and wiser '' . The Sunday Telegraph . London . p. 19 . Jump up ^ `` Venezia 70 '' . labiennale . Retrieved 26 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Official Awards of the 70th Venice Film Festival '' . Retrieved 8 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Venice film festival 2013 : the full line - up '' . The Guardian . London . 25 July 2013 . Retrieved 26 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Corliss , Mary ( 31 August 2013 ) . `` Philomena at Venice : Reserve an Oscar for Judi Dench '' . The Times . Retrieved 29 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Coughlan , Maggie ; Corriston , Michele ( 16 January 2013 ) . `` Oscars 2014 : Julia Roberts , Amy Adams & More React to Nominations '' . People . Retrieved 20 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Sweney , Mark ( 22 August 2013 ) . `` Dustin Hoffman and Judi Dench to star in Roald Dahl adaptation for BBC '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 23 December 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.barb.co.uk/whats-new/weekly-top-30 ? Jump up ^ `` Brazil , UK Lead Pack For International Emmy Nominations '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved 25 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Hogan , Michael ( 1 January 2015 ) . `` Roald Dahl 's Esio Trot , BBC One , review : ' a magical start to 2015 ' '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 2 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Second Best Exotic Marigold Hotel '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved 27 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Cavendish , Dominic ( 7 May 2015 ) . `` The Vote , Donmar Warehouse , review : art meets life in real - time drama '' . The Telegraph . London . Retrieved 20 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Judi Dench to star with daughter in polling station play aired live on election night '' . independent.co.uk . The Independent . 20 March 2015 . Retrieved 24 May 2015 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Olivier Awards 2016 : The Winners List '' . The Hollywood Reporter. 4 March 2016 . Retrieved 10 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Principal photography begins on The Hollow Crown : The Wars Of The Roses '' . BBC Media Centre . BBC . 1 October 2014 . Retrieved 7 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( November 5 , 2014 ) . `` Ella Purnell and Asa Butterfield to Star in Tim Burton 's ' Miss Peregrine 's ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved February 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Miss Peregrine 's Home for Peculiar Children '' . Rotten Tomatoes. 12 October 2016 . Retrieved 12 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Brent Lang ( October 2 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' Miss Peregrine ' Tops With $28.5 Million , ' Deepwater Horizon , ' ' Masterminds ' Bomb '' . Variety . Retrieved October 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Judi Dench to star in Tulip Fever movie '' . bbc.co.uk. 6 June 2014 . Retrieved 6 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Ritman , Alex ( June 17 , 2016 ) . `` Judi Dench to play Queen Victoria in Stephen Frears ' ' Victoria and Abdul ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ford , Rebecca ; Kit , Borys ( September 29 , 2016 ) . `` Johnny Depp in Talks to Star in ' Murder on the Orient Express ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ My grandson was a big surprise - website The Telegraph Jump up ^ Carpenter , Louise . `` Judi Dench : in love again '' . The Times . Jump up ^ Longmire , Becca . `` Dame Judi Dench wraps up warm as she steps out with boyfriend David Mills in New York '' . Express . Jump up ^ Judi Dench says she is n't going blind , Reuters per ABC Online , 21 February 2012 Jump up ^ `` Judi Dench on Beating Failing Eyesight , Bad Knees and Retirement '' . The Hollywood Reporter. 21 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Judi Dench Is Tired of People Saying She Is Too Old to Act '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ The Telegraph - I take memory supplements to help recall my lines , says Judi Dench Retrieved 17 March 2014 Jump up ^ `` No. 45117 '' . The London Gazette ( Supplement ) . 5 June 1970 . p. 6374 . Jump up ^ `` No. 51171 '' . The London Gazette ( Supplement ) . 31 December 1987 . p. 7 . Jump up ^ `` No. 57665 '' . The London Gazette ( Supplement ) . 11 June 2005 . p. 4 . Jump up ^ `` Dench is appointed Mountview president '' . The Stage . London . 30 March 2006 . p. 6 . ISSN 0038 - 9099 . Jump up ^ `` home '' . Ovingdean Hall School . Archived from the original on 13 January 2012 . Retrieved 13 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Doctor of the University '' . Archived from the original on 16 July 2011 . Retrieved 1 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` MINUTES of UNIVERSITY OF DURHAM SENATE , 15 May 2001 '' . dur.ac.uk. 15 May 2001 . Retrieved 27 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Distinguished actress to be honoured by University '' . University of St Andrews . 21 May 2008 . Retrieved 16 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Dame Judi Dench awarded honorary degree by University of Stirling '' . University of St Stirling. 26 June 2013 . Retrieved 11 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Cartner - Morley , Jess ; Mirren , Helen ; Huffington , Arianna ; Amos , Valerie ( 28 March 2013 ) . `` The 50 best - dressed over 50s '' . The Guardian . London . Jump up ^ `` Debrett 's 500 List : Stage & Screen '' . The Telegraph . 28 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dame Judi Dench , Patron of the Karuna Trust '' . karuna.org . Retrieved 20 February 2014 ... Jump up ^ `` Stars of stage and screen among honorary graduates of Nottingham Trent University '' . Ntu.ac.uk . Retrieved 4 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Dame Judi Dench announced as Patron of the Dr Hadwen Trust '' . Drhadwentrust.org. 15 January 2011 . Retrieved 4 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Judi Dench is Everton F.C. supporter '' . community.evertonfc.com . Retrieved 6 November 2013 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Archived 26 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ http://www.shakespearenorth.org/a-letter-to-liverpool-from-dame-judi-dench/ Jump up ^ `` East Park Riding for the Disabled Association is open for business '' . Easy Grinstead Observer . Northcliffe. 5 July 2011 . Retrieved 19 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Vice Presidents '' . Revitalise . Retrieved 10 August 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.metro.co.uk/news/865135-judi-dench-and-sting-post-letter-to-pm-urging-decriminalisation-of-drugs Jump up ^ The Telegraph , Sunday 10 August 2014 Further reading ( edit ) Billington , Michael ( 1993 ) . One Night Stands : A critic 's view of British theatre from 1971 -- 1991 . London : Nick Hern Books . ISBN 1 - 85459 - 185 - 1 . Dench , Judi ( 2010 ) . And Furthermore . London : Weidenfeld & Nicolson . ISBN 978 - 0 - 297 - 85967 - 3 . Herbert , Ian ; Baxter , Christine ; Finlay , Robert E. ( 1981 ) . Who 's Who in the Theatre ( 17th ed . ) . Detroit : Gale . ISBN 0 - 273 - 01717 - 9 . Miller , John , ed. ( 2004 ) . Darling Judi : A Celebration of Judi Dench . London : Weidenfeld & Nicolson . ISBN 0 - 297 - 84791 - 0 . Trowbridge , Simon ( 2010 ) . The Company : A Biographical Dictionary of the Royal Shakespeare Company . Oxford : Editions Albert Creed . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9559830 - 2 - 3 . Dench , Judi ( 2014 ) . Behind the Scenes . New York : St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 250 - 07111 - 8 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Judi Dench . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Judi Dench Judi Dench on IMDb Judi Dench at the Internet Broadway Database Judi Dench at AllMovie Judi Dench at the TCM Movie Database Works by or about Judi Dench in libraries ( WorldCat catalog ) Judi Dench Biography As Time Goes By Central website Judi Dench on Acting Regal University of Bristol Theatre Collection , University of Bristol Dame Judi Dench at Emmys.com Judi Dench interview on BBC Radio 4 Desert Island Discs , 17 April 1998 Judi Dench interview on BBC Radio 4 Desert Island Discs , 15 September 2015 Awards for Judi Dench Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress 1936 -- 1950 Gale Sondergaard ( 1936 ) Alice Brady ( 1937 ) Fay Bainter ( 1938 ) Hattie McDaniel ( 1939 ) Jane Darwell ( 1940 ) Mary Astor ( 1941 ) Teresa Wright ( 1942 ) Katina Paxinou ( 1943 ) Ethel Barrymore ( 1944 ) Anne Revere ( 1945 ) Anne Baxter ( 1946 ) Celeste Holm ( 1947 ) Claire Trevor ( 1948 ) Mercedes McCambridge ( 1949 ) Josephine Hull ( 1950 ) 1951 -- 1975 Kim Hunter ( 1951 ) Gloria Grahame ( 1952 ) Donna Reed ( 1953 ) Eva Marie Saint ( 1954 ) Jo Van Fleet ( 1955 ) Dorothy Malone ( 1956 ) Miyoshi Umeki ( 1957 ) Wendy Hiller ( 1958 ) Shelley Winters ( 1959 ) Shirley Jones ( 1960 ) Rita Moreno ( 1961 ) Patty Duke ( 1962 ) Margaret Rutherford ( 1963 ) Lila Kedrova ( 1964 ) Shelley Winters ( 1965 ) Sandy Dennis ( 1966 ) Estelle Parsons ( 1967 ) Ruth Gordon ( 1968 ) Goldie Hawn ( 1969 ) Helen Hayes ( 1970 ) Cloris Leachman ( 1971 ) Eileen Heckart ( 1972 ) Tatum O'Neal ( 1973 ) Ingrid Bergman ( 1974 ) Lee Grant ( 1975 ) 1976 -- 2000 Beatrice Straight ( 1976 ) Vanessa Redgrave ( 1977 ) Maggie Smith ( 1978 ) Meryl Streep ( 1979 ) Mary Steenburgen ( 1980 ) Maureen Stapleton ( 1981 ) Jessica Lange ( 1982 ) Linda Hunt ( 1983 ) Peggy Ashcroft ( 1984 ) Anjelica Huston ( 1985 ) Dianne Wiest ( 1986 ) Olympia Dukakis ( 1987 ) Geena Davis ( 1988 ) Brenda Fricker ( 1989 ) Whoopi Goldberg ( 1990 ) Mercedes Ruehl ( 1991 ) Marisa Tomei ( 1992 ) Anna Paquin ( 1993 ) Dianne Wiest ( 1994 ) Mira Sorvino ( 1995 ) Juliette Binoche ( 1996 ) Kim Basinger ( 1997 ) Judi Dench ( 1998 ) Angelina Jolie ( 1999 ) Marcia Gay Harden ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present Jennifer Connelly ( 2001 ) Catherine Zeta - Jones ( 2002 ) Renée Zellweger ( 2003 ) Cate Blanchett ( 2004 ) Rachel Weisz ( 2005 ) Jennifer Hudson ( 2006 ) Tilda Swinton ( 2007 ) Penélope Cruz ( 2008 ) Mo'Nique ( 2009 ) Melissa Leo ( 2010 ) Octavia Spencer ( 2011 ) Anne Hathaway ( 2012 ) Lupita Nyong'o ( 2013 ) Patricia Arquette ( 2014 ) Alicia Vikander ( 2015 ) Viola Davis ( 2016 ) BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role 1952 -- 1967 Vivien Leigh British , Simone Signoret Foreign ( 1952 ) Audrey Hepburn British , Leslie Caron Foreign ( 1953 ) Yvonne Mitchell British , Cornell Borchers Foreign ( 1954 ) Katie Johnson British , Betsy Blair Foreign ( 1955 ) Virginia McKenna British , Anna Magnani Foreign ( 1956 ) Heather Sears British , Simone Signoret Foreign ( 1957 ) Irene Worth British , Simone Signoret Foreign ( 1958 ) Audrey Hepburn British , Shirley MacLaine Foreign ( 1959 ) Rachel Roberts British , Shirley MacLaine Foreign ( 1960 ) Dora Bryan British , Sophia Loren Foreign ( 1961 ) Leslie Caron British , Anne Bancroft Foreign ( 1962 ) Rachel Roberts British , Patricia Neal Foreign ( 1963 ) Audrey Hepburn British , Anne Bancroft Foreign ( 1964 ) Julie Christie British , Patricia Neal Foreign ( 1965 ) Elizabeth Taylor British , Jeanne Moreau Foreign ( 1966 ) Edith Evans British , Anouk Aimée Foreign ( 1967 ) 1968 -- present Katharine Hepburn ( 1968 ) Maggie Smith ( 1969 ) Katharine Ross ( 1970 ) Glenda Jackson ( 1971 ) Liza Minnelli ( 1972 ) Stéphane Audran ( 1973 ) Joanne Woodward ( 1974 ) Ellen Burstyn ( 1975 ) Louise Fletcher ( 1976 ) Diane Keaton ( 1977 ) Jane Fonda ( 1978 ) Jane Fonda ( 1979 ) Judy Davis ( 1980 ) Meryl Streep ( 1981 ) Katharine Hepburn ( 1982 ) Julie Walters ( 1983 ) Maggie Smith ( 1984 ) Peggy Ashcroft ( 1985 ) Maggie Smith ( 1986 ) Anne Bancroft ( 1987 ) Maggie Smith ( 1988 ) Pauline Collins ( 1989 ) Jessica Tandy ( 1990 ) Jodie Foster ( 1991 ) Emma Thompson ( 1992 ) Holly Hunter ( 1993 ) Susan Sarandon ( 1994 ) Emma Thompson ( 1995 ) Brenda Blethyn ( 1996 ) Judi Dench ( 1997 ) Cate Blanchett ( 1998 ) Annette Bening ( 1999 ) Julia Roberts ( 2000 ) Judi Dench ( 2001 ) Nicole Kidman ( 2002 ) Scarlett Johansson ( 2003 ) Imelda Staunton ( 2004 ) Reese Witherspoon ( 2005 ) Helen Mirren ( 2006 ) Marion Cotillard ( 2007 ) Kate Winslet ( 2008 ) Carey Mulligan ( 2009 ) Natalie Portman ( 2010 ) Meryl Streep ( 2011 ) Emmanuelle Riva ( 2012 ) Cate Blanchett ( 2013 ) Julianne Moore ( 2014 ) Brie Larson ( 2015 ) Emma Stone ( 2016 ) BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role 1968 -- 1984 Billie Whitelaw ( 1968 ) Celia Johnson ( 1969 ) Susannah York ( 1970 ) Margaret Leighton ( 1971 ) Cloris Leachman ( 1972 ) Valentina Cortese ( 1973 ) Ingrid Bergman ( 1974 ) Diane Ladd ( 1975 ) Jodie Foster ( 1976 ) Jenny Agutter ( 1977 ) Geraldine Page ( 1978 ) Rachel Roberts ( 1979 ) Rohini Hattangadi / Maureen Stapleton ( 1982 ) Jamie Lee Curtis ( 1983 ) Liz Smith ( 1984 ) 1985 -- 2009 Rosanna Arquette ( 1985 ) Judi Dench ( 1986 ) Susan Wooldridge ( 1987 ) Judi Dench ( 1988 ) Michelle Pfeiffer ( 1989 ) Whoopi Goldberg ( 1990 ) Kate Nelligan ( 1991 ) Miranda Richardson ( 1992 ) Miriam Margolyes ( 1993 ) Kristin Scott Thomas ( 1994 ) Kate Winslet ( 1995 ) Juliette Binoche ( 1996 ) Sigourney Weaver ( 1997 ) Judi Dench ( 1998 ) Maggie Smith ( 1999 ) Julie Walters ( 2000 ) Jennifer Connelly ( 2001 ) Catherine Zeta - Jones ( 2002 ) Renée Zellweger ( 2003 ) Cate Blanchett ( 2004 ) Thandie Newton ( 2005 ) Jennifer Hudson ( 2006 ) Tilda Swinton ( 2007 ) Penélope Cruz ( 2008 ) Mo'Nique ( 2009 ) 2010 -- present Helena Bonham Carter ( 2010 ) Octavia Spencer ( 2011 ) Anne Hathaway ( 2012 ) Jennifer Lawrence ( 2013 ) Patricia Arquette ( 2014 ) Kate Winslet ( 2015 ) Viola Davis ( 2016 ) BAFTA Award for Most Promising Newcomer to Leading Film Roles Most Promising Newcomer to Film Claire Bloom ( 1952 ) Norman Wisdom ( 1953 ) David Kossoff ( 1954 ) Paul Scofield ( 1955 ) Eli Wallach ( 1956 ) Eric Barker ( 1957 ) Paul Massie ( 1958 ) Hayley Mills ( 1959 ) Most Promising Newcomer to Leading Film Roles Albert Finney ( 1960 ) Rita Tushingham ( 1961 ) Tom Courtenay ( 1962 ) James Fox ( 1963 ) Julie Andrews ( 1964 ) Judi Dench ( 1965 ) Vivien Merchant ( 1966 ) Faye Dunaway ( 1967 ) Dustin Hoffman ( 1968 ) Jon Voight ( 1969 ) David Bradley ( 1970 ) Dominic Guard ( 1971 ) Joel Grey ( 1972 ) Peter Egan ( 1973 ) Georgina Hale ( 1974 ) Valerie Perrine ( 1975 ) Jodie Foster ( 1976 ) Isabelle Huppert ( 1977 ) Christopher Reeve ( 1978 ) Dennis Christopher ( 1979 ) Most Outstanding Newcomer to Leading Film Roles Judy Davis ( 1980 ) Joe Pesci ( 1981 ) Ben Kingsley ( 1982 ) Most Outstanding Newcomer to Film Phyllis Logan ( 1983 ) Haing S. Ngor ( 1984 ) BAFTA Fellowship recipients 1971 -- 2000 Alfred Hitchcock ( 1971 ) Freddie Young ( 1972 ) Grace Wyndham Goldie ( 1973 ) David Lean ( 1974 ) Jacques Cousteau ( 1975 ) Charlie Chaplin ( 1976 ) Laurence Olivier ( 1976 ) Denis Forman ( 1977 ) Fred Zinnemann ( 1978 ) Lew Grade ( 1979 ) Huw Wheldon ( 1979 ) David Attenborough ( 1980 ) John Huston ( 1980 ) Abel Gance ( 1981 ) Michael Powell & Emeric Pressburger ( 1981 ) Andrzej Wajda ( 1982 ) Richard Attenborough ( 1983 ) Hugh Greene ( 1984 ) Sam Spiegel ( 1984 ) Jeremy Isaacs ( 1985 ) Steven Spielberg ( 1986 ) Federico Fellini ( 1987 ) Ingmar Bergman ( 1988 ) Alec Guinness ( 1989 ) Paul Fox ( 1990 ) Louis Malle ( 1991 ) John Gielgud ( 1992 ) David Plowright ( 1992 ) Sydney Samuelson ( 1993 ) Colin Young ( 1993 ) Michael Grade ( 1994 ) Billy Wilder ( 1995 ) Jeanne Moreau ( 1996 ) Ronald Neame ( 1996 ) John Schlesinger ( 1996 ) Maggie Smith ( 1996 ) Woody Allen ( 1997 ) Steven Bochco ( 1997 ) Julie Christie ( 1997 ) Oswald Morris ( 1997 ) Harold Pinter ( 1997 ) David Rose ( 1997 ) Sean Connery ( 1998 ) Bill Cotton ( 1998 ) Eric Morecambe & Ernie Wise ( 1999 ) Elizabeth Taylor ( 1999 ) Michael Caine ( 2000 ) Stanley Kubrick ( 2000 ) Peter Bazalgette ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present Albert Finney ( 2001 ) John Thaw ( 2001 ) Judi Dench ( 2001 ) Warren Beatty ( 2002 ) Merchant Ivory Productions ( 2002 ) Andrew Davies ( 2002 ) John Mills ( 2002 ) Saul Zaentz ( 2003 ) David Jason ( 2003 ) John Boorman ( 2004 ) Roger Graef ( 2004 ) John Barry ( 2005 ) David Frost ( 2005 ) David Puttnam ( 2006 ) Ken Loach ( 2006 ) Anne V. Coates ( 2007 ) Richard Curtis ( 2007 ) Will Wright ( 2007 ) Anthony Hopkins ( 2008 ) Bruce Forsyth ( 2008 ) Dawn French & Jennifer Saunders ( 2009 ) Terry Gilliam ( 2009 ) Nolan Bushnell ( 2009 ) Vanessa Redgrave ( 2010 ) Shigeru Miyamoto ( 2010 ) Melvyn Bragg ( 2010 ) Christopher Lee ( 2011 ) Peter Molyneux ( 2011 ) Trevor McDonald ( 2011 ) Martin Scorsese ( 2012 ) Rolf Harris ( 2012 ) Alan Parker ( 2013 ) Gabe Newell ( 2013 ) Michael Palin ( 2013 ) Helen Mirren ( 2014 ) Rockstar Games ( 2014 ) Julie Walters ( 2014 ) Mike Leigh ( 2015 ) David Braben ( 2015 ) Jon Snow ( 2015 ) Sidney Poitier ( 2016 ) John Carmack ( 2016 ) Ray Galton & Alan Simpson ( 2016 ) Mel Brooks ( 2017 ) Joanna Lumley ( 2017 ) BAFTA Los Angeles Britannia Awards Excellence in Film Albert R. Broccoli ( 1989 ) Michael Caine ( 1990 ) Peter Ustinov ( 1992 ) Martin Scorsese ( 1993 ) Anthony Hopkins ( 1995 ) Bob Weinstein and Harvey Weinstein ( 1996 ) Dustin Hoffman ( 1997 ) John Travolta ( 1998 ) Stanley Kubrick ( 1999 ) Steven Spielberg ( 2000 ) George Lucas ( 2002 ) Hugh Grant ( 2003 ) Tom Hanks ( 2004 ) Tom Cruise ( 2005 ) Clint Eastwood ( 2006 ) Denzel Washington ( 2007 ) Sean Penn ( 2008 ) Robert De Niro ( 2009 ) Jeff Bridges ( 2010 ) Warren Beatty ( 2011 ) Daniel Day - Lewis ( 2012 ) George Clooney ( 2013 ) Robert Downey Jr. ( 2014 ) Meryl Streep ( 2015 ) Jodie Foster ( 2016 ) Matt Damon ( 2017 ) Excellence in Directing Peter Weir ( 2003 ) Jim Sheridan ( 2004 ) Mike Newell ( 2005 ) Anthony Minghella ( 2006 ) Martin Campbell ( 2007 ) Stephen Frears ( 2008 ) Danny Boyle ( 2009 ) Christopher Nolan ( 2010 ) David Yates ( 2011 ) Quentin Tarantino ( 2012 ) Kathryn Bigelow ( 2013 ) Mike Leigh ( 2014 ) Sam Mendes ( 2015 ) Ang Lee ( 2016 ) Ava DuVernay ( 2017 ) Worldwide Contribution to Entertainment Howard Stringer ( 2003 ) Kirk Douglas ( 2009 ) Ridley Scott & Tony Scott ( 2010 ) John Lasseter ( 2011 ) Will Wright ( 2012 ) Ben Kingsley ( 2013 ) Judi Dench ( 2014 ) Harrison Ford ( 2015 ) Samuel L. Jackson ( 2016 ) Kenneth Branagh ( 2017 ) British Artist of the Year Rachel Weisz ( 2006 ) Kate Winslet ( 2007 ) Tilda Swinton ( 2008 ) Emily Blunt ( 2009 ) Michael Sheen ( 2010 ) Helena Bonham Carter ( 2011 ) Daniel Craig ( 2012 ) Benedict Cumberbatch ( 2013 ) Emma Watson ( 2014 ) James Corden ( 2015 ) Felicity Jones ( 2016 ) Claire Foy ( 2017 ) Excellence in Comedy Betty White ( 2010 ) Ben Stiller ( 2011 ) Trey Parker and Matt Stone ( 2012 ) Sacha Baron Cohen ( 2013 ) Julia Louis - Dreyfus ( 2014 ) Amy Schumer ( 2015 ) Ricky Gervais ( 2016 ) Aziz Ansari ( 2017 ) Excellence in Television Aaron Spelling ( 1999 ) HBO Original Programming ( 2002 ) Dick Van Dyke ( 2017 ) Humanitarian Award Richard Curtis ( 2007 ) Don Cheadle ( 2008 ) Colin Firth ( 2009 ) Idris Elba ( 2013 ) Mark Ruffalo ( 2014 ) Orlando Bloom ( 2015 ) Ewan McGregor ( 2016 ) Retired Awards BBC ( 1999 ) Tarsem Singh ( 1999 ) Angela Lansbury ( 2003 ) Helen Mirren ( 2004 ) Elizabeth Taylor ( 2005 ) Ronald Neame ( 2005 ) Sidney Poitier ( 2006 ) Bob Shaye and Michael Lynne ( 2007 ) BAFTA TV Award for Best Actress 1952 -- 1959 Googie Withers ( 1955 ) Virginia McKenna ( 1956 ) Rosalie Crutchley ( 1957 ) Gwen Watford ( 1959 ) 1960 -- 1979 Catherine Lacey ( 1960 ) Billie Whitelaw ( 1961 ) Ruth Dunning ( 1962 ) Brenda Bruce ( 1963 ) Vivien Merchant ( 1964 ) Katharine Blake ( 1965 ) Gwen Watford ( 1966 ) Vanessa Redgrave ( 1967 ) Judi Dench ( 1968 ) Wendy Craig ( 1969 ) Margaret Tyzack ( 1970 ) Annette Crosbie ( 1971 ) Patricia Hayes ( 1972 ) Billie Whitelaw ( 1973 ) Celia Johnson ( 1974 ) Lee Remick ( 1975 ) Annette Crosbie ( 1976 ) Siân Phillips ( 1977 ) Penelope Keith ( 1978 ) Francesca Annis ( 1979 ) 1980 -- 1999 Cheryl Campbell ( 1980 ) Peggy Ashcroft ( 1981 ) Judi Dench ( 1982 ) Beryl Reid ( 1983 ) Coral Browne ( 1984 ) Peggy Ashcroft ( 1985 ) Claire Bloom ( 1986 ) Anna Massey ( 1987 ) Emma Thompson ( 1988 ) Thora Hird ( 1989 ) Diana Rigg ( 1990 ) Geraldine McEwan ( 1991 ) Helen Mirren ( 1992 ) Helen Mirren ( 1993 ) Helen Mirren ( 1994 ) Juliet Aubrey ( 1995 ) Jennifer Ehle ( 1996 ) Gina McKee ( 1997 ) Daniela Nardini ( 1998 ) Thora Hird ( 1999 ) 2000 -- 2019 Thora Hird ( 2000 ) Judi Dench ( 2001 ) Julie Walters ( 2002 ) Julie Walters ( 2003 ) Julie Walters ( 2004 ) Anamaria Marinca ( 2005 ) Anna Maxwell Martin ( 2006 ) Victoria Wood ( 2007 ) Eileen Atkins ( 2008 ) Anna Maxwell Martin ( 2009 ) Julie Walters ( 2010 ) Vicky McClure ( 2011 ) Emily Watson ( 2012 ) Sheridan Smith ( 2013 ) Olivia Colman ( 2014 ) Georgina Campbell ( 2015 ) Suranne Jones ( 2016 ) Sarah Lancashire ( 2017 ) BAFTA TV Award for Best Entertainment Performance 1970 -- 1989 Eric Morecambe & Ernie Wise ( 1970 ) Eric Morecambe & Ernie Wise ( 1971 ) Ronnie Barker & Ronnie Corbett ( 1972 ) Eric Morecambe & Ernie Wise ( 1973 ) Eric Morecambe & Ernie Wise ( 1974 ) Stanley Baxter ( 1975 ) Ronnie Barker ( 1976 ) Penelope Keith ( 1977 ) Ronnie Barker ( 1978 ) Ronnie Barker ( 1979 ) John Cleese ( 1980 ) Rowan Atkinson ( 1981 ) Nigel Hawthorne ( 1982 ) Nigel Hawthorne ( 1983 ) Tracey Ullman ( 1984 ) Judi Dench ( 1985 ) Victoria Wood ( 1986 ) Nigel Hawthorne ( 1987 ) Nigel Hawthorne ( 1988 ) Victoria Wood ( 1989 ) 1990 -- 2009 Rowan Atkinson ( 1990 ) David Jason ( 1991 ) Richard Wilson ( 1992 ) Joanna Lumley ( 1993 ) Richard Wilson ( 1994 ) Rory Bremner ( 1995 ) Rory Bremner ( 1996 ) John Bird & John Fortune ( 1997 ) Paul Whitehouse ( 1998 ) Michael Parkinson ( 1999 ) Graham Norton ( 2000 ) Graham Norton ( 2001 ) Graham Norton ( 2002 ) Paul Merton ( 2003 ) Jonathan Ross ( 2004 ) Paul O'Grady ( 2005 ) Jonathan Ross ( 2006 ) Jonathan Ross ( 2007 ) Harry Hill ( 2008 ) Harry Hill ( 2009 ) 2010 -- 2029 Anthony McPartlin & Declan Donnelly ( 2010 ) Graham Norton ( 2011 ) Graham Norton ( 2012 ) Alan Carr ( 2013 ) Anthony McPartlin & Declan Donnelly ( 2014 ) Anthony McPartlin & Declan Donnelly ( 2015 ) Leigh Francis ( 2016 ) Michael McIntyre ( 2017 ) BIFA Award for Best Performance by an Actress in a British Independent Film Kathy Burke ( 1998 ) Emily Watson ( 1999 ) Gillian Anderson ( 2000 ) Kate Ashfield ( 2001 ) Samantha Morton ( 2002 ) Olivia Williams ( 2003 ) Imelda Staunton ( 2004 ) Rachel Weisz ( 2005 ) Kate Dickie ( 2006 ) Judi Dench ( 2007 ) Vera Farmiga ( 2008 ) Carey Mulligan ( 2009 ) Carey Mulligan ( 2010 ) Olivia Colman ( 2011 ) Andrea Riseborough ( 2012 ) Lindsay Duncan ( 2013 ) Gugu Mbatha - Raw ( 2014 ) Saoirse Ronan ( 2015 ) Sasha Lane ( 2016 ) European Film Academy Lifetime Achievement Award Ingmar Bergman ( 1988 ) Marcello Mastroianni ( 1988 ) Federico Fellini ( 1989 ) Andrzej Wajda ( 1990 ) Alexandre Trauner ( 1991 ) Billy Wilder ( 1992 ) Michelangelo Antonioni ( 1993 ) Robert Bresson ( 1994 ) Marcel Carné ( 1995 ) Alec Guinness ( 1996 ) Jeanne Moreau ( 1997 ) Ennio Morricone ( 1999 ) Richard Harris ( 2000 ) Monty Python ( 2001 ) Tonino Guerra ( 2002 ) Claude Chabrol ( 2003 ) Carlos Saura ( 2004 ) Sean Connery ( 2005 ) Roman Polanski ( 2006 ) Jean - Luc Godard ( 2007 ) Judi Dench ( 2008 ) Ken Loach ( 2009 ) Bruno Ganz ( 2010 ) Stephen Frears ( 2011 ) Bernardo Bertolucci ( 2012 ) Catherine Deneuve ( 2013 ) Agnès Varda ( 2014 ) Charlotte Rampling ( 2015 ) Jean - Claude Carrière ( 2016 ) Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Motion Picture -- Drama 1943 -- 1975 Jennifer Jones ( 1943 ) Ingrid Bergman ( 1944 ) Ingrid Bergman ( 1945 ) Rosalind Russell ( 1946 ) Rosalind Russell ( 1947 ) Jane Wyman ( 1948 ) Olivia de Havilland ( 1949 ) Gloria Swanson ( 1950 ) Jane Wyman ( 1951 ) Shirley Booth ( 1952 ) Audrey Hepburn ( 1953 ) Grace Kelly ( 1954 ) Anna Magnani ( 1955 ) Ingrid Bergman ( 1956 ) Joanne Woodward ( 1957 ) Susan Hayward ( 1958 ) Elizabeth Taylor ( 1959 ) Greer Garson ( 1960 ) Geraldine Page ( 1961 ) Geraldine Page ( 1962 ) Leslie Caron ( 1963 ) Anne Bancroft ( 1964 ) Samantha Eggar ( 1965 ) Anouk Aimée ( 1966 ) Edith Evans ( 1967 ) Joanne Woodward ( 1968 ) Geneviève Bujold ( 1969 ) Ali MacGraw ( 1970 ) Jane Fonda ( 1971 ) Liv Ullmann ( 1972 ) Marsha Mason ( 1973 ) Gena Rowlands ( 1974 ) Louise Fletcher ( 1975 ) 1976 -- 2000 Faye Dunaway ( 1976 ) Jane Fonda ( 1977 ) Jane Fonda ( 1978 ) Sally Field ( 1979 ) Mary Tyler Moore ( 1980 ) Meryl Streep ( 1981 ) Meryl Streep ( 1982 ) Shirley MacLaine ( 1983 ) Sally Field ( 1984 ) Whoopi Goldberg ( 1985 ) Marlee Matlin ( 1986 ) Sally Kirkland ( 1987 ) Jodie Foster / Shirley MacLaine / Sigourney Weaver ( 1988 ) Michelle Pfeiffer ( 1989 ) Kathy Bates ( 1990 ) Jodie Foster ( 1991 ) Emma Thompson ( 1992 ) Holly Hunter ( 1993 ) Jessica Lange ( 1994 ) Sharon Stone ( 1995 ) Brenda Blethyn ( 1996 ) Judi Dench ( 1997 ) Cate Blanchett ( 1998 ) Hilary Swank ( 1999 ) Julia Roberts ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present Sissy Spacek ( 2001 ) Nicole Kidman ( 2002 ) Charlize Theron ( 2003 ) Hilary Swank ( 2004 ) Felicity Huffman ( 2005 ) Helen Mirren ( 2006 ) Julie Christie ( 2007 ) Kate Winslet ( 2008 ) Sandra Bullock ( 2009 ) Natalie Portman ( 2010 ) Meryl Streep ( 2011 ) Jessica Chastain ( 2012 ) Cate Blanchett ( 2013 ) Julianne Moore ( 2014 ) Brie Larson ( 2015 ) Isabelle Huppert ( 2016 ) Golden Globe Award for Best Actress -- Miniseries or Television Film Jane Seymour ( 1981 ) Ingrid Bergman ( 1982 ) Ann - Margret ( 1983 ) Ann - Margret ( 1984 ) Liza Minnelli ( 1985 ) Loretta Young ( 1986 ) Gena Rowlands ( 1987 ) Ann Jillian ( 1988 ) Christine Lahti ( 1989 ) Barbara Hershey ( 1990 ) Judy Davis ( 1991 ) Laura Dern ( 1992 ) Bette Midler ( 1993 ) Joanne Woodward ( 1994 ) Jessica Lange ( 1995 ) Helen Mirren ( 1996 ) Alfre Woodard ( 1997 ) Angelina Jolie ( 1998 ) Halle Berry ( 1999 ) Judi Dench ( 2000 ) Judy Davis ( 2001 ) Uma Thurman ( 2002 ) Meryl Streep ( 2003 ) Glenn Close ( 2004 ) S. Epatha Merkerson ( 2005 ) Helen Mirren ( 2006 ) Queen Latifah ( 2007 ) Laura Linney ( 2008 ) Drew Barrymore ( 2009 ) Claire Danes ( 2010 ) Kate Winslet ( 2011 ) Julianne Moore ( 2012 ) Elisabeth Moss ( 2013 ) Maggie Gyllenhaal ( 2014 ) Lady Gaga ( 2015 ) Sarah Paulson ( 2016 ) Laurence Olivier Award for Actress of the Year in a New Play Peggy Ashcroft ( 1976 ) Alison Fiske ( 1977 ) Joan Plowright ( 1978 ) Jane Lapotaire ( 1979 ) Frances de la Tour ( 1980 ) Elizabeth Quinn ( 1981 ) Rosemary Leach ( 1982 ) Judi Dench ( 1983 ) Thuli Dumakude ( 1984 ) Pauline Collins ( 1988 ) Laurence Olivier Award for Actress of the Year in a Revival Dorothy Tutin ( 1976 ) Judi Dench ( 1977 ) Dorothy Tutin ( 1978 ) Zoë Wanamaker ( 1979 ) Judi Dench ( 1980 ) Margaret Tyzack ( 1981 ) Cheryl Campbell ( 1982 ) Frances de la Tour ( 1983 ) Vanessa Redgrave ( 1984 ) Harriet Walter ( 1988 ) Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actress Yvonne Bryceland ( 1985 ) Lindsay Duncan ( 1986 ) Judi Dench ( 1987 ) Fiona Shaw ( 1989 / 1990 ) Kathryn Hunter ( 1991 ) Juliet Stevenson ( 1992 ) Alison Steadman ( 1993 ) Fiona Shaw ( 1994 ) Clare Higgins ( 1995 ) Judi Dench ( 1996 ) Janet McTeer ( 1997 ) Zoë Wanamaker ( 1998 ) Eileen Atkins ( 1999 ) Janie Dee ( 2000 ) Julie Walters ( 2001 ) Lindsay Duncan ( 2002 ) Clare Higgins ( 2003 ) Eileen Atkins ( 2004 ) Clare Higgins ( 2005 ) Eve Best ( 2006 ) Tamsin Greig ( 2007 ) Kristin Scott Thomas ( 2008 ) Margaret Tyzack ( 2009 ) Rachel Weisz ( 2010 ) Nancy Carroll ( 2011 ) Ruth Wilson ( 2012 ) Helen Mirren ( 2013 ) Lesley Manville ( 2014 ) Penelope Wilton ( 2015 ) Denise Gough ( 2016 ) Billie Piper ( 2017 ) Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actress in a Musical Virginia McKenna ( 1979 ) Gemma Craven ( 1980 ) Carlin Glynn ( 1981 ) Julia McKenzie ( 1982 ) Barbara Dickson ( 1983 ) Natalia Makarova ( 1984 ) Patti LuPone ( 1985 ) Lesley Mackie ( 1986 ) Nichola McAuliffe ( 1987 ) Patricia Routledge ( 1988 ) Lea Salonga ( 1989 / 1990 ) Imelda Staunton ( 1991 ) Wilhelmenia Fernandez ( 1992 ) Joanna Riding ( 1993 ) Julia McKenzie ( 1994 ) Ruthie Henshall ( 1995 ) Judi Dench ( 1996 ) Maria Friedman ( 1997 ) Ute Lemper ( 1998 ) Sophie Thompson ( 1999 ) Barbara Dickson ( 2000 ) Samantha Spiro ( 2001 ) Martine McCutcheon ( 2002 ) Joanna Riding ( 2003 ) Maria Friedman ( 2004 ) Laura Michelle Kelly ( 2005 ) Jane Krakowski ( 2006 ) Jenna Russell ( 2007 ) Leanne Jones ( 2008 ) Elena Roger ( 2009 ) Samantha Spiro ( 2010 ) Sheridan Smith ( 2011 ) Cleo Demetriou , Kerry Ingram , Sophia Kiely , and Eleanor Worthington Cox ( 2012 ) Imelda Staunton ( 2013 ) Zrinka Cvitešić ( 2014 ) Katie Brayben ( 2015 ) Imelda Staunton ( 2016 ) Amber Riley ( 2017 ) Laurence Olivier Award for Best Performance in a Supporting Role 1977 -- 1984 Actor Nigel Hawthorne ( 1977 ) Robert Eddison ( 1978 ) Patrick Stewart ( 1979 ) David Threlfall ( 1980 ) Joe Melia ( 1981 ) David Healy ( 1982 ) Alan Devlin ( 1983 ) Edward Petherbridge ( 1984 ) Actress Mona Washbourne ( 1977 ) Elizabeth Spriggs ( 1978 ) Doreen Mantle ( 1979 ) Suzanne Bertish ( 1980 ) Gwen Watford ( 1981 ) Anna Massey ( 1982 ) Abigail McKern ( 1983 ) Marcia Warren ( 1984 ) 1985 -- 1990 Merged Imelda Staunton ( 1985 ) Paul Jesson ( 1986 ) Michael Bryant ( 1987 ) Eileen Atkins ( 1988 ) Michael Bryant ( 1989 / 1990 ) 1991 -- 1995 Actor David Bradley ( 1991 ) Oleg Menshikov ( 1992 ) Julian Glover ( 1993 ) Joseph Mydell ( 1994 ) Ken Stott ( 1995 ) Actress Sara Crowe ( 1991 ) Frances de la Tour ( 1992 ) Barbara Leigh - Hunt ( 1993 ) Helen Burns ( 1994 ) Dora Bryan ( 1995 ) 1996 -- 2002 Actor Trevor Eve ( 1997 ) Roger Allam ( 2000 ) Ben Daniels ( 2001 ) Toby Jones ( 2002 ) Actress Deborah Findlay ( 1997 ) Patricia Hodge ( 2000 ) Essie Davis ( 2001 ) Marcia Warren ( 2002 ) Merged Simon Russell Beale ( 1996 ) Sarah Woodward ( 1998 ) Brendan Coyle ( 1999 ) 2003 -- 2009 Merged Essie Davis ( 2003 ) Warren Mitchell ( 2004 ) Amanda Harris ( 2005 ) Noma Dumezweni ( 2006 ) Jim Norton ( 2007 ) Rory Kinnear ( 2008 ) Patrick Stewart ( 2009 ) 2010 -- present Actor Eddie Redmayne ( 2010 ) Adrian Scarborough ( 2011 ) Richard McCabe ( 2013 ) Jack Lowden ( 2014 ) Nathaniel Parker ( 2015 ) Mark Gatiss ( 2016 ) Anthony Boyle ( 2017 ) Actress Ruth Wilson ( 2010 ) Michelle Terry ( 2011 ) Nicola Walker ( 2013 ) Sharon D. Clarke ( 2014 ) Angela Lansbury ( 2015 ) Judi Dench ( 2016 ) Noma Dumezweni ( 2017 ) Merged Sheridan Smith ( 2012 ) Society of London Theatre Special Award Laurence Olivier ( 1979 ) Ralph Richardson ( 1980 ) Charles Wintour ( 1982 ) Joan Littlewood ( 1983 ) John Gielgud ( 1985 ) Alec Guinness ( 1988 ) Peggy Ashcroft ( 1991 ) Ninette de Valois ( 1992 ) Kenneth MacMillan ( 1993 ) Sam Wanamaker ( 1994 ) Harold Pinter ( 1996 ) Margaret Harris ( 1997 ) Ed Mirvish / David Mirvish ( 1998 ) Peter Hall ( 1999 ) Rupert Rhymes ( 2002 ) Sam Mendes ( 2003 ) Judi Dench ( 2004 ) Alan Bennett ( 2005 ) Ian McKellen ( 2006 ) John Tomlinson ( 2007 ) Andrew Lloyd Webber ( 2008 ) Alan Ayckbourn ( 2009 ) Maggie Smith ( 2010 ) Stephen Sondheim ( 2011 ) Monica Mason / Tim Rice ( 2012 ) Michael Frayn / Gillian Lynne ( 2013 ) Nicholas Hytner & Nick Starr / Michael White ( 2014 ) Sylvie Guillem / Kevin Spacey ( 2015 ) Kenneth Branagh ( 2017 ) London Film Critics ' Circle Award for British Actress of the Year Miranda Richardson ( 1993 ) Crissy Rock ( 1994 ) Kate Winslet ( 1995 ) Brenda Blethyn ( 1996 ) Judi Dench ( 1997 ) Helena Bonham Carter ( 1998 ) Emily Watson ( 1999 ) Julie Walters ( 2000 ) Judi Dench ( 2001 ) Lesley Manville ( 2002 ) Anne Reid ( 2003 ) Eva Birthistle / Kate Winslet ( 2004 ) Rachel Weisz ( 2005 ) Helen Mirren ( 2006 ) Julie Christie ( 2007 ) Kristin Scott Thomas ( 2008 ) Carey Mulligan ( 2009 ) Lesley Manville ( 2010 ) Olivia Colman ( 2011 ) Andrea Riseborough ( 2012 ) Judi Dench ( 2013 ) Rosamund Pike ( 2014 ) Saoirse Ronan ( 2015 ) Kate Beckinsale ( 2016 ) National Society of Film Critics Award for Best Supporting Actress 1967 -- 1979 Marjorie Rhodes ( 1967 ) Billie Whitelaw ( 1968 ) Siân Phillips / Delphine Seyrig ( 1969 ) Lois Smith ( 1970 ) Ellen Burstyn ( 1971 ) Jeannie Berlin ( 1972 ) Valentina Cortese ( 1973 ) Bibi Andersson ( 1974 ) Lily Tomlin ( 1975 ) Jodie Foster ( 1976 ) Ann Wedgeworth ( 1977 ) Meryl Streep ( 1978 ) Meryl Streep ( 1979 ) 1980 -- 1999 Mary Steenburgen ( 1980 ) Maureen Stapleton ( 1981 ) Jessica Lange ( 1982 ) Sandra Bernhard ( 1983 ) Melanie Griffith ( 1984 ) Anjelica Huston ( 1985 ) Dianne Wiest ( 1986 ) Kathy Baker ( 1987 ) Mercedes Ruehl ( 1988 ) Anjelica Huston ( 1989 ) Annette Bening ( 1990 ) Jane Horrocks ( 1991 ) Judy Davis ( 1992 ) Madeleine Stowe ( 1993 ) Dianne Wiest ( 1994 ) Joan Allen ( 1995 ) Barbara Hershey ( 1996 ) Julianne Moore ( 1997 ) Judi Dench ( 1998 ) Chloë Sevigny ( 1999 ) 2000 -- present Elaine May ( 2000 ) Helen Mirren ( 2001 ) Patricia Clarkson ( 2002 ) Patricia Clarkson ( 2003 ) Virginia Madsen ( 2004 ) Amy Adams ( 2005 ) Meryl Streep ( 2006 ) Cate Blanchett ( 2007 ) Hanna Schygulla ( 2008 ) Mo'Nique ( 2009 ) Olivia Williams ( 2010 ) Jessica Chastain ( 2011 ) Amy Adams ( 2012 ) Jennifer Lawrence ( 2013 ) Patricia Arquette ( 2014 ) Kristen Stewart ( 2015 ) Michelle Williams ( 2016 ) Satellite Award for Best Cast -- Motion Picture Sideways Thomas Haden Church Paul Giamatti Virginia Madsen Sandra Oh 2005 Crash Chris Bridges Sandra Bullock Don Cheadle Matt Dillon Jennifer Esposito William Fichtner Brendan Fraser Terrence Howard Thandie Newton Ryan Phillippe Larenz Tate 2006 The Departed Anthony Anderson Alec Baldwin Matt Damon Leonardo DiCaprio Vera Farmiga Jack Nicholson Martin Sheen Mark Wahlberg Ray Winstone 2007 Before the Devil Knows You 're Dead Albert Finney Rosemary Harris Ethan Hawke Philip Seymour Hoffman Brían F. O'Byrne Amy Ryan Michael Shannon Marisa Tomei 2009 Nine Marion Cotillard Penélope Cruz Daniel Day - Lewis Judi Dench Fergie Kate Hudson Nicole Kidman Sophia Loren 2011 The Help Anna Camp Jessica Chastain Viola Davis Nelsan Ellis Aunjanue Ellis Bryce Dallas Howard Dana Ivey Allison Janney Leslie Jordan Brian Kerwin Chris Lowell Ahna O'Reilly David Oyelowo Sissy Spacek Octavia Spencer Mary Steenburgen Emma Stone Cicely Tyson Mike Vogel 2012 Les Miserábles Samantha Barks Sacha Baron Cohen Helena Bonham Carter Russell Crowe Anne Hathaway Hugh Jackman Eddie Redmayne Amanda Seyfried Aaron Tveit 2013 Nebraska Bruce Dern Missy Doty Will Forte Rance Howard Stacy Keach Angela McEwan Bob Odenkirk Devin Ratray Melinda Simonsen June Squibb Roger Stuckwisch Mary Louise Wilson 2014 Into the Woods Christine Baranski Tammy Blanchard Emily Blunt James Corden Lilla Crawford Frances de la Tour Johnny Depp Daniel Huttlestone Anna Kendrick Billy Magnussen MacKenzie Mauzy Chris Pine Lucy Punch Meryl Streep Tracey Ullman 2015 Spotlight Brian d'Arcy James Michael Keaton Rachel McAdams Mark Ruffalo Liev Schreiber John Slattery Stanley Tucci 2016 Hidden Figures Mahershala Ali Kevin Costner Kirsten Dunst Taraji P. Henson Aldis Hodge Janelle Monáe Jim Parsons Glen Powell Kimberly Quinn Octavia Spencer Satellite Award for Best Actress -- Motion Picture Musical or Comedy ( 1996 -- 2010 , retired ) Gwyneth Paltrow ( 1996 ) Helen Hunt ( 1997 ) Christina Ricci ( 1998 ) Janet McTeer ( 1999 ) Renée Zellweger ( 2000 ) Nicole Kidman ( 2001 ) Jennifer Westfeldt ( 2002 ) Diane Keaton ( 2003 ) Annette Bening ( 2004 ) Reese Witherspoon ( 2005 ) Meryl Streep ( 2006 ) Ellen Page ( 2007 ) Sally Hawkins ( 2008 ) Meryl Streep ( 2009 ) Anne Hathaway ( 2010 ) Motion Picture Drama ( 1996 -- 2010 , retired ) Frances McDormand ( 1996 ) Judi Dench ( 1997 ) Cate Blanchett ( 1998 ) Hilary Swank ( 1999 ) Ellen Burstyn ( 2000 ) Sissy Spacek ( 2001 ) Diane Lane ( 2002 ) Charlize Theron ( 2003 ) Hilary Swank ( 2004 ) Felicity Huffman ( 2005 ) Helen Mirren ( 2006 ) Marion Cotillard ( 2007 ) Angelina Jolie ( 2008 ) Shohreh Aghdashloo ( 2009 ) Noomi Rapace ( 2010 ) Motion Picture ( 2011 -- present ) Viola Davis ( 2011 ) Jennifer Lawrence ( 2012 ) Cate Blanchett ( 2013 ) Julianne Moore ( 2014 ) Saoirse Ronan ( 2015 ) Isabelle Huppert / Ruth Negga ( 2016 ) Satellite Award for Best Actress -- Miniseries or Television Film Helen Mirren ( 1996 ) Jennifer Beals ( 1997 ) Angelina Jolie ( 1998 ) Linda Hamilton ( 1999 ) Jill Hennessy ( 2000 ) Judy Davis ( 2001 ) Vanessa Williams ( 2002 ) Meryl Streep ( 2003 ) Dianne Wiest ( 2004 ) Kristen Bell ( 2005 ) Judy Davis ( 2006 ) Samantha Morton ( 2007 ) Judi Dench ( 2008 ) Drew Barrymore ( 2009 ) Claire Danes ( 2010 ) Kate Winslet ( 2011 ) Julianne Moore ( 2012 ) Elisabeth Moss ( 2013 ) Frances McDormand ( 2014 ) Sarah Hay ( 2015 ) Sarah Paulson ( 2016 ) Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture ( 1995 -- 2000 ) 1995 Apollo 13 Kevin Bacon , Tom Hanks , Ed Harris , Bill Paxton , Kathleen Quinlan , Gary Sinise The Birdcage Hank Azaria , Christine Baranski , Dan Futterman , Gene Hackman , Nathan Lane , Dianne Wiest , Robin Williams The Full Monty Mark Addy , Paul Barber , Robert Carlyle , Deirdre Costello , Steve Huison , Bruce Jones , Lesley Sharp , William Snape , Hugo Speer , Tom Wilkinson , Emily Woof 1998 Shakespeare in Love Ben Affleck , Simon Callow , Jim Carter , Martin Clunes , Judi Dench , Joseph Fiennes , Colin Firth , Gwyneth Paltrow , Geoffrey Rush , Antony Sher , Imelda Staunton 1999 American Beauty Annette Bening , Wes Bentley , Thora Birch , Chris Cooper , Peter Gallagher , Allison Janney , Kevin Spacey , Mena Suvari 2000 Traffic Steven Bauer , Benjamin Bratt , James Brolin , Don Cheadle , Erika Christensen , Clifton Collins Jr. , Benicio del Toro , Michael Douglas , Miguel Ferrer , Albert Finney , Topher Grace , Luis Guzmán , Amy Irving , Tomas Milian , D.W. Moffett , Dennis Quaid , Peter Riegert , Jacob Vargas , Catherine Zeta - Jones Complete list ( 1995 -- 2000 ) ( 2001 -- 2010 ) ( 2011 -- 2020 ) Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Supporting Role Dianne Wiest ( 1994 ) Kate Winslet ( 1995 ) Lauren Bacall ( 1996 ) Kim Basinger / Gloria Stuart ( 1997 ) Kathy Bates ( 1998 ) Angelina Jolie ( 1999 ) Judi Dench ( 2000 ) Helen Mirren ( 2001 ) Catherine Zeta - Jones ( 2002 ) Renée Zellweger ( 2003 ) Cate Blanchett ( 2004 ) Rachel Weisz ( 2005 ) Jennifer Hudson ( 2006 ) Ruby Dee ( 2007 ) Kate Winslet ( 2008 ) Mo'Nique ( 2009 ) Melissa Leo ( 2010 ) Octavia Spencer ( 2011 ) Anne Hathaway ( 2012 ) Lupita Nyong'o ( 2013 ) Patricia Arquette ( 2014 ) Alicia Vikander ( 2015 ) Viola Davis ( 2016 ) Tony Award for Best Performance by a Leading Actress in a Play Ingrid Bergman / Helen Hayes ( 1947 ) Judith Anderson / Katharine Cornell / Jessica Tandy ( 1948 ) Martita Hunt ( 1949 ) Shirley Booth ( 1950 ) Uta Hagen ( 1951 ) Julie Harris ( 1952 ) Shirley Booth ( 1953 ) Audrey Hepburn ( 1954 ) Nancy Kelly ( 1955 ) Julie Harris ( 1956 ) Margaret Leighton ( 1957 ) Helen Hayes ( 1958 ) Gertrude Berg ( 1959 ) Anne Bancroft ( 1960 ) Joan Plowright ( 1961 ) Margaret Leighton ( 1962 ) Uta Hagen ( 1963 ) Sandy Dennis ( 1964 ) Irene Worth ( 1965 ) Rosemary Harris ( 1966 ) Beryl Reid ( 1967 ) Zoe Caldwell ( 1968 ) Julie Harris ( 1969 ) Tammy Grimes ( 1970 ) Maureen Stapleton ( 1971 ) Sada Thompson ( 1972 ) Julie Harris ( 1973 ) Colleen Dewhurst ( 1974 ) Ellen Burstyn ( 1975 ) Irene Worth ( 1976 ) Julie Harris ( 1977 ) Jessica Tandy ( 1978 ) Constance Cummings / Carole Shelley ( 1979 ) Phyllis Frelich ( 1980 ) Jane Lapotaire ( 1981 ) Zoe Caldwell ( 1982 ) Jessica Tandy ( 1983 ) Glenn Close ( 1984 ) Stockard Channing ( 1985 ) Lily Tomlin ( 1986 ) Linda Lavin ( 1987 ) Joan Allen ( 1988 ) Pauline Collins ( 1989 ) Maggie Smith ( 1990 ) Mercedes Ruehl ( 1991 ) Glenn Close ( 1992 ) Madeline Kahn ( 1993 ) Diana Rigg ( 1994 ) Cherry Jones ( 1995 ) Zoe Caldwell ( 1996 ) Janet McTeer ( 1997 ) Marie Mullen ( 1998 ) Judi Dench ( 1999 ) Jennifer Ehle ( 2000 ) Mary - Louise Parker ( 2001 ) Lindsay Duncan ( 2002 ) Vanessa Redgrave ( 2003 ) Phylicia Rashad ( 2004 ) Cherry Jones ( 2005 ) Cynthia Nixon ( 2006 ) Julie White ( 2007 ) Deanna Dunagan ( 2008 ) Marcia Gay Harden ( 2009 ) Viola Davis ( 2010 ) Frances McDormand ( 2011 ) Nina Arianda ( 2012 ) Cicely Tyson ( 2013 ) Audra McDonald ( 2014 ) Helen Mirren ( 2015 ) Jessica Lange ( 2016 ) Laurie Metcalf ( 2017 ) VIAF : 19878023 LCCN : n87856331 ISNI : 0000 0001 1488 4730 GND : 122325702 SUDOC : 069320063 BNF : cb14011620f ( data ) MusicBrainz : a69f5a73 - e016 - 4069 - 989d - 8c093ec63ec5 NLA : 35371092 NKC : xx0005660 BNE : XX1361647 IATH : w6pr92mx Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Judi_Dench&oldid=804863026 '' Categories : 1934 births 20th - century English actresses 20th - century women writers 20th - century writers 21st - century English actresses 21st - century women writers Actresses awarded British damehoods Actresses from York Alumni of the Central School of Speech and Drama Best Supporting Actress BAFTA Award winners European Film Awards winners ( people ) BAFTA winners ( people ) Best Actress BAFTA Award winners Best Drama Actress Golden Globe ( film ) winners Best Miniseries or Television Movie Actress Golden Globe winners Best Supporting Actress Academy Award winners English racehorse owners and breeders Converts to Quakerism Critics ' Circle Theatre Award winners Dames Commander of the Order of the British Empire English people of Irish descent English autobiographers English film actresses English musical theatre actresses English Quakers English radio actresses English television actresses English video game actresses English voice actresses English women writers Evening Standard Award for Best Actress winners Fellows of the Royal Society of Arts Indigenous rights activists Interactive Achievement Award winners Members of the Order of the Companions of Honour Laurence Olivier Award winners Living people Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture Screen Actors Guild Award winners Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Supporting Role Screen Actors Guild Award winners People educated at The Mount School , York Recipients of the Praemium Imperiale Royal Shakespeare Company members English Shakespearean actresses Tony Award winners English theatre directors Freemen of the City of London Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Pages containing London Gazette template with parameter supp set to y Use British English from September 2011 Use dmy dates from November 2015 Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017 Articles needing more detailed references Articles with IBDb links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - 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"Dame Judith Olivia \"Judi\" Dench, CH, DBE, FRSA (born 9 December 1934)[1] is an English actress and author.[2][3] Dench made her professional debut in 1957 with the Old Vic Company. Over the following few years, she performed in several of Shakespeare's plays in such roles as Ophelia in Hamlet, Juliet in Romeo and Juliet, and Lady Macbeth in Macbeth. Although most of her work during this period was in theatre, she also branched into film work and won a BAFTA Award as Most Promising Newcomer. She drew strong reviews for her leading role in the musical Cabaret in 1968."
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"Dame Judith Olivia \"Judi\" Dench"
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-8572305833916325766 | Sense and Sensibility (film) | Sense and Sensibility ( film ) - wikipedia Sense and Sensibility ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search Sense and Sensibility Theatrical release poster Directed by Ang Lee Produced by Lindsay Doran Screenplay by Emma Thompson Based on Sense and Sensibility by Jane Austen Starring Emma Thompson Alan Rickman Kate Winslet Hugh Grant Music by Patrick Doyle Cinematography Michael Coulter Edited by Tim Squyres Production company Columbia Pictures Mirage Enterprises Distributed by Columbia Pictures Release date December 13 , 1995 ( 1995 - 12 - 13 ) ( United States ) Running time 136 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $16 million Box office $134,993,774 Sense and Sensibility is a 1995 American period drama film directed by Ang Lee and based on Jane Austen 's 1811 novel of the same name . Actress Emma Thompson wrote the script and stars as Elinor Dashwood , while Kate Winslet plays Elinor 's younger sister Marianne . The story follows the Dashwood sisters , members of a wealthy English family of landed gentry , as they must deal with circumstances of sudden destitution . They are forced to seek financial security through marriage . Actors Hugh Grant and Alan Rickman play their respective suitors . The film was released on December 13 , 1995 , in the United States . Producer Lindsay Doran , a longtime admirer of Austen 's novel , hired Thompson to write the screenplay . The actress spent five years drafting numerous revisions , continually working on the script between other films as well as into production of the film itself . Studios were nervous that Thompson -- a first - time screenwriter -- was the credited writer , but Columbia Pictures agreed to distribute the film . Though initially intending to have another actress portray Elinor , Thompson was persuaded to take the role . Thompson 's screenplay exaggerated the Dashwood family 's wealth to make their later scenes of poverty more apparent to modern audiences . It also altered the traits of the male leads to make them more appealing to contemporary viewers . Elinor and Marianne 's different characteristics were emphasised through imagery and invented scenes . Ang Lee was selected as director , both due to his work in the 1993 film The Wedding Banquet and because Doran believed he would help the film appeal to a wider audience . Lee was given a budget of $16 million . A commercial success , the movie garnered overwhelmingly positive reviews upon release and received many accolades , including three awards and eleven nominations at the 1995 British Academy Film Awards . It earned seven Academy Awards nominations , including for Best Picture and Best Actress. Thompson received the Best Adapted Screenplay , becoming the only person to have won Academy Awards for both acting and screenwriting . Sense and Sensibility contributed to a resurgence in popularity for Austen 's works , and has led to many more productions in similar genres . It persists in being recognised as one of the best Austen adaptations of all time . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Production 2.1 Conception and adaptation 2.1. 1 Lee 's hire 2.2 Casting 2.3 Costume design 2.4 Filming 2.4. 1 Locations 2.5 Music 2.6 Editing 3 Themes and analysis 3.1 Changes from source material 3.2 Class 3.3 Gender 4 Marketing and release 5 Reception 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Accolades 6 Legacy and influence 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) On his deathbed , Mr. Dashwood tells his son from his first marriage , John , to take care of his second wife and three daughters , Elinor , Marianne , and Margaret , since they will inherit nothing . John 's greedy and snobbish wife Fanny convinces him to give his half sisters practically nothing financially ; John and Fanny immediately install themselves in the large house , forcing the Dashwood ladies to look for a new home . Fanny invites her brother Edward Ferrars to stay with them . Elinor and Edward soon form a close friendship , but Fanny haughtily tells Mrs. Dashwood that Edward would be disinherited if he married someone of no importance with no money . Mrs. Dashwood understands her meaning completely . Sir John Middleton , a cousin of the widowed Mrs. Dashwood , offers her a small cottage house on his estate , Barton Park in Devonshire . She and her daughters move in , and are frequent guests at Barton Park . The Dashwoods meet the older Colonel Brandon , who falls in love with Marianne at first sight . However , Marianne considers him an old bachelor , incapable of feeling love or inspiring it in another . One afternoon , Marianne takes a walk with Margaret and slips and falls in the rain . She is carried home by the dashing John Willoughby , with whom Marianne falls in love . They spend a great deal of time together , but on the morning she expects him to propose marriage to her , he instead leaves hurriedly for London . Sir John 's mother - in - law , Mrs. Jennings , invites her daughter and son - in - law , Mr. and Mrs. Palmer , to visit . They bring with them the impoverished Lucy Steele . Lucy confides in Elinor that she and Edward have been engaged secretly for five years , dashing Elinor 's hopes of a future with him . Mrs. Jennings takes Lucy , Elinor , and Marianne to London , where they meet Willoughby at a ball . He greets Marianne uncomfortably and barely acknowledges their acquaintance , and they soon learn he is engaged to the extremely wealthy Miss Grey . Marianne becomes inconsolable . Colonel Brandon later explains to Elinor that Willoughby seduced and abandoned his ward Beth , the illegitimate daughter of his former love , Eliza . When Willoughby 's aunt and benefactress Lady Allen learned of his behavior , she disinherited him and so he chose to marry for money . Lucy is invited to stay with John and Fanny , as a way for Fanny to avoid inviting the Dashwood sisters to visit them . Lucy , falsely believing that she has a friend in Fanny , confides her clandestine engagement to Edward and is thrown out of the house . Edward 's mother demands that he break off the engagement . When he refuses , she arranges to have his fortune transferred to his younger brother , Robert . On hearing this , Colonel Brandon offers Edward the parish on his estate , feeling sympathy for the unfortunate but honorable Edward . On their way home to Devonshire , Elinor and Marianne stop for the night at the country estate of the Palmers , who live five and a half miles away from Willoughby 's estate . Marianne can not resist going to see the estate ; she becomes gravely ill trekking up a hill in a torrential rain . Colonel Brandon finds her in the rain and brings her home . Elinor stays at her side until she recovers , and the sisters return home . Colonel Brandon and Marianne begin spending time together , as Marianne has a new appreciation for him . She admits to Elinor that even if Willoughby had chosen her , she was no longer convinced that love would have been enough to make him happy . The Dashwoods soon learn that Miss Steele has become Mrs. Ferrars and assume that she is married to Edward . Later when Edward visits their house , they learn that Miss Steele unexpectedly jilted him in favor of his brother Robert , and Edward is thus released from his engagement . Edward proposes to and marries Elinor . Edward becomes a vicar , under the patronage of Colonel Brandon , whom Marianne marries . Willoughby is seen watching their wedding from a distance , and then rides away . Production ( edit ) Conception and adaptation ( edit ) In 1989 , Lindsay Doran , the new president of production company Mirage Enterprises , was on a company retreat brainstorming potential film ideas when she suggested the Jane Austen novel Sense and Sensibility to her colleagues . It had been adapted three times , most recently in a 1981 television serial . Doran was a longtime fan of the novel , and had vowed in her youth to adapt it if she ever entered the film industry . She chose to adapt this particular Austen work because there were two female leads . Doran stated that `` all of ( Austen 's ) books are funny and emotional , but Sense and Sensibility is the best movie story because it 's full of twists and turns . Just when you think you know what 's going on , everything is different . It 's got real suspense , but it 's not a thriller . Irresistible . '' She also praised the novel for possessing `` wonderful characters ... three strong love stories , surprising plot twists , good jokes , relevant themes , and a heart - stopping ending . '' Prior to being hired at Mirage , the producer had spent years looking for a suitable screenwriter -- someone who was `` equally strong in the areas of satire and romance '' and could think in Austen 's language `` almost as naturally as he or she could think in the language of the twentieth century . '' Doran read screenplays by English and American writers until she came across a series of comedic skits , often in period settings , that actress Emma Thompson had written . Doran believed the humour and style of writing was `` exactly what ( she 'd ) been searching for . '' Thompson and Doran were already working together on Mirage 's 1991 film Dead Again . A week after its completion , the producer selected Thompson to adapt Sense and Sensibility , although she knew that Thompson had never written a screenplay . Also a fan of Austen , Thompson first suggested they adapt Persuasion or Emma before agreeing to Doran 's proposal . The actress found that Sense and Sensibility contained more action than she had remembered , and decided it would translate well to drama . Emma Thompson worked on the Sense and Sensibility screenplay for five years Thompson spent five years writing and revising the screenplay , both during and between shooting other films . Believing the novel 's language to be `` far more arcane than in ( Austen 's ) later books , '' Thompson sought to simplify the dialogue while retaining the `` elegance and wit of the original . '' She observed that in a screenwriting process , a first draft often had `` a lot of good stuff in it '' but needed to be edited , and second drafts would `` almost certainly be rubbish ... because you get into a panic . '' Thompson credits Doran for `` help ( ing ) me , nourish ( ing ) me and mentor ( ing ) me through that process ... I learned about screenwriting at her feet . '' Thompson 's first draft was more than three hundred handwritten pages , which required her to reduce it to a more manageable length . She found the romances to be the most difficult to `` juggle '' , and her draft received some criticism for the way it presented Willoughby and Edward . Doran later recalled the work was criticized for not getting underway until Willoughby 's arrival , with Edward sidelined as backstory. Thompson and Doran quickly realised that `` if we did n't meet Edward and do the work and take that twenty minutes to set up those people ... then it was n't going to work . '' At the same time , Thompson wished to avoid depicting `` a couple of women waiting around for men '' ; gradually her screenplay focused as much on the Dashwood sisters ' relationship with each other as it did with their romantic interests . With the draft screenplay , Doran pitched the idea to various studios in order to finance the film , but found that many were wary of the beginner Thompson as the screenwriter . She was considered a risk , as her experience was as an actress who had never written a film script . Columbia Pictures executive Amy Pascal supported Thompson 's work , and agreed to sign as the producer and distributor . As Thompson mentioned on the BBC program QI in 2009 , at one point in the writing process a laptop failure almost lost the entire work . In panic Thompson called fellow actor and close friend Stephen Fry , the host of QI and a self - professed `` geek '' . After seven hours , Fry was able to recover the documents from the device . Lee 's hire ( edit ) Taiwanese director Ang Lee was hired as a result of his work in the 1993 family comedy film The Wedding Banquet , which he co-wrote , produced , and directed . He was not familiar with Jane Austen . Doran felt that Lee 's films , which depicted complex family relationships amidst a social comedy context , were a good fit with Austen 's storylines . She recalled , `` The idea of a foreign director was intellectually appealing even though it was very scary to have someone who did n't have English as his first language . '' The producer sent Lee a copy of Thompson 's script , to which he replied that he was `` cautiously interested '' . Fifteen directors were interviewed , but according to Doran , Lee was one of the few who recognised Austen 's humour ; he told them he wanted the film to `` break people 's hearts so badly that they 'll still be recovering from it two months later . '' `` In some ways I probably know that nineteenth century world better than English people today , because I grew up with one foot still in that feudal society . Of course , the dry sense of humour , the sense of decorum , the social code is different . But the essence of social repression against free will -- I grew up with that . '' -- Ang Lee From the beginning , Doran wanted Sense and Sensibility to appeal to both a core audience of Austen aficionados as well as younger viewers attracted to romantic comedy films . She felt that Lee 's involvement prevented the film from becoming `` just some little English movie '' that appealed only to local audiences instead of to the wider world . Lee said , `` I thought they were crazy : I was brought up in Taiwan , what do I know about 19th - century England ? About halfway through the script it started to make sense why they chose me . In my films I 've been trying to mix social satire and family drama . I realised that all along I had been trying to do Jane Austen without knowing it . Jane Austen was my destiny . I just had to overcome the cultural barrier . '' Because Thompson and Doran had worked on the screenplay for so long , Lee described himself at the time as a `` director for hire '' , as he was unsure of his role and position . He spent six months in England `` learn ( ing ) how to make this movie , how to do a period film , culturally ... and how to adapt to the major league film industry . '' In January 1995 , Thompson presented a draft to Lee , Doran , co-producer Laurie Borg , and others working on the production , and spent the next two months editing the screenplay based upon their feedback . Thompson would continue making revisions throughout production of the film , including altering scenes to meet budgetary concerns , adding dialogue changes , and changing certain aspects to better fit the actors . Brandon 's confession scene , for instance , initially included flashbacks and stylised imagery before Thompson decided it was `` emotionally more interesting to let Brandon tell the story himself and find it difficult . '' Casting ( edit ) See also : Main characters of Sense and Sensibility Hugh Grant , who had worked with Thompson in several films , was her first choice to play Edward Ferrars . Thompson initially hoped that Doran would cast sisters Natasha and Joely Richardson as Elinor and Marianne Dashwood. Lee and Columbia wanted Thompson herself , now a `` big - deal movie star '' after her critically successful role in the 1992 film Howards End , to play Elinor . The actress replied that at the age of thirty - five , she was too old for the nineteen - year - old character . Lee suggested Elinor 's age be changed to twenty - seven , which would also have made the difficult reality of spinsterhood easier for modern audiences to understand . Thompson agreed , later stating that she was `` desperate to get into a corset and act it and stop thinking about it as a script . '' The formal casting process began in February 1995 , though some of the actors met with Thompson the previous year to help her conceptualise the script . Lee eventually cast all but one of them : Hugh Grant ( as Edward Ferrars ) , Robert Hardy ( as Sir John Middleton ) , Harriet Walter ( as Fanny Ferrars Dashwood ) , Imelda Staunton ( as Charlotte Jennings Palmer ) , and Hugh Laurie ( as Mr. Palmer ) . Amanda Root had also worked with Thompson on the screenplay , but had already committed to star in the 1995 film Persuasion . Commenting on the casting of Laurie , whom she had known for years , Thompson has said , `` There is no one ( else ) on the planet who could capture Mr. Palmer 's disenchantment and redemption so perfectly , and make it funny . '' Thompson wrote the part of Edward Ferrars with Grant in mind , and he agreed to receive a lower salary in line with the film 's budget . Grant called her screenplay `` genius '' , explaining `` I 've always been a philistine about Jane Austen herself , and I think Emma 's script is miles better than the book and much more amusing . '' Grant 's casting was criticised by the Jane Austen Society of North America ( JASNA ) , whose representatives said that he was too handsome for the part . Actress Kate Winslet initially intended to audition for the role of Marianne but Lee disliked her work in the 1994 drama film Heavenly Creatures ; she auditioned for the lesser part of Lucy Steele . Winslet pretended she had heard that the audition was still for Marianne , and won the part based on a single reading . Thompson later said that Winslet , only nineteen years old , approached the part `` energised and open , realistic , intelligent , and tremendous fun . '' The role helped Winslet become recognised as a significant actress . Also appearing in the film was Alan Rickman , who portrayed Colonel Brandon . Thompson was pleased that Rickman could express the `` extraordinary sweetness ( of ) his nature , '' as he had played `` Machiavellian types so effectively '' in other films . Greg Wise was cast as Marianne 's other romantic interest , John Willoughby , his most noted role thus far . Twelve - year - old Emilie François , appearing as Margaret Dashwood , was one of the last people cast in the production ; she had no professional acting experience . Thompson praised the young actress in her production diaries , `` Emilie has a natural quick intelligence that informs every movement -- she creates spontaneity in all of us just by being there . '' Other cast members included Gemma Jones as Mrs. Dashwood , James Fleet as John Dashwood , Elizabeth Spriggs as Mrs. Jennings , Imogen Stubbs as Lucy Steele , Richard Lumsden as Robert Ferrars , Tom Wilkinson as Mr. Dashwood , and Lone Vidahl as Miss Grey . Costume Design ( edit ) According to Austen scholar Linda Troost , the costumes used in Sense and Sensibility helped emphasise the class and status of the various characters , particularly among the Dashwoods . They were created by Jenny Beavan and John Bright , a team of designers best known for Merchant Ivory films who began working together in 1984 . The two attempted to create accurate period dress , and featured the `` fuller , classical look and colours of the late 18th century . '' They found inspiration in the works of the English artists Thomas Rowlandson , John Hopper , and George Romney , and also reviewed fashion plates stored in the Victoria and Albert Museum . The main costumes and hats were manufactured at Cosprop , a London - based costumer company . To achieve the tightly wound curls fashionably inspired by Greek art , some of the actresses wore wigs while others employed heated hair twists and slept in pin curls . Fanny , the snobbiest of the characters , possesses the tightest of curls but has less of a Greek silhouette , a reflection of her wealth and silliness . Beavan stated that Fanny and Mrs. Jennings `` could n't quite give up the frills , '' and instead draped themselves in lace , fur , feathers , jewellery , and rich fabrics . Conversely , sensible Elinor opts for simpler accessories , such as a long gold chain and a straw hat . Fanny 's shallow personality is also reflected in `` flashy , colourful '' dresses , while Edward 's buttoned - up appearance represents his `` repressed '' personality , with little visible skin . Each of the 100 extras used in the London ballroom scene , depicting `` soldiers and lawyers to fops and dowagers , '' don visually distinct costumes . For Brandon 's costumes , Beavan and Bright consulted with Thompson and Lee and decided to have him project an image of `` experienced and dependable masculinity . '' Brandon is first seen in black , but later he wears sporting gear in the form of corduroy jackets and shirtsleeves . His rescue of Marianne has him transforming into the `` romantic Byronic hero '' , sporting an unbuttoned shirt and loose cravat . In conjunction with his tragic backstory , Brandon 's `` flattering '' costumes help his appeal to the audience . Beavan and Bright 's work on the film earned them a nomination for Best Costume Design at the 68th Academy Awards . Filming ( edit ) Sense and Sensibility was Ang Lee 's first feature film outside of Asia The film was budgeted at $16 million , the largest Ang Lee had yet received as well as the largest awarded to an Austen film that decade . In the wake of the success of Columbia 's 1994 film Little Women , the American studio authorised Lee 's `` relatively high budget '' out of an expectation that it would be another cross-over hit and appeal to multiple audiences , thus yielding high box office returns . Nevertheless , Doran considered it a `` low budget film '' and many of the ideas Thompson and Lee came up with -- such as an early dramatic scene depicting Mr. Dashwood 's bloody fall from a horse -- were deemed unfilmable from a cost perspective . According to Thompson , Lee `` arrived on set with the whole movie in his head '' . Rather than focus on period details , he wanted his film to concentrate on telling a good story . He showed the cast a selection of films adapted from classic novels , including Barry Lyndon and The Age of Innocence , which he believed to be `` great movies ; everybody worships the art work , ( but ) it 's not what we want to do . '' Lee criticised the latter film for lacking energy , in contrast to the `` passionate tale '' of Sense and Sensibility . The cast and crew experienced `` slight culture shock '' with Lee on a number of occasions . He expected the assistant directors to be the `` tough ones '' and keep production on schedule , while they expected the same of him ; this led to a slower schedule in the early stages of production . Additionally , according to Thompson the director became `` deeply hurt and confused '' when she and Grant made suggestions for certain scenes , which was something that was not done in his native country . Lee thought his authority was being undermined and lost sleep , though this was gradually resolved as he became used to their methods . The cast `` grew to trust his instincts so completely , '' making fewer and fewer suggestions . Co-producer James Schamus stated that Lee also adapted by becoming more verbal and willing to express his opinion . Lee became known for his `` frightening '' tendency to not `` mince words '' . The director often had his cast do numerous takes for a scene in order to get the perfect shot , and was not afraid to call something `` boring '' if he disliked it . Thompson later recalled the director would `` always come up to you and say something unexpectedly crushing '' , such as asking her not to `` look so old . '' She also commented , however , that `` he does n't indulge us but is always kind when we fail . '' Due to Thompson 's extensive acting experience , the director encouraged her to practice t'ai chi to `` help her relax ( and ) make her do things simpler . '' Other actors soon joined them in meditating -- according to Doran , it `` was pretty interesting . There were all these pillows on the floor and these pale - looking actors were saying , ' What have we got ourselves into ? ' ( Lee ) was more focused on body language than any director I 've ever seen or heard of . '' He suggested Winslet read books of poetry and report back to him in order to best understand her character . He also had Thompson and Winslet live together to develop their characters ' sisterly bond . Many of the cast took lessons in etiquette and riding side - saddle . Lee found that in contrast to Chinese cinema , he had to dissuade many of the actors from using a `` very stagy , very English tradition . Instead of just being observed like a human being and getting sympathy , they feel they have to do things , they have to carry the movie . '' Grant in particular often had to be restrained from giving an `` over-the - top '' performance ; Lee later recalled that the actor is `` a show stealer . You ca n't stop that . I let him do , I have to say , less ' star ' stuff , the Hugh Grant thing ... and not ( let ) the movie serve him , which is probably what he 's used to now . '' For the scene in which Elinor learns Edward is unmarried , Thompson found inspiration from her reaction to her father 's death . Grant had been unaware that Thompson would cry through most of his speech , and the actress attempted to reassure him , `` ' There 's no other way , and I promise you it 'll work , and it will be funny as well as being touching . ' And he said , ' Oh , all right , ' and he was very good about it '' . Lee had one demand for the scene , that Thompson avoid the temptation to turn her head towards the camera . Locations ( edit ) Above : Saltram House , a National Trust property , stood in for Norland Park Below : Montacute House , designated as a Grade I listed building by English Heritage , represented Cleveland House Production of Sense and Sensibility was scheduled for fifty - eight days , though this was eventually extended to sixty - five . Filming commenced in mid-April 1995 at a number of locations in Devon , beginning with Saltram House ( standing in for Norland Park ) , where Winslet and Jones shot the first scene of the production : when their characters read about Barton Cottage . As Saltram was a National Trust property , Schamus had to sign a contract before production began , and staff with the organisation remained on set to carefully monitor the filming . Production later returned to shoot several more scenes , finishing there on 29 April . The second location of filming , Flete House , stood in for part of Mrs. Jennings ' London estate , where Edward first sees Elinor with Lucy . Representing Barton Cottage was a Flete Estate stone cottage , which Thompson called `` one of the most beautiful spots we 've ever seen . '' Early May saw production at the `` exquisite '' village church in Berry Pomeroy for the final wedding scene . From the tenth to the twelfth of May , Marianne 's first rescue sequence , depicting her encounter with Willoughby , was shot . Logistics were difficult , as the scene was set upon a hill during a rainy day . Lee shot around fifty takes , with the actors becoming soaked under rain machines ; this led to Winslet eventually collapsing from hypothermia . Further problems occurred midway through filming , when Winslet contracted phlebitis in her leg , developed a limp , and sprained her wrist after falling down a staircase . From May to July , production took place at a number of other National Trust estates and stately homes across England . Trafalgar House and Wilton House in Wiltshire stood in for the grounds of Barton Park and the London Ballroom respectively . Mompesson House , an eighteenth - century townhouse located in Salisbury , represented Mrs. Jennings ' sumptuous townhouse . Sixteenth - century Montacute House in South Somerset was the setting for the Palmer estate of Cleveland House . Further scenes were shot at Compton Castle in Devon ( Mr Willoughby 's estate ) and at the National Maritime Museum in Greenwich . Music ( edit ) See also : Sense and Sensibility ( soundtrack ) Composer Patrick Doyle , who had previously worked with his friend Emma Thompson in the films Henry V , Much Ado About Nothing , and Dead Again , was hired to produce the music for Sense and Sensibility . Asked by the director to select existing music or compose new `` gentle '' melodies , Doyle wrote a score that reflected the film 's events . He explained , `` You had this middle - class English motif , and with the music you would have occasional outbursts of emotion . '' Doyle explains that the score `` becomes a little more grown - up '' as the story progresses to one of `` maturity and an emotional catharsis . '' The score contains romantic elements and has been described by National Public Radio as a `` restricted compass ... of emotion '' with `` instruments ( that ) blend together in a gentle sort of way '' . They also noted that as a reflection of the story , the score is a `` little wistful ... and sentimental . '' Two songs are sung by Marianne in the film , with lyrics adapted from seventeenth - century poems . Lee believed that the two songs conveyed the `` vision of duality '' visible both in the novel and script . In his opinion , the second song expressed Marianne 's `` mature acceptance , '' intertwined with a `` sense of melancholy '' . The melody of `` Weep You No More Sad Fountains '' , Marianne 's first song , appears in the opening credits , while her second song 's melody features again during the ending credits , this time sung by dramatic soprano Jane Eaglen . The songs were written by Doyle before filming began . The composer received his first Academy Award nomination for his score . Editing ( edit ) Thompson and Doran discussed how much of the love stories to depict , as the male characters spend much of the novel away from the Dashwood sisters . The screenwriter had to carefully balance the amount of screentime she gave to the male leads , noting in her film production diary that such a decision would `` very much lie in the editing . '' Thompson wrote `` hundreds of different versions '' of romantic storylines . She considered having Edward re-appear midway through the film before deciding that it would not work as `` there was nothing for him to do . '' Thompson also opted to exclude the duel scene between Brandon and Willoughby , which is described in the novel , because it `` only seemed to subtract from the mystery . '' She and Doran agonised about when and how to reveal Brandon 's backstory , as they wanted to prevent viewers from becoming bored . Thompson described the process of reminding audiences of Edward and Brandon as `` keeping plates spinning '' . A scene was shot of Brandon finding his ward in a poverty - stricken area in London , but this was excluded from the film . Thompson 's script included a scene of Elinor and Edward kissing , as the studio `` could n't stand the idea of these two people who we 've been watching all the way through not kissing . '' It was one of the first scenes cut during editing : the original version was over three hours , Lee was less interested in the story 's romance , and Thompson found a kissing scene to be inappropriate . The scene was included in marketing materials and the film trailer . Thompson and Doran also cut out a scene depicting Willoughby as remorseful when Marianne is sick . Doran said that despite it `` being one of the great scenes in book history , '' they could not get it to fit into the film . Tim Squyres edited the film , his fourth collaboration with Ang Lee . He reflected in 2013 about the editing process , `` It was the first film that I had done with Ang that was all in English , and it 's Emma Thompson , Kate Winslet , Alan Rickman , and Hugh Grant -- these great , great actors . When you get footage like that , you realise that your job is really not technical . It was my job to look at something that Emma Thompson had done and say , ' Eh , that 's not good , I 'll use this other one instead . ' And not only was I allowed to pass judgment on these tremendous actors , I was required to . '' Themes and analysis ( edit ) Changes from source material ( edit ) Scholar Louise Flavin has noted that Thompson 's screenplay contains significant alterations to the characters of Elinor and Marianne Dashwood : in the novel , the former embodies `` sense '' , i.e. `` sensible '' in our terms , and the latter , `` sensibility '' , i.e. `` sensitivity '' in our terms . Audience members are meant to view self - restrained Elinor as the person in need of reform , rather than her impassioned sister . To heighten the contrast between them , Marianne and Willoughby 's relationship includes an `` erotic '' invented scene in which the latter requests a lock of her hair -- a direct contrast to Elinor 's `` reserved relationship '' with Edward . Lee also distinguishes them through imagery -- Marianne is often seen with musical instruments , near open windows , and outside , while Elinor is pictured in door frames . Another character altered for modern viewers is Margaret Dashwood , who conveys `` the frustrations that a girl of our times might feel at the limitations facing her as a woman in the early nineteenth century . '' Thompson uses Margaret for exposition in order to detail contemporary attitudes and customs . For instance , Elinor explains to a curious Margaret -- and by extension , the audience -- why their half - brother inherits the Dashwood estate . Margaret 's altered storyline , giving her an interest in fencing and geography , also allows audience members to see the `` feminine '' side of Edward and Brandon , as they become father or brother figures to her . The film omits the characters of Lady Middleton and her children , as well as that of Ann Steele , Lucy 's sister . `` The changes that Emma Thompson 's screenplay makes to the male characters , if anything , allow them to be less culpable , more likeable , and certainly less sexist or patriarchal . '' -- Austen scholar Devoney Looser When adapting the characters for film , Thompson found that in the novel , `` Edward and Brandon are quite shadowy and absent for long periods , '' and that `` making the male characters effective was one of the biggest problems . Willoughby is really the only male who springs out in three dimensions . '' Several major male characters in Sense and Sensibility were consequently altered significantly from the novel in an effort to appeal to contemporary audiences . Grant 's Edward and Rickman 's Brandon are `` ideal '' modern males who display an obvious love of children as well as `` pleasing manners '' , especially when contrasted with Palmer . Thompson 's script both expanded and omitted scenes from Edward 's storyline , including the deletion of an early scene in which Elinor assumes that a lock of hair found in Edward 's possession is hers , when it belongs to Lucy . He was made more fully realised and honourable than in the novel to increase his appeal to viewers . To gradually show viewers why Brandon is worthy of Marianne 's love , Thompson 's screenplay has his storyline mirroring Willoughby 's ; they are similar in appearance , share a love of music and poetry , and rescue Marianne in the rain while on horseback . Class ( edit ) Thompson viewed the novel as a story of `` love and money , '' noting that some people needed one more than the other . During the writing process , executive producer Sydney Pollack stressed that the film be understandable to modern audiences , and that it be made clear why the Dashwood sisters could not just obtain a job . `` I 'm from Indiana ; if I get it , everyone gets it , '' he said . Thompson believed that Austen was just as comprehensible in a different century , `` You do n't think people are still concerned with marriage , money , romance , finding a partner ? '' She was keen to emphasise the realism of the Dashwoods ' predicament in her screenplay , and inserted scenes to make the differences in wealth more apparent to modern audiences . Thompson made the Dashwood family richer than in the book and added elements to help contrast their early wealth with their later financial predicament ; for instance , because it might have been confusing to viewers that one could be poor and still have servants , Elinor is made to address a large group of servants at Norland Park early in the film for viewers to remember when they see their few staff at Barton Cottage. Lee also sought to emphasise social class and the limitations it placed on the protagonists. Lee conveys this in part when Willoughby publicly rejects Marianne ; he returns to a more lavishly furnished room , a symbol of the wealth she has lost . `` Family dramas , '' he stated , `` are all about conflict , about family obligations versus free will . '' The film 's theme of class has attracted much scholarly attention . Carole Dole noted that class constitutes an important element in Austen 's stories and is `` impossible '' to avoid when adapting her novels . According to Dole , Lee 's film contains an `` ambiguous treatment of class values '' that stresses social differences but `` underplays the consequences of the class distinctions so important in the novel '' ; for instance , Edward 's story ends upon his proposal to Elinor , with no attention paid to how they will live on his small annual income from the vicarage . Louise Flavin believed that Lee used the houses to represent their occupants ' class and character : the Dashwood sisters ' decline in eligibility are represented through the contrast between the spacious rooms of Norland Park and those of the isolated , cramped Barton Cottage . James Thompson criticised what he described as the anaesthetised `` mélange of disconnected picture postcard - gift - calendar - perfect scenes , '' in which little connection is made between `` individual subjects and the land that supports them . '' Andrew Higson argued that while Sense and Sensibility includes commentary on sex and gender , it fails to pursue issues of class . Thompson 's script , he wrote , displays a `` sense of impoverishment ( but is ) confined to the still privileged lifestyle of the disinherited Dashwoods . The broader class system is pretty much taken for granted . '' The ending visual image of flying gold coins , depicted during Marianne 's wedding , has also drawn attention ; Marsha McCreadie noted that it serves as a `` visual wrap - up and emblem of the merger between money and marriage . '' Gender ( edit ) Gender has been seen as another major theme of the film , often intersecting with class . Penny Gay observed that Elinor 's early dialogue with Edward about `` feel ( ing ) idle and useless ... ( with ) no hope whatsoever of any occupation '' reflected Thompson 's background as a `` middle class , Cambridge - educated feminist . '' Conversely , Dole wrote that Thompson 's version of Elinor `` has a surprising anti-feminist element to it , '' as she appears more dependent on men than the original character ; the film presents her as repressed , resulting in her emotional breakdown with Edward . Linda Troost opined that Lee 's production prominently features `` radical feminist and economic issues '' while `` paradoxically endorsing the conservative concept of marriage as a woman 's goal in life . '' Despite this `` mixed political agenda , '' Troost believed that the film 's faithfulness to the traditional heritage film genre is evident through its use of locations , costumes , and attention to details , all of which also emphasize class and status . Gay and Julianne Pidduck stated that gender differences are expressed by showing the female characters indoors , while their male counterparts are depicted outside confidently moving throughout the countryside . Nora Stovel observed that Thompson `` emphasises Austen 's feminist satire on Regency gender economics , '' drawing attention not only to the financial plight of the Dashwoods but also to eighteenth - century women in general . Marketing and release ( edit ) In the United States , Sony and Columbia Pictures released Sense and Sensibility on a slow schedule compared to mainstream films , first premiering it on 13 December 1995 . Believing that a limited release would position the film both as an `` exclusive quality picture '' and increase its chances of winning Academy Awards , Columbia dictated that its first weekend involve only seventy cinemas in the US ; it opened in eleventh place in terms of box office takings and earned $721,341 . To benefit from the publicity surrounding potential Academy Award candidates and increase its chance of earning nominations , the film was released within `` Oscar season '' . The number of theatres showing Sense and Sensibility was slowly expanded , with particular surges when its seven Oscar nominations were announced and at the time of the ceremony in late March , until it was present in over one thousand cinemas across the US . By the end of its American release , Sense and Sensibility had been watched by more than eight million people , garnering an `` impressive '' total domestic gross of $43,182,776 . On the basis of Austen 's reputation as a serious author , the producers were able to rely on high - brow publications to help market their film . Near the time of its US release , large spreads in The New York Review of Books , Vanity Fair , Film Comment , and other media outlets featured columns on Lee 's production . In late December , Time magazine declared it and Persuasion to be the best films of 1995 . Andrew Higson referred to all this media exposure as a `` marketing coup '' because it meant the film `` was reaching one of its target audiences . '' Meanwhile , most promotional images featured the film as a `` sort of chick flick in period garb . '' New Market Press published Thompson 's screenplay and film diary ; in its first printing , the hard cover edition sold 28,500 copies in the US . British publisher Bloomsbury released a paperback edition of the novel containing film pictures , same title design , and the cast 's names on the cover , whilst Signet Publishing in the US printed 250,000 copies instead of the typical 10,000 a year ; actress Julie Christie read the novel in an audiobook released by Penguin Audiobooks . Sense and Sensibility increased dramatically in terms of its book sales , ultimately hitting tenth place on The New York Times Best Seller list for paperbacks in February 1996 . In the United Kingdom , Sense and Sensibility was released on 23 February 1996 in order to `` take advantage of the hype from Pride and Prejudice '' , another popular Austen adaptation recently broadcast . Columbia Tristar 's head of UK marketing noted that `` if there was any territory this film was going to work , it was in the UK . '' After receiving positive responses at previews , marketing strategies focused on selling it as both a costume drama and as a film attractive to mainstream audiences . Attention was also paid to marketing Sense and Sensibility internationally . Because the entire production cycle had consistently emphasised it as being `` bigger '' than a normal British period drama literary film , distributors avoided labelling it as `` just another English period film . '' Instead , marketing materials featured quotations from populist newspapers such as the Daily Mail , which compared the film to Four Weddings and a Funeral ( 1994 ) . It was watched by more than ten million viewers in Europe . Worldwide , the film ultimately grossed $134,582,776 , a sum that reflected its commercial success . It had the largest box office gross out of the Austen adaptations of the 1990s . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) `` This Sense And Sensibility is stamped indelibly by Ang Lee 's characteristically restrained direction ... Although somewhat older than one might expect Elinor to be , Emma Thompson invests the character with a touching vulnerability , while Kate Winslet , who made such an eye catching debut in Heavenly Creatures last year , perfectly catches the confusions within the idealistically romantic but betrayed Marianne . '' -- Michael Dwyer in a review for The Irish Times Sense and Sensibility has received overwhelmingly positive reviews from film critics , and was included on more than a hundred top - ten of the year lists . Writing for Variety magazine , Todd McCarthy observed that the film 's success was assisted by its `` highly skilled cast of actors , '' as well as its choice of Lee as director . McCarthy clarified , `` Although ( Lee 's ) previously revealed talents for dramatizing conflicting social and generational traditions will no doubt be noted , Lee 's achievement here with such foreign material is simply well beyond what anyone could have expected and may well be posited as the cinematic equivalent of Kazuo Ishiguro writing The Remains of the Day . '' Mick LaSalle of the San Francisco Chronicle lauded the film for containing a sense of urgency `` that keeps the pedestrian problems of an unremarkable 18th century family immediate and personal . '' LaSalle concluded that the adaptation has a `` right balance of irony and warmth . The result is a film of great understanding and emotional clarity , filmed with an elegance that never calls attention to itself . '' Film critic John Simon praised most of the film , particularly focusing on Thompson 's performance , though he criticised Grant for being `` much too adorably bumbling ... he urgently needs to chasten his onscreen persona , and stop hunching his shoulders like a dromedary . '' However , many other major critics such as LaSalle , Roger Ebert , James Berardinelli and Janet Maslin praised Grant 's performance . Maslin wrote , Grant `` rises touchingly to the film 's most straightforward and meaningful encounters . '' In The Mail on Sunday , William Leith found Sense and Sensibility to be `` an extremely sharp , subtle , clever , lovely looking film '' that was superior to the serial Pride and Prejudice . Leith especially saved praise for the cast , writing that Grant plays his role `` masterfully '' and Harriet Walter `` conveys sour bitchiness like you never thought she could . '' Jarr Carr of The Boston Globe thought that Lee `` nail ( ed ) Austen 's acute social observation and tangy satire , '' and viewed Thompson and Winslet 's age discrepancy as a positive element that helped feed the dichotomy of sense and sensibility . The Radio Times ' David Parkinson was equally appreciative of Lee 's direction , writing that he `` avoid ( s ) the chocolate - box visuals that cheapen so many British costume dramas '' and `` brings a refreshing period realism to the tale of two sisters that allows Emma Thompson 's respectful Oscar - winning script to flourish . '' Accolades ( edit ) Main article : List of accolades received by Sense and Sensibility ( film ) Out of the 1990s Austen adaptations , Sense and Sensibility received the most recognition from Hollywood . It garnered seven nominations at the 68th Academy Awards ceremony , where Thompson received the Award for Best Adapted Screenplay , making her the only person to have won an Oscar for both her writing and acting ( Thompson won the Best Actress award for Howards End , in 1993 ) . The film also was the recipient of twelve nominations at the 49th British Academy Film Awards , including Best Film , Best Actress in a Leading Role ( for Thompson ) , and Best Actress in a Supporting Role ( for Winslet ) . In addition , the film won the Golden Bear at the 46th Berlin International Film Festival , making Lee the first director to win this twice . Despite the recognition given to the film , Lee was not nominated for the Academy Award for Best Director ( though he was nominated for the Golden Globe ) . The scholar Shu - mei Shih and the journalist Clarence Page have attributed this snub to Hollywood 's racism against Lee , and Chinese cinema in general . Lee sought to avoid turning his omission into a scandal and specifically asked the Taiwan state media not to make it a `` national issue , '' explaining that he endured more pressure when forced to act as his country 's representative . Legacy and influence ( edit ) Following the theatrical release of Persuasion by a few months , Sense and Sensibility was one of the first English - language period adaptations of an Austen novel to be released in cinemas in over fifty years , the previous being the 1940 film Pride and Prejudice . The year 1995 saw a resurgence of popularity for Austen 's works , as Sense and Sensibility and the serial Pride and Prejudice both rocketed to critical and financial success . The two adaptations helped draw more attention to the previously little - known 1995 television film Persuasion , and led to additional Austen adaptations in the following years . In 1995 and 1996 , six Austen adaptations were released onto film or television . The filming of these productions led to a surge in popularity of many of the landmarks and locations depicted ; according to the scholar Sue Parrill , they became `` instant meccas for viewers . '' When Sense and Sensibility was released in cinemas in the US , Town & Country published a six - page article entitled `` Jane Austen 's England '' , which focused on the landscape and sites shown in the film . A press book released by the studio , as well as Thompson 's published screenplay and diaries , listed all the filming locations and helped to boost tourism . Saltram House for instance was carefully promoted during the film 's release , and saw a 57 percent increase in attendance . In 1996 , JASNA 's membership increased by fifty percent . The popularity of both Sense and Sensibility and Pride and Prejudice led to the BBC and ITV releasing their Austen adaptations from the 1970s and 1980s onto DVD . As the mid-1990s included adaptations of four Austen novels , there were few of her works to adapt . Andrew Higson argues that this resulted in a `` variety of successors '' in the genres of romantic comedy and costume drama , as well as with films featuring strong female characters . Cited examples include Mrs Dalloway ( 1997 ) , Mrs. Brown ( 1997 ) , Shakespeare in Love ( 1998 ) , and Bridget Jones 's Diary ( 2001 ) . In 2008 , Andrew Davies , the screenwriter of Pride and Prejudice , adapted Sense and Sensibility for television . As a reaction to what he said was Lee 's overly `` sentimental '' film , this production features events found in the novel but excluded from Thompson 's screenplay , such as Willoughby 's seduction of Eliza and his duel with Brandon . It also features actors closer to the ages in the source material . Sense and Sensibility has maintained its popularity into the twenty - first century . In 2004 , Louise Flavin referred to the 1995 film as `` the most popular of the Austen film adaptations , '' and in 2008 , The Independent ranked it as the third - best Austen adaptation of all time , opining that Lee `` offered an acute outsider 's insight into Austen in this compelling 1995 interpretation of the book ( and ) Emma Thompson delivered a charming turn as the older , wiser , Dashwood sister , Elinor . '' Journalist Zoe Williams credits Thompson as the person most responsible for Austen 's popularity , explaining in 2007 that Sense and Sensibility `` is the definitive Austen film and that 's largely down to her . '' In 2011 , The Guardian film critic Paul Laity named it his favourite film of all time , partly because of its `` exceptional screenplay , crisply and skilfully done . '' . Devoney Looser reflected on the film in The Atlantic on the 20th anniversary of its release , arguing that the film served as `` a turning point '' for `` pro-feminist masculinity '' in Austen adaptations . See also ( edit ) Film portal Jane Austen portal Jane Austen in popular culture Styles and themes of Jane Austen References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` ' Sense and Sensibility ' ( PG ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . 15 December 1995 . Archived from the original on 29 October 2013 . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sense and Sensibility '' . American Film Institute . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sense and Sensibility '' . British Film Institute . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Flavin 2004 , p. 42 . ^ Jump up to : Mills , Nancy ( 17 March 1996 ) . `` Book sense ; Lindsay Doran kept her sites on bringing ' Sense And Sensibility ' to the screen '' . Chicago Tribune . Archived from the original on 6 October 2012 . Retrieved 17 August 2011 . 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Los Angeles Times . 14 February 1996 . Retrieved 7 September 2013 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Mills 2009 , p. 68 . ^ Jump up to : Warren , Michael ( 22 September 1995 ) . `` Ang Lee on a roll : The director of The Wedding Banquet and Eat Drink '' . AsianWeek . Archived from the original on 11 June 2014 . Retrieved 27 August 2012 -- via HighBeam Research . ^ Jump up to : Higson 2004 , p. 44 . Jump up ^ Higson 2004 , p. 45 . Jump up ^ Thompson & Doran 1995 , 20 : 00 -- 20 : 20 . Jump up ^ Thompson 1995 , pp. 207 -- 09 . Jump up ^ Thompson & Doran 1995 , 1 : 11 -- 2 : 25 . ^ Jump up to : Thompson & Doran 1995 , 01 : 02 : 00 -- 01 : 03 : 45 . Jump up ^ Thompson 1995 , pp. 220 -- 21 . ^ Jump up to : Mills 2009 , p. 70 . Jump up ^ Thompson 1995 , pp. 220 , 240 . Jump up ^ Thompson & Doran 1995 , 17 : 00 -- 17 : 20 . ^ Jump up to : Mills 2009 , p. 72 . ^ Jump up to : Dawes , Amy ( 13 December 1995 ) . `` Remaking the classics director , cast find yin , yang in Austen tale '' . 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Retrieved 7 August 2012 -- via HighBeam Research . Jump up ^ Winterman , Denise ( 9 March 2007 ) . `` Jane Austen -- why the fuss ? '' . BBC News . Archived from the original on 19 April 2012 . Retrieved 20 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Laity , Paul ( 25 December 2011 ) . `` My favourite film : Sense and Sensibility '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 29 January 2014 . Retrieved 30 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Looser , Devoney ( 21 Feb 2016 ) . `` Sense and Sensibility and Jane Austen 's Accidental Feminists '' . The Atlantic . Archived from the original on 1 March 2016 . Retrieved 1 Mar 2016 . Bibliography Brownstein , Rachel M ( 2001 ) . `` Out of the Drawing Room , Into the Lawn '' . In Troost , Linda ; Greenfield , Sayre N. Jane Austen in Hollywood . University Press of Kentucky . pp. 13 -- 21 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8131 - 9006 - 8 . Dobie , Madeleine ( 2003 ) . `` Gender and the Heritage Film : Popular Feminism Turns to History '' . In Suzanne Rodin Pucci , James Thompson . Jane Austen and Co : Remaking the Past in Contemporary Culture . State University of New York Press . pp. 247 -- 260 . ISBN 0 - 7914 - 5616 - 1 . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Dole , Carole M ( 2001 ) . `` Austen , Class , and the American Market '' . In Troost , Linda ; Greenfield , Sayre N. Jane Austen in Hollywood . University Press of Kentucky . pp. 58 -- 78 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8131 - 9006 - 8 . Doran , Lindsay ( 1995 ) . `` Introduction '' . In Doran , Lindsay ; Thompson , Emma . Sense and Sensibility : The Screenplay and Diaries . Bloomsbury . pp. 7 -- 40 . ISBN 1 - 55704 - 782 - 0 . Flavin , Louise ( 2004 ) . Jane Austen in the Classroom : Viewing the Novel / reading the Film . Peter Lang Publishing . ISBN 0 - 8204 - 6811 - 8 . Gay , Penny ( 2003 ) . `` Sense and Sensibility in a Post-Feminist world : Sisterhood is Still Powerful '' . In MacDonald , Gina ; MacDonald , Andrew . Jane Austen on Screen . Cambridge University Press . pp. 90 -- 110 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 79325 - 4 . Greenfield , Sayre N. ; Troost , Linda V. ( 2001 ) . `` Watching Ourselves Watching '' . In Troost , Linda ; Greenfield , Sayre N. Jane Austen in Hollywood . University Press of Kentucky . pp. 1 -- 12 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8131 - 9006 - 8 . Higson , Andrew ( 2004 ) . `` English Heritage , English Literature , English Cinema : Selling Jane Austen to Movie Audiences in the 1990s '' . In Voigts - Virchow , Eckart . Janespotting and Beyond : British Heritage Retrovisions Since the Mid-1990s . Gunter Narr Verlag Tubingen . pp. 35 -- 50 . ISBN 3 - 8233 - 6096 - 5 . Higson , Andrew ( 2011 ) . Film England : Culturally English Filmmaking Since the 1990s . I.B. Tauris . ISBN 1 - 84885 - 454 - 4 . Jones , Wendy S. ( 2005 ) . Consensual Fictions : Women , Liberalism , And The English Novel . University of Toronto Press . ISBN 0 - 8020 - 8717 - 5 . Kohler - Ryan , Renee ; Palmer , Sydney ( 2013 ) . `` What Do You Know of My Heart ? : The Role of Sense and Sensibility in Ang Lee 's Sense and Sensibility and Crouching Tiger Hidden Dragon '' . In Arp , Robert ; Barkman , Adam ; McRae , James . The Philosophy of Ang Lee . University Press of Kentucky . pp. 41 -- 63 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8131 - 4166 - 4 . Looser , Devoney ( 1996 ) . `` Jane Austen ' Responds ' to the Men 's Movement '' . Persuasions On - Line . 18 : 150 -- 170 . Retrieved 20 August 2012 . McCreadie , Marsha ( 2006 ) . Women Screenwriters Today : Their Lives and Words . Praeger Publishers . ISBN 0 - 275 - 98542 - 3 . McRae , James ( 2013 ) . `` Conquering the Self : Daoism , Confucianism , and the Price of Freedom in Crouching Tiger , Hidden Dragon '' . In Arp , Robert ; Barkman , Adam ; McRae , James . The Philosophy of Ang Lee . University Press of Kentucky . pp. 19 -- 40 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8131 - 4166 - 4 . Mills , Clifford W. ( 2009 ) . Ang Lee . Chelsea House Publishers . ISBN 1 - 60413 - 566 - 2 . Nadoolman Landis , Deborah ( 2012 ) . Filmcraft : Costume Design : Costume Design . Focal Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 240 - 81867 - 2 . Nixon , Cheryl L ( 2001 ) . `` Balancing the Courtship Hero : Masculine Emotional Display in Film Adaptations of Austen 's Novels '' . In Troost , Linda ; Greenfield , Sayre N. Jane Austen in Hollywood . University Press of Kentucky . pp. 22 -- 43 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8131 - 9006 - 8 . Parrill , Sue ( 2002 ) . Jane Austen on Film and Television : A Critical Study of the Adaptations . McFarland . ISBN 0 - 7864 - 1349 - 2 . Pidduck , Julianne ( 2000 ) . `` Of Windows and Country Walks : Frames of Space and Movement in 1990s Austen Adaptations '' . In You - Me Park , Rajeswari Sunder Rajan . The Postcolonial Jane Austen . Routledge . pp. 123 -- 146 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 23290 - 2 . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Scholz , Anne - Marie ( 2013 ) . From Fidelity to History : Film Adaptations as Cultural Events in the Twentieth Century . Berghahn Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85745 - 731 - 8 . Shih , Shu - mei ( 2007 ) . Visuality and Identity : Sinophone Articulations Across the Pacific . University of California Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 22451 - 3 . Simon , John Ivan ( 2005 ) . John Simon On Film : Criticism , 1982 -- 2001 . Applause Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55783 - 507 - 9 . Stempel , Tom ( 2000 ) . Framework : A History of Screenwriting in the American Film . Syracuse University Press . ISBN 0 - 8156 - 0654 - 0 . Stovel , Nora ( 2011 ) . `` From Page to Screen : Emma Thompson 's Film Adaptation of Sense and Sensibility '' . Persuasions On - Line . 32 ( 1 ) . Retrieved 30 August 2012 . Thompson , Emma ( 1995 ) . `` The Diaries '' . In Doran , Lindsay ; Thompson , Emma . Sense and Sensibility : The Screenplay and Diaries . Bloomsbury . pp. 206 -- 287 . ISBN 1 - 55704 - 782 - 0 . Thompson , Emma ; Lindsay Doran ( 1995 ) . Audio commentary for Sense and Sensibility ( DVD ) . Special Features : Columbia Pictures . Thompson , James ( 2003 ) . `` How to Do Things with Austen '' . In Suzanne Rodin Pucci , James Thompson . Jane Austen and Co : Remaking the Past in Contemporary Culture . State University of New York Press . pp. 13 -- 33 . ISBN 0 - 7914 - 5616 - 1 . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Troost , Linda V ( 2007 ) . `` The Nineteenth - century Novel on Film : Jane Austen '' . In Cartmell , Deborah ; Whelehan , Imelda . The Cambridge Companion to Literature on Screen . Cambridge University Press . pp. 75 -- 89 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 61486 - 3 . Voigts - Virchow , Eckart ( 2004 ) . `` '' Corset Wars `` : An Introduction to Syncretic Heritage Film Culture Since the Mid-1990s '' . In Voigts - Virchow , Eckart . Janespotting and Beyond : British Heritage Retrovisions Since the Mid-1990s . Gunter Narr Verlag Tubingen . pp. 9 -- 34 . ISBN 3 - 8233 - 6096 - 5 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Sense and Sensibility ( film ) Sense and Sensibility on IMDb Sense and Sensibility at AllMovie Sense and Sensibility at Metacritic Jane Austen 's Sense and Sensibility Characters Elinor Dashwood Edward Ferrars Marianne Dashwood John Willoughby Colonel Brandon Films Sense and Sensibility ( 1995 ) Soundtrack List of accolades Kandukondain Kandukondain ( 2000 ) From Prada to Nada ( 2011 ) Miniseries Sense and Sensibility ( 1971 ) Sense and Sensibility ( 1981 ) Sense and Sensibility ( 2008 ) Novels The Secrets of Love ( 2005 ) Sense and Sensibility and Sea Monsters ( 2009 ) Others Kumkum Bhagya ( 2014 ) Films directed by Ang Lee Pushing Hands ( 1992 ) The Wedding Banquet ( 1993 ) Eat Drink Man Woman ( 1994 ) Sense and Sensibility ( 1995 ) The Ice Storm ( 1997 ) Ride with the Devil ( 1999 ) Crouching Tiger , Hidden Dragon ( 2000 ) Hulk ( 2003 ) Brokeback Mountain ( 2005 ) Lust , Caution ( 2007 ) Taking Woodstock ( 2009 ) Life of Pi ( 2012 ) Billy Lynn 's Long Halftime Walk ( 2016 ) Gemini Man ( 2019 ) BAFTA Award for Best Film 1940s The Best Years of Our Lives ( 1947 ) Hamlet ( 1948 ) Bicycle Thieves ( 1949 ) 1950s All About Eve ( 1950 ) La Ronde ( 1951 ) The Sound Barrier ( 1952 ) Forbidden Games ( 1953 ) The Wages of Fear ( 1954 ) Richard III ( 1955 ) Gervaise ( 1956 ) The Bridge on the River Kwai ( 1957 ) Room at the Top ( 1958 ) Ben - Hur ( 1959 ) 1960s The Apartment ( 1960 ) Ballad of a Soldier ( 1961 ) The Hustler ( 1961 ) Lawrence of Arabia ( 1962 ) Tom Jones ( 1963 ) Dr. Strangelove or : How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb ( 1964 ) My Fair Lady ( 1965 ) Who 's Afraid of Virginia Woolf ? 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who played miss steele in sense and sensibility | [
"Also appearing in the film was Alan Rickman, who portrayed Colonel Brandon. Thompson was pleased that Rickman could express the \"extraordinary sweetness [of] his nature,\" as he had played \"Machiavellian types so effectively\" in other films.[44] Greg Wise was cast as Marianne's other romantic interest, John Willoughby, his most noted role thus far.[45][46] Twelve-year-old Emilie François, appearing as Margaret Dashwood, was one of the last people cast in the production; she had no professional acting experience.[47] Thompson praised the young actress in her production diaries, \"Emilie has a natural quick intelligence that informs every movement – she creates spontaneity in all of us just by being there.\"[48] Other cast members included Gemma Jones as Mrs. Dashwood, James Fleet as John Dashwood, Elizabeth Spriggs as Mrs. Jennings, Imogen Stubbs as Lucy Steele, Richard Lumsden as Robert Ferrars, Tom Wilkinson as Mr. Dashwood, and Lone Vidahl as Miss Grey.[49]"
] | [
"Imogen Stubbs"
] |
-7325764412512336438 | Meteor Garden (2018 TV series) | Meteor Garden ( 2018 TV series ) - wikipedia Meteor Garden ( 2018 TV series ) Meteor Garden , 流星 花園 Genre Romantic comedy Youth , School Based on Meteor Garden , Boys Over Flowers ( 花 より 男子 , Hana Yori Dango ) ) Written by Sharon Mao Directed by Lin Helong Starring Shen Yue Dylan Wang Darren Chen Connor Leong Caesar Wu Opening theme For You by Dylan Wang ( 王鹤棣 ) , Darren Chen ( 官 鸿 ) , Connor Leong ( 梁 靖康 ) , Caesar Wu ( 吴希泽 ) Ending theme Love , Existence ( 爱 , 存在 ) by Qiqi Wei ( 魏奇奇 ) Country of origin China Original language ( s ) Mandarin No. of episodes 50 Production Producer ( s ) Angie Chai Running time 45 minutes Production company ( s ) Star Ritz Mango Entertainment Edko Films Budget $33 million Release Original network Hunan Television , Netflix First shown in China Original release July 9 ( 2018 - 07 - 09 ) -- August 28 , 2018 Chronology Related shows Meteor Garden ( 2001 , Taiwan ) Meteor Garden II ( 2002 , Taiwan ) Hana Yori Dango ( TV series ) ( 2005 , Japan ) Hana Yori Dango Returns ( 2007 , Japan ) Hana Yori Dango Final ( 2008 , Japan ) Boys Over Flowers ( 2009 , South Korea ) Boys Over Flowers Season 2 ( TV series ) ( 2018 , Japan ) Meteor Garden ( Chinese : 流星 花園 ; pinyin : Liúxīng Huāyuán ) is a 2018 Chinese television series starring Shen Yue , Dylan Wang , Darren Chen , Connor Leong , and Caesar Wu . It is based on the first Meteor Garden series and the Japanese shōjo manga series Boys Over Flowers ( 花 より 男子 , Hana Yori Dango ) written by Yoko Kamio . The series is produced by Angie Chai and directed by Lin Helong . It is set in Shanghai . The series reboot was first broadcast in China on Hunan Television , then made available after its airing to VIP users of its streaming counterpart , Mango TV . The stream is then made available to everyone the day after . Two episodes are released per day on a Monday to Wednesday basis . The show is expected to have 50 episodes . The series is a remake of the 2001 Taiwanese series Meteor Garden . Contents 1 Synopsis 2 Cast 2.1 Main Cast 2.2 Supporting Cast 2.3 Cameo 3 Production 4 Original Soundtrack 5 International Broadcast 6 Ratings 7 Episodes 7.1 Season 1 ( 2018 ) 8 References 9 External links Synopsis ( edit ) The story centers around an ordinary girl , Dong Shancai ( Shen Yue ) who is accepted to the most prestigious university in the country . She encounters F4 , an exclusive group composed of the four popular boys in the institution - Dao Mingsi ( Dylan Wang ) , Hua Zelei ( Darren Chen ) , Yan Ximen ( Caesar Wu ) , and Feng Meizuo ( Connor Leong ) . Shancai is a girl from a family that is barely able to make ends meet . Due to the nature of her personality , she immediately clashes with F4 , especially Dao Mingsi who is spoiled , arrogant , and a bully . She remains defiant even after becoming a target of Dao Mingsi and just when she 's about to give up , Hua Zelei always seems to show up to comfort her . Eventually , the four boys begin to acknowledge Shancai 's unyielding personality that is like her namesake , which is that of a weed that can never be brought down . She also begins to see the good in the boys , which paves the way for friendship and an eventual romance . Cast ( edit ) Main cast ( edit ) Actor / Actress Character Names Characteristics Shen Yue Dong Shancai ( 董 杉菜 ) The protagonist of the story . Dong Shancai is a strong - willed , stubborn , and kind girl who does n't allow herself or others be bullied . After angering Daoming Si , she receives a sacred ' Joker ' card given by the F4 , who challenged her to a match of Contract bridge . Initially , she likes Huaze Lei who comes to her rescue during her worst moments ; however , after a series of events , she starts developing feelings for Daoming Si . Due to her headstrong nature , she soon earns the respect of the F4 boys and becomes good friends with them . Dylan Wang / Wang Hedi Daoming Si ( 道明寺 ) The stubborn , hot - headed , and arrogant leader of F4 . Daoming Si comes from a wealthy , domineering family that believes money can buy everything . He never fully matured because his parents were not present for much of his life ( his father died when he was in high school , and his mother was often busy leading her company overseas ) . Daoming Si gets easily angry when something does n't go his way . Daoming Si slowly falls in love with Dong Shancai due to her defiant stance to his bullying ways . Although he may get irrationally angry due to jealousy , his feelings for Dong Shancai run deep . He strives to protect Dong Shancai at all costs and is willing to go to extreme ends to keep her safe . Darren Chen / Guan Hong Huaze Lei ( 花澤 類 ) A member of F4 . On the exterior , Huaze Lei appears cold , quiet , and indifferent to those outside his circle of friends . In reality , he is protective of Dong Shancai and is grateful for her being there for him during his worst times . Also from a wealthy family , Huaze Lei has been friends with Daoming Si since they were kids . He is in love with his childhood friend Tengtang Jing , who befriended him despite his quiet demeanor due to his mild autism , when he was very young . He later on develops feelings for Shancai . Connor Leong / Liang Jing Kang Feng Meizuo ( 冯 美作 ) A member of F4 . Meizuo enjoys making jokes and has an incredible memory . He is a flirtatious casanova . He expresses interest in Dong Shan Cai 's impressive competitor in the Chinese Cuisine competition . Caesar Wu / Wu Xize Ximen Yan ( 西門 彦 ) A member of F4 . Ximen is a playboy , although he expresses interest in Shan Cai 's best friend , Xiaoyou . Supporting Cast ( edit ) Li Jiaqi as Jiang Xiaoyou Liu Yinhao as Chen Qinghe Sun Qian as He Yuanzi / Xiao Zi Dee Hsu as Daoming Zhuang An Ziyi as Li Xinhui Dong Xin as Li Zhen Wang Lin / Lilian Wang as Daoming Feng Sun Yihan as Tengtang Jing Wang Runze as Tian Ye Blake Abbie as Thomas Wang Zi Zhen as Jiang Bai He Liu Ye as Zhou Cai Na Zhao Hua Ran as Yan Shun Ping Kirito Kirigaya as Ken Cameo ( edit ) Wang Yue as Yue Ji Amber Kuo as Guo Kai Jie Jin Hao Chen as Yan Zhi Bu Harlem Yu Production ( edit ) In April 2017 , Angie Chai announced the remake of Meteor Garden , which she produced in 2001 . Prior to the announcement , Barbie Hsu hinted at the news on her Weibo account . Chai plans on making the remake a `` fuller -- and flashier -- adaptation of the books '' . The drama is budgeted at 720 million New Taiwan dollars ( about US $24 million ) with 15 million per episode , which is thirty times higher than the original . A casting call was announced on social media on June 21 , 2017 with a video and the topic , `` # FindingF4 # '' . On November 7 , 2017 , the actors playing the F4 were revealed , namely Dylan Wang ( Daoming Si ) , Darren Chen ( Huaze Lei ) , Connor Leong ( Meizuo ) , and Caesar Wu ( Xi Men ) . Shen Yue 's role as Dong Shancai was unveiled at a press conference in Shanghai on November 9 . On February 2018 , it was announced that the director has been changed from Xu Fuxiang to Lin Helong . Original Soundtrack ( edit ) No . Title Singer Length 1 . `` The Love You Want ( Night Version ) ( 你 要 的 爱 ( 深夜 版 ) ) '' Penny Tai ( 戴佩妮 ) 04 : 21 2 . `` For You '' Dylan Wang ( 王鹤棣 ) , Darren Chen ( 官 鸿 ) , Connor Leong ( 梁 靖康 ) , Caesar Wu ( 吴希泽 ) 03 : 32 3 . `` Waiting For Someone ( 等 一个 人 ) '' Shennio Lin ( 林芯仪 ) 04 : 21 4 . `` Meteor Shower ( 流星雨 ) '' Jerry Yan ( 言 承 旭 ) , Vic Chou ( 周渝民 ) , Ken Chu ( 朱孝天 ) , Vanness Wu ( 吴建豪 ) 04 : 34 5 . `` Create Memories ( 创造 回忆 ) '' Dylan Wang ( 王鹤棣 ) , Darren Chen ( 官 鸿 ) , Connor Leong ( 梁 靖康 ) , Caesar Wu ( 吴希泽 ) 05 : 17 6 . `` Never Thought Of ( 从来 没 想到 ) '' Dylan Wang ( 王鹤棣 ) , Darren Chen ( 官 鸿 ) , Connor Leong ( 梁 靖康 ) , Caesar Wu ( 吴希泽 ) 03 : 41 7 . `` I Do n't Even Think About It ( 想 都 不用 想 ) '' Dylan Wang ( 王鹤棣 ) 04 : 03 8 . `` Non-Small ( 非同小可 ) '' Dylan Wang ( 王鹤棣 ) 02 : 51 9 . `` Gentle Behind The Flower ( 花 背后 的 温柔 ) '' Darren Chen ( 官 鸿 ) 03 : 53 10 . `` Star Number Meteor ( 星星 数 流星 ) '' Connor Leong ( 梁 靖康 ) 03 : 28 11 . `` I Miss You Thinking About Going Crazy ( 想 你 想到 快 疯 了 ) '' Caesar Wu ( 吴希泽 ) 05 : 06 12 . `` Emotional ( 情 非得 已 ) '' Harlem Yu ( 庾澄庆 ) 04 : 33 13 . `` I Miss You Thinking About Going Crazy ( 想 你 想到 快 疯 了 ) '' Clover Kao ( 高 隽 雅 ) 04 : 14 14 . `` Love , Existence ( 爱 , 存在 ) '' Qiqi Wei ( 魏奇奇 ) 04 : 46 15 . `` The Love You Want ( 你 要 的 爱 ) '' Fu Yan ( 芙 筱 ) 04 : 03 16 . `` River '' Bishop Briggs 03 : 34 17 . `` Say Something '' A Great Big World 03 : 52 18 . `` Anyone of Us ( Stupid Mistake ) '' Gareth Gates 03 : 48 International broadcast ( edit ) Philippines : ABS - CBN It premiered on August 20 , 2018 with high ratings . Indonesia : SCTV will have the rights to air the program . However , Viu has the streaming rights to the program and air first on July 16 . Besides Indonesia , Thailand , and the Philippines , the show will air as a Netflix Exclusive under the Netflix Originals category and will start streaming on July 13 , 2018 . Ratings ( edit ) Episode # Original broadcast date Average audience share ( CSM52 ) Average audience share ( National Average ) Ratings Audience share Ranking Ratings Audience share Ranking 1 - 2 July 9 , 2018 1.126 % 8.04 % 1.11 % 9.68 % 3 - 4 July 10 , 2018 1.032 % 7.023 % 1.11 % 9.03 % 5 - 6 July 11 , 2018 0.991 % 6.731 % 5 1.12 % 8.85 % 7 - 8 July 16 , 2018 0.931 % 7.045 % 6 1.1 % 9.77 % 9 - 10 July 17 , 2018 0.919 % 6.803 % 8 1.12 % 9.57 % 11 - 12 July 18 , 2018 0.983 % 7.254 % 8 0.97 % 8.71 % 13 - 14 July 19 , 2018 0.922 % 6.42 % 9 1.12 % 9.24 % 15 - 16 July 23 , 2018 0.861 % 6.726 % 9 0.97 % 9.07 % 5 17 - 18 July 24 , 2018 0.893 % 6.571 % 8 1.09 % 9.76 % 19 - 20 July 25 , 2018 0.969 % 7.042 % 8 0.99 % 8.6 % 21 - 22 July 30 , 2018 0.916 % 6.876 % 6 1 % 8.92 % 23 - 24 July 31 , 2018 0.914 % 6.792 % 5 1.09 % 9.31 % 25 - 26 August 1 , 2018 0.872 % 6.584 % 6 0.81 % 7.21 % 5 27 - 28 August 6 , 2018 0.824 % 6.46 % 7 0.89 % 8.07 % 29 - 30 August 7 , 2018 0.781 % 6.058 % 7 0.92 % 7.92 % 31 - 32 August 8 , 2018 0.792 % 6.027 % 6 0.97 % 8.61 % 33 - 34 August 13 , 2018 0.756 % 5.808 % 7 0.84 % 7.59 % 5 35 - 36 August 14 , 2018 0.749 % 5.771 % 5 0.78 % 7.22 % 37 - 38 August 15 , 2018 0.669 % 5.325 % 6 0.72 % 6.66 % 39 - 40 August 20 , 2018 0.751 % 5.879 % 0.77 % 7.31 % 41 - 42 August 21 , 2018 0.709 % 5.595 % 0.69 % 6.33 % 43 - 44 August 22 , 2018 0.592 % 4.336 % 7 0.57 % 5.1 % 5 45 - 46 August 27 , 2018 47 - 48 August 28 , 2018 49 - 50 August 29 , 2018 Average -- -- Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2018 ) ( edit ) No . Overall No. in Season Original Airdate Summary July 9 , 2018 Eighteen - year - old Shancai kicks off her first year at Ming De University with misadventures , drawing the ire of popular school heartthrob Daoming Si . She hopes to study nutrition to help her mother 's business . Ming De University is dominated by a group of 4 popular boys , known as F4 . As students rush to take pictures of F4 , Daoming Si unknowingly steps and cracks the screen of Shancai 's phone . A junior describes the talents of F4 and also the fear they instill in their peers , but Shancai still goes to confront Daoming Si , the one who stepped on her phone . Instead , she accidentally pushes Mr. Bobbitt , a visitor to the university and is sent home . Later , Daoming Si orders 20 boxes of takeout from Shancai 's mother 's business . After she arrives , they bicker , and it culminates with him smashing one of the boxes on her neck . Once she leaves , she is assaulted by 2 men and is saved by Huaze Lei , another member of F4 . The next day , she returns to kick Daoming Si , right in the face , knocking him out . Daoming Si 's friends in F4 carry him away and leave him tied up in toilet paper . After sucking out DaoMing si with one kick that has made her famous through the entire school , Shancai is puzzled when two men in suits extend her with an invitation to DaoMing si 's mansion . She wonders if it 's a trick since the men claim that DaoMing si is ready to apologize , but she gets in the car anyway . Upon her arrival , an army of stylists flock to her and after much poking and scrubbing against her will , Shancai emerges all made up in a cute outfit . 43 43 August 22 , 2018 Si was rushed to a hospital operating room in Shanghai after being stabbed . The ICPO informed Si 's friends and Shancai that the suspects were two previous Daoming hotel employees seeking revenge for losing their job after poor management forced the hotel to shut down . The ICPO also informed them that Xiaozi confessed that the kidnapping was part of a prank of hers . Xiamen admitted that they were invited by Xiaozi to her island for a party and only later found out that it was a prank . Xiaozi arrived at the hospital after her police interrogation and apologized to Shancai . Mrs. Daoming arrived a while later with Mrs. Yu . After seeing Si safely , she scheduled a ride for the next flight back to London and left Mrs. Yu to care for Si . As Mrs. Daoming was leaving the hospital , she warned Shancai to stop seeing Si and told Xiaozi to stop befriending Shancai . Shancai retorted that she will stay with Si until he personally tells her that he does not want her . Si 's surgery was a success , but a skull injury caused a blood vessel clog . When Si woke from his coma , he remembers everyone except Shancai . At Meizuo 's suggestion , Shancai starts recalling their memories together and begs him to remember her . After she declares her love and vows that she will never leave him , he reveals the joke , surprising everyone but Lei who suspected it . Seeing that Si was back to normal , Lei asks Mrs. Yu to go home and rest , requesting that she does not inform Mrs. Daoming yet about Si regaining consciousness . Mrs. Yu assures him that she will only inform Zhuang , Si 's sister , about Si 's condition . Shancai returns to school and gained sudden popularity due to her media coverage during the attack on Si . After Si got discharged from the hospital , he decides to stay in Lei 's house to avoid his mother 's attention . He tells Lei about his plan to marry Shancai and hints on a secret plan for a new concept for the Daoming group hotels . Meanwhile , Xiaoyou joins the Way of Tea club where she forms an immediate bond with a short - haired lady called Yifen . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Trailblazing idol drama Meteor Garden getting S $33 - million reboot '' . The Straits Times . April 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` 《 流星 花园 》 导演 换 人 ! 疑 因 热恋 陈意涵 耽误 拍摄 '' . Sina ( in Chinese ) . February 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Meet the new F4 and Shancai in the 2018 Meteor Garden TV reboot '' . The Straits Times . November 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 新版 《 流星 花园 》 热 拍 刘尹昊 演 杉菜 男 闺蜜 青 和 '' . Tencent ( in Chinese ) . December 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 孙 千 '' 流星 花园 `` 饰 小 姿 `` 快 把 我 哥 带 走 '' 破 次元 壁 `` . Netease ( in Chinese ) . February 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ < / cite web url = http://ent.qq.com/a/20171211/018909.htm%7Ctitle= 新版 《 流星 花园 》 热 拍 刘尹昊 演 杉菜 男 闺蜜 青 和 date = December 11 , 2017 website = Tencent language = zh ) ) Jump up ^ `` ' Meteor Garden ' reboot will be flashier , show creator says '' . ABS CBN. April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 《 流星 花园 》 招募 宣传 片 曝光 寻找 F4 全球 计划 启动 ! '' . ifeng ( in Chinese ) . June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 新版 《 流星 花园 》 要 翻拍 了 ! 四 位 主演 已 公开 '' . Netease ( in Chinese ) . November 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 新 《 流星 花园 》 F4 亮相 沈 月 得 知 将 演 杉菜 兴奋 跑 圈 '' . Sina ( in Chinese ) . November 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ News , ABS - CBN . `` ' Meteor Garden ' remake starring new F4 to air on ABS - CBN '' . ABS - CBN News . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Meteor Garden 2018 Akan Tayang di TV Indonesia , Ini Trailer dan Daftar Pemainnya '' . Tribun Jateng ( in Indonesian ) . 2018 - 06 - 01 . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Viu Indonesia on Twitter '' . Twitter . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 16 . External links ( edit ) Meteor Garden on Baidu Boys Over Flowers by Yoko Kamio Manga Chapters Boys Over Flowers Season 2 Television series Taiwan Meteor Garden ( 2001 ) Meteor Rain ( 2001 ) Meteor Garden II ( 2002 ) Japan Hana Yori Dango ( 2005 ) Hana Yori Dango Returns ( 2007 ) Hana Nochi Hare ( 2018 ) South Korea Boys Over Flowers ( 2009 ) China Meteor Garden ( 2018 ) Unlicensed Meteor Shower ( 2009 -- 2010 ) ( China ) Boys Before Friends ( 2013 ) ( United States ) Kaisi Yeh Yaariyan ( 2014 ) ( India ) Films Hana Yori Dango ( 1995 ) Hana Yori Dango Final ( 2008 ) Hunan Television Youth On March 2015 Singles Villa Love Weaves Through a Millennium Love You , Countless Ties OB - GYNS 2 The Whirlwind Girl Moon River The Only Way is Sanlitun Mission Impossible Love 2016 The Adventure for Love Promise of Migratory Birds Magical Space - time Yes ! Mr. Fashion The Whirlwind Girl 2 Shuttle Love Millennium 2017 Pretty Li Hui Zhen The Starry Night , The Starry Sea A Different Kind of Pretty Man 2 Fighter of the Destiny Princess Agents My Mr. Mermaid Lightning The Starry Night , The Starry Sea 2 The Endless Love Love of Aurora 2018 To Love To Heal Excellent Investor Meet in Youth , Love in Foods Meteor Garden Fights Break Spheres Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meteor_Garden_(2018_TV_series)&oldid=857120673 '' Categories : Hunan Television dramas 2018 Chinese television series debuts Boys Over Flowers Chinese romantic comedy television series Chinese high school television series 2018 Chinese television series endings Hidden categories : CS1 Chinese - language sources ( zh ) CS1 Indonesian - language sources ( id ) Articles containing Japanese - language text Articles containing traditional Chinese - language text Track listings with input errors Talk Contents About Wikipedia 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 29 August 2018 , at 18 : 05 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when will episode 21 of meteor garden be released | [
"\n\n\nEpisode #\n\nOriginal broadcast date\n\nAverage audience share (CSM52)\n\nAverage audience share (National Average)\n\n\nRatings\n\nAudience share\n\nRanking\n\nRatings\n\nAudience share\n\nRanking\n\n\n1-2\nJuly 9, 2018\n1.126%\n8.04%\n4\n1.11%\n9.68%\n3\n\n\n3-4\nJuly 10, 2018\n1.032%\n7.023%\n4\n1.11%\n9.03%\n4\n\n\n5-6\nJuly 11, 2018\n0.991%\n6.731%\n5\n1.12%\n8.85%\n4\n\n\n7-8\nJuly 16, 2018\n0.931%\n7.045%\n6\n1.1%\n9.77%\n3\n\n\n9-10\nJuly 17, 2018\n0.919%\n6.803%\n8\n1.12%\n9.57%\n4\n\n\n11-12\nJuly 18, 2018\n0.983%\n7.254%\n8\n0.97%\n8.71%\n4\n\n\n13-14\nJuly 19, 2018\n0.922%\n6.42%\n9\n1.12%\n9.24%\n4\n\n\n15-16\nJuly 23, 2018\n0.861%\n6.726%\n9\n0.97%\n9.07%\n5\n\n\n17-18\nJuly 24, 2018\n0.893%\n6.571%\n8\n1.09%\n9.76%\n4\n\n\n19-20\nJuly 25, 2018\n0.969%\n7.042%\n8\n0.99%\n8.6%\n3\n\n\n21-22\nJuly 30, 2018\n0.916%\n6.876%\n6\n1%\n8.92%\n4\n\n\n23-24\nJuly 31, 2018\n0.914%\n6.792%\n5\n1.09%\n9.31%\n4\n\n\n25-26\nAugust 1, 2018\n0.872%\n6.584%\n6\n0.81%\n7.21%\n5\n\n\n27-28\nAugust 6, 2018\n0.824%\n6.46%\n7\n0.89%\n8.07%\n4\n\n\n29-30\nAugust 7, 2018\n0.781%\n6.058%\n7\n0.92%\n7.92%\n4\n\n\n31-32\nAugust 8, 2018\n0.792%\n6.027%\n6\n0.97%\n8.61%\n4\n\n\n33-34\nAugust 13, 2018\n0.756%\n5.808%\n7\n0.84%\n7.59%\n5\n\n\n35-36\nAugust 14, 2018\n0.749%\n5.771%\n5\n0.78%\n7.22%\n4\n\n\n37-38\nAugust 15, 2018\n0.669%\n5.325%\n6\n0.72%\n6.66%\n4\n\n\n39-40\nAugust 20, 2018\n0.751%\n5.879%\n3\n0.77%\n7.31%\n3\n\n\n41-42\nAugust 21, 2018\n0.709%\n5.595%\n3\n0.69%\n6.33%\n3\n\n\n43-44\nAugust 22, 2018\n0.592%\n4.336%\n7\n0.57%\n5.1%\n5\n\n\n45-46\nAugust 27, 2018\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n47-48\nAugust 28, 2018\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n49-50\nAugust 29, 2018\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAverage\n\n\n—\n\n\n—\n\n"
] | [
"July 30, 2018"
] |
661259354974116525 | List of Presidents of the United States by time in office | List of presidents of the United States by time in office - wikipedia List of presidents of the United States by time in office Jump to : navigation , search Franklin Delano Roosevelt Longest presidency 4,422 days 1933 -- 1945 William Henry Harrison Shortest presidency 31 days 1841 This is a list of Presidents of the United States by time in office . The basis of the list is the difference between dates ; if counted by number of calendar days all the figures would be one greater , with the exception of Grover Cleveland , who would receive two days . Since 1789 , there have been 44 people sworn into office as President of the United States , and 45 presidencies , as Grover Cleveland served two non-consecutive terms and is counted chronologically as both the 22nd and 24th president . Of the individuals elected president , four ( William Henry Harrison , Zachary Taylor , Warren G. Harding , and Franklin D. Roosevelt ) died of natural causes while in office , four ( Abraham Lincoln , James A. Garfield , William McKinley , and John F. Kennedy ) were assassinated , and one ( Richard Nixon ) resigned . William Henry Harrison spent the shortest time in office , and Franklin D. Roosevelt spent the longest . He is the only president to have served more than two terms . Following ratification of the 22nd Amendment in 1951 , presidents -- beginning with Dwight D. Eisenhower -- have been ineligible for election to a third term or for election to a second full term after serving more than two years of a term to which some other person was elected president . The amendment contained a grandfather clause that explicitly exempted the incumbent president -- then Harry S. Truman -- from the new term limitations . Contents ( hide ) 1 Presidents by time in office 1.1 Notes 2 References 3 External links Presidents by time in office ( edit ) Rank President Length in days Order of presidency Number of terms Franklin D. Roosevelt 7003442200000000000 ♠ 4,422 32 ! 32nd March 4 , 1933 -- April 12 , 1945 Three full terms ; died 2 months and 23 days into fourth term tie Thomas Jefferson 7003292200000000000 ♠ 2,922 03 ! 3rd March 4 , 1801 -- March 4 , 1809 Two full terms James Madison 7003292200000000000 ♠ 2,922 04 ! 4th March 4 , 1809 -- March 4 , 1817 Two full terms James Monroe 7003292200000000000 ♠ 2,922 05 ! 5th March 4 , 1817 -- March 4 , 1825 Two full terms Andrew Jackson 7003292200000000000 ♠ 2,922 07 ! 7th March 4 , 1829 -- March 4 , 1837 Two full terms Ulysses S. Grant 7003292200000000000 ♠ 2,922 18 ! 18th March 4 , 1869 -- March 4 , 1877 Two full terms Grover Cleveland 2,922 22 ! 22nd March 4 , 1885 -- March 4 , 1889 Two full terms ( non-consecutive ) 24 ! 24th March 4 , 1893 -- March 4 , 1897 Woodrow Wilson 7003292200000000000 ♠ 2,922 28 ! 28th March 4 , 1913 -- March 4 , 1921 Two full terms Dwight D. Eisenhower 7003292200000000000 ♠ 2,922 34 ! 34th January 20 , 1953 -- January 20 , 1961 Two full terms Ronald Reagan 7003292200000000000 ♠ 2,922 40 ! 40th January 20 , 1981 -- January 20 , 1989 Two full terms Bill Clinton 7003292200000000000 ♠ 2,922 42 ! 42nd January 20 , 1993 -- January 20 , 2001 Two full terms George W. Bush 7003292200000000000 ♠ 2,922 43 ! 43rd January 20 , 2001 -- January 20 , 2009 Two full terms Barack Obama 7003292200000000000 ♠ 2,922 44 ! 44th January 20 , 2009 -- January 20 , 2017 Two full terms 14 George Washington 7003286500000000000 ♠ 2,865 01 ! 1st April 30 , 1789 -- March 4 , 1797 Two full terms 15 Harry S. Truman 7003284000000000000 ♠ 2,840 33 ! 33rd April 12 , 1945 -- January 20 , 1953 One partial term ( 3 years , 9 months , and 8 days ) , followed by one full term 16 Theodore Roosevelt 7003272800000000000 ♠ 2,728 26 ! 26th September 14 , 1901 -- March 4 , 1909 One partial term ( 3 years , 5 months , and 18 days ) , followed by one full term 17 Calvin Coolidge 7003204100000000000 ♠ 2,041 30 ! 30th August 2 , 1923 -- March 4 , 1929 One partial term ( 1 year , 7 months , and 2 days ) , followed by one full term 18 Richard Nixon 7003202700000000000 ♠ 2,027 37 ! 37th January 20 , 1969 -- August 9 , 1974 One full term ; resigned 1 year , 6 months , and 20 days into second term 19 Lyndon B. Johnson 7003188600000000000 ♠ 1,886 36 ! 36th November 22 , 1963 -- January 20 , 1969 One partial term ( 1 year , 1 month , and 29 days ) , followed by one full term 20 William McKinley 7003165400000000000 ♠ 1,654 25 ! 25th March 4 , 1897 -- September 14 , 1901 One full term ; assassinated 6 months and 2 days into second term , dying 8 days later , 6 months and 10 days into that term 21 Abraham Lincoln 7003150300000000000 ♠ 1,503 16 ! 16th March 4 , 1861 -- April 15 , 1865 One full term ; assassinated 1 month and 10 days into second term , dying 1 day later , 1 month and 11 days into that term 22 tie John Quincy Adams 7003146100000000000 ♠ 1,461 06 ! 6th March 4 , 1825 -- March 4 , 1829 One full term Martin Van Buren 7003146100000000000 ♠ 1,461 08 ! 8th March 4 , 1837 -- March 4 , 1841 One full term James K. Polk 7003146100000000000 ♠ 1,461 11 ! 11th March 4 , 1845 -- March 4 , 1849 One full term Franklin Pierce 7003146100000000000 ♠ 1,461 14 ! 14th March 4 , 1853 -- March 4 , 1857 One full term James Buchanan 7003146100000000000 ♠ 1,461 15 ! 15th March 4 , 1857 -- March 4 , 1861 One full term Rutherford B. Hayes 7003146100000000000 ♠ 1,461 19 ! 19th March 4 , 1877 -- March 4 , 1881 One full term Benjamin Harrison 7003146100000000000 ♠ 1,461 23 ! 23rd March 4 , 1889 -- March 4 , 1893 One full term William Howard Taft 7003146100000000000 ♠ 1,461 27 ! 27th March 4 , 1909 -- March 4 , 1913 One full term Herbert Hoover 7003146100000000000 ♠ 1,461 31 ! 31st March 4 , 1929 -- March 4 , 1933 One full term Jimmy Carter 7003146100000000000 ♠ 1,461 39 ! 39th January 20 , 1977 -- January 20 , 1981 One full term George H.W. Bush 7003146100000000000 ♠ 1,461 41 ! 41st January 20 , 1989 -- January 20 , 1993 One full term 33 John Adams 7003146000000000000 ♠ 1,460 02 ! 2nd March 4 , 1797 -- March 4 , 1801 One full term 34 John Tyler 7003143000000000000 ♠ 1,430 10 ! 10th April 4 , 1841 -- March 4 , 1845 One partial term ( 3 years and 11 months ) 35 Andrew Johnson 7003141900000000000 ♠ 1,419 17 ! 17th April 15 , 1865 -- March 4 , 1869 One partial term ( 3 years , 10 months , and 17 days ) 36 Chester A. Arthur 7003126200000000000 ♠ 1,262 21 ! 21st September 19 , 1881 -- March 4 , 1885 One partial term ( 3 years , 5 months , and 13 days ) 37 John F. Kennedy 7003103600000000000 ♠ 1,036 35 ! 35th January 20 , 1961 -- November 22 , 1963 Assassinated 2 years , 10 months , and 2 days into term 38 Millard Fillmore 7002969000000000000 ♠ 969 13 ! 13th July 9 , 1850 -- March 4 , 1853 One partial term ( 2 years , 7 months , and 23 days ) 39 Gerald Ford 7002895000000000000 ♠ 895 38 ! 38th August 9 , 1974 -- January 20 , 1977 One partial term ( 2 years , 5 months , and 11 days ) 40 Warren G. Harding 7002881000000000000 ♠ 881 29 ! 29th March 4 , 1921 -- August 2 , 1923 Died 2 years , 4 months , and 29 days into term 41 Zachary Taylor 7002492000000000000 ♠ 492 12 ! 12th March 4 , 1849 -- July 9 , 1850 Died 1 year , 4 months , and 5 days into term 42 Donald Trump 7002431000000000000 ♠ 431 45 ! 45th January 20 , 2017 -- Incumbent Serving first term 43 James A. Garfield 7002199000000000000 ♠ 199 20 ! 20th March 4 , 1881 -- September 19 , 1881 Assassinated 3 months and 28 days into term , dying 79 days later , 6 months and 15 days into term 44 William Henry Harrison 7001310000000000000 ♠ 31 09 ! 9th March 4 , 1841 -- April 4 , 1841 Died 31 days into term Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The 20th Amendment ( ratified in 1933 ) moved Inauguration Day from March 4 to January 20 . The 1937 presidential inauguration was the first to take place on the new date . As a result , Franklin D. Roosevelt 's first term in office ( 1933 -- 1937 ) was only 7003141800000000000 ♠ 1,418 days long , 1 month and 12 days shorter than a normal term . ^ Jump up to : Died in office Jump up ^ Did not seek re-election in 1876 . He sought a non-consecutive third term in 1880 , but was defeated for renomination at the Republican National Convention . Jump up ^ Each of Grover Cleveland 's two non-consecutive terms in office was 1,461 days long . ^ Jump up to : Incumbent president who sought a second term but was defeated in a quadrennial presidential election . ^ Jump up to : Of years evenly divisible by 100 , only those evenly divisible by 400 are leap years . The years 1800 and 1900 are divisible by 100 , but not by 400 . Thus , John Adams 's term and McKinley 's first term did not include a 366 - day leap year , so those terms were one day shorter than a normal full term . The year 2000 is divisible by 400 and so did include one , thus Clinton 's second term was not shorter than his first . Jump up ^ Due to logistical delays , Washington 's first inauguration was held 1 month and 26 days after the scheduled start of operations of the new government under the Constitution . As a result , his first term was only 7003140400000000000 ♠ 1,404 days long , and was the shortest term for a U.S. president who neither died in office nor resigned . ^ Jump up to : Succeeded to presidency . Jump up ^ Did not seek re-election in 1908 . In 1912 , he ran for a non-consecutive second full term , this time on the Progressive Party ticket , but was defeated . Jump up ^ Resigned from office Jump up ^ Subsequently sought a non-consecutive second term , first in 1844 , but was defeated for renomination at the Democratic National Convention , and then again in 1848 ( this time on the Free Soil Party ticket ) , but was defeated . Jump up ^ The only incumbent president who had never been elected to national office , he sought election to a full term in 1976 , but was defeated . Jump up ^ As of March 27 , 2018 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Cleaves , Freeman ( 1939 ) . Old Tippecanoe : William Henry Harrison and His Time . C. Scribner 's Sons . p. 152 . Jump up ^ Ingersoll , Jared . `` Death of the President '' . University of Virginia 's Miller Center of Public Affairs . Archived from the original on October 8 , 2010 . Retrieved November 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Russell , Francis ( 1962 ) . The Shadow of Blooming Grove -- Warren G. Harding in His Times . Easton Press . p. 591 . ISBN 0070543380 . ^ Jump up to : Martin , Paul `` Lincoln 's Missing Bodyguard '' , Smithsonian Magazine , April 8 , 2010 , Retrieved November 15 , 2010 Jump up ^ Donald ( 1996 ) , p. 597 . Jump up ^ `` Big Ben Parker and President McKinley 's Assassination '' . Math.buffalo.edu . Retrieved August 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Nixon Resigns '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved December 31 , 2008 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to President of the United States . Millercenter.org , American President : A Reference Resource Whitehouse.gov , The Presidents ( hide ) Lists related to the Presidents and Vice Presidents of the United States List of Presidents List of Vice Presidents Presidents Age Autobiographies Burial places Death Historical rankings Lifespan timeline Number living Time in office Portraits Professional careers Approval rating Assassination attempts and plots Campaign slogans Control of Congress Doctrines Inaugurations International trips Judicial appointments Libraries Military rank Military service Other offices held Pardons Previous experience Vetoes Personal life Coats of arms Deaths in office Education Facial hair Firsts Multilingualism Net worth Nicknames Pets Home state Previous occupation Religious affiliation Residences Slave owners Vice Presidents Age Burial places Coats of arms Education Number living Other offices held Place of primary affiliation Religious affiliation Tie - breaking votes Time in office Succession Acting President Designated survivor Line of succession Elections Electoral College margin Popular vote margin Summary Winner lost popular vote Candidates Democrat Republican Third party Green Libertarian Progressive National Republican / Whig African American Female Received at least one electoral vote Height Lost their home state Families First Families First Ladies Second Ladies Children Namesakes , honors Memorial sites U.S. postage stamp appearances Educational institution names Currency appearances U.S. county names U.S. Senate vice presidential bust collection In fiction Presidents actors Vice Presidents actors Candidates Line of succession U.S. Government Portal Biography Portal Presidents of the United States Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States_by_time_in_office&oldid=832552960 '' Categories : Lists of people by time in office Lists relating to the United States presidency Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Português Română Edit links This page was last edited on 26 March 2018 , at 17 : 57 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who served the least amount of time as president | [
"William Henry Harrison spent the shortest time in office, and Franklin D. Roosevelt spent the longest. He is the only president to have served more than two terms. Following ratification of the 22nd Amendment in 1951, presidents—beginning with Dwight D. Eisenhower—have been ineligible for election to a third term or for election to a second full term after serving more than two years of a term to which some other person was elected president. The amendment contained a grandfather clause that explicitly exempted the incumbent president—then Harry S. Truman—from the new term limitations."
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"William Henry Harrison"
] |
-3721600354737034000 | List of Olympic Games host cities | List of Olympic Games host cities - wikipedia List of Olympic Games host cities Jump to : navigation , search This is a list of host cities of the Olympic Games , both summer and winter , since the modern Olympics began in 1896 . Since then , summer games have usually -- but not always -- celebrated a four - year period known as an Olympiad . There have been 28 Summer Olympic Games held in 23 cities , and 23 Winter Olympic Games held in 20 cities . In addition , three summer and two winter editions of the Games were scheduled to take place but later cancelled due to war : Berlin ( summer ) in 1916 ; Tokyo / Helsinki ( summer ) and Sapporo / Garmisch - Partenkirchen ( winter ) in 1940 ; and London ( summer ) and Cortina d'Ampezzo , Italy ( winter ) in 1944 . The 1906 Summer Olympics were officially sanctioned and held in Athens . However , in 1949 , the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) , decided to unrecognize the 1906 Games . Four cities have been chosen by the IOC to host upcoming Olympic Games : Tokyo for the 2020 Summer Olympics , Beijing for the 2022 Winter Olympics , Paris for the 2024 Summer Olympics , and Los Angeles for the 2028 Summer Olympics . In 2022 , Beijing will become the only city that has held both the summer and the winter Olympic Games . Nine cities will have hosted the Olympic Games more than once : Athens ( 1896 and 2004 Summer Olympics ) , Paris ( 1900 , 1924 and 2024 Summer Olympics ) , London ( 1908 , 1948 and 2012 Summer Olympics ) , St. Moritz ( 1928 and 1948 Winter Olympics ) , Lake Placid ( 1932 and 1980 Winter Olympics ) , Los Angeles ( 1932 , 1984 and 2028 Summer Olympics ) , Innsbruck ( 1964 and 1976 Winter Olympics ) , Tokyo ( 1964 and 2020 Summer Olympics ) and Beijing ( 2008 Summer Olympics and 2022 Winter Olympics ) . In addition , Stockholm hosted the 1912 Summer Olympics and the equestrian portion of the 1956 Summer Olympics . London became the first city to have hosted three Games with the 2012 Summer Olympics . Paris will become the second city to do this with the 2024 Summer Olympics , followed by Los Angeles as the third in 2028 . The United States has hosted a total of eight Olympic Games , more than any other country , followed by France with five editions . Canada , Germany , Italy , Japan , and the United Kingdom have each hosted three Games . The Games have primarily been hosted in the continents of Europe ( 36 editions ) and North America ( 12 editions ) ; eight Games have been hosted in Asia and two have been hosted in Oceania . In 2016 , Rio de Janeiro became South America 's first Olympic host city , while the African continent has yet to hold the Games . Other major geographic regions which have never hosted the Olympics include the Middle East , the Indian subcontinent , the Caribbean , and Southeast Asia . Host cities are selected by the IOC membership , usually seven years in advance . The selection process lasts approximately two years . In the first stage , any city in the world may submit an application to become a host city . After 10 months , the Executive Board of the IOC decides which applicant city will become official candidates as based on the recommendation of a working group that reviews the applications . In a second stage , the candidate cities are investigated thoroughly by an Evaluation Commission , which then submits a final short list of cities to be considered for selection . The host city is then chosen by vote of the IOC session , a general meeting of IOC members . Contents ( hide ) 1 Olympic Games host cities 1.1 Host cities for multiple Summer and Winter Olympic Games 1.2 Number of Olympic Games by country 1.3 Number of Olympic Games by continent 1.4 Unsuccessful cities 2 Notes 3 References 4 External links Olympic Games host cities ( edit ) For individual summer and winter lists , see List of modern Summer Olympic Games and List of Winter Olympic Games . City Country Continent Summer ( Olympiad ) Winter Year Opening Ceremony Closing Ceremony Athens Greece Europe S005 I -- 1896 000000002018 - 04 - 06 - 0000 April 6 000000002018 - 04 - 15 - 0000 April 15 Paris France Europe S005 II -- 1900 000000002018 - 05 - 14 - 0000 May 14 000000002018 - 10 - 28 - 0000 October 28 St. Louis United States North America S005 III -- 1904 000000002018 - 07 - 01 - 0000 July 1 000000002018 - 11 - 23 - 0000 November 23 London United Kingdom Europe S005 IV -- 1908 000000002018 - 04 - 27 - 0000 April 27 000000002018 - 10 - 31 - 0000 October 31 Stockholm Sweden Europe S005 V -- 1912 000000002018 - 05 - 05 - 0000 May 5 000000002018 - 07 - 22 - 0000 July 22 Berlin Germany Europe S006 VI -- 1916 Cancelled due to WWI Antwerp Belgium Europe S007 VII -- 1920 000000002018 - 04 - 20 - 0000 April 20 000000002018 - 09 - 12 - 0000 September 12 Chamonix France Europe -- W001 I 1924 000000002018 - 01 - 25 - 0000 January 25 000000002018 - 02 - 04 - 0000 February 4 Paris France Europe S008 VIII -- 000000002018 - 05 - 04 - 0000 May 4 000000002018 - 07 - 27 - 0000 July 27 St. Moritz Switzerland Europe -- W002 II 1928 000000002018 - 02 - 11 - 0000 February 11 000000002018 - 02 - 19 - 0000 February 19 Amsterdam Netherlands Europe S009 IX -- 000000002018 - 05 - 17 - 0000 May 17 000000002018 - 08 - 12 - 0000 August 12 Lake Placid United States North America -- W003 III 1932 000000002018 - 02 - 04 - 0000 February 4 000000002018 - 02 - 15 - 0000 February 15 Los Angeles United States North America S010 X -- 000000002018 - 07 - 30 - 0000 July 30 000000002018 - 08 - 14 - 0000 August 14 Garmisch - Partenkirchen Nazi Germany Europe -- W004 IV 1936 000000002018 - 02 - 06 - 0000 February 6 000000002018 - 02 - 16 - 0000 February 16 Berlin Nazi Germany Europe S011 XI -- 000000002018 - 08 - 01 - 0000 August 1 000000002018 - 08 - 16 - 0000 August 16 Sapporo Garmisch - Partenkirchen Empire of Japan Nazi Germany Asia Europe -- W005a V 1940 Cancelled due to WWII Tokyo Helsinki Empire of Japan Finland Asia Europe S012 XII -- Cortina d'Ampezzo Italy Europe -- W005b V 1944 London United Kingdom Europe S013 XIII -- St. Moritz Switzerland Europe -- W005c V 1948 000000002018 - 01 - 30 - 0000 January 30 000000002018 - 02 - 08 - 0000 February 8 London United Kingdom Europe S014 XIV -- 000000002018 - 07 - 29 - 0000 July 29 000000002018 - 08 - 14 - 0000 August 14 Oslo Norway Europe -- W006 VI 1952 000000002018 - 02 - 14 - 0000 February 14 000000002018 - 02 - 25 - 0000 February 25 Helsinki Finland Europe S015 XV -- 000000002018 - 07 - 19 - 0000 July 19 000000002018 - 08 - 03 - 0000 August 3 Cortina d'Ampezzo Italy Europe -- W007 VII 1956 000000002018 - 01 - 26 - 0000 January 26 000000002018 - 02 - 05 - 0000 February 5 Melbourne Stockholm Australia Sweden Oceania Europe S016 XVI -- 000000002018 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 000000002018 - 06 - 10 - 0000 June 10 000000002018 - 12 - 08 - 0000 December 8 000000002018 - 06 - 17 - 0000 June 17 Squaw Valley United States North America -- W008 VIII 1960 000000002018 - 02 - 18 - 0000 February 18 000000002018 - 02 - 28 - 0000 February 28 Rome Italy Europe S017 XVII -- 000000002018 - 08 - 25 - 0000 August 25 000000002018 - 09 - 11 - 0000 September 11 Innsbruck Austria Europe -- W009 IX 1964 000000002018 - 01 - 29 - 0000 January 29 000000002018 - 02 - 09 - 0000 February 9 Tokyo Japan Asia S018 XVIII -- 000000002018 - 10 - 10 - 0000 October 10 000000002018 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 Grenoble France Europe -- W010 X 1968 000000002018 - 02 - 06 - 0000 February 6 000000002018 - 02 - 18 - 0000 February 18 Mexico City Mexico North America S019 XIX -- 000000002018 - 10 - 12 - 0000 October 12 000000002018 - 10 - 27 - 0000 October 27 Sapporo Japan Asia -- W011 XI 1972 000000002018 - 02 - 03 - 0000 February 3 000000002018 - 02 - 13 - 0000 February 13 Munich West Germany Europe S020 XX -- 000000002018 - 08 - 26 - 0000 August 26 000000002018 - 09 - 11 - 0000 September 11 Innsbruck Austria Europe -- W012 XII 1976 000000002018 - 02 - 04 - 0000 February 4 000000002018 - 02 - 15 - 0000 February 15 Montreal Canada North America S021 XXI -- 000000002018 - 07 - 17 - 0000 July 17 000000002018 - 08 - 01 - 0000 August 1 Lake Placid United States North America -- W013 XIII 1980 000000002018 - 02 - 12 - 0000 February 12 000000002018 - 02 - 24 - 0000 February 24 Moscow Soviet Union Europe S022 XXII -- 000000002018 - 07 - 19 - 0000 July 19 000000002018 - 08 - 03 - 0000 August 3 Sarajevo Yugoslavia Europe -- W014 XIV 1984 000000002018 - 02 - 07 - 0000 February 7 000000002018 - 02 - 19 - 0000 February 19 Los Angeles United States North America S023 XXIII -- 000000002018 - 07 - 28 - 0000 July 28 000000002018 - 08 - 12 - 0000 August 12 Calgary Canada North America -- W015 XV 1988 000000002018 - 02 - 13 - 0000 February 13 000000002018 - 02 - 28 - 0000 February 28 Seoul South Korea Asia S024 XXIV -- 000000002018 - 09 - 17 - 0000 September 17 000000002018 - 10 - 02 - 0000 October 2 Albertville France Europe -- W016 XVI 1992 000000002018 - 02 - 08 - 0000 February 8 000000002018 - 02 - 23 - 0000 February 23 Barcelona Spain Europe S025 XXV -- 000000002018 - 07 - 25 - 0000 July 25 000000002018 - 08 - 09 - 0000 August 9 Lillehammer Norway Europe -- W017 XVII 1994 000000002018 - 02 - 12 - 0000 February 12 000000002018 - 02 - 27 - 0000 February 27 Atlanta United States North America S026 XXVI -- 000000002018 - 07 - 19 - 0000 July 19 000000002018 - 08 - 04 - 0000 August 4 Nagano Japan Asia -- W018 XVIII 1998 000000002018 - 02 - 07 - 0000 February 7 000000002018 - 02 - 22 - 0000 February 22 Sydney Australia Oceania S027 XXVII -- 2000 000000002018 - 09 - 15 - 0000 September 15 000000002018 - 10 - 01 - 0000 October 1 Salt Lake City United States North America -- W019 XIX 2002 000000002018 - 02 - 08 - 0000 February 8 000000002018 - 02 - 24 - 0000 February 24 Athens Greece Europe S028 XXVIII -- 000000002018 - 08 - 13 - 0000 August 13 000000002018 - 08 - 29 - 0000 August 29 Torino Italy Europe -- W020 XX 2006 000000002018 - 02 - 10 - 0000 February 10 000000002018 - 02 - 26 - 0000 February 26 Beijing China Asia S029 XXIX -- 2008 000000002018 - 08 - 08 - 0000 August 8 000000002018 - 08 - 24 - 0000 August 24 Vancouver Canada North America -- W021 XXI 000000002018 - 02 - 12 - 0000 February 12 000000002018 - 02 - 28 - 0000 February 28 London United Kingdom Europe S030 XXX -- 2012 000000002018 - 07 - 27 - 0000 July 27 000000002018 - 08 - 12 - 0000 August 12 Sochi Russia Europe -- W022 XXII 2014 000000002018 - 02 - 07 - 0000 February 7 000000002018 - 02 - 23 - 0000 February 23 Rio de Janeiro Brazil South America S031 XXXI -- 2016 000000002018 - 08 - 05 - 0000 August 5 000000002018 - 08 - 21 - 0000 August 21 Pyeongchang South Korea Asia -- W023 XXIII 2018 000000002018 - 02 - 09 - 0000 February 9 000000002018 - 02 - 25 - 0000 February 25 Tokyo Japan Asia S032 XXXII -- 2020 000000002018 - 07 - 24 - 0000 July 24 000000002018 - 08 - 09 - 0000 August 9 Beijing China Asia -- W024 XXIV 2022 000000002018 - 02 - 04 - 0000 February 4 000000002018 - 02 - 20 - 0000 February 20 Paris France Europe S033 XXXIII -- 2024 000000002018 - 07 - 26 - 0000 July 26 000000002018 - 08 - 11 - 0000 August 11 TBD TBD -- W025 XXV 2026 ( TBD ) Los Angeles United States North America S034 XXXIV -- 2028 000000002018 - 07 - 21 - 0000 July 21 000000002018 - 08 - 06 - 0000 August 6 TBD TBD -- W026 XXVI 2030 ( TBD ) Host cities for multiple Summer and winter Olympic Games ( edit ) List of cities that hosted multiple editions of the Olympic Games City Country Continent Summer Olympics Winter Olympics Total London United Kingdom Europe 3 ( 1908 , 1948 , 2012 ) 0 Paris France Europe 3 ( 1900 , 1924 , 2024 ) 0 Los Angeles United States North America 3 ( 1932 , 1984 , 2028 ) 0 Athens Greece Europe 2 ( 1896 , 2004 ) 0 Tokyo Japan Asia 2 ( 1964 , 2020 ) 0 Beijing China Asia 1 ( 2008 ) 1 ( 2022 ) St. Moritz Switzerland Europe 0 2 ( 1928 , 1948 ) Innsbruck Austria Europe 0 2 ( 1964 , 1976 ) Lake Placid United States North America 0 2 ( 1932 , 1980 ) The 1906 Intercalated Games are not officially recognized by the IOC as an official Olympic Games . Number of Olympic Games by country ( edit ) Nations that have hosted or will host the Summer Olympics 5 times 4 times ( no entry ) 3 times 2 times 1 time Never held games Nations that have hosted or will host the Winter Olympics 4 times or more 3 times 2 times 1 time Never held games List of countries ranked by the number of times they hosted the Olympic Games Rank Country Continent Summer Olympics Winter Olympics Total United States North America 5 ( 1904 , 1932 , 1984 , 1996 , 2028 ) 4 ( 1932 , 1960 , 1980 , 2002 ) 9 France Europe 3 ( 1900 , 1924 , 2024 ) 3 ( 1924 , 1968 , 1992 ) 6 Japan Asia 2 ( 1940 , 1964 , 2020 ) 2 ( 1940 , 1972 , 1998 ) United Kingdom Europe 3 ( 1908 , 1944 , 1948 , 2012 ) 0 Canada North America 1 ( 1976 ) 2 ( 1988 , 2010 ) Italy Europe 1 ( 1960 ) 2 ( 1944 , 1956 , 2006 ) German Empire / Nazi Germany / West Germany / Germany Europe 2 ( 1916 , 1936 , 1972 ) 1 ( 1936 , 1940 ) 8 China Asia 1 ( 2008 ) 1 ( 2022 ) South Korea Asia 1 ( 1988 ) 1 ( 2018 ) Soviet Union / Russia Europe 1 ( 1980 ) 1 ( 2014 ) Greece Europe 2 ( 1896 , 2004 ) 0 Australia Oceania 2 ( 1956 , 2000 ) 0 Norway Europe 0 2 ( 1952 , 1994 ) Austria Europe 0 2 ( 1964 , 1976 ) Switzerland Europe 0 2 ( 1928 , 1940 , 1948 ) Sweden Europe 2 ( 1912 , 1956 ( equestrian events only ) ) 0 17 Brazil South America 1 ( 2016 ) 0 Spain Europe 1 ( 1992 ) 0 SFR Yugoslavia / Bosnia and Herzegovina Europe 0 1 ( 1984 ) Mexico North America 1 ( 1968 ) 0 Finland Europe 1 ( 1940 , 1952 ) 0 Netherlands Europe 1 ( 1928 ) 0 Belgium Europe 1 ( 1920 ) 0 Number of Olympic Games by continent ( edit ) Rank Continent Summer Olympics Winter Olympics Total Europe 17 ( 1896 , 1900 , 1908 , 1912 , 1920 , 1924 , 1928 , 1936 , 1940 , 1944 , 1948 , 1952 , 1960 , 1972 , 1980 , 1992 , 2004 , 2012 , 2024 ) 14 ( 1924 , 1928 , 1936 , 1940 , 1944 , 1948 , 1952 , 1956 , 1964 , 1968 , 1976 , 1984 , 1992 , 1994 , 2006 , 2014 ) 31 North America 7 ( 1904 , 1932 , 1968 , 1976 , 1984 , 1996 , 2028 ) 6 ( 1932 , 1960 , 1980 , 1988 , 2002 , 2010 ) 13 Asia 4 ( 1940 , 1964 , 1988 , 2008 , 2020 ) 4 ( 1940 , 1972 , 1998 , 2018 , 2022 ) 8 Oceania 2 ( 1956 , 2000 ) 0 5 South America 1 ( 2016 ) 0 6 Africa 0 0 0 Unsuccessful cities ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Country City Bids United States Detroit 7 Hungary Budapest 6 Turkey Istanbul 5 Spain Madrid Argentina Buenos Aires Switzerland Lausanne United States Philadelphia 5 United States Chicago United States Minneapolis Cuba Havana Belgium Brussels Azerbaijan Baku Qatar Doha Spain Seville Yugoslavia Belgrade Puerto Rico San Juan Australia Brisbane Slovakia Poprad United States Boston Notes ( edit ) Originally awarded to Chicago , but moved to St. Louis to coincide with the World 's Fair . The 1906 Games were sanctioned and treated as an Olympic Games when held , and they were recognized as an Olympic Games by the IOC until 1949 The 1908 Games were originally given to Rome , but were moved to London when Mount Vesuvius erupted . The sailing events in 1920 were held in Ostend , Belgium and in Amsterdam , Netherlands . The 1940 winter games were originally awarded to Sapporo , but were moved to Garmisch - Partenkirchen before being cancelled . The 1940 summer games were originally awarded to Tokyo , but were moved to Helsinki before being cancelled . Equestrian events were held in Stockholm , Sweden . Stockholm had to bid for the equestrian competition separately ; it received its own Olympic flame and had its own formal invitations and opening and closing ceremonies , just like the regular Summer Olympics . Russia / Soviet Union spans the continents of Europe and Asia . However , the Russian National Olympic Committee is part of the European Olympic Committees . Also , Moscow is on the European side of the most commonly recognized boundary between Europe and Asia . ( Sochi is in Asia per the usual geographic boundary , being just south of the Greater Caucasus ' western end ; but political approximations of the continental boundary place it in Europe . ) Equestrian events were held in China 's Hong Kong SAR . Although Hong Kong 's separate NOC conducted the equestrian competition , it was an integral part of the Beijing Games ( unlike the 1956 Stockholm equestrian competition it was not conducted under a separate Hong Kong bid , separate flame , etc . ) . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Findling , John E. ; Pelle , Kimberly D. ( 2004 ) . Encyclopedia of the Modern Olympic Movement . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 41 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 32278 - 5 . Jump up ^ Group , Taylor Francis ( 2003 ) . The Europa World Yearbook . Taylor and Francis Group . p. 247 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85743 - 227 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Choice of the Host City '' . olympic.org . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : Durántez , Conrado ( April -- May 1997 ) . `` The Olympic Movement , a twentieth - century phenomenon '' ( PDF ) . Olympic Review . XXVI ( 14 ) : 56 -- 57 . Jump up ^ `` Antwerp 1920 '' . olympic.org . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Chamonix 1924 '' . olympic.org . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Paris 1924 '' . olympic.org . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` St. Moritz 1928 '' . olympic.org . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Amsterdam 1928 '' . olympic.org . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Lake Placid 1932 '' . olympic.org . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles 1932 '' . olympic.org . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Garmisch - Partenkirchen 1936 '' . olympic.org . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Berlin 1936 '' . olympic.org . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` St Louis 1904 '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` St. Louis gets Olympic Games ; International Committee Sanctions the Change for the World 's Fair in 1904 '' ( PDF ) . The New York Times . 1903 - 02 - 12 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ The 2nd International Olympic Games In Athens 1906 , Karl Lennartz , Journal of Olympic History , Dec. 2001 / Jan. 2002 Jump up ^ `` Rome Games moved to London '' . realclearsports.com . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Stockholm / Melbourne 1956 '' . Swedish Olympic Committee . Archived from the original on 2008 - 10 - 09 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ Tim Pile ( June 25 , 2008 ) . `` Hong Kong saddles up for the Olympics '' . London : The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` 2008 Beijing Olympic home page '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 04 . External links ( edit ) `` The Olympic Games '' . olympic.org . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 05 . Summer Olympic Games host cities 1896 : Athens 1900 : Paris 1904 : St. Louis 1908 : London 1912 : Stockholm 1916 : None 1920 : Antwerp 1924 : Paris 1928 : Amsterdam 1932 : Los Angeles 1936 : Berlin 1940 : None 1944 : None 1948 : London 1952 : Helsinki 1956 : Melbourne 1960 : Rome 1964 : Tokyo 1968 : Mexico City 1972 : Munich 1976 : Montreal 1980 : Moscow 1984 : Los Angeles 1988 : Seoul 1992 : Barcelona 1996 : Atlanta 2000 : Sydney 2004 : Athens 2008 : Beijing 2012 : London 2016 : Rio de Janeiro 2020 : Tokyo 2024 : Paris 2028 : Los Angeles Cancelled due to World War I ; Cancelled due to World War II Winter Olympic Games host cities 1924 : Chamonix 1928 : St. Moritz 1932 : Lake Placid 1936 : Garmisch - Partenkirchen 1940 : Cancelled due to World War II 1944 : Cancelled due to World War II 1948 : St. Moritz 1952 : Oslo 1956 : Cortina d'Ampezzo 1960 : Squaw Valley 1964 : Innsbruck 1968 : Grenoble 1972 : Sapporo 1976 : Innsbruck 1980 : Lake Placid 1984 : Sarajevo 1988 : Calgary 1992 : Albertville 1994 : Lillehammer 1998 : Nagano 2002 : Salt Lake City 2006 : Turin 2010 : Vancouver 2014 : Sochi 2018 : Pyeongchang 2022 : Beijing 2026 : TBD 2030 : TBD Olympic Games Ceremonies Charter Participating nations Summer Olympics Winter Olympics Host cities Bids Venues IOC NOCs Country codes Medal Medal tables Medalists Ties Diploma Scandals and controversies Colonialism Doping Sports Symbols Torch relays Pierre de Coubertin medal Women Deaths WWI Olympic video games Summer Games 1896 Athens 1900 Paris 1904 St. Louis 1908 London 1912 Stockholm 1916 Berlin 1920 Antwerp 1924 Paris 1928 Amsterdam 1932 Los Angeles 1936 Berlin 1940 Tokyo 1944 London 1948 London 1952 Helsinki 1956 Melbourne 1960 Rome 1964 Tokyo 1968 Mexico City 1972 Munich 1976 Montreal 1980 Moscow 1984 Los Angeles 1988 Seoul 1992 Barcelona 1996 Atlanta 2000 Sydney 2004 Athens 2008 Beijing 2012 London 2016 Rio de Janeiro 2020 Tokyo 2024 Paris 2028 Los Angeles 2032 TBD Winter Games 1924 Chamonix 1928 St. Moritz 1932 Lake Placid 1936 Garmisch - Partenkirchen 1940 Sapporo 1944 Cortina d'Ampezzo 1948 St. Moritz 1952 Oslo 1956 Cortina d'Ampezzo 1960 Squaw Valley 1964 Innsbruck 1968 Grenoble 1972 Sapporo 1976 Innsbruck 1980 Lake Placid 1984 Sarajevo 1988 Calgary 1992 Albertville 1994 Lillehammer 1998 Nagano 2002 Salt Lake City 2006 Turin 2010 Vancouver 2014 Sochi 2018 Pyeongchang 2022 Beijing 2026 TBD 2030 TBD Ancient Olympic Games Intercalated Games 1906 Paralympic Games Youth Olympic Games Olympics portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Olympic_Games_host_cities&oldid=832602248 '' Categories : Olympics - related lists Lists of host cities Lists of Olympic venues Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Articles needing additional references from February 2018 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Català Ελληνικά فارسی Français Қазақша Latviešu Македонски Norsk Português Română Русский தமிழ் Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 9 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 March 2018 , at 23 : 29 . 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"\n\nCity\nCountry\nContinent\nSummer (Olympiad)\nWinter\nYear\nOpening Ceremony\nClosing Ceremony\n\n\nAthens\n Greece\nEurope\nS005I\n—\n1896\n000000002018-04-06-0000April 6\n000000002018-04-15-0000April 15\n\n\nParis\n France\nEurope\nS005II\n—\n1900\n000000002018-05-14-0000May 14\n000000002018-10-28-0000October 28\n\n\nSt. Louis[a]\n United States\nNorth America\nS005III\n—\n1904\n000000002018-07-01-0000July 1\n000000002018-11-23-0000November 23\n\n\nLondon[c]\n United Kingdom\nEurope\nS005IV\n—\n1908\n000000002018-04-27-0000April 27\n000000002018-10-31-0000October 31\n\n\nStockholm\n Sweden\nEurope\nS005V\n—\n1912\n000000002018-05-05-0000May 5\n000000002018-07-22-0000July 22\n\n\nBerlin\n Germany\nEurope\nS006VI\n—\n1916\nCancelled due to WWI[4]\n\n\nAntwerp[d]\n Belgium\nEurope\nS007VII\n—\n1920\n000000002018-04-20-0000April 20\n000000002018-09-12-0000September 12[5]\n\n\nChamonix\n France\nEurope\n—\nW001I\n1924\n000000002018-01-25-0000January 25\n000000002018-02-04-0000February 4[6]\n\n\nParis\n France\nEurope\nS008VIII\n—\n000000002018-05-04-0000May 4\n000000002018-07-27-0000July 27[7]\n\n\nSt. Moritz\n Switzerland\nEurope\n—\nW002II\n1928\n000000002018-02-11-0000February 11\n000000002018-02-19-0000February 19[8]\n\n\nAmsterdam\n Netherlands\nEurope\nS009IX\n—\n000000002018-05-17-0000May 17\n000000002018-08-12-0000August 12[9]\n\n\nLake Placid\n United States\nNorth America\n—\nW003III\n1932\n000000002018-02-04-0000February 4\n000000002018-02-15-0000February 15[10]\n\n\nLos Angeles\n United States\nNorth America\nS010X\n—\n000000002018-07-30-0000July 30\n000000002018-08-14-0000August 14[11]\n\n\nGarmisch-Partenkirchen\n Nazi Germany\nEurope\n—\nW004IV\n1936\n000000002018-02-06-0000February 6\n000000002018-02-16-0000February 16[12]\n\n\nBerlin\n Nazi Germany\nEurope\nS011XI\n—\n000000002018-08-01-0000August 1\n000000002018-08-16-0000August 16[13]\n\n\nSapporo\nGarmisch-Partenkirchen[e]\n Empire of Japan\n Nazi Germany\nAsia\nEurope\n—\nW005aV\n1940\nCancelled due to WWII[4]\n\n\nTokyo\nHelsinki[f]\n Empire of Japan\n Finland\nAsia\nEurope\nS012XII\n—\n\n\nCortina d'Ampezzo\n Italy\nEurope\n—\nW005bV\n1944\n\n\nLondon\n United Kingdom\nEurope\nS013XIII\n—\n\n\nSt. Moritz\n Switzerland\nEurope\n—\nW005cV\n1948\n000000002018-01-30-0000January 30\n000000002018-02-08-0000February 8\n\n\nLondon\n United Kingdom\nEurope\nS014XIV\n—\n000000002018-07-29-0000July 29\n000000002018-08-14-0000August 14\n\n\nOslo\n Norway\nEurope\n—\nW006VI\n1952\n000000002018-02-14-0000February 14\n000000002018-02-25-0000February 25\n\n\nHelsinki\n Finland\nEurope\nS015XV\n—\n000000002018-07-19-0000July 19\n000000002018-08-03-0000August 3\n\n\nCortina d'Ampezzo\n Italy\nEurope\n—\nW007VII\n1956\n000000002018-01-26-0000January 26\n000000002018-02-05-0000February 5\n\n\nMelbourne\nStockholm[g]\n Australia\n Sweden\nOceania\nEurope\nS016XVI\n—\n000000002018-11-22-0000November 22\n000000002018-06-10-0000June 10\n000000002018-12-08-0000December 8\n000000002018-06-17-0000June 17\n\n\nSquaw Valley\n United States\nNorth America\n—\nW008VIII\n1960\n000000002018-02-18-0000February 18\n000000002018-02-28-0000February 28\n\n\nRome\n Italy\nEurope\nS017XVII\n—\n000000002018-08-25-0000August 25\n000000002018-09-11-0000September 11\n\n\nInnsbruck\n Austria\nEurope\n—\nW009IX\n1964\n000000002018-01-29-0000January 29\n000000002018-02-09-0000February 9\n\n\nTokyo\n Japan\nAsia\nS018XVIII\n—\n000000002018-10-10-0000October 10\n000000002018-10-24-0000October 24\n\n\nGrenoble\n France\nEurope\n—\nW010X\n1968\n000000002018-02-06-0000February 6\n000000002018-02-18-0000February 18\n\n\nMexico City\n Mexico\nNorth America\nS019XIX\n—\n000000002018-10-12-0000October 12\n000000002018-10-27-0000October 27\n\n\nSapporo\n Japan\nAsia\n—\nW011XI\n1972\n000000002018-02-03-0000February 3\n000000002018-02-13-0000February 13\n\n\nMunich\n West Germany\nEurope\nS020XX\n—\n000000002018-08-26-0000August 26\n000000002018-09-11-0000September 11\n\n\nInnsbruck\n Austria\nEurope\n—\nW012XII\n1976\n000000002018-02-04-0000February 4\n000000002018-02-15-0000February 15\n\n\nMontreal\n Canada\nNorth America\nS021XXI\n—\n000000002018-07-17-0000July 17\n000000002018-08-01-0000August 1\n\n\nLake Placid\n United States\nNorth America\n—\nW013XIII\n1980\n000000002018-02-12-0000February 12\n000000002018-02-24-0000February 24\n\n\nMoscow\n Soviet Union\nEurope[h]\nS022XXII\n—\n000000002018-07-19-0000July 19\n000000002018-08-03-0000August 3\n\n\nSarajevo\n Yugoslavia\nEurope\n—\nW014XIV\n1984\n000000002018-02-07-0000February 7\n000000002018-02-19-0000February 19\n\n\nLos Angeles\n United States\nNorth America\nS023XXIII\n—\n000000002018-07-28-0000July 28\n000000002018-08-12-0000August 12\n\n\nCalgary\n Canada\nNorth America\n—\nW015XV\n1988\n000000002018-02-13-0000February 13\n000000002018-02-28-0000February 28\n\n\nSeoul\n South Korea\nAsia\nS024XXIV\n—\n000000002018-09-17-0000September 17\n000000002018-10-02-0000October 2\n\n\nAlbertville\n France\nEurope\n—\nW016XVI\n1992\n000000002018-02-08-0000February 8\n000000002018-02-23-0000February 23\n\n\nBarcelona\n Spain\nEurope\nS025XXV\n—\n000000002018-07-25-0000July 25\n000000002018-08-09-0000August 9\n\n\nLillehammer\n Norway\nEurope\n—\nW017XVII\n1994\n000000002018-02-12-0000February 12\n000000002018-02-27-0000February 27\n\n\nAtlanta\n United States\nNorth America\nS026XXVI\n—\n1996\n000000002018-07-19-0000July 19\n000000002018-08-04-0000August 4\n\n\nNagano\n Japan\nAsia\n—\nW018XVIII\n1998\n000000002018-02-07-0000February 7\n000000002018-02-22-0000February 22\n\n\nSydney\n Australia\nOceania\nS027XXVII\n—\n2000\n000000002018-09-15-0000September 15\n000000002018-10-01-0000October 1\n\n\nSalt Lake City\n United States\nNorth America\n—\nW019XIX\n2002\n000000002018-02-08-0000February 8\n000000002018-02-24-0000February 24\n\n\nAthens\n Greece\nEurope\nS028XXVIII\n—\n2004\n000000002018-08-13-0000August 13\n000000002018-08-29-0000August 29\n\n\nTorino\n Italy\nEurope\n—\nW020XX\n2006\n000000002018-02-10-0000February 10\n000000002018-02-26-0000February 26\n\n\nBeijing[i]\n China\nAsia\nS029XXIX\n—\n2008\n000000002018-08-08-0000August 8\n000000002018-08-24-0000August 24\n\n\nVancouver\n Canada\nNorth America\n—\nW021XXI\n2010\n000000002018-02-12-0000February 12\n000000002018-02-28-0000February 28\n\n\nLondon\n United Kingdom\nEurope\nS030XXX\n—\n2012\n000000002018-07-27-0000July 27\n000000002018-08-12-0000August 12\n\n\nSochi\n Russia\nEurope[h]\n—\nW022XXII\n2014\n000000002018-02-07-0000February 7\n000000002018-02-23-0000February 23\n\n\nRio de Janeiro\n Brazil\nSouth America\nS031XXXI\n—\n2016\n000000002018-08-05-0000August 5\n000000002018-08-21-0000August 21\n\n\nPyeongchang\n South Korea\nAsia\n—\nW023XXIII\n2018\n000000002018-02-09-0000February 9\n000000002018-02-25-0000February 25\n\n\nTokyo\n Japan\nAsia\nS032XXXII\n—\n2020\n000000002018-07-24-0000July 24\n000000002018-08-09-0000August 9\n\n\nBeijing\n China\nAsia\n—\nW024XXIV\n2022\n000000002018-02-04-0000February 4\n000000002018-02-20-0000February 20\n\n\nParis\n France\nEurope\nS033XXXIII\n—\n2024\n000000002018-07-26-0000July 26\n000000002018-08-11-0000August 11\n\n\nTBD\nTBD\n\n—\nW025XXV\n2026\n(TBD)\n\n\nLos Angeles\n United States\nNorth America\nS034XXXIV\n—\n2028\n000000002018-07-21-0000July 21\n000000002018-08-06-0000August 6\n\n\nTBD\nTBD\n\n—\nW026XXVI\n2030\n(TBD)\n\n"
] | [
"2002"
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2259266904520642062 | Flexor carpi ulnaris muscle | Flexor carpi ulnaris muscle - wikipedia Flexor carpi ulnaris muscle Jump to : navigation , search Flexor carpi ulnaris Dorsal ( left ) and ventral ( right ) views of deep muscles of the forearm . FCU is visible in blue . Details Origin Medial epicondyle ( common flexor tendon ) and medial margin on olecranon of ulna Insertion Pisiform , hook of the hamate , base of the fifth metacarpal bone Artery Ulnar artery Nerve Muscular branches of ulnar nerve Nerve root C8 and T1 Actions Flexion and adduction of wrist Antagonist Extensor carpi radialis brevis muscle and extensor carpi radialis longus muscle Identifiers Latin Musculus flexor carpi ulnaris Dorlands / Elsevier m_22 / 12549030 TA A04. 6.02. 030 FMA 38465 Anatomical terms of muscle ( edit on Wikidata ) The flexor carpi ulnaris muscle ( or FCU ) is a muscle of the human forearm that acts to flex and adduct ( medial deviation ) the hand . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origin and insertion 2 Innervation 3 Tendon 4 Exercises 5 Disease 6 Additional images 7 External links Origin and insertion ( edit ) Flexor carpi ulnaris muscle arises by two heads , humeral and ulnar , connected by a tendinous arch beneath which the ulnar nerve and artery pass . The humeral head arises from the medial epicondyle of the humerus by the common flexor tendon . The ulnar head arises from the medial margin of the olecranon of the ulna and from the upper two - thirds of the dorsal border of the ulna by an aponeurosis . Its insertion is into the pisiform bone , into the hamate bone via the pisohamate ligament and into the fifth metacarpal bone via the pisometacarpal ligament . The muscle acts to flex and adduct the wrist joint . Innervation ( edit ) The flexor carpi ulnaris muscle is innervated by the ulnar nerve which has its roots in the C8 and T1 spinal nerves . Tendon ( edit ) The tendon of flexor carpi ulnaris can be seen on the anterior of the distal forearm . On a person 's distal forearm , right before the wrist , there will be either two or three tendons . The tendon of the flexor carpi ulnaris is the most medial ( closest to the little finger ) of these . The most lateral one is the tendon of flexor carpi radialis muscle , and the middle one , not always present , is the tendon of palmaris longus . Exercises ( edit ) The muscle , like all flexors of the forearm , can be strengthened by exercises that resist its flexion . A wrist roller can be used and wrist curls with dumbbells can also be performed . These exercises are used to prevent injury to the ulnar collateral ligament of elbow joint . Disease ( edit ) Ulnar entrapment by the aponeurosis of the two heads of the flexor carpi ulnaris ( FCU ) muscle may cause cubital tunnel syndrome . Additional images ( edit ) Bones of left forearm . Posterior aspect . Bones of the left hand . Volar surface showing its insertion into the pisiform bone and then via ligaments into the hamate bone and 5th metacarpal bone , acting to flex and adduct the wrist joint . Cross-section through the middle of the forearm . Flexor carpi ulnaris muscle External links ( edit ) Illustration : upper - body / flexor - carpi - ulnaris from The Department of Radiology at the University of Washington ( hide ) Muscles of the arm Shoulder deltoid rotator cuff supraspinatus infraspinatus teres minor subscapularis teres major fascia : deltoid fascia supraspinous fascia infraspinous fascia Arm ( compartments ) anterior coracobrachialis biceps brachialis posterior triceps brachii anconeus articularis cubiti fascia axillary sheath axillary fascia brachial fascia intermuscular septa lateral medial other spaces quadrangular space triangular space triangular interval Forearm anterior superficial : pronator teres palmaris longus flexor carpi radialis flexor carpi ulnaris flexor digitorum superficialis deep : pronator quadratus flexor digitorum profundus flexor pollicis longus posterior superficial : mobile wad brachioradialis extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis extensor digitorum extensor digiti minimi extensor carpi ulnaris deep : supinator anatomical snuff box abductor pollicis longus extensor pollicis brevis extensor pollicis longus extensor indicis fascia bicipital aponeurosis common tendons extensor flexor antebrachial fascia other cubital tunnel Hand lateral volar thenar opponens pollicis flexor pollicis brevis abductor pollicis brevis adductor pollicis medial volar hypothenar opponens digiti minimi flexor digiti minimi brevis abductor digiti minimi palmaris brevis intermediate lumbrical interossei dorsal palmar fascia posterior : extensor retinaculum extensor expansion anterior : flexor retinaculum palmar aponeurosis Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flexor_carpi_ulnaris_muscle&oldid=813612560 '' Categories : Muscles of the upper limb Forearm Hidden categories : Medicine infobox template using GraySubject or GrayPage Medicine infobox template using Dorlands parameter Pages using infobox muscle with Antagonist Pages using infobox muscle with NerveRoot Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский Slovenščina Svenska ไทย Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 4 December 2017 , at 09 : 31 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is the proximal attachment of the flexor carpi ulnaris in humans | [
"Flexor carpi ulnaris muscle arises by two heads, humeral and ulnar, connected by a tendinous arch beneath which the ulnar nerve and artery pass.",
"Flexor carpi ulnaris muscle arises by two heads, humeral and ulnar, connected by a tendinous arch beneath which the ulnar nerve and artery pass."
] | [
"humeral",
"ulnar"
] |
-5074662766599350756 | 2016–17 Manchester United F.C. season | 2016 -- 17 Manchester United FC. Season - wikipedia 2016 -- 17 Manchester United FC. Season Jump to : navigation , search Manchester United 2016 -- 17 season Co-chairmen Joel and Avram Glazer Manager José Mourinho Stadium Old Trafford Premier League 6th FA Cup Sixth Round EFL Cup Winners Community Shield Winners UEFA Europa League Winners Top goalscorer League : Zlatan Ibrahimović ( 17 ) All : Zlatan Ibrahimović ( 28 ) Highest home attendance 75,397 vs. West Bromwich Albion ( 1 April 2017 ) Lowest home attendance 58,179 vs. Zorya Luhansk ( 29 September 2016 ) Average home league attendance 75,290 Home colours Away colours Third colours ← 2015 -- 16 2017 -- 18 → The 2016 -- 17 season was Manchester United 's 25th season in the Premier League , and their 42nd consecutive season in the top - flight of English football . It began against Leicester City in the FA Community Shield , with United prevailing 2 -- 1 to win the first trophy of the domestic calendar . In February 2017 , the club won their second trophy of the campaign , beating Southampton 3 -- 2 in the EFL Cup Final . Although they missed out on qualifying for the 2017 -- 18 UEFA Champions League via the league , having finished in sixth place , a 2 -- 0 victory over Ajax in the 2017 UEFA Europa League Final meant they qualified for the Champions League group stage as Europa League title holders . Following the departure of Louis van Gaal at the end of the previous season , the club signed former Porto , Chelsea , Internazionale and Real Madrid manager José Mourinho on a three - year contract , with the option of a further year . Contents ( hide ) 1 Pre-season and friendlies 2 FA Community Shield 3 Premier League 4 FA Cup 5 EFL Cup 6 UEFA Europa League 6.1 Group stage 6.2 Knockout phase 7 Squad statistics 8 Transfers 8.1 In 8.2 Out 8.3 Loan out 9 Notes 10 References Pre-season and friendlies ( edit ) See also : 2016 International Champions Cup United preceded their 2016 -- 17 campaign with a friendly against Wigan , a tour of China , a friendly in Sweden facing Turkish club Galatasaray in the 2016 SuperGame , and Wayne Rooney 's testimonial match between Manchester United and Everton at Old Trafford . The season concluded with Michael Carrick 's testimonial on 4 June between United players of the 2008 European Double - winning side ( plus Dimitar Berbatov , who joined the club during the following transfer window , and Michael 's brother , Graeme Carrick ) and an all - star team picked by Carrick , both teams respectively managed by Sir Alex Ferguson and Harry Redknapp , Carrick 's first manager as a professional footballer . Date Opponents H / A Result F -- A Scorers Attendance 16 July 2016 Wigan Athletic 2 -- 0 Keane 49 ' , Pereira 58 ' 13,314 22 July 2016 Borussia Dortmund 1 -- 4 Mkhitaryan 59 ' 38,285 25 July 2016 Manchester City A -- A Match cancelled due to inadequate playing conditions 30 July 2016 Galatasaray 5 -- 2 Ibrahimović 4 ' , Rooney ( 2 ) 55 ' , 58 ' ( pen . ) , Fellaini 62 ' , Mata 74 ' 30,200 3 August 2016 Everton 0 -- 0 58,597 4 June 2017 Michael Carrick XI 2 -- 2 Vidić 28 ' , Carrick 82 ' 70,027 FA Community Shield ( edit ) Main article : 2016 FA Community Shield As a result of winning the 2015 -- 16 FA Cup , Manchester United faced Leicester City , who won the 2015 -- 16 Premier League , in their 30th FA Community Shield appearance . Manchester United won the match to claim their 21st Community Shield ( including four shared titles ) . Date Opponents H / A Result F -- A Scorers Attendance 7 August 2016 Leicester City 2 -- 1 Lingard 32 ' , Ibrahimović 83 ' 85,437 Premier League ( edit ) Main article : 2016 -- 17 Premier League The Premier League season kicked off on 13 August and is scheduled to conclude on 21 May . Date Opponents H / A Result F -- A Scorers Attendance League position 14 August 2016 Bournemouth 3 -- 1 Mata 40 ' , Rooney 59 ' , Ibrahimović 64 ' 11,355 1st 19 August 2016 Southampton 2 -- 0 Ibrahimović ( 2 ) 36 ' , 52 ' ( pen . ) 75,326 1st 27 August 2016 Hull City 1 -- 0 Rashford 90 + 2 ' 24,560 2nd 10 September 2016 Manchester City 1 -- 2 Ibrahimović 42 ' 75,272 3rd 18 September 2016 Watford 1 -- 3 Rashford 62 ' 21,118 7th 24 September 2016 Leicester City 4 -- 1 Smalling 22 ' , Mata 37 ' , Rashford 40 ' , Pogba 42 ' 75,256 6th 2 October 2016 Stoke City 1 -- 1 Martial 69 ' 75,251 6th 17 October 2016 Liverpool 0 -- 0 52,769 7th 23 October 2016 Chelsea 0 -- 4 41,424 7th 29 October 2016 Burnley 0 -- 0 75,325 8th 6 November 2016 Swansea City 3 -- 1 Pogba 15 ' , Ibrahimović ( 2 ) 21 ' , 33 ' 20,938 6th 19 November 2016 Arsenal 1 -- 1 Mata 68 ' 75,264 6th 27 November 2016 West Ham United 1 -- 1 Ibrahimović 21 ' 75,314 6th 4 December 2016 Everton 1 -- 1 Ibrahimović 42 ' 39,550 6th 11 December 2016 Tottenham Hotspur 1 -- 0 Mkhitaryan 29 ' 75,271 6th 14 December 2016 Crystal Palace 2 -- 1 Pogba 45 + 2 ' , Ibrahimović 88 ' 25,547 6th 17 December 2016 West Bromwich Albion 2 -- 0 Ibrahimović ( 2 ) 5 ' , 56 ' 26,308 6th 26 December 2016 Sunderland 3 -- 1 Blind 39 ' , Ibrahimović 82 ' , Mkhitaryan 86 ' 75,325 6th 31 December 2016 Middlesbrough 2 -- 1 Martial 85 ' , Pogba 86 ' 75,314 6th 2 January 2017 West Ham United 2 -- 0 Mata 63 ' , Ibrahimović 78 ' 56,996 6th 15 January 2017 Liverpool 1 -- 1 Ibrahimović 84 ' 75,276 6th 21 January 2017 Stoke City 1 -- 1 Rooney 90 + 4 ' 27,423 6th 1 February 2017 Hull City 0 -- 0 75,297 6th 5 February 2017 Leicester City 3 -- 0 Mkhitaryan 42 ' , Ibrahimović 44 ' , Mata 49 ' 32,072 6th 11 February 2017 Watford 2 -- 0 Mata 32 ' , Martial 60 ' 75,301 6th 4 March 2017 Bournemouth 1 -- 1 Rojo 23 ' 75,245 6th 19 March 2017 Middlesbrough 3 -- 1 Fellaini 30 ' , Lingard 62 ' , Valencia ' 90 + 3 32,689 5th 1 April 2017 West Bromwich Albion 0 -- 0 75,397 5th 4 April 2017 Everton 1 -- 1 Ibrahimović 90 + 4 ' ( pen . ) 75,272 6th 9 April 2017 Sunderland 3 -- 0 Ibrahimović 30 ' , Mkhitaryan 46 ' , Rashford 89 ' 43,779 5th 16 April 2017 Chelsea 2 -- 0 Rashford 7 ' , Herrera 49 ' 75,272 5th 23 April 2017 Burnley 2 -- 0 Martial 21 ' , Rooney 39 ' 21,870 5th 27 April 2017 Manchester City 0 -- 0 54,176 5th 30 April 2017 Swansea City 1 -- 1 Rooney 45 + 3 ' ( pen . ) 75,271 5th 7 May 2017 Arsenal 0 -- 2 60,055 5th 14 May 2017 Tottenham Hotspur 1 -- 2 Rooney 71 ' 31,848 6th 17 May 2017 Southampton 0 -- 0 31,425 6th 21 May 2017 Crystal Palace 2 -- 0 Harrop 15 ' , Pogba 19 ' 75,254 6th Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification or relegation Liverpool 38 22 10 6 78 42 + 36 76 Qualification for the Champions League play - off round 5 Arsenal 38 23 6 9 77 44 + 33 75 Qualification for the Europa League group stage 6 Manchester United 38 18 15 5 54 29 + 25 69 Qualification for the Champions League group stage 7 Everton 38 17 10 11 62 44 + 18 61 Qualification for the Europa League third qualifying round 8 Southampton 38 12 10 16 41 48 − 7 46 Source : Premier League Rules for classification : 1 ) Points ; 2 ) Goal difference ; 3 ) Goals scored ; 4 ) Play - offs ( only if needed to decide champion , teams for relegation or teams for UEFA competitions ) . Notes : Jump up ^ Arsenal qualified for the Europa League group stage by winning the 2016 -- 17 FA Cup . As they had also qualified by their virtue of their league position ( 5th ) , this spot was passed to the next - highest ranked team ( 6th ) , Manchester United . Jump up ^ Manchester United qualified for the Champions League group stage by winning the 2016 -- 17 UEFA Europa League . Based on their league position ( 6th ) , they would have received the spot above to enter the Europa League group stage . This spot was vacated without replacement as per UEFA regulations . Jump up ^ Manchester United , winners of the 2016 -- 17 EFL Cup , initially attained a spot in the Europa League third qualifying round . That was passed to the next - highest ranked team in the league not already qualified for UEFA competitions ( 7th - placed Everton ) . FA Cup ( edit ) Main article : 2016 -- 17 FA Cup Manchester United entered the FA Cup in the third round with the other Premier League clubs , as well as those from the Championship . The third round draw was made on 5 December and it drew United with a home tie against Championship side Reading , managed by Jaap Stam , who returned to Old Trafford for the first time since leaving United in 2001 after a three - year spell . United cruised to a 4 -- 0 victory on 7 January with first - half goals from Wayne Rooney -- who equalled Bobby Charlton 's 249 - goal record for the club in the process , Anthony Martial and a second - half brace from Marcus Rashford . League One champions Wigan Athletic , managed by Warren Joyce who left his Manchester United Under - 23 coaching role in November to join Wigan , were drawn as United 's fourth round opponents on 9 January for another home tie . United beat the Latics 4 -- 0 and were subsequently drawn away to Championship side Blackburn Rovers in the fifth round . United came from behind to secure a 2 -- 1 victory , thanks to goals from Marcus Rashford and substitute Zlatan Ibrahimović . In the sixth round , United were drawn away to Premier League rivals Chelsea . In a fiercely contested game , Ander Herrera was sent off and N'Golo Kanté scored the winning goal to end Manchester United 's defence of the FA Cup . Date Round Opponents H / A Result F -- A Scorers Attendance 7 January 2017 Round 3 Reading 4 -- 0 Rooney 7 ' , Martial 15 ' , Rashford ( 2 ) 75 ' , 79 ' 74,396 29 January 2017 Round 4 Wigan Athletic 4 -- 0 Fellaini 44 ' , Smalling 57 ' , Mkhitaryan 74 ' , Schweinsteiger 81 ' 75,229 19 February 2017 Round 5 Blackburn Rovers 2 -- 1 Rashford 27 ' , Ibrahimović 75 ' 23,130 13 March 2017 Round 6 Chelsea 0 -- 1 40,801 EFL Cup ( edit ) Main article : 2016 -- 17 EFL Cup As one of seven English clubs who qualified for European competition in the 2015 -- 16 season , United received a bye to the third round of the EFL Cup , the draw for which took place on 24 August 2016 . United were drawn away against Northampton Town . The match was played 21 September 2016 and Manchester United won 3 -- 1 ; Michael Carrick opened the scoring in the 17th minute , but Northampton 's Alex Revell equalised from the penalty spot shortly before half - time . However , goals from Ander Herrera and Marcus Rashford midway through the second half secured the win for United . The draw for the fourth round took place shortly after the match and United were drawn at home against rivals Manchester City . The game was played on 26 October 2016 with the Reds winning 1 -- 0 via Juan Mata 's goal in the 54th minute . Manchester United were again drawn at home in the fifth round , this time against West Ham , and United cruised to a 4 -- 1 win , with two goals each for Zlatan Ibrahimović and Anthony Martial . Former Manchester United youth player Ashley Fletcher scored the only goal for the Hammers in the 35th minute . The draw for the semi -- finals saw United paired with Hull City . The first leg was played at Old Trafford on 10 January 2017 , with Mata and substitute Marouane Fellaini giving United a 2 -- 0 win . Two weeks later , United lost the second leg at the KCOM Stadium 2 -- 1 but progressed to the final 3 -- 2 on aggregate . Their opponents in the final , played on 26 February , were Southampton , who had beaten Liverpool in the semi-finals . Ibrahimović and Lingard gave United a 2 -- 0 lead , only for Manolo Gabbiadini to level the scores with a goal on either side of the half - time break ; however , Ibrahimović scored in the 87th minute to give United a 3 -- 2 victory . Date Round Opponents H / A Result F -- A Scorers Attendance 21 September 2016 Round 3 Northampton Town 3 -- 1 Carrick 17 ' , Herrera 68 ' , Rashford 75 ' 7,798 26 October 2016 Round 4 Manchester City 1 -- 0 Mata 54 ' 74,196 30 November 2016 Round 5 West Ham United 4 -- 1 Ibrahimović ( 2 ) 2 ' , 90 + 3 ' , Martial ( 2 ) 48 ' , 62 ' 65,269 10 January 2017 Semi-final First leg Hull City 2 -- 0 Mata 56 ' , Fellaini 87 ' 65,798 26 January 2017 Semi-final Second leg Hull City 1 -- 2 Pogba 66 ' 16,831 26 February 2017 Final Southampton 3 -- 2 Ibrahimović ( 2 ) 19 ' , 87 ' , Lingard 38 ' 85,264 UEFA Europa League ( edit ) Group stage ( edit ) Main article : 2016 -- 17 UEFA Europa League group stage As FA Cup winners , United entered the Europa League at the group stage . The draw took place on 26 August 2016 and saw United paired with Turkish league runners - up Fenerbahçe , Dutch cup winners Feyenoord and the fourth - placed team from the Ukrainian league , Zorya Luhansk . They had met Fenerbahçe in Europe twice before ( 1996 -- 97 and 2004 -- 05 ) and Feyenoord once before ( 1997 -- 98 ) . The fixture schedule saw United first head to the Netherlands to play Feyenoord on 15 September , then a home game against Zorya Luhansk two weeks later , followed by a double - header against Fenerbahçe , first at home then away . The programme then closed with the return games against Feyenoord and Zorya Luhansk . Due to the war in Donbass , the away game against Zorya Luhansk was played at Chornomorets Stadium in Odessa . Date Opponents H / A Result F -- A Scorers Attendance Group position 15 September 2016 Feyenoord 0 -- 1 31,000 4th 29 September 2016 Zorya Luhansk 1 -- 0 Ibrahimović 69 ' 58,179 3rd 20 October 2016 Fenerbahçe 4 -- 1 Pogba ( 2 ) 31 ' ( pen . ) , 45 + 2 ' , Martial 34 ' ( pen . ) , Lingard 48 ' 73,063 2nd 3 November 2016 Fenerbahçe 1 -- 2 Rooney 89 ' 35,378 3rd 24 November 2016 Feyenoord 4 -- 0 Rooney 35 ' , Mata 69 ' , Jones 75 ' ( o.g. ) , Lingard 90 + 2 ' 64,628 2nd 8 December 2016 Zorya Luhansk 2 -- 0 Mkhitaryan 48 ' , Ibrahimović 88 ' 25,900 2nd Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Fenerbahçe 6 8 6 + 2 13 Advance to knockout phase Manchester United 6 0 12 + 8 12 Feyenoord 6 7 − 4 7 Zorya Luhansk 6 0 8 − 6 Source : UEFA Rules for classification : Group stage tiebreakers Knockout phase ( edit ) Manchester United players before the game against Rostov Main article : 2016 -- 17 UEFA Europa League knockout phase Wikinews has related news : Manchester United bests Ajax to win Europa league The draw for the round of 32 was made on 12 December , with Manchester United drawn against French side Saint - Étienne , who finished top of group C. The tie saw Manchester United midfielder Paul Pogba come up against his elder brother , Florentin , who plays as a defender for the French side . Manchester United 's only previous meeting with Saint - Étienne came in the first round of the 1977 -- 78 European Cup Winners ' Cup ; the second leg was played at Home Park in Plymouth after Manchester United were banned from playing within 200 kilometres ( 120 mi ) of Old Trafford , following crowd trouble at the first leg in Saint - Étienne . The home tie saw Zlatan Ibrahimović score his maiden hat - trick for the club , while a goal from Henrikh Mkhitaryan in the second leg was enough to send United through . In the round of 16 , United played Russian side Rostov , winning 2 -- 1 on aggregate . United were drawn against Belgian side Anderlecht in the quarter - finals where Mkhitaryan scored in his fourth consecutive European away game . In the return leg , an extra-time strike from Marcus Rashford sent United into the semi-finals , 3 -- 2 on aggregate . A Rashford strike against semi-final opponents Celta Vigo gave United a first win in Spain since 2010 . A 1 -- 1 draw in the return leg secured United 's progress to the finals , 2 -- 1 on aggregate . United faced Dutch side Ajax in the finals , with goals from Paul Pogba and Henrikh Mkhitaryan in either half leading them to victory for their first ever Europa League crown . Date Round Opponents H / A Result F -- A Scorers Attendance 16 February 2017 Round of 32 First leg Saint - Étienne 3 -- 0 Ibrahimović ( 3 ) 15 ' , 75 ' , 88 ' ( pen . ) 67,192 22 February 2017 Round of 32 Second leg Saint - Étienne 1 -- 0 Mkhitaryan 16 ' 41,492 9 March 2017 Round of 16 First leg Rostov 1 -- 1 Mkhitaryan 35 ' 14,223 16 March 2017 Round of 16 Second leg Rostov 1 -- 0 Mata 70 ' 64,361 13 April 2017 Quarter - finals First leg Anderlecht 1 -- 1 Mkhitaryan 36 ' 20,000 20 April 2017 Quarter - finals Second leg Anderlecht 2 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) Mkhitaryan 10 ' , Rashford 107 ' 71,496 4 May 2017 Semi-finals First leg Celta Vigo 1 -- 0 Rashford 67 ' 26,202 11 May 2017 Semi-finals Second leg Celta Vigo 1 -- 1 Fellaini 17 ' 75,138 24 May 2017 Final Ajax 2 -- 0 Pogba 18 ' , Mkhitaryan 48 ' 46,961 Squad statistics ( edit ) No . Pos . Name League FA Cup League Cup Europe Other Total Discipline Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals GK David de Gea 35 0 0 5 0 0 0 45 0 0 DF Eric Bailly 24 ( 1 ) 0 0 0 0 11 0 0 37 ( 1 ) 0 7 DF Phil Jones 18 0 1 ( 1 ) 0 0 0 0 0 25 ( 1 ) 0 0 5 DF Marcos Rojo 18 ( 3 ) 0 5 0 8 ( 2 ) 0 0 ( 1 ) 0 35 ( 6 ) 5 0 6 MF Paul Pogba 29 ( 1 ) 5 1 ( 1 ) 0 15 0 0 49 ( 2 ) 9 10 0 7 FW Memphis Depay 0 ( 4 ) 0 0 0 0 0 ( 3 ) 0 0 0 1 ( 7 ) 0 0 8 MF Juan Mata 19 ( 6 ) 6 2 ( 1 ) 0 9 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) 0 32 ( 9 ) 10 5 0 9 FW Zlatan Ibrahimović 27 ( 1 ) 17 0 ( 1 ) 4 ( 1 ) 9 ( 2 ) 5 41 ( 4 ) 28 8 0 10 FW Wayne Rooney ( c ) 15 ( 10 ) 6 3 ( 1 ) 0 4 ( 3 ) 0 25 ( 14 ) 8 9 0 11 FW Anthony Martial 18 ( 7 ) 2 ( 1 ) 4 ( 6 ) 0 28 ( 14 ) 8 0 12 DF Chris Smalling 13 ( 5 ) 0 8 ( 2 ) 0 0 0 29 ( 7 ) 0 0 14 MF Jesse Lingard 18 ( 7 ) 1 ( 1 ) 0 2 ( 2 ) 6 ( 4 ) 28 ( 14 ) 5 6 0 15 MF Adnan Januzaj 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 16 MF Michael Carrick ( vc ) 18 ( 5 ) 0 0 4 ( 1 ) 5 ( 2 ) 0 0 30 ( 8 ) 0 17 DF Daley Blind 21 ( 3 ) 0 2 ( 1 ) 0 10 ( 1 ) 0 0 35 ( 5 ) 0 18 MF Ashley Young 8 ( 4 ) 0 0 0 3 ( 4 ) 0 0 0 15 ( 8 ) 0 5 0 19 FW Marcus Rashford 16 ( 16 ) 5 3 ( 3 ) 8 ( 3 ) 0 ( 1 ) 0 30 ( 23 ) 11 0 20 GK Sergio Romero 0 0 0 12 0 0 0 18 0 0 0 21 MF Ander Herrera 27 ( 4 ) 2 ( 1 ) 0 6 9 0 0 ( 1 ) 0 44 ( 6 ) 13 22 MF Henrikh Mkhitaryan 14 ( 9 ) 0 10 ( 1 ) 6 0 ( 1 ) 0 29 ( 11 ) 11 0 23 DF Luke Shaw 9 ( 2 ) 0 0 0 0 0 17 ( 2 ) 0 0 24 DF Timothy Fosu - Mensah 1 ( 3 ) 0 1 ( 1 ) 0 0 1 ( 3 ) 0 0 0 4 ( 7 ) 0 0 25 MF Antonio Valencia 28 ( 1 ) 0 0 8 ( 1 ) 0 0 41 ( 2 ) 7 0 27 MF Marouane Fellaini 18 ( 10 ) 2 ( 1 ) 0 ( 5 ) 7 ( 3 ) 0 28 ( 19 ) 9 28 MF Morgan Schneiderlin 0 ( 3 ) 0 0 0 1 ( 1 ) 0 0 0 ( 1 ) 0 3 ( 5 ) 0 0 31 MF Bastian Schweinsteiger 0 0 1 ( 1 ) 0 ( 1 ) 0 0 ( 1 ) 0 0 0 1 ( 3 ) 0 0 32 GK Sam Johnstone 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 35 MF Demetri Mitchell 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 36 DF Matteo Darmian 15 ( 3 ) 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 26 ( 3 ) 0 0 38 DF Axel Tuanzebe 0 0 ( 1 ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 ( 1 ) 0 0 0 39 MF Scott McTominay 1 ( 1 ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 ( 1 ) 0 0 40 GK Joel Castro Pereira 0 0 ( 1 ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 ( 1 ) 0 0 0 43 DF Cameron Borthwick - Jackson 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 44 MF Andreas Pereira 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 46 FW Josh Harrop 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 47 MF Angel Gomes 0 ( 1 ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ( 1 ) 0 0 0 -- -- Own goals -- 0 -- 0 -- 0 -- -- 0 -- -- -- Statistics accurate as of 24 May 2017 . Transfers ( edit ) In ( edit ) Wikinews has related news : Eric Bailly leaves Villarreal for four - year deal with Manchester United Footballers Neymar , Zlatan , Nolito sign contracts Mkhitaryan joins Manchester United , Sandro signs Málaga Date Pos . Name From Fee 6 June 2016 DF Eric Bailly Villarreal Undisclosed 1 July 2016 FW Zlatan Ibrahimović Paris Saint - Germain Free 6 July 2016 MF Henrikh Mkhitaryan Borussia Dortmund Undisclosed 9 August 2016 MF Paul Pogba Juventus £ 89m Out ( edit ) Date Pos . Name To Fee 10 June 2016 GK George Dorrington Released 10 June 2016 GK Víctor Valdés Released 10 June 2016 MF Nick Powell Released 10 June 2016 MF Oliver Rathbone Released 12 July 2016 DF Tyler Reid Swansea City Undisclosed 12 July 2016 MF Joe Rothwell Oxford United Free 12 July 2016 FW Ashley Fletcher West Ham United Free 13 July 2016 DF Jimmy Dunne Burnley Free 13 July 2016 GK Oliver Byrne Cardiff City Free 11 August 2016 DF Paddy McNair Sunderland £ 5.5 m 11 August 2016 DF Donald Love Sunderland 22 August 2016 DF Tyler Blackett Reading Undisclosed 30 August 2016 FW Will Keane Hull City Undisclosed 31 August 2016 MF James Weir Hull City Undisclosed 12 January 2017 MF Morgan Schneiderlin Everton £ 24m 20 January 2017 FW Memphis Depay Lyon £ 13.8 m 28 January 2017 MF Sean Goss Queens Park Rangers Undisclosed 2 February 2017 DF Sadiq El Fitouri Chesterfield Free 29 March 2017 MF Bastian Schweinsteiger Chicago Fire Free Loan out ( edit ) Date from Date to Pos . Name To 23 July 2016 30 June 2017 DF Guillermo Varela Eintracht Frankfurt 12 August 2016 30 June 2017 MF Adnan Januzaj Sunderland 20 August 2016 2 February 2017 FW James Wilson Derby County 22 August 2016 30 June 2017 DF Cameron Borthwick - Jackson Wolverhampton Wanderers 26 August 2016 30 June 2017 MF Andreas Pereira Granada 31 August 2016 3 February 2017 GK Dean Henderson Grimsby Town 31 August 2016 5 January 2017 GK Joel Castro Pereira Belenenses 5 January 2017 30 June 2017 GK Sam Johnstone Aston Villa 17 January 2017 30 June 2017 DF Joe Riley Sheffield United Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Fee reported as £ 30 million Jump up ^ Fee reported as £ 26.3 million Jump up ^ Following his release , Dorrington signed for Huddersfield Town . Jump up ^ Following his release , Valdés signed for Middlesbrough . Jump up ^ Following his release , Powell signed for Wigan Athletic . Jump up ^ Following his release , Rathbone signed for Rochdale . Jump up ^ Fee reported as £ 500,000 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sport/football/article-3729441/Manchester-United-s-Community-Shield-bad-omen-no-won-Premier-League-winning-trophy-2010-11.html Jump up ^ https://www.theguardian.com/football/2017/feb/26/manchester-united-southampton-efl-cup-final-match-report Jump up ^ http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-soccer-europa-final-idUKKBN18K2XA Jump up ^ `` United to play Man City and Dortmund in China '' . ManUtd.com . Manchester United . 23 March 2016 . Retrieved 25 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Wayne Rooney 's testimonial details confirmed '' . ManUtd.com . Manchester United . 9 June 2016 . Retrieved 9 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Austin , Jack ( 20 March 2017 ) . `` Sir Alex Ferguson to return to management with Manchester United for Michael Carrick 's testimonial '' . independent.co.uk . Independent Digital News & Media . Retrieved 20 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Redknapp takes charge of United All Star XI for Michael Carrick testimonial - Official Manchester United Website '' . www.manutd.com . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Wigan Athletic fixtures and results '' . wiganlatics.co.uk . Wigan Athletic FC . Retrieved 16 July 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.ntvspor.net/haber/futbol/158774/cim-bom-2--yari-seytana-carpildi Jump up ^ `` Zlatan Ibrahimovic dovetails with United captain in Rooney testimonial '' . theguardian.com . Retrieved 4 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Hytner , David ( 7 August 2016 ) . `` Community Shield : Manchester United beat Leicester with Ibrahimovic header '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 16 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Full Season Schedule '' . espnfc.com . ESPN . 15 June 2016 . Retrieved 15 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Why are Chelsea top of the Premier League above Manchester City ? '' . The Telegraph . 1 January 2015 . Retrieved 20 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Emirates FA Cup third round draw '' . The FA . The Football Association . 5 December 2016 . Retrieved 30 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The draw for the fourth round of The Emirates FA Cup after nine replays '' . The FA . The Football Association . 6 January 2017 . Retrieved 20 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Marshall , Adam ( 12 December 2016 ) . `` United face French test in Europa League '' . ManUtd.com . Manchester United . Retrieved 12 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 / 17 '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 19 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Eric Bailly : Man Utd sign Villarreal defender for £ 30m '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 8 June 2016 . Retrieved 3 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Manchester United sign Eric Bailly '' . ManUtd.com . Manchester United . 8 June 2016 . Retrieved 8 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Manchester United sign Zlatan Ibrahimovic '' . ManUtd.com . Manchester United . 1 July 2016 . Retrieved 1 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Lyall ( 7 July 2016 ) . `` Henrikh Mkhitaryan completes £ 26.3 m Manchester United move '' . Sky Sports ( BSkyB ) . Retrieved 3 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` United sign Henrikh Mkhitaryan '' . ManUtd.com . Manchester United . 6 July 2016 . Retrieved 6 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Paul Pogba : Manchester United re-sign France midfielder for world - record £ 89m '' . BBC Sport. 9 August 2016 . Retrieved 12 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Paul Pogba joins Manchester United '' . juventus.com . Juventus FC. 9 August 2016 . Retrieved 10 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Manchester United summer 2016 ins and outs '' . ManUtd.com. 12 July 2016 . Retrieved 12 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` George Dorrington , Nick Powell , Oliver Rathbone and Victor Valdes have been released by # mufc . We wish them all the best for the future . '' . Twitter . 10 June 2016 . Retrieved 10 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Middlesbrough sign former Barcelona and Man United goalkeeper '' . BBC . 7 July 2016 . Retrieved 7 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Powell and Valdes Released by United '' . Manchester United . 10 June 2016 . Retrieved 10 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nick Powell makes Wigan Athletic return on three - year deal '' . SkySports. 12 July 2016 . Retrieved 12 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Powell and Valdes Released by United '' . Manchester United . 10 June 2016 . Retrieved 10 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dale sign ex-Man Utd man Rathbone '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 24 June 2016 . Retrieved 24 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` George Dorrington , Nick Powell , Oliver Rathbone and Victor Valdes have been released by # mufc . We wish them all the best for the future . '' . Twitter . 10 June 2016 . Retrieved 10 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tyler Reid signs for Swansea City '' . ManUtd.com. 12 July 2016 . Retrieved 12 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Oxford United : Chris Maguire agrees new deal and Joe Rothwell signs '' . BBC Sport. 12 July 2016 . Retrieved 12 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` West Ham confirms Ashley Fletcher signing '' . ManUtd.com. 12 July 2016 . Retrieved 12 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dunne signs for Burnley on two - year deal '' . ManUtd.com. 13 July 2016 . Retrieved 13 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Manchester United Summer 2016 Ins and Outs '' . ManUtd.com. 11 August 2016 . Retrieved 11 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sunderland sign Man Utd duo '' . safc.com . Sunderland AFC. 11 August 2016 . Retrieved 11 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tyler Blackett : Manchester United defender joins Reading '' . BBC Sport. 22 August 2016 . Retrieved 22 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Keane joins Hull City on permanent basis '' . ManUtd.com. 30 August 2016 . Retrieved 30 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Weir Joins Hull City on 3 year deal '' . ManUtd.com. 31 August 2016 . Retrieved 31 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Schneiderlin Signs for Everton '' . evertonfc.com. 12 January 2017 . Retrieved 12 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Manchester United : Memphis Depay makes move to Lyon '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 20 January 2017 . Retrieved 20 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mercato : Memphis Depay rejoint l'OL pour 4 ans et demi '' ( Transfer : Memphis Depay joins l'OL for 4 and a half years ) . olweb.fr . Olympique Lyonnais . 20 January 2017 . Retrieved 10 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Pitt - Brooke , Jack ( 26 January 2017 ) . `` QPR set to sign Manchester United youngster Sean Goss for £ 500,000 '' . independent.co.uk . Independent Digital News & Media . Retrieved 3 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sean Goss Joins QPR from United '' . 28 January 2017 . Retrieved 28 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Marshall , Adam ( 2 February 2017 ) . `` El Fitouri signs for Chesterfield '' . ManUtd.com . Manchester United . Retrieved 2 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Schweinsteiger seals Chicago Fire move '' . ManUtd.com . Manchester United . 29 March 2017 . Retrieved 29 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Ducker , James ( 21 March 2017 ) . `` Man Utd waive fee for Bastian Schweinsteiger to join MLS side Chicago Fire '' . telegraph.co.uk . Telegraph Media Group . Retrieved 3 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Loan moved agreed for Guillermo Varela '' . ManUtd.com . Manchester United . 23 July 2016 . Retrieved 23 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Adnan Januzaj Joins Sunderland on Loan '' . ManUtd.com . Manchester United . 12 August 2016 . Retrieved 12 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Wilson set to join Derby County on loan '' . ManUtd.com . Manchester United . 20 August 2016 . Retrieved 20 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` James Wilson 's Loan Spell With Derby Ended early '' . dcfc.co.uk . Derby COunty. 2 February 2017 . Retrieved 2 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Borthwick - Jackson Joins Wolves on loan '' . ManUtd.com . Manchester United . 22 August 2016 . Retrieved 22 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pereira to seal loan move to Granada '' . ManUtd.com . Manchester United . 26 August 2016 . Retrieved 26 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Henderson joins Grimsby Town on loan '' . ManUtd.com . Manchester United . 31 August 2016 . Retrieved 31 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Henderson extends loan deal '' . Manchester United . 31 December 2016 . Retrieved 31 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Kelly , Ciaran ( 25 January 2017 ) . `` Manchester United goalkeeper Dean Henderson extends loan at Grimsby Town '' . Manchester Evening News . MEN Media . Retrieved 26 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` United Recall Henderson From Loan Spell '' . Manchester United . 3 February 2017 . Retrieved 3 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pereira joins Belenenses on season long loan '' . ManUtd.com . Manchester United . 31 August 2016 . Retrieved 31 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Marshall , Adam ( 5 January 2017 ) . `` Johnstone joins Aston Villa on loan '' . ManUtd.com . Manchester United . Retrieved 5 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Marshall , Adam ( 17 January 2017 ) . `` Riley heads to Sheffield United on loan '' . ManUtd.com . 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C. _season&oldid = 801438334 '' Categories : Manchester United F.C. seasons 2016 -- 17 Premier League by team 2016 -- 17 UEFA Europa League participants Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Español Français Italiano Magyar Nederlands Polski Русский Suomi ไทย Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 September 2017 , at 17 : 41 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what trophies did man u win last season | [
"\nManchester United\n\n2016–17 season\n\n\nCo-chairmen\nJoel and Avram Glazer\n\n\nManager\nJosé Mourinho\n\n\nStadium\nOld Trafford\n\n\nPremier League\n6th\n\n\nFA Cup\nSixth Round\n\n\nEFL Cup\nWinners\n\n\nCommunity Shield\nWinners\n\n\nUEFA Europa League\nWinners\n\n\nTop goalscorer\nLeague: Zlatan Ibrahimović (17)\nAll: Zlatan Ibrahimović (28)\n\n\nHighest home attendance\n75,397 vs. West Bromwich Albion (1 April 2017)\n\n\nLowest home attendance\n58,179 vs. Zorya Luhansk (29 September 2016)\n\n\nAverage home league attendance\n75,290\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nHome colours\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAway colours\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nThird colours\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n← 2015–16\n2017–18 →\n\n\n\n\n",
"\nManchester United\n\n2016–17 season\n\n\nCo-chairmen\nJoel and Avram Glazer\n\n\nManager\nJosé Mourinho\n\n\nStadium\nOld Trafford\n\n\nPremier League\n6th\n\n\nFA Cup\nSixth Round\n\n\nEFL Cup\nWinners\n\n\nCommunity Shield\nWinners\n\n\nUEFA Europa League\nWinners\n\n\nTop goalscorer\nLeague: Zlatan Ibrahimović (17)\nAll: Zlatan Ibrahimović (28)\n\n\nHighest home attendance\n75,397 vs. West Bromwich Albion (1 April 2017)\n\n\nLowest home attendance\n58,179 vs. Zorya Luhansk (29 September 2016)\n\n\nAverage home league attendance\n75,290\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nHome colours\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAway colours\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nThird colours\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n← 2015–16\n2017–18 →\n\n\n\n\n",
"\nManchester United\n\n2016–17 season\n\n\nCo-chairmen\nJoel and Avram Glazer\n\n\nManager\nJosé Mourinho\n\n\nStadium\nOld Trafford\n\n\nPremier League\n6th\n\n\nFA Cup\nSixth Round\n\n\nEFL Cup\nWinners\n\n\nCommunity Shield\nWinners\n\n\nUEFA Europa League\nWinners\n\n\nTop goalscorer\nLeague: Zlatan Ibrahimović (17)\nAll: Zlatan Ibrahimović (28)\n\n\nHighest home attendance\n75,397 vs. West Bromwich Albion (1 April 2017)\n\n\nLowest home attendance\n58,179 vs. Zorya Luhansk (29 September 2016)\n\n\nAverage home league attendance\n75,290\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nHome colours\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAway colours\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nThird colours\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n← 2015–16\n2017–18 →\n\n\n\n\n"
] | [
"EFL Cup",
"Community Shield",
"UEFA Europa League"
] |
-5480781179501414680 | The Walking Dead (season 8) | The Walking Dead ( season 8 ) - Wikipedia The Walking Dead ( season 8 ) Jump to : navigation , search television season The Walking Dead ( season 8 ) Promotional poster Starring Andrew Lincoln Norman Reedus Lauren Cohan Chandler Riggs Danai Gurira Melissa McBride Lennie James Alanna Masterson Josh McDermitt Christian Serratos Seth Gilliam Ross Marquand Jeffrey Dean Morgan Austin Amelio Tom Payne Xander Berkeley Khary Payton Steven Ogg Katelyn Nacon Pollyanna McIntosh Country of origin United States No. of episodes 16 Release Original network AMC Original release October 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 22 ) -- April 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 15 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 7 Next → Season 9 List of The Walking Dead episodes The eighth season of The Walking Dead , an American post-apocalyptic horror television series on AMC , premiered on October 22 , 2017 , and concluded on April 15 , 2018 , consisting of 16 episodes . Developed for television by Frank Darabont , the series is based on the eponymous series of comic books by Robert Kirkman , Tony Moore , and Charlie Adlard . The executive producers are Kirkman , David Alpert , Scott M. Gimple , Greg Nicotero , Tom Luse , and Gale Anne Hurd , with Gimple as showrunner for his fifth and final season . The eighth season has received positive reviews from critics . This season adapts material from issues # 115 -- 126 of the comic book series and focuses on Rick Grimes ( Andrew Lincoln ) , his group of survivors and everyone at the Alexandria Safe - Zone , the Hilltop , the Kingdom , and later the Scavengers going to war with Negan ( Jeffrey Dean Morgan ) and the Saviors . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast 1.1 Main cast 1.1. 1 Starring 1.1. 2 Also starring 1.2 Supporting cast 1.2. 1 Alexandria Safe - Zone 1.2. 2 The Hilltop 1.2. 3 The Saviors 1.2. 4 The Kingdom 1.2. 5 Oceanside 1.2. 6 The Scavengers 1.2. 7 Miscellaneous 2 Production 3 Episodes 4 Release 5 Reception 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Ratings 6 References 7 External links Cast ( edit ) Main article : List of The Walking Dead ( TV series ) characters Main cast ( edit ) The primary characters of the eighth season include ( from left to right ) : Rick , Carol , Morgan , Daryl , Carl , Enid , Rosita , Tara , Michonne , Gabriel , Aaron , Maggie , Jesus , Gregory , Shiva , Ezekiel , Jadis , Eugene , Simon , Dwight , and Negan The eighth season features twenty series regulars overall . For this season , Katelyn Nacon , Khary Payton , Steven Ogg , and Pollyanna McIntosh were promoted to series regular status , after previously having recurring roles , while Seth Gilliam and Ross Marquand were added to the opening credits . Starring ( edit ) Andrew Lincoln as Rick Grimes , the series ' protagonist , a former sheriff and the leader of Alexandria , who is leading a new alliance to fight Negan and the Saviors . Norman Reedus as Daryl Dixon , Rick 's right - hand man , the group 's primary hunter and a recruiter for Alexandria . Lauren Cohan as Maggie Rhee , the pregnant widow of Glenn and a leading figure of the Hilltop . Chandler Riggs as Carl Grimes , Rick 's bold and courageous teenage son . Danai Gurira as Michonne , Rick 's katana - wielding girlfriend , who acts as a mother figure to Carl and Judith . Melissa McBride as Carol Peletier , a fierce survivor who is spurred into fighting the Saviors as revenge for the deaths of her friends . Lennie James as Morgan Jones , the first survivor Rick had ever encountered , who now resides in the Kingdom and fights for his sanity . Alanna Masterson as Tara Chambler , a caring , witty member of the group and supply runner for Alexandria who serves as a liaison with Oceanside . Josh McDermitt as Eugene Porter , a timorous former member of the group whose resourcefulness leads Negan to take him under his wing . Christian Serratos as Rosita Espinosa , an impulsive member of the group , who is motivated to avenge her ex-boyfriend Spencer and Abraham 's death . Seth Gilliam as Gabriel Stokes , a priest who has become hardened from his experiences with Rick 's group . Ross Marquand as Aaron , an Alexandrian recruiter who brought Rick 's group to Alexandria and is currently in the fight against the Saviors . Jeffrey Dean Morgan as Negan , the leader of the Saviors who serves as the season 's primary antagonist . Also starring ( edit ) Austin Amelio as Dwight , a former subordinate of Negan who now works for Rick as a double agent against the Saviors . Tom Payne as Paul `` Jesus '' Rovia , a scout for the Hilltop . Xander Berkeley as Gregory , the selfish and hypocritical leader of the Hilltop whose influence diminished with Maggie 's prominence . Khary Payton as Ezekiel , the charismatic leader of the Kingdom who allies with Rick against the Saviors . Steven Ogg as Simon , a former mortgage broker and Negan 's second - in - command , he does not hide his intentions to overthrow Negan . Katelyn Nacon as Enid , a former member of Alexandria who moved to Hilltop to be with Maggie , and has formed a relationship with Carl . Pollyanna McIntosh as Jadis ( `` Anne '' ) , the deceptive leader of the Scavengers who betrayed Rick 's group , and maintains a neutral stance in the war . Supporting cast ( edit ) Alexandria Safe - Zone ( edit ) Jason Douglas as Tobin , the foreman of Alexandria 's construction crew and member of Rick 's militia . Jordan Woods - Robinson as Eric Raleigh , Aaron 's boyfriend and his former recruiting partner , who is now a member of Rick 's militia . Kenric Green as Scott , a supply runner in Alexandria and member of Rick 's militia . Dahlia Legault as Francine , a member of Alexandria 's construction crew and member of Rick 's militia . Mandi Christine Kerr as Barbara , resident of Alexandria . Ted Huckabee as Bruce , resident and member of Alexandria 's construction and member of Rick 's militia . The Hilltop ( edit ) James Chen as Kal , a guard of the Hilltop . Peter Zimmerman as Eduardo , a guard of the Hilltop and soldier of the Hilltop 's militia . Karen Ceesay as Bertie , a resident of the Hilltop and soldier of the Hilltop 's militia . Jeremy Palko as Andy , a resident of the Hilltop and soldier of the Hilltop 's militia . Brett Gentile as Freddie , a resident of the Hilltop and soldier of the Hilltop 's militia . R. Keith Harris as Harlan Carson , is the doctor of the Hilltop , who was captured by Simon in the previous season . The Saviors ( edit ) Jayson Warner Smith as Gavin , one of Negan 's top lieutenants , who leads the weapons base . Traci Dinwiddie as Regina , one of Negan 's top lieutenants . Elizabeth Ludlow as Arat , one of Negan 's top lieutenants . Mike Seal as Gary , one of Negan 's top lieutenants . Lindsley Register as Laura , one of Negan 's top lieutenants . Juan Pareja as Morales , a survivor from Rick 's original Atlanta camp who joined the Saviors . Joshua Mikel as Jared , Benjamin 's killer , and a hostile member of the Saviors who antagonizes Morgan . Callan McAuliffe as Alden , a member of the Saviors who surrenders to Jesus at the satellite station outpost . Lindsey Garrett as Mara , a Savior who guards one of many outposts . Lee Norris as Todd , a timid member of the Saviors who works at the same outpost as Mara . Whitmer Thomas as Gunther , a member of the Saviors who tortures Ezekiel . Charles Halford as Yago , a Savior who manages Gavin 's weapons base . Ciera L. Payton as Zia , a Savior whom Rosita and Michonne encounter at a supply warehouse . Adam Cronan as Leo , a Savior whom Rosita and Michonne encounter at a supply warehouse . Chloe Aktas as Tanya , one of Negan 's wives . Elyse Dufour as Frankie , one of Negan 's wives . Adam Fristoe as Dean , a Savior who tried to kill Jesus . The Kingdom ( edit ) Cooper Andrews as Jerry , Ezekiel 's loyal and good - natured bodyguard . Kerry Cahill as Dianne , one of Ezekiel 's top soldiers and a skilled archer . Daniel Newman as Daniel , one of Ezekiel 's top soldiers . Carlos Navarro as Alvaro , one of Ezekiel 's top soldiers . Macsen Lintz as Henry , a resident of the Kingdom and younger brother of the deceased Benjamin . Jason Burkey as Kevin , a resident of the Kingdom . Nadine Marissa as Nabila , a resident and gardener of the Kingdom . Oceanside ( edit ) Deborah May as Natania , the vigilant leader of Oceanside . Sydney Park as Cyndie , Natania 's granddaughter . Briana Venskus as Beatrice , one of Oceanside 's top soldiers . Nicole Barré as Kathy , one of Oceanside 's top soldiers . Mimi Kirkland as Rachel , an aggressive young member of Oceanside . The Scavengers ( edit ) Sabrina Gennarino as Tamiel , a leading member of the Scavengers . Thomas Francis Murphy as Brion , a leading member of the Scavengers . Miscellaneous ( edit ) Avi Nash as Siddiq , a mysterious vagabond survivor who befriends Carl . Jayne Atkinson as Georgie , the leader of a mysterious humanitarian group . Production ( edit ) The Walking Dead was renewed by AMC for a 16 - episode eighth season on October 16 , 2016 . Production began on April 25 , 2017 , in Atlanta , Georgia . On July 12 , 2017 , production was shut down after stuntman John Bernecker was killed , after falling more than 20 feet onto a concrete floor . Production resumed on July 17 . The season premiere , which also serves as the series ' milestone 100th episode , was directed by executive producer Greg Nicotero . In November 2017 , it was announced that Lennie James who portrays Morgan Jones , would be leaving The Walking Dead after the conclusion of this season , and he will join the cast of the spin - off series Fear the Walking Dead . Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of The Walking Dead episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 100 `` Mercy '' Greg Nicotero Scott M. Gimple October 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 22 ) 11.44 Rick , Maggie , and Ezekiel rally their communities together to take down Negan . Gregory attempts to have the Hilltop residents side with Negan , but they all firmly stand behind Maggie . The group attacks the Sanctuary , taking down its fences and flooding the compound with walkers . With the Sanctuary defaced , everyone leaves except Gabriel , who reluctantly stays to save Gregory , but is left behind when Gregory abandons him . Surrounded by walkers , Gabriel hides in a trailer , where he is trapped inside with Negan . 101 `` The Damned '' Rosemary Rodriguez Matthew Negrete & Channing Powell October 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 29 ) 8.92 Rick 's forces split into separate parties to attack several of the Saviors ' outposts , during which many members of the group are killed ; Eric is critically injured and rushed away by Aaron . Jesus stops Tara and Morgan from executing a group of surrendered Saviors . While clearing an outpost with Daryl , Rick is confronted and held at gunpoint by Morales , a survivor he met in the initial Atlanta camp , who is now with the Saviors . 102 `` Monsters '' Greg Nicotero Matthew Negrete & Channing Powell November 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 05 ) 8.52 Daryl finds Morales threatening Rick and kills him ; the duo then pursue a group of Saviors who are transporting weapons to another outpost . Gregory returns to Hilltop , and after a heated argument , Maggie ultimately allows him back in the community . Eric dies from his injuries , leaving Aaron distraught . Despite Tara and Morgan 's objections , Jesus leads the group of surrendered Saviors to Hilltop . Ezekiel 's group attacks another Savior compound , during which Kingdom fighters are annihilated while protecting Ezekiel . 103 `` Some Guy '' Dan Liu David Leslie Johnson November 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 12 ) 8.69 Ezekiel 's group is overwhelmed by the Saviors , who kill all of them except for Ezekiel himself and Jerry . Carol clears the inside of the compound , killing all but two Saviors , who almost escape but are eventually caught by Rick and Daryl . En route to the Kingdom , Ezekiel , Jerry , and Carol are surrounded by walkers , but Shiva sacrifices herself to save them . The trio returns to the Kingdom , where Ezekiel 's confidence in himself as a leader has diminished . 104 5 `` The Big Scary U '' Michael E. Satrazemis Story by : Scott M. Gimple & David Leslie Johnson & Angela Kang Teleplay by : David Leslie Johnson & Angela Kang November 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 19 ) 7.85 After confessing their sins to each other , Gabriel and Negan manage to escape from the trailer . Simon and the other lieutenants grow suspicious of each other , knowing that Rick 's forces must have inside information . The workers in the Sanctuary become increasingly frustrated with their living conditions , and a riot nearly ensues , until Negan returns and restores order . Gabriel is locked in a cell , where Eugene discovers him sick and suffering . Meanwhile , Rick and Daryl argue over how to take out the Saviors , leading Daryl to abandon Rick . 105 6 `` The King , the Widow , and Rick '' John Polson Angela Kang & Corey Reed November 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 26 ) 8.28 Rick visits Jadis in hopes of convincing her to turn against Negan ; Jadis refuses , and locks Rick in a shipping container . Carl encounters Siddiq in the woods and recruits him to Alexandria . Daryl and Tara plot to deviate from Rick 's plans by destroying the Sanctuary . Ezekiel isolates himself at the Kingdom , where Carol tries to encourage him to be the leader his people need . Maggie has the group of captured Saviors placed in a holding area and forces Gregory to join them as punishment for betraying Hilltop . 106 7 `` Time for After '' Larry Teng Matthew Negrete & Corey Reed December 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 03 ) 7.47 After learning of Dwight 's association with Rick 's group , Eugene affirms his loyalty to Negan and outlines a plan to get rid of the walkers surrounding the Sanctuary . With help from Morgan and Tara , Daryl drives a truck through the Sanctuary 's walls , flooding its interior with walkers , killing many Saviors . Rick finally convinces Jadis and the Scavengers to align with him , and they plan to force the Saviors to surrender . However , when they arrive at the Sanctuary , Rick is horrified to see the breached walls and no sign of the walker herd . 107 8 `` How It 's Gotta Be '' Michael E. Satrazemis David Leslie Johnson & Angela Kang December 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 10 ) 7.89 Eugene 's plan allows the Saviors to escape the Sanctuary , and separately , the Saviors waylay the Alexandria , Hilltop , and Kingdom forces . The Scavengers abandon Rick , after which he returns to Alexandria . Aaron and Enid are ambushed by Oceanside soldiers , leading Enid to kill Natania . Ezekiel ensures that the Kingdom residents are able to escape before locking himself in the community with the Saviors . Eugene aids Gabriel and Doctor Carson in escaping the Sanctuary in order to ease his conscience . Negan attacks Alexandria , but Carl devises a plan to allow the Alexandria residents to escape into the sewers . Carl reveals he was bitten by a walker while escorting Siddiq to Alexandria . 108 9 `` Honor '' Greg Nicotero Matthew Negrete & Channing Powell February 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 25 ) 8.28 Realizing his time alive is limited , Carl writes several letters to his loved ones . After the Saviors leave Alexandria , the survivors make for the Hilltop while Rick and Michonne stay behind to say their final goodbyes to a dying Carl , who pleads with Rick to build a better future alongside the Saviors . Morgan and Carol launch a rescue mission for Ezekiel and successfully retake the Kingdom from the invading Saviors ; their lieutenant , Gavin , is killed by Benjamin 's vengeful younger brother , Henry . 109 10 `` The Lost and the Plunderers '' David Boyd Angela Kang & Channing Powell & Corey Reed March 4 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 04 ) 6.82 Aaron and Enid try to convince Oceanside to join the fight against the Saviors , but they refuse ; Enid returns to Hilltop while Aaron opts to stay at Oceanside until he can convince them to join . Upon learning of the Scavenger 's siding with Rick , Negan orders Simon to kill only one of Jadis ' people . Rick and Michonne travel to the junkyard to warn Jadis of the Saviors ' impending attack , but they are too late ; Simon had ordered the Saviors to slaughter the entire group ; Jadis , who managed to escape lures her reanimated comrades into a waste shredder to protect herself . 110 11 `` Dead or Alive Or '' Michael E. Satrazemis Eddie Guzelian March 11 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 11 ) 6.60 The Saviors hunt the surviving Alexandrians as they make their way to the Hilltop ; Dwight affirms his loyalty to Rick 's group as he distracts the Saviors and helps lead the group to safety . Eugene leads a crew of Saviors in crafting bullets at a new outpost while Negan plans to taint the Saviors ' weapons with walker blood , in order to make the others `` turn '' instead of killing them . Doctor Carson tries to help a feverish and nearly blind Gabriel to safety , but the Saviors eventually catch up , killing Carson and recapturing Gabriel . 111 12 `` The Key '' Greg Nicotero Corey Reed & Channing Powell March 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 18 ) 6.66 Maggie , Enid , Michonne and Rosita encounter a seemingly benevolent woman named Georgie , who gives them food and documents in exchange for phonograph records ; Georgie claims the documents to be `` a key to the future '' . Negan leads the Saviors to the Hilltop to send a warning via their newly tainted weapons ; Rick pursues the Saviors and chases Negan into a building . Negan eventually escapes , only to be captured at gunpoint by Jadis . Unable to find Negan , Simon instructs the Saviors to attack the Hilltop and `` expunge '' the community for good . 112 13 `` Do Not Send Us Astray '' Jeffrey F. January Angela Kang & Matthew Negrete March 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 25 ) 6.77 The Saviors attack the Hilltop with their tainted weapons , leading to a battle in which both sides suffer heavy casualties . Tara is non-fatally shot by Dwight in an effort to prevent Simon from killing her . Overnight , the injured die from their tainted wounds and attack the sleeping survivors after reanimating . Henry tries to take revenge for the murder of his brother , leading to the breakout of the Savior prisoners and the disappearance of Henry . Having seen the Saviors ' callous attitude for themselves , Alden and several other Saviors choose to remain at the Hilltop rather than return to the Saviors . 113 14 `` Still Gotta Mean Something '' Michael E. Satrazemis Eddie Guzelian April 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 01 ) 6.30 Carol and Morgan search for Henry while Rick hunts the escaped Savior prisoners ; Morgan abandons Carol and joins Rick , and together , they find and kill the prisoners . Jadis tortures Negan until he informs her that he had nothing to do with Simon massacring her people ; a helicopter flies nearby , but Jadis fails to catch its attention . Daryl and Rosita plot to stop Eugene from crafting ammunition for the Saviors . Carol finds Henry alive in the woods and they return to Hilltop . Upon Rick and Morgan 's return , Michonne encourages Rick to read Carl 's letter to him . 114 15 `` Worth '' Michael Slovis David Leslie Johnson - McGoldrick & Corey Reed April 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 08 ) 6.67 Negan returns to the Sanctuary and regains control of the Saviors . Dwight secretly prepares notes to Rick about Negan 's plans , and later sends Gregory to deliver the notes . Daryl and Rosita capture Eugene from his outpost , but he manages to escape and continues pushing his workers to craft bullets . Dwight lures Simon into a meeting where Negan accosts him for going against his orders with the Scavengers , and kills him in a fist fight . Negan then reveals that Laura informed him of Dwight 's siding with Rick , and that his planning was a ruse upon knowing of Dwight 's disloyalty . Negan is contacted by Michonne - who reads Carl 's letter to him at the request of making peace ; Negan remains intent on killing Rick and his allies once and for all . 115 16 `` Wrath '' Greg Nicotero Scott M. Gimple & Angela Kang & Matthew Negrete April 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 15 ) 7.92 Rick 's group follows the false plans given to them by Gregory , leading them into a trap . As the Saviors fire , their weapons backfire due to their ammo being sabotaged by Eugene . The surviving Saviors surrender , while Rick chases down Negan ; the two brawl and Rick manages to slice Negan 's neck , but immediately has Siddiq tend to the wound , knowing that Carl wanted Negan to survive . Meanwhile , an attack at Hilltop is stopped with help from Aaron and the Oceanside soldiers . The survivors regroup and rebuild their communities , but Rick 's decision to spare Negan angers Maggie and she vows to take action against Rick in the future . Release ( edit ) The first trailer for the season was released on July 21 , 2017 at the San Diego Comic - Con . The second trailer was released on February 1 , 2018 for the second part of the season . On March 15 , 2018 , it was announced that the season finale and the fourth season premiere of Fear the Walking Dead would be screened at AMC , Regal , and Cinemark theaters across the United States on April 15 , the same day as the TV airing , for `` Survival Sunday : The Walking Dead & Fear the Walking Dead '' . The episodes marked the first crossover between the two series . The cinema screening also included an extra half - hour of exclusive bonus content . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) The eighth season of The Walking Dead has received positive reviews from critics . On Rotten Tomatoes , the season holds a score of 71 % with an average rating of 6.94 out of 10 , based on 13 reviews , and an average episode score 72 % . The site 's critical consensus reads : `` The Walking Dead 's eighth season energizes its characters with some much - needed angst and action , though it 's still occasionally choppy and lacking forward - moving plot progression . '' The Walking Dead ( season 8 ) : Critical reception by episode Season 8 ( 2017 -- 18 ) : Percentage of positive reviews tracked by the website Rotten Tomatoes Ratings ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Mercy '' October 22 , 2017 5.0 11.44 2.2 4.28 7.2 15.74 `` The Damned '' October 29 , 2017 4.0 8.92 2.0 4.16 6.0 13.10 `` Monsters '' November 5 , 2017 3.8 8.52 2.2 4.47 6.0 13.01 `` Some Guy '' November 12 , 2017 3.9 8.69 1.8 3.66 5.7 12.36 5 `` The Big Scary U '' November 19 , 2017 3.4 7.85 N / A N / A N / A N / A 6 `` The King , the Widow , and Rick '' November 26 , 2017 3.6 8.28 4.44 5.7 12.73 7 `` Time for After '' December 3 , 2017 3.3 7.47 1.9 4.15 5.2 11.63 8 `` How It 's Gotta Be '' December 10 , 2017 3.4 7.89 2.0 4.23 5.4 12.13 9 `` Honor '' February 25 , 2018 3.6 8.28 N / A N / A N / A N / A 10 `` The Lost and the Plunderers '' March 4 , 2018 2.9 6.82 1.7 3.80 4.6 10.63 11 `` Dead or Alive Or '' March 11 , 2018 2.8 6.60 1.6 3.44 4.4 10.06 12 `` The Key '' March 18 , 2018 2.8 6.66 1.7 3.76 4.5 10.44 13 `` Do Not Send Us Astray '' March 25 , 2018 3.0 6.77 1.7 3.82 4.7 10.62 14 `` Still Gotta Mean Something '' April 1 , 2018 2.6 6.30 1.8 3.68 4.4 9.99 15 `` Worth '' April 8 , 2018 2.8 6.67 1.7 3.64 4.5 10.32 16 `` Wrath '' April 15 , 2018 3.4 7.92 1.6 3.30 5.0 11.24 ^ 1 Live + 7 ratings were not available , so Live + 3 ratings have been used instead . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( April 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Walking Dead ' Promotes Trio to Series Regular for Season 8 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ausiello , Michael ( April 17 , 2017 ) . `` The Walking Dead Promotes 3 Actors to Series Regular Ahead of Season 8 '' . TV Line . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( October 16 , 2016 ) . `` Walking Dead gets early season 8 renewal '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved October 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Davis , Brandon ( April 24 , 2017 ) . `` The Walking Dead Cast And Crew Assemble For Season 8 '' . Comicbook.com . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Otterson , Joe ( July 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Walking Dead ' Stuntman Dies After On - Set Accident '' . Variety . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ( July 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Walking Dead ' Production Resumes After Stuntman 's Death '' . Deadline . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Davis , Brandon ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` Exclusive : Greg Nicotero To Direct The Walking Dead Episode 100 , Season 8 Premiere '' . Comicbook.com . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ross , Dalton ( November 26 , 2017 ) . `` The Walking Dead : Lennie James will cross over to Fear The Walking Dead '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 24 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' has lowest - rated premiere since Season 2 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 31 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' stumbles to 5 - year low '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 7 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Shameless ' has its best premiere in 4 - plus years '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 14 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' improves , ' Shameless ' dips in week 2 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 21 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : 6 - year low for ' The Walking Dead ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 29 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : Hallmark 's ' Switched for Christmas ' hits a high , ' Walking Dead ' rebounds some '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 5 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' goes low again '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 12 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Walking Dead ' fall finale ticks up , Season 8 still way down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 27 , 2018 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' returns a little higher '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 6 , 2018 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' at lowest point since Season 1 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 13 , 2018 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' goes even lower '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 20 , 2018 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' levels off '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 27 , 2018 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' The Terror ' gets decent start behind ' The Walking Dead ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 3 , 2018 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' falls , NCAA women 's championship off a little '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 3 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 10 , 2018 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Walking Dead , ' ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' improve '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 10 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 17 , 2018 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Fear the Walking Dead ' opens higher '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Snierson , Dan ( July 21 , 2017 ) . `` The Walking Dead season 8 trailer teases surprise flash - forward '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nyren , Erin ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Walking Dead ' Finale and ' Fear ' Premiere to Screen in Theaters '' . Variety . Retrieved March 21 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Walking Dead : Season 8 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Walking Dead ' premiere grows a lot , still trails Season 7 debut by a lot : Cable Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 16 - 22 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Walking Dead , ' ' AHS : Cult ' way above everything else in cable Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 23 - 29 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' American Horror Story : Cult ' triples in cable Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 30 - Nov. 5 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Walking Dead ' keeps pace in cable Live + 3 ratings for Nov. 6 - 12 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Walking Dead ' laps the field in cable Live + 7 ratings for Nov. 20 - 26 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Walking Dead ' outpaces everything else in cable Live + 7 ratings for Nov. 27 - Dec. 3 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Top Chef ' premiere more than doubles in cable Live + 7 ratings for Dec. 4 - 10 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Walking Dead ' stays atop the cable Live + 7 ratings for Feb. 26 - March 4 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' Atlanta ' and ' The Alienist ' make more solid gains in cable Live + 7 ratings for March 5 - 11 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 29 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Fosters ' finale doubles in cable Live + 7 ratings for March 12 - 18 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 6 , 2018 ) . `` ' Krypton ' premiere makes solid gains in cable Live + 7 ratings for March 19 - 25 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' Siren ' premiere doubles in cable Live + 7 ratings for March 26 - April 1 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 19 , 2018 ) . `` ' Fixer Upper ' finale goes out strong : Cable Live + 7 ratings for April 2 - 8 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 26 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Last O.G. ' scores for TBS in cable Live + 7 ratings for April 9 - 15 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 26 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Horror fiction portal Television portal Official website List of The Walking Dead episodes on IMDb List of The Walking Dead episodes at TV.com The Walking Dead Robert Kirkman Tony Moore Charlie Adlard Comic books The Walking Dead Television series The Walking Dead Episodes season 1 5 6 7 8 Accolades Soundtrack Vol. 1 Talking Dead Fear the Walking Dead Episodes season 1 Web series The Walking Dead Torn Apart Cold Storage Fear the Walking Dead Flight 462 Miscellaneous Video games Season One `` 400 Days '' Two Michonne Three : A New Frontier Other games Survival Instinct Road to Survival Rides The Walking Dead : The Ride Novels Rise of the Governor The Road to Woodbury The Fall of the Governor Descent Invasion Search and Destroy Return to Woodbury Characters Lists Comic book series Television series Aaron Alden Amy Jessie Anderson Andrea Axel Tara Chambler Clementine Daryl Dixon Merle Dixon Dwight Rosita Espinosa Lee Everett King Ezekiel Abraham Ford Gareth The Governor Gregory Beth Greene Hershel Greene Maggie Greene Carl Grimes Lori Grimes Rick Grimes Dale Horvath Jadis Morgan Jones Lilly Milton Mamet Caesar Martinez Deanna Monroe Paul `` Jesus '' Monroe Spencer Monroe Morales Michonne Negan Olivia The Prisoners Carol Peletier Sophia Peletier Eugene Porter Glenn Rhee Lizzie and Mika Samuels Simon Gabriel Stokes Bob Stookey T - Dog Shane Walsh Sasha Williams Tyreese Williams Category The Walking Dead episodes Season 1 `` Days Gone Bye '' `` Guts '' `` Tell It to the Frogs '' `` Vatos '' `` Wildfire '' `` TS - 19 '' Season 2 `` What Lies Ahead '' `` Bloodletting '' `` Save the Last One '' `` Cherokee Rose '' `` Chupacabra '' `` Secrets '' `` Pretty Much Dead Already '' `` Nebraska '' `` Triggerfinger '' `` 18 Miles Out '' `` Judge , Jury , Executioner '' `` Better Angels '' `` Beside the Dying Fire '' Season 3 `` Seed '' `` Sick '' `` Walk with Me '' `` Killer Within '' `` Say the Word '' `` Hounded '' `` When the Dead Come Knocking '' `` Made to Suffer '' `` The Suicide King '' `` Home '' `` I Ai n't a Judas '' `` Clear '' `` Arrow on the Doorpost '' `` Prey '' `` This Sorrowful Life '' `` Welcome to the Tombs '' Season 4 `` 30 Days Without an Accident '' `` Infected '' `` Isolation '' `` Indifference '' `` Internment '' `` Live Bait '' `` Dead Weight '' `` Too Far Gone '' `` After '' `` Inmates '' `` Claimed '' `` Still '' `` Alone '' `` The Grove '' `` Us '' `` A '' Season 5 `` No Sanctuary '' `` Strangers '' `` Four Walls and a Roof '' `` Slabtown '' `` Self Help '' `` Consumed '' `` Crossed '' `` Coda '' `` What Happened and What 's Going On '' `` Them '' `` The Distance '' `` Remember '' `` Forget '' `` Spend '' `` Try '' `` Conquer '' Season 6 `` First Time Again '' `` JSS '' `` Thank You '' `` Here 's Not Here '' `` Now '' `` Always Accountable '' `` Heads Up '' `` Start to Finish '' `` No Way Out '' `` The Next World '' `` Knots Untie '' `` Not Tomorrow Yet '' `` The Same Boat '' `` Twice as Far '' `` East '' `` Last Day on Earth '' Season 7 `` The Day Will Come When You Wo n't Be '' `` The Well '' `` The Cell '' `` Service '' `` Go Getters '' `` Swear '' `` Sing Me a Song '' `` Hearts Still Beating '' `` Rock in the Road '' `` New Best Friends '' `` Hostiles and Calamities '' `` Say Yes '' `` Bury Me Here '' `` The Other Side '' `` Something They Need '' `` The First Day of the Rest of Your Life '' Season 8 `` Mercy '' `` The Damned '' `` Monsters '' `` Some Guy '' `` The Big Scary U '' `` The King , the Widow , and Rick '' `` Time for After '' `` How It 's Gotta Be '' `` Honor '' `` The Lost and the Plunderers '' `` Dead or Alive Or '' `` The Key '' `` Do Not Send Us Astray '' `` Still Gotta Mean Something '' `` Worth '' `` Wrath '' Webisodes Torn Apart Cold Storage Category Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Walking_Dead_(season_8)&oldid=841960980 '' Categories : 2017 American television seasons 2018 American television seasons The Walking Dead ( TV series ) episodes Hidden categories : Articles with short description Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français Italiano Português Русский Tiếng Việt 中文 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 May 2018 , at 07 : 27 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what date is the season 8 finale of the walking dead | [
"The eighth season of The Walking Dead, an American post-apocalyptic horror television series on AMC, premiered on October 22, 2017, and concluded on April 15, 2018, consisting of 16 episodes. Developed for television by Frank Darabont, the series is based on the eponymous series of comic books by Robert Kirkman, Tony Moore, and Charlie Adlard. The executive producers are Kirkman, David Alpert, Scott M. Gimple, Greg Nicotero, Tom Luse, and Gale Anne Hurd, with Gimple as showrunner for his fifth and final season. The eighth season has received positive reviews from critics."
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"April 15, 2018"
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-6043567380813913073 | S phase | S phase - wikipedia S phase Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) S phase ( synthesis phase ) is the part of the cell cycle in which DNA is replicated , occurring between G phase and G phase . Precise and accurate DNA replication is necessary to prevent genetic abnormalities which often lead to cell death or disease . Due to the importance , the regulatory pathways that govern this event in eukaryotes are highly conserved . This conservation makes the study of S - phase in model organisms such as Xenopus laevis embryos and budding yeast relevant to higher organisms . Contents ( hide ) 1 Regulation 2 DNA replication 3 DNA damage 4 See also 5 References Regulation ( edit ) The G1 / S transition is a major checkpoint in the regulation of the cell cycle . To produce two similar daughter cells , the centrosome and complete DNA instructions in the cell must be duplicated . DNA replication occurs during this S ( synthesis ) phase . Depending on levels of nutrients , energy and external factors , cells must decide to enter the cell cycle or move into a non-dividing state known as G phase . This transition , as with all of the major checkpoint transitions in the cell cycle , is signaled by cyclins and cyclin dependent kinase ( CDKs ) . The pulse of G1 / S cyclins causes CLN3 - Cdk1 to activate Cln1 / 2 ( start point ) , as well as Clb5 / 6 at the initiation of S - phase . This pathway contains 2 positive feedback loops , allowing for rapid , unidirectional movement into S - phase . Redundant pathways like this are not uncommon because they allow for tuning the output of the system and often lead to faster genetic evolution . DNA replication ( edit ) The major event in S - phase is DNA replication . The goal of this process is to create exactly two identical semi-conserved chromosomes . The cell prevents more than one replication from occurring by loading pre-replication complexes onto the DNA at replication origins during G phase which are dismantled in S - phase as replication begins . In synthesis , the enzyme helicase unwinds the DNA double helix , and the enzyme DNA polymerase re-binds free - floating nucleotides to the separate DNA single strands in accordance with the complementary base pairing rule . DNA synthesis can occur as fast as 2000 nucleotides / second and must create fewer than 2 errors ( I.e. , wrong bases ) in 10 nucleotide additions . DNA damage ( edit ) Damage to DNA is detected and fixed during S - phase . When the replication fork comes upon damaged DNA , ATR , a protein kinase is activated . This kinase initiates several complex downstream pathways , which causes a halt in the initiation of new replication origins , prevention of mitosis and replication fork stabilization in order to keep the replication bubble open and DNA polymerase complex attached while the damage is being fixed . See also ( edit ) S phase index ( SPI ) S - fraction or S - phase fraction ( oncology / pathology prognosis ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Alberts , Bruce ; Bray , Dennis ; Hopkin , Karen ; Johnson , Alexander ; Lewis , Julian ; Raff , Martin ; Roberts , Keith ; Walter , Peter ( 2014 ) . Essential Cell Biology ( Fourth ed . ) . New York , New York , USA : Garland Science . p. 642 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8153 - 4454 - 4 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Bell , S.P. and Dutta , A. : DNA replication in eukaryotic cells . Annu. Rev. Biochem. 2002 , 71 : 333 -- 374 . Jump up ^ Cooper , S. and Helmstetter , C.E. 1968 DNA synthesis during the division cycle of rapidly growing Escherichia coli . Journal of Molecular Biology , 31 ( 3 ) : 507 -- 518 . Jump up ^ Branzei , D and Foiani , M. : The DNA damage response during DNA replication . Curr . Opin . Cell Biol. 2005 , 17 : 568 -- 575 . ( hide ) Cell cycle proteins Cyclin A ( A1 , A2 ) B ( B1 , B2 , B3 ) D ( D1 , D2 , D3 ) E ( E1 , E2 ) CDK 5 6 7 8 9 10 CDK - activating kinase CDK inhibitor INK4a / ARF ( p14arf / p16 , p15 , p18 , p19 ) cip / kip ( p21 , p27 , p57 ) P53 p63 p73 family p53 p63 p73 Other Cdc2 Cdc25 Cdc42 Cellular apoptosis susceptibility protein E2F Maturation promoting factor Wee Cullin ( CUL7 ) Phases and checkpoints Interphase G phase S phase G phase M phase Mitosis ( Preprophase Prophase Prometaphase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase ) Cytokinesis Cell cycle checkpoints Restriction point Spindle checkpoint Postreplication checkpoint Other cellular phases Apoptosis G phase Meiosis Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=S_phase&oldid=826987714 '' Categories : Cell cycle Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Articles needing additional references from December 2010 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bosanski Čeština فارسی Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Nederlands Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Türkçe 中文 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 22 February 2018 , at 03 : 07 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | why is the synthesis stage (s phase) called synthesis | [
"The major event in S-phase is DNA replication. The goal of this process is to create exactly two identical semi-conserved chromosomes. The cell prevents more than one replication from occurring by loading pre-replication complexes onto the DNA at replication origins during G1 phase which are dismantled in S-phase as replication begins. In synthesis, the enzyme helicase unwinds the DNA double helix, and the enzyme DNA polymerase re-binds free-floating nucleotides to the separate DNA single strands in accordance with the complementary base pairing rule. DNA synthesis can occur as fast as 2000 nucleotides/second [3] and must create fewer than 2 errors (I.e., wrong bases) in 1010 nucleotide additions.[citation needed]"
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"DNA replication"
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2053682398846036861 | Nishiyama Onsen Keiunkan | Nishiyama onsen Keiunkan - Wikipedia Nishiyama onsen Keiunkan Nishiyama Onsen Keiunkan 西山 温泉 慶 雲 館 Nishiyama Onsen Keiunkan Location within Japan Wikimedia © OpenStreetMap General information Status Operational Architectural style Japanese architecture Location Hayakawa , Yamanashi Prefecture Country Japan 35 ° 33 ′ 15.9 '' N 138 ° 18 ′ 21.7 '' E / 35.554417 ° N 138.306028 ° E / 35.554417 ; 138.306028 Opened 705 AD Renovated Known for Oldest hotel in the world Other information Number of rooms 35 Website www.keiunkan.co.jp Nishiyama Onsen Keiunkan ( 西山 温泉 慶 雲 館 ) is a hot spring hotel in Hayakawa , Yamanashi Prefecture , Japan . Founded in 705 , it is the oldest hotel and one of the oldest companies in operation . In 2011 , the hotel was officially recognised by the Guinness World Records as the oldest hotel in the world . It has been continuously operated by 52 generations of the same family ( including adopted heirs ) for over 1,300 years . The Keiunkan lies at the foot of the Akaishi Mountains . Since its foundation the hotel has had all its hot water sourced directly from the local Hakuho Springs . The hotel was last renovated in 1997 and has 37 rooms . See also ( edit ) Three Ancient Springs List of oldest companies -- for several hundred notably old companies . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ 西山 温泉 慶 雲 館 translates as `` Western mountain onsen of the Keiun era '' . Japanese hot spring resorts are known as onsen and Keiunkan refers to the hotel 's foundation in the second year of the Keiun era . Jump up ^ `` Oldest hotel '' . Guinness World Records . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` A 1,300 year - old hot springs hotel that 's in the Guinness Book of World Records '' . www.japanpage.net . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ Morris , Chris . The World 's Oldest Hotel Has Been a Family Business for 1,300 Years Fortune . 16 January 2016 External links ( edit ) Official website in English This article about a Japanese building -- or structure -- related topic is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . This article about a location in Yamanashi Prefecture is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . This article about a Japanese corporation -- or company -- related topic is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nishiyama_Onsen_Keiunkan&oldid=836462988 '' Categories : Hotels in Japan Buildings and structures in Yamanashi Prefecture 705 establishments 8th - century establishments in Japan Japanese building and structure stubs Yamanashi geography stubs Japanese company stubs Hidden categories : Infobox mapframe without OSM relation ID on Wikidata All stub articles Pages with maps Talk About Wikipedia Español 한국어 日本 語 తెలుగు Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 14 April 2018 , at 23 : 41 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | hot springs hotel in japan that's run since 705 a.d | [
"Nishiyama Onsen Keiunkan (西山温泉慶雲館)[1] is a hot spring hotel in Hayakawa, Yamanashi Prefecture, Japan. Founded in 705, it is the oldest hotel and one of the oldest companies in operation. In 2011, the hotel was officially recognised by the Guinness World Records as the oldest hotel in the world.[2] It has been continuously operated by 52 generations of the same family (including adopted heirs) for over 1,300 years.[3]\n"
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"Nishiyama Onsen Keiunkan"
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-7552302353881988872 | Lata Mangeshkar | Lata Mangeshkar - Wikipedia Lata Mangeshkar Jump to : navigation , search Lata Mangeshkar BR PV PB LH Mangeshkar in 2014 Hema Hardikar Mangeshkar ( 1929 - 09 - 28 ) 28 September 1929 ( age 88 ) Indore , Indore State , Central India Agency , British India ( present - day Madhya Pradesh , India ) Nationality Indian Occupation Playback singer , Music composer , Producer Years active 1942 -- present Parent ( s ) Deenanath Mangeshkar ( father ) Shevanti Mangeshkar ( mother ) Relatives Asha Bhosle ( Sister ) Usha Mangeshkar ( Sister ) Meena Mangeshkar ( Sister ) Hridaynath Mangeshkar ( Brother ) Awards 3 National Film Awards 12 Bengal Film Journalists ' Association Awards 4 Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer Honours Padma Bhushan ( 1969 ) Dadasaheb Phalke Award ( 1989 ) Rajiv Gandhi Sadbhawana Award ( 1999 ) Padma Vibhushan ( 1999 ) Bharat Ratna ( 2001 ) Legion of Honor ( K ) ( 2010 ) Lata Mangeshkar ( pronunciation ( help info ) ) ( born 28 September 1929 ) is an Indian playback singer and occasional music composer . She is one of the best - known and most respected playback singers in India . Mangeshkar 's career started in 1942 and has spanned over seven decades . She has recorded songs for over a thousand Hindi films and has sung songs in over thirty - six regional Indian languages and foreign languages , though primarily in Marathi and Hindi . She is the recipient of three National Film Awards , 12 Bengal Film Journalists ' Association Awards , four Filmfare Best Female Playback Awards and many more . The Dadasaheb Phalke Award was bestowed on her in 1989 by the Government of India . She is also the second vocalist , after M.S. Subbulakshmi , to have ever been awarded the Bharat Ratna in 2001 , India 's highest civilian honour . She has four siblings -- Asha Bhosle , Hridaynath Mangeshkar , Usha Mangeshkar and Meena Mangeshkar -- of which she is the eldest . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Singing career 2.1 Early career in the 1940s 2.2 1950s 2.3 1960s 2.4 1970s 2.5 1980s 2.6 1990s onwards 3 Overall collaboration 4 Non-singing career 4.1 Music direction 4.2 Production 5 Awards and recognitions 6 Guinness controversy 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Early life ( edit ) Childhood photo of Lata Mangeshkar Lata Mangeshkar was born in a Marathi - speaking Gomantak Maratha family , in the princely state of Indore , part of the Central India Agency ( now part of Madhya Pradesh ) . Her father , Pandit Deenanath Mangeshkar , was a classical singer and theatre actor . Her mother Shevanti ( Shudhamati ) who was from Thalner , Maharashtra , was Deenanath 's second wife . The family 's last name used to be Hardikar ; Deenanath changed it to Mangeshkar in order to identify his family with his native town , Mangeshi in Goa . Lata was named `` Hema '' at her birth . Her parents later renamed her Lata after a female character , Latika , in one of her father 's plays , BhaawBandhan . Lata is the eldest child of her parents . Meena , Asha , Usha and Hridaynath are her siblings in sequence . Mangeshkar took her first lesson from her father . At the age of five , she started to work as an actress in her father 's musical plays ( Sangeet Natak in Marathi ) . On the first day in school , she started teaching songs to other children . When the teacher stopped her , she was so angry that she stopped going to the school . Other sources cite that she left school because they would not allow her to bring Asha with her , as she would often bring her younger sister with her . Singing career ( edit ) Early career in the 1940s ( edit ) In 1942 , when Mangeshkar was 13 , her father died of heart disease . Master Vinayak ( Vinayak Damodar Karnataki ) , the owner of Navyug Chitrapat movie company and a close friend of the Mangeshkar family , took care of them . He helped Lata get started in a career as a singer and actress . Mangeshkar sang the song `` Naachu Yaa Gade , Khelu Saari Mani Haus Bhaari '' , which was composed by Sadashivrao Nevrekar for Vasant Joglekar 's Marathi movie Kiti Hasaal ( 1942 ) , but the song was dropped from the final cut . Vinayak gave her a small role in Navyug Chitrapat 's Marathi movie Pahili Mangalaa - gaur ( 1942 ) , in which she sang `` Natali Chaitraachi Navalaai '' which was composed by Dada Chandekar . Her first Hindi song was `` Mata Ek Sapoot Ki Duniya Badal De Tu '' for the Marathi film Gajaabhaau ( 1943 ) . Mangeshkar moved to Mumbai in 1945 when Master Vinayak 's company moved its headquarters there . She started taking lessons in Hindustani classical music from Ustad Aman Ali Khan of Bhendibazaar Gharana . She sang `` Paa Lagoon Kar Jori '' for Vasant Joglekar 's Hindi - language movie Aap Ki Seva Mein ( 1946 ) , which was composed by Datta Davjekar . The dance in the film was performed by Rohini Bhate who later became a famous classical dancer . Mangeshkar and her sister Asha played minor roles in Vinayak 's first Hindi - language movie , Badi Maa ( 1945 ) . In that movie , Lata also sang a bhajan , `` Maata Tere Charnon Mein . '' She was introduced to music director Vasant Desai during the recording of Vinayak 's second Hindi - language movie , Subhadra ( 1946 ) . After Vinayak 's death in 1948 , music director Ghulam Haider mentored her as a singer . He introduced Mangeshkar to producer Sashadhar Mukherjee , who was working then on the movie Shaheed ( 1948 ) , but Mukherjee dismissed Mangeshkar 's voice as `` too thin '' . An annoyed Haider responded that in coming years producers and directors would `` fall at Lata 's feet '' and `` beg her '' to sing in their movies . Haider gave Lata her first major break with the song `` Dil Mera Toda , Mujhe Kahin Ka Na Chhora '' -- lyrics by Nazim Panipati -- in the movie Majboor ( 1948 ) , which became her first big breakthrough film hit . In an interview on her 84th birthday , in September 2013 , Lata herself declared , `` Ghulam Haider is truly my Godfather . He was the first music director who showed complete faith in my talent . '' Initially , Mangeshkar is said to have imitated the acclaimed singer Noor Jehan , but later she developed her own style of singing . Lyrics of songs in Hindi movies are primarily composed by Urdu poets and contain a higher proportion of Urdu words , including the dialogue . Actor Dilip Kumar once made a mildly disapproving remark about Mangeshkar 's Maharashtrian accent while singing Hindi / Urdu songs ; so for a period of time , Lata took lessons in Urdu from an Urdu teacher named Shafi . One of her first major hits was `` Aayega Aanewaala , '' a song in the movie Mahal ( 1949 ) , composed by music director Khemchand Prakash and lip - synced on screen by actress Madhubala . 1950s ( edit ) Mangeshkar as a young woman In the 1950s , Mangeshkar sang songs composed by various music directors of the period , including Anil Biswas ( in films such as Tarana and Heer ) , Shankar Jaikishan , Naushad Ali , S.D. Burman , Pandit Amarnath Husan Lal Bhagat Ram ( in films like Bari Behan , Meena Bazaar , Afsana , Aadhi Raat , Ansoo , Chhoti Bhabi , Adal - e-Jehangir ) , C. Ramchandra , Hemant Kumar , Salil Chowdhury , Khayyam , Ravi , Sajjad Hussain , Roshan , Kalyanji - Anandji , Vasant Desai , Sudhir Phadke , Hansraj Behl , Madan Mohan , and Usha Khanna . She made her debut in Tamil playback singing with Vanaradham in 1956 ( Uran Khotala dubbed in Tamil ) with the Tamil song `` Enthan Kannalan '' picturised on Nimmi in the dubbed version composed by Naushad . Mangeshkar sang many raga - based songs for Naushad in movies such as Deedar ( 1951 ) , Baiju Bawra ( 1952 ) , Amar ( 1954 ) , Uran Khatola ( 1955 ) and Mother India ( 1957 ) . Ae Chorre Ki Jaat Badi Bewafa , a duet with G.M. Durrani , was her first song for composer , Naushad . The duo , Shankar - Jaikishan , chose Mangeshkar for Barsaat ( 1949 ) , Aah ( 1953 ) , Shree 420 ( 1955 ) and Chori Chori ( 1956 ) . Before 1957 , composer S.D. Burman chose Mangeshkar as the leading female singer for his musical scores in Sazaa ( 1951 ) , House No. 44 ( 1955 ) , and Devdas ( 1955 ) . However a rift developed between Lata and Burman in 1957 , and Lata did not sing Burman 's compositions again until 1962 . Mangeshkar won a Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer for Salil Chowdhury 's composition `` Aaja Re Pardesi '' from Madhumati ( 1958 ) . In the early fifties , Lata Mangeshkar 's association with C. Ramchandra produced songs in movies such as Albela ( 1951 ) , Shin Shinkai Bublaa Boo ( 1952 ) , Anarkali ( 1953 ) , Pehli Jhhalak ( 1954 ) , Azad ( 1955 ) , Asha ( 1957 ) and Amardeep ( 1958 ) . For Madan Mohan , she performed for films like Baagi ( 1953 ) , Railway Platform ( 1955 ) , Pocketmar ( 1956 ) , Mr. Lambu ( 1956 ) , Dekh Kabira Roya ( 1957 ) , Adalat ( 1958 ) , Jailor ( 1958 ) , Mohar ( 1959 ) and Chacha Zindabad ( 1959 ) . 1960s ( edit ) Mangeshkar 's song `` Pyar Kiya To Darna Kya '' from Mughal - e-Azam ( 1960 ) , composed by Naushad and pantomimed by Madhubala , still remains famous . The Hawaiian - themed number `` Ajeeb Dastaan Hai Yeh '' , from Dil Apna Aur Preet Parai ( 1960 ) , was composed by Shankar Jaikishan and pantomimed by Meena Kumari . In 1961 , Mangeshkar recorded two popular bhajans , `` Allah Tero Naam '' and `` Prabhu Tero Naam '' , for Burman 's assistant , Jaidev . In 1962 , she was awarded her second Filmfare Award for the song `` Kahin Deep Jale Kahin Dil '' from Bees Saal Baad , composed by Hemant Kumar . In early 1962 , Mangeshkar was given slow poison . A doctor was called . He came with an x-ray machine to examine her , and gave her an injection to render her unconscious , because she was in pain . For three days , she had a close brush with death . After ten days , she began to recover . The doctor told her that somebody had given her slow poison . The slow poison incident rendered her very weak . She was bedridden for nearly 3 months . The most surprising thing was that soon after the incident , the cook who used to work at Lataji 's home , suddenly vanished without taking his wages . The cook had earlier worked with some Bollywood people . Bollywood lyricist Majrooh Sultanpuri used to regularly visit Lataji at her home daily at 6 pm . Majrooh used to first taste the food and then allow Lata to eat . He used to recite poems and stories to keep Lata in good humour . On 27 January 1963 , against the backdrop of the Sino - Indian War , Mangeshkar sang the patriotic song `` Aye Mere Watan Ke Logo '' ( literally , `` Oh , People of My Country '' ) in the presence of Jawaharlal Nehru , then the Prime Minister of India . The song , composed by C. Ramchandra and written by Kavi Pradeep , is said to have brought the Prime Minister to tears . In 1963 , Mangeshkar returned to collaboration with S.D. Burman . She also sang for R.D. Burman 's very first film Chhote Nawaab and later for his films such as Bhoot Bangla ( 1965 ) , Pati Patni ( 1966 ) , Baharon ke Sapne ( 1967 ) and Abhilasha ( 1969 ) . She also recorded several popular songs for S.D. Burman , including `` Aaj Phir Jeene Ki Tamanna Hai '' , `` Gata Rahe Mera Dil '' ( duet with Kishore Kumar ) and `` Piya Tose '' from Guide ( 1965 ) , and `` Hothon Pe Aisi Baat '' from Jewel Thief ( 1967 ) . During the 1960s , Lata Mangeshkar continued her association with Madan Mohan , which included the songs `` Aap Ki Nazron Ne Samjha '' from Anpadh ( 1962 ) , `` Lag Ja Gale '' and `` Naina Barse Rim Jhim '' from Woh Kaun Thi ? ( 1964 ) , `` Woh Chup Rahen To '' from Jahan Ara ( 1964 ) , `` Tu Jahan Jahan Chalega '' from Mera Saaya ( 1966 ) and `` Teri Aankho Ke Siva '' from Chirag ( 1969 ) , and she had a continuing association with the maestros Shankar Jaikishan , who got her to sing in various genres in the ' 60s . The 1960s also witnessed the beginning of Mangeshkar 's association with Laxmikant - Pyarelal , the music directors for whom she sang the most popular songs in her career . Starting in 1963 , Laxmikant - Pyarelal 's association with Lata Mangeshkar grew stronger over the years . Lata Mangeshkar sang over 700 songs for the composer duo over a period of 35 long years , most of which became huge hits . She sang for Parasmani ( 1963 ) , Mr. X in Bombay ( 1964 ) , Aaye Din Bahar Ke ( 1966 ) , Milan ( 1967 ) , Anita ( 1967 ) , Shagird ( 1968 ) , Mere Hamdam Mere Dost ( 1968 ) , Intaquam ( 1969 ) , Do Raaste ( 1969 ) and Jeene Ki Raah , for which she got her third Filmfare Award . She also sang several playback songs for Marathi films , composed by Marathi music directors including Hridaynath Mangeshkar , Vasant Prabhu , Srinivas Khale , Sudhir Phadke and herself ( under the name Anandghan ) . During the 1960s and 1970s , she also sang several Bengali songs , composed by music directors like Salil Chowdhury and Hemant Kumar . She also made her Kannada debut in 1967 for the film Krantiveera Sangolli Rayanna by recording two songs for the music director Lakshman Berlekar . The song `` Bellane Belagayithu '' was well received and appreciated . In this period Lata Mangeshkar has recorded duets with Mukesh , Manna Dey , Mahendra Kapoor , Mohammed Rafi , and Kishore Kumar . For a brief period during the 1960s , she was not on good terms with Mohammed Rafi over the issue of royalty payments to singers . Mangeshkar wanted Rafi to back her in demanding a half - share from the five percent song royalty that the film 's producer conceded to select composers . But Rafi took a diametrically opposite view , and believed that a playback singer 's claim on the filmmaker ended with the payment of the agreed fee for the song . This led to tensions between the two . After an argument during the recording of the song Tasveer Teri Dil Mein ( Maya , 1961 ) , the two refused to sing with each other . The music director Jaikishan later negotiated a reconciliation between the two . 1970s ( edit ) In 1972 , Meena Kumari 's last film , Pakeezah , was released . It featured popular songs including `` Chalte Chalte '' and `` Inhi Logon Ne '' , sung by Lata Mangeshkar , and composed by Ghulam Mohammed . She recorded many popular songs for S.D. Burman 's last films , including `` Rangeela Re '' from Prem Pujari ( 1970 ) , `` Khilte Hain Gul Yahaan '' from Sharmeelee ( 1971 ) , and `` Piya Bina '' from Abhimaan ( 1973 ) . She recorded many popular songs for Madan Mohan 's last films , including Dastak ( 1970 ) , Heer Raanjha ( 1970 ) , Dil Ki Rahen ( 1973 ) , Hindustan Ki Kasam ( 1973 ) , Hanste Zakhm ( 1973 ) , Mausam ( 1975 ) and Laila Majnu ( 1976 ) . Lata Mangeshkar 's most notable songs in the 1970s were composed by Laxmikant - Pyarelal ( Laxmi - Pyare ) and Rahul Dev Burman . She recorded several songs composed by Laxmi - Pyare in the 1960s and 1970s , many of them written by the lyricist Anand Bakshi . She also recorded many hit songs with Rahul Dev Burman in the films Amar Prem ( 1972 ) , Caravan ( 1971 ) , Kati Patang ( 1971 ) , and Aandhi ( 1975 ) . The two are noted for their songs with the lyricists Majrooh Sultanpuri , Anand Bakshi and Gulzar . In 1973 , she won the National Film Award for Best Female Playback Singer for the song `` Beeti Na Bitai '' from the film Parichay , composed by R.D. Burman , and written by Gulzar . In 1974 , she sang her only Malayalam song `` Kadali Chenkadali '' for the film Nellu , composed by Salil Chowdhury , and written by Vayalar Ramavarma . In 1975 , she again won the national award , this time for the song `` Roothe Roothe Piya '' from the film Kora Kagaz , composed by Kalyanji Anandji . From the 1970s onwards , Lata Mangeshkar has also staged many concerts in India and abroad , including several charity concerts . Her first concert overseas was at the Royal Albert Hall , London , in 1974 and was the first Indian to do so . She also released an album of Mirabai 's bhajans , `` Chala Vaahi Des '' , composed by her brother Hridaynath Mangeshkar . Some of the bhajans in the album include `` Saanware Rang Raachi '' and `` Ud Jaa Re Kaaga '' . In the early 1970s , she released other non-film albums , such as her collection of Ghalib ghazals , an album of Marathi folk songs ( koli - geete ) , an album of Ganesh aartis ( all composed by her brother Hridaynath ) and an album of `` abhangs '' of Sant Tukaram composed by Shrinivas Khale . In the 1978 Raj Kapoor directed Satyam Shivam Sundaram , Lata Mangeshkar lends her voice to the main theme song `` Satyam Shivam Sundaram '' , which was among the chart - toppers of the year . The story of being inspired by Lata Mangeshkar is revealed by Raj Kapoor 's daughter Ritu Nanda in her latest book . I visualised the story of a man falling for a woman with an ordinary countenance but a golden voice and wanted to cast Lata Mangeshkar in the role . The book quotes Raj Kapoor as saying . In the late 1970s and early 1980s , she worked with the children of composers she had earlier worked with . Some of these composers included Rahul Dev Burman ( son of Sachin Dev Burman ) , Rajesh Roshan ( son of Roshan ) , Anu Malik ( son of Sardar Malik ) , and Anand - Milind ( sons of Chitragupt ) . She also sang many songs in the Assamese language and had a very good relationship with Dadasaheb Phalke award winner singing legend , the Late Bhupen Hazarika . She sang many songs under his guidance , and in Rudaali the song `` Dil hoom hoom kare '' made the highest record sales that year . 1980s ( edit ) From the 1980s onwards , Lata Mangeshkar worked with music directors including Shiv - Hari in Silsila ( 1981 ) , Faasle ( 1985 ) , Vijay ( 1988 ) and Chandni ( 1989 ) ; and with Ram Laxman in Ustadi Ustad Se ( 1981 ) , Bezubaan ( 1982 ) , Woh Jo Hasina ( 1983 ) , Ye Kesa Farz ( 1985 ) and Maine Pyar Kiya ( 1989 ) , which was a musical hit . She sang for various big projects including Ek duuje ke liye , Silsila , Karz , Prem Rog , Pyar Jhukta Nahi , Ram teri ganga maili , Hero , Nagina , Chandni and Ram Lakhan . Her song `` Zu Zu Zu '' from Sanjog was a chartbuster in 1985 . In 1988 , Mangeshkar made a comeback to Tamil films with two back - to - back renditions `` Aaraaro Aaraaro '' and `` Valai Osai '' for composer Ilayaraja 's compositions for the films Aanand and Sathya respectively . Laxmikant Pyarelal were the kings when it came to churning out hits . In the 1980s , they had Lata croon their biggest hits -- `` Sheesha Ho Ya Dil Ho '' in Asha ( 1980 ) , `` Tu Kitne Baras Ka '' in Karz ( 1980 ) , `` Kitna Aasan Hai '' in Dostana ( 1980 ) , `` Hum Ko Bhi Gham '' in Aas Paas ( 1980 ) , `` Mere Naseeb Mein '' in Naseeb ( 1980 ) , `` Zindagi Ki Na Toote '' in Kranti ( 1981 ) , `` Solah Baras Ki '' in Ek Duuje Ke Liye ( 1981 ) , `` Ye Galiyan Ye Chaubara '' in Prem Rog ( 1982 ) , `` Likhnewale Ne Likh Dale '' in Arpan ( 1983 ) , which was once extremely popular on Chitrahar on DD , `` Din Maheene Saal '' in Avtaar ( 1983 ) , which revived Rajesh Khanna 's career after an endless series of flops , `` Pyar Karnewale '' and `` Nindiya Se Jagi '' in Hero ( 1983 ) , `` Zu Zu Zu '' in Sanjog ( 1985 ) , `` Zindagi Har Qadam '' in Meri Jung ( 1985 ) , `` Baith Mere Paas '' in Yaadon Ki Kasam ( 1985 ) , `` Ungli Mein Anghoti '' in Ram Avtar ( 1988 ) and `` O Ramji Tere Lakhan Ne '' in Ram Lakhan ( 1989 ) . Rahul Dev Burman continued to use Lata for melodious compositions . Some of the best Rahul Dev Burman compositions for Lata in these years include `` Aaja Sar - e-Bazaar '' in Alibaba Aur Chalis Chor ( 1980 ) , `` Bindiya Tarase '' in Phir Wohi Raat ( 1981 ) , `` Thodi Si Zameen '' in Sitara ( 1981 ) , `` Kya Yahi Pyar Hai '' in Rocky ( 1981 ) , `` Dekho Maine Dekha '' in Love Story ( 1981 ) , `` Tune O Rangeele '' in Kudrat ( 1981 ) , `` Jaane Kaise Kab '' in Shakti ( 1982 ) , `` Jab Hum Jawan Honge '' in Betaab ( 1983 ) , which became instantly popular , `` Humein Aur Jeene '' in Agar Tum Na Hote ( 1983 ) , `` Tujhse Naraaz Nahin '' in Masoom ( 1983 ) , `` Kahin Na Ja '' and `` Jeevan Ke Din '' in Bade Dil Wala ( 1983 ) , `` Jaane Kya Baat '' in Sunny ( 1984 ) , `` Bhuri Bhuri Aankhon '' in Arjun ( 1985 ) , `` Sagar Kinare '' in Sagar ( 1985 ) , `` Din Pyar Ke Aayenge '' in Savere Wali Gaadi ( 1986 ) . `` Kya Bhala Hai Kya '' , `` Khamosh Sa Afsana '' and `` Seeli Hawa Chhoo '' in Libas ( 1988 ) . Rajesh Roshan 's collaboration with Dev Anand in Lootmaar and Man Pasand resulted in songs such as `` Paas Ho Tum Magar Qareeb '' and `` Sumansudha Rajni Chandha '' respectively . Lata had duets with Rafi such as `` Mujhe Chhoo Rahi Hain '' in Swayamwar ( 1980 ) , `` Kabhi Kabhi Bezubaan '' in Johnny I Love You ( 1982 ) , `` Tujh Sang Preet '' in Kaamchor ( 1982 ) , `` Angrezi Mein Khete Hai '' in Khud - Daar ( 1982 ) , `` Ankhiyo Hi Ankhiyo Mein '' in Nishaan ( 1983 ) , `` Dushman Na Kare '' in Aakhir Kyun ? ( 1985 ) and `` Wada Na Tod '' in Dil Tujhko Diya ( 1987 ) , later featured in the soundtrack of the 2004 film Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind . Bappi Lahiri was yet to launch a full - fledged assault on the ears of the listeners with his bizarre compositions for Jitendra - Sridevi - Jaya Prada films from the south and the disco - influenced songs , and composed some really good songs for Lata such as `` Dooriyan Sab Mita Do '' in Saboot ( 1980 ) , `` Baithe Baithe Aaj Aayi '' in Patita ( 1980 ) , `` Jaane Kyun Mujhe '' in Agreement ( 1980 ) , `` Thoda Resham Lagta Hai '' in Jyoti ( 1981 ) , `` Dard Ki Ragini '' in Pyaas ( 1982 ) , and `` Naino Mein Sapna '' ( duet with Kishore Kumar ) in Himmatwala ( 1983 ) . Khayyam also continues work with Lata Mangeshkar during the 80s and gave some big hits such as `` Hazaar Rahein Mud '' ( duet with Kishore Kumar ) in Thodisi Bewafai ( 1980 ) , `` Simti Huyi '' from Chambal Ki Kasam ( 1980 ) , `` Na Jane Kya Hua '' in Dard ( 1981 ) , Nakhuda ( 1981 ) some above average Lata - Nitin Mukesh duets such as `` Tumhari Palkon Ki '' , `` Chandni Raat Mein '' in `` Dil - e-Nadaan ( 1982 ) , `` Dikhayi Diye '' in Bazaar ( 1982 ) , `` Chaand Ke Paas '' in Aye Dil - e-Nadaan ( 1982 ) , `` Bhar Lein Tumhe '' and `` Aaja Nindiya Aaja '' from Lorie ( 1984 ) and `` Kiran Kiran Mein Shokhiyan '' in Ek Naya Rishta ( 1988 ) . In June 1985 , the United Way of Greater Toronto invited Lata Mangeshkar to perform at Maple Leaf Gardens . She filled 12,000 seats , raising $150,000 for the charity . On the request of Anne murray Lata sings her song You Needed Me in the concert . During the 80s , Lata gave some big hits such as `` Sun Sahiba Sun '' in Ram Teri Ganga Meli Hogayi ( 1985 ) , ( for Ravindra Jain ) , `` Chand Apna Safar '' in Shama ( 1981 ) , `` Shayad Meri Shaadi '' and `` Zindagi Pyar Ka '' in Souten ( 1983 ) , `` Hum Bhool Gaye Re '' in Souten Ki Beti ( 1989 ) for Usha Khanna , which was probably the biggest hit of her career . Hridaynath Mangeshkar had `` Kale Kale Gehre Saye '' in Chakra ( 1981 ) , `` Ye Ankhen Dekh Kar '' , which had a slight Khaiyyam touch and `` Kuchh Log Mohabbat Ko '' in Dhanwan ( 1981 ) , `` Mujhe Tum Yaad Karna '' in Mashaal ( 1984 ) , `` Jaane Do Mujhe '' in Shahenshah ( 1989 ) for Amar - Utpal , `` Sajan Mera Us Paar '' in Ganga Jamuna Saraswati ( 1988 ) and `` Mere Pyar Ki Umar '' in Waaris ( 1989 ) for Uttam Jagdish . 1990s onwards ( edit ) During the 1990s , she recorded with music directors including Anand - Milind , Nadeem - Shravan , Jatin Lalit , Dilip Sen - Sameer Sen , Uttam Singh , Anu Malik , Aadesh Shrivastava and A.R. Rahman . She recorded some non-film songs , including ghazals with Jagjit Singh . She has also sung with S.P. Balasubrahmanyam , Udit Narayan , Hariharan , Kumar Sanu , Suresh Wadkar , Mohammed Aziz , Abhijeet Bhattacharya , Roop Kumar Rathod , Vinod Rathod , Gurdas Maan and Sonu Nigam . In 1990 , Mangeshkar launched her own production house for Hindi movies which produced the Gulzar - directed movie Lekin ... She won her third National Film Award for Best Female Playback Singer for her rendition of the song `` Yaara Sili Sili '' from the film , which was composed by her brother Hridaynath . Mangeshkar has sung for almost all the Yash Chopra films and films from his production house Yash Raj Films at that time , including Chandni ( 1989 ) , Lamhe ( 1991 ) , Darr ( 1993 ) , Yeh Dillagi ( 1994 ) , Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge ( 1995 ) , Dil To Pagal Hai ( 1997 ) and later on Mohabbatein ( 2000 ) , Mujhse Dosti Karoge ! ( 2002 ) and Veer - Zaara ( 2004 ) . During 1990 , Mangeshkar records with Ram Laxman in Patthar Ke Phool ( 1991 ) , 100 Days ( 1991 ) , Mehboob Mere Mehboob ( 1992 ) , Saatwan Aasman ( 1992 ) , I Love You ( 1992 film ) ( 1992 ) , Dil Ki Baazi ( 1993 ) , Antim Nyay ( 1993 ) , The Melody of Love ( 1993 ) , The Law ( 1994 ) , Hum Aapke Hain Koun ... ! ( 1994 ) , Megha ( 1996 ) , Lav Kush ( 1997 ) , Manchala ( 1999 ) , and Dulhan Banoo Main Teri ( 1999 ) . A.R. Rahman recorded a few songs with Mangeshkar during this period , including `` Jiya Jale '' in ( Dil Se ... ) , `` Khamoshiyan Gungunane Lagin '' in ( One 2 Ka 4 ) , `` Ek Tu Hi Bharosa '' in ( Pukar ) , `` Pyaara Sa Gaon '' in ( Zubeidaa ) , `` So Gaye Hain '' in ( Zubeidaa ) , `` Lukka chuppi '' in ( Rang De Basanti ) , `` O Paalanhaare '' in ( Lagaan ) and Laadli in ( Raunaq : Conversation of Music and Poetry ) ) . She made an appearance in the film Pukar singing this song . In 1994 , Lata Mangeshkar released Shraddanjali - My Tribute To The Immortals . The special feature of the album is that Lata offer her tributes to immortal singers of the time by rendering a few of their songs in her own voice . There are songs of K.L. Saigal , Rafi , Hemant Kumar , Mukesh , Punkaj Mallick , Kishore Kumar , Geeta dutt , Zohrabai , Amirbai , Parul Ghosh and Kanan Devi . Mangeshkar sang both Rahul Dev Burman 's first and last songs . In 1994 , she sang the last song ; `` Kuch Na Kaho '' for Rahul Dev Burman in 1942 : A Love Story . In 1999 , Lata Eau de Parfum , a perfume brand named after her , was launched . In 1999 , Mangeshkar was nominated as a member of Rajya Sabha . However , she did not attend the Rajya Sabha sessions regularly , inviting criticism from several members of the House , including the Deputy Chairperson Najma Heptullah , Pranab Mukherjee and Shabana Azmi . She stated the reason for her absence as ill - health ; it was also reported that she had not taken a salary , allowance or a house in Delhi for being a Member of Parliament . In 2001 , Lata Mangeshkar was awarded Bharat Ratna , India 's highest civilian honor . In the same year , she established the Master Deenanath Mangeshkar Hospital in Pune , managed by the Lata Mangeshkar Medical Foundation ( founded by the Mangeshkar family in October 1989 ) . In 2005 , she designed a jewellery collection called Swaranjali , which was crafted by Adora , an Indian diamond export company . Five pieces from the collection raised £ 105,000 at a Christie 's auction , and a part of the money was donated for the 2005 Kashmir earthquake relief . Also in 2001 , she recorded her first Hindi song with the composer Ilaiyaraaja , for the film Lajja ; she had earlier recorded Tamil and Telugu songs composed by Ilaiyaraaja . Lata Mangeshkar 's song `` Wada Na Tod '' is in the film Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind ( 2004 ) , and on the film 's soundtrack . On 21 June 2007 , she released the album Saadgi , featuring eight ghazal - like songs written by Javed Akhtar and composed by Mayuresh Pai . On 12 April 2011 , she released another album Sarhadein : Music Beyond Boundaries . The album has a rare duet ; `` Tera Milna Bara Acha Lage '' by Lata Mangeshkar and Mehdi Hasan ( written by Pakistan 's Farhat Shahzad ) . The album features Usha Mangeshkar , Suresh Wadkar , Hariharan , Sonu Nigam , Rekha Bhardwaj and another Pakistani singer , Ghulam Ali . After 14 years , Lata Mangeshkar recorded a song for composer Nadeem - Shravan ; `` Kese Piya Sai Mein Kaho '' for Bewafaa ( 2005 ) . After `` Kitne Ajeeb Rishte Hain Yahan Par '' for Page 3 ( 2005 ) and `` Daata Sun Le '' for Jail ( 2009 ) , Shamir Tandon once again recorded a song with Lata Mangeshkar ; `` Tere Hasne Sai Mujheko '' for the film Satrangee Parachute ( 2011 ) . After a hiatus , Lata Mangeshkar is back in playback singing and recorded a song `` Jeena kya hai , jaana maine '' for the sequel of Kapil Sharma 's queer love story Dunno Y ... Na Jaane Kyun at her own studio . On 28 November 2012 , Lata Mangeshkar launched her own music label , LM Music , with an album of bhajans , Swami Samarth Maha Mantra , composed by Mayuresh Pai . She sang with younger sister Usha on the album . In 2014 , she recorded Shurodhwani ( Bengali songs , including poetry by Salil Chowdhury ) , also composed by Pai . Overall collaboration ( edit ) From the 1940s to the 1970s , Mangeshkar sang duets with Asha Bhosle , Suraiya , Usha Mangeshkar , Mohammed Rafi , Kishore Kumar , Mukesh , Manna Dey , Hemant Kumar , and Mahendra Kapoor . In 1964 , she sang `` Chanda Se Hoga '' with P.B. Sreenivas from Main Bhi Ladki Hoon . Mukesh died in 1976 . The 1980s saw the deaths of Mohammed Rafi and Kishore Kumar . Mangeshkar 's last duets with Kishore Kumar were during the 1980s ; she continued to sing with Shabbir Kumar , Shailendra Singh , Nitin Mukesh ( Mukesh 's son ) , Manhar Udhas , Amit Kumar ( Kishore Kumar 's son ) , Mohammed Aziz , Vinod Rathod , and S.P. Balasubrahmanyam . In the 1990s , Mangeshkar began singing duets with Pankaj Udhas , Mohammed Aziz , Abhijeet Bhattacharya , Udit Narayan , Kumar Sanu , and Suresh Wadkar . Her most notable work of the 90s was Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge with songs such as `` Mere Khwabon Mein Jo Aaye '' , `` Ho Gaya Hai Tujhko To Pyaar Sajna '' , `` Tujhe Dekha To Yeh Janam Sanam '' , and `` Mehdni Laga Ke Rakhna '' . In the 2000s , Mangeshkar 's duets were mainly with Udit Narayan and Sonu Nigam. 2005 - 06 were the years of her last well - known songs : `` Kaise Piya Se '' from Bewafa and `` Shayad Yehi To Pyaar Hai '' from Lucky : No Time For Love , with Adnan Sami and `` Lukka Chhupi '' in Rang De Basanti ( 2006 film ) with A.R. Rahman . She sang `` Ek Tu Hi Bharosa '' from Pukar . Other notable songs of this decade were from Veer - Zaara , sung with Udit Narayan , Sonu Nigam , Jagjit Singh , Roop Kumar Rathod , and Gurdas Mann . One of her latest songs was `` Jeena Hai Kya '' from Dunno Y2 ( 2014 ) . Non-singing career ( edit ) Music direction ( edit ) Lata Mangeshkar composed music for the first time in 1955 for the Marathi movie Ram Ram Pavhane . Later in the 1960s , she composed music for following Marathi movies under the pseudonym of Anand Ghan . 1960 - Ram Ram Pavhana 1963 - Maratha Tituka Melvava 1963 - Mohityanchi Manjula 1965 - Sadhi Manase 1969 - Tambadi Mati She won Maharashtra State Government 's Best Music Director Award for the film Sadhi Manase . The song `` Airanichya Deva Tula '' from the same film received best song award . Production ( edit ) Lata Mangeshkar has produced four films : 1953 - Vaadal ( Marathi ) 1953 - Jhaanjhar ( Hindi ) , co-produced with C. Ramchandra 1955 - Kanchan ( Hindi ) 1990 - Lekin ... ( Hindi ) Awards and recognitions ( edit ) Main article : List of awards received by Lata Mangeshkar Mangeshkar at the Dinanath Mangeshkar Awards announcement in 2013 Lata Mangeshkar has won several awards and honours , including Bharat Ratna ( India 's Highest Civilian Award ) , Padma Bhushan ( 1969 ) , Padma Vibhushan ( 1999 ) , Dadasaheb Phalke Award ( 1989 ) , Maharashtra Bhushan Award ( 1997 ) , NTR National Award ( 1999 ) , Bharat Ratna ( 2001 ) , ANR National Award ( 2009 ) , three National Film Awards and 12 Bengal Film Journalists ' Association Awards . She has also won four Filmfare Best Female Playback Awards . In 1969 , she made the unusual gesture of giving up the Filmfare Best Female Playback Award , in order to promote fresh talent . She was later awarded Filmfare Lifetime Achievement Award in 1993 . In 1984 , the State Government of Madhya Pradesh instituted the Lata Mangeshkar Award in honour of Lata Mangeshkar . The State Government of Maharashtra also instituted a Lata Mangeshkar Award in 1992 . Guinness controversy ( edit ) In 1974 , The Guinness Book of Records listed Lata Mangeshkar as the most recorded artist in the history , stating that she had reportedly recorded `` not less than 25,000 solo , duet and chorus backed songs in 20 Indian languages '' between 1948 and 1974 . Her record was contested by Mohammad Rafi , who was claimed to have sung around 28,000 songs . After Rafi 's death , in its 1984 edition , the Guinness Book of World Records stated Lata Mangeshkar 's name for the `` Most Recordings '' , but also stated Rafi 's claim . The later editions of Guinness Book stated that Lata Mangeshkar had sung no fewer than 30,000 songs between 1948 and 1987 . The entry was discontinued by Guinness editions in 1991 without explanation , while several sources continued to claim that she recorded thousands of songs , with estimates ranging up to figures as large as 50,000 . However , even the earliest Guinness claim of 25,000 songs ( between 1948 -- 1974 ) was disputed and claimed to have been exaggerated by several others , stating that the number of songs sung by Lata Mangeshkar in Hindi films till 1991 was found to be 5025 . Mangeshkar herself has stated that she does not keep a record of the number of songs recorded by her , and that she did not know from where Guinness Book editors got their information . In 2011 , the entry was revived by Guinness crediting the record to her sister Asha Bhosle as the most recorded artist in music history , `` for recording up to 11,000 solo , duet and chorus - backed songs and in over 20 Indian languages since 1947 '' . See also ( edit ) Bollywood portal The Greatest Indian List of Indian playback singers List of songs by Lata Mangeshkar Playback singer Bollywood songs Asha Bhosle Mangeshkar Family References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Lata Mangeshkar wo n't celebrate 87th birthday , says ' jo shahid hue hai unki yaad karo kurbani ' ( ' remember the victims and their sacrifice ' ) '' . The Indian Express . 28 September 2016 . Retrieved 28 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lata Mangeshkar '' . The Times of India . 10 December 2002 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 22 . Jump up ^ Yasmeen , Afshan ( 21 September 2004 ) . `` Music show to celebrate birthday of melody queen '' . Chennai , Tamil Nadu India : The Hindu . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 19 . Jump up ^ Lata Mangeshkar given Bharat Ratna The Hindu Jump up ^ Ania Loomba ; Ritty A. Lukose ( 5 March 2012 ) . South Asian Feminisms . Duke University Press . p. 270 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8223 - 5179 - 5 . Retrieved 26 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Khubchandani , Lata ( 2003 ) . Gulzar , Govind Nihalani , Saibal Chatterjee , eds . Encyclopaedia of Hindi Cinema . Popular Prakashan . pp. 486 -- 487 . ISBN 81 - 7991 - 066 - 0 . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Biographies of Maestros '' . Swaramandakini.com . Retrieved 5 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 5 unknown facts about Lata Mangeshkar '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 5 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Who is Lata Mangeshkar 's Godfather ? glamsham.com website 27 September 2013 http://www.glamsham.com/movies/scoops/13/sep/27-news-who-is-lata-mangeshkars-godfather-0913012.asp Jump up ^ Bharatan , Raju ( 1995 ) . Lata Mangeshkar : A Biography . UBS Publishers Distributors . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7476 - 023 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lata Mangeshkar -- the living legend -- Part I '' . DailyTimes . Archived from the original on 10 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lata Mangeshkar -- the living legend -- Part X '' . DailyTimes . Archived from the original on 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lata Mangeshkar -- the living legend -- XXIII '' . DailyTimes . Archived from the original on 17 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Unknown facts about Lata Mangeshkar : When the singer was given slow poison ! '' . India TV News . Jump up ^ `` Kavi Pradeep , master of the patriotic song , dies at 84 '' . Rediff.com. 11 December 1998 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Madan Mohan & Lata made each other famous The Indian Sub-continent Times '' . Theistimes.com . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Lata Mangeshkar ... twenty years ago -- The Times of India '' . The Times Of India . Jump up ^ Raju Bharatan ( 23 August 2006 ) . `` How fair were they to Mohammed Rafi ? : Page 3 '' . Rediff.com . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 28 . Jump up ^ Raju Bharatan ( 21 August 2006 ) . `` How fair were they to Mohammed Rafi ? : Page 4 '' . Rediff.com . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 28 . Jump up ^ Dhamini Ratnam ( 22 November 2012 ) . `` Voice from the past ( interview with Yasmin Rafi ) '' . Mumbai Mirror . Archived from the original on 18 October 2015 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` MADAN MOHAN ... The Musical Legend The Official Website of Madan Mohan '' . Madanmohan.in . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` 5 unknown facts about Lata Mangeshkar '' . The Times of India . 28 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Milestones in the life of melody queen Lata Mangeshkar . '' Hindustan Times ( New Delhi , India ) . 2008 . HighBeam Research . ( November 5 , 2015 ) . http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-1562587031.html -- via Highbeam ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ `` Raj Kapoor : The face behind the star '' . Hindustan Times . Archived from the original on 17 September 2013 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Lata Mangeshkar and Ram - Laxman are back together '' . IMDb . Retrieved 8 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lata Mangeshkar -- the living legend -- Part X '' . DailyTimes . Archived from the original on 22 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lata Mangeshkar -- the living legend -- Part X '' . DailyTimes . Archived from the original on 22 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lata Mangeshkar -- the living legend Part IX to XII '' . apnaorg.com . Jump up ^ `` Khayyam Speaks On Lata '' . cinemasangeet.com . Jump up ^ `` The Montreal Gazette -- Google News Archive Search '' . news.google.com . Jump up ^ Martin , Douglas ( 12 October 1985 ) . `` No Headline '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Aditya Pant . `` Khwaahish - e-Parwaaz '' . Khwaahish - e-Parwaaz . Jump up ^ `` When Lata Mangeshkar took 3 - and - a-half months to record for AR Rahman '' . India Today . Jump up ^ Jayasankaran S.V. ( 2011 - 06 - 12 ) . `` Jay 'S World Of Music : Lata Mangeshkar - Her Favourite Songs '' . Jaysworldofmusic.blogspot.com . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ Jha , Subhash K ( 2010 - 06 - 27 ) . `` ' I knew him from the time he ran around in shorts ' '' . Mid-day.com . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ Suparn Verma ( 3 November 1999 ) . `` A perfume called Lata '' . Rediff.com . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Nominated Members of the Rajya Sabha '' . Rajya Sabha Secretariat , Government of India . Archived from the original on 27 September 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : Viral Bhayani ( 29 November 2002 ) . `` Unequal music '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Straight Answers '' . The Times of India . 2 March 2003 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Leave me alone , says Lata '' . The Times of India . 5 March 2003 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Lata Mangeshkar 's jewellery collection raises quake relief funds '' . 28 November 2005 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Lata Mangeshkar launches new album ' Saadgi ' '' . Daily News & Analysis . 21 June 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Lata Mangeshkar , Nevaan Nigam steal Sarhadein show '' . Indian Express . 2011 - 04 - 22 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Lata records song with Nadeem -- Rediff.com Movies '' . Rediff.com. 2003 - 01 - 03 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Lata records for Satrangee Parachute '' . Indian Express . 2010 - 12 - 17 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Lata is back in playback '' . Mumbai Mirror. 2014 - 05 - 19 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Lata Mangeshkar launches music label with ' bhajan ' album Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis '' . Dnaindia.com. 2012 - 11 - 28 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` BFI , Lata Mangeshkar '' . Jump up ^ `` Music director , Lata Mangeshkar - Times of India '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Padma Awards '' ( PDF ) . Ministry of Home Affairs , Government of India . 2015 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 15 November 2014 . Retrieved July 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Stage set for felicitation of Lata with Maharashtra Bhushan award '' . The Indian Express . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ Raju Bharatan ( 23 August 2006 ) . `` How fair were they to Mohammad Rafi ? : Page 7 '' . Rediff.com . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 28 . Jump up ^ Raju Bharatan ( 23 August 2006 ) . `` How fair were they to Mohammed Rafi ? : Page 6 '' . Rediff.com . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 28 . Jump up ^ Puri , Amit ( 24 February 2003 ) . `` Dedicated to Queen of Melody '' . The Tribune , Chandigarh . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ Chopra , Yash ( 28 September 2004 ) . `` The nightingale of India turns 75 '' . BBC News . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Melody Queen Lata rings in 75th birthday quietly '' . The Tribune , Chandigarh. 29 September 2004 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 13 . Jump up ^ Nerurkar , Vishwas . Lata Mangeshkar Gandhar Swaryatra ( 1945 - 1989 ) ( in Hindi ) . Mumbai : Vasanti P. Nerukar . Jump up ^ Broughton , Simon ; Mark Ellingham ; Richard Trillo ( 2000 ) . World music : The Rough Guide . Rough Guides . p. 106 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85828 - 636 - 5 . Jump up ^ Richard Corliss ( 12 August 2003 ) . `` Bollywood : Frequently Questioned answers '' . Time . Jump up ^ Neepa Majumdar ( 25 September 2009 ) . Wanted cultured ladies only ! : female stardom and cinema in India , 1930s - 1950s . University of Illinois Press . pp. 232 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 252 - 07628 - 2 . Retrieved 6 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Bhatt , Punita . `` A controversy in the making '' . Filmfare magazine . 1 -- 15 June 1987 . Jump up ^ Banerjee , Soumyadipta ( 22 October 2011 ) . `` It 's a world record for Asha Bhosle '' . DNA India . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 23 . Further reading ( edit ) Bichu , Dr. Mandar ( 2011 ) . Lata -- Voice of the Golden Era . Popular Prakashan . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7991 - 625 - 4 . Bhimani , Harish ( 1995 ) . In search of Lata Mangeshkar . Indus . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7223 - 170 - 5 . Bharatan , Raju ( 1995 ) . Lata Mangeshkar : A Biography . UBS Publishers Distributors . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7476 - 023 - 4 . Kabir , Nasreen Munni ( 2009 ) . Lata Mangeshkar : In Her Own Voice . Niyogi Books . ISBN 978 - 81 - 89738 - 41 - 9 . Lata , Mangeshkar ( 1995 ) . Madhuvanti Sapre ; Dinkar Gangal , eds . In search of Lata Mangeshkar ( in Marathi ) . Harper Collins / Indus . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7223 - 170 - 5 ... A collection of articles written by Lata Mangeshkar since 1952 . Nerurkar , Vishwas . Lata Mangeshkar Gandhar Swaryatra ( 1945 - 1989 ) ( in Hindi ) . Mumbai : Vasanti P. Nerukar ... Bichhu , Mandar V. ( 1996 ) . Gaaye Lata , Gaaye Lata ( in Hindi ) . Sharjah : Pallavi Prakashan . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7223 - 170 - 5 ... A collection of articles written by Lata Mangeshkar since 1952 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lata Mangeshkar . Lata Mangeshkar on IMDb Lata Mangeshkar Singles `` Aa Jaane Jaan '' ( 1969 ) `` Aye Mere Watan Ke Logo '' ( 1963 ) `` Buddha Mil Gaya '' ( 1964 ) `` Chadti Jawani Meri Chaal Mastani '' ( 1971 ) `` Didi Tera Devar Deewana '' ( 1994 ) `` Dil To Hai Dil '' ( 1978 ) `` Kabhi Kabhie Mere Dil Mein '' ( 1976 ) `` Kesariya Balam '' `` Kuchh Na Kaho '' `` Main Naahin Maakhan Khaayo '' `` Mile Sur Mera Tumhara '' `` Pyar Kiya To Darna Kya '' ( 1960 ) `` Saagara Pran Talamalala '' People Deenanath Mangeshkar ( father ) Hridaynath Mangeshkar ( brother ) Meena Khadikar ( sister ) Asha Bhosle ( sister ) Usha Mangeshkar ( sister ) Other List of songs by Lata Mangeshkar Mangeshkar Family 1st generation Deenanath Mangeshkar 2nd generation Lata Mangeshkar Asha Bhosle Usha Mangeshkar Meena Khadikar Hridaynath Mangeshkar 3rd generation Hemant Bhosle Varsha Bhosle Anand Bhosle Aadinath Mangeshkar Vaijnath Mangeshkar Radha Mangeshkar Yogesh Khadikar 4th generation Chaitanya Bhosle Awards for Lata Mangeshkar Bharat Ratna laureates 1954 -- 1960 C. Rajagopalachari , Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan , and C.V. Raman ( 1954 ) Bhagwan Das , Mokshagundam Visvesvarayya , and Jawaharlal Nehru ( 1955 ) Govind Ballabh Pant ( 1957 ) Dhondo Keshav Karve ( 1958 ) 1961 -- 1980 Bidhan Chandra Roy and Purushottam Das Tandon ( 1961 ) Rajendra Prasad ( 1962 ) Zakir Husain and Pandurang Vaman Kane ( 1963 ) Lal Bahadur Shastri ( 1966 ) Indira Gandhi ( 1971 ) V.V. Giri ( 1975 ) K. Kamaraj ( 1976 ) Mother Teresa ( 1980 ) 1981 -- 2000 Vinoba Bhave ( 1983 ) Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan ( 1987 ) M.G. Ramachandran ( 1988 ) B.R. Ambedkar and Nelson Mandela ( 1990 ) Rajiv Gandhi , Vallabhbhai Patel , and Morarji Desai ( 1991 ) Abul Kalam Azad , J.R.D. Tata , and Satyajit Ray ( 1992 ) Gulzarilal Nanda , Aruna Asaf Ali , and A.P.J. Abdul Kalam ( 1997 ) M.S. Subbulakshmi and Chidambaram Subramaniam ( 1998 ) Jayaprakash Narayan , Amartya Sen , Gopinath Bordoloi , and Ravi Shankar ( 1999 ) 2001 -- present Lata Mangeshkar and Bismillah Khan ( 2001 ) Bhimsen Joshi ( 2008 ) C.N.R. Rao and Sachin Tendulkar ( 2014 ) Madan Mohan Malaviya and Atal Bihari Vajpayee ( 2015 ) Padma Vibhushan award recipients Arts Ebrahim Alkazi Kishori Amonkar Amitabh Bachchan M. Balamuralikrishna T. Balasaraswati Asha Bhosle Nandalal Bose Hariprasad Chaurasia Girija Devi Kumar Gandharva Adoor Gopalakrishnan Satish Gujral Gangubai Hangal Bhupen Hazarika M.F. Husain Semmangudi Srinivasa Iyer Bhimsen Joshi Ali Akbar Khan Amjad Ali Khan Allauddin Khan Bismillah Khan Yamini Krishnamurthy Dilip Kumar R.K. Laxman Birju Maharaj Kishan Maharaj Lata Mangeshkar Sonal Mansingh Mallikarjun Mansur Zubin Mehta Mario Miranda Kelucharan Mohapatra Raghunath Mohapatra Jasraj Motiram Benode Behari Mukherjee Hrishikesh Mukherjee Rajinikanth Ram Narayan D.K. Pattammal K. Shankar Pillai Akkineni Nageswara Rao Kaloji Narayana Rao Satyajit Ray S.H. Raza Zohra Sehgal Uday Shankar Ravi Shankar V. Shantaram Shivkumar Sharma Umayalpuram K. Sivaraman M.S. Subbulakshmi K.G. Subramanyan Kapila Vatsyayan Homai Vyarawalla K.J. Yesudas Civil Service Bimala Prasad Chaliha Naresh Chandra T.N. Chaturvedi Jayanto Nath Chaudhuri Suranjan Das Rajeshwar Dayal Basanti Devi P.N. Dhar Jyotindra Nath Dixit M.S. Gill Hafiz Mohamad Ibrahim H.V.R. Iyengar Bhola Nath Jha Dattatraya Shridhar Joshi Ajudhia Nath Khosla Rai Krishnadasa V. Krishnamurthy P. Prabhakar Kumaramangalam Pratap Chandra Lal K.B. Lall Sam Manekshaw Om Prakash Mehra Mohan Sinha Mehta M.G.K. Menon Brajesh Mishra Sumati Morarjee A. Ramasamy Mudaliar Sardarilal Mathradas Nanda Chakravarthi V. Narasimhan Braj Kumar Nehru Bhairab Dutt Pande Ghananand Pande Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit T.V. Rajeswar C.R. Krishnaswamy Rao Pattadakal Venkanna R Rao V.K.R.V. 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Narasimham Prithvi Raj Singh Oberoi Azim Premji Prathap C. Reddy J.R.D. Tata Ratan Tata Portal WikiProject Padma Bhushan award recipients ( 1960 -- 1969 ) 1960 Rabindra Nath Chaudhuri Nilakantha Das Kazi Nazrul Islam Hafiz Ali Khan Bal Krishna Sharma Naveen Ayyadevara Kaleswara Rao Acharya Shivpujan Sahay Vithal Nagesh Shirodkar 1961 Rustomji Bomanji Billimoria Seth Govind Das Verrier Elwin Niranjan Das Gulhati L. Venkatakrishna Iyer Sumitranandan Pant Svetoslav Roerich Bhagwan Sahay Bindeshwari Prasad Verma Ardeshir Ruttonji Wadia 1962 Ramchandra Narayan Dandekar Prem Chandra Dhanda Asaf Ali Asghar Fyzee Bade Ghulam Ali Khan Daulat Singh Kothari Mithan Jamshed Lam Sisir Kumar Mitra Tarabai Modak Niaz Fatehpuri Narayan Sitaram Phadke V. Raghavan Dukhan Ram T.S. Soundram Mahankali Seetharama Rao Moturi Satyanarayana Sitaram Seksaria Tarlok Singh 1963 Makhanlal Chaturvedi Omeo Kumar Das Nitish Chandra Laharry Badri Nath Prasad Kanuri Lakshmana Rao Rahul Sankrityayan T.R. Seshadri Sardar Harnarain Singh Ramkumar Verma 1964 Sheikh Abdullah Nuruddin Ahmed Rafiuddin Ahmed Jacob Chandy Kunji Lal Dubey Tushar Kanti Ghosh Dara Nusserwanji Khurody Anukul Chandra Mukherjee Jnanendra Nath Mukherjee R.K. Narayan Chintaman Govind Pandit Tribhuvandas Kishibhai Patel Bal Gandharva T.N. Ramachandran Khushwant Lal Wig 1965 Joginder Singh Dhillon Bhalchandra Babaji Dikshit Narasinh Narayan Godbole Nawang Gombu Sonam Gyatso Kashmir Singh Katoch Akbar Ali Khan S.L. Kirloskar Mohan Singh Kohli Pratap Chandra Lal Mohammad Mujeeb Jayant Narlikar Ramaswamy Rajaram K.R. Ramanathan Satyajit Ray Triguna Sen Harbaksh Singh Vrindavan Lal Verma Manikya Lal Verma 1966 Puliyur Krishnaswamy Duraiswami Verghese Kurien Zubin Mehta K.P. Kesava Menon Mannathu Padmanabha Pillai K. Shankar Pillai Vikram Sarabhai Vinayak Sitaram Sarwate Homi Sethna Jodh Singh Haribhau Upadhyaya 1967 Mulk Raj Anand Tara Cherian Krishna Kanta Handique Akshay Kumar Jain Pupul Jayakar Ali Akbar Khan D.P. Kohli Ramanathan Krishnan C.K. Lakshmanan S.I. Padmavati D.C. Pavate Datto Vaman Potdar B. Shiva Rao Khwaja Ghulam Saiyidain Mihir Sen Ravi Shankar M.L. Vasanthakumari 1968 Acharya Vishva Bandhu Prabhu Lal Bhatnagar Mary Clubwala Jadhav K. Shivaram Karanth Bismillah Khan Vishnu Sakharam Khandekar Sam Manekshaw Mansukhlal Atmaram Master M.G.K. Menon Waman Bapuji Metre Gujarmal Modi Murugappa Channaveerappa Modi Benjamin Peary Pal Brahm Prakash Manikonda Chalapathi Rau C.R. Rao Radhanath Rath Mariadas Ruthnaswamy Firaq Gorakhpuri Shripad Damodar Satwalekar G. Sankara Kurup Periyasaamy Thooran Mamidipudi Venkatarangayya 1969 Tarasankar Bandyopadhyay Rahim - ud - in Khan Dagar Mohanlal Lallubhai Dantwala Keshavrao Krishnarao Datey Keshav Prasad Goenka Semmangudi Srinivasa Iyer Vithalbhai Jhaveri Prithviraj Kapoor Kesarbai Kerkar Krishna Kripalani Adinath Lahiri Gobind Behari Lal Kasturbhai Lalbhai Lata Mangeshkar V.K. Narayana Menon Saghar Nizami Nanasaheb Parulekar Yashwant Dinkar Pendharkar Vitthal Laxman Phadke Raja Rao Niharranjan Ray Prafulla Kumar Sen Haroon Khan Sherwani Naval Tata S.S. Vasan # Posthumous conferral 1954 -- 1959 1960 -- 1969 1970 -- 1979 1980 -- 1989 1990 -- 1999 2000 -- 2009 2010 -- 2019 Dadasaheb Phalke Award 1969 -- 1980 Devika Rani Chaudhuri Roerich ( 1969 ) B.N. Sircar ( 1970 ) Prithviraj Kapoor ( 1971 ) Pankaj Mullick ( 1972 ) Ruby Myers ( 1973 ) Bommireddy Narasimha Reddy ( 1974 ) Dhirendranath Ganguly ( 1975 ) Kanan Devi ( 1976 ) Nitin Bose ( 1977 ) Rai Chand Boral ( 1978 ) Sohrab Modi ( 1979 ) Paidi Jairaj ( 1980 ) 1981 -- 2000 Naushad ( 1981 ) L.V. Prasad ( 1982 ) Durga Khote ( 1983 ) Satyajit Ray ( 1984 ) V. Shantaram ( 1985 ) B. Nagi Reddy ( 1986 ) Raj Kapoor ( 1987 ) Ashok Kumar ( 1988 ) Lata Mangeshkar ( 1989 ) Akkineni Nageswara Rao ( 1990 ) Bhalji Pendharkar ( 1991 ) Bhupen Hazarika ( 1992 ) Majrooh Sultanpuri ( 1993 ) Dilip Kumar ( 1994 ) Rajkumar ( 1995 ) Sivaji Ganesan ( 1996 ) Pradeep ( 1997 ) B.R. Chopra ( 1998 ) Hrishikesh Mukherjee ( 1999 ) Asha Bhosle ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present Yash Chopra ( 2001 ) Dev Anand ( 2002 ) Mrinal Sen ( 2003 ) Adoor Gopalakrishnan ( 2004 ) Shyam Benegal ( 2005 ) Tapan Sinha ( 2006 ) Manna Dey ( 2007 ) V.K. Murthy ( 2008 ) D. Ramanaidu ( 2009 ) K. Balachander ( 2010 ) Soumitra Chatterjee ( 2011 ) Pran ( 2012 ) Gulzar ( 2013 ) Shashi Kapoor ( 2014 ) Manoj Kumar ( 2015 ) Kasinathuni Viswanath ( 2016 ) National Film Award for Best Female Playback Singer 1968 -- 1980 P. Susheela ( 1968 ) K.B. Sundarambal ( 1969 ) Sandhya Mukherjee ( 1970 ) P. Susheela ( 1971 ) Lata Mangeshkar ( 1972 ) No Award ( 1973 ) Lata Mangeshkar ( 1974 ) Vani Jairam ( 1975 ) P. Susheela ( 1976 ) S. Janaki ( 1977 ) Chhaya Ganguly ( 1978 ) Vani Jairam ( 1979 ) S. Janaki ( 1980 ) 1981 -- 2000 Asha Bhosle ( 1981 ) P. Susheela ( 1982 ) P. Susheela ( 1983 ) S. Janaki ( 1984 ) K.S. Chithra ( 1985 ) K.S. Chithra ( 1986 ) Asha Bhosle ( 1987 ) K.S. Chithra ( 1988 ) Anuradha Paudwal ( 1989 ) Lata Mangeshkar ( 1990 ) Vani Jairam ( 1991 ) S. Janaki ( 1992 ) Alka Yagnik ( 1993 ) Swarnalatha ( 1994 ) Anjali Marathe ( 1995 ) K.S. Chithra ( 1996 ) K.S. Chithra ( 1997 ) Alka Yagnik ( 1998 ) Jayshree Dasgupta ( 1999 ) Bhavatharini Ilaiyaraaja ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present Sadhana Sargam ( 2001 ) Shreya Ghoshal ( 2002 ) Tarali Sarma ( 2003 ) K.S. Chithra ( 2004 ) Shreya Ghoshal ( 2005 ) Arati Ankalikar - Tikekar ( 2006 ) Shreya Ghoshal ( 2007 ) Shreya Ghoshal ( 2008 ) Nilanjana Sarkar ( 2009 ) Rekha Bhardwaj ( 2010 ) Roopa Ganguly ( 2011 ) Arati Ankalikar - Tikekar ( 2012 ) Bela Shende ( 2013 ) Uthara Unnikrishnan ( 2014 ) Monali Thakur ( 2015 ) Iman Chakraborty ( 2016 ) Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer 1959 -- 1980 Lata Mangeshkar ( 1959 ) No Award ( 1960 , 1961 , 1962 ) Lata Mangeshkar ( 1963 ) No Award ( 1964 , 1965 ) Lata Mangeshkar ( 1966 ) No Award ( 1967 ) Asha Bhosle ( 1968 ) Asha Bhosle ( 1969 ) Lata Mangeshkar ( 1970 ) Sharda ( 1971 ) Asha Bhosle ( 1972 ) Asha Bhosle ( 1973 ) Asha Bhosle ( 1974 ) Asha Bhosle ( 1975 ) Sulakshana Pandit ( 1976 ) Hemlata ( 1977 ) Preeti Sagar ( 1978 ) Asha Bhosle ( 1979 ) Vani Jairam ( 1980 ) 1981 -- 2000 Nazia Hassan ( 1981 ) Parveen Sultana ( 1982 ) Salma Agha ( 1983 ) Aarti Mukherji ( 1984 ) Anupama Deshpande ( 1985 ) Anuradha Paudwal ( 1986 ) No Award ( 1987 , 1988 ) Alka Yagnik ( 1989 ) Sapna Mukherjee ( 1990 ) Anuradha Paudwal ( 1991 ) Anuradha Paudwal ( 1992 ) Anuradha Paudwal ( 1993 ) Alka Yagnik and Ila Arun ( 1994 ) Kavita Krishnamurthy ( 1995 ) Kavita Krishnamurthy ( 1996 ) Kavita Krishnamurthy ( 1997 ) Alka Yagnik ( 1998 ) Jaspinder Narula ( 1999 ) Alka Yagnik ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present Alka Yagnik ( 2001 ) Alka Yagnik ( 2002 ) Kavita Krishnamurthy and Shreya Ghoshal ( 2003 ) Shreya Ghoshal ( 2004 ) Alka Yagnik ( 2005 ) Alisha Chinai ( 2006 ) Sunidhi Chauhan ( 2007 ) Shreya Ghoshal ( 2008 ) Shreya Ghoshal ( 2009 ) Kavita Seth and Rekha Bhardwaj ( 2010 ) Mamta Sharma and Sunidhi Chauhan ( 2011 ) Rekha Bhardwaj and Usha Uthup ( 2012 ) Shalmali Kholgade ( 2013 ) Monali Thakur ( 2014 ) Kanika Kapoor ( 2015 ) Shreya Ghoshal ( 2016 ) Neha Bhasin ( 2017 ) Filmfare Award for Lifetime Achievement Amitabh Bachchan ( 1991 ) Dev Anand ( 1992 ) Dilip Kumar ( 1993 ) Lata Mangeshkar ( 1994 ) Shammi Kapoor & Waheeda Rehman ( 1995 ) Ashok Kumar , Sunil Dutt & Vyjayanthimala ( 1996 ) Dharmendra , Mumtaz & Pran ( 1997 ) Sharmila Tagore ( 1998 ) Manoj Kumar & Helen ( 1999 ) Vinod Khanna & Hema Malini ( 2000 ) Feroz Khan & Asha Bhosle ( 2001 ) Gulzar & Asha Parekh ( 2002 ) Jeetendra ( 2003 ) Sulochana Latkar , Nirupa Roy & B.R. Chopra ( 2004 ) Rajesh Khanna ( 2005 ) Shabana Azmi ( 2006 ) Javed Akhtar & Jaya Bachchan ( 2007 ) Rishi Kapoor ( 2008 ) Bhanu Athaiya & Om Puri ( 2009 ) Shashi Kapoor & Khayyam ( 2010 ) Manna Dey ( 2011 ) Pyarelal & Aruna Irani ( 2012 ) Yash Chopra ( 2013 ) Tanuja ( 2014 ) Kamini Kaushal ( 2015 ) Moushumi Chatterjee ( 2016 ) Shatrughan Sinha ( 2017 ) Sangeet Natak Akademi fellows 1954 -- 1960 Ariyakudi Ramanuja Iyengar ( 1954 ) Karaikudi Sambasiva Iyer ( 1954 ) Prithviraj Kapoor ( 1954 ) Anjanibai Malpekar ( 1958 ) 1961 -- 1980 Gopeshwar Banerjee ( 1962 ) D. Annaswami Bhagavathar ( 1962 ) Uday Shankar ( 1962 ) Papanasam Sivan ( 1962 ) Swami Prajnanananda ( 1963 ) Shrikrishna Narayan Ratanjankar ( 1963 ) Pichu Sambamoorthi ( 1963 ) Mama Warerkar ( 1963 ) T.L. Venkatarama Aiyar ( 1964 ) C. Saraswathi Bai ( 1964 ) Birendra Kishore Roy Choudhury ( 1964 ) B.R. Deodhar ( 1964 ) V. Raghavan ( 1964 ) P.V. Rajamannar ( 1964 ) Vinayak Narayan Patwardhan ( 1965 ) Ganesh Hari Ranade ( 1965 ) Dilipkumar Roy ( 1965 ) Jaideva Singh ( 1965 ) D.G. Vyas ( 1965 ) Ashutosh Bhattacharya ( 1966 ) E. Krishna Iyer ( 1966 ) Sombhu Mitra ( 1966 ) Jayachamarajendra Wadiyar ( 1966 ) Ebrahim Alkazi ( 1967 ) Rukmini Devi Arundale ( 1967 ) Musiri Subramania Iyer ( 1967 ) Bade Ghulam Ali Khan ( 1967 ) P.K. Kunju Kurup ( 1967 ) Shambhu Maharaj ( 1967 ) V. Satyanarayana Sarma ( 1967 ) Adya Rangacharya ' Shriranga ' ( 1967 ) Kali Charan Patnaik ( 1968 ) K.C.D. Brahaspati ( 1970 ) Kapila Vatsyayan ( 1970 ) Dilip Chandra Vedi ( 1970 ) Tarapada Chakraborty ( 1972 ) Krishnarao Phulambrikar ( 1972 ) Rallapalli Ananta Krishna Sharma ( 1972 ) K. Shivaram Karanth ( 1973 ) Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay ( 1974 ) Jnan Prakash Ghosh ( 1974 ) M.S. Subbulakshmi ( 1974 ) T. Balasaraswati ( 1975 ) Zubin Mehta ( 1975 ) Rasiklal Chhotalal Parikh ( 1975 ) Ravi Shankar ( 1975 ) Embar S. Vijayaraghavachariar ( 1975 ) Santidev Ghosh ( 1976 ) Semmangudi Srinivasa Iyer ( 1976 ) Hirjibhai Rustomji Doctor ( 1977 ) Tinuvengadu Subramania Pillai ( 1978 ) B. Puttaswamayya ( 1978 ) P.L. Deshpande ( 1979 ) D.T. Joshi ( 1979 ) Sumati Mutatkar ( 1979 ) T.P. Kuppiah Pillai ( 1979 ) V.K. Narayana Menon ( 1980 ) 1981 -- 2000 Mani Madhava Chakyar ( 1982 ) Mallikarjun Mansur ( 1982 ) M. Kirupanandawari ( 1984 ) Chandravadan Mehta ( 1984 ) Siyaram Tiwari ( 1984 ) V.V. Swarna Venkatesa Deekshithar ( 1986 ) Komal Kothari ( 1986 ) S. Ramanathan ( 1986 ) Satyajit Ray ( 1986 ) Lata Mangeshkar ( 1989 ) Utpal Dutt ( 1990 ) Ram Gopal ( 1990 ) Alain Daniélou ( 1991 ) Kelucharan Mohapatra ( 1991 ) T.S. Parthasarathy ( 1991 ) Ali Akbar Khan ( 1992 ) D.K. Pattammal ( 1992 ) Prem Lata Sharma ( 1992 ) Girish Karnad ( 1993 ) Mrinalini Sarabhai ( 1993 ) Bismillah Khan ( 1994 ) Yehudi Menuhin ( 1994 ) Maheswar Neog ( 1994 ) Vilayat Khan ( 1995 ) Ammannur Madhava Chakyar ( 1996 ) Gangubai Hangal ( 1996 ) Habib Tanvir ( 1996 ) Badal Sarkar ( 1997 ) Bhimsen Joshi ( 1998 ) Birju Maharaj ( 1998 ) K.P. Kittappa Pillai ( 1998 ) Vijay Tendulkar ( 1998 ) 2001 -- present M. Balamuralikrishna ( 2001 ) B.V. Karanth ( 2001 ) Vempati Chinna Satyam ( 2001 ) Shanno Khurana ( 2002 ) Kavalam Narayana Panicker ( 2002 ) Chandralekha ( 2004 ) Annapurna Devi ( 2004 ) Bindhyabasini Devi ( 2004 ) Ramankutty Nair ( 2004 ) Zohra Sehgal ( 2004 ) Tapas Sen ( 2004 ) Rohini Bhate ( 2006 ) T.N. Krishnan ( 2006 ) Kishan Maharaj ( 2006 ) Gursharan Singh ( 2006 ) N. Khelchandra Singh ( 2006 ) Sushil Kumar Saxena ( 2007 ) Khaled Choudhury ( 2008 ) Sitara Devi ( 2008 ) Bhupen Hazarika ( 2008 ) R.C. Mehta ( 2008 ) Kishori Amonkar ( 2009 ) Jasraj ( 2009 ) Lalgudi Jayaraman ( 2009 ) Yamini Krishnamurthy ( 2009 ) Shriram Lagoo ( 2009 ) Kamlesh Dutt Tripathi ( 2009 ) Girija Devi ( 2010 ) T.K. Murthy ( 2010 ) Nataraja Ramakrishna ( 2010 ) M. Chandrasekaran ( 2011 ) Hariprasad Chaurasia ( 2011 ) Kalamandalam Gopi ( 2011 ) Chandrashekhara Kambara ( 2011 ) Heisnam Kanhailal ( 2011 ) Mukund Lath ( 2011 ) Shivkumar Sharma ( 2011 ) Rajkumar Singhajit Singh ( 2011 ) Umayalpuram K. Sivaraman ( 2011 ) Padma Subrahmanyam ( 2011 ) N. Rajam ( 2012 ) Ratan Thiyam ( 2012 ) T.H. Vinayakram ( 2012 ) Mahesh Elkunchwar ( 2013 ) Kanak Rele ( 2013 ) R. Sathyanarayana ( 2013 ) Tulsidas Borkar ( 2014 ) S.R. Janakiraman ( 2014 ) Vijay Kumar Kichlu ( 2014 ) M.S. Sathyu ( 2014 ) C.V. Chandrasekhar ( 2015 ) Naat Khawans Shamshad Begum Mubarak Begum Muhammad Rafi Lata Mangeshkar Junaid Jamshed Muhammad Farooq Mushtaq Qadri Naeem Hashmi Mehdi Hassan Siddiq Ismail Zubaida Khanum Saleem Raza ( Pakistani singer ) Muzaffar Warsi Iqbal Bahu Qari Waheed Zafar Qasmi Abdul Rauf Rufi Syed Fasihuddin Soharwardy Khurshid Ahmad Tasleem Ahmed Sabri Portal : Islam VIAF : 15578255 LCCN : n89204009 ISNI : 0000 0000 8095 5165 GND : 119348632 SUDOC : 080879896 BNF : cb139215454 ( data ) MusicBrainz : aeb71bd8 - 447d - 4415 - 8ea1 - 2b7d664f67e1 NLA : 41120438 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lata_Mangeshkar&oldid=814595727 '' Categories : 1929 births Indian female singers Indian female film singers Recipients of the Bharat Ratna Recipients of the Padma Vibhushan in arts Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in arts Légion d'honneur recipients Living people Bollywood playback singers Marathi people People of Goan descent Tamil playback singers Musicians from Indore Marathi playback singers Telugu playback singers Kannada playback singers Hindi - language singers Marathi - language singers Nepali - language singers Bengali - language singers Gujarati - language singers Tamil - language singers Punjabi - language singers English - language singers of India Naat Khawans Dadasaheb Phalke Award recipients Recipients of the Maharashtra Bhushan Award Malayalam playback singers Bhojpuri cinema Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship 20th - century Indian singers Indian female classical singers 20th - century Indian women artists Women artists from Madhya Pradesh Singers from Madhya Pradesh Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from February 2016 Subscription required using via Pages containing links to subscription - only content Articles with dead external links from November 2016 Articles with dead external links from January 2016 CS1 Hindi - language sources ( hi ) Use Indian English from June 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from March 2013 Articles with hCards Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2016 CS1 Marathi - language sources ( mr ) Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Afrikaans অসমীয়া বাংলা भोजपुरी Català Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français ગુજરાતી Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Lietuvių मैथिली Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی پښتو Polski Português Русский संस्कृतम् සිංහල Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Українська اردو Vepsän kel ' 中文 डोटेली Edit links This page was last edited on 9 December 2017 , at 19 : 52 . 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"Lata Mangeshkar ( pronunciation (help·info)) (born 28 September 1929) is an Indian playback singer and occasional music composer. She is one of the best-known and most respected playback singers in India.[2][3] Mangeshkar's career started in 1942 and has spanned over seven decades. She has recorded songs for over a thousand Hindi films and has sung songs in over thirty-six regional Indian languages and foreign languages, though primarily in Marathi and Hindi. She is the recipient of three National Film Awards, 12 Bengal Film Journalists' Association Awards, four Filmfare Best Female Playback Awards and many more. The Dadasaheb Phalke Award was bestowed on her in 1989 by the Government of India. She is also the second vocalist, after M. S. Subbulakshmi, to have ever been awarded the Bharat Ratna in 2001, India's highest civilian honour.[4] She has four siblings—Asha Bhosle, Hridaynath Mangeshkar, Usha Mangeshkar and Meena Mangeshkar—of which she is the eldest."
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7515302785210053713 | Khan Shaykhun chemical attack | Khan Shaykhun chemical attack - Wikipedia Khan Shaykhun chemical attack Jump to : navigation , search 2017 Khan Shaykhun chemical attack Part of the Syrian Civil War Khan Shaykhun Location of Khan Shaykhun within Syria Type Airstrike , sarin attack ( or a sarin - like substance ) Location Khan Shaykhun , Idlib Governorate , de-jure : Syria de-facto : Tahrir al - Sham Emirate 35 ° 26 ′ 20 '' N 36 ° 39 ′ 4 '' E / 35.43889 ° N 36.65111 ° E / 35.43889 ; 36.65111 Date 4 April 2017 06 : 30 EEST ( UTC + 03 : 00 ) Executed by Syrian Arab Air Force Casualties 74 -- 100 + killed 300 -- 557 + injured Syrian Civil War Timeline Jan -- Apr 2011 May -- Aug 2011 Sep -- Dec 2011 Jan -- Apr 2012 May -- Aug 2012 Sep -- Dec 2012 Jan -- Apr 2013 May -- Dec 2013 Jan -- July 2014 Aug -- Dec 2014 Jan -- July 2015 Aug -- Dec 2015 Jan -- Apr 2016 May -- Aug 2016 Sep -- Dec 2016 Jan -- Apr 2017 May -- Aug 2017 Sep -- Dec 2017 Casualties Cities Bombings Massacres Civil uprising in Syria ( March -- August 2011 ) Daraa Baniyas Homs ( May -- August 2011 ) Talkalakh Rastan and Talbiseh 1st Jisr ash - Shugur 1st Jabal al - Zawiya Hama Latakia Start of insurgency ( September 2011 -- April 2012 ) Homs ( 2011 -- 14 ) Homs offensive 1st Idlib Gov . Syrian -- Turkish border Jabal al - Zawiya 1st Idlib City Saraqeb 1st Rastan Hama Gov . Shayrat & Tiyas ambush Daraa Gov . 1st Rif Dimashq 1st Zabadani Douma Deir ez - Zor ( 2011 -- 2014 ) Hatla Aleppo Gov . Azaz 2nd Rastan 1st al - Qusayr 2nd Idlib Gov . Taftanaz UN Cease - fire and escalation ( May 2012 -- December 2013 ) 3rd Rastan Houla Al - Haffah Al - Qubeir Al - Tremseh 3rd Idlib Gov . 1st Damascus Bombing Aleppo Anadan Menagh Air Base Base 46 Khan al - Assal 1st Aleppo offensive 2nd Aleppo offensive Syrian Kurdistan Hasaka campaign Ras al - Ayn al - Yaarubiyah Tell Abyad Kurdish -- Islamist conflict Nubl & Al - Zahraa 2nd Rif Dimashq ( 1st Darayya ) Abu al - Duhur Airbase Quneitra Gov . 3rd Rif Dimashq 1st Yarmouk camp 2nd Darayya Darayya & Muadamiyat Aqrab 1st Hama offensive Halfaya 1st Safira Shadadeh 2nd Damascus 1st Raqqa campaign ( 1st Raqqa ) 1st Daraa offensive 4th Rif Dimashq Jdaidet al - Fadl Ghouta Al - Qusayr offensive 2nd al - Qusayr Bayda and Baniyas 2nd Hama offensive 1st Latakia offensive Ma'loula Sadad 5th Rif Dimashq 1st Qalamoun Adra Rise of the Islamists ( January -- September 2014 ) Inter-rebel conflict Northern Aleppo Markada 1st Deir ez - Zor offensive al - Otaiba ambush Maan Hosn Morek 2nd Daraa offensive 2nd Latakia offensive 4th Idlib Gov . Al - Malihah 2nd Wadi Deif 2nd Qalamoun Arsal Deir ez - Zor ( 2014 -- 2017 ) 1st Shaer gas field Eastern Syria Tabqa Air base 3rd Hama offensive 6th Rif Dimashq 1st Quneitra Kobanî United States - led intervention ( September 2014 -- September 2015 ) U.S. - led intervention 3rd Daraa offensive 2nd Safira 2014 Idlib city raid Nusra -- FSA conflict 2nd Shaer gas field 1st Al - Shaykh Maskin 2nd Deir ez - Zor offensive 3rd Aleppo offensive An - 26 crash 4th Daraa offensive Southern Syria Eastern al - Hasakah offensive 1st Sarrin Hama / Homs offensive Bosra 5th Idlib Gov 2nd Idlib city Al - Fu'ah - Kafriya Nasib 2nd Yarmouk camp 1st Northwestern Syria 3rd Qalamoun 1st Palmyra Western al - Hasakah offensive 1st Al - Hasakah city Tell Abyad Daraa / As - Suwayda 2nd Quneitra 2nd Sarrin 5th Daraa 2nd Al - Hasakah city 2nd Kobanî 4th Aleppo offensive 2nd Zabadani 2nd Palmyra Al - Ghab 1st Al - Qaryatayn Douma market 7th Rif Dimashq Kuweires offensive Russian intervention ( September 2015 -- March 2016 ) Russian intervention 3rd Quneitra 2nd Northwestern Syria 3rd Latakia offensive Su - 24 shootdown 5th Aleppo offensive Al - Hawl Homs offensive 6th Aleppo offensive 4th Hama offensive Tell Tamer Tishrin Dam 2nd Al - Shaykh Maskin al - Qamishli bombings Orontes River 3rd Deir ez - Zor offensive 1st Sayyidah Zaynab 7th Aleppo offensive 1st Ithriyah - Raqqa Al - Shaddadi Homs bombings 2nd Sayyidah Zaynab Khanasir 2nd Tel Abyad 2nd Al - Qaryatayn 3rd Palmyra 2nd Maarat al - Nu'man Aleppo escalation and Turkish intervention ( March -- December 2016 ) 8th Aleppo offensive 6th Daraa 9th -- 11th Aleppo offensives Al - Dumayr 1st East Ghouta inter-rebel conflict Al - Qamishli clashes Aleppo bombings 8th Rif Dimashq 3rd Shaer gas field Northern Raqqa Jableh & Tartus Manbij Tokhar 2nd Ithriyah - Raqqa 9th Rif Dimashq 12th -- 14th Aleppo offensives 12th 13th 14th 4th Latakia offensive Abu Kamal 3rd Qamishli Atmeh al - Rai 3rd Al - Hasakah City Turkish intervention Northern al - Bab Dabiq al - Bab 5th Hama offensive 1st Western al - Bab Eastern Qalamoun September bombings 4th Quneitra Deir ez - Zor airstrike Aleppo aid convoy attack 15th Aleppo offensive Khan al - Shih 1st Idlib inter-rebel conflict 2nd Western al - Bab 16th Aleppo offensive 2nd Raqqa campaign 17th Aleppo offensive 4th Palmyra Post-Aleppo and decline of ISIL ( December 2016 -- present ) Wadi Barada 1st Syrian Desert Azaz bombings 5th Palmyra 4th Deir ez - Zor offensive 18th Aleppo offensive 2nd Idlib inter-rebel conflict 7th Daraa Qaboun 8th Daraa Eastern Homs offensive al - Jina mosque 6th Hama offensive Tabqa Khan Shaykhun US Shayrat strike Aleppo bus bombing Post-intervention Turkish airstrikes 2nd East Ghouta inter-rebel conflict 2nd Syrian Desert Maskanah East Hama 2nd Raqqa 9th Daraa Southern Raqqa Iranian Deir ez - Zor strike Jobar 5th Quneitra Central Syria 3rd Idlib inter-rebel conflict 4th Qalamoun 5th Deir ez - Zor Syrian War spillover and international incidents Lebanon spillover Lebanese -- Syrian border Sidon Iranian embassy bombing North Lebanon clashes Syrian -- Turkish border incidents Turkish F4 shootdown Reyhanlı bombings Kurdish riots Russo - Turkish confrontation Russian Su - 24 shootdown Su - 24 Andrei Karlov Jordanian -- Syrian border incidents Israeli -- Syrian ceasefire line Iraqi -- Syrian border incidents Akashat al - Shabah Western Nineveh Spillover in Europe Spillover in Iran 2017 Tehran attacks 2017 Deir ez - Zor missile strike Foreign involvement in the Syrian Civil War Turkish involvement Turkey -- ISIL conflict Relocation of the Tomb of Suleyman Shah 2015 - 16 military intervention 2017 airstrikes Russian involvement military intervention Iranian involvement ( 2017 missile strike ) Hezbollah involvement Iran - Israel conflict U.S. - led Intervention Timeline of raids 2014 rescue operation May 2015 raid 2017 missile strikes Dutch involvement German intervention French intervention Australian intervention UK intervention Jordanian intervention Operation Martyr Muath Qatari support Saudi support Foreign rebel fighters The Khan Shaykhun chemical attack took place on 4 April 2017 on the town of Khan Shaykhun in the Idlib Governorate of Syria . At the time of the attack , the town was under the control of Tahrir al - Sham , previously known as the al - Nusra Front . The town was reported to have been struck by an airstrike by government forces followed by massive civilian chemical poisoning . The release of the toxic gas , which included sarin , or a similar substance , killed at least 74 people and injured more than 557 , according to the Idlib health authority . The attack was the deadliest use of chemical weapons in the Syrian civil war since the Ghouta chemical attack in 2013 . The United Nations , the governments of the United States , United Kingdom , Turkey , Saudi Arabia , France , and Israel , as well as Human Rights Watch have attributed the attack to the forces of Syrian President Bashar al - Assad . The Assad government denied using any chemical weapons in the air strike . The Russian Defense Ministry stated that Syrian aircraft had bombed a warehouse belonging to rebels which `` may have contained a rebel chemical arms stockpile '' . On 7 April , the United States launched 59 cruise missiles at Shayrat Air Base , which U.S. intelligence claimed was the source of the attack . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Attack 2.1 Casualties 3 Responsibility 4 Claims by the Syrian government , Syrian opposition and Russian government 4.1 Syrian opposition claims 4.2 Syrian government claims 4.3 Russian government claims 5 United States reaction 5.1 Responsibility assessment 5.2 Missile strike 5.3 Sanctions 6 International reactions 6.1 Supranational and non-governmental organizations 6.2 UN Security Council countries 6.3 Other countries 7 Other views 8 See also 9 References Background Main articles : Use of chemical weapons in the Syrian civil war and Destruction of Syria 's chemical weapons Use of chemical weapons in the Syrian Civil War has been confirmed by the local sources in Syria and by the United Nations . Deadly attacks by chemical weapons during the war include the Ghouta attack in the suburbs of Damascus in August 2013 and the Khan al - Assal attack in the suburbs of Aleppo in March 2013 . While no party took responsibility for the chemical attacks , a U.N. fact - finding mission and a UNHRC Commission of Inquiry have both investigated the attacks . The U.N. mission found likely use of the nerve agent sarin in the case of Khan al - Asal ( 19 March 2013 ) , Saraqib ( 29 April 2013 ) , Ghouta ( 21 August 2013 ) , Jobar ( 24 August 2013 ) and Ashrafiyat Sahnaya ( 25 August 2013 ) . The UNHRC commission later confirmed the use of sarin in the Khan al - Asal , Saraqib and Ghouta attacks , but did not mention the Jobar and the Ashrafiyat Sahnaya attacks . The UNHRC commission also found the sarin used in the Khan al - Asal attack bore `` the same unique hallmarks '' as the sarin used in the Ghouta attack and indicated the perpetrators likely had access to chemicals from the Syrian Army 's stockpile . Those attacks prompted the international community to pressure disarmament of the Syrian Armed Forces from chemical weapons , which was executed during 2014 . Despite the disarmament process , dozens of incidents with suspected use of chemical weapons followed throughout Syria , the majority being attributed to anti-government fighters , in particular the Al Qaeda affiliate Al Nusra Front . In August 2016 , a United Nations report explicitly blamed the Syrian military of Bashar al - Assad for dropping chlorine bombs on the towns of Talmenes on 21 April 2014 and Sarmin on 16 March 2015 . Several other attacks have been alleged , reported and / or investigated . In December 2016 , at least 53 people were killed in an alleged chemical weapons attack in ISIL - held villages near Uqairabat that bore similarities to the Ghouta attack , with none of the dead having blast injuries . On 30 March 2017 , an airstrike hit the town of al - Lataminah in the northern Hama Governorate , around 15 kilometers ( 9 miles ) from Khan Shaykhun . More than 70 people in the area were then exposed to an unidentified chemical agent and showed symptoms of nausea , agitation , foaming , muscle spasm , and miosis ( constriction of the pupil of the eye ) . Cardiac arrest occurred in two of the victims and an orthopedic doctor died . On 3 April 2017 , one day before the attack , a `` regime aircraft '' allegedly carried out a similar chlorine gas attack on Al - Habit , a nearby village , injuring dozens and killing two children . Attack Map showing frontlines at the time of the attack , with the location of the strike marked by the hatched circle The attack took place around 6 : 30 a.m. local time on 4 April , before most children and parents had left for school or work . Witnesses reported smelling a strange odor about ten minutes after a rocket attack and airstrike , followed by visible symptoms of poisoning . White Helmet workers reported four unusually weak explosions . Medical workers and witnesses said the attack was different than the chlorine gas attacks they had experienced in the past , in which the chlorine gas usually killed a few people in confined spaces and buildings . In contrast , in this attack , many people died outside . Furthermore , the victims exhibited pinpoint pupils , a sign of contact with nerve agents and sarin specifically . Other symptoms reported included coldness in the extremities , decreased heart rate , and low blood pressure . Some first responders became ill when they came into contact with the victims . According to the Turkish health ministry , medical tests have confirmed the presence of isopropyl methylphosphonic acid -- a known byproduct of sarin reacting with other compounds -- in blood and urine samples of the victims . Tests by British scientests of samples found at the scene indicated the chemical involved was `` sarin or a sarin - like substance '' . Kareem Shaheen , the first western journalist to visit the town after the attack , photographed the crater where the chemical weapon was reported to have hit and saw an apparently abandoned warehouse and silos near the crater . Casualties Medical sources in Idlib in the immediate aftermath of the attack reported more than 58 people , including 11 children , were killed and over 300 were wounded . Test results of samples collected from ten of them indicated they had been exposed to sarin or a sarin like substance . By 7 : 30 a.m. EEST 100 wounded people arrived at a local field hospital . Minister of health , Mohamad Firas al - Jundi , said victims experienced suffocation , fluid in the lungs , foaming at the mouth , unconsciousness , spasm , and paralysis . A few hours after the attack , a nearby clinic treating victims was hit by an airstrike , with reports that Russians bombed the hospital with the victims in an attempt to destroy the evidence . The area 's largest hospital was bombed two days prior . According to Dr. Abdel Hay Tennari , who treated 22 victims of the attack , the symptoms of victims are corresponding to symptoms of exposure to sarin . Patients who received pralidoxime , an antidote of sarin , reportedly stabilized their medical state in around an hour . Médecins Sans Frontières visited Bab Al Hawa hospital where they determined symptoms consistent with sarin . They also visited other hospitals where victims were taken and reported , `` that victims smelled of bleach , suggesting they had been exposed to chlorine . '' They concluded that the `` reports strongly suggest that victims of the attack on Khan Sheikhoun were exposed to at least two different chemical agents . '' On 5 April , local doctors and rescue workers at the scene said the number of dead had risen to 74 , with 600 injured , while Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan and French Ambassador to the United Nations François Delattre said over 100 had died . Rescue workers gathered soil and tissue samples and sent them to Western intelligence officials for analysis . On 6 April , the Turkish Ministry of Health , which had conducted tests on people transported to Turkey , said it had identified the chemical used in the attack as sarin , citing lung damage found in victims . In May 2017 , a report from CNN put the number of fatalities at 92 . Responsibility Many governments , such as the United States and some European countries and the Gulf Cooperation Council have attributed the attack to the Syrian government . According to investigation by Human Rights Watch , the attack was conducted by Syrian government forces from the air using Soviet - made KhAB - 250 aerial bombs designed to deliver sarin . Syria has denied any involvement . Russia initially claimed the deaths were a result of gas released when a government airstrike hit a rebel - operated chemical weapons factory but later agreed with the OPCW conclusions . The UN Security Council session unanimously declared the need for an investigation of the chemical attack . According to an OPCW report , an investigation into the attack was concluded and released on 29 June , 2017 , which confirmed the use of sarin gas , or a similar substance . The United Kingdom 's assessment is that it is almost certain that the Syrian Government was responsible for a sarin attack on Khan Shaykhun on 4 April . ( ... ) There is no evidence to suggest that any party to the conflict in Syria , other than the Syrian Government , has access to a complex nerve agent such as sarin . We note that the FFM 's report refers to testimony from witnesses describing the presence of jets in the area at the time of the attack . Only the Syrian Air Force has the capability to launch a chemical weapons attack from aircraft , and it has already been condemned by this Council for having been found to have used chemical weapons , deployed from aircraft , on at least three occasions in 2014 and 2015 . -- Sir Geoffrey Adams , UK Permanent Representative to the OPCW , On 6 September 2017 , the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights 's Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the Syrian Arab Republic concluded that a Syrian Arab Air Force aircraft was responsible for dropping the sarin during the attack . Claims by the Syrian government , Syrian opposition and Russian government Syrian opposition claims According to the Idlib Media Centre , the chemical agent had the characteristics of sarin . The National Coalition for Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces accused the Syrian government and the Syrian Armed Forces of carrying out the attack and called for an immediate investigation by the United Nations Security Council . The opposition groups said the Syrian air force dropped chemical bombs on a civilian population . Syrian government claims The position of Syrian government changed on numerous occasions . On the day of the attack , a Syrian government official told Reuters `` the government does not and has not used chemical weapons , not in the past and not in the future . '' The pro-government Al - Masdar News cited an army source as saying it had attacked a missile factory in the town using Sukhoi Su - 22 bombers , whose bombs Al - Masdar News says can not be filled with any chemical substances , and did not know the factory contained chemicals . The use of Sukhoi Su - 22 aircraft in the attack was also noted by pro-rebel sources ( SOHR ) . Later , the Russian Ministry of Defence reiterated the statement made by the Syrian Armed Forces , but said the attack on the ammunition depot took place between 11 : 30 and 12 : 30 EEST . In an April 13 interview to AFP , President Assad said the attack is `` 100 per cent fabrication '' by the United States `` working hand - in - glove with the terrorists '' , intended to provide a pretext for the airstrike on the Shayrat Airbase . Assad stated : `` You have a lot of fake videos now ... We do n't know whether those dead children were killed in Khan Sheikhun . Were they dead at all ? '' According to numerous eyewitnesses and reporters on the ground , children did in fact die in the attack . Walid Muallem , the Syrian foreign minister told journalists at a press conference in Damascus their armed forces `` did not and will not '' use chemical weapons , even against `` terror groups '' fighting against the Syrian government . He also said `` the first reports of the chemical attack appeared several hours before the government airstrike , indicating that the chemical attack may have been a cruel and cynical ' false flag ' operation used by the jihadists in a bid for US support . '' Muallem also promised to provide information to the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons ( OPCW ) and the United Nations regarding the transfer of chemical substances from Iraq to Syria , or from Turkey to Syria . In fact , the samples collected by Syrian government officials and later passed to OPCW tested positively for sarin . Russian government claims The Russian government denied involvement in the chemical attack ; Russia 's defence ministry issued a statement saying the Russian Air Force had `` not carried out any strikes near Khan Shaykhun of Idlib province '' , but said a Syrian aircraft did conduct an airstrike on a warehouse containing ammunition and equipment belonging to rebels near Khan Shaykhun , `` yesterday , from 11 : 30 a.m. to 12 : 30 p.m '' . The Russian Foreign Ministry said it was `` premature to accuse the Syrian government of using chemical weapons in Idlib '' , and insist on full and impartial investigation . Shortly after the attack Russian presidential spokesman Dmitry Peskov told reporters the use of chemical weapons is a `` dangerous and monstrous crime '' and that Russia 's support for Assad is not `` unconditional '' . He also said he doubted information was based on `` objective materials or evidence '' , and that only Syrian government can resist `` terrorists on the ground . '' Later , President Vladimir Putin said the attack could be a provocation , but that several versions were possible , and the UN should investigate the attack . On April 11 , Putin suggested the chemical attack was a false flag operation intended to discredit the Syrian government . On April 14 , Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov said there was `` growing evidence '' the attack was staged . In May 2017 , Vladimir Putin of Russia stated categorically that the other governments accusing the Syrian government was but a `` provocation '' and that Syria ′ s president Bashar Assad had not used chemical weapons . However , British journalist Eliot Higgins has shown that the Russian claims that a warehouse containing chemical weapons was bombed were made `` two to three hours '' after the first images of victims appeared , while other images from the chemical attack were posted online before the supposed airstrike on the warehouse . Russia 's claims were also criticised by Dan Kaszeta , a veteran of the US Army Reserve 's Chemical Corps , who called Russia 's statement `` an infantile argument '' , and by the anti-Kremlin Russian non-profit Conflict Intelligence Team . In July 2017 , however , Russian delegates to OPCW agreed that `` sarin or sarin - like substance was used '' and said that there are `` no grounds to disbelieve OPCW findings '' . United States reaction Responsibility assessment According to the US government , the Syrian government under Assad was behind the chemical attack , and Syrian jets carried out the bombing of a rebel stronghold . U.S. Secretary of State Rex Tillerson was quoted as saying `` Either Russia has been complicit or Russia has been simply incompetent '' . According to Tillerson , the U.S. appealed to Assad to cease the use of chemical weapons , and `` ( o ) ther than that , there is no change to our military posture '' , with ISIS remaining the primary priority . President Donald Trump called the attack `` reprehensible '' and attributed it to the Syrian government , saying the act could not be ignored `` by the civilized world '' during his meeting with King Abdullah II of Jordan . Trump also blamed the attack on supposed failures of the administration of his predecessor , Barack Obama . U.S. Secretary of State Rex Tillerson said : `` Anyone who uses chemical weapons to attack his own people shows a fundamental disregard for human decency and must be held accountable . '' US representative to the UN Nikki Haley has stated that , though before the chemical attack the US had not considered overthrowing Syrian President Bashar al - Assad from power a top US priority , it is now prominent among US priorities in the region . At the UN Security Council , Haley said `` When the United Nations consistently fails in its duty to act collectively , there are times in the life of states that we are compelled to take our own action '' , by it implying if the UN failed to hold Assad accountable for the use of chemical weapons on civilians , the US will . CIA Director Mike Pompeo confirmed on Thursday 13 April that his agency concluded the Syrian government was responsible for the chemical attack in Khan Shaykhun . `` We were good and fast , '' Pompeo said . The top Democrat on the house intelligence committee , Rep. Adam Schiff , agreed that the Assad government was responsible for the attack . A few members of Congress and former officials expressed skepticism , like Democratic Congresswoman Tulsi Gabbard , Republican Congressman Thomas Massie , and former Republican Congressman Ron Paul . Missile strike Main article : 2017 Shayrat missile strike USS Ross firing a Tomahawk missile towards the Shayrat Airbase On the morning of 7 April 2017 , 72 hours after the attack , the United States launched 59 cruise missiles on Shayrat Airbase , a Syrian airfield near Shayrat , believed to be the base for the aircraft that carried out the chemical attack . In contrast to the coalition 's accidental air raid on Deir ez - Zor in 2016 , this was both a unilateral action and the first intentional strike against the Syrian government . Sanctions On 24 April 2017 , the United States Department of the Treasury imposed sanctions on 271 employees of the Syrian Scientific Studies and Research Center for their alleged role in producing chemical weapons . International reactions Supranational and non-governmental Organizations Secretary - General António Guterres said he was `` deeply disturbed '' by reports of the Idlib chemical attack , noting that the use of chemical weapons is banned under international law . Federica Mogherini , the European Union 's diplomatic chief , called the attack `` awful '' and said Bashar al - Assad 's government bore `` primary responsibility '' for it . The Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons ( OPCW ) expressed `` serious concern '' and said its Fact - Finding Mission in Syria was `` gathering and analysing information from all available sources . '' The following day , the Technical Secretariat of the OPCW , referring to the media reports , requested all member states of the Chemical Weapons Convention to share available information on what it described preliminary as `` allegations of use of chemical weapons in the Khan Shaykhun area of Idlib province in the Syrian Arab Republic . '' Amnesty International said the evidence points to an `` air - launched chemical attack '' , while the World Health Organization said victims carried the signs of exposure to nerve agents . UN Security Council countries France called for an emergency meeting of the United Nations Security Council after the attack . France , Britain , and the United States ( who are among the permanent members of the Security Council ) , circulated a draft to the Council 's 15 members condemning the attack in Syria and demanding a full investigation into it . The emergency closed - door meeting was set on 5 April in New York . United States Ambassador to the United Nations Nikki Haley , serving as president of the Security Council for the month , announced there would not be a vote on a draft resolution to respond to the chemical weapons attack , but instead of one resolution by the U.S. and a second resolution by Russia , there was a third resolution unexpectedly submitted by Sweden and nine other non-permanent members . When the council concluded its meeting without conclusion on the morning of 6 April , the U.S. launched a missile strike . On 12 April , the proposed draft resolution was vetoed by Russia . This was the eighth time that Russia vetoed a Security Council resolution on Syria . Instead , on April 20 , Russia and Iran formally proposed to start an OPCW investigation ( which was rejected as an investigation is already in progress ) and then on April 26 blocked UN resolution calling Syria to disclose information for the first OPCW investigation at the same accusing UN of `` blocking independent international investigation '' earlier proposed by Russia and Iran . On April 26 , 2017 , French Foreign Minister Jean - Marc Ayrault said France had concluded that the Syrian government was `` unquestionably '' the perpetrator of the attack . He added that the same mixture of sarin and hexamine had been used in the 2013 Saraqib chemical attack . United Kingdom government defense minister , Michael Fallon said he believed the Syrian air force responsible for the attack . Opposition leader Jeremy Corbyn said `` There should now be an immediate ceasefire and a UN-led investigation rapidly into what is a horrific and totally illegal action by somebody using chemical weapons against innocent people . '' The Egyptian Foreign Ministry released a statement saying the `` painful and unacceptable '' images of the massacre reaffirm the necessity of reaching a political solution to end the crisis in Syria , in light of the international community decisions and Security Council Resolution 2254 , as well as the Geneva Conventions . Other countries Iranian President Hassan Rouhani called for an `` impartial international fact - finding body '' to be set up to investigate the attack . Foreign minister Mohammad Javad Zarif described the incident as `` very painful '' and condemned it , but also criticized US for attacking the Syrian airbase `` without any investigation '' . Iranian Foreign ministry spokesman Bahram Ghassemi condemned `` all use of chemical weapons , '' but suggested the blame for the attack lay with `` terrorist groups '' rather than the Syrian government . Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau said : `` There are continuing questions ... about who is responsible for these horrible attacks against civilians , and that 's why I 'm impressing on the UN Security Council to pass a strong resolution that allows the international community to determine first of all who was responsible for these attacks and how we will move forward . '' Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu called on the international community `` to fulfill its obligation from 2013 to fully and finally remove these horrible weapons from Syria '' . Other countries who condemned the chemical attack include the Czech Republic , Italy , Pakistan , Saudi Arabia , Switzerland , United Kingdom , and the Vatican City . The Iraqi government condemned the chemical attack and called for an `` initiative aimed at punishing those responsible '' . The next day , Iraqi cleric Muqtada al - Sadr also condemned the attacks and called for President Assad to step down . Australian Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull said if al - Assad was found to be behind the attack , as the United States believe , it represented `` a shocking war crime . '' Other countries who accused Assad for responsibility include Qatar and Turkey . Other views Former head of the International Atomic Energy Agency ( IAEA ) , Hans Blix , described the US retaliation as `` measured '' and specific , but later criticized the rapid American military response . He initially raised concern that the responsibility of the Syrian government was not yet proven , but stated on April 11 , 2017 , `` On balance it seems probable that the attack with gas was undertaken by the Syrian government air force , '' adding that `` the factual circumstances known so far do not point to the rebels as arranging the gas action '' . Other people who have expressed skepticism of the Syrian government being responsible for the attack include former UN weapons inspector Scott Ritter , MIT professor emeritus Theodore Postol , , former UK ambassador to Syria and director of the British Syrian Society Peter Ford , investigative Israeli journalist Uri Avneri , and investigative journalist Seymour Hersh . See also Syrian civil war portal List of massacres during the Syrian Civil War Use of chemical weapons in the Syrian Civil War Syria and weapons of mass destruction Khan al - Assal chemical attack Ghouta chemical attack References ^ Jump up to : Francis , Ellen ( 4 April 2017 ) . `` Scores reported killed in gas attack on Syrian rebel area '' . Beirut . Reuters . Retrieved 4 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Stephanie Nebehay ( 6 September 2017 ) . `` Syrian government forces used chemical weapons more than two dozen times : U.N. '' . Reuters . ^ Jump up to : `` Idlib town reels following major chemical attack : ' No rebel positions , just people ' '' . Syria : direct . 5 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Syria conflict : ' Chemical attack ' in Idlib kills dozens '' . BBC . 4 April 2017 . Jump up ^ SOHRkhan ( 14 February 2017 ) . `` اشتباكات هيئة تحرير الشام وتنظيم جند الأقصى تخلف نحو 70 قتيل بين الطرفين ... والأخير يخسر 9 بلدات وقرى خلال الـ 48 ساعة الفائتة '' . Syrian Observatory for Human Rights . Retrieved 5 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Charkatli , Izat ( 23 February 2017 ) . `` Over 2,000 radical rebels defect to ISIS following intra-rebel deal '' . Jump up ^ `` Search for the dead begins in Idlib after Islamic State - linked brigade leaves for Raqqa '' . Syria Direct . 22 February 2017 . Retrieved 5 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Chris Tomson ( 16 February 2017 ) . `` Jund al - Aqsa completely besieged by rival rebel factions around two towns in Idlib '' . al - Masdar News . Jump up ^ `` Tahrir al - Sham : Al - Qaeda 's latest incarnation in Syria '' . BBC News . 28 February 2017 Jump up ^ `` Death toll rises in Syria ' gas attack ' '' . Deutsche Welle. 4 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Witness of Syria chemical attack gives graphic account as death toll climbs '' . www.thenational.ae. 6 April 2017 . Retrieved 10 April 2017 . The warplane dropped three conventional explosive bombs -- and a fourth that made little sound on impact but produced a cloud of smoke . ^ Jump up to : `` Syria war : Sarin used in Khan Sheikhoun attack , OPCW says '' . BBC News . 2017 - 04 - 20 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Syria ' toxic gas ' attack kills 100 in Idlib province '' . Al - Arabiya & AFP . 4 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Theodore Schleifer and Dan Merica . `` Trump : ' I now have responsibility ' when it comes to Syria '' . CNN . Retrieved 5 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Syria chemical ' attack ' : Russia faces fury at UN Security Council '' . BBC . 5 April 2017 . Retrieved 5 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` US attack on Syria : world leaders react '' . The Irish Times . 12 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` An official source at Foreign Affairs Ministry expresses Kingdom of Saudi Arabia 's strong support for US military operations on military targets in Syria '' . 12 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Syria 's Assad says chemical attack ' 100 percent fabrication ' '' . Agence France Presse. 13 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Chemical Weapons ' : The Pipedream Excuse Used in Syria by Two US Administrations '' . Sputnik News . 9 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Putin Applies MH17 False - Flag Template To Syria 's Gas Attack To Convince Russian Public '' . Forbes . 13 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Syria war : US launches missile strikes following chemical ' attack ' '' . BBC News . 7 April 2017 . Jump up ^ US strikes on Syrian base : what we know -- AFP . Retrieved 8 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ritter , Scott ( 9 April 2017 ) . `` Wag The Dog -- How Al Qaeda Played Donald Trump And The American Media '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved 9 April 2017 . No one disputes the fact that a Syrian air force SU - 22 fighter - bomber conducted a bombing mission against a target in Khan Sheikhoun on the morning of April 4 , 2017 . The anti-regime activists in Khan Sheikhoun , however , have painted a narrative that has the Syrian air force dropping chemical bombs on a sleeping civilian population . Jump up ^ Syria Used Chlorine in Bombs Against Civilians , Report Says . Retrieved 25 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Third report of the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons United Nations Joint Investigative Mechanism '' . 24 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Martin Chulov and Kareem Shaheen ( 13 December 2016 ) . `` International concern over claims of chemical weapon attack in Syria '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 7 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Syrian Observatory reports suspected gas attack in Islamic State area near Palmyra '' . Reuters. 12 December 2016 . Retrieved 7 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Breaking : Chemical Weapons Attack in Latamneh , Hama Injures 70 '' . Union of Medical Care and Relief Organizations . 30 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Warplanes strike near Syria 's Hama as army counter-attacks '' . Reuters. 30 March 2017 . Speaking to Reuters from Turkey , Abdallah Darwish , head of the health authority for rebel - held parts of Hama province , said air strikes in the south of Latamneh on Thursday morning had injured many people . `` The bombardment had a substance that caused intense irritation , heavy foaming from the mouth , and constricting pupils '' , said Darwish , citing his medical staff on the ground . A chemical attack hit the same area on Saturday , killing an orthopedic doctor , Darwish added . Jump up ^ `` Turkish NGO urges helping hand after chemical attack '' . Daily Sabah. 8 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Syrian regime continues to use chlorine gas in Idlib '' . Anadolu Agency . 3 April 2017 . Archived from the original on 4 April 2017 . Retrieved 9 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Regime helicopters drop two Chlorine barrels on Hubait town in Idlib '' . Zaman Al Wasl. 4 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Meuse , Alison ( 5 April 2017 ) . `` The View From Khan Shaykhun : A Syrian Describes The Attack 's Aftermath '' . NPR . Retrieved 3 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dozens Dead in Syria Chemical Attack '' . The Wall Street Journal . 4 April 2017 . Retrieved 5 April 2017 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` Křik o pomoc , oběti zvracely , u pusy se jim tvořila pěna , popisuje chemický útok šéf Bílých přileb '' ( in English with Czech subtitles ) . Aktuálně.TV . CS1 maint : Unrecognized language ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Barnard , Anne ; Gordon , Michael R. ( 4 April 2017 ) . `` Worst Chemical Attack in Years in Syria ; U.S. Blames Assad '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 4 April 2017 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` Facts About Sarin '' . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . 18 November 2015 . Retrieved 9 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Turkish Health Minister : Tangible evidence of sarin gas found in Syria 's Idlib attack '' . Yeni Şafak. April 11 , 2017 . Retrieved April 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Theresa May : Syria ' highly likely ' behind attack '' . BBC News . 13 April 2017 . Retrieved 14 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` UK scientists confirm sarin use in Syria chemical attack '' . POLITICO. 2017 - 04 - 13 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 15 . Jump up ^ Shaheen , Kareem ( 2017 - 04 - 06 ) . `` ' The dead were wherever you looked ' : inside Syrian town after gas attack '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 12 . Jump up ^ Garcia - Navarro , Lourdes ( 9 April 2017 ) . `` The View From The Site Of The Chemical Attack '' . NPR . Retrieved 15 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` OPCW Director - General Shares Incontrovertible Laboratory Results Concluding Exposure to Sarin '' . OPCW. 19 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Donald Trump 's foreign policy looks more normal than promised '' . The Economist. 15 April 2017 . Retrieved 15 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Alexandra Bradford ( 5 April 2017 ) . `` The Aftermath of an Alleged Chemical Weapon Attack in Idlib '' . News Deeply . Jump up ^ Médecins Sans Frontières ( 5 April 2017 ) . `` Syria : Khan Sheikhoun victims have symptoms consistent with exposure to chemical substances '' . Médecins Sans Frontières . Jump up ^ `` Death Toll in Suspected Syria Gas Attack Rises '' . The Wall Street Journal . 5 April 2017 . Retrieved 5 April 2017 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` U.N. Security Council Meets on Syrian Chemical Attack ; Death Toll Over 100 '' . The New York Times . 5 April 2017 . Retrieved 5 April 2017 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . ^ Jump up to : Loveluck , Louisa ; Zakaria , Zakaria ( 5 April 2017 ) . `` World Health Organization : Syria chemical attack likely involved nerve agent '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 5 April 2017 ... Tuesday 's assault was widely attributed to the Syrian government ... ^ Jump up to : `` Banned Nerve Agent Sarin Used in Syria Chemical Attack , Turkey Says '' . The New York Times . 6 April 2017 . Retrieved 6 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Ward , Clarissa ; Munayyer , Waffa ; Abdelaziz , Salma ; Sibbett , Fiona ( 9 May 2017 ) . `` Gasping for life : Syria 's war on children '' . CNN . Retrieved 17 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Declaration by the High Representative on behalf of the EU on the alleged chemical attack in Idlib , Syria - Consilium '' . www.consilium.europa.eu . Retrieved 17 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kuwait , GCC states support US missile strike on Syrian base '' . Kuwait News Agency . 7 April 2017 . Retrieved 16 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Loveluck , Louisa . `` Deadly nerve agent used in Syria attack was likely sarin , Turkish health ministry says '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 14 ... widely attributed to the Syrian government ... Jump up ^ Greenwood , Max ( 13 April 2017 ) . `` Assad : Chemical attacks ' 100 percent fabrication ' '' . The Hill . Retrieved 15 April 2017 . The U.S. launched a missile strike last week in response to the chemical attack , which Western powers have attributed to Assad 's forces Jump up ^ Hein , Matthias von ( 6 April 2017 ) . `` Is Assad to blame for the chemical weapons attack in Syria ? '' . Deutsche Welle . Retrieved 15 April 2017 . Western statements place blame at the feet of Syria 's President Bashar al - Assad , an accusation Damascus and Moscow contest Jump up ^ `` Syria : New Evidence Shows Pattern of Nerve - Agent Use . Government Enters Realm of Crimes against Humanity '' . Human Rights Watch . 1 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Solvang , Ole ( 1 May 2017 ) . `` Death by Chemicals : The Syrian Government 's Widespread and Systematic Use of Chemical Weapons '' . Human Rights Watch . Jump up ^ Dewan , Angela ; Yan , Holly ( 5 April 2017 ) . `` Survivors of Syrian attack describe chemical bombs falling from sky '' . CNN . Retrieved 5 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Syria chemical ' attack ' : What we know '' . BBC . 5 April 2017 . Retrieved 5 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Security Council weighs options over Syria attack '' . Al Jazeera. 8 April 2017 . Jump up ^ OPCW ( 29 June 2017 ) . `` Report of the OPCW Fact - Finding Mission in Syria regarding an alleged incident in Khan Shaykhun , Syrian Arab Republic April 2017 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 12 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Media Brief : Reported Use of Chemical Weapons , Southern Idlib , Syria , 4 April 2017 '' . OPCW. 7 April 2017 . Retrieved 9 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Matthew Chance ; Angela Dewan ( 7 April 2017 ) . `` Russia challenges Trump to say what he would do about Syria '' . CNN . Retrieved 9 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` UN watchdog says sarin used in Khan Sheikhoun attack '' . Al Jazeera. 30 June 2017 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Smith , Jerry ( 6 April 2017 ) . `` If Assad has been hiding chemical weapons , we need to know '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 15 April 2017 . Two scenarios have emerged on the source of the gassing . Opposition groups claim that the area was subject to a chemical attack from the air . The US and its allies broadly support this assertion , laying the blame on the Assad regime . However , the Syrian government and Russia insist that the agent came from an opposition weapons ' storage dump . Jump up ^ `` Syria gas attack : Children among 58 reported killed in Idlib '' . Middle East Eye. 4 April 2017 . On Tuesday , an unnamed official told the Reuters news agency that the government `` does not and has not '' used chemical weapons , `` not in the past and not in the future '' . Jump up ^ Leith Fadel ( 4 April 2017 ) . `` Details of Syrian military attack on southern Idlib town '' . Al - Masdar News . Retrieved 7 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Francis , Ellen ( 4 April 2017 ) . `` Scores reported killed in gas attack on Syrian rebel area '' . Beirut . Reuters . Jump up ^ `` Russia says Syria gas incident caused by rebels ' own chemical arsenal '' . Iraqi News . Reuters. 5 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Were the children dead at all ? ' Assad says Syria chemical attack ' 100 per cent fabrication ' '' . The Telegraph . 13 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Worrall , Patrick . `` FactCheck : Assad 's implausible claims about chemical weapons '' . Channel 4 News . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` ' Did Not ' Use Chemical Weapons : Syrian Foreign Minister Walid Muallen '' . NDTV . Retrieved 6 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 55th Special Session of OPCW Executive Council - GOV.UK '' . www.gov.uk . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Chemical attack in Idlib draws international condemnationw '' . TRT World . 4 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kerner , Felix ; Scott , Eugene ( 8 April 2017 ) . `` Tillerson , Russia 's foreign minister discuss Syria strike '' . CNN . Retrieved 9 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` West Keeps Pressure On Russia Over Suspected Syria Chemical Attack '' . Radio Free Europe / Radio Free Liberty . 6 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Vladimir Putin Says the UN Should Investigate the Syria Chemical Weapons Attack '' . TIME. 11 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Putin says chemical weapons incident in Syria 's Idlib could be a provocation '' . TASS. 12 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Idlib ' chemical attack ' was false flag to set Assad up , more may come -- Putin '' . Forbes . 14 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Russia Says Evidence Growing Syria Chemical Attack Was Staged '' . Bloomberg. 14 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Russia : Syrian chemical weapons attack could be ' staged ' '' . The Hill . 14 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Poutine au Figaro : `` Je suis d'accord '' avec la `` ligne rouge '' de Macron Le Figaro , 30 may 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Путин назвал провокацией заявления о применении химоружия сирийской армией '' . 30 May 2017 . Retrieved 17 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` An ' infantile argument ' : Experts pour cold water on Russia 's ' fanciful ' explanation for Syrian gas attack '' . Retrieved 17 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Staff , AOL . `` ' An infantile argument ' : Experts shut down Russia 's ' fanciful ' explanation of Syrian chemical attack '' . Retrieved 17 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Россия признала факт применения химического оружия в Сирии '' . The Insider ( in Russian ) . 2017 - 07 - 05 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ Karl , Jonathan ; Mallin , Alexander ( 7 April 2017 ) . `` Tillerson : Russia ' complicit ' or ' incompetent ' with Syria '' . ABC News . Retrieved 9 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Rossoll , Nicki ( 9 April 2017 ) . `` Secretary of State Rex Tillerson : ' No change ' to US military position on Syria after strike '' . ABC News . Retrieved 8 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Dewan , Angela ( 9 April 2017 ) . `` US envoy Nikki Haley says Syria regime change is ' inevitable ' '' . CNN . Retrieved 9 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Greenwood , Max ( 9 April 2017 ) . `` Tillerson : Defeating ISIS ' first priority ' in Syria '' . The Hill . Retrieved 8 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Statement from President Donald J. Trump '' . The White House . 4 April 2017 . Retrieved 7 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Remarks by President Trump and His Majesty King Abdullah II of Jordan in Joint Press Conference '' . The White House . 5 April 2017 . Retrieved 7 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Alexander Smith , Syria Gas Attack Reportedly Kills Dozens in Idlib Province , NBC News ( 4 April 2017 ) . Jump up ^ Andrew Rafferty & Stacey Klein , Trump Pins Blame for Syrian Attack on Obama Administration , NBC News ( 4 April 2017 ) . Jump up ^ Chemical Weapons Attack in Syria ( press release ) , United States Department of State ( 4 April 2017 ) . Jump up ^ Sengupta , Somini ; Rick , Gladstone ( 5 April 2017 ) . `` Nikki Haley Says U.S. May ' Take Our Own Action ' on Syrian Chemical Attack '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 9 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` U.N. ambassador Nikki Haley warns U.S. `` prepared to do more '' after Syria strike `` . CBS News . 7 April 2017 . Retrieved 9 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Trump 's Morphed From Spy Agency Critic to Fan , CIA 's Pompeo Says '' . Bloomberg. 14 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Democrat Rep. Adam Schiff Responds To Syria Airstrikes '' . NPR.org . Retrieved 17 June 2017 . Jump up ^ News , A.B.C. ( 9 April 2017 ) . `` Schiff says Russia is absolutely ' complicit ' in Syrian chemical attack '' . ABC News . Retrieved 17 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Manduley , Christina ( 2017 - 04 - 08 ) . `` Rep. Tulsi Gabbard ' skeptical ' that Assad regime behind gas attack '' . CNN . Jump up ^ Mueller , Eleanor ( 2017 - 04 - 05 ) . `` Congressman : ' I do n't think ' Assad is behind Syria attack '' . CNN . Jump up ^ `` Ron Paul : Are we far from World War III ? '' . Tulsa World . 13 April 2017 . Retrieved 3 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Lamothe , Dan ; Ryan , Missy ; Gibbons - Neff , Thomas ( 6 April 2017 ) . `` U.S. strikes Syrian military airfield in first direct assault on Bashar al - Assad 's government '' . The Washington Post . Nash Holdings LLC . Archived from the original on 7 April 2017 . Retrieved 7 April 2017 . Jump up ^ ABC News staff ( 7 April 2017 ) . `` US warships launch cruise missile strike against Syrian airfield in retaliation for chemical attack '' . ABC News Australia . Australian Broadcasting Corporation . Archived from the original on 7 April 2017 . Retrieved 7 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Fabian , Jordan ; Lane , Sylvan ( April 24 , 2017 ) . `` US sanctions Syria for chemical weapons attack '' . The Hill . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` US imposes new sanctions on Syrian officials over chemical attack '' . Deutsche Welle. April 24 , 2017 . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Syria : UN chief ' deeply disturbed ' by reports of alleged chemical attack ; OPCW investigating , UN News Centre ( 4 April 2016 ) . Jump up ^ `` Assad regime responsible for ' awful ' Syria ' chemical ' attack : EU 's Mogherini '' . Al Arabiya. 4 April 2017 . Jump up ^ OPCW Press Release on Allegations of Chemical Weapons Use in Southern Idlib , Syria , 4 April 2017 . Jump up ^ ( Note verbale of the Technical Secretariat of the OPCW NV / ODG / 209302 / 17 dated 5 April 2017 ^ Jump up to : Dewan , Angela , Kareem Khadder and Holly Yan ( 5 April 2017 ) . `` Survivors of Syrian attack describe chemical bombs falling from sky '' . CNN . Retrieved 5 April 2017 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ France wants U.N. Security Council meeting after suspected Syria chemical attack , Reuters ( 4 April 2017 ) . Jump up ^ Associated Press , France Seeks Emergency UN Meeting After Suspected Chemical Attack in Syria , Reuters ( 4 April 2017 ) . ^ Jump up to : Syria chemical attack : UK , France , US demand action , Agence France - Presse ( 5 April 2017 ) . Jump up ^ Michelle Nichols , U.N. council to meet Wednesday on suspected Syria toxic gas attack , Reuters ( 4 April 2017 ) . Jump up ^ Roth , Richard ( 11 April 2017 ) . `` Inside the tense closed - door UN Security Council deliberations on Syria '' . CNN . Retrieved 11 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Euan McKirdy , 8 times Russia blocked a UN Security Council resolution on Syria , CNN ( April 13 , 2017 ) . Jump up ^ Somini Sengupta , Russia Vetoes U.N. Resolution Condemning Syria Chemical Attack , New York Times ( April 12 , 2017 ) . Jump up ^ `` Chemical weapons watchdogs rejects Russia 's bid for new Syria attack probe The National '' . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Russia attempts to block the investigation into the chemical attack in Syria '' . 2017 - 04 - 26 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` UK is blocking independent international investigation into Khan Sheikhoun incident ( by Ambassador Yakovenko for RT ) '' . Посольство России в Великобритании . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : `` Damas est responsable de l'attaque chimique , selon l'enquête française '' . Le Figaro. April 26 , 2017 . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Masri , Lena ( April 26 , 2017 ) . `` French intelligence says Syria behind deadly sarin gas attack '' . ABC13 . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jeremy Corbyn says US air strikes in Syria ' wrong ' '' . BBC . 7 April 2017 . Retrieved 3 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Egypt strongly condemns ' indiscriminate bombardment ' in Syria 's Idlib '' . Ahram Online . Retrieved 7 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Iran 's Rouhani wants chemical attack in Syria investigated '' . Reuters. 2017 - 04 - 08 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` PressTV - US strikes on Syria , dangerous precedent : Zarif '' . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Iran condemns use of chemical weapons in Syria '' . Punch Newspapers . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ Greenwald , Glenn ( 7 April 2017 ) . `` The Spoils of War : Trump Lavished With Media and Bipartisan Praise For Bombing Syria '' . The Intercept . Jump up ^ `` Israel condemns Syria chemical attack , calls it a ' stain ' on humanity '' . The Indian Express . 5 April 2017 . Retrieved 5 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` PM Sobotka condemns chemicals attack in Syria '' . Praguemonitor.com. 6 April 2017 . Retrieved 7 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Syrian chemical attack crime against humanity , says Italy '' . Business Standard . 4 April 2017 . Retrieved 5 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FO condemns use of chemical weapons in Syria , urges for peaceful resolution of conflict '' . Dawn . Pakistan . 7 April 2017 . Retrieved 7 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Saudi condemns chemical attack in Syria '' . Al - Arabiya. 5 April 2017 . Retrieved 5 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Switzerland calls for truth behind Syria chemical attack '' . Swiss Info. 5 April 2017 . Retrieved 5 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Unacceptable carnage ' Furious Pope Francis condemns Syria chemical attack '' . Daily Express . 5 April 2017 . Retrieved 5 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Iraq 's Shiite cleric Sadr urges Assad to step down '' . AFP . 8 April 2017 . Jump up ^ McIlroy , Tom ( 5 April 2017 ) . `` ' A shocking war crime ' : Malcolm Turnbull condemns chemical weapons deaths in Syria '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 6 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Khatri , Shabina S. ( 5 April 2017 ) . `` ' Shame on humanity 's silence ' -- Qatar condemns gas attack in Syria '' . Doha News . Retrieved 5 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` No Syrians will be left to decide Assad 's fate if attacks continue , FM Çavuşoğlu says '' . Daily Sabah. 4 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Turkey condemns Syria 's gas attack , urges Russia over Astana process '' . Hürriyet Daily News . Ankara. 4 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Schultz , Teri ( 2017 - 04 - 07 ) . `` EU urges diplomacy in Syria as ex-weapons inspector says US acted without proof '' . Deutsche Welle . ^ Jump up to : Blix , Hans ( April 11 , 2017 ) . `` Hans Blix : Trump 's Missile Attack Motivated By Domestic Politics '' . www.oxfordresearchgroup.org.uk . Oxford Research Group . Retrieved 27 April 2017 . First published in Utrikes Magasinet . Jump up ^ Ritter , Scott ( 2017 - 06 - 29 ) . `` Ex-Weapons Inspector : Trump 's Sarin Claims Built on ' Lie ' '' . The American Conservative . Jump up ^ Haddad , Tareq ( 2017 - 04 - 17 ) . `` MIT expert claims latest chemical weapons attack in Syria was staged '' . International Business Times UK . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ BBC News ( 2017 - 04 - 07 ) , `` Trump has just given jihadis a thousand reasons to stage fake flag operations '' BBC News , retrieved 2017 - 05 - 05 Jump up ^ `` Ex-UK ambassador to Syria : ' No proof ' of chemical attack , Today - BBC Radio 4 '' . BBC . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ The ' bizarre case ' of Bashar al - Assad and nerve gas Vatican - Asianews access - date = 2017 - 07 - 09 Jump up ^ `` Syria : Trump 's Red Line - WELT '' . DIE WELT . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 21 . Syrian Civil War Part of the Arab Spring and Arab Winter Background Timeline Background 1963 coup d'état 1966 coup d'état 1970 `` Corrective Revolution '' 1979 -- 82 Islamic uprising 1999 Latakia protests 2000 -- 01 Damascus Spring 2004 Qamishli riots Syrian occupation of Lebanon 2005 Damascus Declaration Human rights in Syria 2011 ( Jan -- Apr May -- Aug Sep -- Dec ) Death of Hamza Ali Al - Khateeb Siege of Daraa Siege of Baniyas Talkalakh siege Siege of Rastan and Talbiseh Jisr ash - Shugur operation Siege of Hama Siege of Homs Jabal al - Zawiya operation Siege of Latakia Deir ez - Zor Clashes Rif Dimashq clashes Battle of Zabadani Battle of Douma Daraa Governorate clashes First Battle of Rastan Shayrat and Tiyas airbase ambush Idlib Governorate clashes Jabal al - Zawiya massacres 2012 ( Jan -- Apr May -- Aug Sep -- Dec ) al - Midan bombing Second Battle of Rastan First Idlib operation First Battle of Idlib First Battle of al - Qusayr Second Idlib operation Battle of Taftanaz Third Battle of Rastan Houla massacre Battle of al - Haffah Al - Qubeir massacre Battle of Tremseh Battle of Damascus Damascus bombing Battle of Aleppo Battle of Anadan Siege of Base 46 Al - Hasakah Governorate campaign ( 2012 -- 13 ) First Rif Dimashq offensive Darayya massacre Battle of Khirbet al - Joz Battle of Maarrat al - Nu'man First Siege of Wadi Deif Battle of Harem Second Rif Dimashq offensive Battle of Darayya Aqrab massacre First Hama offensive Halfaya massacre Battle of Darayya Quneitra Governorate clashes Talbiseh bakery massacre 2013 ( Jan -- Apr May -- Dec ) Battle of Safira Battle of Shadadeh Damascus offensive Raqqa campaign ( 2012 -- 13 ) ( Battle of Raqqa ( 2013 ) ) Daraa offensive Third Rif Dimashq offensive Battle of Jdaidet al - Fadl Ghouta chemical attack Al - Qusayr offensive Second Battle of al - Qusayr Bayda and Baniyas massacres Second Hama offensive Hatla massacre Khan al - Assal chemical attack Khan al - Assal massacre Adra massacre Battle of Ras al - Ayn Battle of Tell Abyad Fourth Rif Dimashq offensive Aleppo offensive 2014 ( Jan -- Jul Aug -- Dec ) First Inter-Rebel Conflict Battle of Markada First Deir ez - Zor Offensive Battle of Mork 2nd Daraa Offensive Maan massacre Al - Otaiba ambush 4th Idlib Offensive Battle of Hosn 2nd Latakia Offensive Battle of Al - Malihah Kafr Zita chemical attack Second Siege of Wadi Deif 2nd Qalamoun Offensive Battle of Arsal First Battle of the Shaer gas field Eastern Syria Offensive Battle for Tabqa Air base Northern Aleppo offensive ( February -- July 2014 ) 3rd Hama Offensive Quneitra Offensive 6th Rif Dimashq offensive Siege of Kobanî 3rd Daraa offensive 2nd Al - Safira offensive Idlib Raid Second Inter-Rebel Conflict Second Battle of the Shaer gas field Battle of Al - Shaykh Maskin 2nd Deir ez - Zor offensive 2015 ( Jan -- Jul Aug -- Dec ) An - 26 crash 4th Daraa Offensive Southern Syria Offensive Eastern al - Hasakah offensive 1st Battle of Sarrin 2nd Battle of Sarrin Battle of Bosra 5th Idlib Offensive Second Battle of Idlib Battle of Nasib Border Crossing 2nd Battle of Yarmouk Camp Western al - Hasakah offensive Palmyra offensive ( May 2015 ) 2015 Qamishli bombings Tell Abyad offensive Kobanî massacre Quneitra offensive Palmyra offensive ( July -- August 2015 ) 7th Rif Dimashq offensive Northwestern Syria offensive 2015 Aleppo offensive 2015 Al - Hawl offensive Homs offensive ( November -- December 2015 ) East Aleppo offensive ( 2015 -- 16 ) Latakia offensive ( 2015 -- 2016 ) Tishrin Dam offensive 2015 Russian Sukhoi Su - 24 shootdown 2016 ( Jan -- Apr May -- Aug Sep -- Dec ) Second Battle of Al - Shaykh Maskin 3rd Deir ez - Zor offensive Sayyidah Zaynab bombings Northern Aleppo offensive ( February 2016 ) Ithriyah - Raqqa offensive ( February -- March 2016 ) Al - Shaddadi offensive ( 2016 ) February Homs bombings February Sayyidah Zaynab bombings 2016 Khanasir offensive Battle of Tel Abyad Battle of Qamishli ( April 2016 ) Northern Aleppo offensive ( March -- June 2016 ) Palmyra offensive ( March 2016 ) East Ghouta inter-rebel conflict ( April -- May 2016 ) 8th Rif Dimashq offensive Northern Raqqa offensive ( May 2016 ) May 2016 Jableh and Tartous bombings Ithriyah - Raqqa offensive ( June 2016 ) 9th Rif Dimashq offensive Manbij offensive Tokhar 2016 Southern Aleppo campaign Battle of al - Rai ( August 2016 ) 2016 Aleppo summer campaign Western al - Bab offensive ( September 2016 ) 5 September 2016 Syria bombings September 2016 Deir ez - Zor air raid September 2016 Urum al - Kubra Aid Convoy attack September Aleppo offensive 2016 Dabiq offensive Western al - Bab offensive ( October -- November 2016 ) Aleppo offensive ( September -- October 2016 ) Khan al - Shih offensive ( October -- November 2016 ) Raqqa campaign ( 2016 -- present ) Battle of Raqqa ( 2017 ) Battle of al - Bab Aleppo offensive ( November -- December 2016 ) Palmyra offensive ( December 2016 ) 2017 ( Jan -- Apr May -- present ) Wadi Barada offensive ( 2016 -- 17 ) January 2017 Azaz bombing Syrian Desert campaign ( December 2016 -- April 2017 ) Idlib Governorate clashes ( 2017 ) Deir ez - Zor offensive ( January -- February 2017 ) Daraa offensive ( February -- June 2017 ) ISIL Daraa offensive ( February 2017 ) Qaboun offensive ( 2017 ) Palmyra offensive ( 2017 ) East Aleppo offensive ( January -- April 2017 ) March 2017 Damascus bombings 2017 al - Jinah airstrike 2017 Hama offensive Battle of Tabqa ( 2017 ) Khan Shaykhun chemical attack 2017 Shayrat missile strike 2017 Aleppo suicide car bombing April 2017 Turkish airstrikes in Syria and Iraq East Ghouta inter-rebel conflict ( April -- May 2017 ) Syrian Desert campaign ( May 2017 -- present ) Maskanah Plains offensive East Hama offensive 9th Daraa Southern Raqqa offensive ( June 2017 ) 2017 Jobar offensive Quneitra offensive ( June 2017 ) Idlib Governorate clashes ( July 2017 ) Central Syria campaign ( July 2017 -- present ) 3nd Qalamoun Deir ez - Zor offensive Spillover Spillover into Lebanon Lebanese -- Syrian border clashes Battle of Sidon Iranian Embassy Bombing Northern Lebanon Clashes 3nd Qalamoun Syrian - Turkish border clashes December 2011 Syrian -- Turkish border clash Turkish aircraft shootdown October 2012 Syrian - Turkish border clashes Reyhanlı bombings January 2014 Turkish airstrike in Syria Israeli -- Syrian ceasefire line incidents March 2017 incident Jordanian - Syrian border clashes April 2014 Jordanian -- Syrian border airstrike Spillover into Iraq Akashat ambush Operation al - Shabah April 2014 Iraqi -- Syrian border airstrike Assassination of Andrei Karlov Turkish military intervention in Syria 2017 Russian Air Force Al - Bab incident 2017 Deir ez - Zor missile strike Involved parties Syria Ba'ath Government Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party -- Syria Region Syrian Social Nationalist Party Arab Socialist Movement Syrian Communist Party Military & Militias Syrian Armed Forces Syrian Resistance PFLP - GC al - Quds Brigade Palestine Liberation Army Smaller groups Support for the government Hezbollah involvement Iranian involvement Liwa Fatemiyoun Russia 's involvement medical facility targeting military intervention Russia -- Syria -- Iran -- Iraq coalition Popular Mobilization Forces ( Iraq ) Syrian opposition , Al - Qaeda affiliates and allies NCSR Government National Coalition Local Co-ordination Committees Syrian National Council Supreme Council of the Syrian Revolution National Coordination Committee for Democratic Change Syrian Revolution General Commission Syrian Support Group Adopt a Revolution Syrian Patriotic Group Opposition militias Turkish - backed Free Syrian Army Hawar Kilis Operations Room Ahrar al - Sham Nour al - Din al - Zenki Movement Abu Amara Battalions Covert Special Tasks Force Army of Glory Elite Army 2nd Army Army of Victory Martyrs of Islam Brigade National Liberation Movement Central Division 1st Coastal Division Free Idlib Army 23rd Division Army of Islam al - Rahman Legion 1st Brigade of Damascus Southern Front Army of Free Tribes Criterion Brigades National Front for the Liberation of Syria Unified Syrian Army Company of the People of the Levant Authenticity and Development Front Al - Qaratayn Martyrs Brigade Revolutionary Commando Army Elite Division Smaller groups al - Qaeda affiliates and allies Tahrir al - Sham Turkistan Islamic Party in Syria Caucasus Emirate Ajnad al - Kavkaz Junud al Makhdi Malhama Tactical Ansar al - Islam splinter faction Smaller groups Allied groups ( to the Opposition militias ) Muslim Brotherhood of Syria Grey Wolves Smaller groups Support for the Opposition American - led intervention American rescue mission Israel Jordanian intervention Qatar Saudi Arabia Turkey Rojava ( SDF ) Rojava government Democratic Union Party Kurdish National Council Smaller political parties SDF groups People 's Protection Units Women 's Protection Units Anti-Terror Units Al - Sanadid Forces Army of Revolutionaries Elite Forces SDF Military Councils Syriac Military Council ( Bethnahrain Women 's Protection Forces Jabhat Thuwar al - Raqqa Raqqa Hawks Brigade Northern Democratic Brigade Free Officers Union Liberation Brigade faction Shahba Forces Liwa Owais al - Qorani remnants Martyr Amara Arab Women 's Battalion Battalion of Karachok Martyrs Revolutionary Forces Khabour Guards Nattoreh Smaller groups Allied groups Patriotic Union of Kurdistan Kurdistan Workers ' Party International Freedom Battalion International Anti-Fascist Battalion Sinjar Resistance Units Êzîdxan Women 's Units Smaller groups ISIL Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant Military of ISIL Dokumacılar Khalid ibn al - Walid Army Liwa al - Aqsa Group of the One and Only Liwa Dawud People Ammar Abdulhamid Ali al - Abdallah Adnan al - Aroor al - Assad family Bashar Maher Rifaat Rami Makhlouf Hafez Makhlouf Riad al - Asaad Anwar al - Bunni Fahd Jassem al - Freij Haitham al - Maleh Moaz al - Khatib Kamal al - Labwani Hamza al - Khateeb Tal al - Mallohi Fida al - Sayed Riad al - Turk Khaled Khoja Ammar al - Qurabi Suheir Atassi Ali Sadreddine Al - Bayanouni Aref Dalila Farid Ghadry Burhan Ghalioun Razan Ghazzawi Ghassan Hitto Salim Idris Randa Kassis Abdul Halim Khaddam Michel Kilo Bassma Kodmani Ali Habib Mahmud Ali Mahmoud Othman Ibrahim Qashoush Dawoud Rajiha Yassin al - Haj Saleh Bouthaina Shaaban Adib Shishakly Abdulbaset Sieda Riad Seif Fadwa Soliman Mohamad Anas Haitham Soueid Yaser Tabbara Razan Zaitouneh Rami Jarrah Abdurrahman Mustafa Issues Peace process Related topics Elections Issues Casualties Chemical weapons Cities and towns Damaged heritage sites Foreign involvement Human rights violations Humanitarian aid International reactions International demonstrations and protests Massacres Refugees ( European migrant crisis ) Sectarianism and minorities Spillover into Lebanon Syrian reactions Peace process Arab League monitors Friends of Syria Group Kofi Annan peace plan UN Supervision Mission Lakhdar Brahimi peace plan U.S. -- Russia peace proposals on Syria 39th G8 summit UN Security Council Resolution 2118 Geneva II Conference 2015 Zabadani cease - fire agreement 2015 Vienna talks 2016 Geneva talks Related topics 2014 Syrian detainee report Exclusive mandate Fourth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference International recognition of the Syrian National Council Syria Files Syrian media coverage The Return to Homs Silvered Water , Syria Self - Portrait Sunnistan Syrian presidential election , 2014 Elections and referendums held during the civil war Syrian local elections , 2011 Syrian constitutional referendum , 2012 Syrian presidential election , 2014 Rojava local elections , 2015 Syrian parliamentary election , 2016 References Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Khan_Shaykhun_chemical_attack&oldid=799351716 '' Categories : April 2017 events in Syria Chemical weapons attacks Idlib Governorate in the Syrian Civil War Military operations of the Syrian Civil War in 2017 Military operations of the Syrian Civil War involving chemical weapons Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Pages containing links to subscription - only content CS1 maint : Unrecognized language CS1 Russian - language sources ( ru ) CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use American English from April 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use dmy dates from April 2017 Pages using military navigation subgroups without wide style Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Беларуская Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Magyar മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu 日本 語 Português Română Русский Scots Suomi தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 7 September 2017 , at 04 : 46 . 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"The Khan Shaykhun chemical attack took place on 4 April 2017 on the town of Khan Shaykhun in the Idlib Governorate of Syria. At the time of the attack, the town was under the control of Tahrir al-Sham,[5][6][7][8] previously known as the al-Nusra Front.[9][10]"
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"4 April"
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-218761848772801136 | The Spy Next Door | The Spy Next Door - wikipedia The Spy Next Door The Spy Next Door Theatrical release poster Directed by Brian Levant Produced by Robert Simonds Screenplay by Jonathan Bernstein James Greer Gregory Poirier Story by Jonathan Bernstein James Greer Starring Jackie Chan Amber Valletta Magnús Scheving Billy Ray Cyrus George Lopez Madeline Carroll Music by David Newman Cinematography Dean Cundey Edited by Lawrence Jordan Production company Relativity Media Distributed by Lionsgate Release date January 15 , 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 15 ) Running time 94 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $28 million Box office $45.2 million The Spy Next Door is a 2010 American comedy film directed by Brian Levant , written by Jonathan Bernstein , James Greer and Gregory Poirier , produced by Robert Simonds with music by David Newman and starring Jackie Chan , Amber Valletta , Magnús Scheving , Madeline Carroll , Will Shadley , Alina Foley , Billy Ray Cyrus and George Lopez . Filming started in late October 2008 in Rio Rancho , New Mexico and was finished in late December 2008 . The film was released on January 15 , 2010 in the United States by Lionsgate . The film was released on DVD , and Blu - ray on May 18 , 2010 . The film tributes Chan 's films by showing clips , references and even referencing Chan 's real life childhood . The film received negative reviews from critics and it earned $45.2 million on a $28 million budget . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Soundtrack 4 Release 4.1 Box office 4.2 Critical reception 4.3 Home media 5 Awards and nominations 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) Bob Ho is a MSS operative on loan to the CIA as a undercover agent , who decides to retire after putting Russian terrorist Anton Poldark behind bars and marry his longtime girlfriend Gillian , who lives next door and has three children from previous relationships , Farren ( a step - daughter ) , Ian and Nora . None of them know about his job . One day , Gillian leaves to visit her father in a hospital in Denver , Colorado and leaves Bob to take care of her children , who all despise him and plot to get rid of him . Using some technology from the CIA , Bob is able to get control of them . His partner , Colton James , informs him that Poldark has escaped prison and they suspect there is a mole in the CIA . Colton sends a file to Bob 's computer for a top - secret formula for an oil - eating bacteria Poldark is working on . While snooping around Bob 's house , Ian downloads the file , which he mistakes for music , onto his iPod . Poldark discovers the download and sends some of his people to Bob 's house , but Bob overpowers them . After the attack , Bob and the children hide at a Chinese restaurant , where Poldark 's teenage henchman , Larry , tries to kill Bob . Bob defeats him and is forced to tell the children about his job . His boss Glaze then arrives , points a gun at him and demands the downloaded file , revealing himself as the mole working for Poldark . Bob knocks out Glaze with Nora 's turtle , then hides in a hotel with the children . He tells Gillian over the phone about his job . Fearing for her children 's safety , she flies home to take them and breaks up with him after discovering he is a spy . Bob heads to an abandoned factory to confront the Russian terrorists but finds that Ian , wanting to become a spy , and Farren has run away from home . The trio is captured by the Russians , who force Ian to reveal that the file is on his iPod . As Poldark , his partner Tatiana , and Glaze go to Gillian 's house , Bob and the children escape and defeat the remaining terrorists . They then go to Gillian 's house and Poldark and his crew arrive soon after . Bob and the terrorists fight , with the children using Bob 's secret weapons to defeat some of them . Soon after , Colton and his crew arrive to arrest the Russians and Glaze . Gillian initially rejects Bob , but soon realizes that he is a good man after Nora says she wants him to be her dad and Farren and Ian confess that Bob lied to protect them . Bob and Gillian then get married . Cast ( edit ) Jackie Chan as Bob Ho , a spy on loan to the CIA and Gillian 's neighbor , boyfriend and eventual husband Amber Valletta as Gillian , Bob 's neighbor , girlfriend and eventual wife Magnús Scheving as Anton Poldark , a Russian terrorist Madeline Carroll as Farren , Gillian 's step - daughter Will Shadley as Ian , Gillian 's son Alina Foley as Nora , Gillian 's daughter Billy Ray Cyrus as Colton James , Bob 's partner George Lopez as Glaze , Bob 's corrupt boss Lucas Till as Larry , a teenager working with Poldark Katherine Boecher as Tatiana Creel Jeff Chase as Russian thug Soundtrack ( edit ) `` Secret Agent Man '' -- Performed by Johnny Rivers `` The Way It Was '' -- Written and Performed by Daniel May `` Ba Ma De Hua '' -- Performed by Jackie Chan ( theme song of Rob - B - Hood , a film also made by Chan ) `` One Way or Another '' -- Performed by Blondie Release ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) In its first weekend , in the US , The Spy Next Door made $9.7 million in 2,924 theaters , opening at # 6 . It grossed $12.9 million over the four - day period , ranking # 5 on that term . The film grossed $45.1 million on a $28 million budget . Critical reception ( edit ) On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 12 % based on 89 reviews , with an average rating of 3.5 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Lacking a script funny enough to cover up for Jackie Chan 's fading physical gifts , The Spy Next Door fails on every conceivable level . '' On Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating to reviews , it holds an average score of 27 out of 100 based on 21 critics , indicating `` generals unfavorable reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A -- '' on an A+ to F scale . Most film critics targeted the film for `` lacking a script , '' such as Michael Phillips of The Chicago Tribune for being `` True Lies without the striptease or the Arab - maiming '' and Kyle Smith of The New York Post who also claimed the film is `` ripping off True Lies . '' Lael Loewenstein of Variety gave the film a negative review saying the film 's `` cartoonish jokes and misfired gags are likely to elicit more eye rolls than laughs . '' Daniel Eagan of The Hollywood Reporter also disliked the film saying most of the film is `` pretty tired stuff from Pacifier - style slapstick to comic relief delivered by , of all people , erstwhile country star Billy Ray Cyrus '' and that Chan `` seems stiff '' and `` clad in unattractive clothes and forced into dumbed - down situations . '' David Stratton of At the Movies dismissed the film calling it `` a sad viewing experience '' . He added `` The woeful screenplay , the mundane direction , by Brian Levant , and the indifferent acting all combine to sink a stupid plot which should never have got off the ground . '' Carrie Rickey of The Philadelphia Inquirer gave the film 21⁄2 stars . Rickey , giving the film the benefit of the doubt , wrote `` The plot may be forgettable , but the execution is frantic and funny . The Spy Next Door is a movie that will bring smiles to kids -- and their grandparents . '' Home Media ( edit ) The Spy Next Door was released on DVD and Blu - ray on May 18 , 2010 . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Award Subject Nominee Result Razzie Award Worst Supporting Actor Billy Ray Cyrus Nominated George Lopez See also ( edit ) Film in the United States portal 2010s portal The Pacifier True Lies Man of the House Kindergarten Cop Big Momma 's House References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Spy Next Door ( 2010 ) '' . Box Office Mojo. 2010 . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 21 . Jump up ^ The Spy Next Door IMDb Jump up ^ `` The Spy Next Door ( 2010 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` The Spy Next Door reviews '' . Metacritic . CNET Networks . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` CinemaScore '' . cinemascore.com . Jump up ^ Phillips , Michael ( January 15 , 2009 ) . `` ' The Spy Next Door ' -- 1 ⁄ stars '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ Smith , Kyle ( January 15 , 2009 ) . `` He 's Bland , James Bland '' . New York Post . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ Lael Loewenstein ( January 9 , 2010 ) . `` The Spy Next Door Review '' . Variety . Retrieved January 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Daniel Eagan ( January 11 , 2010 ) . `` The Spy Next Door -- Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Stratton , David ; Pomeranz , Magaret ( March 31 , 2010 ) . `` The Spy Next Door review '' . At the Movies . Archived from the original on April 9 , 2010 . Retrieved April 9 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Rickey , Carrie ( January 15 , 2009 ) . `` It 's Bob , the bouncing babysitting spy '' . The Philadelphia Inquirer . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 16 . External links ( edit ) The Spy Next Door on IMDb The Spy Next Door at AllMovie The Spy Next Door at Rotten Tomatoes The Spy Next Door at Metacritic The Spy Next Door at Box Office Mojo Films directed by Brian Levant Problem Child 2 ( 1991 ) Beethoven ( 1992 ) The Flintstones ( 1994 ) Jingle All the Way ( 1996 ) The Flintstones in Viva Rock Vegas ( 2000 ) Snow Dogs ( 2002 ) Are We There Yet ? ( 2005 ) Scooby - Doo ! The Mystery Begins ( 2009 ) The Spy Next Door ( 2010 ) Scooby - Doo ! Curse of the Lake Monster ( 2010 ) A Christmas Story 2 ( 2012 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Spy_Next_Door&oldid=853677193 '' Categories : 2010 films English - language films 2010s comedy films 2010s spy films American comedy films American films American spy films Central Intelligence Agency in fiction Films scored by David Newman Films about dysfunctional families Films about Halloween Films about interracial romance Films directed by Brian Levant Films shot in New Mexico Lions Gate Entertainment films Relativity Media films Spy comedy films Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Deutsch Español فارسی Français Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 12 more Edit links This page was last edited on 6 August 2018 , at 08 : 42 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who plays farren in the spy next door | [
"Madeline Carroll as Farren, Gillian's step-daughter"
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"Madeline Carroll"
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-4185970968079731216 | Law & Order | Law & Order - Wikipedia Law & Order Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the original television series . For its spin - offs , see Law & Order ( franchise ) . For other uses , see Law and Order . Law & Order The series title card . The font , Friz Quadrata , is used in the identifying sign of One Police Plaza , headquarters of the NYPD . Genre Police procedural Legal drama Created by Dick Wolf Starring George Dzundza Chris Noth Dann Florek Michael Moriarty Richard Brooks Steven Hill Paul Sorvino Carolyn McCormick Jerry Orbach S. Epatha Merkerson Jill Hennessy Sam Waterston Benjamin Bratt Carey Lowell Angie Harmon Jesse L. Martin Dianne Wiest Elisabeth Röhm Fred Dalton Thompson Dennis Farina Annie Parisse Michael Imperioli Milena Govich Alana de la Garza Jeremy Sisto Linus Roache Anthony Anderson Theme music composer Mike Post Opening theme Theme of Law & Order Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 20 No. of episodes 456 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Dick Wolf ( 1990 - 2010 ) William M. Finkelstein ( 2000 - 01 ) Arthur Penn ( 2000 - 01 ) Peter Jankowski ( 2001 - 10 ) Matthew Penn ( 2003 - 07 ) Nicholas Wootton ( 2005 - 07 ) Fred Berner ( 2008 - 10 ) Producer ( s ) Lorenzo Carcaterra ( 2003 - 04 ) Aaron Zelman ( 2003 - 04 ) Nick Santora ( 2004 - 05 ) Lois Johnson ( 2004 - 05 ) Greg Plageman ( 2005 - 06 ) Christopher Ambrose ( 2008 - 10 ) Location ( s ) New York City , New York Running time 40 -- 48 minutes Production company ( s ) Wolf Films Universal Television ( 1990 -- 98 , 2002 -- 04 ) Studios USA ( 1998 -- 2002 ) NBC Universal Television Studio ( 2004 -- 07 ) Universal Media Studios ( 2007 -- 10 ) Distributor NBCUniversal Television Distribution Release Original network NBC Picture format 480i ( SDTV ) ( seasons 1 - 11 ) 1080i ( HDTV ) ( seasons 12 - 20 ) Original release September 13 , 1990 ( 1990 - 09 - 13 ) -- May 24 , 2010 ( 2010 - 05 - 24 ) Chronology Related shows Law & Order franchise www.nbc.com/Law_&_Order/ Law & Order is an American police procedural and legal drama television series , created by Dick Wolf and part of the Law & Order franchise . It originally aired on NBC and , in syndication , on various cable networks . Law & Order premiered on September 13 , 1990 , and completed its 20th and final season on May 24 , 2010 . At the time of its cancellation , Law & Order was the longest - running crime drama on American primetime television . Its record of 20 seasons is a tie with Gunsmoke ( 1955 -- 75 ) for the longest - running live - action scripted American prime - time series with ongoing characters . Although it has fewer episodes than Gunsmoke , Law & Order ranks as the longest - running hour - long primetime TV series . Gunsmoke , for its first six seasons , was originally a half - hour program . Set and filmed in New York City , the series follows a two - part approach : the first half - hour is the investigation of a crime ( usually murder ) and apprehension of a suspect by New York City Police Department detectives ; the second half is the prosecution of the defendant by the Manhattan District Attorney 's Office . Plots are often based on real cases that recently made headlines , although the motivation for the crime and the perpetrator may be different . The show has been noted for its revolving cast over the years . Among the longest - running main cast members were Steven Hill as District Attorney Adam Schiff ( seasons 1 -- 10 ) , Jerry Orbach as Detective Lennie Briscoe ( seasons 3 -- 14 ) , S. Epatha Merkerson as Lieutenant Anita Van Buren ( seasons 4 -- 20 ) , Sam Waterston as Executive Assistant District Attorney Jack McCoy ( seasons 5 -- 20 ; later District Attorney ) and Jesse L. Martin as Detective Ed Green ( seasons 10 -- 18 ) . The success of the series has led to the creation of additional shows , making Law & Order a franchise , with also a television film , several video games , and international adaptations of the series . It has won and has been nominated for numerous awards over the years , including a number of Emmy Awards . On May 14 , 2010 , NBC announced that it had canceled Law & Order and would air the final episode on May 24 , 2010 . Immediately following the show 's cancellation , Wolf stated that he was attempting to find a new home for the series and would also consider a `` last resort '' plan to conclude the show with a two - hour TV film to air on NBC . In July 2010 , however , he indicated that those attempts had failed and declared that the series had now `` moved to the history books '' . However , in February 2015 , rumors started that NBC was planning to bring the series back for 10 episodes . In May 2015 , former star Sam Waterston ( EADA / DA Jack McCoy ) announced to The Hollywood Reporter that he supports and would join a revival of Law & Order , saying : `` You 're darn right . Sure , I 'd love it . Got to break the record . '' Creator Dick Wolf has expressed wanting to use a L&O revival to do a `` ripped from the headlines '' storyline surrounding the murder trial of Robert Durst , Wolf said `` ( Of all my past projects ) I 'd bring back Law & Order . Everybody who knows me knows it 's something I want to do , '' he continued , `` my only regret looking backward is all the great stories that we have n't been able to do for the past five years . '' At the 2015 Television Critics Association summer press tour , Wolf noted everyone wants a revival , `` It is a question of ... most of the people involved are very successful in their careers . To try to get everything in sequence is much more difficult than it looks on the outside . I am always an optimist . I would love to do it if we can make it work . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 Production 1.1 History and development 1.2 Filming 1.3 Music and sound effects 2 Casting and characters 3 Format 3.1 The police portion 3.2 The trial portion 3.3 `` Ripped from the headlines '' 4 Episodes 5 Broadcast history 5.1 Syndication 6 Cancellation 7 Spin - offs , tie - ins , and adaptations 8 Ratings 9 Awards and honors 10 DVD releases 11 See also 12 References 12.1 Notes 12.2 Bibliography 13 External links Production ( edit ) History and development ( edit ) In 1988 , Dick Wolf developed a concept for a new television series that would depict a relatively optimistic picture of the American criminal justice system . He initially toyed with the idea of calling it Night & Day but then hit upon the title Law & Order . The first half of each episode would follow two detectives ( a senior and a junior detective ) and their commanding officer as they investigate a violent crime . The second half of the episode would follow the District Attorney 's Office and the courts as two prosecutors , with advice from the District Attorney himself , attempt to convict the accused . Through this , Law & Order would be able to investigate some of the larger issues of the day by focusing on stories that were based on real cases making headlines . Wolf took the idea to then - president of Universal Television Kerry McCluggage , who pointed out the similarity to a 1963 series titled Arrest and Trial , which lasted one season . The two watched the pilot of that series , in which a police officer ( Ben Gazzara ) arrested a man for armed robbery in the first half , and the defense attorney , played by Chuck Connors gets the perpetrator off as the wrong guy in the second half ; this was the formula of the show every week . Wolf decided that , while his detectives would occasionally also be fallible , he wanted a fresh approach to the genre , to go from police procedural to prosecution with a greater degree of realism . In addition , the prosecution would be the hero , a reversal of the usual formula in lawyer dramas . Initially , Fox ordered thirteen episodes based on the concept alone , with no pilot . Then - network head Barry Diller reversed the decision . Although he loved the idea , he did n't believe it was a `` Fox show '' . Wolf then went to CBS , which ordered a pilot , `` Everybody 's Favorite Bagman '' , written by Wolf about corrupt city officials involved with the mob . The network liked the pilot but did not order it because there were no breakout stars . In the summer of 1989 , NBC 's top executives , Brandon Tartikoff and Warren Littlefield , screened the pilot and liked it ; but they were concerned the intensity of the series could not be repeated week after week . However , by 1990 , NBC executives had enough confidence that the innovative show could appeal to a wide audience that they ordered the series for a full season . Filming ( edit ) The series was shot on location in New York City and is known for its extensive use of local color . In later seasons , New York City mayors Rudy Giuliani and Michael Bloomberg , attorney William Kunstler and Bronx Congressman José Serrano all appeared on the show as themselves . Local personalities also had recurring cameos as fictional characters , such as Donna Hanover and Fran Lebowitz as judges . On September 14 , 2004 , in New York City , a road leading to Pier 62 at Chelsea Piers ( where the series was mostly shot ) was renamed `` Law & Order Way '' in tribute to the series . Music and sound effects ( edit ) Audio samples of Law & Order ( media help ) Opening Theme The Law & Order `` clang '' sound Problems playing these files ? See media help . The music for Law & Order was composed by veteran composer Mike Post , and was deliberately designed to be minimal to match the abbreviated style of the series . Post wrote the theme song using electric piano , guitar , and clarinet . In addition , scene changes were accompanied by a tone generated by Post . He refers to the tone as `` The Clang , '' while Entertainment Weekly critic Ken Tucker has referred to the sound as the `` ominous chung CHUNG '' , actor Dann Florek ( in a promo ) as the `` doink doink '' , and Richard Belzer as `` the Dick Wolf Cash Register Sound . '' The tone moves the viewer from scene to scene , jumping forward in time with all the importance and immediacy of a judge 's gavel -- which is exactly what Post was aiming for when he created it . `` The Clang '' is an amalgamation of nearly a dozen sounds , including an actual gavel , a jail door slamming , and five hundred Japanese monks walking across a hardwood floor . The sound has become so associated with the Law & Order brand that it was also carried over to other series of the franchise . The UK - aired Channel Five versions of seasons 7 -- 16 of Law & Order and Seasons 1 -- 9 of Law & Order : Special Victims Unit feature the song `` I 'm Not Driving Anymore '' by Rob Dougan in the opening credits with `` Urban Warfare '' by Paul Dinletir being used for Seasons 10 -- 11 after that Seasons 16 -- 20 of Law & Order and Seasons 12 + of SVU used the US theme . Another Rob Dougan track , `` There 's Only Me '' , was used as the theme for seasons 1 -- 6 of Law & Order : Criminal Intent , with Urban Warfare again being used for Seasons 7 -- 8 and the US theme being used for Seasons 9 -- 10 . Casting and characters ( edit ) Main article : List of Law & Order characters See also : List of Law & Order cast members Name Portrayed by Occupation Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Max Greevey George Dzundza Senior Detective ( Sergeant ) Main Mike Logan Chris Noth Junior Detective Main Donald Cragen Dann Florek Captain Main Guest Guest Guest Ben Stone Michael Moriarty Executive Assistant District Attorney Main Paul Robinette Richard Brooks Assistant District Attorney Main Guest Guest Adam Schiff Steven Hill District Attorney Main Phil Cerreta Paul Sorvino Senior Detective ( Sergeant ) Main Elizabeth Olivet Carolyn McCormick Psychologist Guest Also Starring Guest Guest Guest Lennie Briscoe Jerry Orbach Senior Detective Main Anita Van Buren S. Epatha Merkerson Lieutenant Main Claire Kincaid Jill Hennessy Assistant District Attorney Main Jack McCoy Sam Waterston Executive Assistant District Attorney , District Attorney Main Rey Curtis Benjamin Bratt Junior Detective Main Guest Jamie Ross Carey Lowell Assistant District Attorney Main Guest Abbie Carmichael Angie Harmon Assistant District Attorney Main Ed Green Jesse L. Martin Junior Detective , Senior Detective Main Nora Lewin Dianne Wiest Interim District Attorney Main Serena Southerlyn Elisabeth Röhm Assistant District Attorney Main Arthur Branch Fred Thompson District Attorney Main Joe Fontana Dennis Farina Senior Detective Main Nick Falco Michael Imperioli Junior Detective Main Guest Alexandra Borgia Annie Parisse Assistant District Attorney Main Nina Cassady Milena Govich Junior Detective Main Connie Rubirosa Alana de la Garza Assistant District Attorney Main Cyrus Lupo Jeremy Sisto Junior Detective , Senior Detective Main Michael Cutter Linus Roache Executive Assistant District Attorney Main Kevin Bernard Anthony Anderson Junior Detective Main Cast of Law & Order Season 1 ( 1990 -- 91 ) , from left : George Dzundza , Michael Moriarty , Chris Noth and Richard Brooks Season 2 ( 1991 -- 92 ) , from left : Paul Sorvino , Moriarty , Noth and Brooks ( This was also initially the cast of Season 3 , until Sorvino left mid-way through the season and was replaced by Jerry Orbach ) Season 6 ( 1995 -- 96 ) , from left : Benjamin Bratt , Sam Waterston , Jerry Orbach and Jill Hennessy ( This was the first cast line - up to not feature any of the originals , aside from Steven Hill ) Seasons 7 -- 8 ( 1996 -- 98 ) , from left : Bratt , Orbach , Waterston and Carey Lowell ( This was the first cast line - up to last more than one complete season ) Seasons 19 -- 20 ( 2008 -- 10 ) , from left : Anthony Anderson , Alana de la Garza , Linus Roache and Jeremy Sisto ( This was also the cast at the end of Season 18 , after Anderson replaced Jesse L. Martin ) For the 1988 pilot , George Dzundza and Chris Noth were cast as the original detectives , Sergeant Max Greevey and Detective Mike Logan . The producers felt that Dzundza would be a perfect senior police officer as he was someone the producers felt they could see themselves riding along with in a police cruiser . Noth and Michael Madsen were candidates for the role of Logan . Madsen initially was considered the perfect choice for the role , but , in a final reading , it was felt that Madsen 's acting mannerisms were repetitive , and Noth received the role instead . Rounding out the police cast , Dann Florek was cast as Captain Donald Cragen . On the prosecutor 's side , Michael Moriarty was Dick Wolf 's choice to play Executive Assistant District Attorney Benjamin `` Ben '' Stone . The network , however , preferred James Naughton , but , in the end , Wolf 's choice would prevail , and Moriarty received the role . As his ADA , Richard Brooks and Eriq La Salle were being considered for the role of Paul Robinette . The network favored La Salle but , once again , the producers ' choice prevailed , and Brooks received the role . As their boss , Roy Thinnes was cast as District Attorney Alfred Wentworth . Nearly two years passed between the pilot and production of the series . The producers held options on Dzundza , Noth , Moriarty and Brooks . Each was paid holding money for the additional year and brought back . Florek also returned . Thinnes , however , was starring in Dark Shadows and declined to return . In his place , the producers tapped Steven Hill to play District Attorney Adam Schiff , a character loosely based on real - life New York County District Attorney Robert Morgenthau . Hill brought prestige and experience to the show and , as such , the producers allowed Hill to give insight on the direction he thought the character should go . Dzundza was disappointed when he realized that the show would be more of an ensemble show rather than a show starring him . Though the cast liked his performance , they increasingly felt uncomfortable around Dzundza , who was also under stress due to the constant commute between New York City and his home in Los Angeles . Dzundza quit after only one season on the show , and Sergeant Greevey was written off as being killed in the line of duty . He was replaced by Paul Sorvino as Sergeant Phil Cerreta , who was considered more even tempered than either Max Greevey or Mike Logan . Sorvino was initially excited about the role , but would leave midway through the next season , citing the exhausting schedule demanded by the filming of the show , a need to broaden his horizons , and the desire to preserve his vocal cords for singing opera as reasons for leaving the show . Sergeant Cerreta was written off as having been shot in the line of duty and transferring to a desk job at another precinct . To replace Sorvino on the series , Wolf cast Jerry Orbach ( who had previously guest starred as a defense attorney in the Season 2 episode `` The Wages of Love '' ) in the role of Detective Leonard W. `` Lennie '' Briscoe . Orbach 's characterization of the world - weary , wisecracking Detective Briscoe was based on a similar NYPD character he portrayed in the 1981 film Prince Of The City , which Wolf had personally requested Orbach to replicate for the show . Introduced on a recurring basis during Season 2 was Carolyn McCormick as Dr. Elizabeth Olivet , a police psychologist brought in on a case - by - case basis . NBC had been pushing for the producers to add female characters to the all male cast . She was added to the opening credits as `` also starring '' in Season 3 and 4 but , despite the attempts of the producers to include her in as many episodes as possible , it was found to be difficult to incorporate her into the show due to the format leaning heavily on the police and prosecutors . She was removed from the credits in Season 5 . McCormick stayed with the show on a recurring basis , but believed that the character had become less profound and complex , and that her role had been reduced mostly to `` psychobabble . '' She left to star on Cracker after Season 7 . After the cancellation of Cracker , she returned beginning in Season 13 and appeared occasionally until Season 20 . By the end of Season 3 , NBC executives still felt the show did not have enough female characters . On the orders of then - network president Warren Littlefield , new female characters had to be added to the cast or the show would face possible cancellation on its relegated Friday night time slot . Wolf realized that , since there were only six characters on the show , someone had to be dismissed . He chose to dismiss Florek and Brooks from the regular roster , and later said it was the hardest two phone calls he had ever made . Though producers initially claimed the firings , especially that of Brooks , who was said not to get along with Moriarty , were for other reasons , Wolf confirmed that the firings were on the orders of Littlefield . To replace Florek , S. Epatha Merkerson was cast as new squad leader Lieutenant Anita Van Buren . ( Merkerson had previously guest starred as a mother of a gunshot victim in the Season 1 episode `` Mushrooms . '' ) To replace Brooks , Jill Hennessy was cast as Assistant District Attorney Claire Kincaid . Though no initial explanation was given on the show for the departures of Florek 's or Brooks 's characters , they would both later return in guest appearances , with Captain Cragen having been reassigned to the Internal Affairs Bureau and ADA Robinette having become a defense attorney . Florek also returned to direct a few episodes , and his character was eventually added to the cast of Law & Order : Special Victims Unit . Meanwhile , Moriarty 's behavior both on and off the set became problematic for Wolf . After a public statement in which Moriarty called Attorney General Janet Reno a `` psychopathic Nazi '' for her efforts to censor television violence , Moriarty engaged in a verbal confrontation with Reno at a dinner in Washington , D.C. Wolf asked Moriarty to tone down his comments , and Moriarty responded by quitting the show the next week . The final storyline for Ben Stone involved him resigning over guilt after a woman he compelled to testify against a Russian mobster was murdered by his cohorts . To replace Moriarty , Sam Waterston was Wolf 's first choice for the role of Executive Assistant District Attorney John J. `` Jack '' McCoy Jr. ; Waterston 's character was markedly different from Moriarty 's in that Jack McCoy was conceived as more emotionally stable and having more sex appeal . Wolf dismissed Noth when his contract expired at the end of Season 5 , because he felt that Lennie Briscoe and Mike Logan had become too similar to each other and the writers were having difficulty in writing their dialogue together . Furthermore , Noth had been disgruntled with the show since the dismissals of Florek and Brooks , and remained embittered against Wolf , who he felt was not a friend to his actors . The final story line for Detective Logan involved him being banished to work on Staten Island in a domestic violence crimes unit as punishment for punching a city council member who had orchestrated the murder of a gay colleague and had managed to get acquitted of the charges . ( The made - for - television film Exiled : A `` Law & Order '' Movie , in which Noth starred , centered around Logan attempting to get back into the department 's good graces . ) Noth was replaced by Benjamin Bratt as Detective Reynaldo `` Rey '' Curtis , who was hired in an attempt to find an actor even sexier than Noth to join the cast . Hennessy chose not to renew her three - year contract at the end of Season 6 to pursue other projects , and Claire Kincaid was written off as being killed in a drunk driving accident . She was replaced by Carey Lowell as Assistant District Attorney Jamie Ross . Lowell remained with the show until the end of Season 8 , when she left to spend more time with her daughter . ( Jamie Ross was written off as leaving the D.A. 's office for similar reasons . ) Lowell ( who later returned for a couple guest appearances ) was replaced by Angie Harmon as Assistant District Attorney Abigail `` Abbie '' Carmichael , who was conceived as being much louder and outspoken than any of her predecessors . Harmon auditioned with 85 other women , including Vanessa Williams , for the role , and was picked after Wolf heard her Texas accent . Bratt left the series at the end of Season 9 , stating it was an amicable departure and he expected to eventually return for guest appearances . ( He ultimately returned for the Season 20 episode `` Fed . '' ) Detective Curtis was written off as leaving the force in order to take care of his wife , who was suffering from multiple sclerosis , in her final days . He was replaced by Jesse L. Martin as Detective Ed Green , who was conceived of as more of a loose cannon in the mold of Mike Logan than Rey Curtis was . ( Briscoe was described as being a recovering alcoholic , as Cragen had been ; Green was described as being a recovering compulsive gambler . ) In 2000 , Hill announced he was leaving the series after Season 10 . Hill , who was the last remaining member of the original cast , said his departure was mutual with the producers . He was replaced by Dianne Wiest as Interim District Attorney Nora Lewin , and Adam Schiff was written out off - screen as departing to work with Jewish charities and human - rights organizations in Europe . The following year , Harmon left the show after three seasons ( with Abbie Carmichael written off as being called on to serve the U.S. Attorney 's office ) and was replaced by Elisabeth Röhm as Assistant District Attorney Serena Southerlyn . The year after that , Wiest left the show after two seasons and was replaced by retiring U.S. Senator Fred Thompson as District Attorney Arthur Branch , whose character was conceived of as being much more right - leaning than his predecessors in the DA 's office , and was a direct reaction to the September 11 attacks . No mention was made on the show of what happened to Nora Lewin , though producers said her character was only supposed to be an interim DA . After 12 years on Law & Order , Orbach announced in March 2004 that he was leaving the show at the end of Season 14 for the spin - off Law & Order : Trial by Jury . Lennie Briscoe was written off as retiring from the NYPD and later taking a position as an investigator for the DA 's office . He was replaced at the 27th Precinct by Detective Joe Fontana , played by Dennis Farina . At the time , Orbach would not state the reason for his departure , but it was eventually revealed that he had been battling prostate cancer ( for over 10 years ) and that his role on Trial by Jury was designed to be less taxing on him than his role on the original series was . However , Orbach died from his cancer on December 28 , 2004 and was featured in only the first two episodes of Trial by Jury . ( His character was subsequently written off as having also died off - screen , though this was not revealed on the original series until the Season 18 episode `` Burn Card . '' ) Season 15 would see the departure of Röhm mid-season . Röhm 's final scene on the show , in the episode `` Ai n't No Love , '' sparked controversy within the fanbase , as ADA Southerlyn asked Arthur Branch if she was being fired because she was gay , a fact the scripts had never even hinted at until then . Wolf said Röhm 's departure was unexpected , and she exited the show in January 2005 . Her replacement was Annie Parisse as Assistant District Attorney Alexandra Borgia . Later that season , Martin departed early to film Rent . Ed Green was temporarily written off as being shot in the line of duty and being replaced during his recovery by Detective Nick Falco , played by Michael Imperioli , who had previously guest starred as a murder suspect in the Season 6 episode `` Atonement . '' Parisse left the series at the end of Season 16 ( with ADA Borgia written off as being murdered ) , and Farina announced shortly afterward that he too was leaving Law & Order to pursue other projects . ( Detective Fontana was written off as having retired off - screen . ) By this point , NBC executives believed the series was beginning to show its age , as the ratings had been declining since Orbach 's departure . Farina had never been popular with fans when he replaced Orbach , and it was felt that the cast just did not seem to mesh well together anymore . In an effort to revitalize the show , Wolf replaced Parisse with Alana de la Garza as Assistant District Attorney Consuela `` Connie '' Rubirosa , while Martin 's character was promoted to senior detective and partnered with Detective Nina Cassady , played by Milena Govich , who had worked with Wolf on the short - lived series Conviction and served as the show 's first female detective of the main cast . However , Govich proved to be even more unpopular with fans than her predecessor was , and she left the show after one season , with the explanation being that Detective Cassady 's assignment to the precinct had been temporary and had been transferred out . She was replaced by Jeremy Sisto , who had previously guest starred as a defense attorney in the Season 17 episode `` The Family Hour , '' as Detective Cyrus Lupo . Around the same time , Thompson announced he would leave the show to seek the 2008 Republican presidential nomination . ( No explanation was given within the show regarding Arthur Branch 's off - screen departure . ) Waterston 's character was promoted to Interim District Attorney ( later made full District Attorney in Season 20 ) and his former position was filled in by Executive Assistant District Attorney Michael Cutter , played by Linus Roache . Martin later announced that he would leave the show for the second and last time near the end of Season 18 to pursue other endeavors , and Detective Green was written off as resigning from the force due to burnout . He was replaced by Anthony Anderson as Detective Kevin Bernard . In 2010 , Merkerson announced that she would leave the show at the end of Season 20 , with Lieutenant Van Buren given a season - long story arc involving her battling cervical cancer . However , the cancellation of the show rendered this moot . Format ( edit ) In the criminal justice system , the people are represented by two separate yet equally important groups : the police who investigate crime , and the district attorneys who prosecute the offenders . These are their stories . -- Opening narration , spoken by Steven Zirnkilton . Law & Order episodes are typically segmented into two parts , roughly at the halfway point ; the first part follows police and detective work , and the second follows the legal and courtroom proceedings of the case . The show dwells little on the characters ' back - stories or social lives , focusing mainly on their lives at work . The police portion ( edit ) For most of Law & Order 's run , the cold open or lead - in of the show began with the discovery of a crime , usually a murder . The scene typically began with a slice of everyday life in New York City . Some civilians would then discover the crime victim , or sometimes the crime would occur in a public place and they would be a witnesses or a victim of a crime . The only exceptions to this are in the early seasons , mostly Seasons 1 & 2 , the crime would usually be discovered by a pair of patrol officers or beat cops , or in later seasons when the cold open was replaced with rapid cuts of the victim 's final moments , similar to Law & Order : Criminal Intent . The police are represented in the show by the New York City Police Department 27th Precinct homicide department . In the show it is common that the detectives also investigate cases other than homicide or attempted homicides , like kidnappings and rape , the latter especially in the first nine seasons of the show , before Law & Order : Special Victims Unit premiered . However in the real world these cases are handled by other units and divisions . The viewers are introduced to two homicide detectives , a senior detective ( usually a veteran cop ) and a junior detective ( usually a young but capable detective ) , who report directly to their boss at their precinct ( either a Lieutenant or a Captain ) . During the preliminary crime scene examination , the featured detectives make their first observations and will come up with theories followed by a witticism or two , before the title sequence begins . The detectives often have few or no good clues -- they might not even know the victim 's identity -- and must usually chase several dead ends before finding a likely suspect ( s ) . They start their investigations at the crime scene by talking to any witnesses while the Crime Scene Unit ( CSU ) technicians start processing the scene by collecting forensic evidence . The medical examiner ( M.E. ) 's office will also be shown to collect the body from the crime scene . Later the medical examiner will perform an autopsy on the victim , offering more clues to the victim 's cause and time of death ( sometimes obtaining the victim 's identity from dental records or fingerprints ) which the detectives will read about in the M.E. 's autopsy report and by talking to the M.E. who performed it . When the detectives know the victim 's identity they will inform their relatives or loved ones of their death and attempt to get more information on the victim 's life and possible suspects . The detectives continue their investigation by interviewing witnesses and possible suspects , all the while tracing the victim 's last known movements and victim 's state of mind ( by talking to the victim 's family , friends and co-workers ) . Sometimes they will have someone they suspect of the crime and will trace their last known movements and state of mind by talking to the people in the suspect 's life , until they are either ruled out or dead certain of their guilt . They also visit the crime laboratory to submit and view evidence ( e.g. fingerprints , DNA and ballistics , etc . ) , they may also look into any background information such as financial details and criminal history on both the victim and lead suspect . In some instances , psychologists and / or psychiatrists are called in for insight into the criminal 's behavior or modus operandi . All the while , the detectives report to their commanding officer , keeping them informed and being advised on how best to proceed next . When the detectives are certain they have the right suspect ( s ) , the police will take the case to their boss , who decides if there is enough for a search and / or arrest warrant ( though sometimes the commanding officer will consult with the New York City District Attorney 's office to see if the case is strong enough ) and whether or not any backup ( such as uniformed officers or an armed tactical team ) is needed . The detectives will then arrest the suspects ( s ) , with the police sometimes having to chase the accused through the streets of New York . The scene then shifts to the interrogation room where the detectives interrogate the suspect ( s ) until they ask for a lawyer , their defense attorney shows up and asks the suspect not to talk anymore , or the Assistant District Attorney from the D.A. 's office decides they have enough to press charges . The Trial portion ( edit ) Towards the middle of a show , the police will begin to work with the prosecutors to make the arrest , though sometimes the Assistant District Attorney will appear earlier to arrange a plea - for - information deal or to decide if the detectives have enough evidence for search or arrest warrants before arresting the suspects . An arraignment court scene will follow , in which the defendants plead ( usually not guilty ) and bail conditions are set . The matter is then taken over by a pair of representatives from the New York County District Attorney 's Office , an Executive Assistant District Attorney and an Assistant District Attorney . They discuss deals , prepare the witnesses and evidence , and conduct the People 's case in the trial . The District Attorneys work together and with the Medical Examiner 's office , the crime laboratory ( including fingerprint analysts , DNA profilers and ballistics analysts ) , and psychologists or psychiatrists ( if the defendant uses an insanity plea ) , all of whom may be needed to testify in court for the prosecution . The police may also reappear to testify in court or to arrest another suspect , but most investigation in the second segment is done by the D.A. 's office , in consultation with the District Attorney for advice on the case , as the D.A. , being an elected official , sometimes brings political considerations to bear concerning decisions to prosecute various alleged offenders . If the case is very weak then the police would re-investigate . Unlike many other legal dramas ( e.g. , The Defenders , Matlock , Perry Mason and L.A. Law ) , the court proceedings are shown from the prosecution 's point of view , with the regular characters trying to prove the defendant 's guilt , not innocence . After the arraignment of defendants , the D.A.s proceed to trial preparation , including legal research and plea negotiations . Some episodes include legal proceedings beyond the testimony of witnesses , including motion hearings , ( often concerning admissibility of evidence ) ; jury selection ; and allocutions , usually as a result of plea bargains . Many episodes employ motions to suppress evidence as a plot device , and most of these end with evidence or statements being suppressed , often on a technicality . This usually begins with the service of the motion to the D.A. team , follows with argument and case citations of precedent before a judge in court , and concludes with visual reaction of the winning or losing attorney . Many episodes use outlandish defense scenarios such as diminished responsibility ( e.g. `` Genetics '' / `` Television '' / `` God '' / `` the devil made me do it '' and intoxication defence ) and temporary insanity ( e.g. `` Black Rage '' / `` White Rage '' / `` Sports Rage '' ) . Some episodes revolve around moral and ethical debates including the right to die ( euthanasia ) , the right to life ( abortion ) , and the right to bear arms ( gun control ) . Episodes usually end with the verdict being read by the jury foreperson and a shot of both the winning and losing parties . The scene then shifts to the District Attorney 's office , where the team is leaving the office to go home while contemplating either the true guilt of the accused , the defense scenarios that were used , or the moral or ethical issue that was central to the episode . `` Ripped from the headlines '' ( edit ) Often the plot of an initial portion of an episode resembles a recognizable aspect of an actual case . In early seasons , the details of these cases often closely followed the real stories , such as the season one episode `` Subterranean Homeboy Blues , '' which had a woman shooting two attempted muggers , paralleling the Bernhard Goetz case . Another early episode , `` Out of the Half - Light , '' focused on a racially charged rape case that mimicked the Tawana Brawley case . This `` ripped from the headlines '' style is reflected in the opening credits sequence that evolves from newspaper halftones to high - resolution photos . Another first season episode , `` Poison Ivy , '' was based on the Edmund Perry case where an NYPD officer fatally shot a black honor student who was committing a crime in front of the officer upon returning to the city after recently graduating from an Ivy League prep school . Later seasons would take real - life cases as inspiration but diverge more from the facts . Often this would be done by increasing the severity of the crime in question , usually by adding a murder . As a result , the plot would tend to veer significantly from the actual events that may have inspired the episode . Promotional advertisements of episodes with close real - life case parallels regularly use the `` ripped from the headlines '' phrase , although a textual disclaimer , within the actual episode , emphasizes that the story and characters are fictional . This format lends itself to exploring different outcomes or motives that similar events could have had under other circumstances . Some real - life crime victims have felt used and exploited , with one lawyer , Ravi Batra , going so far as to sue the show in 2004 for libel . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Law & Order episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 22 September 13 , 1990 ( 1990 - 09 - 13 ) June 9 , 1991 ( 1991 - 06 - 09 ) 22 September 17 , 1991 ( 1991 - 09 - 17 ) May 12 , 1992 ( 1992 - 05 - 12 ) 22 September 23 , 1992 ( 1992 - 09 - 23 ) May 19 , 1993 ( 1993 - 05 - 19 ) 22 September 15 , 1993 ( 1993 - 09 - 15 ) May 25 , 1994 ( 1994 - 05 - 25 ) 5 23 September 21 , 1994 ( 1994 - 09 - 21 ) May 24 , 1995 ( 1995 - 05 - 24 ) 6 23 September 20 , 1995 ( 1995 - 09 - 20 ) May 22 , 1996 ( 1996 - 05 - 22 ) 7 23 September 18 , 1996 ( 1996 - 09 - 18 ) May 21 , 1997 ( 1997 - 05 - 21 ) 8 24 September 24 , 1997 ( 1997 - 09 - 24 ) May 20 , 1998 ( 1998 - 05 - 20 ) 9 24 September 23 , 1998 ( 1998 - 09 - 23 ) May 26 , 1999 ( 1999 - 05 - 26 ) Film November 8 , 1998 ( 1998 - 11 - 08 ) 10 24 September 22 , 1999 ( 1999 - 09 - 22 ) May 24 , 2000 ( 2000 - 05 - 24 ) 11 24 October 18 , 2000 ( 2000 - 10 - 18 ) May 23 , 2001 ( 2001 - 05 - 23 ) 12 24 September 26 , 2001 ( 2001 - 09 - 26 ) May 22 , 2002 ( 2002 - 05 - 22 ) 13 24 October 2 , 2002 ( 2002 - 10 - 02 ) May 21 , 2003 ( 2003 - 05 - 21 ) 14 24 September 24 , 2003 ( 2003 - 09 - 24 ) May 19 , 2004 ( 2004 - 05 - 19 ) 15 24 September 22 , 2004 ( 2004 - 09 - 22 ) May 18 , 2005 ( 2005 - 05 - 18 ) 16 22 September 21 , 2005 ( 2005 - 09 - 21 ) May 17 , 2006 ( 2006 - 05 - 17 ) 17 22 September 22 , 2006 ( 2006 - 09 - 22 ) May 18 , 2007 ( 2007 - 05 - 18 ) 18 18 January 2 , 2008 ( 2008 - 01 - 02 ) May 21 , 2008 ( 2008 - 05 - 21 ) 19 22 November 5 , 2008 ( 2008 - 11 - 05 ) June 3 , 2009 ( 2009 - 06 - 03 ) 20 23 September 25 , 2009 ( 2009 - 09 - 25 ) May 24 , 2010 ( 2010 - 05 - 24 ) Law & Order premiered September 13 , 1990 , and aired on NBC , with 456 episodes having been produced . Broadcast history ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The show premiered September 13 , 1990 , and ended on May 24 , 2010 . 456 episodes were aired and produced . The show ran for twenty seasons on NBC . It was NBC 's longest running crime drama , and tied for longest running primetime scripted drama with Gunsmoke . The first two seasons were broadcast Tuesdays at 10 p.m. From season 3 through 16 the show aired Wednesday at 10 p.m. For season 17 it moved to Fridays at 10 p.m. For seasons 18 and 19 the show shifted back to Wednesdays at 10 p.m. For season 20 the show was broadcast Fridays at 8 p.m. , while in the spring it moved to Mondays at 10 p.m. , where it broadcast its series finale on May 24 , 2010 . Syndication ( edit ) Repeats of Law & Order were first broadcast weekdays on A&E beginning in the mid 1990s and are credited with drawing a new audience to the current weekly NBC episodes . As of January 1 , 2014 , the series is being telecast on SundanceTV , TNT , WE tv , and WGN America . Cancellation ( edit ) On May 13 , 2010 , reports surfaced of the possibility that Law & Order could be canceled after 20 seasons on the air , preventing it from unseating Gunsmoke as longest running American primetime drama unless another network picked it up . By May 14 , 2010 , The New York Times , Daily Variety and the Los Angeles Times reported official cancellation of the series . Continuation of characters on spin - off series -- including Law & Order : Los Angeles -- has been mentioned as a possible means of providing closure beyond the series finale . On May 14 , 2010 , NBC officially canceled the show , opting instead to pick up Law & Order : Los Angeles for a first season , and renewed Law & Order : Special Victims Unit for a twelfth . The cancellation was announced after last - minute talks between NBC and Dick Wolf to extend the series failed to lead to an agreement . The chairman of NBC Universal Television Entertainment , Jeff Gaspin , stated : `` The full measure of the collective contributions made by Dick Wolf and his Law & Order franchise over the last two decades to the success of NBC and Universal Media Studios can not be overstated . The legacy of his original Law & Order series will continue to make an impact like no other series before . '' Angela Bromstad , President , Primetime Entertainment , NBC and Universal Media Studios , said , `` Law & Order has been one of the most successful franchises in the history of television , which is why it is so critical that we continue this important brand and our relationship with Dick Wolf and his team with L&O : LA and Law & Order : SVU . '' Following the cancellation announcement , Wolf announced that he still hoped to continue the series , and stated that he was seeking `` other offers '' from potential outlets to air the series . Wolf also discussed the possibility of airing a two - hour TV film on NBC to conclude Law & Order , but said that such a plan had been delayed until he had exhausted every other possibility for continuing the series . Wolf did not specify whether NBC had already offered to air such a movie . Dick Wolf stated that , `` The flagship series is in a medically induced coma , waiting for a life - saving medicine . '' Wolf was pressuring the series ' producer NBC / Universal Media Studios to make a deal with TNT , which holds syndication rights to the show , for originals if an acceptable license fee could be bargained . Talks between the two started up after upfronts . However , TNT said in a statement it was not interested in picking up a 21st season for the series . Executive producer René Balcer spoke to Neal Conan on Talk of the Nation on May 24 , stating that `` we 're not dead yet '' and noting that there were still ongoing negotiations with cable outlets to see if the original series could be refloated . Balcer referenced the `` medically induced coma '' brought up by Wolf , calling the show 's cancellation `` corporately - induced '' . Although NBC cancelled the series , AMC started talking about reviving Law & Order ; however , attempts to revive it failed , and according to creator Dick Wolf , the series `` moved into the history books '' . Almost exactly one year later , on May 13 , 2011 , NBC canceled Law & Order : LA following a decline in the ratings after the show had been retooled and moved to Monday nights . In February 2015 , rumors started that NBC was planning to bring Law & Order back for 10 episodes , as a limited series . Spin - offs , tie - ins , and adaptations ( edit ) Main article : Law & Order ( franchise ) The longevity and success of Law & Order has spawned four American television series ( Law & Order : Special Victims Unit , Law & Order : Criminal Intent , Law & Order : Los Angeles , and Law & Order : Trial by Jury ) , as well as a television film ( Exiled : A Law & Order Movie ) , all of which use the name Law & Order . Although there were fears initially that the failure of such shows could hurt the original series , it was felt the brand name was needed because of the commercial desirability such a brand name creates . To differentiate it from other series in the franchise , Law & Order is often referred to as `` The Mother Ship '' by producers and critics . The series ( and its spin - offs ) shared a universe with the series Homicide : Life on the Street , with the two sharing several crossover episodes . The original series has also been adapted for British television as Law & Order : UK , with the setting changed to London . Similarly , Law & Order : Criminal Intent has been adapted for French and Russian television under the respective titles Paris enquêtes criminelles and Закон и порядок . Преступный умысел , and Law & Order : Special Victims Unit has also had a Russian version , Закон и Порядок : Отдел Оперативных Расследований . Ratings ( edit ) Seasonal rankings ( based on average total viewers per episode ) of Law & Order on NBC . Note : Each U.S. network television season starts in late September and ends in late May , which coincides with the completion of May sweeps . Season 18 started in January and was held back as a mid-season replacement when NBC announced their 2007 -- 08 schedule in May 2007 . The 20th season premiere was on Friday , September 25 , 2009 at 8 : 00 pm ( ET ) and 7 : 00 pm ( CT ) on NBC . Season Premiere Finale Episodes Timeslot Rank Viewers ( in millions ) 1990 -- 91 September 13 , 1990 June 9 , 1991 22 Tuesday 10 : 00 pm # 46 12.0 1991 -- 92 September 17 , 1991 May 14 , 1992 22 # 43 12.3 1992 -- 93 September 23 , 1992 May 19 , 1993 22 Wednesday 10 : 00 pm # 49 10.5 1993 -- 94 September 15 , 1993 May 25 , 1994 22 # 38 11.9 5 1994 -- 95 September 21 , 1994 May 24 , 1995 23 # 27 11.6 6 1995 -- 96 September 20 , 1995 May 22 , 1996 23 # 24 10.9 7 1996 -- 97 September 18 , 1996 May 21 , 1997 23 # 27 10.5 8 1997 -- 98 September 24 , 1997 May 20 , 1998 24 # 24 14.1 9 1998 -- 99 September 23 , 1998 May 26 , 1999 24 # 20 13.8 10 1999 -- 00 September 22 , 1999 May 24 , 2000 24 # 13 16.3 11 2000 -- 01 October 18 , 2000 May 23 , 2001 24 # 11 17.7 12 2001 -- 02 September 26 , 2001 May 22 , 2002 24 # 7 18.7 13 2002 -- 03 October 2 , 2002 May 21 , 2003 24 # 10 17.3 14 2003 -- 04 September 24 , 2003 May 19 , 2004 24 # 14 15.9 15 2004 -- 05 September 22 , 2004 May 18 , 2005 24 # 25 13.0 16 2005 -- 06 September 21 , 2005 May 17 , 2006 22 # 35 11.2 17 2006 -- 07 September 22 , 2006 May 18 , 2007 22 Friday 10 : 00 pm # 54 9.4 18 2007 -- 08 January 2 , 2008 May 21 , 2008 18 Wednesday 10 : 00 pm # 38 10.7 19 2008 -- 09 November 5 , 2008 June 3 , 2009 22 # 62 8.2 20 2009 -- 10 September 25 , 2009 May 24 , 2010 23 Friday 8 : 00 pm Monday 10 : 00 pm # 60 7.2 Awards and honors ( edit ) Main article : List of awards and nominations received by Law & Order Law & Order has been nominated for numerous awards in the television industry over the span of its run . Among its wins are the 1997 Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series , Screen Actors Guild Awards for Outstanding Male Actor in a Drama Series for Sam Waterston in 1999 and Jerry Orbach in 2005 ( awarded after his death ) , and numerous Edgar Awards for Best Episode in a Television Series Teleplay . In 2002 , Law & Order was ranked No. 24 on TV Guide 's 50 Greatest TV Shows of All Time . The show also placed No. 27 on Entertainment Weekly 's `` New TV Classics '' list . In 2013 , TV Guide ranked Law & Order # 14 on their list of the 60 Greatest Shows of All Time . DVD releases ( edit ) Universal Studios Home Entertainment has released fourteen seasons on DVD in Region 1 , along with the complete series . Law & Order : The Complete Series boxed set features all 20 seasons . Each season is individually packaged ( in tray - stack style ) , with all new cover - art ( including new cover art for the seasons that have been released ) . The set also includes a 50 - page full - color book titled `` The Episode Guide '' . Along with episode names and synopsis , there is trivia , facts about the making of the show , liner notes , and over 80 full - color photos . In Region 2 , Universal Playback has released the first seven seasons on DVD in the UK . In Region 4 , Universal Pictures has released the first eight seasons on DVD in Australia and New Zealand . also in Region 4 , seasons 9 - 20 are now available on DVD in Australia and New Zealand . Title Ep # Release dates Region 1 Region 2 Region 4 The 1st Year 22 October 15 , 2002 / June 4 , 2013 ( slimline set ) June 16 , 2003 April 2 , 2003 / August 31 , 2011 ( slimline set ) The 2nd Year 22 May 4 , 2003 / June 3 , 2014 ( slimline set ) February 28 , 2005 August 31 , 2011 The 3rd Year 22 May 24 , 2004 / June 3 , 2014 ( slimline set ) November 21 , 2005 August 31 , 2011 The 4th Year 22 December 6 , 2005 / June 3 , 2014 ( slimline set ) July 17 , 2006 August 31 , 2011 The 5th Year 23 April 3 , 2007 / June 3 , 2014 ( slimline set ) July 23 , 2007 August 31 , 2011 The 6th Year 23 December 2 , 2008 / May 26 , 2015 ( slimline set ) February 16 , 2009 August 31 , 2011 The 7th Year 23 January 19 , 2010 / May 26 , 2015 ( slimline set ) April 12 , 2010 August 31 , 2011 The 8th Year 24 December 7 , 2010 / May 26 , 2015 ( slimline set ) August 31 , 2011 The 9th Year 24 December 6 , 2011 ( slimline set ) August 3 , 2016 The 10th Year 24 February 28 , 2012 ( slimline set ) August 3 , 2016 The 11th Year 24 November 6 , 2012 ( slimline set ) August 3 , 2016 The 12th Year 24 February 26 , 2013 ( slimline set ) October 5 , 2016 The 13th Year 24 November 5 , 2013 ( slimline set ) October 5 , 2016 The 14th Year 24 September 14 , 2004 / February 25 , 2014 ( slimline set ) October 5 , 2016 The 15th Year 24 November 4 , 2014 ( slimline set ) March 2 , 2017 The 16th Year 22 November 4 , 2014 ( slimline set ) March 2 , 2017 The 17th Year 22 November 4 , 2014 ( slimline set ) March 2 , 2017 The 18th Year 18 May 5 , 2015 ( slimline set ) April 5 , 2017 The 19th Year 22 May 5 , 2015 ( slimline set ) April 5 , 2017 The 20th Year 23 May 5 , 2015 ( slimline set ) April 5 , 2017 The Complete Series 456 November 8 , 2011 ( box set ) See also ( edit ) List of police television dramas References ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Law & Order cancelled '' . The Spy Report . May 15 , 2010 . Archived from the original on May 29 , 2010 . Retrieved May 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Brian Stelter ; Bill Carter ( May 14 , 2010 ) . `` One ' Law & Order ' Gets a Death Sentence , as Another Joins the Force '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Brian Stelter ; Bill Carter ( May 14 , 2010 ) . `` NBC Cancels ' Law & Order ' '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` NBC announces pickups for new drama ' LOLA ' ( ' Law & Order : Los Angeles ' ) and returning ' Law & Order : Special Victims Unit ' and ' Law & Order ' ends its historic run on NBC May 24 '' ( Press release ) . NBC Universal . May 14 , 2010 . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2010 . Retrieved May 16 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Carter , Bill ( May 17 , 2010 ) . `` ' Law & Order ' Creator Still Looking to Bring Original Back '' . Media Decoder ( blog ) . The New York Times . ^ Jump up to : `` Law & Order is dead , says Wolf '' . The Spy Report . July 31 , 2010 . Archived from the original on August 3 , 2010 . Retrieved July 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 6 , 2015 ) . `` NBC Eyes ' Law & Order ' Limited Series '' . Deadline . Retrieved February 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Stanhope , Kate ( May 6 , 2015 ) . `` Sam Waterston on ' Law & Order ' Revival : Let 's ' Break the Record ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Harp , Justin ( May 11 , 2015 ) . `` Dick Wolf wants to bring back Law & Order to dramatise the Robert Durst murder trial '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved May 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( August 13 , 2015 ) . `` Law & Order Revival Series Update : ' Everybody Wants to Do It ' '' . TVLine . Retrieved August 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Courrier and Green ( 1999 ) , p. 17 ^ Jump up to : Courrier and Green ( 1999 ) , pp. 17 -- 18 Jump up ^ Courrier and Green ( 1999 ) , pp. 21 -- 22 Jump up ^ Carlson , Erin ( October 31 , 2008 ) . `` Can `` Law & Order '' outlive `` Gunsmoke '' ? `` . San Jose Mercury News . Associated Press . Archived from the original on September 23 , 2012 . Retrieved November 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Law and Order : Cast and details '' . TV Guide . Retrieved November 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Commissioner Oliver Presents `` Law & Order Way '' `` . NYC.gov . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2004 . Retrieved September 14 , 2004 . ^ Jump up to : Courrier and Green ( 1999 ) , p. 69 Jump up ^ Schwarzbaum , Lisa ( February 26 , 1993 ) . `` The Jailhouse Rock '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Maureen ( January 7 , 2008 ) . `` Thunk - thunk ! ' Law & Order ' is back in a big way '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved May 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Simon , Scott ( December 6 , 2008 ) . `` Richard Belzer : ' I Am Not A Cop ' '' . On the Media . NPR . Retrieved January 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ 6 Things You Did n't Know About Law & Order . By Crowd Beacon , Jan 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Green and Dawn ( 2009 ) , p. 60 Jump up ^ Wait Wait ... Do n't Tell Me ! . NPR . WNYC , New York City . Nov 26 , 2011 . Radio . Jump up ^ Law & Order Season 13 opening ( Five ) on YouTube ( February 16 , 2007 ) . Retrieved on September 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Law & Order SVU Theme UK five edition on YouTube ( April 4 , 2008 ) . Retrieved on May 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Law & Order Criminal Intent Theme Season Five UK Version on YouTube ( August 7 , 2008 ) . Retrieved on May 7 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Courrier and Green ( 1999 ) , p. 25 Jump up ^ Courrier and Green ( 1999 ) , pp. 110 -- 111 Jump up ^ Courrier and Green ( 1999 ) , pp. 25 -- 26 ^ Jump up to : Courrier and Green ( 1999 ) , pp 26 Jump up ^ Courrier and Green ( 1999 ) , pp. 131 -- 132 Jump up ^ Courrier and Green ( 1999 ) , p. 111 Jump up ^ Courrier and Green ( 1999 ) , pp. 123 -- 125 Jump up ^ Courrier and Green ( 1999 ) , pp. 120 -- 122 Jump up ^ John Anthony Gilvey ( May 1 , 2011 ) . Jerry Orbach , Prince of the City : His Way from The Fantasticks to Law & Order . Hal Leonard Corporation . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4234 - 8845 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Courrier and Green ( 1999 ) , pp. 144 -- 145 ^ Jump up to : Writers : Michael S. Chernuchin & René Balcer . Director : Ed Sherin ( September 30 , 1992 ) . `` Conspiracy '' . Law & Order . Season 3 . Episode 2 . NBC . Jump up ^ Courrier and Green ( 1999 ) , pp. 144 -- 146 Jump up ^ Writers : Aaron Zelman & Marc Guggenheim . Director : Constantine Makris ( 2002 - 10 - 02 ) . `` American Jihad '' . Law & Order . Season 13 . Episode 1 . NBC . Jump up ^ Courrier and Green ( 1999 ) , pp. 33 -- 34 Jump up ^ Courrier and Green ( 1999 ) , pp. 115 -- 117 Jump up ^ Courrier and Green ( 1999 ) , pp. 128 -- 131 Jump up ^ Courrier and Green ( 1999 ) , pp. 35 -- 37 Jump up ^ Courrier and Green ( 1999 ) , pp. 34 -- 35 Jump up ^ Courrier and Green ( 1999 ) , p. 130 Jump up ^ Courrier and Green ( 1999 ) , pp. 134 -- 135 Jump up ^ Courrier and Green ( 1999 ) , pp. 333 -- 335 Jump up ^ Huff , Richard ( April 30 , 1999 ) . `` Bratt Leaving ' Law & Order ' ; ' Ally ' Doc Joining Force '' . Daily News . New York . Retrieved December 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Courrier and Green ( 1999 ) , pp. 331 -- 332 Jump up ^ `` Steven Hill : Hollywood 's Most Talented Curmudgeon '' . Apocrypha . Fall 2000 . Retrieved March 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Shister , Gail ( April 23 , 2001 ) . `` ' Law & Order ' gets its first blonde as Rohm joins the cast '' . Knight Ridder / Tribune News Service . Retrieved December 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Sen. Fred Thompson to join the case of ' Law & Order ' '' . USA Today . August 29 , 2002 . Retrieved December 20 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Starr , Michael ( May 18 , 2004 ) . `` Jerry Orbach Signs Off After 12 Years on ' Law & Order ' '' . Fox News . Retrieved December 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Brantley , Ben ; Severo , Richard ( December 29 , 2004 ) . `` Jerry Orbach , Star of ' Law & Order , ' Dies at 69 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 20 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Roush , Matt ( April 24 , 2008 ) . `` ' Law & Order ' recap : Ed Green turns in his badge '' . TV Guide . Retrieved March 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Levin , Gary ( December 6 , 2004 ) . `` ' Law & Order ' stays orderly '' . USA Today . Retrieved December 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Marinovich , Milosh ( May 31 , 2006 ) . `` ' Law & Order ' Cast Shakeup '' . CBS News . Retrieved December 20 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Steinberg , Jacques ( July 16 , 2006 ) . `` ' Law & Order ' Meets the Law of Supply and Demand '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Fretts , Bruce ( January 2 , 2008 ) . `` Cheers : Sisto Lays Down the Law '' . TV Guide . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2009 . Retrieved December 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Cooper , Gael Fashingbauer ( July 18 , 2007 ) . `` ' Law & Order ' Shows Get New Blood '' . msnbc.com . Retrieved December 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Tucker , Ken ( December 19 , 2008 ) . `` TV : Sam Waterston 's bark keeps giving Law & Order its bite '' . Entertainment Weekly . Jump up ^ Itzkoff , Dave ( April 2 , 2010 ) . `` S. Epatha Merkerson to Leave ' Law & Order ' '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Ask the Editors '' ; TV Guide ; April 19 , 2010 ; Page 6 . Jump up ^ Writer : Dick Wolf . Director : John Patterson ( 1990 - 10 - 30 ) . `` Everybody 's Favorite Bagman '' . Law & Order . Season 1 . Episode 6 . NBC . ^ Jump up to : Conroy , Tom ( October 23 , 2009 ) . `` ' Law & Order ' Fictionalizes the Taconic Parkway Tragedy -- Is It Too Soon ? '' . AOL Television . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Farhi , Paul ( March 8 , 2009 ) . `` Ripped From the Headlines -- and From the Heart '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` It 's official : NBC cancels ' Law & Order ' '' . msnbc.com . Retrieved May 15 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Schneider , Michael ( May 14 , 2010 ) . `` 's official : Original ' Law and Order ' to end -- Entertainment News , TV News , Media '' . Variety . Retrieved May 15 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` NBC Cancels ' Law & Order ' ; Orders ' Law & Order : LA ' ; Renews ' Law & Order : SVU ' '' ( Press release ) . NBC ( posted on TVByTheNumbers.com ) . May 14 , 2010 . Retrieved May 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Finke , Nikki ( May 17 , 2010 ) . `` TOLDJA ! ' Law & Order ' Heading To TNT ? Or Will Dick Wolf Howl At NBCU 's Hardball ? '' . Deadline . Retrieved May 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Braxton , Greg ( May 25 , 2010 ) . `` TNT arrests ' Law & Order ' rumors '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved May 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Rene Balcer on Talk of the Nation Archived June 5 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine ... Npr.org ( May 24 , 2010 ) . Retrieved on May 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` AMC Investigates Reviving Law & Order '' . New York . July 6 , 2010 . Retrieved February 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Levin , Gary ( July 30 , 2010 ) . `` ' Law & Order ' is L.A. - bound '' . USA Today . Retrieved July 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Michael , Ausiello ( May 13 , 2011 ) . `` Breaking : NBC Axes Law & Order : LA , The Event and Outsourced '' . TV Line . Retrieved May 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gelman , Vlada ( 2015 - 02 - 06 ) . `` ' Law & Order ' Limited Series at NBC -- Chris Noth & Sam Waterston Approached '' . TVLine . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ Green and Dawn ( 2009 ) , pp. 10 -- 11 Jump up ^ Green and Dawn ( 2009 ) , p. 2 ^ Jump up to : Moore , Frazier ( July 8 , 1994 ) . `` Newsmagazines crowd into top of ratings '' . Sun Sentinel . p. 4E . Retrieved March 22 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` TV Ratings : 1994 -- 1995 '' . ClassicTVHits.com . Archived from the original on October 26 , 2009 . Retrieved February 12 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` TV Ratings : 1995 -- 1996 '' . ClassicTVHits.com . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2009 . Retrieved February 12 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` TV Ratings : 1996 -- 1997 '' . ClassicTVHits.com . Archived from the original on January 6 , 2010 . Retrieved February 12 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Final Countdown '' . Entertainment Weekly Published in issue No. 434 May 29 , 1998 . May 29 , 1998 . Retrieved February 12 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` TV Winners & Losers : Numbers Racket A Final Tally Of The Season 's Show ( from Nielsen Media Research ) '' . GeoCities . June 4 , 1999 . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2009 . Retrieved February 12 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Top TV Shows For 1999 -- 2000 Season '' . Variety . Retrieved February 12 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Bitter End '' . Entertainment Weekly Published in issue No. 598 Jun 1 , 2001 . June 1 , 2001 . Retrieved February 12 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` How did your favorite show rate ? '' . USA Today . May 28 , 2002 . Retrieved February 12 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rank And File '' . Entertainment Weekly Published in issue No. 713 Jun 6 , 2003 . June 6 , 2003 . Retrieved February 12 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` I.T.R.S. Ranking Report : 01 Thru 210 '' . ABC Medianet . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2007 . Retrieved February 12 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Primetime series '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Nielsen Business Media . May 27 , 2005 . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2010 . Retrieved February 12 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Series '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Nielsen Business Media . May 26 , 2006 . Archived from the original on January 11 , 2010 . Retrieved February 12 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2006 -- 07 primetime wrap '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Nielsen Business Media . May 25 , 2007 . Retrieved February 12 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Season Program Rankings from 09 / 24 / 07 through 05 / 25 / 08 '' . ABC Medianet . May 28 , 2008 . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2012 . Retrieved February 12 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Season Program Rankings from 09 / 22 / 08 through 05 / 17 / 09 '' . ABC Medianet . May 19 , 2009 . Archived from the original on January 31 , 2010 . Retrieved February 12 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Full Series Rankings For The 2009 -- 10 Broadcast Season '' . Deadline . May 27 , 2010 . Retrieved June 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ TV Guide Names Top 50 Shows . Cbsnews.com . Retrieved on May 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The New Classics : TV '' . Entertainment Weekly . June 18 , 2007 . Retrieved February 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Fretts , Bruce ; Roush , Matt . `` The Greatest Shows on Earth '' . TV Guide Magazine . 61 ( 3194 -- 3195 ) : 16 -- 19 . Bibliography ( edit ) Courrier , Kevin ; Green , Susan ( November 20 , 1999 ) . Law & Order : The Unofficial Companion ( 2nd ed . ) . Los Angeles : Renaissance Books . ISBN 1 - 58063 - 108 - 8 . Green , Susan ; Dawn , Randee ( September 1 , 2009 ) . Law & Order : Special Victims Unit : The Unofficial Companion . Dallas : BenBella Books . ISBN 1 - 933771 - 88 - 7 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Law & Order Official website on TNT Official website on Channel 5 Law & Order filming locations , Mayor 's Office of Film , Theater and Broadcasting Law & Order on IMDb Law & Order at TV.com Law & Order Characters Police Sgt . Max Greevey Sgt . Phil Cerreta Lennie Briscoe Joe Fontana Ed Green Cyrus Lupo Mike Logan Rey Curtis Nick Falco Nina Cassady Kevin Bernard Captain Donald Cragen Lieutenant Anita Van Buren District attorneys Benjamin Stone Jack McCoy Michael Cutter Paul Robinette Claire Kincaid Jamie Ross Abbie Carmichael Serena Southerlyn Alexandra Borgia Connie Rubirosa Adam Schiff Nora Lewin Arthur Branch Recurring characters Elizabeth Olivet , Ph. D . Emil Skoda , M.D. Elizabeth Rodgers , M.D. Danielle Melnick Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Notable episodes `` Prescription for Death '' `` Everybody 's Favorite Bagman '' `` Manhood '' `` Aftershock '' `` Empire '' `` Mother 's Day '' `` Sunday in the Park with Jorge '' `` Public Service Homicide '' `` Burn Card '' `` The Drowned and the Saved '' `` Dignity '' `` Fed '' `` Blackmail '' `` Steel - Eyed Death '' `` Boy on Fire '' `` Rubber Room '' TV film Exiled : A Law & Order Movie See also Episodes Cast Law & Order franchise Law & Order franchise Series Law & Order ( 1990 -- 2010 ) Law & Order : Special Victims Unit ( 1999 -- present ) Law & Order : Criminal Intent ( 2001 -- 2011 ) Law & Order : Trial by Jury ( 2005 -- 2006 ) Law & Order : LA ( 2010 -- 2011 ) Law & Order True Crime ( 2017 -- present ) Adaptations Paris enquêtes criminelles ( 2007 -- 2008 ) Law & Order : UK ( 2009 -- 2014 ) Video games Law & Order : Dead on the Money Law & Order : Double or Nothing Law & Order : Justice Is Served Law & Order : Criminal Intent Law & Order : Legacies Related series Homicide : Life on the Street ( 1993 -- 1999 ) New York Undercover ( 1994 -- 1998 ) Arrest & Trial ( 2000 -- 2001 ) Deadline ( 2000 -- 2001 ) Crime & Punishment ( 2002 -- 2004 ) Conviction ( 2006 ) In Plain Sight ( 2008 -- 2012 ) Chicago franchise Chicago Fire ( 2012 -- present ) Chicago P.D. ( 2014 -- present ) Chicago Med ( 2015 -- present ) Chicago Justice ( 2017 ) Films Exiled : A Law & Order Movie ( 1998 ) Homicide : The Movie ( 2000 ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series Pulitzer Prize Playhouse ( 1951 ) Westinghouse Studio One ( 1952 ) Robert Montgomery Presents ( 1953 ) The United States Steel Hour ( 1954 ) The United States Steel Hour ( 1955 ) Producers ' Showcase ( 1956 ) Gunsmoke ( 1958 ) Alcoa - Goodyear Theatre ( 1959 ) Playhouse 90 ( 1960 ) Hallmark Hall of Fame ( 1961 ) The Defenders ( 1962 ) The Defenders ( 1963 ) The Defenders ( 1964 ) The Fugitive , season 3 ( 1966 ) Mission : Impossible , season 1 ( 1967 ) Mission : Impossible , season 2 ( 1968 ) NET Playhouse ( 1969 ) Marcus Welby , M.D. ( 1970 ) The Bold Ones : The Senator ( 1971 ) Elizabeth R ( 1972 ) The Waltons ( 1973 ) Upstairs , Downstairs ( 1974 ) Upstairs , Downstairs ( 1975 ) Police Story ( 1976 ) Upstairs , Downstairs ( 1977 ) The Rockford Files , season 4 ( 1978 ) Lou Grant , season 2 ( 1979 ) Lou Grant , season 3 ( 1980 ) Hill Street Blues ( 1981 ) Hill Street Blues ( 1982 ) Hill Street Blues ( 1983 ) Hill Street Blues ( 1984 ) Cagney & Lacey ( 1985 ) Cagney & Lacey ( 1986 ) L.A. Law ( 1987 ) thirtysomething ( 1988 ) L.A. Law ( 1989 ) L.A. Law ( 1990 ) L.A. Law ( 1991 ) Northern Exposure , season 3 ( 1992 ) Picket Fences ( 1993 ) Picket Fences ( 1994 ) NYPD Blue , season 2 ( 1995 ) ER , season 2 ( 1996 ) Law & Order , season 7 ( 1997 ) The Practice ( 1998 ) The Practice ( 1999 ) The West Wing , season 1 ( 2000 ) The West Wing , season 2 ( 2001 ) The West Wing , season 3 ( 2002 ) The West Wing , season 4 ( 2003 ) The Sopranos , season 5 ( 2004 ) Lost , season 1 ( 2005 ) 24 , season 5 ( 2006 ) The Sopranos , season 6 , part II ( 2007 ) Mad Men , season 1 ( 2008 ) Mad Men , season 2 ( 2009 ) Mad Men , season 3 ( 2010 ) Mad Men , season 4 ( 2011 ) Homeland , season 1 ( 2012 ) Breaking Bad , season 5 , part I ( 2013 ) Breaking Bad , season 5 , part II ( 2014 ) Game of Thrones , season 5 ( 2015 ) Game of Thrones , season 6 ( 2016 ) The Handmaid 's Tale , season 1 ( 2017 ) Producers Guild of America Award for Best Episodic Drama I 'll Fly Away , season 1 ( 1992 ) NYPD Blue , season 1 ( 1993 ) ER , season 1 ( 1994 ) Frasier , season 2 ( 1995 ) Law & Order , season 6 ( 1996 ) The Practice , season 2 ( 1998 ) The Sopranos , season 1 ( 1999 ) The West Wing , season 1 ( 2000 ) The West Wing , season 2 ( 2001 ) 24 , season 1 ( 2002 ) Six Feet Under , season 2 ( 2003 ) The Sopranos , season 5 ( 2004 ) Lost , season 1 ( 2005 ) Grey 's Anatomy , season 2 ( 2006 ) The Sopranos , season 6 , part II ( 2007 ) Mad Men , season 1 ( 2008 ) Mad Men , season 2 ( 2009 ) Mad Men , season 3 ( 2010 ) Boardwalk Empire , season 1 ( 2011 ) Homeland , season 1 ( 2012 ) Breaking Bad , season 5 , part I ( 2013 ) Breaking Bad , season 5 , part II ( 2014 ) Game of Thrones , season 5 ( 2015 ) Stranger Things , season 1 ( 2016 ) VIAF : 173899028 LCCN : n98030483 BNF : cb13194725v ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Law_%26_Order&oldid=809661196 '' Categories : Law & Order ( franchise ) American crime drama television series American legal television series American mystery television series 1990 American television series debuts 1990s American drama television series 2000s American crime television series 2000s American drama television series 2010 American television series endings 2010s American crime television series 2010s American drama television series Edgar Award - winning works English - language television programs Fictional portrayals of the New York City Police Department NBC network shows New York Supreme Court Peabody Award - winning television programs Police procedural television series Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series winners Television series by Universal Television Television shows set in New York City Television shows filmed in New York ( state ) Television series created by Dick Wolf Television series by Wolf Films Television series based on actual events Television series with multiple main characters Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Webarchive template wayback links Articles with dead external links from March 2016 Use mdy dates from May 2012 Articles with hAudio microformats Articles needing additional references from June 2012 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2012 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Ænglisc Asturianu Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latina Latviešu Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 10 November 2017 , at 16 : 04 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did the show law and order start | [
"Law & Order is an American police procedural and legal drama television series, created by Dick Wolf and part of the Law & Order franchise. It originally aired on NBC and, in syndication, on various cable networks. Law & Order premiered on September 13, 1990, and completed its 20th and final season on May 24, 2010. At the time of its cancellation, Law & Order was the longest-running crime drama on American primetime television. Its record of 20 seasons is a tie with Gunsmoke (1955–75) for the longest-running live-action scripted American prime-time series with ongoing characters. Although it has fewer episodes than Gunsmoke, Law & Order ranks as the longest-running hour-long primetime TV series. Gunsmoke, for its first six seasons, was originally a half-hour program."
] | [
"September 13, 1990"
] |
-1029330297689974744 | Olympic symbols | Olympic symbols - wikipedia Olympic symbols Jump to : navigation , search Olympic Games Main topics Bids Boycotts Ceremonies Charter Host cities IFs IOC Medal Medal tables Medalists NOCs Pierre de Coubertin medal Scandals and controversies Sports Symbols Torch relays Venues Games Summer Winter Summer Paralympic Winter Paralympic Deaflympics Youth Special American Asian Pacific African European EYOF Ancient Intercalated The Olympic symbols are icons , flags and symbols used by the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) to elevate the Olympic Games . Some -- such as the flame , fanfare , and theme -- are more commonly used during Olympic competition , but others , such as the flags , can be seen throughout the years . Contents ( hide ) 1 Motto 2 Rings 3 Flags 3.1 Specific flags 3.1. 1 Antwerp flag 3.1. 2 Oslo flag 3.1. 3 Seoul flag 3.1. 4 Rio de Janeiro flag 3.1. 5 Singapore flag 3.1. 6 Innsbruck flag 4 Flame and torch relay 5 Medals and diplomas 6 Anthems 7 Kotinos 8 Olympic salute 9 Mascots 10 Intellectual property 11 See also 12 References 13 External links Motto ( edit ) The Olympic motto is the hendiatris Citius , Altius , Fortius , which is Latin for `` Faster , Higher , Stronger '' . It was proposed by Pierre de Coubertin upon the creation of the International Olympic Committee in 1894 . Coubertin borrowed it from his friend Henri Didon , a Dominican priest who was an athletics enthusiast . Coubertin said `` These three words represent a programme of moral beauty . The aesthetics of sport are intangible . '' The motto was introduced in 1924 at the Olympic Games in Paris . A more informal but well - known motto , also introduced by Coubertin , is `` The most important thing is not to win but to take part ! '' Coubertin got this motto from a sermon by the Bishop of Pennsylvania during the 1908 London Games . Rings ( edit ) The five - ringed symbol of the Olympic Games The rings are five interlocking rings , coloured blue , yellow , black , green , and red on a white field , known as the `` Olympic rings '' . The symbol was originally designed in 1912 by de Coubertin . He appears to have intended the rings to represent the five participating regions : Africa , Asia , America , Oceania and Europe . According to Coubertin , the colours of the rings together with the white of the background included the colours composing every competing nation 's flag at the time . Upon its initial introduction , Coubertin stated the following in the August 1912 edition of Olympique : ... the six colours ( including the flag 's white background ) combined in this way reproduce the colours of every country without exception . The blue and yellow of Sweden , the blue and white of Greece , the tricolour flags of France , England , the United States , Germany , Belgium , Italy and Hungary , and the yellow and red of Spain are included , as are the innovative flags of Brazil and Australia , and those of ancient Japan and modern China . This , truly , is an international emblem . In his article published in the Olympic Revue the official magazine of the International Olympic Committee in November 1992 , the American historian Robert Barney explains that the idea of the interlaced rings came to Pierre de Coubertin when he was in charge of the USFSA , an association founded by the union of two French sports associations and until 1925 , responsible for representing the International Olympic Committee in France : The emblem of the union was two interlaced rings ( like the vesica piscis typical interlaced marriage rings ) and originally the idea of Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung : for him , the ring symbolized continuity and the human being. . The 1914 Congress was suspended due to the outbreak of World War I , but the symbol and flag were later adopted . They would first officially debut at the Games of the VII Olympiad in Antwerp , Belgium , in 1920 . The symbol 's popularity and widespread use began during the lead - up to the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin . Carl Diem , president of the Organizing Committee of the 1936 Summer Olympics , wanted to hold a torchbearers ' ceremony in the stadium at Delphi , site of the famous oracle , where the Pythian Games were also held . For this reason he ordered construction of a milestone with the Olympic rings carved in the sides , and that a torchbearer should carry the flame along with an escort of three others from there to Berlin . The ceremony was celebrated but the stone was never removed . Later , two American authors , Lynn and Gray Poole , when visiting Delphi in the late 1950s , saw the stone and reported in their History of the Ancient Games that the Olympic rings design came from ancient Greece . This has become known as `` Carl Diem 's Stone '' . This created a myth that the symbol had an ancient Greek origin . The current view of the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) is that the symbol `` reinforces the idea '' that the Olympic Movement is international and welcomes all countries of the world to join . As can be read in the Olympic Charter , the Olympic symbol represents the union of the `` five continents '' of the world and the meeting of athletes from throughout the world at the Olympic Games . However , no continent is represented by any specific ring . Prior to 1951 , the official handbook stated that each colour corresponded to a particular continent : blue for Europe , yellow for Asia , black for Africa , green for Australia and Oceania and red for the Americas ; this was removed because there was no evidence that Coubertin had intended it ( the quotation above was probably an afterthought ) . Nevertheless , the logo of the Association of National Olympic Committees places the logo of each of its five continental associations inside the ring of the corresponding colour . Flags ( edit ) The Olympic flag The Olympic flag flying in Victoria , British Columbia , Canada , in recognition of the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver The Olympic flag was created by Pierre de Coubertin in 1925 . The Olympic flag has a white background , with five interlaced rings in the centre : blue , yellow , black , green and red . This design is symbolic ; it represents the five continents of the world , united by Olympism , while the six colours are those that appear on all the national flags of the world at the present time . -- Pierre de Coubertin ( 1931 ) Specific flags ( edit ) There are specific Olympic flags that are displayed by cities that will be hosting the next Olympic games . During each Olympic closing ceremony in what is traditionally known as the Antwerp Ceremony , the flag is passed from the mayor of one host city to the next host , where it will then be taken to the new host and displayed at city hall . These flags should not be confused with the larger Olympic flags designed and created specifically for each games , which are flown over the host stadium and then retired . Because there is no specific flag for this purpose , the flags flown over the stadiums generally have subtle differences , including minor color variations , and , more noticeably , the presence ( or lack ) of white outlines around each ring . Antwerp flag ( edit ) The first Olympic flag was presented to the Jr. National Olympics at the 1920 Summer Olympics by the city of Antwerp , Belgium . At the end of the Games , the flag could not be found and a new Olympic flag had to be made for the 1924 Summer Olympics in Paris . Despite it being a replacement , the IOC officially still calls this the `` Antwerp Flag '' instead of the `` Paris Flag '' . It was passed on to the next organizing city of the Summer Olympics or Winter Olympics until the 1952 Winter Olympics in Oslo , Norway , when a separate Olympic flag was created to be used only at the Winter Olympics ( see below ) . The 1924 flag then continued to be used at the Summer Olympics until the Games of Seoul 1988 when it was retired . In 1997 , at a banquet hosted by the US Olympic Committee , a reporter was interviewing Hal Haig Prieste who had won a bronze medal in platform diving as a member of the 1920 US Olympic team . The reporter mentioned that the IOC had not been able to find out what had happened to the original Olympic flag . `` I can help you with that , '' Prieste said , `` It 's in my suitcase . '' At the end of the Antwerp Olympics , spurred on by teammate Duke Kahanamoku , he climbed a flagpole and stole the Olympic flag . For 77 years the flag was stored away in the bottom of his suitcase . The flag was returned to the IOC by Prieste , by then 103 years old , in a special ceremony held at the 2000 Games in Sydney . The original Antwerp Flag is now on display at the Olympic Museum in Lausanne , Switzerland , with a plaque thanking him for donating it . Oslo flag ( edit ) The Oslo flag was presented to the IOC by the mayor of Oslo , Norway , during the 1952 Winter Olympics . Since then , it has been passed to the next organizing city for the Winter Olympics . Currently , the actual Oslo flag is kept preserved in a special box , and a replica has been used during recent closing ceremonies instead . Seoul flag ( edit ) Flag of South Korea alongside an Olympic Flag in Olympic Park , Seoul As a successor to the Antwerp Flag , the Seoul flag was presented to the IOC at the 1988 Summer Olympics by the city of Seoul , South Korea , and has since then been passed on to the next organizing city of the Summer Olympics . The Seoul flag is currently on display at the Tokyo Metropolitan Government Building . Rio de Janeiro flag ( edit ) As a successor to the Seoul Flag , the Rio flag was presented to the IOC at the 2016 Summer Olympics by the city of Rio de Janeiro , Brazil , and has since then been passed on to the next organizing city of the Summer Olympics , Tokyo . Singapore flag ( edit ) For the inaugural Youth Olympic Games , an Olympic flag was created for the junior version of the Games . The flag is similar to the Olympic flag , but has the host city and year on it and was first presented to Singapore by IOC President Jacques Rogge . During the closing ceremony on 26 August 2010 , Singapore officials presented it to the next organizing committee , Nanjing 2014 . Innsbruck flag ( edit ) For the inaugural winter Youth Olympic Games , an Olympic flag was presented to the IOC at the 2012 Winter Youth Olympics by the city of Innsbruck , Austria , and has since then been passed on to the next organizing city of the Winter Youth Olympics . Flame and torch relay ( edit ) Main article : Olympic flame The modern tradition of moving the Olympic flame via a relay system from Greece to the Olympic venue began with the Berlin Games in 1936 . Months before the Games are held , the Olympic flame is lit on a torch , with the rays of the Sun concentrated by a parabolic reflector , at the site of the Ancient Olympics in Olympia , Greece . The torch is then taken out of Greece , most often to be taken around the country or continent where the Games are held . The Olympic torch is carried by athletes , leaders , celebrities , and ordinary people alike , and at times in unusual conditions , such as being electronically transmitted via satellite for Montreal 1976 , submerged underwater without being extinguished for Sydney 2000 , or in space and at the North Pole for Sochi 2014 . On the final day of the torch relay , the day of the Opening Ceremony , the Flame reaches the main stadium and is used to light a cauldron situated in a prominent part of the venue to signify the beginning of the Games . Medals and diplomas ( edit ) The Olympic medals awarded to winners are another symbol associated with the Olympic games . The medals are made of gold - plated silver -- for the gold medals -- silver , or bronze , and are awarded to the top three finishers in a particular event . Each medal for an Olympiad has a common design , decided upon by the organizers for the particular games . From 1928 until 2000 , the obverse side of the medals contained an image of Nike , the traditional goddess of victory , holding a palm in her left hand and a winner 's crown in her right . This design was created by Giuseppe Cassioli . For each Olympic games , the reverse side as well as the labels for each Olympiad changed , reflecting the host of the games . In 2004 , the obverse side of the medals changed to make more explicit reference to the Greek character of the games . In this design , the goddess Nike flies into the Panathenic stadium , reflecting the renewal of the games . The design was by Greek jewelry designer Elena Votsi . Olympic diplomas are given to competitors placing fourth , fifth , and sixth since 1949 , and to competitors placing seventh and eighth since 1981 . Anthems ( edit ) Main article : Olympic Hymn The `` Olympic Hymn '' , officially known as the `` Olympic Anthem '' , is played when the Olympic flag is raised . It was composed by Spyridon Samaras with words from a poem of the Greek poet and writer Kostis Palamas . Both the poet and the composer were the choice of Demetrius Vikelas , a Greek Pro-European and the first President of the IOC . The anthem was performed for the first time for the ceremony of opening of the 1896 Athens Olympic Games but was n't declared the official hymn by the IOC until 1958 . In the following years , every hosting nation commissioned the composition of a specific Olympic hymn for their own edition of the Games until the 1960 Winter Olympics in Squaw Valley . Other notable Olympic anthems and fanfares include : The composer of the 1952 Olympic Fanfare , Aarre Merikanto , at Helsinki Olympic Stadium during the games . `` Olympische Hymne '' : A composition for orchestra and mixed chorus composed by Richard Strauss for the 1936 Berlin Summer Olympics . The `` Olympic Fanfare '' for the 1952 Helsinki Summer Olympics was originally composed by Aarre Merikanto for the 1940 Summer Olympics , which were cancelled . Merikanto 's Fanfare won the fanfare contest organized in Finland in 1939 , but the score was lost for over a decade ; when rediscovered in 1951 , it was decided to use it in 1952 . It was recorded in 1953 . `` Bugler 's Dream '' : Written in 1958 by Leo Arnaud as part of his Charge Suite , the theme is often thought of by Americans as the Olympic Theme '' due to its usage in television coverage by ABC and NBC , starting with the 1964 Olympics . The `` Olympic March '' : The theme written by Yūji Koseki for the Tokyo 1964 Summer Olympics theme song . `` Olympic Fanfare 1972 '' : The winning submission for the Munich 1972 Summer Olympics theme song , used as the TV signature tune of the German Olympic Center ( Deutsches Olympia - Zentrum , DOZ ) and the prelude to the medal ceremonies , composed by Herbert Rehbein . It was performed by the Orchestra of the Bavarian Broadcasting Company ( Orchester des Bayerischen Rundfunks ) and members of the Air Force Band Neubiberg , conducted by Willy Mattes . `` Olympic Fanfare and Theme '' : Composed by John Williams for the Los Angeles 1984 Summer Olympics , the theme was performed in the opening ceremonies by the United States Army Herald Trumpets conducted by then - Captain David Deitrick . The first recording , performed by an orchestra composed of Los Angeles - area musicians , was released in its entirety on the LP and cassette album The Official Music of the XXIIIrd Olympiad Los Angeles 1984 , with a concurrent Japan - only CD release ( which went on to win a Grammy in 1985 ) . A slightly different arrangement of the piece was released on the Philips album By Request : The Best of John Williams and the Boston Pops Orchestra . In 1996 , an alternate version of `` Olympic Fanfare and Theme '' was released on the album Summon the Heroes for the Atlanta Olympic Games , replacing the first part of the piece with Arnaud 's Bugler 's Dream . The theme was also used in closing ceremony of the 2010 Olympic Games , as the nations ' flagbearers entered BC Place Stadium surrounding the Olympic flame and when the Olympic flag was brought into the stadium by Vancouver mayor Gregor Robertson . `` The Olympic Spirit '' : The theme written by John Williams for the 1988 Olympics in Seoul and used in the corresponding NBC broadcasts . `` Summon the Heroes '' : The theme written by John Williams for the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta . `` Theme from The Adventures of Brisco County , Jr . '' : The theme song to this television show , composed by Randy Edelman , has been used by NBC for teaser commercial and promo spots since the 1996 Summer Olympics . `` Call of the Champions '' : The theme written by John Williams for the 2002 Salt Lake Winter Olympics . Several other composers have contributed Olympic music , including Henry Mancini , Francis Lai , Marvin Hamlisch , Philip Glass , David Foster , Mikis Theodorakis , Ryuichi Sakamoto , Vangelis , Basil Poledouris , Michael Kamen , and Mark Watters.it had oath too : we swear that we will take part in the Olympic Games in loyal competition , respecting the regulations which govern them and desirous of participating in them in the true spirit of sportsmanship for the honour of our country and for the glory of sports . Kotinos ( edit ) Main article : Olive wreath The kotinos ( Greek : κότινος ) , is an olive branch , originally of wild olive - tree , intertwined to form a circle or a horse - shoe , introduced by Heracles . In the ancient Olympic Games there were no gold , silver , or bronze medals . There was only one winner per event , crowned with an olive wreath made of wild olive leaves from a sacred tree near the temple of Zeus at Olympia . Aristophanes in Plutus makes a sensible remark why victorious athletes are crowned with wreath made of wild olive instead of gold . The victorious athletes were honored , feted , and praised . Their deeds were heralded and chronicled so that future generations could appreciate their accomplishments . Herodotus describes the following story which is relevant to the olive wreath . Xerxes was interrogating some Arcadians after the Battle of Thermopylae . He inquired why there were so few Greek men defending the Thermopylae . The answer was `` All other men are participating in the Olympic Games '' . And when asked `` What is the prize for the winner ? '' , `` An olive - wreath '' came the answer . Then Tigranes , one of his generals uttered a most noble saying : `` Good heavens ! Mardonius , what kind of men are these against whom you have brought us to fight ? Men who do not compete for possessions , but for honour . '' However , in later times , this was not their only reward ; the athlete was rewarded with a generous sum of money by his country . The kotinos tradition was renewed specifically for the Athens 2004 Games , although in this case it was bestowed together with the gold medal . Apart from its use in the awards - ceremonies , the kotinos was chosen as the 2004 Summer Olympics emblem . Olympic salute ( edit ) The Olympic Salute sculpted by Gra Rueb , sculpted for the 1928 Summer Olympics in Amsterdam . The Olympic salute is a variant of the Roman salute , with the right arm and hand are stretched and pointing upward , the palm is outward and downward , with the fingers touching . However , unlike the Roman Salute , the arm is raised higher and at an angle to the right from the shoulder. The greeting is visible on the official posters of the games at Paris 1924 and Berlin 1936 . The Olympic salute has fallen out of use since World War II because of its strong resemblance to the Nazi salute . It was used for the last time by the French team in the opening ceremony of the 1948 Winter Olympics . Mascots ( edit ) See also : List of Olympic mascots Since the 1968 Winter Olympics in Grenoble , France , the Olympic Games have had a mascot , usually an animal native to the area or occasionally human figures representing the cultural heritage . The first major mascot in the Olympic Games was Misha in the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow . Misha was used extensively during the opening and closing ceremonies , had a TV animated cartoon and appeared on several merchandise products . Nowadays , most of the merchandise aimed at young people focuses on the mascots , rather than the Olympic flag or organization logos . Intellectual property ( edit ) The Olympic movement is very protective of its symbols ; as many jurisdictions have given the movement exclusive trademark rights to any interlocking arrangement of five rings , and usage of the word `` Olympic '' . The rings are not eligible for copyright protection , both because of their date of creation and because five circles arranged in a pattern do not reach the threshold of originality required to be copyrighted . The movement has taken action against numerous groups alleged to have violated their trademarks , including the Gay Games ; the Minneapolis - based band The Hopefuls , formerly The Olympic Hopefuls ; the Redneck Olympics or Redneck Games ; Awana Clubs International , a Christian youth ministry who used the term for its competitive games ; and Wizards of the Coast , publisher at the time of the IOC 's complaint of the card game Legend of the Five Rings . In 1938 , the Norwegian brewery Frydenlund patented a label for its root beer which featured the five Olympic rings . In 1952 , when Norway was to host the Winter Olympics , the Olympic Committee was notified by Norway 's Patent Office that it was Frydenlund who owned the rights to the rings in that country . Today , the successor company Ringnes AS owns the rights to use the patented five rings on its root beer . In addition , a few other companies have been successful in using the Olympic name , such as Olympic Paint , which has a paintbrush in the form of a torch as its logo , and the former Greek passenger carrier Olympic Airlines . Certain other sporting organizations and events have been granted permission by the IOC to use the word `` Olympics '' in their name , such as the Special Olympics , an international sporting event held every four years for people with intellectual disabilities . In recent years , organizing committees have also demanded the passing of laws to combat ambush marketing by non-official sponsors during the Games -- such as the London Olympic Games and Paralympic Games Act 2006 -- putting heavy restrictions on using any term or imagery that could constitute an unauthorized association with the games , including mere mentioning of the host city , the year , and others . See also ( edit ) Paralympic symbols Pierre de Coubertin medal Olympiadane References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` What is the Olympic motto ? '' . International Olympic Committee . 2013 . Archived from the original on 18 September 2015 . Retrieved 19 September 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Opening Ceremony '' ( pdf ) . International Olympic Committee . 2002 . p. 3 . Retrieved 23 August 2012 . ; `` Sport athlétique '' , 14 mars 1891 : `` ( ... ) dans une éloquente allocution il a souhaité que ce drapeau les conduise ' souvent à la victoire , à la lutte toujours ' . Il a dit qu'il leur donnait pour devise ces trois mots qui sont le fondement et la raison d'être des sports athlétiques : citius , altius , fortius , ' plus vite , plus haut , plus fort ' . '' , cited in Hoffmane , Simone La carrière du père Didon , Dominicain. 1840 - 1900 , Doctoral thesis , Université de Paris IV -- Sorbonne , 1985 , p. 926 ; cf . Michaela Lochmann , Les fondements pédagogiques de la devise olympique `` citius , altius , fortius `` Jump up ^ Games of the VIII Olympiad - Paris 1924 Archived 3 March 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` The Olympic Summer Games '' ( PDF ) . International Olympic Committee . October 2013 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 6 September 2015 . Retrieved 29 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Olympics : Symbols and Traditions '' . Encyclopedia Britannica . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 07 . Jump up ^ Lennartz , Karl ( 2002 ) . `` The Story of the Rings '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Olympic History . 10 : 32 . Retrieved 30 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Lennartz , Karl ( 2002 ) . `` The Story of the Rings '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Olympic History . 10 : 31 . Retrieved 7 January 2016 . De plus les six couleurs ainsi combinées reproduisent celles de toutes les nations sans exception . Le bleu et jaune de Suède , le bleu et blanc de Grèce , les tricolores français , anglais , américain , allemand , belge , italien , hongrois , le jaune et rouge d'Espagne voisinent avec les innovations brésilienne ou australienne , avec le vieux Japon et la jeune Chine . Voilà vraiment un emblème international . Jump up ^ Robert Knight Barney ( November 1992 ) . `` This Great Symbol '' ( PDF ) . Olympic Review ( 301 ) . Retrieved 29 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Findling , John E. ; Pele , Kimberly D. , eds. ( 30 March 2004 ) . Encyclopedia of the Modern Olympic Movement . Greenwood Press . pp. 65 , 75 . ISBN 978 - 0313322785 . Retrieved 29 December 2015 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Poole , Lynn ; Poole , Gray Johnson ( 1963 - 01 - 01 ) . History of ancient Olympic games , . New York : I. Obolensky . Jump up ^ `` Logos & Mascots '' . 27 February 2007 . Retrieved 18 March 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Olympic symbols '' ( PDF ) . IOC. 2002 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 16 March 2007 . Retrieved 18 March 2007 . ( Broken link ) Jump up ^ `` Decision adopted by the Executive Committee '' ( PDF ) . Bulletin du Comité International Olympique ( Olympic Review ) . Lausanne : IOC ( 25 ) : 32 . January 1951 . Jump up ^ `` The Olympic Flag '' . Extract from : Textes choisis II , p. 470 . ( written in 1931 ) . Archived from the original on 28 August 2008 . Retrieved 29 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Olympic Charter '' ( PDF ) . The International Olympic Committee . 2 August 2015 . Retrieved 29 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Vancouver 2010 : The Olympic Flags the Closing Ceremony of the Los Angeles 1984 Olympic Games , the flag was passed on to the next Olympic Games city , Seoul , and then retired . ( emphasis added ) '' . Retrieved 1 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Sandomir , Richard ( 12 September 2000 ) . `` Missing Flag Returns to Glory , Courtesy of a Prankster '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 20 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Después de ochenta años le remordió la conciencia '' ( After Eighty Years , Conscience Kicked Him ) ( in Spanish ) . Montevideo : La Red21 Radio . 12 September 2000 . Retrieved 29 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Vancouver 2010 : The Olympic Flags and Emblem '' . Retrieved 1 March 2010 . Because it is so precious , and must be preserved for years to come , the Oslo flag is not used during the actual Closing Ceremony . Instead , a replica flag is traditionally used . Jump up ^ `` Vancouver 2010 : The Olympic Flags and Emblem '' . Retrieved 1 March 2010 . The successor to the Antwerp Flag , the Seoul flag was presented to the IOC at the 1988 Olympic Games in the Seoul Summer Olympics , South Korea . Jump up ^ `` Olympic Flag arrives in Tokyo ahead of 2020 Games '' . Retrieved 11 September 2016 . Rio Mayor Eduardo Paes handed the Flag over to Tokyo Governor Yuriko Koike during the Rio 2016 Closing Ceremony at the Maracanã Stadium on Sunday ( August 21 ) . Jump up ^ `` Singapore 2010 Presented With Special Olympic Flag '' . Gamebids.com. 13 August 2010 . Retrieved 29 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` S'pore presented with special Olympic flag '' . Channel NewsAsia. 13 August 2010 . Archived from the original on 28 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Olympic flag handed to mayor of Nanjing '' . Sina Corp. 27 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Juergen Wagner ( 2 July 2003 ) . `` Olympic Games Winner Medal 2004 '' . Olympic-museum.de . Archived from the original on 11 January 2011 . Retrieved 31 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Heikinheimo , Seppo ( 1985 ) . Aarre Merikanto : Säveltäjänkohtalo itsenäisessä Suomessa ( Aarre Merikanto : The fate of the composer in independent Finland ) ( in Finnish ) . Helsinki : WSOY . pp. 465 , 467 , 473 , 479 . ISBN 978 - 9510133194 . Jump up ^ `` Herbert Rehbein '' . Songwriters Hall of Fame . 1993 . Retrieved 29 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Guegold , William K. ( June 1996 ) . 100 Years of Olympic Music ( Music and Musicians of the Modern Olympic Games 1896 - 1996 ) . Golden Clef Publishing . pp. 56 -- 58 . ISBN 978 - 0965237109 . Jump up ^ `` The John Williams Web Pages : Olympic Fanfare and Theme '' . Johnwilliams.org . Archived from the original on 19 July 2011 . Retrieved 31 December 2010 . Jump up ^ http://www.altoriot.com/the-music-behind-nbcs-sochi-olympic-promos-the-greatest-sports-theme-no-one-can-name/ Jump up ^ Liddell , Henry George ; Scott , Robert ( 1940 ) . κότινος ( Olive Branch ) . A Greek -- English Lexicon ( in Greek ) . Clarendon Press . Jump up ^ Pausanias , Description of Greece , 5.7. 7 Jump up ^ Aristophanes , Plutus , 585 . Jump up ^ Herodotus , The Histories , Hdt . 8.26 ^ Jump up to : Droit , Jean ( 1924 ) . `` Paris 1924 - Jeux Olympiques '' . Olympic Games Museum . Archived from the original on 29 August 2010 . Retrieved 15 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Schaap , Jeremy ( 2007 ) . Triumph : the untold story of Jesse Owens and Hitler 's Olympics . Houghton Mifflin Harcourt . pp. 163 -- 166 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 618 - 68822 - 7 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` Olympic Games 1936 Berlin : Poster '' . Olympic Games Museum . 1936 . Retrieved 29 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Olympic Salute Stopped Being Popularly Used After WWII Due to Strongly Resembling the `` Heil Hitler '' Salute `` . Today I Found Out . 2012 - 08 - 08 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WfaFnZ6sEnY/%7Ctitle= Full St. Moritz 1948 Official film ; see 13 : 15 to 13 : 20 Jump up ^ `` Norwegian Patent Office record of the Frydenlund patent , showing the design '' . 1 November 1938 . Retrieved 20 November 2016 . Ringnes is the family name of the company 's founders . Jump up ^ Anderson , Steve ( 18 July 2012 ) . `` The Debate : Have Olympic sponsorship regulations gone too far ? '' . The Debate ( blog ) ( The Independent ) . London . Archived from the original on 21 July 2012 . Retrieved 21 July 2012 . Jump up ^ O'Sullivan , Feargus ( 13 June 2012 ) . `` The Pettiness of Olympic Branding '' . The Atlantic . Washington D.C . Retrieved 21 July 2012 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Olympic symbols . PBS The Real Olympics , 2004 . the Raising of the Olympic flag in London , 26 September 2008 Olympic Files - Mascots ( in Russian ) Bear Cub Misha Lover 's Association , 1980 Summer Olympics mascot Misha 's fan page ( in Japanese ) ( hide ) Olympic symbols Olympic emblem Olympic flag Olympic flame Final torchbearers Torch relays designs Olympic Hymn Olympic mascot Olympic motto Olympic Oath Olympic Order Olympic poster Olive wreath International Olympic Committee Associations Association of National Olympic Committees List of international sports federations National Olympic Committee Organizing Committees for the Olympic Games Main topics Charter Congresses Cup Meetings Members Order Presidents Sports Symbols IOC sessions 117th 121st 123rd 125th 127th 128th 130th 131st 132nd 133rd 134th Olympic Games Ceremonies Charter Participating nations Summer Olympics Winter Olympics Host cities Bids Venues IOC NOCs Country codes Medal Medal tables Medalists Ties Diploma Scandals and controversies Colonialism Doping Sports Symbols Torch relays Pierre de Coubertin medal Women Deaths WWI Olympic video games Summer Games 1896 Athens 1900 Paris 1904 St. Louis 1908 London 1912 Stockholm 1916 Berlin 1920 Antwerp 1924 Paris 1928 Amsterdam 1932 Los Angeles 1936 Berlin 1940 Tokyo 1944 London 1948 London 1952 Helsinki 1956 Melbourne 1960 Rome 1964 Tokyo 1968 Mexico City 1972 Munich 1976 Montreal 1980 Moscow 1984 Los Angeles 1988 Seoul 1992 Barcelona 1996 Atlanta 2000 Sydney 2004 Athens 2008 Beijing 2012 London 2016 Rio de Janeiro 2020 Tokyo 2024 Paris 2028 Los Angeles 2032 TBD Winter Games 1924 Chamonix 1928 St. Moritz 1932 Lake Placid 1936 Garmisch - Partenkirchen 1940 Sapporo 1944 Cortina d'Ampezzo 1948 St. Moritz 1952 Oslo 1956 Cortina d'Ampezzo 1960 Squaw Valley 1964 Innsbruck 1968 Grenoble 1972 Sapporo 1976 Innsbruck 1980 Lake Placid 1984 Sarajevo 1988 Calgary 1992 Albertville 1994 Lillehammer 1998 Nagano 2002 Salt Lake City 2006 Turin 2010 Vancouver 2014 Sochi 2018 Pyeongchang 2022 Beijing 2026 TBD 2030 TBD Ancient Olympic Games Intercalated Games 1906 Paralympic Games Youth Olympic Games Olympics portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olympic_symbols&oldid=843415789 '' Categories : Olympic symbols Olympic movement Sports symbols Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Pages containing links to subscription - only content CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 Finnish - language sources ( fi ) CS1 Greek - language sources ( el ) Use dmy dates from May 2012 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2012 Articles containing Greek - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca বাংলা Башҡортса Чӑвашла Cymraeg Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español فارسی 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Қазақша Latviešu Magyar मैथिली Македонски مازِرونی नेपाली 日本 語 Português Русский Српски / srpski Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు Українська 中文 23 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 May 2018 , at 00 : 56 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what are the 5 colors of the olympic flag | [
"The rings are five interlocking rings, coloured blue, yellow, black, green, and red on a white field, known as the \"Olympic rings\". The symbol was originally designed in 1912 by de Coubertin.[5] He appears to have intended the rings to represent the five participating regions: Africa, Asia, America, Oceania and Europe.[6] According to Coubertin, the colours of the rings together with the white of the background included the colours composing every competing nation's flag at the time. Upon its initial introduction, Coubertin stated the following in the August 1912 edition of Olympique:[7]",
"The rings are five interlocking rings, coloured blue, yellow, black, green, and red on a white field, known as the \"Olympic rings\". The symbol was originally designed in 1912 by de Coubertin.[5] He appears to have intended the rings to represent the five participating regions: Africa, Asia, America, Oceania and Europe.[6] According to Coubertin, the colours of the rings together with the white of the background included the colours composing every competing nation's flag at the time. Upon its initial introduction, Coubertin stated the following in the August 1912 edition of Olympique:[7]",
"The rings are five interlocking rings, coloured blue, yellow, black, green, and red on a white field, known as the \"Olympic rings\". The symbol was originally designed in 1912 by de Coubertin.[5] He appears to have intended the rings to represent the five participating regions: Africa, Asia, America, Oceania and Europe.[6] According to Coubertin, the colours of the rings together with the white of the background included the colours composing every competing nation's flag at the time. Upon its initial introduction, Coubertin stated the following in the August 1912 edition of Olympique:[7]",
"The rings are five interlocking rings, coloured blue, yellow, black, green, and red on a white field, known as the \"Olympic rings\". The symbol was originally designed in 1912 by de Coubertin.[5] He appears to have intended the rings to represent the five participating regions: Africa, Asia, America, Oceania and Europe.[6] According to Coubertin, the colours of the rings together with the white of the background included the colours composing every competing nation's flag at the time. Upon its initial introduction, Coubertin stated the following in the August 1912 edition of Olympique:[7]",
"The rings are five interlocking rings, coloured blue, yellow, black, green, and red on a white field, known as the \"Olympic rings\". The symbol was originally designed in 1912 by de Coubertin.[5] He appears to have intended the rings to represent the five participating regions: Africa, Asia, America, Oceania and Europe.[6] According to Coubertin, the colours of the rings together with the white of the background included the colours composing every competing nation's flag at the time. Upon its initial introduction, Coubertin stated the following in the August 1912 edition of Olympique:[7]"
] | [
"blue",
"yellow",
"black",
"green",
"red"
] |
5418381710906637400 | List of Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States | List of justices of the Supreme Court of the United States - wikipedia List of justices of the Supreme Court of the United States This article is part of the series on the United States Supreme Court The Court Decisions Procedure History Court Building Current membership Chief Justice John Roberts Associate Justices Clarence Thomas Ruth Bader Ginsburg Stephen Breyer Samuel Alito Sonia Sotomayor Elena Kagan Neil Gorsuch 1 seat vacant Retired Associate Justices John Paul Stevens Sandra Day O'Connor Anthony Kennedy David Souter All members List of all justices by court by seat by time in office by education List of Chief Justices List of Associate Justices Specialty lists All nominations Unsuccessful nominations Nominations late in presidency Court demographics Justices who served in Congress Ideological leanings of justices Court functionaries Clerks Reporter of Decisions Marshal of the Court Supreme Court Police Other countries Law Portal The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest ranking judicial body in the United States . Its membership , as set by the Judiciary Act of 1869 , consists of the Chief Justice of the United States and eight associate justices , any six of whom would constitute a quorum . Justices are nominated by the President of the United States and appointed after confirmation by the United States Senate . Justices of the Supreme Court have life tenure and receive a salary which is set at $255,500 per year for the chief justice and at $244,400 per year for each associate justice as of 2014 . The Supreme Court was created in 1789 by Article III of the United States Constitution , which stipulated that the `` judicial Power of the United States , shall be vested in one supreme Court '' together with any lower courts Congress may establish . Congress organized the Court that year with the passage of the Judiciary Act of 1789 . It specified the Court 's original and appellate jurisdiction , created thirteen judicial districts , and fixed the number of justices at six ( one chief justice and five associate justices ) . Since 1789 , Congress has occasionally altered the size of the Supreme Court , historically in response to the country 's own expansion in size . An 1801 act would have decreased the Court 's size to five members upon its next vacancy . However , an 1802 act negated the effects of the 1801 act upon the Court before any such vacancy occurred , maintaining the Court 's size at six members . Later legislation increased its size to seven members in 1807 , to nine in 1837 , and to ten in 1863 . An 1866 act was to have reduced the Court 's size from ten members to seven upon its next three vacancies , and two vacancies did occur during this period . However , before a third vacancy occurred , the Judiciary Act of 1869 intervened , restoring the Court 's size to nine members , where it has remained since . While the justices of the Supreme Court are appointed for life , many have retired or resigned . Beginning in the early 20th century , many justices who left the Court voluntarily did so by retiring from the Court without leaving the federal judiciary altogether . A retired justice , according to the United States Code , is no longer a member of the Supreme Court , but remains eligible to serve by designation as a judge of a U.S. Court of Appeals or District Court , and many retired justices have served in these capacities . Historically , the average length of service on the Court has been less than 15 years . However , since 1970 the average length of service has increased to about 26 years . Contents 1 Current justices of the Supreme Court 2 All justices of the Supreme Court 2.1 Notes 3 Timelines 3.1 All justices 3.2 Current justices 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Current justices of the Supreme Court ( edit ) There are currently eight justices serving on the Supreme Court ( the ninth position has been vacant since the July 31 , 2018 retirement of Justice Anthony Kennedy ) ; listed in order of seniority , they are : John Roberts , Chief Justice since September 29 , 2005 Age 7004232060000000000 ♠ 63 Clarence Thomas , Associate Justice since October 23 , 1991 Age 7004256150000000000 ♠ 70 Ruth Bader Ginsburg , Associate Justice since August 10 , 1993 Age 7004311940000000000 ♠ 85 Stephen Breyer , Associate Justice since August 3 , 1994 Age 7004292150000000000 ♠ 79 Samuel Alito , Associate Justice since January 31 , 2006 Age 7004249680000000000 ♠ 68 Sonia Sotomayor , Associate Justice since August 8 , 2009 Age 7004234220000000000 ♠ 64 Elena Kagan , Associate Justice since August 7 , 2010 Age 7004212880000000000 ♠ 58 Neil Gorsuch , Associate Justice since April 10 , 2017 Age 7004186090000000000 ♠ 50 All justices of the Supreme Court ( edit ) Since the Supreme Court was established in 1789 , 113 persons have served on the Court . William O. Douglas holds the record for longest tenure on the Court -- 36 years , 211 days , and Thomas Johnson 's 163 day tenure is the shortest . Five individuals were confirmed for associate justice , and later appointed chief justice separately : Charles Evans Hughes , William Rehnquist , John Rutledge , Harlan F. Stone , and Edward Douglass White . While listed twice , each of them has been assigned only one index number . The justices of the Supreme Court are : Justice State Position Replacing Date confirmed ( Vote ) Tenure Tenure length Appointed by John Jay ( 1745 -- 1829 ) NY Chief Justice New seat September 26 , 1789 ( Acclamation ) October 19 , 1789 -- June 29 , 1795 ( Resigned ) 7003207900000000000 ♠ 5 years , 253 days George Washington John Rutledge ( 1739 -- 1800 ) SC Associate Justice New seat September 26 , 1789 ( Acclamation ) February 15 , 1790 -- March 4 , 1791 ( Resigned ) 7002382000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 17 days William Cushing ( 1732 -- 1810 ) MA Associate Justice New seat September 26 , 1789 ( Acclamation ) February 2 , 1790 -- September 13 , 1810 ( Died ) 7003752700000000000 ♠ 20 years , 223 days James Wilson ( 1742 -- 1798 ) PA Associate Justice New seat September 26 , 1789 ( Acclamation ) October 5 , 1789 -- August 21 , 1798 ( Died ) 7003324200000000000 ♠ 8 years , 320 days 5 John Blair ( 1732 -- 1800 ) VA Associate Justice New seat September 26 , 1789 ( Acclamation ) February 2 , 1790 -- October 25 , 1795 ( Resigned ) 7003209100000000000 ♠ 5 years , 265 days 6 James Iredell ( 1751 -- 1799 ) NC Associate Justice New seat February 10 , 1790 ( Acclamation ) May 12 , 1790 -- October 20 , 1799 ( Died ) 7003344800000000000 ♠ 9 years , 161 days 7 Thomas Johnson ( 1732 -- 1819 ) MD Associate Justice J. Rutledge November 7 , 1791 ( Acclamation ) August 6 , 1792 -- January 16 , 1793 ( Resigned ) 7002163000000000000 ♠ 163 days 8 William Paterson ( 1745 -- 1806 ) NJ Associate Justice T. Johnson March 4 , 1793 ( Acclamation ) March 11 , 1793 -- September 8 , 1806 ( Died ) 7003492800000000000 ♠ 13 years , 181 days John Rutledge ( 1739 -- 1800 ) SC Chief Justice Jay December 15 , 1795 ( 10 -- 14 ) August 12 , 1795 -- December 28 , 1795 ( Resigned , nomination having been rejected ) 7002138000000000000 ♠ 138 days 9 Samuel Chase ( 1741 -- 1811 ) MD Associate Justice Blair January 27 , 1796 ( Acclamation ) February 4 , 1796 -- June 19 , 1811 ( Died ) 7003561300000000000 ♠ 15 years , 135 days 10 Oliver Ellsworth ( 1745 -- 1807 ) CT Chief Justice J. Rutledge March 4 , 1796 ( 21 -- 1 ) March 8 , 1796 -- December 15 , 1800 ( Resigned ) 7003174200000000000 ♠ 4 years , 282 days 11 Bushrod Washington ( 1762 -- 1829 ) VA Associate Justice Wilson December 20 , 1798 ( Acclamation ) November 9 , 1798 -- November 26 , 1829 ( Died ) 7004113390000000000 ♠ 31 years , 17 days John Adams 12 Alfred Moore ( 1755 -- 1810 ) NC Associate Justice Iredell December 9 , 1799 ( Acclamation ) April 21 , 1800 -- January 26 , 1804 ( Resigned ) 7003137500000000000 ♠ 3 years , 280 days 13 John Marshall ( 1755 -- 1835 ) VA Chief Justice Ellsworth January 27 , 1801 ( Acclamation ) February 4 , 1801 -- July 6 , 1835 ( Died ) 7004125700000000000 ♠ 34 years , 152 days 14 William Johnson ( 1771 -- 1834 ) SC Associate Justice Moore March 24 , 1804 ( Acclamation ) May 7 , 1804 -- August 4 , 1834 ( Died ) 7004110460000000000 ♠ 30 years , 89 days Thomas Jefferson 15 Henry Brockholst Livingston ( 1757 -- 1823 ) NY Associate Justice Paterson December 17 , 1806 ( Acclamation ) January 20 , 1807 -- March 18 , 1823 ( Died ) 7003590100000000000 ♠ 16 years , 57 days 16 Thomas Todd ( 1765 -- 1826 ) KY Associate Justice New seat March 2 , 1807 ( Acclamation ) March 3 , 1807 -- February 7 , 1826 ( Died ) 7003691600000000000 ♠ 18 years , 341 days 17 Gabriel Duvall ( 1752 -- 1844 ) MD Associate Justice S. Chase November 18 , 1811 ( Acclamation ) November 23 , 1811 -- January 12 , 1835 ( Resigned ) 7003845100000000000 ♠ 23 years , 50 days James Madison 18 Joseph Story ( 1779 -- 1845 ) MA Associate Justice Cushing November 18 , 1811 ( Acclamation ) February 3 , 1812 -- September 10 , 1845 ( Died ) 7004122730000000000 ♠ 33 years , 219 days 19 Smith Thompson ( 1768 -- 1843 ) NY Associate Justice Livingston December 9 , 1823 ( Acclamation ) September 1 , 1823 -- December 18 , 1843 ( Died ) 7003741300000000000 ♠ 20 years , 108 days James Monroe 20 Robert Trimble ( 1776 -- 1828 ) KY Associate Justice Todd May 9 , 1826 ( 25 -- 5 ) June 16 , 1826 -- August 25 , 1828 ( Died ) 7002801000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 70 days John Quincy Adams 21 John McLean ( 1785 -- 1861 ) OH Associate Justice Trimble March 7 , 1829 ( Acclamation ) January 11 , 1830 -- April 4 , 1861 ( Died ) 7004114060000000000 ♠ 31 years , 83 days Andrew Jackson 22 Henry Baldwin ( 1780 -- 1844 ) PA Associate Justice Washington January 6 , 1830 ( 41 -- 2 ) January 18 , 1830 -- April 21 , 1844 ( Died ) 7003520700000000000 ♠ 14 years , 94 days 23 James Moore Wayne ( 1790 -- 1867 ) GA Associate Justice W. Johnson January 9 , 1835 ( Acclamation ) January 14 , 1835 -- July 5 , 1867 ( Died ) 7004118600000000000 ♠ 32 years , 172 days 24 Roger B. Taney ( 1777 -- 1864 ) MD Chief Justice J. Marshall March 15 , 1836 ( 29 -- 15 ) March 28 , 1836 -- October 12 , 1864 ( Died ) 7004104250000000000 ♠ 28 years , 198 days 25 Philip Pendleton Barbour ( 1783 -- 1841 ) VA Associate Justice Duvall March 15 , 1836 ( 30 -- 11 ) May 12 , 1836 -- February 25 , 1841 ( Died ) 7003175000000000000 ♠ 4 years , 289 days 26 John Catron ( 1786 -- 1865 ) TN Associate Justice New seat March 8 , 1837 ( 28 -- 15 ) May 1 , 1837 -- May 30 , 1865 ( Died ) 7004102560000000000 ♠ 28 years , 29 days 27 John McKinley ( 1780 -- 1852 ) AL Associate Justice New seat September 25 , 1837 ( Acclamation ) January 9 , 1838 -- July 19 , 1852 ( Died ) 7003530500000000000 ♠ 14 years , 192 days Martin Van Buren 28 Peter Vivian Daniel ( 1784 -- 1860 ) VA Associate Justice Barbour March 2 , 1841 ( 25 -- 5 ) January 10 , 1842 -- May 31 , 1860 ( Died ) 7003671600000000000 ♠ 18 years , 142 days 29 Samuel Nelson ( 1792 -- 1873 ) NY Associate Justice Thompson February 14 , 1845 ( Acclamation ) February 27 , 1845 -- November 28 , 1872 ( Retired ) 7004101360000000000 ♠ 27 years , 275 days John Tyler 30 Levi Woodbury ( 1789 -- 1851 ) NH Associate Justice Story January 31 , 1846 ( Acclamation ) September 23 , 1845 -- September 4 , 1851 ( Died ) 7003217200000000000 ♠ 5 years , 346 days James K. Polk 31 Robert Cooper Grier ( 1794 -- 1870 ) PA Associate Justice Baldwin August 4 , 1846 ( Acclamation ) August 10 , 1846 -- January 31 , 1870 ( Retired ) 7003857500000000000 ♠ 23 years , 174 days 32 Benjamin Robbins Curtis ( 1809 -- 1874 ) MA Associate Justice Woodbury December 20 , 1851 ( Acclamation ) October 10 , 1851 -- September 30 , 1857 ( Resigned ) 7003218200000000000 ♠ 5 years , 355 days Millard Fillmore 33 John Archibald Campbell ( 1811 -- 1889 ) AL Associate Justice McKinley March 22 , 1853 ( Acclamation ) April 11 , 1853 -- April 30 , 1861 ( Resigned ) 7003294100000000000 ♠ 8 years , 19 days Franklin Pierce 34 Nathan Clifford ( 1803 -- 1881 ) ME Associate Justice Curtis January 12 , 1858 ( 26 -- 23 ) January 21 , 1858 -- July 25 , 1881 ( Died ) 7003858600000000000 ♠ 23 years , 185 days James Buchanan 35 Noah Haynes Swayne ( 1804 -- 1884 ) OH Associate Justice McLean January 24 , 1862 ( 38 -- 1 ) January 27 , 1862 -- January 24 , 1881 ( Retired ) 7003693700000000000 ♠ 18 years , 363 days Abraham Lincoln 36 Samuel Freeman Miller ( 1816 -- 1890 ) IA Associate Justice Daniel July 16 , 1862 ( Acclamation ) July 21 , 1862 -- October 13 , 1890 ( Died ) 7004103110000000000 ♠ 28 years , 84 days 37 David Davis ( 1815 -- 1886 ) IL Associate Justice Campbell December 8 , 1862 ( Acclamation ) December 10 , 1862 -- March 4 , 1877 ( Resigned ) 7003519800000000000 ♠ 14 years , 84 days 38 Stephen Johnson Field ( 1816 -- 1899 ) CA Associate Justice New seat March 10 , 1863 ( Acclamation ) May 10 , 1863 -- December 1 , 1897 ( Retired ) 7004126240000000000 ♠ 34 years , 205 days 39 Salmon P. Chase ( 1808 -- 1873 ) OH Chief Justice Taney December 6 , 1864 ( Acclamation ) December 15 , 1864 -- May 7 , 1873 ( Died ) 7003306500000000000 ♠ 8 years , 143 days 40 William Strong ( 1808 -- 1895 ) PA Associate Justice Grier February 18 , 1870 ( No vote recorded ) March 14 , 1870 -- December 14 , 1880 ( Retired ) 7003392800000000000 ♠ 10 years , 275 days Ulysses S. Grant 41 Joseph Philo Bradley ( 1813 -- 1892 ) NJ Associate Justice New seat March 21 , 1870 ( 46 -- 9 ) March 23 , 1870 -- January 22 , 1892 ( Died ) 7003797500000000000 ♠ 21 years , 305 days 42 Ward Hunt ( 1810 -- 1886 ) NY Associate Justice Nelson December 11 , 1872 ( Acclamation ) January 9 , 1873 -- January 27 , 1882 ( Retired ) 7003330500000000000 ♠ 9 years , 18 days 43 Morrison Waite ( 1816 -- 1888 ) OH Chief Justice S.P. Chase January 21 , 1874 ( 63 -- 0 ) March 4 , 1874 -- March 23 , 1888 ( Died ) 7003513300000000000 ♠ 14 years , 19 days 44 John Marshall Harlan ( 1833 -- 1911 ) KY Associate Justice Davis November 29 , 1877 ( Acclamation ) December 10 , 1877 -- October 14 , 1911 ( Died ) 7004123600000000000 ♠ 33 years , 308 days Rutherford B. Hayes 45 William Burnham Woods ( 1824 -- 1887 ) GA Associate Justice Strong December 21 , 1880 ( 39 -- 8 ) January 5 , 1881 -- May 14 , 1887 ( Died ) 7003232000000000000 ♠ 6 years , 129 days 46 Stanley Matthews ( 1824 -- 1889 ) OH Associate Justice Swayne May 12 , 1881 ( 24 -- 23 ) May 17 , 1881 -- March 22 , 1889 ( Died ) 7003286600000000000 ♠ 7 years , 309 days James Garfield 47 Horace Gray ( 1828 -- 1902 ) MA Associate Justice Clifford December 20 , 1881 ( 51 -- 5 ) January 9 , 1882 -- September 15 , 1902 ( Died ) 7003755300000000000 ♠ 20 years , 249 days Chester A. Arthur 48 Samuel Blatchford ( 1820 -- 1893 ) NY Associate Justice Hunt March 22 , 1882 ( Acclamation ) April 3 , 1882 -- July 7 , 1893 ( Died ) 7003411300000000000 ♠ 11 years , 95 days 49 Lucius Quintus Cincinnatus Lamar II ( 1825 -- 1893 ) MS Associate Justice Woods January 16 , 1888 ( 32 -- 28 ) January 18 , 1888 -- January 23 , 1893 ( Died ) 7003183200000000000 ♠ 5 years , 5 days Grover Cleveland 50 Melville Fuller ( 1833 -- 1910 ) IL Chief Justice Waite July 20 , 1888 ( 41 -- 20 ) October 8 , 1888 -- July 4 , 1910 ( Died ) 7003793800000000000 ♠ 21 years , 269 days 51 David Josiah Brewer ( 1837 -- 1910 ) KS Associate Justice Matthews December 18 , 1889 ( 53 -- 11 ) January 6 , 1890 -- March 28 , 1910 ( Died ) 7003738500000000000 ♠ 20 years , 81 days Benjamin Harrison 52 Henry Billings Brown ( 1836 -- 1913 ) MI Associate Justice Miller December 29 , 1890 ( Acclamation ) January 5 , 1891 -- May 28 , 1906 ( Retired ) 7003598600000000000 ♠ 16 years , 143 days 53 George Shiras , Jr . ( 1832 -- 1924 ) PA Associate Justice Bradley July 26 , 1892 ( Acclamation ) October 10 , 1892 -- February 23 , 1903 ( Retired ) 7003378700000000000 ♠ 10 years , 136 days 54 Howell Edmunds Jackson ( 1832 -- 1895 ) TN Associate Justice L. Lamar February 18 , 1893 ( Acclamation ) March 4 , 1893 -- August 8 , 1895 ( Died ) 7002887000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 157 days 55 Edward Douglass White ( 1845 -- 1921 ) LA Associate Justice Blatchford February 19 , 1894 ( Acclamation ) March 12 , 1894 -- December 18 , 1910 ( Continued as chief justice ) 7003612400000000000 ♠ 16 years , 281 days Grover Cleveland 56 Rufus Wheeler Peckham ( 1838 -- 1909 ) NY Associate Justice H. Jackson December 9 , 1895 ( Acclamation ) January 6 , 1896 -- October 24 , 1909 ( Died ) 7003503900000000000 ♠ 13 years , 291 days 57 Joseph McKenna ( 1843 -- 1926 ) CA Associate Justice Field January 21 , 1898 ( Acclamation ) January 26 , 1898 -- January 5 , 1925 ( Retired ) 7003984000000000000 ♠ 26 years , 345 days William McKinley 58 Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr . ( 1841 -- 1935 ) MA Associate Justice Gray December 4 , 1902 ( Acclamation ) December 8 , 1902 -- January 12 , 1932 ( Retired ) 7004106270000000000 ♠ 29 years , 35 days Theodore Roosevelt 59 William R. Day ( 1849 -- 1923 ) OH Associate Justice Shiras February 23 , 1903 ( Acclamation ) March 2 , 1903 -- November 13 , 1922 ( Retired ) 7003719600000000000 ♠ 19 years , 256 days 60 William Henry Moody ( 1853 -- 1917 ) MA Associate Justice Brown December 12 , 1906 ( Acclamation ) December 17 , 1906 -- November 20 , 1910 ( Retired ) 7003143400000000000 ♠ 3 years , 338 days 61 Horace Harmon Lurton ( 1844 -- 1914 ) TN Associate Justice Peckham December 20 , 1909 ( Acclamation ) January 3 , 1910 -- July 12 , 1914 ( Died ) 7003166500000000000 ♠ 4 years , 204 days William Howard Taft 62 Charles Evans Hughes ( 1862 -- 1948 ) NY Associate Justice Brewer May 2 , 1910 ( Acclamation ) October 10 , 1910 -- June 10 , 1916 ( Resigned ) 7003207000000000000 ♠ 5 years , 244 days 55 Edward Douglass White ( 1845 -- 1921 ) LA Chief Justice Fuller December 12 , 1910 ( Acclamation ) December 19 , 1910 -- May 19 , 1921 ( Died ) 7003380400000000000 ♠ 10 years , 151 days 63 Willis Van Devanter ( 1859 -- 1941 ) WY Associate Justice E.D. White December 15 , 1910 ( Acclamation ) January 3 , 1911 -- June 2 , 1937 ( Retired ) 7003964700000000000 ♠ 26 years , 150 days 64 Joseph Rucker Lamar ( 1857 -- 1916 ) GA Associate Justice Moody December 15 , 1910 ( Acclamation ) January 3 , 1911 -- January 2 , 1916 ( Died ) 7003182500000000000 ♠ 4 years , 364 days 65 Mahlon Pitney ( 1858 -- 1924 ) NJ Associate Justice J. Harlan March 13 , 1912 ( 50 -- 26 ) March 18 , 1912 -- December 31 , 1922 ( Resigned ) 7003394000000000000 ♠ 10 years , 288 days 66 James Clark McReynolds ( 1862 -- 1946 ) TN Associate Justice Lurton August 29 , 1914 ( 44 -- 6 ) October 12 , 1914 -- January 31 , 1941 ( Retired ) 7003960800000000000 ♠ 26 years , 111 days Woodrow Wilson 67 Louis Brandeis ( 1856 -- 1941 ) KY Associate Justice J. Lamar June 1 , 1916 ( 47 -- 22 ) June 5 , 1916 -- February 13 , 1939 ( Retired ) 7003828800000000000 ♠ 22 years , 253 days 68 John Hessin Clarke ( 1857 -- 1945 ) OH Associate Justice Hughes July 24 , 1916 ( Acclamation ) October 9 , 1916 -- September 18 , 1922 ( Retired ) 7003217000000000000 ♠ 5 years , 344 days 69 William Howard Taft ( 1857 -- 1930 ) CT Chief Justice E.D. White June 30 , 1921 ( Acclamation ) July 11 , 1921 -- February 3 , 1930 ( Retired ) 7003312900000000000 ♠ 8 years , 207 days Warren G. Harding 70 George Sutherland ( 1862 -- 1942 ) UT Associate Justice Clarke September 5 , 1922 ( Acclamation ) October 2 , 1922 -- January 17 , 1938 ( Retired ) 7003558600000000000 ♠ 15 years , 107 days 71 Pierce Butler ( 1866 -- 1939 ) MN Associate Justice Day December 21 , 1922 ( 61 -- 8 ) January 2 , 1923 -- November 16 , 1939 ( Died ) 7003616200000000000 ♠ 16 years , 318 days 72 Edward Terry Sanford ( 1865 -- 1930 ) TN Associate Justice Pitney January 29 , 1923 ( Acclamation ) February 19 , 1923 -- March 8 , 1930 ( Died ) 7003257400000000000 ♠ 7 years , 17 days 73 Harlan F. Stone ( 1872 -- 1946 ) NY Associate Justice McKenna February 5 , 1925 ( 71 -- 6 ) March 2 , 1925 -- July 2 , 1941 ( Continued as chief justice ) 7003596600000000000 ♠ 16 years , 122 days Calvin Coolidge 62 Charles Evans Hughes ( 1862 -- 1948 ) NY Chief Justice Taft February 13 , 1930 ( 52 -- 26 ) February 24 , 1930 -- June 30 , 1941 ( Retired ) 7003414400000000000 ♠ 11 years , 126 days Herbert Hoover 74 Owen Josephus Roberts ( 1875 -- 1955 ) PA Associate Justice Sanford May 20 , 1930 ( Acclamation ) June 2 , 1930 -- July 31 , 1945 ( Resigned ) 7003553800000000000 ♠ 15 years , 59 days 75 Benjamin N. Cardozo ( 1870 -- 1938 ) NY Associate Justice Holmes February 24 , 1932 ( Acclamation ) March 14 , 1932 -- July 9 , 1938 ( Died ) 7003230800000000000 ♠ 6 years , 117 days 76 Hugo Black ( 1886 -- 1971 ) AL Associate Justice Van Devanter August 17 , 1937 ( 63 -- 16 ) August 19 , 1937 -- September 17 , 1971 ( Retired ) 7004124470000000000 ♠ 34 years , 29 days Franklin D. Roosevelt 77 Stanley Forman Reed ( 1884 -- 1980 ) KY Associate Justice Sutherland January 25 , 1938 ( Acclamation ) January 31 , 1938 -- February 25 , 1957 ( Retired ) 7003696500000000000 ♠ 19 years , 25 days 78 Felix Frankfurter ( 1882 -- 1965 ) MA Associate Justice Cardozo January 17 , 1939 ( Acclamation ) January 30 , 1939 -- August 28 , 1962 ( Retired ) 7003861100000000000 ♠ 23 years , 210 days 79 William O. Douglas ( 1898 -- 1980 ) CT Associate Justice Brandeis April 4 , 1939 ( 62 -- 4 ) April 17 , 1939 -- November 12 , 1975 ( Retired ) 7004133600000000000 ♠ 36 years , 211 days 80 Frank Murphy ( 1890 -- 1949 ) MI Associate Justice Butler January 16 , 1940 ( Acclamation ) February 5 , 1940 -- July 19 , 1949 ( Died ) 7003345200000000000 ♠ 9 years , 164 days 73 Harlan F. Stone ( 1872 -- 1946 ) NY Chief Justice Hughes June 27 , 1941 ( Acclamation ) July 3 , 1941 -- April 22 , 1946 ( Died ) 7003175400000000000 ♠ 4 years , 293 days 81 James F. Byrnes ( 1882 -- 1972 ) SC Associate Justice McReynolds June 12 , 1941 ( Acclamation ) July 8 , 1941 -- October 3 , 1942 ( Resigned ) 7002452000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 87 days 82 Robert H. Jackson ( 1892 -- 1954 ) NY Associate Justice Stone July 7 , 1941 ( Acclamation ) July 11 , 1941 -- October 9 , 1954 ( Died ) 7003483800000000000 ♠ 13 years , 90 days 83 Wiley Blount Rutledge ( 1894 -- 1949 ) IA Associate Justice Byrnes February 8 , 1943 ( Acclamation ) February 15 , 1943 -- September 10 , 1949 ( Died ) 7003239900000000000 ♠ 6 years , 207 days 84 Harold Hitz Burton ( 1888 -- 1964 ) OH Associate Justice O. Roberts September 19 , 1945 ( Acclamation ) October 1 , 1945 -- October 13 , 1958 ( Retired ) 7003476000000000000 ♠ 13 years , 12 days Harry S. Truman 85 Fred M. Vinson ( 1890 -- 1953 ) KY Chief Justice Stone June 20 , 1946 ( Acclamation ) June 24 , 1946 -- September 8 , 1953 ( Died ) 7003263300000000000 ♠ 7 years , 76 days 86 Tom C. Clark ( 1899 -- 1977 ) TX Associate Justice Murphy August 18 , 1949 ( 73 -- 8 ) August 24 , 1949 -- June 12 , 1967 ( Retired ) 7003650100000000000 ♠ 17 years , 292 days 87 Sherman Minton ( 1890 -- 1965 ) IN Associate Justice W. Rutledge October 4 , 1949 ( 48 -- 16 ) October 12 , 1949 -- October 15 , 1956 ( Retired ) 7003256000000000000 ♠ 7 years , 3 days 88 Earl Warren ( 1891 -- 1974 ) CA Chief Justice Vinson March 1 , 1954 ( Acclamation ) October 5 , 1953 -- June 23 , 1969 ( Retired ) 7003574000000000000 ♠ 15 years , 261 days Dwight D. Eisenhower 89 John Marshall Harlan II ( 1899 -- 1971 ) NY Associate Justice R. Jackson March 16 , 1955 ( 71 -- 11 ) March 28 , 1955 -- September 23 , 1971 ( Retired ) 7003602300000000000 ♠ 16 years , 179 days 90 William J. Brennan ( 1906 -- 1997 ) NJ Associate Justice Minton March 19 , 1957 ( Acclamation ) October 16 , 1956 -- July 20 , 1990 ( Retired ) 7004123300000000000 ♠ 33 years , 277 days 91 Charles Evans Whittaker ( 1901 -- 1973 ) MO Associate Justice Reed March 19 , 1957 ( Acclamation ) March 25 , 1957 -- March 31 , 1962 ( Resigned ) 7003183200000000000 ♠ 5 years , 6 days 92 Potter Stewart ( 1915 -- 1985 ) OH Associate Justice Burton May 5 , 1959 ( 70 -- 17 ) October 14 , 1958 -- July 3 , 1981 ( Retired ) 7003829800000000000 ♠ 22 years , 262 days 93 Byron White ( 1917 -- 2002 ) CO Associate Justice Whittaker April 11 , 1962 ( Acclamation ) April 16 , 1962 -- June 28 , 1993 ( Retired ) 7004113960000000000 ♠ 31 years , 73 days John F. Kennedy 94 Arthur Goldberg ( 1908 -- 1990 ) IL Associate Justice Frankfurter September 25 , 1962 ( Acclamation ) October 1 , 1962 -- July 25 , 1965 ( Resigned ) 7003103100000000000 ♠ 2 years , 300 days 95 Abe Fortas ( 1910 -- 1982 ) TN Associate Justice Goldberg August 11 , 1965 ( Acclamation ) October 4 , 1965 -- May 14 , 1969 ( Resigned ) 7003131800000000000 ♠ 3 years , 222 days Lyndon B. Johnson 96 Thurgood Marshall ( 1908 -- 1993 ) NY Associate Justice Clark August 30 , 1967 ( 69 -- 11 ) October 2 , 1967 -- October 1 , 1991 ( Retired ) 7003876500000000000 ♠ 23 years , 364 days 97 Warren E. Burger ( 1907 -- 1995 ) VA Chief Justice Warren June 9 , 1969 ( 74 -- 3 ) June 23 , 1969 -- September 26 , 1986 ( Retired ) 7003630400000000000 ♠ 17 years , 95 days Richard Nixon 98 Harry Blackmun ( 1908 -- 1999 ) MN Associate Justice Fortas May 12 , 1970 ( 94 -- 0 ) June 9 , 1970 -- August 3 , 1994 ( Retired ) 7003882100000000000 ♠ 24 years , 55 days 99 Lewis F. Powell Jr . ( 1907 -- 1998 ) VA Associate Justice Black December 6 , 1971 ( 89 -- 1 ) January 7 , 1972 -- June 26 , 1987 ( Retired ) 7003564900000000000 ♠ 15 years , 170 days 100 William Rehnquist ( 1924 -- 2005 ) AZ Associate Justice J. Harlan II December 10 , 1971 ( 68 -- 26 ) January 7 , 1972 -- September 26 , 1986 ( Continued as chief justice ) 7003537600000000000 ♠ 14 years , 262 days 101 John Paul Stevens ( born 1920 ) IL Associate Justice Douglas December 17 , 1975 ( 98 -- 0 ) December 19 , 1975 -- June 29 , 2010 ( Retired ) 7004126110000000000 ♠ 34 years , 192 days Gerald Ford 102 Sandra Day O'Connor ( born 1930 ) AZ Associate Justice Stewart September 21 , 1981 ( 99 -- 0 ) September 25 , 1981 -- January 31 , 2006 ( Retired ) 7003889400000000000 ♠ 24 years , 128 days Ronald Reagan 100 William Rehnquist ( 1924 -- 2005 ) VA Chief Justice Burger September 17 , 1986 ( 65 -- 33 ) September 26 , 1986 -- September 3 , 2005 ( Died ) 7003691700000000000 ♠ 18 years , 342 days 103 Antonin Scalia ( 1936 -- 2016 ) VA Associate Justice Rehnquist September 17 , 1986 ( 98 -- 0 ) September 26 , 1986 -- February 13 , 2016 ( Died ) 7004107320000000000 ♠ 29 years , 140 days 104 Anthony Kennedy ( born 1936 ) CA Associate Justice Powell February 3 , 1988 ( 97 -- 0 ) February 18 , 1988 -- July 31 , 2018 ( Retired ) 7004111210000000000 ♠ 30 years , 163 days 105 David Souter ( born 1939 ) NH Associate Justice Brennan October 2 , 1990 ( 90 -- 9 ) October 9 , 1990 -- June 29 , 2009 ( Retired ) 7003683800000000000 ♠ 18 years , 263 days George H.W. Bush 106 Clarence Thomas ( born 1948 ) GA Associate Justice T. Marshall October 15 , 1991 ( 52 -- 48 ) October 23 , 1991 -- Incumbent 7003978800000000000 ♠ 26 years , 291 days 107 Ruth Bader Ginsburg ( born 1933 ) NY Associate Justice B. White August 3 , 1993 ( 96 -- 3 ) August 10 , 1993 -- Incumbent 7003913100000000000 ♠ 25 years , 0 days Bill Clinton 108 Stephen Breyer ( born 1938 ) MA Associate Justice Blackmun July 29 , 1994 ( 87 -- 9 ) August 3 , 1994 -- Incumbent 7003877300000000000 ♠ 24 years , 7 days 109 John Roberts ( born 1955 ) MD Chief Justice Rehnquist September 29 , 2005 ( 78 -- 22 ) September 29 , 2005 -- Incumbent 7003469800000000000 ♠ 12 years , 315 days George W. Bush 110 Samuel Alito ( born 1950 ) NJ Associate Justice O'Connor January 31 , 2006 ( 58 -- 42 ) January 31 , 2006 -- Incumbent 7003457400000000000 ♠ 12 years , 191 days 111 Sonia Sotomayor ( born 1954 ) NY Associate Justice Souter August 6 , 2009 ( 68 -- 31 ) August 8 , 2009 -- Incumbent 7003328900000000000 ♠ 9 years , 2 days Barack Obama 112 Elena Kagan ( born 1960 ) MA Associate Justice Stevens August 5 , 2010 ( 63 -- 37 ) August 7 , 2010 -- Incumbent 7003292500000000000 ♠ 8 years , 3 days 113 Neil Gorsuch ( born 1967 ) CO Associate Justice Scalia April 7 , 2017 ( 54 -- 45 ) April 10 , 2017 -- Incumbent 7002487000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 122 days Donald Trump Justice State Position Replacing Date confirmed ( Vote ) Tenure Tenure length Appointed by Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Served on the Supreme Court twice , first as associate justice , and then , after a period of years off the Court , as chief justice . ^ Jump up to : Elevated from associate justice to chief justice while serving on the Supreme Court . Such appointments are subject to a separate confirmation process . ^ Jump up to : State of residence at the time of appointment . For example , in 1971 , Rehnquist was appointed from Arizona , but in 1986 , when elevated to chief justice , he was appointed from Virginia . Jump up ^ The start date given for each justice is the day he or she took the prescribed judicial oath of office , with the end date being the date of the justice 's death , resignation , or retirement . ^ Jump up to : Recess appointment Jump up ^ This was the first Supreme Court nomination to be rejected by the Senate . Rutledge remains the only `` recess appointed '' justice not to be subsequently confirmed by the Senate . Jump up ^ Was impeached , but not convicted , and remained in office . Jump up ^ Acted as chief justice under 36 Stat. 1152 , May 19 -- July 11 , 1921 . Jump up ^ Acted as chief justice under 36 Stat. 1152 , February 3 -- 24 , 1930 . ^ Jump up to : While Willis Van Devanter and Joseph Rucker Lamar were sworn in as associate justice on the same date , their seniority ( precedence ) on the Supreme Court was determined by the seniority of their commissions -- Van Devanter received and accepted his first -- in accordance with XIII Rev. Stat. 9 § 674 . Jump up ^ Acted as chief justice under 36 Stat. 1152 , June 30 -- July 3 , 1941 . Jump up ^ Acted as chief justice under 36 Stat. 1152 , April 22 -- June 24 , 1946 , and again , under 62 Stat. 869 , September 8 -- October 5 , 1953 . ^ Jump up to : While Lewis Powell and William Rehnqust were sworn in as associate justice on the same date , their seniority ( precedence ) on the Supreme Court was determined by the seniority of their commissions -- Powell received and accepted his first -- in accordance with 62 Stat. 869 . Jump up ^ Acted as chief justice under 62 Stat. 869 , September 3 -- 29 , 2005 . ^ Jump up to : As of August 10 , 2018 . Timelines ( edit ) All justices ( edit ) This graphical timeline depicts the progression of the justices on the Supreme Court . Information regarding each justice 's predecessors , successors and fellow justices , as well as their tenure on the court can be gleaned ( and comparisons between justices drawn ) from it . Additionally , The progression of presidents , along with the number of justices each nominated , is shown at the top of the timeline to give a more detailed historical context . Regarding the associate justice seat numbers , due to the several changes in the size of the Court since 1789 , two of the ten seats chronicled below -- `` Seat 7 '' and `` Seat 5 '' -- have been abolished , both as a result of the Judicial Circuits Act of 1866 . The associate justice `` seat 1 '' is currently vacant , following the retirement of Justice Anthony Kennedy . Current justices ( edit ) This graphical timeline depicts the length of each current Supreme Court justice 's tenure on the Court . See also ( edit ) Law of the United States List of courts of the United States List of national supreme courts References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Stathis , Stephen W. ( 2014 ) . Landmark Legislation 1774 -- 2012 : Major U.S. Acts and Treaties . CQ Press . p. 122 . Jump up ^ Hall , Kermit L. ( 2005 ) . `` Judiciary Act of 1869 '' . In Hall , Kermit L. ; Ely , James W. ; Grossman , Joel B . The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States . Oxford University Press . p. 548 . ^ Jump up to : `` Article III '' . Cornell University Law School . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Mears , Bill ( January 1 , 2010 ) . `` Chief Justice Roberts has little to say at year 's end '' . CNN . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Robert ( January 1 , 2010 ) . `` Supreme Court Chief Justice Roberts opts not to ask Congress to raise judicial salaries '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Rowley , James ( January 13 , 2014 ) . `` Federal Judges in U.S. See $25,000 More as Salary Freeze Falls '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved May 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` About The Supreme Court '' . Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2010 . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Supreme Court Research Guide '' . Georgetown Law Library . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Smith , Jean Edward ( July 26 , 2007 ) . `` Stacking the Court '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Rosen , Jeffrey ( February 26 , 2008 ) . `` Dems ' Choices For Bench Surprisingly Slim '' . CBS News . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Chief Justice John G. Roberts , Jr '' . Washington , D.C. : The Supreme Court Historical Society . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Justice Clarence Thomas '' . Washington , D.C. : The Supreme Court Historical Society . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg '' . Washington , D.C. : The Supreme Court Historical Society . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Justice Stephen G. Breyer '' . Washington , D.C. : The Supreme Court Historical Society . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Justice Samuel Anthony Alito , Jr '' . Washington , D.C. : The Supreme Court Historical Society . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Justice Sonia Sotomayor '' . Washington , D.C. : The Supreme Court Historical Society . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Justice Elena Kagan '' . Washington , D.C. : The Supreme Court Historical Society . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Justice Neil M. Gorsuch '' . Washington , D.C. : The Supreme Court Historical Society . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Senate : Supreme Court Nominations : 1789 -- Present '' . www.senate.gov . United States Senate . Retrieved November 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Justices 1789 to Present '' . www.supremecourt.gov . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Members of the Supreme Court of the United States '' . www.supremecourt.gov . United States Supreme Court . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Biographies of Justices Supreme Court of the United States The Court Lists of cases Procedures Supreme Court Building Court demographics Ideological leanings Appointment and confirmation Current members Chief Justice : John Roberts Associate Justices : Clarence Thomas Ruth Bader Ginsburg Stephen Breyer Samuel Alito Sonia Sotomayor Elena Kagan Neil Gorsuch Current nominations For Associate Justice : Brett Kavanaugh Retired Justices John Paul Stevens Sandra Day O'Connor Anthony Kennedy David Souter History Jay Court ( 1789 -- 1795 ) Rutledge Court ( 1795 ) Ellsworth Court ( 1796 -- 1800 ) Marshall Court ( 1801 -- 1835 ) Taney Court ( 1836 -- 1864 ) Chase Court ( 1864 -- 1873 ) Waite Court ( 1874 -- 1888 ) Fuller Court ( 1888 -- 1910 ) White Court ( 1910 -- 1921 ) Taft Court ( 1921 -- 1930 ) Hughes Court ( 1930 -- 1941 ) Stone Court ( 1941 -- 1946 ) Vinson Court ( 1946 -- 1953 ) Warren Court ( 1953 -- 1969 ) Burger Court ( 1969 -- 1986 ) Rehnquist Court ( 1986 -- 2005 ) Roberts Court ( 2005 -- present ) Lists of justices and nominees Chief justices Associate justices All justices court seat education time in office timelines Justices who served in Congress All nominations Unsuccessful nominations Nominations near end of presidency Statutes affecting Court size Judiciary Act of 1789 Judiciary Act of 1801 Judiciary Act of 1802 Seventh Circuit Act of 1807 Eighth and Ninth Circuits Act of 1837 Tenth Circuit Act of 1863 Judicial Circuits Act of 1866 Judiciary Act of 1869 Court functionaries Clerk Marshal Supreme Court Police Reporter of Decisions Lists of law clerks Chief Justice Seat 1 Seat 2 Seat 3 Seat 4 Seat 6 Seat 8 Seat 9 Seat 10 All Former locations Old City Hall , Philadelphia Old Supreme Court Chamber , U.S. Capitol Old Senate Chamber , U.S. Capitol Related United States Solicitor General United States Reports Lawyers ' Edition Amicus curiae Article III , U.S. Constitution Original jurisdiction Burial places of justices The Court in fiction Other countries Law Portal Lists of Justices of High Courts of the United States Supreme Court of the United States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York ( Chief Judges ) ( Assoc . Judges ) North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma ( Civil ) Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas ( Civil ) Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Justices_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States&oldid=854300827 '' Categories : Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States Lists of United States Supreme Court justices Hidden categories : Pages using Timeline Use mdy dates from March 2018 Articles which contain graphical timelines Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Lietuvių Polski Slovenščina Српски / srpski Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 10 August 2018 , at 09 : 53 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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"This article is part of the series on theUnited StatesSupreme Court\nThe Court\nDecisions\nProcedure\nHistory\nCourt Building\n\nCurrent membership\nChief Justice\nJohn Roberts\nAssociate Justices\nClarence Thomas\nRuth Bader Ginsburg\nStephen Breyer\nSamuel Alito\nSonia Sotomayor\nElena Kagan\nNeil Gorsuch\n1 seat vacant\nRetired Associate Justices\nJohn Paul Stevens\nSandra Day O'Connor\nAnthony Kennedy\nDavid Souter\n\nAll members\nList of all justices\nby court\nby seat\nby time in office\nby education\nList of Chief Justices\nList of Associate Justices\nSpecialty lists\nAll nominations\nUnsuccessful nominations\nNominations late in presidency\nCourt demographics\nJustices who served in Congress\nIdeological leanings of justices\n\nCourt functionaries\nClerks\nReporter of Decisions\nMarshal of the Court\nSupreme Court Police\n\nOther countries\nLaw Portalvte",
"This article is part of the series on theUnited StatesSupreme Court\nThe Court\nDecisions\nProcedure\nHistory\nCourt Building\n\nCurrent membership\nChief Justice\nJohn Roberts\nAssociate Justices\nClarence Thomas\nRuth Bader Ginsburg\nStephen Breyer\nSamuel Alito\nSonia Sotomayor\nElena Kagan\nNeil Gorsuch\n1 seat vacant\nRetired Associate Justices\nJohn Paul Stevens\nSandra Day O'Connor\nAnthony Kennedy\nDavid Souter\n\nAll members\nList of all justices\nby court\nby seat\nby time in office\nby education\nList of Chief Justices\nList of Associate Justices\nSpecialty lists\nAll nominations\nUnsuccessful nominations\nNominations late in presidency\nCourt demographics\nJustices who served in Congress\nIdeological leanings of justices\n\nCourt functionaries\nClerks\nReporter of Decisions\nMarshal of the Court\nSupreme Court Police\n\nOther countries\nLaw Portalvte",
"This article is part of the series on theUnited StatesSupreme Court\nThe Court\nDecisions\nProcedure\nHistory\nCourt Building\n\nCurrent membership\nChief Justice\nJohn Roberts\nAssociate Justices\nClarence Thomas\nRuth Bader Ginsburg\nStephen Breyer\nSamuel Alito\nSonia Sotomayor\nElena Kagan\nNeil Gorsuch\n1 seat vacant\nRetired Associate Justices\nJohn Paul Stevens\nSandra Day O'Connor\nAnthony Kennedy\nDavid Souter\n\nAll members\nList of all justices\nby court\nby seat\nby time in office\nby education\nList of Chief Justices\nList of Associate Justices\nSpecialty lists\nAll nominations\nUnsuccessful nominations\nNominations late in presidency\nCourt demographics\nJustices who served in Congress\nIdeological leanings of justices\n\nCourt functionaries\nClerks\nReporter of Decisions\nMarshal of the Court\nSupreme Court Police\n\nOther countries\nLaw Portalvte",
"This article is part of the series on theUnited StatesSupreme Court\nThe Court\nDecisions\nProcedure\nHistory\nCourt Building\n\nCurrent membership\nChief Justice\nJohn Roberts\nAssociate Justices\nClarence Thomas\nRuth Bader Ginsburg\nStephen Breyer\nSamuel Alito\nSonia Sotomayor\nElena Kagan\nNeil Gorsuch\n1 seat vacant\nRetired Associate Justices\nJohn Paul Stevens\nSandra Day O'Connor\nAnthony Kennedy\nDavid Souter\n\nAll members\nList of all justices\nby court\nby seat\nby time in office\nby education\nList of Chief Justices\nList of Associate Justices\nSpecialty lists\nAll nominations\nUnsuccessful nominations\nNominations late in presidency\nCourt demographics\nJustices who served in Congress\nIdeological leanings of justices\n\nCourt functionaries\nClerks\nReporter of Decisions\nMarshal of the Court\nSupreme Court Police\n\nOther countries\nLaw Portalvte",
"This article is part of the series on theUnited StatesSupreme Court\nThe Court\nDecisions\nProcedure\nHistory\nCourt Building\n\nCurrent membership\nChief Justice\nJohn Roberts\nAssociate Justices\nClarence Thomas\nRuth Bader Ginsburg\nStephen Breyer\nSamuel Alito\nSonia Sotomayor\nElena Kagan\nNeil Gorsuch\n1 seat vacant\nRetired Associate Justices\nJohn Paul Stevens\nSandra Day O'Connor\nAnthony Kennedy\nDavid Souter\n\nAll members\nList of all justices\nby court\nby seat\nby time in office\nby education\nList of Chief Justices\nList of Associate Justices\nSpecialty lists\nAll nominations\nUnsuccessful nominations\nNominations late in presidency\nCourt demographics\nJustices who served in Congress\nIdeological leanings of justices\n\nCourt functionaries\nClerks\nReporter of Decisions\nMarshal of the Court\nSupreme Court Police\n\nOther countries\nLaw Portalvte",
"This article is part of the series on theUnited StatesSupreme Court\nThe Court\nDecisions\nProcedure\nHistory\nCourt Building\n\nCurrent membership\nChief Justice\nJohn Roberts\nAssociate Justices\nClarence Thomas\nRuth Bader Ginsburg\nStephen Breyer\nSamuel Alito\nSonia Sotomayor\nElena Kagan\nNeil Gorsuch\n1 seat vacant\nRetired Associate Justices\nJohn Paul Stevens\nSandra Day O'Connor\nAnthony Kennedy\nDavid Souter\n\nAll members\nList of all justices\nby court\nby seat\nby time in office\nby education\nList of Chief Justices\nList of Associate Justices\nSpecialty lists\nAll nominations\nUnsuccessful nominations\nNominations late in presidency\nCourt demographics\nJustices who served in Congress\nIdeological leanings of justices\n\nCourt functionaries\nClerks\nReporter of Decisions\nMarshal of the Court\nSupreme Court Police\n\nOther countries\nLaw Portalvte",
"This article is part of the series on theUnited StatesSupreme Court\nThe Court\nDecisions\nProcedure\nHistory\nCourt Building\n\nCurrent membership\nChief Justice\nJohn Roberts\nAssociate Justices\nClarence Thomas\nRuth Bader Ginsburg\nStephen Breyer\nSamuel Alito\nSonia Sotomayor\nElena Kagan\nNeil Gorsuch\n1 seat vacant\nRetired Associate Justices\nJohn Paul Stevens\nSandra Day O'Connor\nAnthony Kennedy\nDavid Souter\n\nAll members\nList of all justices\nby court\nby seat\nby time in office\nby education\nList of Chief Justices\nList of Associate Justices\nSpecialty lists\nAll nominations\nUnsuccessful nominations\nNominations late in presidency\nCourt demographics\nJustices who served in Congress\nIdeological leanings of justices\n\nCourt functionaries\nClerks\nReporter of Decisions\nMarshal of the Court\nSupreme Court Police\n\nOther countries\nLaw Portalvte",
"This article is part of the series on theUnited StatesSupreme Court\nThe Court\nDecisions\nProcedure\nHistory\nCourt Building\n\nCurrent membership\nChief Justice\nJohn Roberts\nAssociate Justices\nClarence Thomas\nRuth Bader Ginsburg\nStephen Breyer\nSamuel Alito\nSonia Sotomayor\nElena Kagan\nNeil Gorsuch\n1 seat vacant\nRetired Associate Justices\nJohn Paul Stevens\nSandra Day O'Connor\nAnthony Kennedy\nDavid Souter\n\nAll members\nList of all justices\nby court\nby seat\nby time in office\nby education\nList of Chief Justices\nList of Associate Justices\nSpecialty lists\nAll nominations\nUnsuccessful nominations\nNominations late in presidency\nCourt demographics\nJustices who served in Congress\nIdeological leanings of justices\n\nCourt functionaries\nClerks\nReporter of Decisions\nMarshal of the Court\nSupreme Court Police\n\nOther countries\nLaw Portalvte"
] | [
"John Roberts",
"Clarence Thomas",
"Ruth Bader Ginsburg",
"Stephen Breyer",
"Samuel Alito",
"Sonia Sotomayor",
"Elena Kagan",
"Neil Gorsuch"
] |
1340240296306208346 | Tomb of Balban | Tomb of Balban - Wikipedia Tomb of Balban Coordinates : 28 ° 31 ′ 10 '' N 77 ° 11 ′ 19 '' E / 28.51944 ° N 77.18861 ° E / 28.51944 ; 77.18861 Balban 's tomb , Mehrauli Archaeological Park The Tomb of Ghiyas ud din Balban is located in Mehrauli , New Delhi , India . Built in circa 1287 CE in rubble masonry , the tomb is a building of historical importance in the development of Indo - Islamic architecture , as it was here that first true arch made its appearance in India , and according to many , the first true dome as well , which however has n't survived , making Alai Darwaza built in 1311 CE , in the nearby Qutb complex , the earliest surviving true dome in India . Ghiyas ud din Balban ( 1200 -- 1287 ) was a Turkic ruler of the Delhi Sultanate during the rule of Mamluk dynasty of Delhi ( or Slave dynasty ) from 1266 to 1287 . He was one of the most prominent rulers of the Slave Dynasty . The tomb of Balban was discovered in the mid-twentieth century . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Gallery 3 References 4 External links Overview ( edit ) It is an imposing stone and masonry building , though lacking the splendid ornamentation to be seen in the tomb of his master , Iltutmish . The tomb is surrounded by the ruins of an extensive late - medieval settlement and it offers , from certain angles , a remarkable view of the Qutub Minar . To the east of Balban 's tomb , lies a ruined rectangular structure said to be the grave of Khan Shahid , Balban 's son , whose original name was Muhammad , who died fighting against the Mongols near Multan in 1285 . Gallery ( edit ) Grave of Balban - ( As on28 - 09 - 2016 ) Tomb of Balban , Mehrauli - ( As on28 - 09 - 2016 ) Ruins of tomb of Balban - ( As on28 - 09 - 2016 ) Ruins of structure adjoing the tomb of Balban Entrance to Tomb of Khan Shahid , Mehrauli Tomb of Khan Shahid , Balban 's son , Mehrauli Grave in Balban 's tomb enclosure , Mehrauli References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Delhi and its neighbourhood , by Y.D. Sharma . Published by Director General , Archaeological Survey of India , 1974 . Page 20 . Jump up ^ Balban 's Tomb Delhi , by Patrick Horton , Richard Plunkett , Hugh Finlay . Published by Lonely Planet , 2002 . ISBN 1 - 86450 - 297 - 5 . Page 128 . Jump up ^ `` Discover new treasures around Qutab '' . The Hindu . Mar 28 , 2006 . Retrieved August 14 , 2009 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tomb of Balban . Balban 's tomb wikimapia Image of Tomb of Balban This article about an Indian building or structure is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tomb_of_Balban&oldid=821446168 '' Categories : Mehrauli Mausoleums in Delhi Mamluk dynasty ( Delhi ) 1287 establishments in Asia 13th - century establishments in India Indian building and structure stubs Talk Contents About Wikipedia ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Edit links This page was last edited on 20 January 2018 , at 14 : 46 . About Wikipedia | the earliest surviving building in india containing a true dome is | [
"The Tomb of Ghiyas ud din Balban is located in Mehrauli, New Delhi, India. Built in circa 1287 CE in rubble masonry, the tomb is a building of historical importance in the development of Indo-Islamic architecture, as it was here that first true arch made its appearance in India,[1][2] and according to many, the first true dome as well, which however hasn't survived, making Alai Darwaza built in 1311 CE, in the nearby Qutb complex, the earliest surviving true dome in India.[3] Ghiyas ud din Balban (1200–1287) was a Turkic ruler of the Delhi Sultanate during the rule of Mamluk dynasty of Delhi (or Slave dynasty) from 1266 to 1287. He was one of the most prominent rulers of the Slave Dynasty. The tomb of Balban was discovered in the mid-twentieth century."
] | [
"Alai Darwaza"
] |
-4054043085471025061 | Medial collateral ligament | Medial collateral ligament - wikipedia Medial collateral ligament This article 's lead section does not adequately summarize key points of its contents . Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article . Please discuss this issue on the article 's talk page . ( June 2010 ) Medial collateral ligament Diagram of the right knee . ( Medial collateral ligament labeled at center right . ) Details From medial epicondyle of the femur To medial condyle of tibia Identifiers Latin Ligamentum collaterale tibiale MeSH D017888 TA A03. 6.08. 012 FMA 44600 Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) The medial collateral ligament ( MCL ) , or tibial collateral ligament ( TCL ) , is one of the four major ligaments of the knee . It is on the medial ( inner ) side of the knee joint in humans and other primates . Its primary function is to resist valgus forces on the knee . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 1.1 Development 2 Clinical significance 2.1 Injury 2.1. 1 Treatment 3 Additional Images 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Structure ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) It is a broad , flat , membranous band , situated slightly posterior on the medial side of the knee joint . It is attached proximally to the medial epicondyle of the femur immediately below the adductor tubercle ; below to the medial condyle of the tibia and medial surface of its body . It resists forces that would push the knee medially , which would otherwise produce valgus deformity . The fibers of the posterior part of the ligament are short and incline backward as they descend ; they are inserted into the tibia above the groove for the semimembranosus muscle . The anterior part of the ligament is a flattened band , about 10 centimeters long , which inclines forward as it descends . It is inserted into the medial surface of the body of the tibia about 2.5 centimeters below the level of the condyle . Crossing on top of the lower part of the MCL is the pes anserinus , the joined tendons of the sartorius , gracilis , and semitendinosus muscles ; a bursa is interposed between the two . The MCL 's deep surface covers the inferior medial genicular vessels and nerve and the anterior portion of the tendon of the semimembranosus muscle , with which it is connected by a few fibers ; it is intimately adherent to the medial meniscus . Development ( edit ) Embryologically and phylogenically , the ligament represents the distal portion of the tendon of adductor magnus muscle . In lower animals , adductor magnus inserts into the tibia . Because of this , the ligament occasionally contains muscle fibres . This is an atavistic variation . Clinical significance ( edit ) Injury ( edit ) Main article : Medial knee injuries A MCL injury can be very painful and is caused by a valgus stress to a slightly bent knee , often when landing , bending or on high impact . It may be difficult to apply pressure on the injured leg for at least a few days . The most common knee structure damaged in skiing is the medial collateral ligament , although the carve turn has diminished the incidence somewhat . MCL strains and tears are also fairly common in American football . The center and the guards are the most common victims of this type of injury due to the grip trend on their cleats , although sometimes it can be caused by a helmet striking the knee . The number of football players who get this injury has increased in recent years . Companies are currently trying to develop better cleats that will prevent the injury . MCL is also crucially affected in breaststroke and many professional swimmers suffer from chronic MCL pains . Treatment ( edit ) Main article : Medial knee injuries Depending on the grade of the injury , the lowest grade ( grade 1 ) can take between 2 and 10 weeks for the injury to fully heal . Recovery times for grades 2 and 3 can take several weeks to several months . Treatment of a partial tear or stretch injury is usually conservative . Physical Therapy should be a first choice option for treatment and diagnosis of injuries to this structure . This includes measures to control inflammation as well as bracing . Kannus has shown good clinical results with conservative care of grade II sprains , but poor results in grade III sprains . As a result , more severe grade III and IV injuries to the MCL that lead to ongoing instability may require arthroscopic surgery . However , the medical literature considers surgery for most MCL injuries to be controversial . Isolated MCL sprains are common . For higher grade tears of the MCL with ongoing instability , the MCL can be sutured or replaced . Other non-surgical approaches for more severe MCL injuries may include prolotherapy , which has been shown by Reeves in a small RCT to reduce translation on KT - 1000 arthrometer versus placebo . The future of non-surgical care for a non-healing MCL injury with laxity ( partial ligament tear ) is likely bioengineering . Fan et al. ( 2008 ) have demonstrated that knee ligament reconstruction is possible using mesenchymal stem cells and a silk scaffold . Additional Images ( edit ) Anterior view of knee . See also ( edit ) This article uses anatomical terminology ; for an overview , see Anatomical terminology . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` KNEE INJURIES '' . www.ski-injury.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kannus , P ( 1988 ) . `` Long - term results of conservatively treated medial collateral ligament injuries of the knee joint '' . Clinical orthopaedics and related research ( 226 ) : 103 -- 12 . doi : 10.1097 / 00003086 - 198801000 - 00015 . PMID 3335084 . Jump up ^ Indelicato , P.A. ( 1995 ) . `` Isolated Medial Collateral Ligament Injuries in the Knee '' . The Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. 3 ( 1 ) : 9 -- 14 . PMID 10790648 . Jump up ^ Reeves , K.D. ; Hassanein , K ( 2000 ) . `` Randomized prospective double - blind placebo - controlled study of dextrose prolotherapy for knee osteoarthritis with or without ACL laxity '' . Alternative therapies in health and medicine . 6 ( 2 ) : 68 -- 74 , 77 -- 80 . PMID 10710805 . Results should be contrasted with meta - analysis such as the one by Rabago et al : Rabago , D ; Best , T.M. ; Beamsley , M ; Patterson , J ( 2005 ) . `` A systematic review of prolotherapy for chronic musculoskeletal pain '' . Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine . 15 ( 5 ) : 376 -- 80 . PMID 16162983 . Lay summary -- PubMed Health ( April 30 , 2007 ) . Jump up ^ Fan , Hongbin ; Liu , Haifeng ; Wong , Eugene J.W. ; Toh , Siew L. ; Goh , James C.H. ( 2008 ) . `` In vivo study of anterior cruciate ligament regeneration using mesenchymal stem cells and silk scaffold '' . Biomaterials. 29 ( 23 ) : 3324 -- 37 . doi : 10.1016 / j. biomaterials. 2008.04. 012 . PMID 18462787 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Medial collateral ligament . lljoints at The Anatomy Lesson by Wesley Norman ( Georgetown University ) ( antkneejointopenflexed ) Medial Collateral Ligament ( MCL ) Tears hide Joints and ligaments of the human leg Hip femoral ( iliofemoral pubofemoral ischiofemoral ) head of femur transverse acetabular acetabular labrum capsule zona orbicularis Knee Tibiofemoral Capsule Anterior meniscofemoral ligament Posterior meniscofemoral ligament extracapsular : popliteal oblique arcuate collateral medial / tibial fibular / lateral intracapsular : cruciate anterior posterior menisci medial lateral transverse anterolateral Patellofemoral Patellar ligament Infrapatellar fat pad Tibiofibular Superior tibiofibular anterior of the head of the fibula posterior of the head of the fibula Inferior tibiofibular Anterior tibiofibular Posterior tibiofibular Interosseous membrane of leg Foot Talocrural and ankle medial : medial of talocrural joint / deltoid anterior tibiotalar posterior tibiotalar tibiocalcaneal tibionavicular lateral : lateral collateral of ankle joint anterior talofibular posterior talofibular calcaneofibular Subtalar / talocalcaneal anterior / posterior lateral / medial interosseous Transverse tarsal Talocalcaneonavicular dorsal talonavicular plantar calcaneonavicular / spring bifurcated ( calcaneonavicular ) Calcaneocuboid dorsal calcaneocuboid long plantar plantar calcaneocuboid bifurcated ( calcaneocuboid ) Distal intertarsal Cuneonavicular plantar dorsal Cuboideonavicular plantar dorsal Intercuneiform plantar dorsal interosseous Other Tarsometatarsal / Lisfranc plantar dorsal Intermetatarsal / metatarsal plantar dorsal interosseous superficial transverse deep transverse Metatarsophalangeal plantar collateral Interphalangeal plantar collateral Arches Longitudinal Transverse Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Medial_collateral_ligament&oldid=831765527 '' Categories : Knee ligaments Hidden categories : Pages with unresolved properties All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from May 2015 Wikipedia introduction cleanup from June 2010 All pages needing cleanup Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from June 2010 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify Articles needing additional references from May 2015 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Español فارسی Français Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 22 March 2018 , at 02 : 53 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is the function of the medial collateral ligament | [
"The medial collateral ligament (MCL), or tibial collateral ligament (TCL), is one of the four major ligaments of the knee. It is on the medial (inner) side of the knee joint in humans and other primates. Its primary function is to resist valgus forces on the knee."
] | [
"to resist valgus forces on the knee"
] |
2271725407275186105 | Nobel Peace Prize | Nobel Peace Prize - wikipedia Nobel Peace Prize Nobel Peace Prize 2017 Nobel Peace Prize Awarded for Outstanding contributions in peace Location Oslo , Norway Presented by Norwegian Nobel Committee on behalf of the estate of Alfred Nobel Reward ( s ) 9 million SEK ( 2017 ) First awarded 10 December 1901 ; 116 years ago ( 1901 - 12 - 10 ) Currently held by International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons ( 2017 ) Most awards International Committee of the Red Cross ( 3 ) Website Nobelprize.org The Nobel Peace Prize ( Swedish , Norwegian : Nobels fredspris ) is one of the five Nobel Prizes created by the Swedish industrialist , inventor , and armaments manufacturer Alfred Nobel , along with the prizes in Chemistry , Physics , Physiology or Medicine , and Literature . Since March 1901 , it has been awarded annually ( with some exceptions ) to those who have `` done the most or the best work for fraternity between nations , for the abolition or reduction of standing armies and for the holding and promotion of peace congresses '' . As per Alfred Nobel 's will , the recipient is selected by the Norwegian Nobel Committee , a five - member committee appointed by the Parliament of Norway . Since 1990 , the prize is awarded on 10 December in Oslo City Hall each year . The prize was formerly awarded in the Atrium of the University of Oslo Faculty of Law ( 1947 -- 1989 ) , the Norwegian Nobel Institute ( 1905 -- 1946 ) , and the Parliament ( 1901 -- 1904 ) . Due to its political ideology and interferences , the Nobel Peace Prize has , for most of its history , been the subject of controversies . Contents 1 Background 2 Nomination and selection 2.1 Nomination 2.2 Selection 3 Awarding the prize 4 Criticism 4.1 Criticism of individual conferments 4.2 Notable omissions 5 List of Nobel Peace Prize laureates 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Background ( edit ) Alfred Nobel According to Nobel 's will , the Peace Prize shall be awarded to the person who in the preceding year `` shall have done the most or the best work for fraternity between nations , for the abolition or reduction of standing armies and for the holding and promotion of peace congresses '' . Alfred Nobel 's will further specified that the prize be awarded by a committee of five people chosen by the Norwegian Parliament . Nobel died in 1896 and he did not leave an explanation for choosing peace as a prize category . As he was a trained chemical engineer , the categories for chemistry and physics were obvious choices . The reasoning behind the peace prize is less clear . According to the Norwegian Nobel Committee , his friendship with Bertha von Suttner , a peace activist and later recipient of the prize , profoundly influenced his decision to include peace as a category . Some Nobel scholars suggest it was Nobel 's way to compensate for developing destructive forces . His inventions included dynamite and ballistite , both of which were used violently during his lifetime . Ballistite was used in war and the Irish Republican Brotherhood , an Irish nationalist organization , carried out dynamite attacks in the 1880s . Nobel was also instrumental in turning Bofors from an iron and steel producer into an armaments company . It is unclear why Nobel wished the Peace Prize to be administered in Norway , which was ruled in union with Sweden at the time of Nobel 's death . The Norwegian Nobel Committee speculates that Nobel may have considered Norway better suited to awarding the prize , as it did not have the same militaristic traditions as Sweden . It also notes that at the end of the 19th century , the Norwegian parliament had become closely involved in the Inter-Parliamentary Union 's efforts to resolve conflicts through mediation and arbitration . Nomination and selection ( edit ) The Norwegian Nobel Institute in Oslo , Norway The Norwegian Parliament appoints the Norwegian Nobel Committee , which selects the Nobel Peace Prize laureate . Nomination ( edit ) Each year , the Norwegian Nobel Committee specifically invites qualified people to submit nominations for the Nobel Peace Prize . The statutes of the Nobel Foundation specify categories of individuals who are eligible to make nominations for the Nobel Peace Prize . These nominators are : Members of national assemblies and governments and members of the Inter-Parliamentary Union Members of the Permanent Court of Arbitration and the International Court of Justice at the Hague Members of Institut de Droit International University professors of history , social sciences , philosophy , law , and theology , university presidents , and directors of peace research and international affairs institutes Former recipients , including board members of organizations that have previously received the prize Present and past members of the Norwegian Nobel Committee Former permanent advisers to the Norwegian Nobel Institute The 14th Dalai Lama and Archbishop Desmond Tutu , Nobel Peace Prize laureates Nominations must usually be submitted to the Committee by the beginning of February in the award year . Nominations by committee members can be submitted up to the date of the first Committee meeting after this deadline . In 2009 , a record 205 nominations were received , but the record was broken again in 2010 with 237 nominations ; in 2011 , the record was broken once again with 241 nominations . The statutes of the Nobel Foundation do not allow information about nominations , considerations , or investigations relating to awarding the prize to be made public for at least 50 years after a prize has been awarded . Over time , many individuals have become known as `` Nobel Peace Prize Nominees '' , but this designation has no official standing , and means only that one of the thousands of eligible nominators suggested the person 's name for consideration . Indeed , in 1939 , Adolf Hitler received a satirical nomination from a member of the Swedish parliament , mocking the ( serious but unsuccessful ) nomination of Neville Chamberlain . Nominations from 1901 to 1956 , however , have been released in a database . Selection ( edit ) Nominations are considered by the Nobel Committee at a meeting where a short list of candidates for further review is created . This short list is then considered by permanent advisers to the Nobel institute , which consists of the Institute 's Director and the Research Director and a small number of Norwegian academics with expertise in subject areas relating to the prize . Advisers usually have some months to complete reports , which are then considered by the Committee to select the laureate . The Committee seeks to achieve a unanimous decision , but this is not always possible . The Nobel Committee typically comes to a conclusion in mid-September , but occasionally the final decision has not been made until the last meeting before the official announcement at the beginning of October . Awarding the Prize ( edit ) Obverse of the Nobel Peace Prize Medal presented to Sir Ralph Norman Angell in 1933 ; the Imperial War Museum , London The Chairman of the Norwegian Nobel Committee presents the Nobel Peace Prize in the presence of the King of Norway on 10 December each year ( the anniversary of Nobel 's death ) . The Peace Prize is the only Nobel Prize not presented in Stockholm . The Nobel laureate receives a diploma , a medal , and a document confirming the prize amount . As of 2013 , the prize was worth 10 million SEK ( about US $1.5 million ) . Since 1990 , the Nobel Peace Prize Ceremony is held at Oslo City Hall . From 1947 to 1989 , the Nobel Peace Prize ceremony was held in the Atrium of the University of Oslo Faculty of Law , a few hundred metres from Oslo City Hall . Between 1905 and 1946 , the ceremony took place at the Norwegian Nobel Institute . From 1901 to 1904 , the ceremony took place in the Storting ( Parliament ) . Criticism ( edit ) It has been expressed that the Peace Prize has been awarded in politically motivated ways for more recent or immediate achievements , or with the intention of encouraging future achievements . Some commentators have suggested that to award a peace prize on the basis of unquantifiable contemporary opinion is unjust or possibly erroneous , especially as many of the judges can not themselves be said to be impartial observers . In 2011 , a feature story in the Norwegian newspaper Aftenposten contended that major criticisms of the award were that the Norwegian Nobel Committee ought to recruit members from professional and international backgrounds , rather than retired members of parliament ; that there is too little openness about the criteria that the committee uses when they choose a recipient of the prize ; and that the adherence to Nobel 's will should be more strict . In the article , Norwegian historian Øivind Stenersen argues that Norway has been able to use the prize as an instrument for nation building and furthering Norway 's foreign policy and economic interests . In another 2011 Aftenposten opinion article , the grandson of one of Nobel 's two brothers , Michael Nobel , also criticised what he believed to be the politicisation of the award , claiming that the Nobel Committee has not always acted in accordance with Nobel 's will . Norwegian lawyer Fredrik S. Heffermehl has criticized the management of the Peace Prize . Criticism of individual conferments ( edit ) Main article : Nobel Prize controversies Barack Obama with Thorbjørn Jagland at the 2009 Nobel Peace Prize ceremony From left - to - right , Yasser Arafat , Shimon Peres and Yitzhak Rabin receiving the 1994 Nobel Peace Prize following the Oslo Accords Nobel Peace Prize 2001 United Nations - diploma in the lobby of the United Nations Headquarters in New York City The awards given to Mikhail Gorbachev , Yitzhak Rabin , Shimon Peres , Menachem Begin and Yasser Arafat , Lê Đức Thọ , Henry Kissinger , Jimmy Carter , Al Gore , IPCC , Liu Xiaobo , Aung San Suu Kyi Barack Obama , and the European Union have all been the subject of controversy . The awards given to Lê Đức Thọ and Henry Kissinger prompted two dissenting Committee members to resign . Thọ refused to accept the prize , on the grounds that such `` bourgeois sentimentalities '' were not for him and that peace had not actually been achieved in Vietnam . Kissinger donated his prize money to charity , did not attend the award ceremony and would later offer to return his prize medal after the fall of South Vietnam to North Vietnamese forces 18 months later . Notable Omissions ( edit ) Foreign Policy has listed Mahatma Gandhi , Eleanor Roosevelt , U Thant , Václav Havel , Ken Saro - Wiwa , Fazle Hasan Abed and Corazon Aquino as people who `` never won the prize , but should have '' . Many believe that the prize should have gone to Pope John Paul II , Hélder Câmara , , Zilda Arns and Dorothy Day . Both Eleanor Roosevelt and Dorothy Day were recipients of the Gandhi Peace Award . The omission of Mahatma Gandhi has been particularly widely discussed , including in public statements by various members of the Nobel Committee . The Committee has confirmed that Gandhi was nominated in 1937 , 1938 , 1939 , 1947 , and , finally , a few days before his assassination in January 1948 . The omission has been publicly regretted by later members of the Nobel Committee . Geir Lundestad , Secretary of Norwegian Nobel Committee in 2006 said , `` The greatest omission in our 106 - year history is undoubtedly that Mahatma Gandhi never received the Nobel Peace prize . Gandhi could do without the Nobel Peace prize , whether Nobel committee can do without Gandhi is the question '' . In 1948 , following Gandhi 's death , the Nobel Committee declined to award a prize on the ground that `` there was no suitable living candidate '' that year . Later , when the Dalai Lama was awarded the Peace Prize in 1989 , the chairman of the committee said that this was `` in part a tribute to the memory of Mahatma Gandhi '' . List of Nobel Peace Prize Laureates ( edit ) Main article : List of Nobel Peace Prize laureates As of 2016 , the Peace Prize has been awarded to 104 individuals and 23 organizations . Sixteen women have won the Nobel Peace Prize , more than any other Nobel Prize . Only two recipients have won multiple Prizes : the International Committee of the Red Cross has won three times ( 1917 , 1944 , and 1963 ) and the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees has won twice ( 1954 and 1981 ) . Lê Đức Thọ is the only person who refused to accept the Nobel Peace Prize . See also ( edit ) List of peace prizes List of Nobel laureates Nobel Foundation Nobel Museum Nobel Peace Center Nobel Peace Prize Concert Nobel Prize effect Nobel Women 's Initiative World Summit of Nobel Peace Laureates List of peace activists Ramon Magsaysay Award Indira Gandhi Peace Prize Confucius Peace Prize References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Nobel Prize amount is raised by SEK 1 million '' . Nobelprize.org . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Peace Prize 1901 '' . www.nobelprize.org . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Peace Prize 1901 '' . NobelPrize. 1972 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 01 - 02 . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Nobel Peace Prize '' , The Oxford Dictionary of Twentieth Century World History Jump up ^ `` Excerpt from the Will of Alfred Nobel '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 31 March 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Why Norway ? '' . The Norwegian Nobel Committee . Retrieved 11 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Altman , L. ( 2006 ) . Alfred Nobel and the prize that almost did n't happen . New York Times . Retrieved 14 October 2006 . Jump up ^ BBC History -- 1916 Easter Rising -- Profiles -- The Irish Republican Brotherhood BBC Jump up ^ `` Nomination for the Nobel Peace Prize '' . Nobel Foundation . Archived from the original on 30 August 2009 . Retrieved 10 September 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Who may submit nominations ? '' . The Norwegian Nobel Committee . 8 October 2017 . Archived from the original on 30 June 2013 . Retrieved 10 September 2009 . Jump up ^ `` President Barack Obama wins Nobel Peace Prize '' . Associated Press on yahoo.com . Retrieved 9 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Nominations for the 2011 Nobel Peace Prize '' . Nobel Foundation . Archived from the original on 11 October 2011 . Retrieved 7 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Nominations for the 2009 Nobel Peace Prize '' . The Norwegian Nobel Committee . Archived from the original on 21 September 2009 . Retrieved 11 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Who may submit nominations -- Nobels fredspris '' . Retrieved 10 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Merelli , Annelise . `` The darkly ironic 1939 letter nominating Adolf Hitler for the Nobel Peace Prize '' . Qz.com . Quartz Media . Retrieved 10 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nomination Database -- The Nobel Peace Prize , 1901 -- 1956 '' . Nobelprize.org . Retrieved 11 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` How are Laureates selected ? '' . The Norwegian Nobel Committee . Archived from the original on 31 August 2009 . Retrieved 10 September 2009 . Jump up ^ What the Nobel Laureates Receive Archived 30 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine ... nobelprize.org . Jump up ^ `` Prisutdelingen Nobels fredspris '' . Nobelpeaceprize.org . Archived from the original on 4 November 2012 . Retrieved 13 October 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Obama Peace Prize win has some Americans asking why ? '' . 9 October 2009 -- via Reuters . Jump up ^ `` Obama 's peace prize did n't have desired effect , former Nobel official says '' . Associated Press . Retrieved 17 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Murphy , Clare ( 10 August 2004 ) . `` The Nobel : Dynamite or damp squib ? '' . BBC online . BBC News . Retrieved 11 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Aspøy , Arild ( 4 October 2011 ) . `` Fredsprisens gråsoner '' . Aftenposten ( in Norwegian ) . p. 4 . Nobelkomiteen bør ta inn medlemmer med faglig og internasjonal bakgrunn ... som gjøre en like god jobb som pensjonerte stortingsrepresentanter . Jump up ^ Nobel , Michael ( 9 December 2011 ) . `` I strid med Nobels vilje '' . Aftenposten ( in Norwegian ) . Oslo , Norway . Retrieved 12 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Fredrik S. Heffermehl ( 2010 ) . The Nobel Peace Prize : What Nobel Really Wanted . Greenwood Publishing Group . Jump up ^ `` Gorbachev Gets Nobel Peace Prize For Foreign Police Achievements '' . The New York Times . 16 October 1990 . Jump up ^ Said , Edward ( 1996 ) . Peace and Its Discontents : Essays on Palestine in the Middle East Peace Process . Vintage . ISBN 0 - 679 - 76725 - 8 . Jump up ^ Gotlieb , Michael ( 24 October 1994 ) . `` Arafat tarnishes the Nobel trophy '' . The San Diego Union -- Tribune . p . B7 . Jump up ^ `` Worldwide criticism of Nobel peace awards '' . The Times . London . 18 October 1973 . Retrieved 11 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Douglas G. Brinkley . The Unfinished Presidency : Jimmy Carter 's Journey to the Nobel Peace Prize ( 1999 ) Jump up ^ `` A Nobel Disgrace '' . National Review Online . 22 September 2009 . Retrieved 2 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Nobel Peace Prize nominations show how ' hopelessly politicized ' and ' screwy ' the controversial award has been '' . 14 February 2014 . Retrieved 23 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Overseas Chinese in Norway Protest Against Nobel Committee 's Wrong Decision '' . English.cri.cn . Retrieved 13 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Not so noble '' . Frontlineonnet.com. 5 November 2010 . Retrieved 13 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Nobel Harbors Political Motives behind Prize to Liu Xiaobo '' . English.cri.cn . Retrieved 13 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Monbiot , George ( 5 September 2017 ) . `` Take away Aung San Suu Kyi 's Nobel peace prize . She no longer deserves it '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ Kristof , Nicholas ( 9 September 2017 ) . `` A Nobel Peace Prize Winner 's Shame '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Adam ( 9 September 2017 ) . `` Why Aung San Suu Kyi is unlikely to have her Nobel Peace Prize revoked '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-34277960?post_id=641257059307725_682012315232199 Nobel secretary regrets Obama peace prize Jump up ^ `` Surprised , humbled Obama awarded Nobel Peace Prize '' . Associated Press . Archived from the original on 9 October 2009 . Retrieved 9 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Otterman , Sharon ( 9 October 2009 ) , `` World Reaction to a Nobel Surprise '' , The New York Times , retrieved 9 October 2009 Jump up ^ `` Obama Peace Prize win has some Americans asking why ? '' . Reuters.com. 9 October 2009 . Retrieved 28 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegian protesters say EU Nobel Peace Prize win devalues award '' . Retrieved 8 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Tønnesson , Øyvind ( 29 June 2000 ) . `` Controversies and Criticisms '' . Nobelprize.org . Retrieved 27 February 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Horne , Alistair . Kissinger 's Year : 1973 . p. 195 . Jump up ^ Kenner , David . ( 7 October 2009 ) . `` Nobel Peace Prize Also - Rans '' Archived 25 January 2010 at the Wayback Machine ... Foreign Policy . Retrieved 10 October 2009 Jump up ^ James , Frank ( 9 October 2009 ) . `` Nobel Peace Prize 's Notable Omissions '' . NPR . Retrieved 12 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Pope John Paul II deserves the Nobel Peace Prize '' . The Kingdom . 6 June 2005 . Archived from the original on 18 November 2007 . Retrieved 10 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Governo militar destrói sonho do Nobel da Paz -- Sementes do Dom Jump up ^ `` Câmara indica Zilda Arns para o Nobel da Paz - Política - Estadão '' . Jump up ^ Roberts , Nancy L. ( 1984 ) . `` Dorothy Day and the Catholic Worker '' . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87395 - 938 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Tønnesson , Øyvind ( 1 December 1999 ) . `` Mahatma Gandhi , the Missing Laureate '' . The Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 17 October 2007 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived 23 March 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` The Nomination Database for the Nobel Peace Prize , 1901 -- 1956 : Gandhi '' . Nobelprize.org . Retrieved 13 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 15 September 2011 . Retrieved 15 September 2011 . Relevance of Gandhian Philosophy in the 21st Century Jump up ^ `` Presentation Speech by Egil Aarvik , Chairman of the Norwegian Nobel Committee '' . Retrieved 10 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Women Nobel Laureates '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Nobel Laureates Facts '' . Nobel Foundation . Archived from the original on 2012 - 09 - 01 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ Rothman , Lily . `` Why a Nobel Peace Prize Was Once Rejected '' . TIME.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 16 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nobel Peace Prize . `` The Nobel Peace Prize '' -- Official webpage of the Norwegian Nobel Committee `` The Nobel Peace Prize '' at the official site of the Nobel Prize `` All Nobel Laureates in Peace '' `` The Nobel Prize Award Ceremonies '' World Summit of Nobel Peace Laureates , official site with information on annual summits beginning in 1999 `` National Peace Nobel Prize shares 1901 -- 2009 by citizenship ( or home of organization ) at the time of the award . '' -- From J. Schmidhuber ( 2010 ) : Evolution of National Nobel Prize Shares in the 20th Century at arXiv : 1009.2634 v1 `` South Africa is one of the most unequal societies in the world '' , article published in Global Education Magazine , by Mr. Frederik Willem de Klerk , Nobel Peace Prize 1993 , in the special edition of International Day for the Eradication of Poverty ( 17 October 2012 ) Martin Luther King , Jr. 's Nobel Peace Prize , Civil Rights Digital Library The Nobel Peace Prize Watch , the main project of The Lay Down your Arms Association Nobel Peace Prize General topics Laureates Committee ( members ) Institute Center Concert Oslo Spektrum Oslo City Hall World Summit By year 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Laureates of the Nobel Peace Prize 1901 -- 1925 1901 Henry Dunant / Frédéric Passy 1902 Élie Ducommun / Charles Gobat 1903 Randal Cremer 1904 Institut de Droit International 1905 Bertha von Suttner 1906 Theodore Roosevelt 1907 Ernesto Moneta / Louis Renault 1908 Klas Arnoldson / Fredrik Bajer 1909 A.M.F. Beernaert / Paul Estournelles de Constant 1910 International Peace Bureau 1911 Tobias Asser / Alfred Fried 1912 Elihu Root 1913 Henri La Fontaine 1914 1915 1916 1917 International Committee of the Red Cross 1918 1919 Woodrow Wilson 1920 Léon Bourgeois 1921 Hjalmar Branting / Christian Lange 1922 Fridtjof Nansen 1923 1924 1925 Austen Chamberlain / Charles Dawes 1926 -- 1950 1926 Aristide Briand / Gustav Stresemann 1927 Ferdinand Buisson / Ludwig Quidde 1928 1929 Frank B. Kellogg 1930 Nathan Söderblom 1931 Jane Addams / Nicholas Butler 1932 1933 Norman Angell 1934 Arthur Henderson 1935 Carl von Ossietzky 1936 Carlos Saavedra Lamas 1937 Robert Cecil 1938 Nansen International Office for Refugees 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 International Committee of the Red Cross 1945 Cordell Hull 1946 Emily Balch / John Mott 1947 Friends Service Council / American Friends Service Committee 1948 1949 John Boyd Orr 1950 Ralph Bunche 1951 -- 1975 1951 Léon Jouhaux 1952 Albert Schweitzer 1953 George Marshall 1954 United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees 1955 1956 1957 Lester B. Pearson 1958 Georges Pire 1959 Philip Noel - Baker 1960 Albert Lutuli 1961 Dag Hammarskjöld 1962 Linus Pauling 1963 International Committee of the Red Cross / League of Red Cross Societies 1964 Martin Luther King Jr . 1965 UNICEF 1966 1967 1968 René Cassin 1969 International Labour Organization 1970 Norman Borlaug 1971 Willy Brandt 1972 1973 Lê Đức Thọ ( declined award ) / Henry Kissinger 1974 Seán MacBride / Eisaku Satō 1975 Andrei Sakharov 1976 -- 2000 1976 Betty Williams / Mairead Corrigan 1977 Amnesty International 1978 Anwar Sadat / Menachem Begin 1979 Mother Teresa 1980 Adolfo Pérez Esquivel 1981 United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees 1982 Alva Myrdal / Alfonso García Robles 1983 Lech Wałęsa 1984 Desmond Tutu 1985 International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War 1986 Elie Wiesel 1987 Óscar Arias 1988 UN Peacekeeping Forces 1989 Tenzin Gyatso ( 14th Dalai Lama ) 1990 Mikhail Gorbachev 1991 Aung San Suu Kyi 1992 Rigoberta Menchú 1993 Nelson Mandela / F.W. de Klerk 1994 Shimon Peres / Yitzhak Rabin / Yasser Arafat 1995 Pugwash Conferences / Joseph Rotblat 1996 Carlos Belo / José Ramos - Horta 1997 International Campaign to Ban Landmines / Jody Williams 1998 John Hume / David Trimble 1999 Médecins Sans Frontières 2000 Kim Dae - jung 2001 -- present 2001 United Nations / Kofi Annan 2002 Jimmy Carter 2003 Shirin Ebadi 2004 Wangari Maathai 2005 International Atomic Energy Agency / Mohamed ElBaradei 2006 Grameen Bank / Muhammad Yunus 2007 Al Gore / Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2008 Martti Ahtisaari 2009 Barack Obama 2010 Liu Xiaobo 2011 Ellen Johnson Sirleaf / Leymah Gbowee / Tawakkol Karman 2012 European Union 2013 Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons 2014 Kailash Satyarthi / Malala Yousafzai 2015 Tunisian National Dialogue Quartet 2016 Juan Manuel Santos 2017 International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons Nobel Prizes Lists of Nobel laureates Prizes Chemistry Economics Literature Peace Physics Physiology or Medicine Laureates by subject Chemistry Economics Literature Peace Physics Physiology or Medicine by criterion African Arab Asian Black Female Latino and Hispanic Jewish by country Argentine Australian Belgian Bengali Chinese Danish Hungarian Indian Israeli Italian Japanese Korean Liberian Polish Portuguese Romanian Russian Spanish Swedish Turkish Welsh by religion Christian Jewish Muslim Non-religious by year By year by university affiliation University affiliation by occupation Head of Government and State Committees and organisations Nobel Foundation Nobel Committees Chemistry Economics Physics Physiology or Medicine Norwegian Nobel Committee Nobel Assembly at the Karolinska Institute Related topics Controversies Other prizes Alfred Nobel Nobel Memorial Prize ( not one of the original Nobel Prizes ) . GND : 4130220 - 5 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Peace_Prize&oldid=856868093 '' Categories : Nobel Peace Prize Nobel Prize Norwegian awards 1901 establishments in Norway Awards established in 1901 Peace awards Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 Norwegian - language sources ( no ) Use dmy dates from May 2014 Articles containing Norwegian - language text Articles containing Swedish - language text Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2013 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2016 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Alemannisch Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Boarisch བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego 贛 語 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Қазақша Kiswahili Kurdî Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar मैथिली Македонски മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური مصرى مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Саха тыла Scots Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Türkmençe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Yorùbá 粵語 Žemaitėška 中文 डोटेली 93 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 August 2018 , at 01 : 40 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when do they award the nobel peace prize | [
"As per Alfred Nobel's will, the recipient is selected by the Norwegian Nobel Committee, a five-member committee appointed by the Parliament of Norway. Since 1990, the prize is awarded on 10 December in Oslo City Hall each year. The prize was formerly awarded in the Atrium of the University of Oslo Faculty of Law (1947–1989), the Norwegian Nobel Institute (1905–1946), and the Parliament (1901–1904).\n"
] | [
"10 December"
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6345786551377259473 | Complementary DNA | Complementary DNA - wikipedia Complementary DNA Jump to : navigation , search `` CDNA '' redirects here . For the football club , see CSKA Sofia . For the C form of DNA , see C - DNA . For the general property of complementarity in molecular biology , see Complementarity ( molecular biology ) . For complementation tests used in genetics research , see Complementation ( genetics ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Output from a cDNA microarray used in testing In genetics , complementary DNA ( cDNA ) is DNA synthesized from a single stranded RNA ( e.g. , messenger RNA ( mRNA ) or microRNA ) template in a reaction catalyzed by the enzyme reverse transcriptase . cDNA is often used to clone eukaryotic genes in prokaryotes . When scientists want to express a specific protein in a cell that does not normally express that protein ( i.e. , heterologous expression ) , they will transfer the cDNA that codes for the protein to the recipient cell . cDNA is also produced naturally by retroviruses ( such as HIV - 1 , HIV - 2 , simian immunodeficiency virus , etc . ) and then integrated into the host 's genome , where it creates a provirus . The term cDNA is also used , typically in a bioinformatics context , to refer to an mRNA transcript 's sequence , expressed as DNA bases ( GCAT ) rather than RNA bases ( GCAU ) . cDNA is derived from eukaryotic mRNA , so it contains only exons , with no introns . Contents ( hide ) 1 Synthesis 2 Applications 3 Viruses 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Synthesis ( edit ) Although there are several methods for doing so , cDNA is most often synthesized from mature ( fully spliced ) mRNA using the enzyme reverse transcriptase . This enzyme , which naturally occurs in retroviruses , operates on a single strand of mRNA , generating its complementary DNA based on the pairing of RNA base pairs ( A , U , G and C ) to their DNA complements ( T , A , C and G , respectively ) . To obtain eukaryotic cDNA whose introns have been removed : A eukaryotic cell transcribes the DNA ( from genes ) into RNA ( pre-mRNA ) . The same cell processes the pre-mRNA strands by removing introns , and adding a poly - A tail and 5 ' Methyl - Guanine cap ( this is known as post-transcriptional modification ) This mixture of mature mRNA strands is extracted from the cell . The poly - A tail of the post-transcriptional mRNA can be taken advantage of with oligo ( dT ) beads in an affinity chromatography assay . A poly - T oligonucleotide primer is hybridized onto the poly - A tail of the mature mRNA template , or random hexamer primers can be added which contain every possible 6 base single strand of DNA and can therefore hybridize anywhere on the RNA ( Reverse transcriptase requires this double - stranded segment as a primer to start its operation . ) Reverse transcriptase is added , along with deoxynucleotide triphosphates ( A , T , G , C ) . This synthesizes one complementary strand of DNA hybridized to the original mRNA strand . To synthesize an additional DNA strand , traditionally one would digest the RNA of the hybrid strand , using an enzyme like RNase H , or through alkali digestion method . After digestion of the RNA , a single stranded DNA ( ssDNA ) is left and because single stranded nucleic acids are hydrophobic , it tends to loop around itself . It is likely that the ssDNA forms a hairpin loop at the 3 ' end . From the hairpin loop , a DNA polymerase can then use it as a primer to transcribe a complementary sequence for the ss cDNA . Now , you should be left with a double stranded cDNA with identical sequence as the mRNA of interest . Applications ( edit ) Complementary DNA is often used in gene cloning or as gene probes or in the creation of a cDNA library . When scientists transfer a gene from one cell into another cell in order to express the new genetic material as a protein in the recipient cell , the cDNA will be added to the recipient ( rather than the entire gene ) , because the DNA for an entire gene may include DNA that does not code for the protein or that interrupts the coding sequence of the protein ( e.g. , introns ) . Partial sequences of cDNAs are often obtained as expressed sequence tags . With amplification of DNA sequences via polymerase chain reaction ( PCR ) now commonplace , one will typically conduct reverse transcription as an initial step , followed by PCR to obtain an exact sequence of cDNA for intra-cellular expression . This is achieved by designing sequence - specific DNA primers that hybridize to the 5 ' and 3 ' ends of a cDNA region coding for a protein . Once amplified , the sequence can be cut at each end with nucleases and inserted into one of many small circular DNA sequences known as expression vectors . Such vectors allow for self - replication , inside the cells , and potentially integration in the host DNA . They typically also contain a strong promoter to drive transcription of the target cDNA into mRNA , which is then translated into protein . On June 13 , 2013 , the United States Supreme Court ruled in the case of Association for Molecular Pathology v. Myriad Genetics that while naturally occurring human genes can not be patented , cDNA is patent eligible because it does not occur naturally . Viruses ( edit ) Some viruses also use cDNA to turn their viral RNA into mRNA ( viral RNA → cDNA → mRNA ) . The mRNA is used to make viral proteins to take over the host cell . An example of this first step from viral DNA to cDNA can be seen in the HIV cycle of infection . Here , the host cell membrane becomes attached to the virus ' lipid envelope which allows the viral capsid with two copies of viral genome RNA to enter the host . The cDNA copy is then made though reverse transcription of the viral RNA , a process facilitated by the chaperone CypA and a viral capsid associated reverse transcriptase . See also ( edit ) cDNA library cDNA microarray RNA - Seq References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Croy , Ron . `` Molecular Genetics II - Genetic Engineering Course ( Supplementary notes ) '' . Durham University durham.ac.uk ; 20 April 1998 . Archived from the original on 2002 - 08 - 24 . Retrieved 4 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Liptak , Adam ( 13 June 2013 ) . `` Supreme Court Rules Human Genes May Not Be Patented '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 14 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Altfeld , Marcus ; Jr , Michael Gale ( 2015 - 06 - 01 ) . `` Innate immunity against HIV - 1 infection '' . Nature Immunology. 16 ( 6 ) : 554 -- 562 . doi : 10.1038 / ni. 3157 . ISSN 1529 - 2908 . External links ( edit ) H - Invitational Database Functional Annotation of the Mouse database Complementary DNA tool ( hide ) Types of nucleic acids Constituents Nucleobases Nucleosides Nucleotides Deoxynucleotides Ribonucleic acids ( coding , non-coding ) Translational Messenger precursor , heterogenous nuclear Transfer Ribosomal Transfer - messenger Regulatory Interferential Micro Small interfering Piwi - interacting Antisense Processual Small nuclear Small nucleolar Small Cajal Body RNAs Y RNA Enhancer RNAs Others Guide Ribozyme Small hairpin Small temporal Trans - acting small interfering Subgenomic messenger Deoxyribonucleic acids Complementary Chloroplast Deoxyribozyme Genomic Multicopy single - stranded Mitochondrial Analogues Xeno Glycol Threose Hexose Locked Peptide Morpholino Cloning vectors Phagemid Plasmid Lambda phage Cosmid Fosmid Artificial chromosomes P1 - derived Bacterial Yeast Human Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Complementary_DNA&oldid=810753437 '' Categories : DNA Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from February 2015 Articles needing additional references from October 2010 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Kurdî Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 17 November 2017 , at 05 : 54 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | name the type of enzyme used to produce the cdna | [
"In genetics, complementary DNA (cDNA) is DNA synthesized from a single stranded RNA (e.g., messenger RNA (mRNA) or microRNA) template in a reaction catalyzed by the enzyme reverse transcriptase. cDNA is often used to clone eukaryotic genes in prokaryotes. When scientists want to express a specific protein in a cell that does not normally express that protein (i.e., heterologous expression), they will transfer the cDNA that codes for the protein to the recipient cell. cDNA is also produced naturally by retroviruses (such as HIV-1, HIV-2, simian immunodeficiency virus, etc.) and then integrated into the host's genome, where it creates a provirus.[1]"
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"reverse transcriptase"
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947848680371832085 | Vestibule (architecture) | Vestibule ( architecture ) - wikipedia Vestibule ( architecture ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the architectural feature vestibule . For other uses , see Vestibule ( disambiguation ) § Architecture . A floor plan with a modern vestibule shown in red . A vestibule / ˈvɛstɪbjuːl / is an anteroom ( antechamber ) or small foyer leading into a larger space , such as a lobby , entrance hall , passage , etc. , for the purpose of waiting , withholding the larger space view , reducing heat loss , providing space for outwear , etc . The term applies to structures in both modern and historical architecture since ancient times . In modern architecture , vestibule typically refers to a small room next to the outer door and connecting it with the interior of the building . In ancient Roman architecture , vestibule ( Latin : vestibulum ) referred to a partially enclosed area between the interior of the house and the street . Contents ( hide ) 1 Modern usage 1.1 ATM vestibule 1.2 Railroad use 2 Ancient usage 3 See also 4 References Modern usage ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) North portico of the White House . The vestibule is just inside the exterior doors . Vestibule of the White House residence shown in red In contemporary usage , a vestibule constitutes an area surrounding the exterior door . It acts as an antechamber between the exterior and the interior structure . Often it connects the doorway to a lobby or hallway . It is the space one occupies once passing the door , but not yet in the main interior of the building Although vestibules are common in private residences , as a modified mud room , they are especially prevalent in more opulent buildings , such as government ones , designed to elicit a sense of grandeur by contrasting the vestibule 's small space with the following greater one , and by adding the aspect of anticipation . The residence of the White House in the United States is such an example , but somewhat confusing . At the north portico , it contains a tiny vestibule now between the doors flushed with the outer and inner faces of the exterior wall of , and in the past inside , the Entrance Hall ( called incorrectly Vestibule ) separated from the not much bigger Cross Hall by just 2 double columns . The difference in sizes between a vestibule and the following space is better illustrated by the -- so called -- entrance ( 15 ) to the main gallery in the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum by Frank Lloyd Wright . Many government buildings mimic the classical architecture from which the vestibule originates . A purely utilitarian use of vestibules in modern buildings is to create an `` air lock '' entry . Such vestibules consist of merely a set of inner doors and a set of outer doors , the intent being to reduce air infiltration to the building by having only one set of doors open at any given time . ATM vestibule ( edit ) An ATM vestibule is an enclosed area with automated teller machines that is accessible from the outside of a building , but typically features no further entrance beyond the vestibule . There may be a secure entrance to the vestibule which requires a card to open . Railroad use ( edit ) Main article : Vestibuled train See also : Gangway connection The vestibule on a railroad passenger car is an enclosed area at the end of the carbody , usually separated from the main part of the interior by a door , which is power - operated on most modern equipment . Entrance to and exit from the car is through the side doors , which lead into the vestibule . When passenger cars are coupled , their vestibules are joined by mating faceplate and diaphragm assemblies to create a weather - tight seal for the safety and comfort of passengers who are stepping from car to car . In British usage the term refers to the part of the carriage where the passenger doors are located ; this can be at the ends of the carriage ( on long - distance stock ) or at the 1 / 4 and 3 / 4 of length positions ( typical on modern suburban stock ) . Ancient usage ( edit ) Vestibules were common in ancient Greek temples . Due to the construction techniques available at the time , it was not possible to build large spans . Consequently , many entrance ways had two rows of columns that supported the roof and created a distinct space around the entrance . In ancient Roman architecture , where the term originates , a vestibule was a space between the interior of a building and the street . The structure was a mixture between a modern hall and porch . Upon entering a Roman house or domus , one would have to pass through the vestibule before entering the atrium . From the 5th century on vestibules were used in churches in both the east and west . See also ( edit ) Look up vestibule in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Wikisource has the text of a 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia article about Vestibule . Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Vestibule . Genkan Propylaeum Antarala , vestibule in certain Hindu temples References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Harris , Cyril ( 2005 ) . Dictionary of Architecture and Construction ( 4 ed . ) . McGraw Hill Professional . p. 1044 . ISBN 0071589015 . Archived from the original on 2016 - 05 - 18 . Jump up ^ Vestibule . The Oxford English Dictionary . Common people refer to a vestibule as being a porch. http://www.oed.com Archived 2008 - 01 - 11 at the Wayback Machine . Online edition , December 2006 Jump up ^ `` Why do some public buildings have two layers of doors ? ( Archive ) - Absolute Write Water Cooler '' . absolutewrite.com . Archived from the original on 7 May 2017 . Retrieved 1 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Kovacs , Eduard ( 7 February 2012 ) . `` Fraudsters Install Skimmer on ATM Vestibule Door '' . Softpedia . Archived from the original on 13 December 2013 . Retrieved 13 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Tarbel , F.B. `` A History of Ancient Greek Art '' . Retrieved 2006 - 03 - 02 . Jump up ^ McManus , Barbara . `` Sample Plan of a Roman House '' . VRoma . The College of New Rochelle . Archived from the original on 2006 - 02 - 09 . Retrieved 2006 - 03 - 02 . Jump up ^ Herbermann , Charles , ed. ( 1913 ) . `` Vestibule '' . Catholic Encyclopedia . New York : Robert Appleton Company . ( hide ) Rooms and spaces of a house Shared residential rooms Billiard room Bonus room Common room Den Dining room Ell Family room Garret Great room Hearth room Home cinema Home office Kitchen Dirty kitchen Kitchenette Living room Man cave Recreation room Shrine Study Sunroom Spaces Atrium Balcony Breezeway Catio Conversation pit Deck Elevator Entryway / Genkan Foyer Hallway Lanai Loft Loggia Overhang Patio Porch screened sleeping Ramp Secret passage Stairs Terrace Veranda Vestibule Utility and storage Attic Basement Box room Carport Cloakroom Closet Electrical room Equipment room Furnace room / Boiler room Garage Janitorial closet Larder Laundry room / Utility room Mechanical room / floor Pantry Root cellar Semi-basement Spear closet Storm cellar / Safe room Studio Subbasement Wardrobe Wine cellar Wiring closet / Demarcation point Workshop Private rooms Bathroom Bedroom / Guest room Boudoir Cabinet Jack and Jill bathroom Nursery Suite Toilet Walk - in closet Great house areas Antechamber Ballroom Butler 's pantry Buttery Conservatory Courtyard Drawing room Fainting room Great chamber Great hall Long gallery Lumber room Parlour Porte - cochère Saucery Sauna Scullery Servants ' hall Servants ' quarters Smoking room Solar Spicery State room Still room Swimming pool Undercroft Other Building Furniture House plan Multi-family residential Secondary suite Single - family detached home Studio apartment Architectural elements Arch Baluster Ceiling Colonnade Column Floor Gate Lighting Medallion Ornament Portico Roof Vault Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vestibule_(architecture)&oldid=839061709 '' Categories : Rooms Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference Articles containing Latin - language text Articles needing additional references from June 2011 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Ido Italiano Қазақша Кыргызча Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands Norsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Тыва дыл Українська 22 more Edit links This page was last edited on 1 May 2018 , at 00 : 56 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is the space between two sets of doors called | [
"A purely utilitarian use of vestibules in modern buildings is to create an \"air lock\" entry. Such vestibules consist of merely a set of inner doors and a set of outer doors, the intent being to reduce air infiltration to the building by having only one set of doors open at any given time.[3]"
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7080973364954686043 | Rock with You | Rock With You - wikipedia Rock With You For other uses , see Rock with You ( disambiguation ) . `` Rock with You '' Side - A label of U.S. vinyl single Single by Michael Jackson from the album Off the Wall B - side `` Get on the Floor '' `` Working Day and Night '' Released November 3 , 1979 Format 7 '' single 12 '' single Recorded December 1978 -- June 1979 Genre Disco Length 3 : 39 ( album version ) 3 : 23 ( single version ) Label Epic CBS Songwriter ( s ) Rod Temperton Producer ( s ) Quincy Jones Michael Jackson singles chronology `` Do n't Stop ' Til You Get Enough '' ( 1979 ) `` Rock with You '' ( 1979 ) `` Off the Wall '' ( 1980 ) Music video `` Rock With You '' on YouTube `` Rock with You '' is a song recorded by American singer Michael Jackson . It was written by English songwriter Rod Temperton and produced by Quincy Jones . It was first offered to Karen Carpenter , while she was working on her first solo album , but she turned it down . It was released on November 3 , 1979 as the second single from Jackson 's fifth solo album , Off the Wall ( 1979 ) . It was also the third number one hit of the 1980s , a decade whose pop singles chart would soon be dominated by Jackson . It reached number one on both the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 and R&B singles charts . On the former , `` Rock with You '' spent four consecutive weeks at number one starting January 19 , 1980 . According to Billboard , the song was the fourth biggest single of 1980 . It is also considered one of the last hits of the disco era . It was re-released as a single on February 27 , 2006 , as part of the Visionary : The Video Singles box set . Contents 1 Composition 2 Critical reception 3 Music video 4 Live performances 5 Michael Jackson : The Experience 6 Mixes 7 Track listing 8 Chart and certifications 8.1 Weekly charts 8.2 Year - end charts 8.3 Certifications 9 Personnel 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Composition ( edit ) This song is written in the key of G ♭ major . Meter is 4 / 4 at 114 bpm . Critical reception ( edit ) AllMusic highlighted the song on the album itself . Robert Christgau called it a `` smooth ballad '' . Music video ( edit ) A music video was released for the song , using the shorter single version . It features Michael in a sparkly sequined suit singing the song with a bright laser behind him . The video was directed by Bruce Gowers . The music video was included on the video albums : Video Greatest Hits - HIStory , Number Ones and Michael Jackson 's Vision . Live performances ( edit ) Michael first performed the song on the Jacksons ' Destiny World Tour on the second leg . He peformed the song on the Jacksons ' Triumph Tour and Victory Tour . He performed the song on his solo tour the Bad World Tour . He also performed the song during the HIStory World Tour , as a part of the Off the Wall medley ( Also featuring Off the Wall and Do n't Stop Til ' You Get Enough ) in certain concerts . `` Rock with You '' was rehearsed for the Dangerous World Tour , but was n't performed . Jackson also would have performed it for the This Is It concert series , but the shows were canceled , due to his sudden death . Michael Jackson : the Experience ( edit ) The song is also featured in the game Michael Jackson : The Experience . Mixes ( edit ) Original LP version -- 3 : 39 This `` classic '' version was only released on initial runs of the LP record and cassette , as well as certain CD pressings manufactured in Japan , up to and including a Japanese - market version released in 1991 . It was replaced by the full version of the 7 '' remix on later LP pressings and all other CD editions . The original version was later remastered and released on the `` French Fans ' Selection '' deluxe box set edition of King of Pop . 7 '' remix video edit -- 3 : 23 The `` remix '' was used for the single and to underscore the video . The remix re-pans the guitar , and adds more strings , horns , and hand claps in the chorus . An edit was made to the middle musical bridge by adding fingersnaps and shortening it from two parts to just one . 7 '' version -- 3 : 39 This is the same as the 7 '' remix , but with the musical bridge left intact . This version appears on later pressings of the album . Extended version -- 4 : 57 Available only on the Japanese 12 '' promo , `` Rock with You / Robin Hood '' . The latter song was recorded by Fox and the Promes . Masters at Work Remix -- 5 : 29 Frankie 's Favorite Club Mix -- 7 : 49 Frankie Knuckles Radio Mix -- 3 : 50 The Masters at Work Remix and Frankie Knuckles remixes all contain previously unheard vocals and ad - libs not heard on the original album version . This is because the remixers were given access to the master tapes of the song to produce their remix . The master tapes contained additional vocals and cuts that did n't make it onto the original album version . Freemasons Bootleg Remix -- 5 : 44 2012 Reeno 12 '' Remix -- 7 : 16 Remix made from the original 48 - track masters . The intro and outro sections were greatly extended , and a middle break was added which had isolated background vocals . This mix also contains some previously unused string parts . Live 1981 ( 3 : 55 ) The live version , taken from the 1981 album The Jacksons Live ! , was included on the UK 12 '' `` Wanna Be Startin ' Somethin ' '' single in 1983 . Live 1988 ( 4 : 05 ) The live version , included in the deluxe edition of Bad 25 and on the DVD Live at Wembley July 16 , 1988 , was recorded during one of the shows at Wembley Stadium during the Bad World Tour . Track listing ( edit ) European 7 '' single ( EPC 8206 ) A. `` Rock with You '' -- 3 : 38 B. `` Get on the Floor '' -- 4 : 44 Netherlands 12 '' single ( EPC 12.8206 ) A. `` Rock with You '' -- 3 : 20 B1 . `` You Ca n't Win '' -- 7 : 17 B2 . `` Get on the Floor '' -- 4 : 44 UK 12 '' single ( EPC 13 8206 ) A. `` Rock with You '' - 3 : 20 B1 : `` You Ca n't Win '' - 7 : 17 B2 : `` Get On The Floor '' - 4 : 44 U.S. 7 '' single ( 9 - 50797 ) A. `` Rock with You '' -- 3 : 20 B. `` Workin ' Day and Night '' -- 4 : 55 Visionary DualDisc single ( 82876725132 ) CD side `` Rock with You '' ( single mix ) -- 3 : 23 `` Rock with You '' ( Masters at Work Remix ) -- 5 : 33 DVD side `` Rock with You '' ( video ) -- 3 : 23 Chart and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1980 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) 58 Ireland ( IRMA ) 11 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 7 US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 21 US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) US Cash Box Top 100 Chart ( 2006 ) Peak position France ( SNEP ) 59 Ireland ( IRMA ) 19 Italy ( FIMI ) 9 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 22 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 15 Chart ( 2008 ) Peak position Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 10 Chart ( 2009 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 36 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 33 France ( SNEP ) 90 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 98 Japan ( Japan Hot 100 ) 59 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 25 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 68 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 54 US Digital Songs ( Billboard ) 17 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1980 ) Rank Australia ( Kent Music Report ) 39 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 17 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 49 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 U.S. Cash Box Top 100 8 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Gold 0 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Silver 250,000 United States ( RIAA ) Platinum 2,000,000 shipments figures based on certification alone Personnel ( edit ) Written and composed by Rod Temperton Produced by Quincy Jones Michael Jackson -- lead and backing vocals Bobby Watson -- bass John Robinson -- drums David Williams , Marlo Henderson -- electric guitar Greg Phillinganes , Michael Boddicker -- synthesizers David `` Hawk '' Wolinski -- electric piano Horns arranged by Jerry Hey and performed by The Seawind Horns Jerry Hey -- trumpet and flugelhorn Larry Williams -- tenor , alto saxophones and flute Kim Hutchcroft -- baritone , tenor saxophones and flute William Reichenbach -- trombone Gary Grant -- trumpet Rhythm and vocal arrangements by Rod Temperton String arrangement by Ben Wright Concert master -- Gerald Vinci See also ( edit ) List of Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles of 1980 List of number - one R&B singles of 1980 ( U.S. ) List of number - one singles of 2006 ( Spain ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ https://www.rollingstone.com/music/pictures/50-best-michael-jackson-songs-20140623/10-rock-with-you-0273988 Jump up ^ `` Behind The Music : Karen Carpenter ( Solo ) '' . Jump up ^ http://www.americanradiohistory.com/Archive-Billboard/80s/1980/BB1980.pdf Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived May 20 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ https://www.rollingstone.com/music/pictures/50-best-michael-jackson-songs-20140623/10-rock-with-you-0273988 ^ Jump up to : `` Rock with You -- Michael Jackson Digital Sheet Music ( Digital Download ) '' . MusicNotes.com . Alfred Publishing Co. Inc . Retrieved September 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Stephen Thomas Erlewine . `` Off the Wall - Michael Jackson Songs , Reviews , Credits , Awards '' . AllMusic . Retrieved February 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jackson '' . Webcitation.org . Archived from the original on December 12 , 2010 . Retrieved May 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Weingarten , Christopher R. ( 24 June 2009 ) . `` Rolling Stone '' . Michael Jackson 's 20 Greatest Videos : The Stories Behind the Vision . Retrieved 13 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` MichaelJackson.com '' . Michael Jackson Video Greatest Hits HIStory The Official Michael Jackson Site . Retrieved 13 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` All Music '' . Number Ones ( DVD ) - Michael Jackson . Retrieved 13 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` MichaelJackson.com '' . Michael Jackson 's Vision The Official Michael Jackson Site . Retrieved 13 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` IGN '' . Michael Jackson : The Experience - Song List / Soundtrack. 14 April 2011 . Retrieved 13 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jackson - Off The Wall ( CD , Album ) '' . Discogs.com. 1987 - 07 - 22 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jackson -- Rock With You ( Vinyl ) '' . Discogs.com . Discogs . Retrieved January 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jackson -- Rock With You ( Vinyl ) '' . Discogs.com . Discogs . Retrieved January 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jackson -- Rock With You ( Vinyl ) '' . Discogs.com . Discogs . Retrieved January 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jackson -- Rock With You ( Vinyl ) '' . Discogs.com . Discogs . Retrieved January 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jackson -- Rock With You ( Vinyl ) '' . Discogs.com . Discogs . Retrieved January 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jackson -- Rock With You ( Hybrid ) '' . Discogs.com . Discogs . Retrieved January 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Forum -- ARIA Charts : Special Occasion Charts -- CHART POSITIONS PRE 1989 '' . Australian-charts.com . Hung Medien . Retrieved 21 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Singles : Issue 9461a . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 21 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Michael Jackson -- Rock With You '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved 21 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Rock With You '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved 21 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.nz -- Michael Jackson -- Rock With You '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved 21 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 21 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Music : Top 100 - Billboard Hot 100 '' , Billboard , retrieved January 11 , 2018 Jump up ^ `` Michael Jackson Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jackson Chart History ( Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CASH BOX Top 100 Singles -- Week ending JANUARY 12 , 1980 '' . Archived from the original on September 13 , 2012 . Retrieved June 21 , 2016 ... Cash Box magazine . ^ Jump up to : `` Lescharts.com -- Michael Jackson -- Rock With You '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved 21 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 9 , 2006 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved 21 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Italiancharts.com -- Michael Jackson -- Rock With You '' . Top Digital Download . Retrieved 21 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Michael Jackson -- Rock With You '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved 21 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Spanishcharts.com -- Michael Jackson -- Rock With You '' Canciones Top 50 . Retrieved 21 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 21 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Michael Jackson -- Rock With You '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved 21 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jackson - Chart History '' . Canadian Hot 100 . for Michael Jackson . Retrieved 21 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jackson - Chart History '' . Japan Hot 100 . for Michael Jackson . Retrieved 21 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Michael Jackson -- Rock With You '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved 21 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 21 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jackson - Chart History '' . Billboard Digital Songs . for Michael Jackson . Retrieved 21 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Forum -- ARIA Charts : Special Occasion Charts -- Top 100 End of Year AMR Charts - 1980s '' . Australian-charts.com . Hung Medien . Retrieved 21 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Singles : Issue 0272 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 21 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Official New Zealand Music Chart - End of Year Charts 1980 '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved 21 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits for 1980 '' . longboredsurfer.com . Retrieved 21 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The CASH BOX Year - End Charts : 1980 '' . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2012 . Retrieved December 13 , 2013 ... Cash Box magazine . Jump up ^ THE FIELD id ( chart number ) MUST BE PROVIDED for NEW ZEALAND CERTIFICATION . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Michael Jackson -- Rock with You '' . British Phonographic Industry . Select singles in the Format field . Select Silver in the Certification field . Enter Rock with You in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Michael Jackson -- Rock with You '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved June 2 , 2016 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ Hogan , Ed . `` Michael Jackson -- Rock with You -- Song Review '' . AllMusic . All Media Network . Retrieved June 2 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Official video on YouTube Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Michael Jackson songs Discography 1970s `` Got to Be There '' `` Ai n't No Sunshine '' `` I Wanna Be Where You Are '' `` Rockin ' Robin '' `` Love Is Here and Now You 're Gone '' `` You 've Got a Friend '' `` Ben '' `` Everybody 's Somebody 's Fool '' `` My Girl '' `` Shoo - Be-Doo - Be-Doo - Da - Day '' `` We 've Got a Good Thing Going '' `` With a Child 's Heart '' `` Morning Glow '' `` All the Things You Are '' `` Happy '' `` Too Young '' `` Doggin ' Around '' `` Music and Me '' `` We 're Almost There '' `` One Day in Your Life '' `` Just a Little Bit of You '' `` You Ca n't Win '' `` Ease on Down the Road '' `` A Brand New Day '' `` Do n't Stop ' Til You Get Enough '' `` Rock with You '' `` Working Day and Night '' `` Off the Wall '' `` Girlfriend '' `` She 's Out of My Life '' `` It 's the Falling in Love '' 1980s `` The Girl Is Mine '' `` Wanna Be Startin ' Somethin ' '' `` Thriller '' `` Beat It '' `` Billie Jean '' `` Human Nature '' `` P.Y.T. ( Pretty Young Thing ) '' `` You 've Really Got a Hold on Me '' `` Here I Am ( Come and Take Me ) '' `` I Hear a Symphony '' `` Lonely Teardrops '' `` That 's What Love Is Made Of '' `` I Was Made to Love Her '' `` I Just Ca n't Stop Loving You '' `` Bad '' `` The Way You Make Me Feel '' `` Speed Demon '' `` Liberian Girl '' `` Just Good Friends '' `` Another Part of Me '' `` Man in the Mirror '' `` Dirty Diana '' `` Smooth Criminal '' `` Leave Me Alone '' `` Twenty - Five Miles '' 1990s `` Black or White '' `` Jam '' `` In the Closet '' `` Remember the Time '' `` Ca n't Let Her Get Away '' `` Heal the World '' `` Who Is It '' `` Give In to Me '' `` Will You Be There '' `` Gone Too Soon '' `` Dangerous '' `` Come Together '' `` Someone Put Your Hand Out '' `` Scream '' `` Childhood '' `` They Do n't Care About Us '' `` Stranger in Moscow '' `` This Time Around '' `` Earth Song '' `` D.S. '' `` You Are Not Alone '' `` Tabloid Junkie '' `` HIStory '' `` Smile '' `` Mind Is the Magic '' `` Blood on the Dance Floor '' `` Ghosts '' `` Is It Scary '' `` On the Line '' 2000s `` Speechless '' `` You Rock My World '' `` Heaven Can Wait '' `` Butterflies '' `` Cry '' `` One More Chance '' `` Cheater '' `` The Way You Love Me '' `` Fall Again '' `` This Is It '' 2010s `` Breaking News '' `` Hold My Hand '' `` Hollywood Tonight '' `` Monster '' `` ( I Ca n't Make It ) Another Day '' `` Behind the Mask '' `` Do n't Be Messin ' ' Round '' `` Price of Fame '' `` Love Never Felt So Good '' `` Chicago '' `` Loving You '' `` A Place with No Name '' `` Slave to the Rhythm '' `` Blue Gangsta '' Other `` We Are the World '' `` What More Can I Give / Toro Para Ti '' `` We Are the World 25 for Haiti '' Featured `` Night Time Lover '' `` Papa Was a Rollin ' Stone '' `` State of Independence '' `` Muscles '' `` Say Say Say '' `` Somebody 's Watching Me '' `` Do n't Stand Another Chance '' `` Centipede '' `` Tell Me I 'm Not Dreamin ' ( Too Good to Be True ) '' `` Eaten Alive '' `` Get It '' `` 2300 Jackson Street '' `` Do the Bartman '' `` Whatzupwitu '' `` Why '' `` I Need You '' `` Girls , Girls , Girls ( Part 2 ) '' `` All Eyez on Me '' `` All in Your Name '' `` There Must Be More To Life Than This '' `` Low '' `` Do n't Matter to Me '' Book Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rock_with_You&oldid=853218109 '' Categories : 1979 singles Michael Jackson songs Songs written by Rod Temperton Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs number - one singles 1970s ballads Music videos directed by Bruce Gowers Song recordings produced by Quincy Jones Epic Records singles 1979 songs 1970s songs Number - one singles in Spain Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Cite certification used with missing parameters Use mdy dates from March 2015 Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Canadatopsingles Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardrandbhiphop Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Ireland Singlechart usages for Italy Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for Spain Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Switzerland Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Pages using Certification Table Entry - Sales with missing information Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Galego Հայերեն Italiano עברית Kiswahili Latviešu Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 19 more Edit links This page was last edited on 3 August 2018 , at 06 : 10 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who sings i want to rock with you | [
"\"Rock with You\" is a song recorded by American singer Michael Jackson. It was written by English songwriter Rod Temperton and produced by Quincy Jones. It was first offered to Karen Carpenter, while she was working on her first solo album, but she turned it down.[2] It was released on November 3, 1979 as the second single from Jackson's fifth solo album, Off the Wall (1979). It was also the third number one hit of the 1980s,[3] a decade whose pop singles chart would soon be dominated by Jackson.\n"
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3371625646616018105 | Izzie Stevens | Izzie Stevens - wikipedia Izzie Stevens Jump to : navigation , search Dr. Izzie Stevens Grey 's Anatomy character The Season 6 Promotional Photo of Katherine Heigl as Dr. Izzie Stevens First appearance `` A Hard Day 's Night '' 1x01 , March 27 , 2005 Last appearance `` I Like You So Much Better When You 're Naked '' 6x12 , January 21 , 2010 Created by Shonda Rhimes Portrayed by Katherine Heigl Information Full name Isobel Katherine Stevens Nickname ( s ) Dr. Model Cricket Izz Izzie Barbie Tinkerbell Stevens Patient X Bethany Whisper Blondie Cancer Wife Title M.D. Family Robbie Stevens ( Mother ) Hannah Klein ( Daughter ) Spouse ( s ) Alex Karev ( divorced ) Significant other ( s ) Hank Denny Duquette ( fiancé , deceased ) George O'Malley ( deceased ) Religion Catholicism Isobel Katherine `` Izzie '' Stevens , M.D. is a fictional character from the medical drama television series Grey 's Anatomy , which airs on the American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) in the United States . The character was created by series producer Shonda Rhimes , and was portrayed by actress Katherine Heigl from 2005 to 2010 . Introduced as a surgical intern at the fictional Seattle Grace Hospital , Izzie worked her way up to resident level , while her relationships with her colleagues Meredith Grey ( Ellen Pompeo ) , Cristina Yang ( Sandra Oh ) , George O'Malley ( T.R. Knight ) and Alex Karev ( Justin Chambers ) formed a focal point of the series . Heigl garnered critical acclaim for her performance as Izzie and received numerous awards and nominations for her role , winning the `` Outstanding Supporting Actress In A Drama Series '' at the 2007 Emmy Awards . She was critical of the character 's development during the show 's fourth season , particularly her romance with George . She declined to put herself forward for the 2008 Emmy Awards , citing insufficient material in the role . After speculation that Izzie would be killed off in the fifth season , the character was diagnosed with Stage 4 metastatic melanoma . She married Alex in the series ' one - hundredth episode , and afterwards , her tumor was successfully removed . Izzie made her final appearance in the sixth season , leaving Seattle after Alex ended their relationship . Heigl requested to be released from her contract 18 months early , in order to spend more time with her family . In January 2012 , Heigl reported that she would like to return to Grey 's Anatomy to give closure to her character , however , Rhimes confirmed that there were no plans to have the character return at that time and has since stated that she has no plans to ever re-approach Izzie 's storyline again . Contents ( hide ) 1 Storylines 2 Development 2.1 Casting and creation 2.2 Characterization 3 Reception 4 References 5 External links Storylines ( edit ) Izzie appears in the first episode of Grey 's Anatomy , meeting fellow interns Meredith Grey , Cristina Yang , Alex Karev , and George O'Malley . She and George move in with Meredith and become best friends . Izzie 's boyfriend , hockey player Hank ( Jonathan Scarfe ) , struggles to accept her new role as a surgeon , and the two break up . Izzie is hurt when Alex exposes her past as a lingerie model . However , the two later go on to begin a friendship and then a romance . Alex experiences sexual dysfunction with Izzie and cheats on her with nurse Olivia Harper ( Sarah Utterback ) . When Izzie finds out , she breaks up with him , though they briefly reunite following a bomb incident at the hospital . Izzie reveals while treating a pregnant teenager that she had a daughter at the age of 16 and gave up for adoption . Izzie falls in love with cardiothoracic patient Denny Duquette ( Jeffrey Dean Morgan ) , and the two become engaged . When Denny 's condition deteriorates , Izzie deliberately worsens his health further by cutting his LVAD wire to move him up the donor register . Although Denny receives a new heart , he has a stroke hours later and dies . Izzie is the sole beneficiary of Denny 's will , inheriting $8.7 million . She uses the money to open a free clinic at the hospital : the Denny Duquette Memorial Clinic . Izzie disapproves of George 's relationship and marriage to orthopedic resident Callie Torres ( Sara Ramirez ) . She and George sleep together , and attempt to keep their liaison a secret . George and resident Miranda Bailey ( Chandra Wilson ) are the only people aware that Izzie gave birth to a daughter at the age of sixteen ; ultimately the child was given up for adoption . He supports Izzie when her daughter Hannah ( Liv Hutchings ) , diagnosed with leukemia , arrives at Seattle Grace Hospital in need of a bone marrow transplant from Izzie . Izzie 's feelings for George grow , and she reveals that she has fallen in love with him . When Callie discovers George has been unfaithful , the two separate , and George and Izzie embark on a short - lived relationship , only to discover there is no real chemistry between them . Izzie supports Alex when he discovers his new girlfriend has psychiatric problems , and convinces him to have her committed . She is also handed primary responsibility for the clinic , as Bailey cuts back on her responsibilities . Izzie and Alex go on to rekindle their relationship , though Izzie is concerned when she begins hallucinating Denny . She discovers she has metastatic melanoma ( Stage IV ) which has spread to her liver , skin , and brain , causing the hallucinations . Her survival chances are estimated at only 5 % . She is admitted to Seattle Grace as a patient , and Derek Shepherd ( Patrick Dempsey ) successfully removes a tumor from her brain . Izzie spends her time in the hospital planning Meredith and Derek 's wedding , but when her condition worsens and Derek discovers a second brain tumor , they give the ceremony to Izzie and Alex , who marry in front of all their friends . The procedure to remove the second tumor from Izzie 's brain causes her to lose her short - term memory , and although she soon regains it , she flatlines moments later . The fifth season ends with her friends ignoring her DNR order and attempting to resuscitate her , transposed with images of Izzie in an elevator encountering George , who has been in an accident and is also currently flatlining . Though George dies , Izzie is resuscitated and recovers enough to return to work . Izzie makes a treatment error that endangers the life of a patient , and is fired from the hospital 's surgical program . Believing Alex is partially to blame , she writes him a Dear John letter and leaves . Izzie later learns that Alex was not responsible for her lost job , and returns to make amends with him , but Meredith informs her that Alex is moving on . Izzie informs Alex that she no longer has cancer . Although he is pleased , Alex officially breaks up with Izzie , telling her that he loves her but deserves better . She leaves Seattle to start fresh . Several episodes later , Alex informs Meredith that Izzie sent divorce papers , which he signs in the episode `` How Insensitive '' . In the sixth - season finale , Alex is shot and asks for Izzie . Imagining that Meredith 's half - sister Lexie ( Chyler Leigh ) is Izzie , he apologizes and asks her never to leave him again . Development ( edit ) Casting and creation ( edit ) Heigl refused to be considered for the 2008 Emmy Awards due to insufficient material on Grey 's Anatomy . Izzie was created by Grey 's Anatomy producer Shonda Rhimes , with actress Katherine Heigl cast in the role . Heigl originally wanted to play Izzie as a brunette , but was requested to retain her natural blond for the part . Heigl 's comprehension of medical procedures and terminology is slight ; the actress explained that while she has an admiration for doctors , she is not as fascinated by medicine as other cast members . When Kate Walsh 's character Addison Montgomery left Grey 's Anatomy to launch the spin - off show Private Practice , Heigl disclosed that she had hoped for a spin - off for Izzie . Heigl declined to put her name forward for consideration at the 2008 Emmy Awards , claiming that she had been given insufficient material on the series to warrant a nomination . Following Heigl 's statement , speculation arose that her character would suffer a brain tumor and be killed off Grey 's Anatomy , substantiated by the announcement Jeffrey Dean Morgan would return to the series as Denny , who died at the end of season two . ABC 's entertainment president Steve McPherson denied the rumor , stating : `` There is an unbelievable storyline for her this year , which is really central to everything that 's going to go on this season '' . Speculation resumed , however , when Dean Morgan returned to the show for a second time in its fifth season . Cast member James Pickens , Jr. announced that both Heigl and T.R. Knight were set to depart from the show , but he later retracted his comment . During the course of the fifth season , Izzie was diagnosed with metastatic melanoma ( Stage IV ) which spread to her liver , skin and brain . Following the show 's one - hundredth episode wrap party , Heigl revealed she did not know if Izzie would survive , as no one on the production team would disclose her character 's fate to her . It was confirmed in June 2009 that Heigl would return as Izzie for the show 's sixth season . Heigl 's appearances in the season were sporadic , seeing Izzie depart and return twice . Although she was scheduled to appear in the final five episodes of the season , Heigl requested that she be released from her contract 18 months early , and made her final appearance on January 21 , 2010 . Heigl explained that she wanted to spend more time with her family , and did not think it would be respectful to Grey 's Anatomy viewers to have Izzie return and depart yet again . Michael Ausiello spoke further on Katherine Heigl 's perspective on Izzie 's departure . He said , `` ( Katherine ) thinks her Jan. 21 farewell - while not originally intended to be her last episode - oddly works as a bookend to Izzie 's story . `` Even though there 's a part of me that would like to go back and do the quick Izzie farewell , '' she says , `` I also think that my last scene - where Meredith says to Izzie , ' Do n't go , we 're your family , ' and Izzie 's response was , ' No you 're not , you 're just a bunch of people I worked with , and I can find that anywhere ' - was kind of tragic and appropriate all at the same time . When I was playing the scene I was really trying to convey that , for Izzie , that was a lie that she had to tell herself to have the courage to have to move on . '' In August 2010 , Rhimes stated that she did not feel Izzie 's character arc -- specifically her relationship with Alex -- had fully concluded , and hoped to give proper closure to their relationship in the seventh season . She later confirmed that she had intended to kill off Izzie off - screen , but opted against this a day later as she felt that it would destroy Alex , rather than give him closure . Instead , she concluded : `` I 'm open to seeing Izzie again . So if she ( Katherine ) were to come back , we would be thrilled to ( wrap up her story ) . But if she does n't , we 'll just move on . '' Heigl also went on to say in October 2010 that the character returning to show looks bleak because , `` that chapter is closed , and it 's sad . And it 's hard . '' She also felt that Izzie coming back to the show would , `` just feel manipulative . '' However , in January 2012 , Heigl stated in an interview that she has asked the producers if she could return to the show to give closure to Izzie 's storyline : `` I 've told them I want to ( return ) , '' she said . `` I really , really , really want to see where ( Izzie ) is . I just want to know what happened to her and where she went and what she 's doing now . My idea is that she actually like figures it out , and finds some success and does really well in a different hospital . She was always floundering you know , and so she was always one step behind the eight ball and I want to see that girl take some power back . '' She later went on to say that she regrets leaving the show , `` Oh yeah , sometimes , yeah . You miss it . I miss my friends . It was a great work environment ... and it becomes a family . I spent six years together with these people every day ... you grow up together , in a way , '' and again commented on Izzie possibly returning to the show , `` I always felt that if they wanted me to come back and sort of wrap up that storyline ... I want them to know that I 'm down with it if they want me to , but I completely understand if it does n't necessarily work ... They 've got a lot of story lines going on there . '' But in March 2012 , Shonda Rhimes said that there are no plans at the moment for the character to return , `` I think it was really nice to hear her appreciating the show . At the same time we are on a track we have been planning . The idea of changing that track is not something we are interested in right now . '' Three years later , Rhimes said she has completely moved on from the idea of Izzie coming back , `` I 'm done with that story . I 've turned that idea over in my mind a thousand times and thought about how it would go . And I do n't think so . '' Characterization ( edit ) Heigl believes that the Grey 's Anatomy writers incorporate much of the actors ' personalities into their roles , and that Izzie is a `` super moral '' version of herself . Episode `` Bring the Pain '' , which aired as the fifth episode of the second season , was originally intended to be the final episode of the first season . Rhimes explained that Izzie 's character in this episode came `` full circle '' from her role in the pilot : `` Izzie , so vulnerable and underestimated when we first meet her , is the girl who removes her heart from her sleeve in `` Bring the Pain '' . '' Discussing Izzie 's personality in a 2006 Cosmopolitan interview , Heigl assessed that she is `` immensely kind '' and patient . When Denny died in the season two episode `` Losing My Religion '' , Rhimes discussed the impact it had on Izzie , noting that Izzie is forced to abandon her idealism , which in turn leads to her letting go of medicine . In the aftermath of Denny 's death , Heigl came to believe that Izzie was not cut out to be a doctor . Executive producer Betsy Beers explained , however , that Denny 's death served to make Izzie more mature , and Heigl affirmed that `` At the beginning of the ( third ) season they were trying to show how lost Izzie was . She lost her optimism . She realizes now that life is difficult , but she still tries very hard to see the best in people . '' In order to demonstrate Izzie 's dislike of George 's love - interest Callie , Rhimes penned a scene which she deemed one of her favorite moments on the show , in which Callie urinates in front of a stunned Izzie and Meredith . Rhimes assessed that : `` I love that Mer and Izzie respond with all the trauma of having viewed a car crash ( ... ) the point is Callie pees and Izzie tortures her a tiny bit about the hand washing and that made me overjoyed because that 's the kind of thing people do . '' Discussing Izzie 's relationship with Alex in a 2006 Cosmopolitan interview , Heigl assessed that `` Even when Alex was a complete dirtbag to her ( Izzie ) , she forgave him and gave him another chance . And he really screwed her over . ( ... ) To go for a guy like that is to say I want to be damaged . ' '' Writer Stacy McKee deemed Izzie 's moving on from Alex to patient Denny Duquette `` karma '' , as Alex previously treated Izzie badly , yet as he begins to realize his true feelings , he is forced to watch her embark on a romance with `` the undeniably handsome - and totally charming '' Denny . Series writer Blythe Robe commented on Izzie and Denny : `` I love the way Izzie lights up when she 's around him . I love their relationship because it 's so pure and honest and completely game free . '' Writer Elizabeth Klaviter noted at this time the way Izzie `` seems to be sacrificing her reputation because of her feelings for Denny . '' When Izzie deliberately worsened Denny 's condition to move him up the transplant list , series writer Mark Wilding questioned the morality of the actions , asking : `` is Izzie bad for doing it ? Is she tremendously irresponsible ? She cut the LVAD wire for love so does that make her action understandable ? '' Heigl was critical of Izzie 's relationship with George ( T.R. Knight ) , deeming it `` a ratings ploy '' . Rhimes discussed costuming choices in the scene which saw the interns gather around Denny 's deathbed , explaining : `` Meredith and George and Cristina and Callie and Alex are all dressed , not for a prom , but for a funeral . Everyone in dark colors , everyone dressed somberly . As if they were in mourning . Only Izzie is in happy pink . Only Izzie looks like she did n't know this was coming . '' Following Denny 's death , Heigl approached Rhimes to ask when her character would next have a romantic liaison . Rhimes explained that `` Izzie does n't sleep around '' . Heigl expressed a desire for Izzie to reunite with Alex , explaining : `` I believe on some level , there 's a connection between Izzie and Alex . He can do honorable things even though he 's cutting and sarcastic . I would like to ultimately see them together , if not this season , then next . '' Yahoo ! Voices wrote that Stevens in the third season `` has become more condescending and passive aggressive herself , more than anyone else . '' Heigl was critical of her character 's development in the show 's fourth season , particularly her affair with George , which she deemed `` a ratings ploy '' . Heigl explained : `` They really hurt somebody , and they did n't seem to be taking a lot of responsibility for it . I have a really hard time with that kind of thing . I 'm maybe a little too black and white about it . I do n't really know Izzie very well right now . She 's changed a lot . '' Attempting to rationalise Izzie 's actions , Heigl later assessed that : People who are so infallible , perfect and moral tend to be the first to slip and fall . But I would love to see how she deals with the consequences of what she 's done , because what 's interesting is when people make decisions that shake their world , they suddenly have to go , ' Woo , I did n't know I was capable of this . ' I 'd like to see Izzie take some culpability . Reception ( edit ) Heigl was nominated for the `` Best Supporting Actress in a TV Series '' award at the 2007 and 2008 Golden Globe Awards for her role as Izzie . She was named `` Favorite Female TV Star '' at the 34th People 's Choice Awards , and awarded `` Outstanding Supporting Actress In A Drama Series '' at the 2007 Emmy Awards . Prior to the ceremony , considering Heigl 's chances of winning the Emmy , Variety 's Stuart Levine assessed of her performance : `` Heigl has little difficulty reaching Izzie 's highest highs and lowest lows . Showrunner Shonda Rhimes puts a lot of pressure on Heigl to carry many intense storylines , and she 's up to the challenge . '' Levine also noted , however : `` There are times when Izzie becomes completely irrational during crisis situations , which may bother some . '' Fox News included Izzie in its list of `` The Best TV Doctors For Surgeon General '' . The character was listed in Wetpaint 's `` 10 Hottest Female Doctors on TV '' and in BuzzFeed 's `` 16 Hottest Doctors On Television '' . Heigl at the 59th Primetime Emmy Awards where she won the Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Award . During the show 's third season , the New York Post 's Robert Rorke deemed Izzie to be `` the heart and soul '' of Grey 's Anatomy . He deemed her the show 's heroine , and wrote that : `` Izzie is a welcome , calming presence , despite the devastation she experienced when she failed to save her patient and fiance Denny Duquette . ( ... ) Besides the formidable Dr. Bailey ( Chandra Wilson ) , Izzie seems to be the only adult intern at Seattle Grace ; the character has achieved a depth lacking in her fellow interns . '' Eyder Peralta of The Houston Chronicle was critical of Izzie 's ethics in cutting Denny 's LVAD wire , writing that she `` should not be practising medicine '' and stating : `` That 's the reason I do n't watch Grey 's Anatomy , anymore , because the super hot blond chick can make an earth - shattering , fatal decision and she does n't get canned . '' The season four romance between Izzie and George proved unpopular with viewers , and resulted in a fan backlash among Alex and Izzie fans . The return of Izzie 's deceased fiancé Denny and the resumption of their romance during the show 's fifth season also proved unpopular with fans , and was deemed `` the world 's worst storyline '' by Mary McNamara of the Los Angeles Times . McNamara was also critical of the episode `` Now or Never '' , which saw Izzie flatline following neurosurgery , opining that Izzie ought to die . The episode in which Izzie married long - term love Alex received 15.3 million viewers , the largest television audience of the night . Izzie 's cancer storyline received a mixed response from the medical community . Otis Brawley , chief medical officer at the American Cancer Society , commented that Izzie 's treatment options were unrealistic . Whereas in the show she was offered the drug interleukin - 2 , in reality the drug is never recommended to patients when melanoma has spread to the brain , as it can cause bleeding and strokes . Brawley explained that such patients would instead be offered radiosurgery . Conversely however , Tim Turnham , executive director of the Melanoma Research Foundation , praised Grey 's Anatomy for bringing about greater public awareness of melanoma , stating : `` We welcome the national spotlight Grey 's Anatomy has created for melanoma and its efforts to encourage viewers to learn more about the importance of prevention , early detection and research . '' References ( edit ) Specific Jump up ^ Shonda Rhimes ( writer ) , Peter Horton ( director ) ( March 27 , 2005 ) . `` A Hard Day 's Night '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 1 . Episode 1 . ABC . Jump up ^ Shonda Rhimes ( writer ) , Peter Horton ( director ) ( April 3 , 2005 ) . `` The First Cut is the Deepest '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 1 . Episode 2 . ABC . Jump up ^ Ann Hamilton ( writer ) , John David Coles ( director ) ( April 24 , 2005 ) . `` Shake Your Groove Thing '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 1 . Episode 5 . ABC . Jump up ^ James D. Parriott ( writer ) , Adam Davidson ( director ) ( April 17 , 2005 ) . `` No Man 's Land '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 1 . Episode 4 . ABC . Jump up ^ Stacy McKee ( writer ) , Adam Davidson ( director ) ( November 6 , 2005 ) . `` Something to Talk About '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 2 . Episode 7 . ABC . Jump up ^ Gabrielle Stanton ( writer ) , Harry Werksman , Jr. ( writer ) , Wendey Stanzler ( director ) ( November 27 , 2005 ) . `` Much too Much '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 2 . Episode 10 . ABC . Jump up ^ Shonda Rhimes ( writer ) , Peter Horton ( director ) ( February 12 , 2006 ) . `` ( As We Know It ) '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 2 . Episode 17 . ABC . Jump up ^ Tony Phelan ( writer ) , Joan Rater ( writer ) , Rob Corn ( director ) ( May 15 , 2006 ) . `` Deterioration of the Fight or Flight Response '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 2 . Episode 26 . ABC . Jump up ^ Shonda Rhimes ( writer ) , Mark Tinker ( director ) ( May 15 , 2006 ) . `` Losing My Religion '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 2 . Episode 27 . ABC . Jump up ^ Allan Heinberg ( writer ) , Dan Lerner ( director ) ( October 12 , 2006 ) . `` What I Am '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 3 . Episode 4 . ABC . Jump up ^ Eric Buchman ( writer ) , Michael Grossman ( director ) ( January 25 , 2007 ) . `` Great Expectations '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 3 . Episode 13 . ABC . Jump up ^ Shonda Rhimes ( writer ) , Marti Noxon ( writer ) , Adam Arkin ( director ) ( February 22 , 2007 ) . `` Some Kind of Miracle '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 3 . Episode 17 . ABC . Jump up ^ Debora Cahn ( writer ) , James Frawley ( director ) ( March 15 , 2007 ) . `` Scars and Souvenirs '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 3 . Episode 18 . ABC . Jump up ^ Stacy McKee ( writer ) , Christopher Misiano ( director ) ( April 19 , 2007 ) . `` Time After Time '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 3 . Episode 20 . ABC . Jump up ^ Tony Phelan ( writer ) , Joan Rater ( writer ) , Rob Corn ( director ) ( May 17 , 2007 ) . `` Did n't We Almost Have It All ? '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 3 . Episode 25 . ABC . Jump up ^ Allan Heinberg ( writer ) , Randy Zisk ( director ) ( October 18 , 2007 ) . `` The Heart of the Matter '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 4 . Episode 4 . ABC . Jump up ^ Mark Wilding ( writer ) , Rob Corn ( director ) ( November 15 , 2007 ) . `` Forever Young '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 4 . Episode 8 . ABC . Jump up ^ Shonda Rhimes ( writer ) , Rob Corn ( director ) ( May 22 , 2008 ) . `` Freedom , Part 2 '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 4 . Episode 17 . ABC . Jump up ^ William Harper ( writer ) , Joanna Kerns ( director ) ( November 6 , 2008 ) . `` Rise Up '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 5 . Episode 7 . ABC . Jump up ^ Jenna Bans ( writer ) , Rob Corn ( director ) ( March 12 , 2009 ) . `` I Will Follow You Into the Dark '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 5 . Episode 17 . ABC . Jump up ^ Stacy McKee ( writer ) , Ed Ornelas ( director ) ( March 26 , 2009 ) . `` Elevator Love Letter '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 5 . Episode 19 . ABC . Jump up ^ Shonda Rhimes ( writer ) , Rob Corn ( director ) ( May 7 , 2009 ) . `` What a Difference a Day Makes '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 5 . Episode 22 . ABC . Jump up ^ Debora Cahn ( writer ) , Rob Corn ( director ) ( May 14 , 2009 ) . `` Now or Never '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 5 . Episode 24 . ABC . Jump up ^ Shonda Rhimes ( writer ) , Rob Corn ( director ) ( September 24 , 2009 ) . `` Good Mourning ; Goodbye '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 6 . Episode 01 . ABC . Jump up ^ ABC , Network ( October 15 , 2009 ) . `` Invasion Synopsis '' . ABC . Retrieved September 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Network , ABC ( January 21 , 2010 ) . `` I Like You So Much Better When You 're Naked Synopsis '' . ABC . Retrieved September 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Network , ABC ( May 6 , 2010 ) . `` How Insensitive Synopsis '' . ABC . Retrieved September 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Network , ABC ( May 20 , 2010 ) . `` Death and All His Friends Synopsis '' . ABC . Retrieved September 6 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Bardin , Brantley ( November 2006 ) . `` Katherine Heigl Gives Us Fever '' . Cosmopolitan . Hearst Magazines . Retrieved May 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Gay , Jason ( March 2007 ) . `` This Wo n't Hurt A Bit '' . GQ . Peter King Hunsinger . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2007 . Retrieved May 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Keck , William ; Wloszczyna , Susan ( May 21 , 2007 ) . `` Katherine Heigl positively glows '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . Retrieved May 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Elber , Lynn ( June 12 , 2008 ) . `` Katherine Heigl Rejects Emmy Possibility , Slams `` Grey 's '' Material `` . The Huffington Post . Retrieved May 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Katherine Heigl 's Character May Get Fatal Brain Tumor on Grey 's '' . Us Weekly . Wenner Media . July 16 , 2008 . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2009 . Retrieved May 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Martin , Ed ( July 17 , 2008 ) . `` Something Major to Happen to Katherine Keigl 's Character on Grey 's Anatomy and It 's Not Death ... Yet . '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved May 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( October 24 , 2008 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Exclusive : Denny 's Back ! '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved May 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Starr , Michael ( February 10 , 2009 ) . `` Izzie and George Leaving ' Grey 's Anatomy ' '' . New York Post . Paul Carlucci . Retrieved May 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Hammel , Sara ( February 13 , 2009 ) . `` T.R. Knight , Katherine Heigl Not Leaving Grey 's Anatomy '' . People . Time Inc . Retrieved May 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Elber , Lynn ( March 27 , 2009 ) . `` Heigl : She 's willing to stay if `` Grey 's ' wants her '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . Retrieved July 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt ( June 19 , 2009 ) . `` ABC Makes It Official : Heigl Is Staying on Grey 's '' . TV Guide . Retrieved July 21 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Ausiello , Michael ( March 25 , 2010 ) . `` Exclusive : Katherine Heigl on being ' disappointed ' in herself and the truth behind Emmygate '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved April 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( March 24 , 2010 ) . `` This week 's cover ( exclusive ! ) : Katherine Heigl confirms ' Grey 's Anatomy ' departure '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved April 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( April 1 , 2010 ) . `` Izzie 's Farewell Scene '' . Entertainment Weekly . kheigl.com . Retrieved May 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( August 22 , 2010 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Exclusive : Closure is coming for Alex / Izzie fans '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved August 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( October 29 , 2010 ) . `` Exclusive : ' Grey 's Anatomy ' boss vetoes controversial Alex / Izzie plot '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved September 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Katherine Heigl On ' Grey 's Anatomy ' : ' That Chapter Is Closed ' Jump up ^ `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' : Katherine Heigl wants to return '' . Inside TV . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Katherine Heigl Regrets Leaving ' Grey 's Anatomy ' ( VIDEO ) Jump up ^ ' Grey 's Anatomy ' : Katherine Heigl not returning , plus finale scoop from Shonda Rhimes Jump up ^ Grey 's Anatomy Boss Shonda Rhimes Crushes My Katherine Heigl Comeback Dream : ' I 'm Done With That Story ' TV Line , Retrieved August 6 , 2015 ^ Jump up to : Rorke , Robert ( November 12 , 2006 ) . `` Heart Throb - Grey 's Anatomy Katherine Heigl on , Sex , Love and Cupcakes '' . New York Post . Paul Carlucci . Retrieved September 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Rhimes , Shonda ( October 23 , 2005 ) . `` From Shonda Rhimes , creator , Executive Producer and writer of `` Bring the Pain '' `` . Grey Matter . ABC . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2009 . Retrieved May 15 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Rhimes , Shonda ( May 17 , 2006 ) . `` From Shonda Rhimes ( FINALLY ) ... '' . Grey Matter . ABC . Archived from the original on March 19 , 2013 . Retrieved May 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Rhimes , Shonda ( May 7 , 2006 ) . `` Shonda on `` Damage Case '' `` . Grey Matter . ABC . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2009 . Retrieved May 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ McKee , Stacy ( February 26 , 2006 ) . `` From Stacy McKee , writer of `` What Have I Done To Deserve This ? '' `` . Grey Matter . ABC . Archived from the original on December 19 , 2012 . Retrieved May 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Robe , Blythe ( April 3 , 2006 ) . `` From Blythe Robe , writer of `` Name of the Game '' `` . Grey Matter . ABC . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2009 . Retrieved May 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Klaviter , Elizabeth ( April 30 , 2006 ) . `` From Elizabeth Klaviter , writer of `` Blues for Sister Someone '' `` . Grey Matter . ABC . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2009 . Retrieved May 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Wilding , Mark ( May 14 , 2006 ) . `` From Mark Wilding , writer of `` 17 Seconds '' `` . Grey Matter . ABC . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2009 . Retrieved May 15 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Bennetts , Leslie ( January 2008 ) . `` Heigl 's Anatomy '' . Vanity Fair . Condé Nast Publications . Retrieved May 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Hollerup , Natasha ( February 27 , 2007 ) . `` The Season that `` Grey 's Anatomy '' Became Riveting `` . Yahoo ! Voices . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Iley , Chrissy ( March 30 , 2008 ) . `` Katherine Heigl : from Grey 's Anatomy to 27 Dresses '' . The Times . London : Times Newspapers . Retrieved May 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Gallo , Phil ( January 13 , 2008 ) . `` ' Atonement , ' ' Sweeney ' win Globes '' . Variety . Reed Elsevier . Retrieved May 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` People 's Choice Awards sidestep strike '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . January 9 , 2008 . Retrieved May 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Lehner , Marla ( September 18 , 2007 ) . `` Katherine Heigl : Nobody Thought I 'd Win the Emmy '' . People . Time Inc . Retrieved May 9 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Levine , Stuart ( August 13 , 2007 ) . `` Supporting Actress : Drama - Shades of ' Grey ' for ABC 's hospital gal pals '' . Variety . Reed Elsevier . Retrieved May 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Best TV Doctors For Surgeon General '' . Fox News . Retrieved January 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Martin , Rebecca ( December 31 , 2012 ) . `` The 10 Hottest Female Doctors on TV '' . Wetpaint . The Cambio Network . Retrieved January 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 16 Hottest Doctors On Television '' . BuzzFeed . September 28 , 2012 . Retrieved January 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Peralta , Eyder ( February 16 , 2007 ) . `` Tsk . Tsk . Ethics these days . '' . Houston Chronicle . Hearst Corporation . Retrieved July 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Hughes , Sarah ( November 17 , 2008 ) . `` The power of Heroes worship '' . The Guardian . Guardian Media Group . Retrieved May 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Collins , Scott ( February 10 , 2009 ) . `` Katherine Heigl & T.R. Knight : Are they really set to exit ' Grey 's Anatomy ? ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Eddy Hartenstein . Retrieved July 21 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : McNamara , Mary ( May 15 , 2009 ) . `` Dead or alive on ' Grey 's Anatomy ' ? '' . Los Angeles Times . Eddy Hartenstein . Retrieved September 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Toff , Benjamin ; Itzkoff , David ( May 8 , 2009 ) . `` ABC 's Wedding Gift '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved May 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Szabo , Liz ( May 18 , 2009 ) . `` Doctors , patients say ' Grey 's ' cancer story is n't accurate '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . Retrieved July 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ O'Brien , Ben ( May 26 , 2009 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' and melanoma '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . Retrieved July 21 , 2009 . General `` Grey 's Anatomy : Episode Recap Guide '' . ABC . Retrieved June 19 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Grey 's Anatomy portal Fictional characters portal Izzie Stevens on IMDb ( hide ) Grey 's Anatomy Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Characters ( cast members ) Meredith Grey Cristina Yang Izzie Stevens Alex Karev George O'Malley Miranda Bailey Richard Webber Derek Shepherd Preston Burke Addison Montgomery Mark Sloan Callie Torres Lexie Grey Erica Hahn Owen Hunt Sadie Harris Arizona Robbins Teddy Altman Jackson Avery April Kepner Amelia Shepherd Stephanie Edwards Maggie Pierce Other Awards and nominations Soundtrack Video game Private Practice A Corazón Abierto ( Mexican telenovela ) A Corazón Abierto ( Colombian telenovela ) Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Izzie_Stevens&oldid=799212795 '' Categories : Grey 's Anatomy characters Fictional models Fictional surgeons Fictional characters from Washington ( state ) Fictional characters introduced in 2005 Fictional characters with cancer Fictional female doctors Hidden categories : Good articles Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Español فارسی Français Hrvatski Italiano Македонски Polski Português Српски / srpski Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 6 September 2017 , at 10 : 11 . About Wikipedia | what season of grey's does izzy get cancer | [
"Heigl garnered critical acclaim for her performance as Izzie and received numerous awards and nominations for her role, winning the \"Outstanding Supporting Actress In A Drama Series\" at the 2007 Emmy Awards. She was critical of the character's development during the show's fourth season, particularly her romance with George. She declined to put herself forward for the 2008 Emmy Awards, citing insufficient material in the role. After speculation that Izzie would be killed off in the fifth season, the character was diagnosed with Stage 4 metastatic melanoma. She married Alex in the series' one-hundredth episode, and afterwards, her tumor was successfully removed. Izzie made her final appearance in the sixth season, leaving Seattle after Alex ended their relationship. Heigl requested to be released from her contract 18 months early, in order to spend more time with her family. In January 2012, Heigl reported that she would like to return to Grey's Anatomy to give closure to her character, however, Rhimes confirmed that there were no plans to have the character return at that time and has since stated that she has no plans to ever re-approach Izzie's storyline again."
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-261180949508940639 | Vidhan Sabha | Vidhan Sabha - Wikipedia Vidhan Sabha For the upper house , see Vidhan Parishad . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) India This article is part of a series on the politics and government of India Constitution and law ( show ) Constitutional amendment Basic structure doctrine Fundamental rights Human rights -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Code of Civil Procedure , 1908 Uniform civil code Code of Criminal Procedure , 1973 Indian Penal Code Law enforcement Government of India ( show ) President ( Head of state ) ( List ) Vice president ( List ) -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Executive : Prime minister ( Head of government ) ( List ) Union Council of Ministers Cabinet secretary Secretaries : ( Defence Finance Foreign Home ) Civil services All India Services ( IAS IFS / IFoS IPS ) -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Legislature : Parliament Rajya Sabha ( Chairman ) Lok Sabha ( Speaker ) Judiciary : Supreme court ( Chief justice ) High courts ( Chief justices ) District courts Elections ( show ) Election commission : Chief Election Commissioner ( Election commissioners ) Recent general elections : 2009 2014 2019 Recent state elections : 2017 2018 2019 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Political parties National parties State parties National coalitions : National Democratic Alliance ( NDA ) United Progressive Alliance ( UPA ) Federalism ( show ) Administrative divisions -- -- -- -- -- -- -- State governments Governors ( List ) Chief ministers ( List ) Chief secretary ( Principal secretaries ) Field - level officers Divisional commissioners District magistrates Sub-divisional magistrates Legislatures : Vidhan Sabha Vidhan Parishad -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Local governments : Rural bodies : District councils Block panchayats Gram Panchayats Urban bodies : Municipal corporations Municipal councils Nagar panchayats Other countries Atlas The Vidhan Sabha the Legislative Assembly is the lower house ( in states with bicameral ) or the sole house ( in unicameral states ) of the state legislature in the different states of India . The same name is also used for the lower house of the legislatures for two of the Union Territories , Delhi and Puducherry . The upper house in the seven states with a bicameral legislature is called the Legislative Council , or Vidhan Parishad . Members of a Vidhan Sabha are direct representatives of the people of the particular state as they are directly elected by an electorate consisting of all citizens above the age of 18 of that state . Its maximum size as outlined in the Constitution of India is not more than 500 members and not fewer than 60 members . However , the size of the Vidhan Sabha can be fewer than 59 members through an Act of Parliament : such is the case in the states of Goa , Sikkim , Mizoram and the Union Territory of Puducherry . In some states the Governor may appoint 1 member to Governors ) to Vidhan Sabha are referred to as Members of Legislative Assembly or MLAs . Each Vidhan Sabha assembles for a five - year term , after which all seats are up for election . During a state of emergency , its term may be extended past five years or it may be dissolved . The term of the Legislative Assembly is five years . But it may be dissolved even earlier than five years by the Governor on the request of the Chief Minister . The term of a Legislative Assembly may be extended during an Emergency , but not by more than six months at a time . A Vidhan Sabha can also be dissolved if a motion of no confidence is passed within it against the majority party or coalition . Contents 1 Qualifications required to become a member 2 Special powers of the Vidhan Sabha 3 List of Vidhan Sabhas 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Qualifications required to become a member ( edit ) To become a member of a Vidhan Sabha , a person must be a citizen of India , not less than 25 years of age . He or she should be mentally sound and should not be bankrupt . He or she should also state an affidavit that there are no criminal procedures against him or her . Speaker of Vidhan Sabha who is responsible for the conduct of business of the body , and also a Deputy Speaker to preside during the Speaker 's absence . The Speaker acts as a neutral judge and manages all debates and discussions in the house . Usually he or she is a member of the stronger political party A Vidhan Sabha holds equal legislative power with the upper house of state legislature , the Vidhan Parishad ( ' Legislative Council ' ) , except in the area of money bills in which case the Vidhan Sabha has the ultimate authority . Special powers of the Vidhan Sabha ( edit ) A motion of no confidence against the government in the state can only be introduced in the Vidhan Sabha . If it is passed by a majority vote , then the Chief Minister and his Council of Ministers must collectively resign . A money bill can only be introduced in Vidhan Sabha . In bicameral jurisdictions , after it is passed in the Vidhan Sabha , it is sent to the Vidhan Parishad , where it can be kept for a maximum time of 14 days . In matters related to ordinary bills , the will of Legislative Assembly prevails and there is no provision of joint sitting . In such cases , Legislative council can delay the legislation by maximum 4 months ( 3 months in first visit and 1 month in the second visit of the bill ) . List of Vidhan Sabhas ( edit ) Vidhan Sabha ( Legislative Assembly ) Image List of constituencies Location / state capital Number of Constituency Governing party Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly List of constituencies of Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Amaravathi 175 Telugu Desam Party Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly List of constituencies of Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly Itanagar 60 Bharatiya Janata Party Assam Legislative Assembly List of constituencies of Assam Legislative Assembly Dispur 126 Bharatiya Janata Party Bihar Legislative Assembly List of constituencies of Bihar Legislative Assembly Patna 243 Janata Dal ( United ) Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly List of constituencies of Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly Naya Raipur 90 Bharatiya Janata Party Delhi Legislative Assembly List of constituencies of Delhi Legislative Assembly New Delhi 70 Aam Aadmi Party Goa Legislative Assembly List of constituencies of Goa Legislative Assembly Panaji 40 Bharatiya Janata Party Gujarat Legislative Assembly List of constituencies of Gujarat Legislative Assembly Gandhinagar 182 Bharatiya Janata Party Haryana Legislative Assembly List of constituencies of Haryana Legislative Assembly Chandigarh 90 Bharatiya Janata Party Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly List of constituencies of Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly Shimla 68 Bharatiya Janata Party Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly List of constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly Srinagar 87 Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party Jharkhand Legislative Assembly List of constituencies of Jharkhand Legislative Assembly Ranchi 81 Bharatiya Janata Party Karnataka Legislative Assembly List of constituencies of Karnataka Legislative Assembly Bengaluru 224 Janata Dal ( Secular ) Kerala Legislative Assembly List of constituencies of Kerala Legislative Assembly Thiruvananthapuram 140 Communist Party of India ( Marxist ) Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly List of constituencies of Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly Bhopal 230 Bharatiya Janata Party Maharashtra Legislative Assembly List of constituencies of Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Mumbai Nagpur ( Winter ) 288 Bharatiya Janata Party Manipur Legislative Assembly List of constituencies of Manipur Legislative Assembly Imphal 60 Bharatiya Janata Party Meghalaya Legislative Assembly List of constituencies of Meghalaya Legislative Assembly Shillong 60 National People 's Party Mizoram Legislative Assembly List of constituencies of Mizoram Legislative Assembly Aizawl 40 Indian National Congress Nagaland Legislative Assembly List of constituencies of Nagaland Legislative Assembly Kohima 60 Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party Odisha Legislative Assembly List of constituencies of Odisha Legislative Assembly Bhubaneshwar 147 Biju Janata Dal Puducherry Legislative Assembly List of constituencies of Puducherry Legislative Assembly Pondicherry 30 Indian National Congress Punjab Legislative Assembly List of constituencies of Punjab Legislative Assembly Chandigarh 117 Indian National Congress Rajasthan Legislative Assembly List of constituencies of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly Jaipur 200 Bharatiya Janata Party Sikkim Legislative Assembly List of constituencies of Sikkim Legislative Assembly Gangtok 32 Sikkim Democratic Front Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly List of constituencies of Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Chennai 234 All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam Telangana Legislative Assembly List of constituencies of Telangana Legislative Assembly Hyderabad 119 Telangana Rashtra Samithi Tripura Legislative Assembly List of constituencies of Tripura Legislative Assembly Agartala 60 Bharatiya Janata Party Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly List of constituencies of Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly Lucknow 403 Bharatiya Janata Party Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly List of constituencies of Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly Dehradun 70 Bharatiya Janata Party West Bengal Legislative Assembly List of constituencies of West Bengal Legislative Assembly Kolkata 294 All India Trinamool Congress Total -- -- 4120 -- See also ( edit ) Politics of India State Assembly elections in India Vidhan Parishad References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Bihar Vidhan Sabha '' . vidhansabha.bih.nic.in . Retrieved 12 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Election Commission of India '' . eci.nic.in . Retrieved 12 January 2017 . External links ( edit ) Legislative Bodies in India website Assembly constituency level publications website Laws of India website to download laws made by different states Punjab Vidhan Sabha Election Results 2012 Elections in India General elections 1920 1923 1926 1930 1934 1945 1951 -- 52 1957 1962 1967 1971 1977 1980 1984 1989 1991 1998 1999 2009 2014 2019 State elections 1920 1923 1926 1930 1934 1937 1946 1952 1954 1955 1957 1960 1961 1962 1964 1965 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1977 1978 1979 1980 1982 1984 1985 1989 2017 2018 2019 See also : Elections in Andhra Pradesh Arunachal Pradesh Assam Bihar Chhattisgarh Delhi Goa Gujarat Haryana Himachal Pradesh Jammu and Kashmir Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Manipur Meghalaya Mizoram Nagaland Odisha Puducherry Punjab Rajasthan Sikkim Tamil Nadu Telangana Tripura Uttar Pradesh Uttarakhand West Bengal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vidhan_Sabha&oldid=851883985 '' Categories : State legislatures of India State lower houses in India Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from April 2015 All articles needing additional references Use Indian English from May 2013 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা فارسی Français ગુજરાતી हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia ಕನ್ನಡ മലയാളം मराठी தமிழ் తెలుగు اردو Tiếng Việt 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 July 2018 , at 05 : 58 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | which is the largest vidhan sabha in india | [
"\n\nVidhan Sabha (Legislative Assembly)\n\nImage\nList of constituencies\nLocation/state capital\nNumber of Constituency\nGoverning party\n\n\nAndhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly\n\n\nList of constituencies of Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly\n\nAmaravathi\n175\nTelugu Desam Party\n\n\nArunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly\n\n\nList of constituencies of Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly\nItanagar\n60\nBharatiya Janata Party\n\n\nAssam Legislative Assembly\n\n\nList of constituencies of Assam Legislative Assembly\nDispur\n126\nBharatiya Janata Party\n\n\nBihar Legislative Assembly\n\n\nList of constituencies of Bihar Legislative Assembly\nPatna\n243\nJanata Dal (United)\n\n\nChhattisgarh Legislative Assembly\n\n\nList of constituencies of Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly\n\nNaya Raipur\n90\nBharatiya Janata Party\n\n\nDelhi Legislative Assembly\n\n\nList of constituencies of Delhi Legislative Assembly\nNew Delhi\n70\nAam Aadmi Party\n\n\nGoa Legislative Assembly\n\n\nList of constituencies of Goa Legislative Assembly\nPanaji\n40\nBharatiya Janata Party\n\n\nGujarat Legislative Assembly\n\n\nList of constituencies of Gujarat Legislative Assembly\n\nGandhinagar\n182\nBharatiya Janata Party\n\n\nHaryana Legislative Assembly\n\n\nList of constituencies of Haryana Legislative Assembly\nChandigarh\n90\nBharatiya Janata Party\n\n\nHimachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly\n\n\nList of constituencies of Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly\nShimla\n68\nBharatiya Janata Party\n\n\nJammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly\n\n\nList of constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly\n\nSrinagar\n87\nJammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party\n\n\nJharkhand Legislative Assembly\n\n\nList of constituencies of Jharkhand Legislative Assembly\nRanchi\n81\nBharatiya Janata Party\n\n\nKarnataka Legislative Assembly\n\n\nList of constituencies of Karnataka Legislative Assembly\nBengaluru\n224\nJanata Dal (Secular)\n\n\nKerala Legislative Assembly\n\n\nList of constituencies of Kerala Legislative Assembly\nThiruvananthapuram\n140\nCommunist Party of India (Marxist)\n\n\nMadhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly\n\n\nList of constituencies of Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly\nBhopal\n230\nBharatiya Janata Party\n\n\nMaharashtra Legislative Assembly\n\n\n\nList of constituencies of Maharashtra Legislative Assembly\n\nMumbai\nNagpur (Winter)\n\n288\nBharatiya Janata Party\n\n\nManipur Legislative Assembly\n\n\nList of constituencies of Manipur Legislative Assembly\nImphal\n60\nBharatiya Janata Party\n\n\nMeghalaya Legislative Assembly\n\n\nList of constituencies of Meghalaya Legislative Assembly\nShillong\n60\nNational People's Party\n\n\nMizoram Legislative Assembly\n\n\nList of constituencies of Mizoram Legislative Assembly\nAizawl\n40\nIndian National Congress\n\n\nNagaland Legislative Assembly\n\n\nList of constituencies of Nagaland Legislative Assembly\nKohima\n60\nNationalist Democratic Progressive Party\n\n\nOdisha Legislative Assembly\n\n\nList of constituencies of Odisha Legislative Assembly\nBhubaneshwar\n147\nBiju Janata Dal\n\n\nPuducherry Legislative Assembly\n\n\nList of constituencies of Puducherry Legislative Assembly\nPondicherry\n30\nIndian National Congress\n\n\nPunjab Legislative Assembly\n\n\nList of constituencies of Punjab Legislative Assembly\nChandigarh\n117\nIndian National Congress\n\n\nRajasthan Legislative Assembly\n\n\nList of constituencies of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly\nJaipur\n200\nBharatiya Janata Party\n\n\nSikkim Legislative Assembly\n\n\nList of constituencies of Sikkim Legislative Assembly\nGangtok\n32\nSikkim Democratic Front\n\n\nTamil Nadu Legislative Assembly\n\n\nList of constituencies of Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly\nChennai\n234\nAll India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam\n\n\nTelangana Legislative Assembly\n\n\nList of constituencies of Telangana Legislative Assembly\nHyderabad\n119\nTelangana Rashtra Samithi\n\n\nTripura Legislative Assembly\n\n\nList of constituencies of Tripura Legislative Assembly\nAgartala\n60\nBharatiya Janata Party\n\n\nUttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly\n\n\nList of constituencies of Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly\nLucknow\n403\nBharatiya Janata Party\n\n\nUttarakhand Legislative Assembly\n\n\nList of constituencies of Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly\nDehradun\n70\nBharatiya Janata Party\n\n\nWest Bengal Legislative Assembly\n\n\nList of constituencies of West Bengal Legislative Assembly\nKolkata\n294\nAll India Trinamool Congress\n\n\nTotal\n\n\n—\n—\n4120[2]\n—\n"
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"Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly"
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4133916473128964077 | Nasal bridge | Nasal bridge - Wikipedia Nasal bridge Jump to : navigation , search Nasal bridge is the bony part of the nose , overlying the nasal bones . The nasal bridge is the upper , bony part of the human nose , which overlies the nasal bones . Dysmorphology ( edit ) Low - rooted nasal bridges are closely associated with epicanthic folds . A lower nasal bridge is more likely to cause an epicanthic fold , and vice versa . A lower or higher than average nasal bridge can be a sign of various genetic disorders , such as fetal alcohol syndrome . A flat nasal bridge can be a sign of Down syndrome ( Trisomy 21 ) , Fragile X syndrome or fetal alcohol syndrome . An appearance of a widened nasal bridge can be seen with dystopia canthorum , which is a lateral displacement of the inner canthi of the eyes . Dystopia canthorum is associated with Waardenburg syndrome . See also ( edit ) Aquiline nose Bridge piercing References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Montagu , A. ( 1989 ) Growing Young N.Y. : McGraw Hill pp. 40 Jump up ^ Genetic Hearing Loss from UTMB , Dept. of Otolaryngology . DATE : March 17 , 2004 . RESIDENT PHYSICIAN : Jing Shen . FACULTY PHYSICIAN : Ronald W. Deskin , MD . SERIES EDITORS : Francis B. Quinn , Jr. , MD and Matthew W. Ryan , MD . Jump up ^ Tagra S , Talwar AK , Walia RL , Sidhu P ( 2006 ) . `` Waardenburg syndrome '' . Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 72 ( 4 ) : 326 . PMID 16880590 . doi : 10.4103 / 0378 - 6323.26718 . This human musculoskeletal system article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nasal_bridge&oldid=749218411 '' Categories : Nose Musculoskeletal system stubs Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 13 November 2016 , at 03 : 43 . About Wikipedia | where is the bridge of the nose located | [
"The nasal bridge is the upper, bony part of the human nose, which overlies the nasal bones."
] | [
"the upper, bony part of the human nose, which overlies the nasal bones"
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1738791277968798154 | Legality of polygamy | Legality of polygamy - wikipedia Legality of polygamy Jump to : navigation , search Polygamy legal Unknown data Polygamy legal for Muslims , illegal for non-Muslims Polygamy is illegal but practice is decriminalized Polygamy is illegal and practice is criminalized In India , Malaysia , Philippines , Singapore , and Sri Lanka polygamy is only legal for Muslims . In Nigeria and South Africa , polygamous marriages under customary law and for Muslims are legally recognized . In Mauritius , polygamous unions have no legal recognition . Muslim men may , however , `` marry '' up to four women , but they do not have the legal status of wives . The legality of polygamy varies widely around the world . Polygamy is legal in 58 out of nearly 200 sovereign states , the vast majority of them being Muslim - majority countries situated in Africa and Asia . In most of these states , polygyny is allowed and legally sanctioned . Polyandry is illegal in virtually every state in the world . The rest of the sovereign states do not recognize polygamous marriages . Contents ( hide ) 1 Countries that recognize polygamous marriages 1.1 Africa 1.2 Asia 1.3 Oceania 2 Countries that only recognize polygamous marriages for Muslims 2.1 Asia 3 Countries that do not recognize polygamous marriages 3.1 Africa 3.1. 1 Under customary law 3.1. 2 Illegal de jure but still practiced 3.2 Americas 3.3 Asia 3.3. 1 Under customary law 3.3. 2 Illegal de jure but still practiced 3.4 Europe 3.5 Oceania 4 Current legislation 4.1 Civil unions 4.2 International law 5 Notable legislation 5.1 To permit polygamy 5.2 To outlaw polygamy 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References Countries that recognize polygamous marriages ( edit ) Africa ( edit ) Algeria Cameroon Chad Central African Republic Republic of the Congo Djibouti Egypt Gabon : Both men and women can join in polygamous marriage with the other gender under Gabonese law . In practice , the right to multiple spouses is reserved for men only . The Gambia Guinea Libya Kenya : Polygyny legal under legislation passed in 2014 . Mali Mauritania Morocco Nigeria ( only in some states ) São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Somalia South Sudan Sudan Swaziland Togo Tanzania Uganda Zambia Asia ( edit ) Afghanistan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Indonesia ( except for in the provinces of Maluku , North Maluku , Papua , and West Papua ) Iran Iraq ( except for in Iraqi Kurdistan ) Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Maldives Myanmar Oman Qatar Pakistan Saudi Arabia Sri Lanka Syria ( except in Syrian Kurdistan ) United Arab Emirates Yemen Oceania ( edit ) Solomon Islands Countries that only recognize polygamous marriages for Muslims ( edit ) Note : These countries are included separately because they have specific legislation aimed only at Muslims . Asia ( edit ) India Malaysia Philippines Singapore Sri Lanka Countries that do not recognize polygamous marriages ( edit ) Africa ( edit ) Benin Côte d'Ivoire : Polygamy may be punishable by six months to three years imprisonment , or a fine of CFA 50,000 to CFA 500,000 ( US $80 to US $800 ) . Eritrea : Illegal since 1977 , after 2015 polygamy is punishable with `` a definite term of imprisonment of not less than 6 months and not more than 12 months , or a fine of 20,001 -- 50,000 Nakfas . '' Ethiopia Seychelles Tunisia , where it has been banned since 1956 Under customary law ( edit ) Botswana Lesotho Liberia Malawi Namibia Niger Nigeria ( only in some states ) : Recognized in all northern Sharia states Sierra Leone South Africa : Recognized under customary law , and recognised for civil purposes in terms of the Recognition of Customary Marriages Act . Zimbabwe Illegal de jure but still practiced ( edit ) Angola Burkina Faso Burundi Cabo Verde Democratic Republic of the Congo Equatorial Guinea Ghana Guinea - Bissau Madagascar Mauritius Mayotte ( French territory ) ( not criminalized ) : Considered to be de facto illegal since a referendum sponsored by France in March 2009 , forcing the island to comply with the French laws . However , pre-existing Muslim marriages are currently still valid . Mozambique Rwanda Americas ( edit ) Main article : Polygamy in North America Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Bahamas Barbados Belize Bolivia Brazil Canada : All forms of polygamy , and some informal multiple sexual relationships , are illegal under section 293 of the Criminal Code . Bigamy is banned by section 290 . However , for a long time , the law banning polygamy has not been efficient . As of January 2009 , no person had been successfully prosecuted , i.e. convicted , in over sixty years . In 2009 , two acquittals on polygamy charges , arising out of the town of Bountiful , British Columbia , prompted the government of British Columbia to pose a reference question to the Supreme Court of British Columbia ( i.e. , the superior trial court ) . The reference questions asked if criminalisation of polygamy was consistent with the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms ; and , if so , under what circumstances could people be legally punished for polygamy . In November 2011 the court released its 335 page long decision , which was that the criminal offence of polygamy is indeed constitutional , but that it should not be used to prosecute minors for having taken part of a polygamous marriage . Chief Justice Robert Bauman conceded that there is a conflict between this law and some civil right principles , but stated that there are other and `` more important '' issues which in this case take precedence . He wrote ( as quoted by CBC news ) : `` I have concluded that this case is essentially about harm . More specifically , Parliament 's reasoned apprehension of harm arising out of the practice of polygamy . This includes harm to women , to children , to society and to the institution of monogamous marriage . '' Bauman argued that there are cases where the `` wives '' ( who may be rather young ; sometimes as young as 12 years ) are abducted and abused , but because they believe in a faith promoting polygamy , they are not willing to bring complaints to the authorities . He reasons that these offences sometimes may be stopped by applying anti-polygamy legislation . The decision was welcomed by the Attorney General of British Columbia , and by a representative for the group Stop Polygamy in Canada . Likewise , according to the CBC news , some polyamorous groups in Canada expressed their relief , since Bauman had stated that the law should n't apply to them unless they decide to formalize their unions . Women 's rights were central to decision . Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Guyana Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru St. Kitts and Nevis St. Lucia St. Vincent and The Grenadines Suriname Trinidad and Tobago Bigamy laws throughout the United States Misdemeanor Felony All forms of cohabitation outlawed United States : Polygamy is illegal in all 50 states but not federally . From about 1847 to 1857 , in what is now the state of Utah , many Mormons practiced polygamy , which was widely condemned in the rest of the US . The US federal government threatened The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints ( LDS Church ) and made polygamy illegal through the enforcement of Acts of Congress such as the Morrill Anti-Bigamy Act . The LDS Church formally outlawed the practice in 1890 , in a document labeled ' The Manifesto ' . Small splinter groups from the LDS Church , such as Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - Day Saints and the Apostolic United Brethren still practice polygamy and awareness has been increased through television dramas such as Big Love and reality shows such as Sister Wives . Among American Muslims , a small minority of around 50,000 to 100,000 people are estimated to live in families with a husband maintaining an informal polygamous relationship . Uruguay Venezuela Asia ( edit ) Armenia Azerbaijan China : Polygamy is illegal under Marriage Law passed in 1980 . This replaced a similar 1950 prohibition . In Hong Kong , polygamy ended with the passing of the Marriage Act of 1971 . Georgia Japan Kyrgyzstan Mongolia North Korea South Korea Taiwan : Polygamy is illegal by the 1930 ROC civil law . Tajikistan Turkey : Polygamy was criminalized in 1926 with the adoption of the Turkish Civil Code , part of Atatürk 's secularist reforms . Penalties for illegal polygamy are up to 5 years imprisonment . Turkey has long been known for its promotion of secularism , and has introduced measures establishing stricter bars against polygamy ; these were passed by the ruling moderate Islamist AK Parti as well . In March 2009 , AK Parti effectively banned polygamists from entering or living in the country . Turkmenistan Uzbekistan Vietnam Under customary law ( edit ) Palestine Illegal de jure but still practiced ( edit ) Cambodia Israel : While polygamy is forbidden according to the criminal law of the State of Israel , polygamous marriages contracted abroad are recognized , and polygamous marriages are legally valid for Jews and Muslims if they are valid according to Jewish law or Islamic , respectively . Adult consensual polygamy is not in fact prosecuted , though it is only widely practiced by Muslims . Kazakhstan Laos Nepal : Criminalized with sentence of one to three years and fine up to Rs 25,000 . However , the second marriage is not annulled and once the completion of the sentence , the second wife carries equal footing as the first one . Even the government pension provided to the wife of the retired government employee after his death is split by the government . Russia : Factual polygamy and sexual relationships with several adult partners are not punishable in accordance with current revisions of Criminal Code of Russia and Code of the Russian Federation on Administrative Offenses . But multiple marriage ca n't be registered and officially recognised by Russian authorities because Family Code of Russia ( section 14 and others ) prohibits registration of marriage if one of person is in another registered marriage in Russia or another country . Polygamy is tolerated in predominantly Muslim republics such as Chechnya , Ingushetia , and Dagestan . Thailand Timor - Leste Europe ( edit ) Albania Andorra Austria Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria : Illegal and punishable with up to three years imprisonment . Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland : The official prosecutor is obliged to take all cases to a court where more two persons are married to each other and such relationships cease to exist after the court has decided it . Polygamic marriages performed abroad may be recognized only in narrow occasions , for instance in child custody matters . France : Civil marriage registry illegal . Germany : Illegal , punishable with fine or prison time up to three years . Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland : The Catholic Church in Ireland allowed someone with a church annulment but no civil annulment to remarry in church ; such a marriage was legally null and bigamous but no prosecutions were brought . The practice ended after the 1996 legalisation of divorce . In 2017 , the Supreme Court ruled that if someone had two legal marriages abroad , only the first was legal in Ireland , though ' that did not necessarily mean ( the second ) marriage `` can never have legal consequences ( in Ireland ) '' ' . Italy Kosovo Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands : Marriage between more than two individuals prohibited ; however , a samenlevingscontract may include more than two partners . It legally accepts immigrants who are in such a union from a country where it is legal ; e.g. if a man with two wives immigrates to The Netherlands , all three will be legally recognized . Norway Poland Portugal Romania : Bigamy , defined as marriage conducted by a person which is already married , is punishable by up to 2 years in prison or fine . Knowingly marrying a married person is punishable by up to 1 year in prison or by fine . Russian Federation San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden : Sweden recognizes polygamous marriages performed abroad , and all spouses are subsequently registered as spouses in the population register , but other spouses than the first spouse may not always be recognized in all occasions . Only the first spouse is recognized as a spouse when decisions are made on residence permits and social security . A Swede may have four spouses registered at most . Switzerland : Polygamy is illegal by law . But polygamous marriage conducted in another country may be accepted or rejected on a case - by - case basis . Ukraine United Kingdom : Foreign polygamous marriages grant some welfare benefits only , but this is being phased out with the introduction of Universal Credit . Polygamy is treated as bigamy if a second marriage ( or civil partnership ) is contracted in the United Kingdom . No legal recognition is extended to spouses of subsequent marriages after the first marriage is recognised even when subsequent marriages are contracted abroad . Vatican City ( Holy See ) Oceania ( edit ) Australia : Polygamous marriages can not be performed in Australia , but polygamous relationships are still common within some indigenous Australian communities . Polygamous marriages entered into abroad are recognised for limited purposes only . Fiji Kiribati Marshall Islands Micronesia Nauru New Zealand : Polygamous marriages can not be performed in New Zealand , but are permissible if they are legally performed in a country that permits polygamy . Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu Current legislation ( edit ) In most countries , a person who marries a person while still being lawfully married to another commits bigamy . In all such cases , the second marriage is considered legally null and void . Besides the second and subsequent marriages being void , the bigamist is also liable to other penalties , which vary between jurisdictions . The United Kingdom , Australia , and New Zealand permit some benefits for spouses of polygamous marriages performed in other countries . On a case by case basis Sweden recognizes polygamous marriages performed abroad but without giving residence or social security rights to other spouses . In Switzerland polygamous marriages conducted in another country may be accepted or rejected on a case - by - case basis . see § Europe . In the Canadian province of Saskatchewan , which allows simultaneous , additional marital rights and obligations for already married persons , prior to married persons becoming divorced from their existing spouse . The vast majority of Muslim majority sovereign states recognize polygamous marriages : these states span from West Africa to Southeast Asia . Exceptions to the legality of polygamy in the Middle East occur in Israel , Turkey and Tunisia . The Palestinian territories -- consisting of West Bank and Gaza Strip -- permit polygamous unions for Muslim citizens of the territories . Predominantly Christian nations usually do not allow polygamy , with a handful of exceptions such as the Republic of the Congo , Uganda , and Zambia . Myanmar ( formerly known as Burma ) is also the only predominately Buddhist nation to allow for civil polygamous marriages . Almost a dozen countries that do not permit polygamous civil marriages recognize polygamous marriages under customary law . All the northern states in Nigeria governed by Islamic Sharia law recognize polygamous marriages . The autonomous regions of Somaliland and Puntland in northern Somalia also recognize polygamy , as does the country 's Transitional Federal Government itself , since the country is governed by Sharia law . The recently independent country of Southern Sudan also recognizes polygamy . Polyandry is de facto the norm in rural areas of Tibet , although it is illegal under Chinese family law . Polygamy continues in Bhutan in various forms as it has since ancient times . It is also found in parts of Nepal , despite its formal illegality in the country . Debates of legalizing polygamous marriages continue in Central Asian countries . Civil unions ( edit ) Brazil -- A legally married person or a married couple cohabiting with one or more sexual partner ( s ) is prohibited by law as bigamy , which is punishable by two to six years of imprisonment , and is valid for every Brazilian citizen , including naturalized ones . In 5 May 2011 long - term cohabitation between non-married persons , known as união estável ( `` stable union '' ) , was extended to same - sex couples , recognized as a family entity and granted all 112 rights of married couples -- its only legal difference from marriage is that it does not change individual civil status from single to married . One of such uniões estáveis , in Tupã , São Paulo , was registered involving a man and two women , as reported in August 2012 . A second união estável - bound trio took place in the city of Rio de Janeiro , this time between three women , in October 2015 . International law ( edit ) In 2000 , the United Nations Human Rights Committee reported that polygamy violates the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights ( ICCPR ) , citing concerns that the lack of `` equality of treatment with regard to the right to marry '' meant that polygamy , restricted to polygyny in practice , violates the dignity of women and should be outlawed . Specifically , the reports to UN Committees have noted violations of the ICCPR due to these inequalities and reports to the General Assembly of the UN have recommended it be outlawed . Some states where polygamy is legal are not signatories of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights ( ICCPR ) , including Saudi Arabia , United Arab Emirates , Qatar , Oman , Malaysia , Brunei , South Sudan and Myanmar ; therefore the UN treaty does n't apply to these countries . It has been argued by the Department of Justice of Canada that polygyny is a violation of International Human Rights Law . Notable legislation ( edit ) The tables below cover recent pieces of legislation that have been either debated , proposed or voted on ; all of which concern a form of polygamous union . To permit polygamy ( edit ) Country Date Polygamous union Upper House Lower House Head of State Final outcome Yes No Yes No Iraq 1963 Polygamous civil marriage ( revoke of prohibitions ) Passed Passed Signed Yes United Kingdom 1987 or earlier Foreign marriages may receive benefits payments , being phased out Malawi Customary law ( recognizes polygamous unions ) Passed Passed Signed Yes Libya 1998 Polygamous civil marriage Passed Passed Signed Yes South Africa 1998 Customary marriage ( civil recognition ) Passed Passed Signed Yes Namibia 2003 Customary law ( recognizes polygamous unions ) Passed Passed Signed Yes Namibia Pension benefits to wives of a deceased president - Failed - No Uganda 2005 Polygamous civil marriage ( easing of laws ; plus restrictions ) Passed Passed Signed Yes Kyrgyzstan 2007 Polygamous civil marriage Failed - - - No Kazakhstan 2007 Polygamous civil marriage Failed - - - No Uzbekistan 2007 Polygamous civil marriage Failed - - - No Tajikistan 2007 Polygamous civil marriage Failed - - - No Turkmenistan 2007 Polygamous civil marriage Failed - - - No Kazakhstan June 2008 Polygamous civil marriage Failed - - - No Iran September 2008 Polygamous civil marriage ( easing of laws ) Failed - - - No Namibia July 2009 Polygamous civil marriage Proposed - - - - Russia 2009 Polygamous civil marriage Proposed - - - - Kenya March 2014 Polygamous civil marriage Passed - - - Yes To outlaw polygamy ( edit ) Country Date Prohibition type Upper House Lower House Head of State Final outcome Yes No Yes No United States July 1862 Morrill Anti-Bigamy Act , which made polygamy a misdemeanor offense in US territories and other areas where the federal government has exclusive jurisdiction . ' ' Signed Yes United States March 1882 Edmunds Act , which reinforced Morrill by making polygamy a felony in the jurisdictions covered by Morrill ; also prohibited `` bigamous '' or `` unlawful cohabitation '' as a misdemeanor offense , which removed the need to prove that actual marriages had occurred in order to obtain convictions on polygamy related charges . Passed Passed Signed Yes Turkestan ASSR ( modern Kyrgyzstan ) October 1921 Outlaws polygamy Passed Passed Signed Yes Thailand October 1935 Outlaws polygamy ; polygamous marriage Passed Passed Signed Yes North Vietnam ( modern Vietnam ) October 1950 Outlaws polygamy Passed Passed Signed Yes Syria 1953 Restrictions on polygamous marriage Passed Passed Signed Yes India 1955 Outlaws polygamy and polygamous marriages for Hindus only Passed Passed Signed Yes Tunisia 1956 Ban on polygamy ; polygamous marriages Passed Passed Signed Yes Iraq 1959 Ban on polygamy ; polygamous marriage Passed Passed Signed Revoked Côte d'Ivoire 1964 New penal code outlaws polygamy ; polygamous marriages ( upholds existing ) Passed Passed Signed Yes British Hong Kong ( modern Hong Kong ) 1971 Outlaws polygamy Passed Passed Signed Yes Eritrean People 's Liberation Front ( modern Eritrea ) 1977 Outlaws polygamy ; polygamous marriage ( districts under Sharia exempt ) Passed Passed Signed Yes Egypt 1979 Restrictions on polygamous marriage ; ease of divorce laws Passed ; abrogated - - - No Egypt 1985 Restrictions on polygamous marriage ( less liberal ) Passed Passed Signed Yes France Outlaws family reunion for polygamist immigrants Passed Passed Signed Yes Uganda December 2003 Outlaws polygamy Failed - - No Morocco 2003 Restrictions on polygamous marriage Passed Passed Signed Yes Benin August 2004 New penal code outlaws polygamy ; polygamous marriages ( upholds existing ) Passed Passed Signed Yes Morocco February 2005 Restrictions on polygamous marriage ( heavy restrictions ) Passed Passed Signed Yes Uganda July 2005 Outlaws polygamy Failed - - No Indonesia 2007 Bans civil servants from living polygamously Passed Passed Signed Yes Morocco May 2008 Restrictions on polygamous marriage ( heavy restrictions ) Passed Passed Signed Yes Uganda June 2008 Outlaws polygamy Failed - - No Iraqi Kurdistan Nov. 2008 Outlaws polygamy except in selective circumstances Passed Passed Signed Yes Mayotte March 2009 Mahoran status referendum , 2009 ( passage outlaws polygamy ) Territory - wide referendum Yes Turkey May 2009 Disallows polygamists from immigrating into the country Yes Indonesia July 2009 Restrictions on polygamous marriage Pending Pending - - Namibia July 2009 Ban on polygamy and polygamous customary marriages Proposed - - - - See also ( edit ) Polygamy List of polygamy court cases Notes ( edit ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Algeria -- Researched and compiled by the Refugee Documentation Centre of Ireland on 22 July 2011 : Information on forced marriages and polygamous marriages , including the treatment of women '' ( PDF ) . 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Jump up ^ `` OneLove Southern Africa Latest Posts / Blog Profile '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 23 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees . `` Refworld Kyrgyzstan . Political Conditions in the Post-Soviet Era '' . UNHCR . Retrieved 1 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Thailand Law Forum : Family Law of Thailand '' . Thailawforum.com. 1 October 1935 . Retrieved 1 October 2010 . Jump up ^ V. Jayaram ( 9 January 2007 ) . `` Hinduism and Polygamy '' . Hinduwebsite.com . Retrieved 1 October 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Women : Polygamy and Family Law -- Valentina M. Donini Reset Dialogues on Civilizations '' . Resetdoc.org . Retrieved 1 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The International Encyclopedia of Sexuality : Hong Kong '' ... hu-berlin.de. 30 June 1997 . Archived from the original on 5 November 2006 . Retrieved 1 October 2010 . Jump up ^ ( 4 ) Jump up ^ Pennink , Adrian ( 1 April 2001 ) . `` Thousands of families in despair as France enforces ban on polygamy -- Europe , World '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 1 October 2010 . ^ Jump up to : United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees . `` Refworld Uganda : Domestic violence , including legislation , statistics and attitudes toward domestic violence ; the availability of protection and support services '' . UNHCR . Retrieved 1 October 2010 . Jump up ^ United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees . `` Refworld Consideration of reports submitted by States parties under articles 16 and 17 of the Covenant : concluding observations of the Committee on Economic , Social and Cultural Rights : Benin '' . UNHCR . Retrieved 1 October 2010 . Jump up ^ United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees . `` Refworld Amnesty International Report 2005 -- Morocco / Western Sahara '' . UNHCR . Retrieved 1 October 2010 . Jump up ^ United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees ( 17 July 2005 ) . `` Refworld Violence Against Women in Northern Uganda '' . UNHCR . Retrieved 1 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` People 's Daily Online -- Planned polygamy ban stirs debate in Indonesia '' . English.peopledaily.com.cn. 6 December 2006 . Retrieved 1 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Polygamy Law Irks Iraq Kurds - ارشيف اسلام اونلاين '' . Islamonline.net. 2009 - 03 - 02 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ Angelique Chrisafis in Paris ( 26 March 2009 ) . `` Tiny island of the Indian Ocean keen to embrace French rule -- 34 years after gaining independence World news '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 1 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Polygamy in Turkey - Polygamy 411 '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 03 - 09 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Indonesia Tightens Polygamy Rules - ارشيف اسلام اونلاين '' . Islamonline.net. 2009 - 03 - 09 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 06 . Polygamous marriage by country Performed legally Nationwide Afghanistan Algeria Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cameroon Chad CAR Comoros Congo Djibouti Egypt Gabon The Gambia India Indonesia Iran Kenya Kuwait Libya Maldives Mauritania Morocco Myanmar Oman Pakistan Qatar Saudi Arabia Senegal Singapore Somalia Sri Lanka Sudan Tanzania Togo Uganda UAE Yemen Zambia Statewide Iraq Nigeria Palestine Gaza Strip West Bank Syria Recognized if performed legally abroad Australia ( 2008 ) New Zealand ( 1980 ) United Kingdom ( 2008 ; welfare only ) Recognized under customary law Botswana Burkina Faso Equatorial Guinea Guinea - Bissau Hong Kong ( performed until 1971 ) Jordan Lebanon Lesotho Liberia Malawi Mali Malaysia Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Sierra Leone South Africa Swaziland Zimbabwe Other countries and regions Angola Benin Burundi Canada DR Congo Côte d'Ivoire Eritrea Ethiopia France Ghana Guinea Iraqi Kurdistan Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Laos Mauritius Mexico Mongolia Niue Russia Rwanda Tajikistan Thailand Tunisia Turkey Turkmenistan United States Uzbekistan Vietnam Legal status Polygamy Polygyny Polyandry Non-monogamy Polygamy by country Marriage practice by country Kurdish - controlled areas criminalize polygamy Regions governed by Sharia Close plural relationships By type Group marriage Open marriage Open relationship Polyamory Polyandry Polyfidelity Polygamy Polygynandry Polygyny Relationship anarchy History and Culture Nikah Ijtimah Polygamy in Christianity Polygamy in North America Polygyny in Islam LDS / FLDS Origin Current state List of practitioners Celestial marriage Sealing Spiritual wifery Placement marriage Lost boys Polygamy czar Terms Compersion New relationship energy Primary and secondary Terminology within polyamory Values within polyamory Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Legality_of_polygamy&oldid=820076242 '' Categories : Polygamy Marriage law Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2017 CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) Use dmy dates from June 2016 All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from July 2016 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from February 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2015 Articles containing Portuguese - language text Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2013 Articles with failed verification from November 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی اردو Edit links This page was last edited on 12 January 2018 , at 23 : 08 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when was polygamy outlawed in the united states | [
"\n\nCountry\nDate\nProhibition type\nUpper House\nLower House\nHead of State\nFinal\noutcome\n\nYes\nNo\nYes\nNo\n\n\n\n United States\nJuly 1862\nMorrill Anti-Bigamy Act, which made polygamy a misdemeanor offense in US territories and other areas where the federal government has exclusive jurisdiction.\n'\n'\nSigned\n Yes\n\n\n United States\nMarch 1882\nEdmunds Act, which reinforced Morrill by making polygamy a felony in the jurisdictions covered by Morrill; also prohibited \"bigamous\" or \"unlawful cohabitation\" as a misdemeanor offense, which removed the need to prove that actual marriages had occurred in order to obtain convictions on polygamy related charges.\nPassed\nPassed\nSigned\n Yes\n\n\n Turkestan ASSR (modern Kyrgyzstan)\nOctober 1921\nOutlaws polygamy[159]\nPassed\nPassed\nSigned\n Yes\n\n\n Thailand\nOctober 1935\nOutlaws polygamy; polygamous marriage[160]\nPassed\nPassed\nSigned\n Yes\n\n\n North Vietnam (modern Vietnam)\nOctober 1950\nOutlaws polygamy\nPassed\nPassed\nSigned\n Yes\n\n\n Syria\n1953\nRestrictions on polygamous marriage[149]\nPassed\nPassed\nSigned\n Yes\n\n\n India\n1955\nOutlaws polygamy and polygamous marriages for Hindus only[161]\nPassed\nPassed\nSigned\n Yes\n\n\n Tunisia\n1956\nBan on polygamy; polygamous marriages[162]\nPassed\nPassed\nSigned\n Yes\n\n\n Iraq\n1959\nBan on polygamy; polygamous marriage[149]\nPassed\nPassed\nSigned\n Revoked\n\n\n Côte d'Ivoire\n1964\nNew penal code outlaws polygamy; polygamous marriages (upholds existing)\nPassed\nPassed\nSigned\n Yes\n\n\n British Hong Kong (modern Hong Kong)\n1971\nOutlaws polygamy[163]\nPassed\nPassed\nSigned\n Yes\n\n\n Eritrean People's Liberation Front (modern Eritrea)\n1977\nOutlaws polygamy; polygamous marriage (districts under Sharia exempt)[164]\nPassed\nPassed\nSigned\n Yes\n\n\n Egypt\n1979\nRestrictions on polygamous marriage; ease of divorce laws[162]\nPassed; abrogated\n-\n-\n-\n No\n\n\n Egypt\n1985\nRestrictions on polygamous marriage (less liberal)[162]\nPassed\nPassed\nSigned\n Yes\n\n\n France\n1993\nOutlaws family reunion for polygamist immigrants[165]\nPassed\nPassed\nSigned\n Yes\n\n\n Uganda\nDecember 2003\nOutlaws polygamy[166]\nFailed\n-\n-\n No\n\n\n Morocco\n2003\nRestrictions on polygamous marriage[162]\nPassed\nPassed\nSigned\n Yes\n\n\n Benin\nAugust 2004\nNew penal code outlaws polygamy; polygamous marriages (upholds existing)[167]\nPassed\nPassed\nSigned\n Yes\n\n\n Morocco\nFebruary 2005\nRestrictions on polygamous marriage (heavy restrictions)[168]\nPassed\nPassed\nSigned\n Yes\n\n\n Uganda\nJuly 2005\nOutlaws polygamy[169]\nFailed\n-\n-\n No\n\n\n Indonesia\n2007\nBans civil servants from living polygamously[170]\nPassed\nPassed\nSigned\n Yes\n\n\n Morocco\nMay 2008\nRestrictions on polygamous marriage (heavy restrictions)[citation needed]\nPassed\nPassed\nSigned\n Yes\n\n\n Uganda\nJune 2008\nOutlaws polygamy[166]\nFailed\n-\n-\n No\n\n\n Iraqi Kurdistan\nNov. 2008\nOutlaws polygamy except in selective circumstances[171]\nPassed\nPassed\nSigned\n Yes\n\n\n Mayotte\nMarch 2009\nMahoran status referendum, 2009 (passage outlaws polygamy)[172]\nTerritory-wide referendum\n Yes\n\n\n Turkey\nMay 2009\nDisallows polygamists from immigrating into the country[173][not in citation given]\n\n\n\n Yes\n\n\n Indonesia\nJuly 2009\nRestrictions on polygamous marriage[174]\nPending\nPending\n-\n-\n\n\n Namibia\nJuly 2009\nBan on polygamy and polygamous customary marriages\nProposed\n-\n-\n-\n-\n\n"
] | [
"March 1882"
] |
3529860016996347850 | Thomas Hardy | Thomas Hardy - wikipedia Thomas Hardy Jump to : navigation , search For other people named Thomas Hardy , see Thomas Hardy ( disambiguation ) . Thomas Hardy Hardy between about 1910 and 1915 ( 1840 - 06 - 02 ) 2 June 1840 Stinsford , Dorset , England 11 January 1928 ( 1928 - 01 - 11 ) ( aged 87 ) Dorchester , Dorset , England Resting place Stinsford parish church ( heart ) Poets ' Corner , Westminster Abbey ( ashes ) Occupation Novelist , poet , and short story writer Alma mater King 's College London Literary movement Naturalism , Victorian literature Notable works Tess of the d'Urbervilles , Far from the Madding Crowd , The Mayor of Casterbridge , Collected Poems Jude the Obscure Spouse Emma Gifford ( 1874 -- 1912 ) Florence Dugdale ( 1914 -- 1928 ) Signature Thomas Hardy , OM ( 2 June 1840 -- 11 January 1928 ) was an English novelist and poet . A Victorian realist in the tradition of George Eliot , he was influenced both in his novels and in his poetry by Romanticism , especially William Wordsworth . He was highly critical of much in Victorian society , especially on the declining status of rural people in Britain , such as those from his native South West England . While Hardy wrote poetry throughout his life and regarded himself primarily as a poet , his first collection was not published until 1898 . Initially , therefore , he gained fame as the author of such novels as Far from the Madding Crowd ( 1874 ) , The Mayor of Casterbridge ( 1886 ) , Tess of the d'Urbervilles ( 1891 ) , and Jude the Obscure ( 1895 ) . During his lifetime , Hardy 's poetry was acclaimed by younger poets ( particularly the Georgians ) who viewed him as a mentor . After his death his poems were lauded by Ezra Pound , W.H. Auden and Philip Larkin . Many of his novels concern tragic characters struggling against their passions and social circumstances , and they are often set in the semi-fictional region of Wessex ; initially based on the medieval Anglo - Saxon kingdom , Hardy 's Wessex eventually came to include the counties of Dorset , Wiltshire , Somerset , Devon , Hampshire and much of Berkshire , in southwest and south central England . Two of his novels , Tess of the d'Urbervilles and Far from the Madding Crowd , were listed in the top 50 on the BBC 's survey The Big Read . Contents ( hide ) 1 Life and career 1.1 Early life 1.2 Novel writing 1.3 Final years 2 Novels 3 Literary themes 4 Poetry 5 Religious beliefs 6 Locations in novels 7 Influence 8 Works 8.1 Prose 8.2 Poetry collections 8.3 Drama 9 Notes 10 References 11 Biographies and criticism 12 External links Life and career ( edit ) Early Life ( edit ) `` The Hardy Tree '' in Old St Pancras churchyard , growing between gravestones moved while Hardy was working there Thomas Hardy was born on 2 June 1840 in Higher Bockhampton ( then Upper Bockhampton ) , a hamlet in the parish of Stinsford to the east of Dorchester in Dorset , England , where his father Thomas ( 1811 -- 1892 ) worked as a stonemason and local builder , and married his mother Jemima ( née Hand ; 1813 -- 1904 ) in Beaminster , towards the end of 1839 . Jemima was well - read , and she educated Thomas until he went to his first school at Bockhampton at the age of eight . For several years he attended Mr. Last 's Academy for Young Gentlemen in Dorchester , where he learned Latin and demonstrated academic potential . Because Hardy 's family lacked the means for a university education , his formal education ended at the age of sixteen , when he became apprenticed to James Hicks , a local architect . Hardy trained as an architect in Dorchester before moving to London in 1862 ; there he enrolled as a student at King 's College London . He won prizes from the Royal Institute of British Architects and the Architectural Association . He joined Arthur Blomfield 's practice as assistant architect in April 1862 and worked with Blomfield on All Saints ' parish church in Windsor , Berkshire in 1862 -- 64 . A reredos , possibly designed by Hardy , was discovered behind panelling at All Saints ' in August 2016 . In the mid-1860s , Hardy was in charge of the excavation of part of the graveyard of St Pancras Old Church prior to its destruction when the Midland Railway was extended to a new terminus at St Pancras . Hardy never felt at home in London , because he was acutely conscious of class divisions and his social inferiority . During this time he became interested in social reform and the works of John Stuart Mill . He was also introduced by his Dorset friend Horace Moule to the works of Charles Fourier and Auguste Comte . After five years , concerned about his health , he returned to Dorset , settling in Weymouth , and decided to dedicate himself to writing . Novel writing ( edit ) Max Gate in 2015 In 1870 , while on an architectural mission to restore the parish church of St Juliot in Cornwall , Hardy met and fell in love with Emma Gifford , whom he married in Kensington in the autumn of 1874 . In 1885 Thomas and his wife moved into Max Gate , a house designed by Hardy and built by his brother . Although they later became estranged , Emma 's subsequent death in 1912 had a traumatic effect on him and after her death , Hardy made a trip to Cornwall to revisit places linked with their courtship ; his Poems 1912 -- 13 reflect upon her death . In 1914 , Hardy married his secretary Florence Emily Dugdale , who was 39 years his junior . However , he remained preoccupied with his first wife 's death and tried to overcome his remorse by writing poetry . In 1910 , Hardy had been awarded the Order of Merit and was also for the first time nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature . He would be nominated for the prize eleven years later . Final years ( edit ) Florence Hardy at the seashore , 1915 Hardy became ill with pleurisy in December 1927 and died at Max Gate just after 9 pm on 11 January 1928 , having dictated his final poem to his wife on his deathbed ; the cause of death was cited , on his death certificate , as `` cardiac syncope '' , with `` old age '' given as a contributory factor . His funeral was on 16 January at Westminster Abbey , and it proved a controversial occasion because Hardy had wished for his body to be interred at Stinsford in the same grave as his first wife , Emma . His family and friends concurred ; however , his executor , Sir Sydney Carlyle Cockerell , insisted that he be placed in the abbey 's famous Poets ' Corner . A compromise was reached whereby his heart was buried at Stinsford with Emma , and his ashes in Poets ' Corner . Hardy 's estate at death was valued at £ 95,418 ( £ 5184767 in 2015 sterling ) . Shortly after Hardy 's death , the executors of his estate burnt his letters and notebooks , but twelve documents survived , one of them containing notes and extracts of newspaper stories from the 1820s , and research into these has provided insight into how Hardy used them in his works . In the year of his death Mrs Hardy published The Early Life of Thomas Hardy , 1841 -- 1891 , compiled largely from contemporary notes , letters , diaries , and biographical memoranda , as well as from oral information in conversations extending over many years . Hardy 's work was admired by many younger writers , including D.H. Lawrence , John Cowper Powys , and Virginia Woolf . In his autobiography Goodbye to All That ( 1929 ) , Robert Graves recalls meeting Hardy in Dorset in the early 1920s and how Hardy received him and his new wife warmly , and was encouraging about his work . Hardy 's birthplace in Bockhampton and his house Max Gate , both in Dorchester , are owned by the National Trust . Novels ( edit ) Thomas Hardy 's birthplace and cottage at Higher Bockhampton , where Under the Greenwood Tree and Far from the Madding Crowd were written View of the River Frome from the bridge at Lower Bockhampton . In Tess of the d'Urbervilles the lowland vale of the river is described as the Vale of the Great Dairies , in comparison to Tess 's home , the fertile Vale of Blackmore , which is the Vale of Little Dairies . Hardy 's first novel , The Poor Man and the Lady , finished by 1867 , failed to find a publisher . He then showed it to his mentor and friend , the Victorian poet and novelist , George Meredith , who felt that The Poor Man and the Lady would be too politically controversial and might damage Hardy 's ability to publish in the future . So Hardy followed his advice and he did not try further to publish it . He subsequently destroyed the manuscript , but used some of the ideas in his later work . After he abandoned his first novel , Hardy wrote two new ones that he hoped would have more commercial appeal , Desperate Remedies ( 1871 ) and Under the Greenwood Tree ( 1872 ) , both of which were published anonymously ; it was while working on the latter that he met Emma Gifford , who would become his wife . In 1873 A Pair of Blue Eyes , a novel drawing on Hardy 's courtship of Emma , was published under his own name . The term `` cliffhanger '' is considered to have originated with the serialised version of this story ( which was published in Tinsley 's Magazine between September 1872 and July 1873 ) in which Henry Knight , one of the protagonists , is left literally hanging off a cliff . In his next novel Far from the Madding Crowd ( 1874 ) , Hardy first introduced the idea of calling the region in the west of England , where his novels are set , Wessex . Wessex had been the name of an early Saxon kingdom , in approximately the same part of England . Far from the Madding Crowd was successful enough for Hardy to give up architectural work and pursue a literary career . Over the next twenty - five years Hardy produced ten more novels . Subsequently , the Hardys moved from London to Yeovil , and then to Sturminster Newton , where he wrote The Return of the Native ( 1878 ) . Hardy published Two on a Tower in 1882 , a romance story set in the world of astronomy . Then in 1885 , they moved for the last time , to Max Gate , a house outside Dorchester designed by Hardy and built by his brother . There he wrote The Mayor of Casterbridge ( 1886 ) , The Woodlanders ( 1887 ) , and Tess of the d'Urbervilles ( 1891 ) , the last of which attracted criticism for its sympathetic portrayal of a `` fallen woman '' and was initially refused publication . Its subtitle , A Pure Woman : Faithfully Presented , was intended to raise the eyebrows of the Victorian middle classes . A major location of The Return of the Native as part of Hardy 's fictional Egdon Heath . Jude the Obscure , published in 1895 , met with an even stronger negative response from the Victorian public because of its controversial treatment of sex , religion and marriage . Furthermore , its apparent attack on the institution of marriage caused further strain on Hardy 's already difficult marriage because Emma Hardy was concerned that Jude the Obscure would be read as autobiographical . Some booksellers sold the novel in brown paper bags , and the Bishop of Wakefield , Walsham How , is reputed to have burnt his copy . In his postscript of 1912 , Hardy humorously referred to this incident as part of the career of the book : `` After these ( hostile ) verdicts from the press its next misfortune was to be burnt by a bishop -- probably in his despair at not being able to burn me '' . Despite this , Hardy had become a celebrity by the 1900s , but some argue that he gave up writing novels because of the criticism of both Tess of the D'Urbervilles and Jude the Obscure . The Well - Beloved , first serialised in 1892 , was published in 1897 . Hardy painted by William Strang , 1893 Literary themes ( edit ) Considered a Victorian realist , Hardy examines the social constraints on the lives of those living in Victorian England , and criticises those beliefs , especially those relating to marriage , education and religion , that limited people 's lives and caused unhappiness . Such unhappiness , and the suffering it brings , is seen by poet Philip Larkin as central in Hardy 's works : `` What is the intensely maturing experience of which Hardy 's modern man is most sensible ? In my view it is suffering , or sadness , and extended consideration of the centrality of suffering in Hardy 's work should be the first duty of the true critic for which the work is still waiting ( ... ) Any approach to his work , as to any writer 's work , must seek first of all to determine what element is peculiarly his , which imaginative note he strikes most plangently , and to deny that in this case it is the sometimes gentle , sometimes ironic , sometimes bitter but always passive apprehension of suffering is , I think , wrong - headed . '' In Two on a Tower , for example , Hardy takes a stand against these rules of society with a story of love that crosses the boundaries of class . The reader is forced to reconsider the conventions set up by society for the relationships between women and men . Nineteenth - century society had conventions , which were enforced . In this novel Swithin St Cleeve 's idealism pits him against such contemporary social constraints . `` In a novel structured around contrasts , the main opposition is between Swithin St Cleeve and Lady Viviette Constantine , who are presented as binary figures in a series of ways : aristocratic and lower class , youthful and mature , single and married , fair and dark , religious and agnostic ... she ( Lady Viviette Constantine ) is also deeply conventional , absurdly wishing to conceal their marriage until Swithin has achieved social status through his scientific work , which gives rise to uncontrolled ironies and tragic - comic misunderstandings . '' Fate or chance is another important theme . Hardy 's characters often encounter crossroads on a journey , a junction that offers alternative physical destinations but which is also symbolic of a point of opportunity and transition , further suggesting that fate is at work . Far From the Madding Crowd is an example of a novel in which chance has a major role : `` Had Bathsheba not sent the valentine , had Fanny not missed her wedding , for example , the story would have taken an entirely different path . '' Indeed , Hardy 's main characters often seem to be held in fate 's overwhelming grip . Poetry ( edit ) Thomas Hardy by Walter William Ouless , 1922 For online poems , see `` Poetry collections '' below . In 1898 Hardy published his first volume of poetry , Wessex Poems , a collection of poems written over 30 years . While some suggest that Hardy gave up writing novels following the harsh criticism of Jude the Obscure in 1896 , the poet C.H. Sisson calls this `` hypothesis '' `` superficial and absurd '' . In the twentieth century Hardy published only poetry . Thomas Hardy wrote in a great variety of poetic forms including lyrics , ballads , satire , dramatic monologues , and dialogue , as well as a three - volume epic closet drama The Dynasts ( 1904 -- 08 ) , and though in some ways a very traditional poet , because he was influenced by folksong and ballads , he `` was never conventional , '' and `` persistently experiment ( ed ) with different , often invented , stanza forms and metres , and made use of `` rough - hewn rhythms and colloquial diction '' . Hardy wrote a number of significant war poems that relate to both the Boer Wars and World War I , including `` Drummer Hodge '' , `` In Time of ' The Breaking of Nations ' '' , and `` The Man He Killed '' ; his work had a profound influence on other war poets such as Rupert Brooke and Siegfried Sassoon . Hardy in these poems often used the viewpoint of ordinary soldiers and their colloquial speech . A theme in the Wessex Poems is the long shadow that the Napoleonic Wars cast over the nineteenth century , as seen , for example , in `` The Sergeant 's Song '' and `` Leipzig '' . The Napoleonic War is the subject of The Dynasts . Some of Hardy 's most famous poems are from `` Poems of 1912 -- 13 '' , part of Satires of Circumstance ( 1914 ) , written following the death of his wife Emma in 1912 . They had been estranged for twenty years and these lyric poems express deeply felt `` regret and remorse '' . Poems like `` After a Journey , '' `` The Voice , '' and others from this collection `` are by general consent regarded as the peak of his poetic achievement '' . In a recent biography on Hardy , Claire Tomalin argues that Hardy became a truly great English poet after the death of his first wife , Emma , beginning with these elegies , which she describes as among `` the finest and strangest celebrations of the dead in English poetry . '' A portrait of Thomas Hardy in 1923 Many of Hardy 's poems deal with themes of disappointment in love and life , and `` the perversity of fate '' , but the best of them present these themes with `` a carefully controlled elegiac feeling '' . Irony is also an important element in a number of Hardy 's poems , including `` The Man he Killed '' and `` Are You Digging on My Grave '' . A few of Hardy 's poems , such as `` The Blinded Bird '' , a melancholy polemic against the sport of vinkenzetting , reflect his firm stance against animal cruelty , exhibited also in his antivivisectionist views and his membership in The Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals . A number of notable English composers , including Gerald Finzi , Benjamin Britten , and Gustav Holst , set poems by Hardy to music . Holst also wrote the orchestral tone poem Egdon Heath : A Homage to Thomas Hardy in 1927 . Although his poems were initially not as well received as his novels had been , Hardy is now recognised as one of the greatest twentieth - century poets , and his verse has had a profound influence on later writers , including Robert Frost , W.H. Auden , Dylan Thomas , and , most notably Philip Larkin . Larkin included twenty - seven poems by Hardy compared with only nine by T.S. Eliot in his edition of the Oxford Book of Twentieth Century English Verse in 1973 . There were also fewer poems by W.B. Yeats . Religious beliefs ( edit ) Thomas Hardy aged 70 , by William Strang Hardy 's family was Anglican , but not especially devout . He was baptised at the age of five weeks and attended church , where his father and uncle contributed to music . However , he did not attend the local Church of England school , instead being sent to Mr Last 's school , three miles away . As a young adult , he befriended Henry R. Bastow ( a Plymouth Brethren man ) , who also worked as a pupil architect , and who was preparing for adult baptism in the Baptist Church . Hardy flirted with conversion , but decided against it . Bastow went to Australia and maintained a long correspondence with Hardy , but eventually Hardy tired of these exchanges and the correspondence ceased . This concluded Hardy 's links with the Baptists . The irony and struggles of life , coupled with his naturally curious mind , led him to question the traditional Christian view of God : The Christian God -- the external personality -- has been replaced by the intelligence of the First Cause ... the replacement of the old concept of God as all - powerful by a new concept of universal consciousness . The ' tribal god , man - shaped , fiery - faced and tyrannous ' is replaced by the ' unconscious will of the Universe ' which progressively grows aware of itself and ' ultimately , it is to be hoped , sympathetic ' . Scholars have debated Hardy 's religious leanings for years , often unable to reach a consensus . However , Hardy 's religious life seems to have mixed agnosticism , deism , and spiritism . Once , when asked in correspondence by a clergyman , Dr A.B. Grosart , about the question of reconciling the horrors of human and animal life with `` the absolute goodness and non-limitation of God '' , Hardy replied , Mr. Hardy regrets that he is unable to offer any hypothesis which would reconcile the existence of such evils as Dr. Grosart describes with the idea of omnipotent goodness . Perhaps Dr. Grosart might be helped to a provisional view of the universe by the recently published Life of Darwin and the works of Herbert Spencer and other agnostics . Hardy frequently conceived of , and wrote about , supernatural forces , particularly those that control the universe through indifference or caprice , a force he called The Immanent Will . He also showed in his writing some degree of fascination with ghosts and spirits . Even so , he retained a strong emotional attachment to the Christian liturgy and church rituals , particularly as manifested in rural communities , that had been such a formative influence in his early years , and Biblical references can be found woven throughout many of Hardy 's novels . Hardy 's friends during his apprenticeship to John Hicks included Horace Moule ( one of the eight sons of Henry Moule ) , and the poet William Barnes , both ministers of religion . Moule remained a close friend of Hardy 's for the rest of his life , and introduced him to new scientific findings that cast doubt on literal interpretations of the Bible , such as those of Gideon Mantell . Moule gave Hardy a copy of Mantell 's book The Wonders of Geology ( 1848 ) in 1858 , and Adelene Buckland has suggested that there are `` compelling similarities '' between the `` cliffhanger '' section from A Pair of Blue Eyes and Mantell 's geological descriptions . It has also been suggested that the character of Henry Knight in A Pair of Blue Eyes was based on Horace Moule . Grave of Thomas Hardy 's heart at Stinsford parish church Locations in novels ( edit ) Sites associated with Hardy 's own life and which inspired the settings of his novels continue to attract literary tourists and casual visitors . For locations in Hardy 's novels see : Thomas Hardy 's Wessex , and the Thomas Hardy 's Wessex research site , which includes maps . Influence ( edit ) Hardy corresponded with and visited Lady Catherine Milnes Gaskell at Wenlock Abbey and many of Lady Catherine 's books are inspired by Hardy , who was very fond of her . D.H. Lawrence 's Study of Thomas Hardy ( 1936 ) , indicates the importance of Hardy for him , even though this work is a platform for Lawrence 's own developing philosophy rather than a more standard literary study . The influence of Hardy 's treatment of character , and Lawrence 's own response to the central metaphysic behind many of Hardy 's novels , helped significantly in the development of The Rainbow ( 1915 ) and Women in Love ( 1920 ) . Wood and Stone ( 1915 ) , the first novel by John Cowper Powys , who was a contemporary of Lawrence , was `` Dedicated with devoted admiration to the greatest poet and novelist of our age Thomas Hardy '' . Powys 's later novel Maiden Castle ( 1936 ) is set in Dorchester , Hardy 's Casterbridge , and was intended by Powys to be a `` rival '' to Hardy 's The Mayor of Casterbridge . Maiden Castle is the last of Powys 's so - called Wessex novels , Wolf Solent ( 1929 ) , A Glastonbury Romance ( 1932 ) , and Weymouth Sands ( 1934 ) , which are set in Somerset and Dorset . Hardy was clearly the starting point for the character of the novelist Edward Driffield in W. Somerset Maugham 's novel Cakes and Ale ( 1930 ) . Thomas Hardy 's works also feature prominently in the American playwright Christopher Durang 's The Marriage of Bette and Boo ( 1985 ) , in which a graduate thesis analysing Tess of the d'Urbervilles is interspersed with analysis of Matt 's family 's neuroses . Hardy has been a significant influence on Nigel Blackwell , frontman of the post-punk British rock band Half Man Half Biscuit , who has often incorporated phrases ( some obscure ) by or about Hardy , into his song lyrics . Works ( edit ) The title page from a first edition of Far from the Madding Crowd ( 1874 ) Prose ( edit ) Hardy divided his novels and collected short stories into three classes : Novels of character and environment The Poor Man and the Lady ( 1867 , unpublished and lost ) Under the Greenwood Tree : A Rural Painting of the Dutch School ( 1872 ) Far from the Madding Crowd ( 1874 ) The Return of the Native ( 1878 ) The Mayor of Casterbridge : The Life and Death of a Man of Character ( 1886 ) The Woodlanders ( 1887 ) Wessex Tales ( 1888 , a collection of short stories ) Tess of the d'Urbervilles : A Pure Woman Faithfully Presented ( 1891 ) Life 's Little Ironies ( 1894 , a collection of short stories ) Jude the Obscure ( 1895 ) Romances and fantasies A Pair of Blue Eyes : A Novel ( 1873 ) The Trumpet - Major ( 1880 ) Two on a Tower : A Romance ( 1882 ) A Group of Noble Dames ( 1891 , a collection of short stories ) The Well - Beloved : A Sketch of a Temperament ( 1897 ) ( first published as a serial from 1892 ) Novels of ingenuity Desperate Remedies : A Novel ( 1871 ) The Hand of Ethelberta : A Comedy in Chapters ( 1876 ) A Laodicean : A Story of To - day ( 1881 ) Hardy also produced a number of minor tales ; one story , The Spectre of the Real ( 1894 ) was written in collaboration with Florence Henniker . An additional short - story collection , beyond the ones mentioned above , is A Changed Man and Other Tales ( 1913 ) . His works have been collected as the 24 - volume Wessex Edition ( 1912 -- 13 ) and the 37 - volume Mellstock Edition ( 1919 -- 20 ) . His largely self - written biography appears under his second wife 's name in two volumes from 1928 to 1930 , as The Early Life of Thomas Hardy , 1840 -- 91 and The Later Years of Thomas Hardy , 1892 -- 1928 , now published in a critical one - volume edition as The Life and Work of Thomas Hardy , edited by Michael Millgate ( 1984 ) . Short stories ( with date of first publication ) `` How I Built Myself A House '' ( 1865 ) `` Destiny and a Blue Cloak '' ( 1874 ) `` The Thieves Who Could n't Stop Sneezing '' ( 1877 ) `` The Duchess of Hamptonshire '' ( 1878 ) ( collected in A Group of Noble Dames ) `` The Distracted Preacher '' ( 1879 ) ( collected in Wessex Tales ) `` Fellow - Townsmen '' ( 1880 ) ( collected in Wessex Tales ) `` The Honourable Laura '' ( 1881 ) ( collected in A Group of Noble Dames ) `` What The Shepherd Saw '' ( 1881 ) ( collected in A Changed Man and Other Stories ) `` A Tradition of Eighteen Hundred and Four '' ( 1882 ) ( collected in Wessex Tales ) `` The Three Strangers '' ( 1883 ) ( collected in Wessex Tales ) `` The Romantic Adventures of a Milkmaid '' ( 1883 ) ( collected in A Changed Man and Other Stories ) `` Interlopers at the Knap '' ( 1884 ) ( collected in Wessex Tales ) `` A Mere Interlude '' ( 1885 ) ( collected in A Changed Man and Other Stories ) `` A Tryst at an Ancient Earthwork '' ( 1885 ) ( collected in A Changed Man and Other Stories ) `` Alicia 's Diary '' ( 1887 ) ( collected in A Changed Man and Other Stories ) `` The Waiting Supper '' ( 1887 -- 88 ) ( collected in A Changed Man and Other Stories ) `` The Withered Arm '' ( 1888 ) ( collected in Wessex Tales ) `` A Tragedy of Two Ambitions '' ( 1888 ) ( collected in Life 's Little Ironies ) `` The First Countess of Wessex '' ( 1889 ) ( collected in A Group of Noble Dames ) `` Anna , Lady Baxby '' ( 1890 ) ( collected in A Group of Noble Dames ) `` The Lady Icenway '' ( 1890 ) ( collected in A Group of Noble Dames ) `` Lady Mottisfont '' ( 1890 ) ( collected in A Group of Noble Dames ) `` The Lady Penelope '' ( 1890 ) ( collected in A Group of Noble Dames ) `` The Marchioness of Stonehenge '' ( 1890 ) ( collected in A Group of Noble Dames ) `` Squire Petrick 's Lady '' ( 1890 ) ( collected in A Group of Noble Dames ) `` Barbara of the House of Grebe '' ( 1890 ) ( collected in A Group of Noble Dames ) `` The Melancholy Hussar of The German Legion '' ( 1890 ) ( collected in Wessex Tales ) `` Absent - Mindedness in a Parish Choir '' ( 1891 ) `` The Winters and the Palmleys '' ( 1891 ) `` For Conscience ' Sake '' ( 1891 ) ( collected in Life 's Little Ironies ) `` Incident in Mr. Crookhill 's Life '' ( 1891 ) `` The Doctor 's Legend '' ( 1891 ) `` Andrey Satchel and the Parson and Clerk '' ( 1891 ) `` The History of the Hardcomes '' ( 1891 ) `` Netty Sargent 's Copyhold '' ( 1891 ) `` On The Western Circuit '' ( 1891 ) ( collected in Life 's Little Ironies ) `` A Few Crusted Characters : Introduction '' ( 1891 ) ( collected in Life 's Little Ironies ) `` The Superstitious Man 's Story '' ( 1891 ) `` Tony Kytes , the Arch - Deceiver '' ( 1891 ) `` To Please His Wife ( nl ) '' ( 1891 ) ( collected in Life 's Little Ironies ) `` The Son 's Veto '' ( 1891 ) ( collected in Life 's Little Ironies ) `` Old Andrey 's Experience as a Musician '' ( 1891 ) `` Our Exploits At West Poley '' ( 1892 -- 93 ) `` Master John Horseleigh , Knight '' ( 1893 ) `` The Fiddler of the Reels '' ( 1893 ) ( collected in Life 's Little Ironies ) `` An Imaginative Woman '' ( 1894 ) ( collected in Life 's Little Ironies ) `` The Spectre of the Real '' ( 1894 ) `` A Committee - Man of ' The Terror ' '' ( 1896 ) ( collected in A Changed Man and Other Stories ) `` The Duke 's Reappearance '' ( 1896 ) ( collected in A Changed Man and Other Stories ) `` The Grave by the Handpost '' ( 1897 ) ( collected in A Changed Man and Other Stories ) `` A Changed Man '' ( 1900 ) ( collected in A Changed Man and Other Stories ) `` Enter a Dragoon '' ( 1900 ) ( collected in A Changed Man and Other Stories ) `` Blue Jimmy : The Horse Stealer '' ( 1911 ) `` Old Mrs. Chundle '' ( 1929 ) `` The Unconquerable '' ( 1992 ) Poetry collections ( edit ) Wessex Poems and Other Verses ( 1898 ) Poems of the Past and the Present ( 1901 ) Time 's Laughingstocks and Other Verses ( 1909 ) Satires of Circumstance ( 1914 ) Moments of Vision ( 1917 ) Collected Poems ( 1919 ) Late Lyrics and Earlier with Many Other Verses ( 1922 ) Human Shows , Far Phantasies , Songs and Trifles ( 1925 ) Winter Words in Various Moods and Metres ( 1928 ) The Complete Poems ( Macmillan , 1976 ) Selected Poems ( Edited by Harry Thomas , Penguin , 1993 ) Hardy : Poems ( Everyman 's Library Pocket Poets , 1995 ) Thomas Hardy : Selected Poetry and Nonfictional Prose ( St. Martin 's Press , 1996 ) Selected Poems ( Edited by Robert Mezey , Penguin , 1998 ) Thomas Hardy : The Complete Poems ( Edited by James Gibson , Palgrave , 2001 ) Online poems : Poems by Thomas Hardy at Poetry Foundation and Poems by Thomas Hardy at poemhunter.com Drama ( edit ) The Dynasts : An Epic - Drama of the War with Napoleon ( verse drama ) The Dynasts , Part 1 ( 1904 ) The Dynasts , Part 2 ( 1906 ) The Dynasts , Part 3 ( 1908 ) The Famous Tragedy of the Queen of Cornwall at Tintagel in Lyonnesse ( 1923 ) ( one - act play ) Notes ( edit ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Taylor , Dennis ( Winter 1986 ) , `` Hardy and Wordsworth '' , Victorian Poetry , 24 ( 4 ) . Jump up ^ Watts , Cedric ( 2007 ) . Thomas Hardy : ' Tess of the d'Urbervilles ' . Humanities - Ebooks . pp. 13 , 14 . Jump up ^ `` BBC -- The Big Read '' . BBC . April 2003 , Retrieved 16 December 2016 Jump up ^ `` Thomas Hardy : The Time - Torn Man '' . the Guardian . ^ Jump up to : `` FreeBMD Home Page '' . www.freebmd.org.uk . Jump up ^ Tomalin , Claire ( 2007 ) , Thomas Hardy : the Time - torn Man , Penguin , pp. 30 , 36 . Jump up ^ Walsh , Lauren ( 2005 ) , `` Introduction '' , The Return of the Native , by Thomas Hardy ( print ) , Classics , New York : Barnes & Noble . Jump up ^ Flood , Alison ( 16 August 2016 ) . `` Thomas Hardy altarpiece discovered in Windsor church '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 17 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Legendary author Thomas Hardy 's lost contribution to Windsor church uncovered '' . Royal Borough Observer . Jump up ^ Burley , Peter ( 2012 ) . `` When steam railroaded history '' . Cornerstone. 33 ( 1 ) : 9 . Jump up ^ Gibson , James ( ed . ) ( 1975 ) Chosen Poems of Thomas Hardy , London : Macmillan Education ; p. 9 . Jump up ^ Hardy , Emma ( 1961 ) Some Recollections by Emma Hardy ; with some relevant poems by Thomas Hardy ; ed. by Evelyn Hardy & R. Gittings . London : Oxford University Press Jump up ^ `` Thomas Hardy -- the Time - Torn Man '' ( a reading of Claire Tomalin 's book of the same name ) , BBC Radio 4 , 23 October 2006 Jump up ^ `` Wiltshire Days Out -- Thomas Hardy at Stourhead '' . BBC . Retrieved 19 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Nomination Database '' . Jump up ^ Bradford , Charles Angell ( 1933 ) . Heart Burial . London : Allen & Unwin . p. 246 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 162 - 77181 - 6 . Jump up ^ From Probate Index for 1928 : `` Hardy O.M. Thomas of Max Gate Dorchester Dorsetshire died 11 January 1928 Probate London 22 February to Lloyds Bank Limited Effects £ 90707 14s 3d Resworn £ 95418 3s 1d . '' ^ Jump up to : `` Homeground : Dead man talking '' at the Wayback Machine ( archived 1 January 1996 ) BBC Online , 20 August 2003 ( Retrieved : 7 September 2009 ) Jump up ^ Steele , Bruce , ed. ( 1985 ) ( 1914 ) , `` Literary criticism and metaphysics '' , Study of Thomas Hardy and other essays , Cambridge University Press , ISBN 0 - 521 - 25252 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` The Novels of Thomas Hardy '' , The Common Reader , 2nd series . ^ Jump up to : J.B. Bullen ( 24 June 2013 ) . Thomas Hardy : The World of his Novels . Frances Lincoln . p. 143 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 78101 - 122 - 5 . Jump up ^ Thomas Hardy ( 17 November 2013 ) . Delphi Complete Works of Thomas Hardy ( Illustrated ) . Delphi Classics . pp. 570 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 908909 - 17 - 6 . Jump up ^ Hardy , Thomas ( 1998 ) . Jude the Obscure . Penguin Classics . p. 466 . ISBN 0 - 14 - 043538 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : `` Thomas Hardy '' , The Norton Anthology of English Literature , 7th edition , vol. 2 . New York : W.W. Norton , 2000 , p. 1916 . Jump up ^ Larkin , Philip 1983 , `` Wanted : Good Hardy Critic '' in Required Writing , London : Faber and Faber . Jump up ^ Geoffrey Harvey , Thomas Hardy : The Complete Critical Guide to Thomas Hardy . New York : Routledge , 2003 , p. 108 . Jump up ^ `` Far from the Madding Crowd , Thomas Hardy -- Introduction ( Twentieth - Century Literary Criticism . Ed . Linda Pavlovski . Vol. 153 . Gale Group , Inc. , '' . Enotes.com . Retrieved 7 September 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Introduction '' to the Penguin edition of Jude the Obscure ( 1978 ) . Harmondsworth : Penguin Books , 1984 , p. 13 . ^ Jump up to : `` Thomas Hardy ( British writer ) -- Encyclopædia Britannica '' . Britannica.com. 6 November 2013 . Retrieved 19 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Thomas Hardy '' , The Bloomsbury Guide to English Literature , ed . Marion Wynne Davies . New York : Prentice Hall , 1990 , p. 583 . Jump up ^ The Bloomsbury Guide , p. 583 . ^ Jump up to : `` Thomas Hardy Academy of American Poets '' . Poets.org. 11 January 1928 . Retrieved 19 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Axelrod , Jeremy . `` Thomas Hardy '' . The Poetry Foundation . Retrieved 19 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Katherine Kearney Maynard , Thomas Hardy 's Tragic Poetry : The Lyrics and The Dynasts . Iowa City : University of Iowa Press , 1991 , pp. 8 -- 12 . Jump up ^ Tomalin , Claire . `` Thomas Hardy . '' New York : Penguin , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Norton Anthology of English Literature , 7th edition , vol. 2 , p. 1916 . Jump up ^ Katherine Kearney Maynard , Thomas Hardy 's Tragic Poetry : The Lyrics and The Dynasts . Iowa City : University of Iowa Press , 1991 , pp8 - 12 . Jump up ^ Herbert N. Schneidau . Waking Giants : The Presence of the Past in Modernism . Retrieved 16 April 2008 . ( Google Books ) Jump up ^ Song cycle Earth and Air and Rain ( 1936 ) Jump up ^ `` Biography '' Gerald Finzi Official Site `` . Geraldfinzi.com. 27 September 1956 . Retrieved 19 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Song cycle Winter Words ( 1953 ) Jump up ^ `` Gustav Holst ( The Lied , Art Song , and Choral Texts Archive : Texts and Translations to Lieder , mélodies , canzoni , and other classical vocal music ) '' . Recmusic.org . Retrieved 19 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Poetry.org '' . Poets.org. 11 January 1928 . Retrieved 19 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Thomas Hardy '' , The Norton Anthology of English Literature , 7th edition , vol. 2 , p. 1916 . Jump up ^ Claire Tomalin , Thomas Hardy , The Time Torn Man ( Penguin , 2007 ) , pp. 46 -- 47 . Jump up ^ Wotton , G. ( 1985 ) , Thomas Hardy : Towards A Materialist Criticism , Lanham : Rowman & Littlefield , p. 36 Jump up ^ Florence Emily Hardy , The Early Life of Thomas Hardy , 1840 -- 1891 , p. 269 ^ Jump up to : Ellman , Richard , & O'Clair , Robert ( eds . ) 1988 . `` Thomas Hardy '' in The Norton Anthology of Modern Poetry , Norton , New York . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived 22 June 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Adelene Buckland : Thomas Hardy , Provincial Geology and the Material Imagination '' . Retrieved 10 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Thomas Hardy 's Wessex '' . St-andrews.ac.uk . Retrieved 19 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Thomas Hardy 's Wessex : The Evolution of Wessex '' . St-andrews.ac.uk . Retrieved 19 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Gamble , Cynthia , 2015 Wenlock Abbey 1857 -- 1919 : A Shropshire Country House and the Milnes Gaskell Family , Ellingham Press . Jump up ^ Terry R. Wright , `` Hardy 's Heirs : D.H. Lawrence and John Cowper Powys '' in A Companion to Thomas Hardy . Chichester , Sussex : John Wiley , 2012. ( 2 ) Jump up ^ Terry R. Wright , `` Hardy 's Heirs : D.H. Lawrence and John Cowper Powys '' Jump up ^ Morine Krissdottir , Descents of Memory : The Life of John Cowper Powys . ( New York : Overlook Duckworth , 2007 ) , p. 312 . Jump up ^ Herbert Williams , John Cowper Powys . ( Bridgend , Wales : Seren , 1997 ) , p. 94 . Jump up ^ `` Cakes and Ale '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition . Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. 2015 . Retrieved 26 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Christopher Durang The Marriage of Bette and Boo . New York : Grove Press , 1987. ( 3 ) Jump up ^ See for example the song `` Their damnation slumbereth not '' , which is a quotation from Thomas Hardy 's novel Tess of the d'Urbervilles , Hardy , Thomas ( 1891 ) . Tess of the d'Urbervilles . Chapter 12 . Retrieved 21 February 2015 . which is itself an adaptation of the Second Epistle of Peter at 2 : 3 : `` Their damnation slumbereth not '' . Jump up ^ Purdy , Richard ( October 1944 ) . `` Thomas Hardy And Florence Henniker : The Writing Of `` The Spectre Of The Real '' . Colby Library Quarterly , series 1 , no. 8 : 122 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Axelrod , Jeremy . `` Thomas Hardy '' . The Poetry Foundation . Retrieved 19 May 2014 . Jump up ^ http://www.poemhunter.com/i/ebooks/pdf/thomas_hardy_2004_9.pdf Biographies and criticism ( edit ) Armstrong , Tim . `` Player Piano : Poetry and Sonic Modernity '' in Modernism / Modernity 14.1 ( January 2007 ) , 1 -- 19 . Beatty , Claudius J.P. Thomas Hardy : Conservation Architect . His Work for the Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings . Dorset Natural History and Archaeological Society 1995 . ISBN 0 - 900341 - 44 - 0 Blunden , Edmund . Thomas Hardy . New York : St. Martin 's , 1942 . Brady , Kristen . The Short Stories of Thomas Hardy . London : Macmillan , 1982 . Boumelha , Penny . Thomas Hardy and Women . New Jersey : Barnes and Noble , 1982 . Brennecke , Jr. , Ernest . The Life of Thomas Hardy . New York : Greenberg , 1925 . Cecil , Lord David . Hardy the Novelist . London : Constable , 1943 . D'Agnillo , Renzo , `` Music and Metaphor in Under the Greenwood Tree , in The Thomas Hardy Journal , 9 , 2 ( May 1993 ) , pp. 39 -- 50 . D'Agnillo , Renzo , `` Between Belief and Non-Belief : Thomas Hardy 's ' The Shadow on the Stone ' '' , in Thomas Hardy , Francesco Marroni and Norman Page ( eds ) , Pescara , Edizioni Tracce , 1995 , pp. 197 -- 222 . Deacon , Lois and Terry Coleman . Providence and Mr. Hardy . London : Hutchinson , 1966 . Draper , Jo. Thomas Hardy : A Life in Pictures . Wimborne , Dorset : The Dovecote Press . Ellman , Richard & O'Clair , Robert ( eds . ) 1988 . `` Thomas Hardy '' in The Norton Anthology of Modern Poetry , Norton , New York . Gatrell , Simon . Hardy the Creator : A Textual Biography . Oxford : Clarendon , 1988 . Gibson , James . Thomas Hardy : A Literary Life . London : Macmillan , 1996 . Gibson , James . Thomas Hardy : Interviews and Recollections . London : Macmillan , 1999 ; New York : St Martin 's Press , 1999 . Gittings , Robert . Thomas Hardy 's Later Years . Boston : Little , Brown , 1978 . Gittings , Robert . Young Thomas Hardy . Boston : Little , Brown , 1975 . Gittings , Robert and Jo Manton . The Second Mrs Hardy . London : Heinemann , 1979 . Gossin , P. Thomas Hardy 's Novel Universe : Astronomy , Cosmology , and Gender in the Post-Darwinian World . Aldershot , Ashgate , 2007 ( The Nineteenth Century Series ) . Halliday , F.E. Thomas Hardy : His Life and Work . Bath : Adams & Dart , 1972 . Hands , Timothy . Thomas Hardy : Distracted Preacher ? : Hardy 's religious biography and its influence on his novels . New York : St. Martin 's Press , 1989 . Hardy , Evelyn . Thomas Hardy : A Critical Biography . London : Hogarth Press , 1954 . Hardy , Florence Emily . The Early Life of Thomas Hardy , 1840 -- 1891 . London : Macmillan , 1928 . Hardy , Florence Emily . The Later Years of Thomas Hardy , 1892 -- 1928 London : Macmillan , 1930 . Harvey , Geoffrey . Thomas Hardy : The Complete Critical Guide to Thomas Hardy . New York : Routledge ( Taylor & Francis Group ) , 2003 . Hedgcock , F.A. , Thomas Hardy : penseur et artiste . Paris : Librairie Hachette , 1911 . Holland , Clive . Thomas Hardy O.M. : The Man , His Works and the Land of Wessex . London : Herbert Jenkins , 1933 . Jedrzejewski , Jan . Thomas Hardy and the Church . London : Macmillan , 1996 . Johnson , Lionel Pigot . The art of Thomas Hardy ( London : E. Mathews , 1894 ) . Kay - Robinson , Denys . The First Mrs Thomas Hardy . London : Macmillan , 1979 . Langbaum , Robert . `` Thomas Hardy in Our Time . '' New York : St. Martin 's Press , 1995 , London : Macmillan , 1997 . Marroni , Francesco , `` The Negation of Eros in ' Barbara of the House of Grebe ' `` , in `` Thomas Hardy Journal '' , 10 , 1 ( February 1994 ) pp. 33 -- 41 Marroni , Francesco and Norman Page ( eds . ) , Thomas Hardy . Pescara : Edizioni Tracce , 1995 . Marroni , Francesco , La poesia di Thomas Hardy . Bari : Adriatica Editrice , 1997 . Marroni , Francesco , `` The Poetry of Ornithology in Keats , Leopardi , and Hardy : A Dialogic Analysis '' , in `` Thomas Hardy Journal '' , 14 , 2 ( May 1998 ) pp. 35 -- 44 Millgate , Michael ( ed . ) . The Life and Work of Thomas Hardy by Thomas Hardy . London : Macmillan , 1984 . Millgate , Michael . Thomas Hardy : A Biography . New York : Random House , 1982 . Millgate , Michael . Thomas Hardy : A Biography Revisited . Oxford : Oxford University Press , 2004 . Morgan , Rosemarie , ( ed ) The Ashgate Research Companion to Thomas Hardy , ( Ashgate publishing ) , 2010 . Morgan , Rosemarie , ( ed ) The Hardy Review , ( Maney Publishing ) , 1999 -- . Morgan , Rosemarie , Student Companion to Thomas Hardy ( Greenwood Press ) , 2006 . Morgan , Rosemarie , Cancelled Words : Rediscovering Thomas Hardy ( Routledge , Chapman & Hall ) , 1992 Morgan , Rosemarie , Women and Sexuality in the Novels of Thomas Hardy ( Routledge & Kegan Paul ) , 1988 ; paperback : 1990 . Musselwhite , David , Social Transformations in Hardy 's Tragic Novels : Megamachines and Phantasms , Palgrave Macmillan , 2003 . Norman , Andrew . Behind the Mask , History Press , 2011 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7524 - 5630 - 0 O'Sullivan , Timothy . Thomas Hardy : An Illustrated Biography . London : Macmillan , 1975 . Orel , Harold . The Final Years of Thomas Hardy , 1912 -- 1928 . Lawrence : University Press of Kansas , 1976 . Orel , Harold . The Unknown Thomas Hardy . New York : St. Martin 's , 1987 . Page , Norman , ed . Thomas Hardy Annual . No. 1 : 1982 ; No. 2 : 1984 ; No. 3 : 1985 ; No. 4 : 1986 ; No. 5 ; 1987 . London : Macmillan , 1982 -- 1987 . Phelps , Kenneth . The Wormwood Cup : Thomas Hardy in Cornwall . Padstow : Lodenek Press , 1975 . Pinion , F.B. Thomas Hardy : His Life and Friends . London : Palgrave , 1992 . Pite , Ralph . Thomas Hardy : The Guarded Life . London : Picador , 2006 . Saxelby , F. Outwin . A Thomas Hardy dictionary : the characters and scenes of the novels and poems alphabetically arranged and described ( London : G. Routledge , 1911 ) . Seymour - Smith , Martin . Hardy . London : Bloomsbury , 1994 . Stevens - Cox , J. Thomas Hardy : Materials for a Study of his Life , Times , and Works . St. Peter Port , Guernsey : Toucan Press , 1968 . Stevens - Cox , J. Thomas Hardy : More Materials for a Study of his Life , Times , and Works . St. Peter Port , Guernsey : Toucan Press , 1971 . Stewart , J.I.M. Thomas Hardy : A Critical Biography . New York : Dodd , Mead & Co. , 1971 . Taylor , Richard H. The Neglected Hardy : Thomas Hardy 's Lesser Novels . London : Macmillan ; New York : St Martin 's Press , 1982 . Taylor , Richard H. , ed . The Personal Notebooks of Thomas Hardy . London : Macmillan , 1979 . Turner , Paul . The Life of Thomas Hardy : A Critical Biography . Oxford : Blackwell , 1998 . Weber , Carl J. Hardy of Wessex , his Life and Literary Career . New York : Columbia University Press , 1940 . Wilson , Keith . Thomas Hardy on Stage . London : Macmillan , 1995 . Wilson , Keith , ed . Thomas Hardy Reappraised : Essays in Honour of Michael Millgate . Toronto : University of Toronto Press , 2006 . Wilson , Keith , ed . A Companion to Thomas Hardy . Wiley - Blackwell , 2009 . Wotton , George . Thomas Hardy : Towards A Materialist Criticism . Lanham : Rowman & Littlefield , 1985 . External links ( edit ) Library resources about Thomas Hardy Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Wikiquote has quotations related to : Thomas Hardy Wikisource has original works written by or about : Thomas Hardy Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Hardy , Thomas . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Thomas Hardy . Dorset County Museum , Dorchester , Dorset , contains the largest Hardy collections in the world , donated directly to the Museum by the Hardy family and enscribed on the UNESCO Memory of the World register for the United Kingdom . Hardy Collection at the Harry Ransom Center at the University of Texas at Austin Hardy 's Cottage National Trust visitor information for Hardy 's birthplace . Hardy Country A visitor guide for ' Hardy Country ' in Dorset ( sites of interest ) . Thomas Hardy at the British Library A Hyper - Concordance to the Works of Thomas Hardy at the Victorian Literary Studies Archive , Nagoya University , Japan Letter from Hardy to Bertram Windle , transcribed by Birgit Plietzsch , from Collected Letters , vol 2 , pp. 131 -- 133 . Retrieved 25 May 2015 . Max Gate National Trust visitor information for Max Gate ( the home Hardy designed , lived and died in ) . The Thomas Hardy Association ( TTHA ) The Thomas Hardy Society The New Hardy Players Theatrical group specialising in the works of Thomas Hardy . Works by Thomas Hardy at Project Gutenberg Works by or about Thomas Hardy at Internet Archive Works by Thomas Hardy at LibriVox ( public domain audiobooks ) ( hide ) Thomas Hardy Novels The Poor Man and the Lady ( 1867 ) Desperate Remedies ( 1871 ) Under the Greenwood Tree ( 1872 ) A Pair of Blue Eyes ( 1873 ) Far from the Madding Crowd ( 1874 ) The Hand of Ethelberta ( 1876 ) The Return of the Native ( 1878 ) The Trumpet - Major ( 1880 ) A Laodicean ( 1881 ) Two on a Tower ( 1882 ) The Mayor of Casterbridge ( 1886 ) The Woodlanders ( 1887 ) Tess of the d'Urbervilles ( 1891 / 92 ) Jude the Obscure ( 1895 ) The Well - Beloved ( 1897 ) Short story collections Wessex Tales ( 1888 ) A Group of Noble Dames ( 1891 ) Life 's Little Ironies ( 1894 ) A Changed Man and Other Tales ( 1913 ) Short stories `` The Three Strangers '' ( 1883 ) `` A Mere Interlude '' ( 1885 ) `` Alicia 's Diary '' ( 1887 ) `` Barbara of the House of Grebe '' ( 1891 ) `` The Fiddler of the Reels '' ( 1893 ) `` A Tragedy of Two Ambitions '' ( 1894 ) Poetry collections Wessex Poems and Other Verses ( 1898 ) Poems of the Past and the Present ( 1901 ) Time 's Laughingstocks ( 1909 ) Poems 1912 -- 13 Satires of Circumstance ( 1914 ) Moments of Vision ( 1917 ) Late Lyrics ( 1922 ) Human Shows ( 1925 ) Winter Words ( 1928 ) Poems `` Neutral Tones '' ( 1898 ) `` The Darkling Thrush '' ( 1901 ) `` The Ruined Maid '' ( 1901 ) `` The Respectable Burgher '' ( 1901 ) `` The Man He Killed '' ( 1902 ) `` A Trampwoman 's Tragedy '' ( 1903 ) `` The Convergence of the Twain '' ( 1915 ) `` The Blinded Bird '' ( 1916 ) Plays The Dynasts ( 1904 -- 1908 ) Related Thomas Hardy 's Wessex Egdon Heath Life Thomas Hardy 's Cottage Max Gate home Emma Gifford ( first wife ) Florence Dugdale ( second wife ) Associated subjects Thomas Hardy 's Far from the Madding Crowd ( 1874 ) Adaptations 1915 film ( lost ) 1967 film 1998 TV miniseries 2015 film Related Thomas Hardy 's Wessex Tamara Drewe ( comic strip ) Tamara Drewe ( film ) Wikisource texts Thomas Hardy 's Tess of the d'Urbervilles ( 1892 ) Film Tess of the d'Urbervilles ( 1913 ) Tess of the d'Urbervilles ( 1924 ) Tess ( 1979 ) Prem Granth ( 1996 ) Trishna ( 2011 ) Television Tess of the D'Urbervilles ( 2008 TV series ) Related Thomas Hardy 's Wessex Wikisource texts Thomas Hardy 's The Mayor of Casterbridge ( 1886 ) Adaptations The Mayor of Casterbridge ( 1921 ) Mayor Nair ( 1966 ) Daag ( 1973 ) Vichitra Jeevitham ( 1978 ) The Claim ( 2000 ) The Mayor of Casterbridge ( 2003 ) Related Thomas Hardy 's Wessex Wife selling VIAF : 54148778 LCCN : n79046230 ISNI : 0000 0001 2133 3830 GND : 118545930 SELIBR : 208832 SUDOC : 026914735 BNF : cb11906896c ( data ) BIBSYS : 90058863 ULAN : 500225003 MusicBrainz : d4665aa6 - efae - 439d - b12d - 86c81cd02898 NLA : 35170918 NDL : 00442456 NKC : jn19990003162 BNE : XX821647 IATH : w6gh9j5m Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Hardy&oldid=800959878 '' Categories : Thomas Hardy 1840 births 1928 deaths Alumni of King 's College London Burials at Westminster Abbey 19th - century English novelists 19th - century English poets English short story writers Fellows of the Royal Society of Literature Members of the Order of Merit Pantheists People from Dorchester , Dorset Victorian novelists Victorian poets 19th - century English writers 20th - century English writers British male poets English male short story writers English male novelists 19th - century British short story writers Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links EngvarB from November 2015 Use dmy dates from November 2015 Pages using Infobox writer with unknown parameters Articles containing Dutch - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2015 Interlanguage link template link number Articles with Project Gutenberg links Articles with Internet Archive links Articles with LibriVox links AC with 15 elements Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with ULAN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | thomas hardy was brought up to the profession of | [
"Hardy trained as an architect in Dorchester before moving to London in 1862; there he enrolled as a student at King's College London. He won prizes from the Royal Institute of British Architects and the Architectural Association. He joined Arthur Blomfield's practice as assistant architect in April 1862 and worked with Blomfield on All Saints' parish church in Windsor, Berkshire in 1862–64. A reredos, possibly designed by Hardy, was discovered behind panelling at All Saints' in August 2016.[8][9] In the mid-1860s, Hardy was in charge of the excavation of part of the graveyard of St Pancras Old Church prior to its destruction when the Midland Railway was extended to a new terminus at St Pancras.[10]"
] | [
"architect"
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-8372201645985058765 | Agatha (given name) | Agatha ( given name ) - wikipedia Agatha ( given name ) Jump to : navigation , search Agatha An Orthodox icon of St. Agatha of Sicily , the saint responsible for the wide usage of the name Agatha Gender female Language ( s ) Ancient Greek Origin Meaning `` good '' Other names See also Ag , Aggy , Aggi , Aggie Agatha ( / ˈæɡəθə / ) , ) also Agata , is a feminine given name derived from the Ancient Greek word ἀγαθός ( agathos ) , meaning good . It was the name of St. Agatha of Sicily , a third - century Christian martyr . The name has been rarely used in English - speaking countries in recent years . It was last ranked among the top 1,000 names for girls born in the United States during the 1930s . Contents ( hide ) 1 Russian name 2 People 2.1 Agatha 2.2 Agathe 2.3 Agata 3 Fictional characters 4 Regional variants 4.1 Diminutive variants 5 See also 6 References 6.1 Notes 6.2 Sources Russian name ( edit ) In Russian , the name `` Ага́та '' ( Agata ) was borrowed from the Western European languages , and derives from the same Ancient Greek root from which older names Agafya and Agafa also come . Its masculine version is Agat . In 1924 -- 1930 , the name was included into various Soviet calendars , which included the new and often artificially created names promoting the new Soviet realities and encouraging the break with the tradition of using the names in the Synodal Menologia . Its diminutives include Agatka ( Ага́тка ) , Aga ( А́га ) , and Gata ( Га́та ) . People ( edit ) Agatha ( edit ) Agatha of Sicily ( died 251 ) , Christian saint sometime spelled as Saint Agata Agatha , wife of Samuel of Bulgaria ( born 10th century ) , Bulgarian Empress Agatha , wife of Edward the Exile ( before 1030 -- after 1070 ) , Anglo - Saxon royal Agatha of Lorraine ( c. 1120 -- 1147 ) , wife of Renaud III , Count of Burgundy Agatha Marie of Hanau ( 1599 -- 1636 ) , German countess Agatha Amata ( born 1969 ) , Nigeria television personality Agatha Bacovia ( 1895 -- 1981 ) , Romanian poet Agatha Barbara ( 1923 -- 2002 ) , only female President of Malta Ágatha Bednarczuk ( born 1983 ) , Brazilian beach volleyball player Agatha Chapman ( 1907 -- 1963 ) , British - Canadian economist Agatha Christie ( 1890 -- 1976 ) , British crime writer Agatha Deken ( 1741 -- 1804 ) , Dutch writer Agatha Dietschi ( fl. 1547 ) , German cross dresser Agatha Harrison ( 1885 -- 1954 ) , English industrial welfare reformer Agatha Kong ( born 1988 ) , Hong Kong singer Agatha Moreira ( born 1992 ) , Brazilian actress and model Agatha van der Mijn ( 1700 -- c. 1780 ) , Dutch flower painter Agatha Lovisa de la Myle ( died 1787 ) , Baltic - German and Latvian poet Ágatha Ruiz de la Prada ( born 1960 ) , Spanish noble and fashion designer Agatha Sangma ( born 1980 ) , member of the Parliament of India Agatha Welhouk ( 1637 -- 1715 ) , Dutch woman setting a legal precedent with regard to marriage Agathe ( edit ) Agathe Backer Grøndahl ( 1847 -- 1907 ) , Norwegian pianist and composer Agathe L. van Beverwijk ( 1907 -- 1963 ) , Dutch mycologist and botanist Agathe Bonitzer ( born 1989 ) , French actress Agathe Fontain ( born 1951 ) , Greenlandic politician Agathe Génois ( born 1952 ) , Canadian writer Agathe Habyarimana ( born 1942 ) , the widow of former Rwandan President Agathe de La Boulaye ( born 1972 ) , French actress Agathe de La Fontaine ( born 1972 ) , French actress Agathe Lasch ( 1879 -- 1942 ) , German philologist Agathe Max , French violinist Agathe Meunier ( born 1993 ) , French acrobatic gymnast Agathe N'Nindjem - Yolemp ( born 1980 ) , Cameroonian basketball player Agathe Ngani ( born 1992 ) , Cameroonian footballer Agathe Pembellot ( 1942 -- 2016 ) , Congolese judge Agathe Poschmann ( born 1922 ) , German actress Agathe de Rambaud ( 1764 -- 1853 ) , French royal nanny Agathe de Saint - Père ( 1657 -- 1748 ) , French - Canadian business entrepreneur and inventor Agathe de Saint Etienne de La Tour ( 1690 -- 1765 ) , Canadian landowner Agathe - Sophie Sasserno ( 1810 -- 1860 ) , French poet Agathe Snow ( born 1976 ) , New York based artist Agathe Martha Storch , Greenlandic politician Agathe von Trapp ( 1913 -- 2010 ) , eldest daughter of the Trapp Family Singers Agathe Turgis ( 1892 -- ? ) , French fencer Agathe Uwilingiyimana ( 1953 -- 1994 ) , Rwandan Prime Minister 1993 -- 1994 Agata ( edit ) Agata Balsamo ( born 1970 ) , Italian long - distance runner Agata Barańska ( born 1993 ) , Polish tennis player . Agata Błażowska ( born 1978 ) , Polish ice dancer Agata Buzek ( born 1976 ) , Polish actress Ágata Cruz , pseudonym of Luz Machado ( 1916 -- 1999 ) , Venezuelan political activist , journalist , and poet Agata Czaplicki ( born 1983 ) , Swiss swimmer Agata della Pietà ( fl . c. 1800 ) , Italian composer , singer , and teacher of music Agata Forkasiewicz ( born 1994 ) , Polish sprinter Agata Gotova ( born 1971 ) , Russian child actress Agata Karczmarek ( 1963 -- 2016 ) , Polish long jumper Agata Karczmarzewska - Pura ( born 1978 ) , Polish volleyball player Agata Korc ( born 1986 ) , Polish swimmer Agata Kornhauser - Duda ( born 1972 ) , wife of Andrzej Duda , president of Poland Agata Kryger ( born 1997 ) , Polish figure skater Agata Kulesza ( born 1971 ) , Polish actress Agata Materowicz ( born 1963 ) , Polish artist Agata Mróz - Olszewska ( 1982 -- 2008 ) , Polish volleyball player Agata Ozdoba ( born 1988 ) , Polish judoka Agata Passent ( born 1973 ) , Polish journalist and writer Agata Pietrzyk ( born 1988 ) , Polish freestyle wrestler Agata Piszcz , Polish sprint canoeist Agata Pyzik ( born 1983 ) , Polish journalist and cultural critic Agata Rosłońska ( born 1983 ) , Polish ice dancer Agata Sawicka ( born 1985 ) , Polish volleyball player Agata Smoktunowicz ( born 1973 ) , Polish mathematician Agata Suszka ( born 1971 ) , Polish biathlete Agata Szymczewska ( born 1985 ) , Polish violinist Agata Tarczyńska ( born 1988 ) , Polish footballer Agata Trzebuchowska ( born 1992 ) , Polish actress Agata Tuszyńska ( born 1957 ) , Polish writer , poet and journalist Agata Witkowska ( born 1989 ) , Polish volleyball player Agata Wróbel ( born 1981 ) , Polish weightlifter Agata Zubel ( born 1978 ) , Polish composer and singer Agata Zupin ( born 1998 ) , Slovenian hurdler Fictional characters ( edit ) Agatha de Lacey , a minor character in Mary Shelley 's Frankenstein Agatha Clay , the heroine of the Girl Genius comic book series Agatha Crumm , the title character of a newspaper comic strip Agatha Gregson or Aunt Agatha , recurring character in the Jeeves stories of British writer P.G. Wodehouse Agatha Harkness , Marvel Comics witch Agatha Raisin , amateur detective in a series of novels by M.C. Beaton Agatha Troy , Ngaio Marsh character , wife of Roderick Alleyn Agatha Trunchbull , the sadistic antagonist of Roald Dahl 's book Matilda Agatha ( Pokémon ) , a fictional character in the Pokémon franchise Agatha , from the 2014 American comedy The Grand Budapest Hotel Aunt Agatha , one of the main characters in the PBS Kids series Noddy . Regional variants ( edit ) Agafia ( Ukrainian ) Agat ( h ) e ( Danish , French , Greek , Norwegian ) Agata or Ágata ( Galician , Portuguese , Italian , Polish , Slovene , Spanish , Swedish , foreign adaptation for Ukrainian ) Agáta ( Czech , Slovak ) Ágota / Agota ( Hungarian , Lithuanian ) Agate ( Latvian ) Águeda ( Galician , Portuguese , Spanish ) Àgueda or Àgata ( Catalan ) Ukanesh , Ukiana ( Chuvash ) Ågot ( or Ågoth ) ( Norwegian ) Diminutive variants ( edit ) Aagje or Aagtje ( Dutch ) Agacia ( Polish ) Agatina ( Italian ) Agatka ( Polish ) Aggie ( English ) Ági ( Hungarian ) Agunia ( Polish ) Aguś ( Polish ) Agotėlė ( Lithuanian ) See also ( edit ) Agathe Cléry , 2008 French movie References ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Wells , John ( 26 March 2010 ) . `` Agatha and Helena '' . John Wells 's phonetic blog . Retrieved 22 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Behind the Name Jump up ^ Behind the Name Jump up ^ Nikonov , p. 63 ^ Jump up to : Petrovsky , p. 38 ^ Jump up to : Superanskaya ( 1 ) , p. 251 Jump up ^ Superanskaya ( 2 ) , pp. 22 and 278 Jump up ^ Toronto Slavic Quarterly . Елена Душечкина . `` Мессианские тенденции в советской антропонимической практике 1920 - х - 1930 - х годов '' ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ Aagje and Aagtje at the Meertens Institute database of Dutch given names Sources ( edit ) В . А . Никонов ( V.A. Nikonov ) . `` Ищем имя '' ( Looking for a Name ) . Изд . `` Советская Россия '' . Москва , 1988 . ISBN 5 - 268 - 00401 - 8 Н . А . Петровский ( N.A. Petrovsky ) . `` Словарь русских личных имён '' ( Dictionary of Russian First Names ) . ООО Издательство `` АСТ '' . Москва , 2005 . ISBN 5 - 17 - 002940 - 3 ( 1 ) А . В . Суперанская ( A.V. Superanskaya ) . `` Современный словарь личных имён : Сравнение . Происхождение . Написание '' ( Modern Dictionary of First Names : Comparison . Origins . Spelling ) . Айрис - пресс . Москва , 2005 . ISBN 5 - 8112 - 1399 - 9 ( 2 ) А . В . Суперанская ( A.V. Superanskaya ) . `` Словарь русских имён '' ( Dictionary of Russian Names ) . Издательство Эксмо . Москва , 2005 . ISBN 5 - 699 - 14090 - 5 This page or section lists people that share the same given name . If an internal link led you here , you may wish to change that link to point directly to the intended article . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agatha_(given_name)&oldid=827635417 '' Categories : Given names Given names of Greek language origin Dutch feminine given names English feminine given names Russian feminine given names Slovene feminine given names Swedish feminine given names Hidden categories : Articles with Russian - language external links Articles containing Russian - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2015 All set index articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Brezhoneg Íslenska Latina Nederlands Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 25 February 2018 , at 21 : 28 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is the meaning of the name agatha | [
"Agatha (/ˈæɡəθə/),[1]) also Agata, is a feminine given name derived from the Ancient Greek word ἀγαθός (agathos), meaning good."
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"good"
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8514963893969201547 | List of lakes by depth | List of lakes by depth - wikipedia List of lakes by depth Jump to : navigation , search This page lists the world 's deepest lakes . Contents ( hide ) 1 Lakes ranked by maximum depth 2 Lakes ranked by mean depth 3 Greatest maximum depth by continent 4 Greatest mean depth by continent 5 See also 6 Notes 7 Sources 8 External links Lakes ranked by maximum depth ( edit ) This list contains all lakes whose maximum depth is reliably known to exceed 400 metres ( 1,300 ft ) Geologically , the Caspian Sea , like the Black and Mediterranean seas , is a remnant of the ancient Tethys Ocean . The deepest area is oceanic rather than continental crust . However , it is generally regarded by geographers as a large endorheic salt lake . Continent color key Africa Asia Europe North America Oceania South America Antarctica Name Country Region Depth ( meters ) Depth ( feet ) 1 . Baikal Russia Siberia 7003164200000000000 ♠ 1,642 7003538700000000000 ♠ 5,387 2 . Tanganyika Tanzania , Democratic Republic of the Congo , Burundi , Zambia Central Africa 7003147000000000000 ♠ 1,470 7003482300000000000 ♠ 4,823 3 . ( Caspian Sea ) Iran , Russia , Turkmenistan , Kazakhstan , Azerbaijan 7003102500000000000 ♠ 1,025 7003336300000000000 ♠ 3,363 4 . Vostok Antarctica 7003100000000000000 ♠ ~ 1,000 7003330000000000000 ♠ ~ 3,300 5 . O'Higgins - San Martín Chile , Argentina Aysén ( Chile ) , Santa Cruz ( Argentina ) 7002836000000000000 ♠ 836 7003274200000000000 ♠ 2,742 6 . Malawi / Nyasa / Niassa Mozambique , Malawi , Tanzania 7002706000000000000 ♠ 706 7003231600000000000 ♠ 2,316 7 . Issyk Kul Kyrgyzstan 7002668000000000000 ♠ 668 7003219200000000000 ♠ 2,192 8 . Great Slave Canada Northwest Territories 7002614000000000000 ♠ 614 7003201500000000000 ♠ 2,015 9 . Crater United States Oregon 7002594000000000000 ♠ 594 7003194900000000000 ♠ 1,949 10 . Matano Indonesia Sulawesi 7002590000000000000 ♠ 590 7003193600000000000 ♠ 1,936 11 . General Carrera - Buenos Aires Chile , Argentina 7002586000000000000 ♠ 586 7003192300000000000 ♠ 1,923 12 . Hornindalsvatnet Norway Sogn og Fjordane 7002514000000000000 ♠ 514 7003168600000000000 ♠ 1,686 13 . Quesnel Canada British Columbia 7002506000000000000 ♠ 506 7003166000000000000 ♠ 1,660 14 . Toba Indonesia Sumatra 7002505000000000000 ♠ 505 7003165700000000000 ♠ 1,657 15 . Sarez Tajikistan 7002505000000000000 ♠ 505 7003165700000000000 ♠ 1,657 16 . Tahoe United States California , Nevada 7002501000000000000 ♠ 501 7003164500000000000 ♠ 1,645 17 . Argentino Argentina Santa Cruz ( Patagonia ) 7002500000000000000 ♠ 500 7003164000000000000 ♠ 1,640 18 . Kivu Democratic Republic of the Congo , Rwanda 7002480000000000000 ♠ 480 7003157500000000000 ♠ 1,575 19 . Grand Canada Newfoundland 7002475000000000000 ♠ 475 7003155800000000000 ♠ 1,558 20 . Mjøsa Norway Hedmark , Oppland and Akershus counties 7002468000000000000 ♠ 468 7003153500000000000 ♠ 1,535 21 . Salsvatnet Norway Nord - Trøndelag county 7002464000000000000 ♠ 464 7003152300000000000 ♠ 1,523 22 . Nahuel Huapi Argentina Rio Negro , Patagonia 7002464000000000000 ♠ 464 7003152300000000000 ♠ 1,523 23 . Hauroko New Zealand Southland ( South Island ) 7002462000000000000 ♠ 462 7003151600000000000 ♠ 1,516 24 . Cochrane / Pueyrredón Chile , Argentina Aysén ( Chile ) , Santa Cruz ( Argentina ) 7002460000000000000 ♠ 460 7003150900000000000 ♠ 1,509 25 . Lake Tinn Norway Telemark county 7002460000000000000 ♠ 460 7003150900000000000 ♠ 1,509 26 . Adams Canada British Columbia 7002457000000000000 ♠ 457 7003149900000000000 ♠ 1,499 27 . Chelan United States Washington ( state ) 7002453000000000000 ♠ 453 7003148600000000000 ♠ 1,486 28 . Van Turkey 7002451000000000000 ♠ 451 7003148000000000000 ♠ 1,480 29 . Poso Indonesia Sulawesi 7002450000000000000 ♠ 450 7003147600000000000 ♠ 1,476 30 . Fagnano Argentina , Chile Tierra del Fuego 7002449000000000000 ♠ 449 7003147300000000000 ♠ 1,473 31 . Great Bear Canada Northwest Territories 7002446000000000000 ♠ 446 7003146300000000000 ♠ 1,463 32 . Manapouri New Zealand Southland ( South Island ) 7002444000000000000 ♠ 444 7003145700000000000 ♠ 1,457 33 . Te Anau New Zealand Southland ( South Island ) 7002425000000000000 ♠ 425 7003139000000000000 ♠ 1,390 34 . Tazawa Japan Akita Prefecture 7002423000000000000 ♠ 423 7003138700000000000 ♠ 1,387 35 . Wakatipu New Zealand South Island 7002420000000000000 ♠ 420 7003137800000000000 ♠ 1,378 36 . Como Italy Lombardy 7002410000000000000 ♠ 410 7003134500000000000 ♠ 1,345 37 . Superior Canada , United States Ontario , Michigan , Minnesota , Wisconsin 7002406000000000000 ♠ 406 7003133200000000000 ♠ 1,332 Lakes ranked by mean depth ( edit ) Mean depth can be a more useful indicator than maximum depth for many ecological purposes . Unfortunately , accurate mean depth figures are only available for well - studied lakes , as they must be calculated by dividing the lake 's volume by its surface area . A reliable volume figure requires a bathymetric survey . Therefore , mean depth figures are not available for many deep lakes in remote locations . The Caspian Sea ranks much further down the list on mean depth , as it has a large continental shelf ( significantly larger than the oceanic basin that contains its greatest depths ) . Continent colour key Africa Asia Europe North America Oceania South America Antarctica Name Country Region Depth ( meters ) Depth ( feet ) 1 . Baikal Russia Siberia 7002744400000000000 ♠ 744.4 7003244200000000000 ♠ 2,442 2 . Tanganyika Tanzania , Democratic Republic of the Congo , Burundi , Zambia Africa 7002570000000000000 ♠ 570 7003187000000000000 ♠ 1,870 3 . Crater United States Oregon 7002350000000000000 ♠ 350 7003114800000000000 ♠ 1,148 4 . Vostok Antarctica 7002344000000000000 ♠ 344 7003112900000000000 ♠ 1,129 5 . Tahoe United States California , Nevada 7002301000000000000 ♠ 301 7002989000000000000 ♠ 989 6 . Adams Canada British Columbia 7002299000000000000 ♠ 299 7002981000000000000 ♠ 981 7 . Malawi Mozambique , Tanzania , Malawi 7002292000000000000 ♠ 292 7002958000000000000 ♠ 958 8 . Tazawa Japan 7002280000000000000 ♠ 280.0 7002918600000000000 ♠ 918.6 9 . Issyk Kul Kyrgyzstan 7002278390000099999 ♠ 278.4 7002913400000000000 ♠ 913.4 10 . Kivu Democratic Republic of the Congo , Rwanda 7002240000000000000 ♠ 240 7002787000000000000 ♠ 787 11 . Matano Indonesia Sulawesi 7002240000000000000 ♠ 240 7002787000000000000 ♠ 787 12 . Hornindalsvatnet Norway Sogn og Fjordane 7002237000000000000 ♠ 237 7002778000000000000 ♠ 778 13 . Toba Indonesia Sumatra 7002216000000000000 ♠ 216 7002707000000000000 ♠ 707 14 . Karakul Tajikistan 7002210000000000000 ♠ 210 7002689000000000000 ♠ 689 15 . Sarez Tajikistan 7002202000000000000 ♠ 202 7002662000000000000 ♠ 662 16 . Lake Tinn Norway Telemark 7002190000000000000 ♠ 190 7002623000000000000 ♠ 623 17 . ( Caspian Sea ) Iran , Russia , Turkmenistan , Kazakhstan , Azerbaijan 7002184000000000000 ♠ 184 7002604000000000000 ♠ 604 18 = Lake Teletskoye Russia 7002174000000000000 ♠ 174 7002571000000000000 ♠ 571 18 = Ranau Indonesia Sumatra 7002174000000000000 ♠ 174 7002571000000000000 ♠ 571 20 . Slocan Canada British Columbia 7002171000000000000 ♠ 171 7002561000000000000 ♠ 561 21 . Como Italy Lombardia 7002161000000000000 ♠ 161 7002528000000000000 ♠ 528 22 . Azure Canada British Columbia 7002157190000000000 ♠ 157.2 7002515700000000000 ♠ 515.7 23 . Quesnel Canada British Columbia 7002157000000000000 ♠ 157 7002515000000000000 ♠ 515 24 = Ohrid Macedonia and Albania 7002155000000000000 ♠ 155 7002508000000000000 ♠ 508 24 = Mjøsa Norway Hedmark , Oppland and Akershus 7002155000000000000 ♠ 155 7002508000000000000 ♠ 508 26 . Salsvatnet Norway Nord - Trøndelag 7002154000000000000 ♠ 154 7002505000000000000 ♠ 505 27 . Geneva Switzerland , France 7002153000000000000 ♠ 153 7002502000000000000 ♠ 502 28 . Singkarak Indonesia West Sumatra 7002149000000000000 ♠ 149 7002489000000000000 ♠ 489 29 . Lake Superior United States , Canada Ontario , Michigan , Minnesota , Wisconsin 7002147000000000000 ♠ 147 7002483000000000000 ♠ 483 30 . Loch Ness United Kingdom Scotland 7002133000000000000 ♠ 133 7002436000000000000 ♠ 436 31 . Great Central Canada British Columbia 7002124000000000000 ♠ 124 7002407000000000000 ♠ 407 32 . Garibaldi Canada British Columbia 7002119000000000000 ♠ 119 7002390000000000000 ♠ 390 33 . Dead Sea Jordan , Palestine , Israel 7002118000000000000 ♠ 118 7002387000000000000 ♠ 387 34 . Titicaca Peru , Bolivia 7002107000000000000 ♠ 107 7002351000000000000 ♠ 351 35 . Gander Canada Newfoundland 7002105400000000000 ♠ 105.4 7002346000000000000 ♠ 346 36 . Kauhakō Crater United States Hawaii 7002105000000000000 ♠ 105 7002344000000000000 ♠ 344 Greatest maximum depth by continent ( edit ) Africa -- 1 : Tanganyika , 2 : Malawi , 3 : Kivu Antarctica -- 1 : Vostok Asia -- 1 : Baikal , ( 2 : Caspian Sea ) , 3 : Issyk Kul , ( 3 : Matano ) Europe -- 1 : Hornindalsvatnet , 2 : Mjøsa , 3 : Salsvatnet North America -- 1 : Great Slave Lake , 2 : Crater , 3 : Quesnel Central America -- 1 : Atitlán , 2 : Chicabal Oceania -- 1 : Hauroko , 2 : Manapouri , 3 : Te Anau Australia -- 1 : St Clair South America -- 1 : O'Higgins / San Martín , 2 : General Carrera , 3 : Argentino Greatest mean depth by continent ( edit ) Africa -- 1 : Tanganyika , 2 : Malawi , 3 : Kivu Antarctica -- 1 : Vostok Asia -- 1 : Baikal , 2 : Issyk Kul , 3 : Karakul North America -- 1 : Crater , 2 : Tahoe , 3 : Quesnel Oceania -- 1 : Kauhakō Crater See also ( edit ) List of lakes by area List of lakes by volume List of largest lakes of Europe Notes ( edit ) Note : Lake depths often vary depending on sources . The depths used here are the most reliable figures available in recent sources . See the articles on individual lakes for more details and data sources . ^ Jump up to : Lake Baikal is also the largest freshwater lake by volume . ^ Jump up to : The Caspian Sea is generally regarded by geographers , biologists and limnologists as a huge inland salt lake . However , the Caspian 's large size means that for some purposes it is better modeled as a sea . Geologically , the Caspian , Black , and Mediterranean seas are small oceans , remnants of the ancient Tethys . Politically , the distinction between a sea and a lake may affect how the Caspian is treated by international law . ^ Jump up to : Lake Vostok in Antarctica is a subglacial lake with a depth ranging from 400 to more than 900 meters . Jump up ^ * CECS , Depth sounding of Lake O'Higgins / San Martín ^ Jump up to : Crater Lake in Oregon has a maximum depth of 594m , based on its USGS benchmark surface elevation of 1883m . The US National Park Service publishes different values ( 1881m for surface elevation , and 592m for the maximum depth ) . The technical basis of the values determined by the USGS is documented in Bacon , C.R. ; Gardner , J.V. ; Mayer , L.A. ; Buktenica , M.W. ; Dartnell , P. ; Ramsey , D.W. ; Robinson , J.E. ( 2002 ) . `` Morphology , volcanism , and mass wasting in Crater Lake , Oregon '' . GSA Bulletin . 114 ( 6 ) : 675 -- 692 . doi : 10.1130 / 0016 - 7606 ( 2002 ) 114 < 0675 : MVAMWI > 2.0.CO ; 2 . ISSN 0016 - 7606 . OCLC 4642976847 , 196656627 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 08 . ( subscription required ) ^ Jump up to : Murdie , Ruth E. ; Pugh , David T. ; Styles , Peter ; Muñoz , Miguel ( 1999 ) , `` Heatflow , Temperature and Bathymetry of Lago General Carrera and Lago Cochrane , Southern Chile '' ( PDF ) , Extended Extracts of the Fourth International Symposium on Andean Geodynamics , Gottingen , Germany 04 - 06 / 10 / 1999 , Paris : Institut de Recherche pour le Développement , pp. 539 -- 542 Jump up ^ Degens , E.T. ; Wong , H.K. ; Kempe , S. ; Kurtman , F. ( June 1984 ) , `` A geological study of Lake Van , eastern Turkey '' , International Journal of Earth Sciences , Springer , 73 ( 2 ) : 701 -- 734 , doi : 10.1007 / BF01824978 ^ Jump up to : Walter K. Dodds ; Matt R. Whiles ( 23 September 2010 ) . Freshwater Ecology : Concepts and Environmental Applications of Limnology . Academic Press . pp. 141 -- 142 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 12 - 374724 - 2 . Retrieved 22 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Buzzi , Documento dell'Istituto italiano di idrobiologia Jump up ^ Maciolek , J.A. ( April 30 , 1982 ) , Lakes and Lake - like Waters of the Hawaiian Archipelago ( PDF ) , Occasional Papers of Berenice P. Bishop Museum , 25 ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Terrestrial analogs to lunar sinuous rilles - Kauhako Crater and channel , Kalaupapa , Molokai , and other Hawaiian lava conduit systems Sources ( edit ) Worldlakes.org , Deepest lakes External links ( edit ) Environmentalgraffiti.com - 10 deepest lakes with pictures Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_lakes_by_depth&oldid=811534191 '' Categories : Lists of lakes Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia ქართული Latviešu Magyar Polski Русский Suomi Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 22 November 2017 , at 06 : 48 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | which lake is the deepest in the united states | [
"\n\n\nName\nCountry\nRegion\nDepth\n(meters)\nDepth\n(feet)\n\n\n1.\nBaikal[1]\n Russia\nSiberia\n7003164200000000000♠1,642\n7003538700000000000♠5,387\n\n\n2.\nTanganyika\n Tanzania, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Burundi, Zambia\nCentral Africa\n7003147000000000000♠1,470\n7003482300000000000♠4,823\n\n\n3.\n(Caspian Sea[2])\n Iran, Russia, Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan\n\n7003102500000000000♠1,025\n7003336300000000000♠3,363\n\n\n4.\nVostok[3]\n Antarctica\n\n7003100000000000000♠~1,000\n7003330000000000000♠~3,300\n\n\n5.\nO'Higgins-San Martín[4]\n Chile, Argentina\nAysén (Chile), Santa Cruz (Argentina)\n7002836000000000000♠836\n7003274200000000000♠2,742\n\n\n6.\nMalawi/Nyasa/Niassa\n Mozambique, Malawi, Tanzania\n\n7002706000000000000♠706\n7003231600000000000♠2,316\n\n\n7.\nIssyk Kul\n Kyrgyzstan\n\n7002668000000000000♠668\n7003219200000000000♠2,192\n\n\n8.\nGreat Slave\n Canada\nNorthwest Territories\n7002614000000000000♠614\n7003201500000000000♠2,015\n\n\n9.\nCrater[5]\n United States\nOregon\n7002594000000000000♠594\n7003194900000000000♠1,949\n\n\n10.\nMatano\n Indonesia\nSulawesi\n7002590000000000000♠590\n7003193600000000000♠1,936\n\n\n11.\nGeneral Carrera-Buenos Aires[6]\n Chile, Argentina\n\n7002586000000000000♠586\n7003192300000000000♠1,923\n\n\n12.\nHornindalsvatnet\n Norway\nSogn og Fjordane\n7002514000000000000♠514\n7003168600000000000♠1,686\n\n\n13.\nQuesnel\n Canada\nBritish Columbia\n7002506000000000000♠506\n7003166000000000000♠1,660\n\n\n14.\nToba\n Indonesia\nSumatra\n7002505000000000000♠505\n7003165700000000000♠1,657\n\n\n15.\nSarez\n Tajikistan\n\n7002505000000000000♠505\n7003165700000000000♠1,657\n\n\n16.\nTahoe\n United States\nCalifornia, Nevada\n7002501000000000000♠501\n7003164500000000000♠1,645\n\n\n17.\nArgentino\n Argentina\nSanta Cruz (Patagonia)\n7002500000000000000♠500\n7003164000000000000♠1,640\n\n\n18.\nKivu\n Democratic Republic of the Congo, Rwanda\n\n7002480000000000000♠480\n7003157500000000000♠1,575\n\n\n19.\nGrand\n Canada\nNewfoundland\n7002475000000000000♠475\n7003155800000000000♠1,558\n\n\n20.\nMjøsa\n Norway\nHedmark, Oppland and Akershus counties\n7002468000000000000♠468\n7003153500000000000♠1,535\n\n\n21.\nSalsvatnet\n Norway\nNord-Trøndelag county\n7002464000000000000♠464\n7003152300000000000♠1,523\n\n\n22.\nNahuel Huapi\n Argentina\nRio Negro, Patagonia\n7002464000000000000♠464\n7003152300000000000♠1,523\n\n\n23.\nHauroko\n New Zealand\nSouthland (South Island)\n7002462000000000000♠462\n7003151600000000000♠1,516\n\n\n24.\nCochrane / Pueyrredón[6]\n Chile, Argentina\nAysén (Chile), Santa Cruz (Argentina)\n7002460000000000000♠460\n7003150900000000000♠1,509\n\n\n25.\nLake Tinn\n Norway\nTelemark county\n7002460000000000000♠460\n7003150900000000000♠1,509\n\n\n26.\nAdams\n Canada\nBritish Columbia\n7002457000000000000♠457\n7003149900000000000♠1,499\n\n\n27.\nChelan\n United States\nWashington (state)\n7002453000000000000♠453\n7003148600000000000♠1,486\n\n\n28.\nVan[7]\n Turkey\n\n7002451000000000000♠451\n7003148000000000000♠1,480\n\n\n29.\nPoso\n Indonesia\nSulawesi\n7002450000000000000♠450\n7003147600000000000♠1,476\n\n\n30.\nFagnano\n Argentina, Chile\nTierra del Fuego\n7002449000000000000♠449\n7003147300000000000♠1,473\n\n\n31.\nGreat Bear\n Canada\nNorthwest Territories\n7002446000000000000♠446\n7003146300000000000♠1,463\n\n\n32.\nManapouri\n New Zealand\nSouthland (South Island)\n7002444000000000000♠444\n7003145700000000000♠1,457\n\n\n33.\nTe Anau\n New Zealand\nSouthland (South Island)\n7002425000000000000♠425\n7003139000000000000♠1,390\n\n\n34.\nTazawa\n Japan\nAkita Prefecture\n7002423000000000000♠423\n7003138700000000000♠1,387\n\n\n35.\nWakatipu\n New Zealand\nSouth Island\n7002420000000000000♠420\n7003137800000000000♠1,378\n\n\n36.\nComo\n Italy\nLombardy\n7002410000000000000♠410\n7003134500000000000♠1,345\n\n\n37.\nSuperior\n Canada, United States\nOntario, Michigan, Minnesota, Wisconsin\n7002406000000000000♠406\n7003133200000000000♠1,332\n\n"
] | [
"Crater"
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7350302412114460387 | Dave Fennoy | Dave Fennoy - wikipedia Dave Fennoy Jump to : navigation , search This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately , especially if potentially libelous or harmful . ( March 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Dave Fennoy Fennoy in Phoenix , Arizona David Henderson Fennoy ( 1952 - 01 - 20 ) January 20 , 1952 ( age 65 ) Silver Spring , Maryland , U.S. Nationality American Occupation Voice actor Years active 1990 -- present Known for The Walking Dead as Lee Everett Minecraft : Story Mode as Gabriel the Warrior Spouse ( s ) Monique Fennoy Children Michelle Fennoy David Henderson Fennoy ( born January 20 , 1952 ) is an American voice actor . He is best known for several titles such as The Walking Dead , Prototype and The Wolf Among Us . He has appeared in several video games and television shows . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Animation 4.2 Film 4.3 Video games 4.4 Television 5 References 6 External links Early life ( edit ) Fennoy was born in Silver Spring , Maryland and then moved to Cleveland , Ohio . He was a child actor at the Karamu House in Cleveland , Ohio . In his senior year of high school he was president of the theater club and directed as well as performed in several plays , before attending Macalester College in St Paul Minnesota as a theater major . Career ( edit ) Fennoy being interviewed at the 2017 Game On Expo in Phoenix , Arizona Fennoy started as a DJ in the San Francisco bay area when he first became interested in voiceover work . He created a demo tape , which was seen by Joan Spangler , a talent agent in San Francisco , who signed him . He booked his first audition , a spot for the California Lottery ; however , after quick success , things slowed down to a near halt . He began taking voiceover classes to remedy the situation . In 1989 , an agent by the name of Leigh Gilbert invited Fennoy to sign with her agency in Los Angeles . He turned the offer down , as he was the morning DJ at local radio station KSOL at the time . In February 1990 , the radio station fired Fennoy , so he contacted Gilbert and moved to Los Angeles . Once there , he quickly found himself voicing commercials , television promos and cartoons . One of his first jobs was as the voice of RoboCop in a telephonic RoboCop game . In 1990 , he voiced his first character in an animated series , Dick Scott in New Kids on the Block . The following year , he voiced Bo Jackson in ProStars and later did many additional characters on Sonic the Hedgehog . In 2008 , Fennoy began doing the five second voice - overs in the beginning of Hulu video clips . ( `` The following program is brought to you with limited commercial interruption by ... '' ) One of his most notable roles , if not the most notable , has been that of Lee Everett in The Walking Dead by Telltale Games and Gabriel the Warrior in Minecraft : Story Mode . Personal life ( edit ) Fennoy lives with his wife , Monique . He used to lend his voice to radio until it was suggested to him by a colleague that he should attempt to pursue work as a voice actor . Fennoy describes it as `` an experience '' . He has since made a homemade voice acting studio in the basement of his house . Filmography ( edit ) Animation ( edit ) Archer - George , Commander Kellogg Ben 10 - Tetrax Shard Ben 10 : Alien Force - Tetrax Shard Ben 10 : Omniverse - Tetrax Shard ( Dimension 23 ) Captain Planet and the Planeteers - Additional voices Darkwing Duck - Additional voices Guardians of the Galaxy - Korath the Pursuer Mixels - Boogly , Globert , Krog , Kramm , Seargent , King New Kids on The Block - Dick Scott ProStars - Bo Jackson Shimmer and Shine - Neighbor ( Ep . `` A Very Genie Halloweenie '' ) Sonic the Hedgehog - Additional voices Star Wars Rebels - Additional voices Star Wars : The Clone Wars - General Pong Krell The LeBrons - Otis the Lion Transformers : Robots in Disguise - Overload What - A-Mess - Additional voices Where on Earth is Carmen Sandiego ? - Additional voices Film ( edit ) Bayonetta : Bloody Fate - Rodin , Fortitudo Ben 10 : Destroy All Aliens - Tetrax Shard Ben 10 : Secret of the Omnitrix - Tetrax Shard , Alien # 1 , Alien Prisoner # 2 Gen13 - Additional voices Locked Down - Irving Strange Frame - News Anchor The Campaign - Campaign Commercial Voiceover ( Uncredited ) Ultimate Avengers 2 - T'Chaka Video games ( edit ) Batman : Arkham Knight - Lucius Fox Batman : Arkham Origins - Enforcers Batman : The Telltale Series - Lucius Fox Bayonetta - Rodin Bayonetta 2 - Rodin , Sapienta , additional voices Cartoon Network Universe : FusionFall - Tetrax Shard The Curse of Monkey Island - King Andre , additional voices Dota 2 - Faceless Void , Wraith King ( formerly Skeleton King ) , Venomancer , Batrider , Huskar , Jakiro , Ember Spirit Dreamfall Chapters : The Longest Journey - Likho Enderal - The Black Guardian , Maél Dal'Loran ( English Version ) Evolve - Additional voices Fallout : New Vegas - Jed Masterson Fallout 4 - Max Loken , Malcolm Latimer Final Fantasy XV - Weskham Armaugh Gabriel Knight : Sins of the Fathers 20th Anniversary Edition - Dr. John Grand Theft Auto V - The Local Population Infamous Second Son - Concrete Knight Infinity Blade III - Therin King 's Quest VI - Pawnshop Owner , additional voices LawBreakers - Additional Voices Lego Dimensions - B.A. Baracus Leisure Suit Larry 6 - Mark , Billy Dee Lollipop Chainsaw - Josey James Mafia II - DJ Mafia III - The Voice , Charles Laveau Mass Effect 2 - Warlord Okeer , Ronald Taylor Metal Gear Solid 4 : Guns of the Patriots - Ed Metal Gear Solid : Peace Walker - Soldiers , Extras Minecraft : Story Mode - Gabriel the Warrior Project Sylpheed - Raymond Logan Prototype - Additional voices Ratchet & Clank Future : A Crack in Time - Maximilian Zane Read Only Memories - Narrator Rise of the Argonauts - Daedalus RWBY : Grimm Eclipse - Doctor Merlot Skylanders : SuperChargers - Thunderbolt , Slobbertooth Skylanders : Swap Force - Slobbertooth Skylanders : Trap Team - Thunderbolt , Slobbertooth Spider - Man : Battle for New York - Nick Fury StarCraft II : Wings of Liberty - Gabriel Tosh Star Trek : Online - Captain Kagran , Amar Singh Star Wars : X-Wing Alliance - Lando Calrissian , Dunari Star Wars Episode 1 Racer - Toy Dampner Street Fighter V - Azam , Oro Tachyon : The Fringe - Commander Alberion Obulo Tales from the Borderlands - Finch The Bureau : XCOM Declassified - Arthur The Darkness II - JP Dumond The Elder Scrolls Online - Additional voices `` The Journey Down Chapter 3 '' - Wassi The Secret World - Zuberi , Vampire Hunter The Walking Dead - Lee Everett The Walking Dead : Season Two - Lee Everett ( Flashback / Dream ) The Wolf Among Us - Bluebeard Tomb Raider : Anniversary - Kold Kin Kade Transformers : Dark of the Moon - Warpath , additional voices Transformers : Rise of the Dark Spark - Decepticon Shotgunner , Lockdown Gunner Ultimate Spider - Man - Nick Fury World of Warcraft : Cataclysm - Prophet Zul World of Warcraft : Mists of Pandaria - Vol'Jin , Gara'jal the Spiritbinder World of Warcraft : Wrath of the Lich King - Bwonsamdi Television ( edit ) Henry Danger - Henry Hart ( Deep Voice ) Joan of Arcadia - Poet Medical Investigation - Flute Musician Murder , She Wrote - T.V. Interviewer Raising Hope - Barry Reasonable Doubts - Sgt . Mally References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Dave Fennoy '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Mulrooney , Marty ( 14 May 2012 ) . `` INTERVIEW -- In Conversation With Dave Fennoy ( Lee Everett , The Walking Dead : The Game ) '' . alternativemagazineonline.co.uk . Retrieved 4 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Walking Dead Interviews : Dave Fennoy as Lee Everett '' . The Walking Dead Interviews . Retrieved 22 August 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Dave Fennoy - The Person Behind the Voice . Jump up ^ `` Voice Recognition - A Midlife Gamer Interview with Dave Fennoy '' . Retrieved 6 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Who is the voice on Hulu ' The following program is brought to you with limited commercials by ... ' - ChaCha '' . chacha.com . Archived from the original on 14 August 2012 . Retrieved 4 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Road to Knowhere '' . Guardians of the Galaxy . Season 1 . Episode 1 . September 26 , 2015 . Disney XD . Jump up ^ `` Moon Madness '' . Mixels . Season 2 . Episode 1 . March 9 , 2015 . Cartoon Network . Jump up ^ `` A Quest for the Lost Mixamajig '' . Mixels . Season 2 . Episode 2 . September 26 , 2015 . Cartoon Network . Jump up ^ `` A Very Genie Halloweenie '' . Shimmer and Shine . Season 1 . Episode 8 . October 23 , 2015 . Nick Jr . Jump up ^ `` Overloaded , Part 1 '' . Transformers : Robots in Disguise . Season 2 . Episode 1 . February 20 , 2016 . Cartoon Network . Jump up ^ Project Sylpheed closing credits Jump up ^ Vicarious Visions . Skylanders : SuperChargers . Activision . Scene : Closing credits , 7 : 13 in , Voice Actors . External links ( edit ) Official website Dave Fennoy on IMDb Interview with Dave Fennoy Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dave_Fennoy&oldid=806446053 '' Categories : 1952 births Living people American male voice actors American male film actors American male video game actors American radio DJs African - American male actors American male television actors Hidden categories : BLP articles lacking sources from March 2015 All BLP articles lacking sources Pages to import images to Wikidata Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2013 All articles with links needing disambiguation Articles with links needing disambiguation from April 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 22 October 2017 , at 02 : 22 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who does the voice of lee in the walking dead | [
"\n\nDave Fennoy\n\n\n\nFennoy in Phoenix, Arizona\n\n\n\nBorn\nDavid Henderson Fennoy\n(1952-01-20) January 20, 1952 (age 65)\nSilver Spring, Maryland, U.S.\n\n\nNationality\nAmerican\n\n\nOccupation\nVoice actor\n\n\nYears active\n1990–present\n\n\nKnown for\nThe Walking Dead as Lee Everett\nMinecraft: Story Mode as Gabriel the Warrior\n\n\nSpouse(s)\nMonique Fennoy\n\n\nChildren\nMichelle Fennoy\n\n"
] | [
"Dave Fennoy"
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9186525865557173976 | Preventive detention | Preventive detention - wikipedia Preventive detention Jump to : navigation , search For the Norwegian equivalent of life imprisonment referred to as `` preventive detention '' , see Life imprisonment in Norway . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Preventive detention is an imprisonment that is putatively justified for non-punitive purposes . A related , but different form of detention , is detention of suspects or remand . In contrast to preventive detention , detention of suspects must quickly be followed by a criminal charge ( or happen after the charge ) . In most jurisdictions , people suffering from serious mental illness may be subject to involuntary commitment under mental health legislation . This is undertaken on health grounds or in order to protect the person or others . It does not strictly speaking constitute a form of preventive detention , because the person is detained for treatment and released once this has proven effective . Contents ( hide ) 1 Specific jurisdictions 1.1 Australia 1.2 Canada 1.3 Costa Rica 1.4 Denmark 1.5 Germany 1.6 India 1.7 Malaysia 1.8 New Zealand 1.9 South Africa 1.10 United Kingdom 1.11 United States 2 See also 3 References Specific jurisdictions ( edit ) Australia ( edit ) Australian laws authorize preventive detention in a variety of circumstances . For example , mandatory detention in Australia ( a form of immigration detention ) is applied to asylum seekers who arrive in Australian territorial waters or territory , until their status as an asylum seeker is established . In Australia 's most populous State , New South Wales , preventive detention regimes have established powers to detain or to continuously monitor and limit particular activities of those who were once convicted of various serious sexual and violent offences . Recently , this has been extended , with the State government now able to control the free movement , speech , association and work of individuals and businesses via Serious Crime Prevention Orders ( ' SCPOs ' ) . Based on provisions in the United Kingdom , a range of state officials may apply to the NSW District or Supreme Courts to create an SCPO consisting of any conditions they consider appropriate . These conditions may include positive obligations - such as an obligation to report to a police station - or negative ' prohibitions ' or ' restrictions ' , for instance , a prohibition on travelling beyond a certain location . Failure to comply with the SCPO , carries with it a maximum penalty of five years ' imprisonment . SCPOs have been described as a `` watershed extension of state power in New South Wales '' by legal academics , and were strongly opposed by the legal community when they were introduced and passed into with less than two weeks ' consideration by the Parliament of NSW . Canada ( edit ) In Canada , anyone declared a dangerous offender by the courts is subject to an indefinite period of detention Costa Rica ( edit ) In Costa Rica , the 1998 Criminal Proceedings Code allows for a normal pre-trial `` prisión preventiva '' or remand of 12 months if the person is considered a `` flight risk '' , but if the case is declared `` complex '' , it can be increased to up to three years and a half of imprisonment without conviction , or even more in some cases . As of 23 May 2013 , over 3,000 people were in pre-trial detention . Denmark ( edit ) The police can detain people for 6 hours without involving the courts or pay compensation for wrongful arrest . In relation to the ongoing gang war in Copenhagen between the biker gangs and second generation youth gangs it has been suggested to extend the 6 hour limit to several weeks . Before the Copenhagen Climate Council a new set of emergency laws was introduced allowing the police to detain people for up to 12 hours without charging them for a crime . Critics fear that they will remain as permanent laws when the summit is over . Germany ( edit ) In Germany , `` preventive detention '' ( German : Sicherungsverwahrung , § 66 Strafgesetzbuch ) has a similar meaning to that in New Zealand . Sicherungsverwahrung can only be imposed as part of a criminal sentence , and it is handed down to individuals who have committed a grave offence and are considered a danger to public safety . It is an indeterminate sentence that follows a regular jail sentence . To assure the suitability of the preventive detention , it has to be reviewed every two years to determine the ongoing threat posed by the individual . Preventive detention is typically served in regular prisons , though separated from regular prisoners and with certain privileges . The Sicherungsverwahrung is usually imposed in the original verdict , but can be imposed later under certain circumstances . This practice of subsequent incapacitation orders was ruled a violation of Art 7 of the European Convention on Human Rights by the European Court of Human Rights . Subsequently , a huge discussion in Germany over the handling of this verdict occurred . In reaction to this the Federal Constitutional Court of Germany issued a verdict on Sicherungsverwahrung in May 2011 , deeming it unconstitutional . In response , a new law regulating Sicherungsverwahrung was passed in November 2012 . India ( edit ) In India , preventive detention can be extended for only six months . After three months , such a case is brought before an advisory board for review . Preventive detention in India dates from British rule in the early 1800s , and continued with such laws as the Defence of India Act 1939 and the Preventive Detention Act 1950 . The controversial Maintenance of Internal Security Act was enacted by Indian parliament during Indira Gandhi prime ministership in 1971 , however it was amended several times during national emergency ( 1975 - 1977 ) , leading to human right violations . It was subsequently repealed after Indira Gandhi lost the election in 1977 , and the new government took over . Malaysia ( edit ) In Malaysia the Internal Security Act 1960 ( ISA ) was a preventive detention law that was enacted after Malaysia gained independence from Britain in 1957 . The ISA allowed for detention without trial or criminal charges under limited , legally defined circumstances . The ISA was invoked against terrorism activity and against anyone deemed a threat to national security . On 15 September 2011 , Najib Razak , the Prime Minister of Malaysia , said that this legislation would be repealed and replaced by two new laws . On 17 April 2012 , the Security Offences ( Special Measures ) Act 2012 ( SOSMA ) was approved by the Malaysian Parliament as a replacement for the ISA . It was given the Royal Assent on 18 June 2012 and gazetted on 22 June 2012 . New Zealand ( edit ) See also : Life imprisonment in New Zealand § Preventive detention , and Prisoners ' rights in New Zealand § Preventive detention In New Zealand , `` preventive detention '' is an indeterminate sentence of imprisonment , second only to life imprisonment in terms of seriousness . It may be given to offenders aged 18 or over who are convicted of a qualifying sexual or violent offence , and the court is satisfied that the person is likely to commit another qualifying sexual or violent offence if they were given a determinate sentence of imprisonment . Preventive detention has a minimum non-parole period of five years in prison , but the sentencing judge can extend this if they believe that the prisoner 's history warrants it . A total of 314 people were serving terms of preventive detention in 2013 , of whom 34 were on parole . Alfred Thomas Vincent has been in prison on preventive detention since 1968 and was still there as of 2015 . South Africa ( edit ) Under Apartheid , the government of South Africa used preventive detention laws to target its political opponents . These included , notably , the Terrorism Act of 1967 , which gave police commanders the power to detain terrorists -- or people with information about terrorists -- without warrant . United Kingdom ( edit ) England and Wales used to have provisions , introduced by the Labour Government in 2003 , to deal with dangerous offenders similar to what is used in Canada . However , the Legal Aid , Sentencing and Punishment of Offenders Act 2012 abolished what was called Imprisonment for Public Protection ( IPP ) without replacement , although offences committed prior to the coming into force of the 2012 Act may still trigger IPP . United States ( edit ) In the United States , the Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution guarantees the right to `` a speedy and public trial '' . Thus , arrested persons may not be held for extended periods of time without trial . However , since the passage of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2012 ( NDAA ) , controversy has broken out as to whether or not the U.S. government now has the power to indefinitely detain citizens . Section 1021 and 1022 of the legislation enacted policies described by The Guardian as allowing indefinite detention `` without trial ( of ) American terrorism suspects arrested on U.S. soil who could then be shipped to Guantánamo Bay '' . Convicted persons can be held indefinitely as a `` dangerous offender '' . See also ( edit ) Preemptive arrest Precrime Administrative detention Arbitrary arrest and detention Civil confinement Indefinite imprisonment Anti-Terrorism Act 2005 ( Australia ) Criminal Law ( Temporary Provisions ) Act ( Singapore ) Internal Security Act ( Singapore ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Dangerous People . doi : 10.4324 / 9780203807774 . Jump up ^ Crimes ( Serious Crime Prevention Orders ) Act 2016 ( NSW ) Jump up ^ Crimes ( Serious Crime Prevention Orders ) Act 2016 ( NSW ) ss 5 - 7 Jump up ^ Crimes ( Serious Crime Prevention Orders ) Act 2016 ( NSW ) s 8 Jump up ^ Methven , Elyse ; Carter , David J. ( 2016 ) . `` Serious Crime Prevention Orders '' . Current Issues in Criminal Justice . 28 ( 2 ) : 223 -- 234 . ^ Jump up to : `` In Costa Rica 17 persons ordered daily to preventive detention '' . QCostarica.com . Q Media . 30 June 2013 . Retrieved 2 May 2015 . Jump up ^ The police law ( in Danish ) , Web page of the Danish police Jump up ^ S vil sætte bandekrigen bag tremmer , by Bente Lund , Denmarks Radio , February 22 , 2009 ( in Danish ) Jump up ^ Hårdt politisk opgør før Folketinget sagde ja til lømmelpakken , by Jens Ringberg , Denmarks Radio , November 26 , 2009 ( in Danish ) Jump up ^ Lømmelpakken bekymrer dommerne , Politiken , November 13 , 2009 ( in Danish ) Jump up ^ `` HUDOC - European Court of Human Rights '' . Retrieved 1 February 2017 . Jump up ^ ( www.dw.com ) , Deutsche Welle . `` German court rules preventive detention unconstitutional - Germany - DW.COM - 04.05. 2011 '' . Retrieved 1 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Gesetz zur bundesrechtlichen Umsetzung des Abstandsgebotes im Recht der Sicherungsverwahrung ( BR - Drs. 689 / 12 ) ( 1 ) ( PDF ; 266 kB ) Jump up ^ A. Faizur Rahman , `` Preventive detention an anachronism '' , The Hindu , 7 September 2004 . Jump up ^ Saxena , Priti ( 1 January 2007 ) . Preventive Detention and Human Rights . Deep & Deep Publications . pp. 99 -- . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7629 - 992 - 3 . Jump up ^ Internal Security Act to be abolished , says Najib , 15 September 2011 , Bernama.com . Jump up ^ Security Offences ( Special Measures ) Act 2012 Jump up ^ `` Sentencing Act 2002 No 9 ( as at 22 December 2016 ) , Public Act 87 Sentence of preventive detention -- New Zealand Legislation '' . Retrieved 1 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Sharpe , Marty ( 17 July 2013 ) . `` A third of Kiwi life termers are out on parole '' . Stuff.co.nz . Retrieved 25 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Mussen , Deidre ( 11 October 2015 ) . `` New Zealand 's longest serving prisoner gets half a century behind bars '' . Stuff . Retrieved 11 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Jonathan Cohen , `` 1967 Terrorism Act , No. 83 of 1967 '' , South African History Online . Jump up ^ McGreal , C. , `` Military given go - ahead to detain US terrorist suspects without trial '' , The Guardian , 14 December 2011 : ( 2 ) . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Preventive_detention&oldid=797696344 '' Categories : Law enforcement in India Criminal law Statutory law Emergency laws Terrorism laws Human rights Imprisonment and detention Prevention Hidden categories : Articles with Danish - language external links Articles needing additional references from October 2009 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia भोजपुरी Dansk Deutsch മലയാളം 日本 語 Norsk Português Edit links This page was last edited on 28 August 2017 , at 17 : 33 . About Wikipedia | under the preventive detention act a person can be arrested without trial for | [
"In the United States, the Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution guarantees the right to \"a speedy and public trial\". Thus, arrested persons may not be held for extended periods of time without trial. However, since the passage of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2012 (NDAA), controversy has broken out as to whether or not the U.S. government now has the power to indefinitely detain citizens. Section 1021 and 1022 of the legislation enacted policies described by The Guardian as allowing indefinite detention \"without trial [of] American terrorism suspects arrested on U.S. soil who could then be shipped to Guantánamo Bay\".[22]"
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"American terrorism"
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-3236275246963314791 | Citi Field | Citi Field - wikipedia Citi Field Citi Field Address 120 -- 01 Roosevelt Avenue Location Queens , New York Coordinates 40 ° 45 ′ 25 '' N 73 ° 50 ′ 45 '' W / 40.75694 ° N 73.84583 ° W / 40.75694 ; - 73.84583 Coordinates : 40 ° 45 ′ 25 '' N 73 ° 50 ′ 45 '' W / 40.75694 ° N 73.84583 ° W / 40.75694 ; - 73.84583 Public transit Long Island Rail Road ( LIRR ) : Port Washington Branch Port Washington Line at Mets -- Willets Point New York City Subway : trains at Mets -- Willets Point New York City Bus : Q48 Owner New York Mets Operator New York Mets Capacity 41,922 ( 2012 -- present ) 41,800 ( 2009 -- 2011 ) 45,000 + ( including standing room ) Record attendance 45,186 ( 2013 All - Star Game ) 44,859 ( 2015 World Series ) 44,466 ( Regular season ) Field size Left field Left center Deep left center Center field Deep right center Right center Right field 335 feet ( 102 m ) 358 feet ( 109 m ) 385 feet ( 117 m ) 408 feet ( 124 m ) 398 feet ( 121 m ) 375 feet ( 114 m ) 330 feet ( 100 m ) Surface Kentucky Bluegrass Construction Broke ground November 13 , 2006 Opened March 29 , 2009 ( college game ) April 3 , 2009 ( exhibition game ) April 13 , 2009 ( regular season ) Construction cost US $900 million ( $1.03 billion in 2017 dollars ) Architect Populous ( formerly HOK Sport ) Structural engineer WSP Cantor Seinuk Services engineer M-E Engineers , Inc . General contractor Hunt / Bovis Lend Lease Alliance II ( a Joint Venture ) Main contractors International Concrete Products Tenants New York Mets ( MLB ) ( 2009 -- present ) Georgetown Hoyas ( Big East Conference ) ( March 29 , 2009 ) Tampa Bay Rays ( MLB ) ( September 11 - 13 , 2017 ) Buffalo Sabres ( NHL ) ( January 1 , 2018 ) Citi Field is a baseball park located in Flushing Meadows -- Corona Park in the New York City borough of Queens . Completed in 2009 , it is the home field of the New York Mets of the National League division of Major League Baseball . The stadium was built as a replacement for and adjacent to Shea Stadium , which opened in 1964 next to the site of the 1964 New York World 's Fair . Citi Field was designed by Populous ( then HOK Sport ) , and is named after Citigroup , a New York financial services company which purchased the naming rights . The $850 million baseball park was funded with $615 million in public subsidies , including the sale of New York City municipal bonds which are to be repaid by the Mets plus interest . The payments will offset property taxes for the lifetime of the park . The Mets are receiving $20 million annually from Citibank in exchange for naming the stadium Citi Field . The first game at Citi Field was on March 29 , 2009 , with a college baseball game between St. John 's and Georgetown . The Mets played their first two games at the ballpark on April 3 and April 4 , 2009 against the Boston Red Sox as charity exhibition games . The first regular season home game was played on April 13 , 2009 , against the San Diego Padres . Citi Field hosted the 2013 Major League Baseball All - Star Game , marking the second time the Mets have hosted the event ( the first being in 1964 , the inaugural season of Shea Stadium ) . Contents 1 History 1.1 Planning 1.2 Construction 1.3 Modifications 2 Features 2.1 Jackie Robinson Rotunda 2.2 Home Run Apples 2.3 Amenities and facilities 2.4 Mets Hall of Fame & Museum 3 Public opinion 4 Access and transportation 5 Attendance records 5.1 Overall 5.2 Regular Season 5.3 Progression 6 Naming rights 6.1 Controversy 7 Stadium comparison 8 Notable events 9 Other events 9.1 Mets Concert Series post-game concerts ( 2012 -- 2016 ) 9.2 Citi Field soccer matches 9.3 Other sports events 10 In popular culture 11 See also 12 References 13 External links History ( edit ) Planning ( edit ) Since the 1990s , the Mets had been looking to replace Shea Stadium . It had originally been built as a multi-purpose stadium in 1964 . While it had been retrofitted as a baseball - only stadium after the NFL 's New York Jets left for Giants Stadium after the 1983 season , it was still not optimized for baseball , with seating located farther away from the playing field compared to other major league ballparks . The team unveiled a preliminary model of the ballpark in 1998 ; it featured a retractable roof and a movable grass field , which would have allowed it to host events including conventions and college basketball . The Mets also considered moving to Mitchel Field or Belmont Park in Nassau County , Long Island ; Sunnyside Yard in Queens , or the West Side Yard in Manhattan . In December 2001 , shortly before leaving office , New York City Mayor Rudy Giuliani announced `` tentative agreements '' for both the Mets and New York Yankees to build new stadiums . Of the $1.6 billion sought for the stadiums , city and state taxpayers would pick up half the tab for construction , $800 million , along with $390 million on extra transportation . The plan also said that the teams would be allowed to keep all parking revenues , which state officials had already said they wanted to keep to compensate the state for building new garages for the teams . The teams would keep 96 % of ticket revenues and 100 % of all other revenues , not pay sales tax or property tax on the stadium , and would get low - cost electricity from New York state . Business officials criticized the plan as giving too much money to successful teams with little reason to move to a different city . Michael Bloomberg , who succeeded Giuliani as mayor , exercised the escape clause in the agreements to back out of both deals , saying that the city could not afford to build new stadiums for the Mets and Yankees . Bloomberg said that unbeknownst to him , Giuliani had inserted a clause in this deal which loosened the teams ' leases with the city and would allow the Mets and Yankees to leave the city on 60 days ' notice to find a new home elsewhere if the city backed out of the agreement . At the time , Bloomberg said that publicly funded stadiums were a poor investment . Under Bloomberg , the New York City government would only offer public financing for infrastructure improvements ; the teams would have to pay for the stadiums themselves . Bloomberg called the former mayor 's agreements `` corporate welfare . '' Giuliani had already been instrumental in the construction of taxpayer - funded minor league baseball facilities MCU Park for the Mets ' minor league Brooklyn Cyclones and Richmond County Bank Ballpark for the Staten Island Yankees . The final plans for what is now Citi Field were created as part of the unsuccessful New York City 2012 Olympic bid . After plans for a West Side Stadium fell through , New York looked for an alternate stadium to host the opening and closing ceremonies and track and field . The Olympic Stadium project on the West Side was estimated to cost $2.2 billion , with $300 million provided by New York City and an additional $300 million from New York State . If New York had won the bid , Citi Field would have been expanded to Olympic events while the Mets would have played at Yankee Stadium in the Bronx for the 2012 season . Construction ( edit ) Citi Field under construction on September 14 , 2007 . The projected cost of the new ballpark and other infrastructure improvements is $610 million , with the Mets picking up $420 million of that amount . The agreement includes a 40 - year lease that will keep the Mets in New York until 2049 . The Mets own the stadium through a wholly owned subsidiary , Queens Ballpark Company . On March 18 , 2006 , the New York Mets unveiled the official model for the new ballpark . By July 2006 , initial construction of the new park was underway in the parking lot beyond Shea Stadium 's left - field , with a projected finish ahead of Opening Day 2009 in late March . By April 13 , 2008 , all of the structure for the Jackie Robinson Rotunda was in place with the arched windows receiving their paneling and glass . By September 2008 , most of the Citi Field signage had been installed . By December 1 , 2008 , all of the seats and the playing field had been installed . Modifications ( edit ) During the 2010 offseason , the bullpen area in right - center field underwent a complete renovation . When the edifice opened in time for the start of the 2009 MLB season , the Mets ' bullpen was in front of the visiting bullpen , leading to an obstructed view of the field from the visiting bullpen , which the San Diego Padres complained about during the Mets ' first regular - season home series . The bullpens were turned 90 ° , with pitchers throwing toward the field instead of parallel to it . More Mets team colors , player banners and logos were also added throughout the ballpark , including revamping the `` Let 's Go Mets '' slogan on the Citi Vision board so that the word `` Mets '' appears in its traditional script instead of the same font as the rest of the slogan . Additionally , the height of the home run boundary line directly in front of the Home Run Apple in center field was reduced from 16 feet ( 4.9 m ) to 8 feet ( 2.4 m ) in an attempt to produce more home runs . During its first three seasons , the large field dimensions caused Citi Field to play as an extreme `` pitcher 's park '' , and home - runs at the stadium were among the fewest in the Major Leagues . Mets ' general manager Sandy Alderson changed Citi Field 's dimensions in time for the 2012 MLB season in order to make it more friendly to hitters . Changes included building an 8 feet ( 2.4 m ) wall in front of the high 16 feet ( 4.9 m ) wall in left field that many had dubbed the `` Great Wall of Flushing '' , removing the nook in the `` Mo 's Zone '' in right field , and reducing the distance in right center field from 415 feet ( 126 m ) from home plate to 390 feet ( 120 m ) . The new walls are colored blue in order to address fan complaints that the old black walls with orange trims did not reflect the colors of the Mets . The Mets have also created a new seating section located in between the old and new left field walls called the Party City Party Deck , renamed the M&M 's Sweet Seats in 2016 after change of sponsorship , and can accommodate 102 additional fans . The center and right - center outfield wall were brought in to 380 feet ( 120 m ) for the 2015 season . Features ( edit ) Entrance to Citi Field through the Jackie Robinson Rotunda , with Shea Stadium 's Home Run Apple on the right . Citi Field has a capacity of 41,922 . It has over 15,000 fewer seats than Shea Stadium . All the seats in the park are green -- in an homage to the Polo Grounds , longtime home of the baseball Giants and the original home of the Mets -- as opposed to Shea 's orange , blue , red and green assortment . The exterior facade is reminiscent of Ebbets Field ( which was long sought by Mets owner Fred Wilpon , a Brooklyn native ) . Citi Field 's interior design is primarily influenced by PNC Park , which was the favorite ballpark of Mets COO Jeff Wilpon . Other influences include Great American Ball Park , Coors Field and Citizens Bank Park . Shea Stadium was the only ballpark in the Major Leagues to feature orange foul poles instead of the standard yellow , a unique characteristic that made its way into Citi Field . Shea Bridge Citi Field features an overarching bridge motif in its architecture , as New York City is linked by 2,027 bridges and is reflected in the Mets logo , as the team is the symbolic bridge to the city 's past National League teams , the New York Giants and the Brooklyn Dodgers . In the outfield section of the ballpark , there is a pedestrian bridge named Shea Bridge which resembles the Hell Gate Bridge . Similar to Shea Stadium , Citi Field 's field dimensions make it a pitcher friendly park . The Coca - Cola Corner , originally known as the Pepsi Porch , hangs over the field in right field , extending far beyond the indentation of the Clubhouse and is inspired by Tiger Stadium 's right field porch . The Pepsi sign that sat atop the area ( 2009 - 2015 ) was modeled after the one alongside the East River in Gantry Plaza State Park ; it was replaced by Coca - Cola 's logo in 2016 upon assuming the role of a Mets sponsor . In 2012 , the Mets added the Party City Party Deck in left field because they moved the fences in . The Party Deck is very similar to The Royals ' Pepsi Party Porch . Delta Air Lines signed a multiyear deal on September 15 , 2008 , to sponsor an exclusive section in Citi Field . The Delta Sky360 Club is a 22,500 - square - foot ( 2,090 m ) restaurant - cafe - bar - lounge complex that also houses 1,600 premium seats behind home plate stretching from dugout to dugout . Jackie Robinson Rotunda ( edit ) The interior of the Jackie Robinson Rotunda The front entrance of Citi Field features a rotunda named after Brooklyn Dodgers legend Jackie Robinson and honors his life and accomplishments . Engraved into the rotunda 's 160 - foot - diameter ( 49 m ) floor and etched into the archways are words and larger - than - life images that defined Robinson 's nine values : Courage , Excellence , Persistence , Justice , Teamwork , Commitment , Citizenship , Determination and Integrity . Robinson 's famous quote : `` A life is not important except in the impact it has on other lives '' , is engraved into the upper ring of the rotunda . There is also an 8 - foot ( 2.4 m ) sculpture of Robinson 's number 42 . The formal dedication of the Jackie Robinson Rotunda was held as part of Major League Baseball 's official celebration of Jackie Robinson Day on April 15 , 2009 . Home run apples ( edit ) Further information : Home Run Apple Citi Field 's Home Run Apple located in center field . Another tradition from Shea Stadium making an appearance in Citi Field is the Home Run Apple . When a Mets player hits a home run , a giant apple , which has a Mets logo on the front that lights up , rises from its housing in the center field batter 's eye . The new apple that has been constructed for Citi Field is more than four times the size of the previous one and was designed by Minneapolis - based engineering firm Uni-Systems . During the 2009 season , the original Shea apple was located in Bullpen Plaza , just inside the Bullpen Gate entrance . In 2010 , it was relocated to a spot outside the ballpark in Mets Plaza , the area between the Jackie Robinson Rotunda and the entrance to the Mets -- Willets Point subway station . Amenities and facilities ( edit ) Behind the center field scoreboard is the FanFest area , an expanded family entertainment area that includes a miniature wiffleball field replica of Citi Field called Mr. Met 's Kiddie Field , a batting cage , a dunk tank , video game kiosks and other attractions . Citi Field offers a wide choice of eateries . Taste of the City is a food court located in the center field section of the ballpark . It features food from restaurateur Danny Meyer 's Union Square Hospitality Group and includes a variety of stands , including Shake Shack ( burgers , fries , shakes ) , Blue Smoke ( barbecue ) , El Verano Taqueria ( Mexican cuisine ) , Catch of the Day ( featuring seafood from chef Dave Pasternack of Esca ) and Box Frites ( Belgian French fries ) . The World 's Fare Market is located on the field level in right field and features sushi from Daruma of Tokyo , sandwiches and pastries from Mama 's of Corona , Chinese cuisine from Tai Pan Bakery and Korean food from Café Hanover . Citi Field also offers a choice of fresh fruit at several stands around the stadium . In 2010 Citi Field upgraded the food choices on the Promenade Level behind home plate . Blue Smoke BBQ and Box Frites both open a second location . Restaurants and clubs are also available in every level of the ballpark . The 350 - seat Acela Club ( now Porsche Grill ) located in left field on the Excelsior Level , is the dining highlight of the new park and features a full view of the playing field as well as food from Drew Nieporent 's Myriad Restaurant Group , renowned for Nobu and Tribeca Grill . Admission into the high - end luxury Porsche Grill and Delta Sky360 Club , and including the other semi-luxury clubs are exclusive to high - end ticket holders only , and some restaurants enforce that reservations be made . A McFadden 's Restaurant and Saloon opened at Citi Field in 2010 . It is located directly under the Good Humor FanFest and is open to the public year - round . Mets Hall of Fame & Museum ( edit ) The original Mr. Met costume is one of the many exhibits on display at the Mets Hall of Fame and Museum . David Cone 's jersey from his 19 strikeout game on October 6 , 1991 , housed in the Mets Hall of Fame and Museum The Mets Hall of Fame & Museum is located adjacent to the Jackie Robinson Rotunda on the first base side and opened on April 5 , 2010 . The museum includes plaques honoring the inductees of the New York Mets Hall of Fame , the team 's World Series trophies from 1969 and 1986 , as well as artifacts on loan from noted collectors , former players and the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum . The museum boasts several displays including autographed memorabilia , original scouting reports on players such as Darryl Strawberry , and handwritten notes from the team 's first manager Casey Stengel . In addition to this the team has installed interactive touchscreens that guide visitors through various aspects of the franchise 's 50 - year history , and there are television screens and timelines that help weave all the disparate elements into a cohesive narrative . Public opinion ( edit ) The Scoreboard Operations booth . It is visible to fans through a window on the concourse of the Excelsior level . Business Insider praised the stadium for its aesthetics and named it one of the top 100 venues in sports , while BaseballParks.com called it `` perfect '' and especially lauded the Jackie Robinson Rotunda . Reviewers have also praised the many culinary offerings at Citi Field 's concession stands . Despite the modern amenities , Citi Field has not been without criticism . Most notable have been fan complaints of obstructed views , as well as Mets fans ' outrage at overemphasis on the celebration of the Brooklyn Dodgers ' legacy over the history of the Mets . Mets owner Fred Wilpon , a Brooklyn native , had grown up a Brooklyn Dodgers fan and admitted to going overboard ; Jeffrey Toobin wrote in The New Yorker , `` When Citi Field opened , the Brooklyn focus drew some criticism . After all , the Dodgers left Brooklyn in 1957 , and Ebbets Field was demolished shortly thereafter . Only the very oldest fans have any first - hand memory of the place . The Mets , who had been in existence for almost a half century , were virtually ignored in their own home . ' All the Dodger stuff -- that was an error of judgment on my part , ' Wilpon told me . '' In response to these criticisms , the team installed photographic imagery of famous players and historic moments in Mets history on the Field and Promenade levels as well as the display of team championship banners on the left - field wall during the 2009 season . They also constructed a Mets Hall of Fame and Museum prior to the 2010 season , located adjacent to the Jackie Robinson Rotunda , and changed the color of the outfield wall from black to Mets blue prior to the 2012 season , which many Mets fans had campaigned for . The team also worked on fixing the obstructed views in the Promenade level . During its first three seasons in existence , Citi Field was known to play as a `` pitcher 's park '' , and has been cited as the cause of the decreased offensive production of David Wright and Jason Bay . Wright hit only 10 home runs in 2009 after hitting at least 30 in the previous two seasons , while Bay had the worst offensive production of his career in his first season with the Mets in 2010 , only hitting 6 home runs , 47 RBIs , and OBP of just . 347 , and a slugging percentage of a career low . 402 . Jeff Francoeur , who played with the Mets during their first two years at Citi Field , criticized the ballpark 's dimensions , calling it `` a damn joke . '' During the 2011 season , Citi Field allowed 1.33 home runs per game , the third lowest total out of the 16 National League ballparks . The team responded by altering the ballpark dimensions for the 2012 season , creating a more neutral ballpark . Wright 's 2012 offensive numbers have improved due to the alterations . `` It 's a huge difference '' , Wright said . `` It allows you to relax and know you do n't have to try to hit the ball a mile to see results . And at the same time , if you do hit the ball well and you see results , instead of a 400 - foot flyout , you 're 1 - for - 1 and feeling good about yourself . '' Access and transportation ( edit ) Attractions and Geographical Features of Flushing Meadows -- Corona Park ( Full screen ) view talk Attractions and geographical features of Flushing Meadows -- Corona Park : 1 Citi Field Flushing Meadows Carousel Flushing Meadows Natatorium Flushing River and Creek 5 Meadow Lake 6 Mets -- Willets Point ( LIRR and subway stations ) 7 National Tennis Center 8 New York Hall of Science 9 New York State Pavilion , Queens Theatre in the Park and Queens Zoo 10 Queens Museum 11 Unisphere 12 Willow Lake 13 World 's Fair station ( demolished ) Citi Field is serviced by the IRT Flushing Line at the Mets -- Willets Point station . Citi Field is located in the borough of Queens , adjacent to the neighborhoods of Corona , which lies to its west , and Willets Point and Flushing to the east . Flushing Bay is to the north , and the rest of Flushing Meadows -- Corona Park is to the south . Because it lies within the Flushing postal zone , and because of its location in Flushing Meadows -- Corona Park , Citi Field is frequently referred to as being in Flushing proper . Citi Field is accessible via mass transit systems such as the New York City Subway via the IRT Flushing Line ( 7 and < 7 > trains ) at the Mets -- Willets Point station , and the Long Island Rail Road station on the Port Washington Branch also called Mets -- Willets Point . New York Water Taxi operates a free ferry to the stadium from Pier 11 / Wall Street and the East 34th Street Ferry Landing before every game . For selected games , SeaStreak provides ferry service between Highlands , New Jersey and the stadium . Both ferry services use the slips at the World 's Fair Marina , located approximately 0.25 miles ( 0.40 km ) north of Citi Field . The park is also close to several major thoroughfares , including the Grand Central Parkway , the Whitestone and Van Wyck Expressways , the Long Island Expressway , Roosevelt Avenue , Northern Boulevard and Astoria Boulevard . Citi Field is near to the USTA Billie Jean King National Tennis Center , where the annual US Open grand - slam tennis tournament is held . Since the construction of Citi Field began , satellite parking lots in Flushing Meadow Park ( access from College Point Boulevard ) have been opened . Attendance records ( edit ) Overall ( edit ) Bold indicates the winner of each game . Highest attendance at Citi Field Rank Attendance Date Game result Notes 45,186 July 16 , 2013 National League 0 , American League 3 2013 MLB All Star Game 44,859 November 1 , 2015 Mets 2 , Royals 7 ( 12 innings ) 2015 World Series ( Game 5 ) 44,815 October 31 , 2015 Mets 3 , Royals 5 2015 World Series ( Game 4 ) 44,781 October 30 , 2015 Mets 9 , Royals 3 2015 World Series ( Game 3 ) 5 44,747 October 5 , 2016 Mets 0 , Giants 3 2016 National League Wild Card Game 6 44,502 October 18 , 2015 Mets 4 , Cubs 1 2015 NLCS 7 44,466 April 30 , 2016 Mets 6 , Giants 5 Regular season record 8 44,384 April 3 , 2017 Mets 6 , Braves 0 2017 Opening Day 9 44,287 October 17 , 2015 Mets 4 , Cubs 2 2015 NLCS 10 44,276 October 12 , 2015 Mets 13 , Dodgers 7 2015 NLDS 11 44,189 March 29 , 2018 Mets 9 , Cardinals 4 2018 Opening Day 12 44,183 October 13 , 2015 Mets 1 , Dodgers 3 2015 NLDS Regular Season ( edit ) Bold indicates the winner of each game . Highest regular season attendance at Citi Field Rank Attendance Date Game result Notes 44,466 April 30 , 2016 Mets 6 , Giants 5 44,384 April 3 , 2017 Mets 6 , Braves 0 2017 Home Opener 44,189 March 29 , 2018 Mets 9 , Cardinals 4 2018 Home Opener 44,099 April 8 , 2016 Mets 7 , Phillies 2 2016 Home Opener 5 43,947 April 13 , 2015 Mets 2 , Phillies 0 2015 Home Opener 6 43,630 September 19 , 2015 Mets 0 , Yankees 5 7 43,602 September 18 , 2015 Mets 5 , Yankees 1 8 43,571 September 20 , 2015 Mets 2 , Yankees 11 9 43,462 May 27 , 2016 Mets 6 , Dodgers 5 10 43,255 August 29 , 2015 Mets 1 , Red Sox 3 11 42,996 August 1 , 2015 Mets 3 , Nationals 2 12 42,516 July 3 , 2012 Mets 11 , Phillies 1 Progression ( edit ) Bold indicates the winner of each game . Progression of attendance records at Citi Field Regular Season Mets Overall 41,007 -- April 13 , 2009 Mets 5 , Padres 6 41,103 -- May 25 , 2009 Mets 5 , Nationals 2 41,221 -- June 25 , 2009 Mets 3 , Cardinals 2 41,278 -- June 26 , 2009 Mets 1 , Yankees 9 41,302 -- June 27 , 2009 Mets 0 , Yankees 5 41,315 -- June 28 , 2009 Mets 2 , Yankees 5 41,382 -- May 21 , 2010 Mets 1 , Yankees 2 41,422 -- May 23 , 2010 Mets 6 , Yankees 4 42,020 -- July 1 , 2011 Mets 1 , Yankees 5 42,042 -- July 2 , 2011 Mets 2 , Yankees 5 42,080 -- April 5 , 2012 Mets 1 , Braves 0 42,122 -- June 23 , 2012 Mets 3 , Yankees 4 42,364 -- June 24 , 2012 Mets 5 , Yankees 6 42,516 -- July 3 , 2012 Mets 11 , Phillies 1 42,516 -- July 3 , 2012 Mets 11 , Phillies 1 45,186 -- July 16 , 2013 N.L. 0 , A.L. 3 2013 All Star Game 43,947 -- April 13 , 2015 Mets 2 , Phillies 0 43,947 -- April 13 , 2015 Mets 2 , Phillies 0 44,276 -- October 12 , 2015 Mets 13 , Dodgers 7 2015 NLDS Game 3 44,287 -- October 17 , 2015 Mets 4 , Cubs 1 2015 NLCS Game 1 44,502 -- October 18 , 2015 Mets 4 , Cubs 1 2015 NLCS Game 2 44,781 -- October 30 , 2015 Mets 9 , Royals 3 2015 World Series Game 3 44,781 -- October 31 , 2015 Mets 3 , Royals 5 2015 World Series Game 4 44,859 -- November 1 , 2015 Mets 2 , Royals 7 ( 12 innings ) 2015 World Series Game 5 44,099 -- April 8 , 2016 Mets 7 , Phillies 2 44,859 -- November 1 , 2015 Mets 2 , Royals 7 ( 12 innings ) 2015 World Series Game 5 44,466 -- April 30 , 2016 Mets 6 , Giants 5 Naming rights ( edit ) On November 13 , 2006 , it was announced that the ballpark would be called Citi Field , named for Citigroup Inc . Citigroup will be paying $20 million a year for the naming rights to the park over the next 20 years . This made Citi Field the second major league sports venue in the New York metropolitan area and the first in the city itself to be named for a corporate sponsor . At the time , the Meadowlands Arena in New Jersey 's Meadowlands Sports Complex had carried the Continental Airlines name ; since then Prudential Center in Newark , MetLife Stadium in East Rutherford , Red Bull Arena in Harrison , and Barclays Center in Brooklyn have all opened under corporate sponsorship . The deal includes an option on both sides to extend the contract to 40 years , and is the most expensive sports - stadium naming rights agreement ever , subsequently equaled by MetLife Stadium 's $400 million deal . At the groundbreaking for Citi Field , it was announced that the main entrance , modeled on the one in Brooklyn 's old Ebbets Field , would be called the Jackie Robinson Rotunda , possibly due to campaigns to forgo naming rights revenue and name the ballpark after Robinson . The Mets are spending more than $600 million for the new ballpark , which New York City and New York state are also supporting with a total of $165 million for such costs as infrastructure and site preparation . On February 24 , 2008 , the Mets and Citigroup unveiled the new Citi Field logo . Controversy ( edit ) Jonathan Lethem at Occupy Wall Street protesting the naming rights given to Citigroup , November 2011 Both Citigroup and the Mets maintain that the naming rights deal is secure , despite Citigroup 's economic troubles . This deal has been criticized in light of the late - 2000s financial crisis and the $45 billion of taxpayer funds allocated to Citigroup by the U.S. federal government in two separate rescue packages , prompting New York City Council members Vincent Ignizio and James Oddo to suggest that the new ballpark be called `` Citi / Taxpayer Field . '' Radio talk show host Brian Lehrer suggested the name `` Debits Field '' which combines baseball history with public outrage over the Citi bailout . Congressman Elijah Cummings of Maryland , who serves on the United States House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform , stated in regards to the Citi Field naming rights deal , `` This type of spending is indefensible and unacceptable to Citigroup 's new partner and largest investor : the American taxpayer ... I strongly urge Citigroup to find a way out of this contract and instead spend that $400 million on retaining its employees and restoring confidence in its operations . '' On January 29 , 2009 , congressmen Dennis Kucinich of Ohio and Ted Poe of Texas sent a letter to United States Secretary of the Treasury Timothy F. Geithner urging him to scrap Citigroup 's $400 million naming rights deal . `` We request that you intervene and demand that Citigroup dissolve the agreement they have with the New York Mets , '' reads the letter . `` Absent this outcome , we feel strongly that you should compel Citigroup to return immediately all federal monies received to date , as well as cancel all loan guarantees . '' However , Geithner rejected congressional demands to cancel the naming rights deal . The Wall Street Journal reported on February 3 , 2009 , that Citigroup considered breaking the naming rights deal . Citi has stated that no government TARP funds would be used in the sponsorship deal . The naming rights controversy reemerged when details about owner Fred Wilpon 's involvement in Bernard Madoff 's Ponzi scheme came to light when a lawsuit was filed on behalf of victims of Madoff 's investment scandal in 2011 . Stadium comparison ( edit ) In its opening season , Citi Field drew over 3.1 million fans with a game average of 92.7 % of seats filled , 4th best in baseball . Memorial in the Jackie Robinson Rotunda inside Citi Field , dedicated April 15 , 2009 Stadium Name Shea Stadium Citi Field Opening Day April 17 , 1964 April 13 , 2009 Capacity 57,405 41,922 ( 45,000 with standing room ) Seat width 19 '' to 20 `` , 19 '' average 19 '' to 24 `` , 21 '' average Legroom 32 '' 33 '' to 39 '' Average concourse width 21 ft ( 6.4 m ) . 43 ft ( 13 m ) . Wheelchair seating 174 830 Club seating 4,327 7,800 Luxury suites 45 54 Restaurants ( total capacity ) 2 ( 528 ) 4 ( 3,334 ) Team store 2,600 sq ft ( 240 m ) . 7,201 sq ft ( 669.0 m ) . Public concourse toilets 568 ( 217W / 345M / 6F ) 646 ( 305W / 327M / 14F ) Attendee per toilet ratio 101 70 Public elevators 4 ( Otis Traction ) 11 ( 9 Otis Gen2 , and 2 Otis Hydraulic ) Field dimensions ( feet ) Left field line -- 338 Left field 1 -- 358 Left Field 2 -- 371 Left center -- 396 Center field -- 410 Right center -- 396 Right field 2 -- 371 Right field 1 -- 358 Right field line -- 338 Left field line -- 335 Left field ( 2009 -- 2011 ) -- 371 Left Field -- 358 Left center ( 2009 -- 2011 ) -- 384 Left center -- 385 Center field -- 408 Right center ( 2009 -- 2011 ) -- 415 Right center -- 390 Right field ( 2009 -- 2011 ) -- 378 Right field -- 375 Right field line -- 330 Notable events ( edit ) April 13 , 2009 -- In the first Mets game ever played at Citi Field , Jody Gerut of the San Diego Padres hit a home run off Mike Pelfrey as the first batter of the game , becoming the first player in Major League Baseball history to open a ballpark with a leadoff home run . April 17 , 2009 -- Gary Sheffield hit his 500th home run against the Milwaukee Brewers , becoming the first player to reach this milestone as a pinch hitter . It was Sheffield 's first home run as a Met , which made Sheffield the first player to hit number 500 as his first home run with a new team . June 28 , 2009 -- Mariano Rivera of the New York Yankees recorded his 500th career save , becoming only the second relief pitcher to reach this milestone . The Mets gave Rivera the pitching rubber from Citi Field used in the game in honor of his achievement . ( Rivera 's only RBI , on a bases - loaded walk , also occurred in the game . ) September 11 , 2011 -- Citi Field hosted a nationally televised game against the Chicago Cubs to mark the tenth anniversary of the attacks of that day in 2001 . The pregame ceremonies featured members of the 2001 team who played at Shea Stadium on September 21 , 2001 , the first major sporting event held in New York City since the attacks . June 1 , 2012 -- Johan Santana threw the first no - hitter in Mets franchise history in an 8 - 0 victory over the St. Louis Cardinals , ending a 50 - year drought , the longest in Major League Baseball . July 16 , 2013 -- Citi Field hosted the 2013 Major League Baseball All - Star Game , with the American League defeating the National League 3 - 0 . The attendance of 45,186 was the largest in Citi Field 's history . June 9 , 2015 -- Chris Heston of the San Francisco Giants threw a no - hitter in a 5 - 0 victory over the Mets . October 3 , 2015 -- Max Scherzer of the Washington Nationals threw a no - hitter in a 2 - 0 victory over the Mets , becoming the fifth pitcher in major league history to throw two no hitters in a season . October 12 , 2015 -- Citi Field hosted its first playoff game , with the Mets defeating the Los Angeles Dodgers 13 - 7 in Game 3 of the 2015 NLDS . October 30 , 2015 -- Citi Field hosted its first World Series game , with the Mets defeating the Kansas City Royals 9 - 3 in Game 3 of the 2015 World Series . November 1 , 2015 -- The Kansas City Royals won the 2015 World Series , their first World Series championship since the 1985 World Series with a 7 - 2 Game 5 victory over the Mets in 12 innings . July 30 , 2016 - In a pre-game ceremony before a 7 - 2 loss to the Colorado Rockies , Mike Piazza 's # 31 was retired , only the second time in club history that the Mets retired a player 's number . October 5 , 2016 - The San Francisco Giants defeated the Mets 3 - 0 in the 2016 National League Wild Card Game . September 11 -- 13 , 2017 - A three - game series between the New York Yankees and Tampa Bay Rays was moved from Tropicana Field to Citi Field due to Hurricane Irma . The Rays were designated the `` home '' team during this three game series . These were the first Major League Baseball games to be played at Citi Field that did not involve the New York Mets . Additionally , these were the first games played in Flushing under AL rules ( excluding the 2013 All - Star Game ) since April 1998 , when the Yankees played a `` home '' game at Shea Stadium , after a beam caused structural damage at the original Yankee Stadium , and during the 1974 and 1975 seasons , while Yankee Stadium was being renovated . Other events ( edit ) Mets concert Series post-game concerts ( 2012 -- 2016 ) ( edit ) Between 2012 and 2016 , the Mets had a post-game concert series entitled `` Mets Concert Series '' after selected games . Unlike the concerts where the performance was the sole attraction of the evening , `` Mets Concert Series '' events were considered promotional dates , and admission to the concert was included in the price of the game ticket . The stage was set up in the grassy part of the field just beyond second base . 2012 6 / 15 / 2012 -- REO Speedwagon ( following game v. Cincinnati ) 7 / 20 / 2012 -- Daughtry ( following game v. Los Angeles ) 8 / 10 / 2012 -- MercyMe ( following game v. Atlanta ) 2013 6 / 14 / 2013 -- Foreigner ( following game v. Chicago Cubs ) 7 / 19 / 2013 -- Nas ( following game v. Philadelphia ) 8 / 2 / 2013 -- O.A.R. ( following game v. Kansas City ) 8 / 23 / 2013 -- Third Eye Blind ( following game v. Detroit ) 2014 6 / 14 / 2014 -- 50 Cent ( following game v. San Diego ) 7 / 12 / 2014 -- Huey Lewis and the News ( following game v. Miami ) 8 / 16 / 2014 -- Boys II Men ( following game v. Chicago Cubs ) 9 / 27 / 2014 -- Austin Mahone ( following game v. Houston ) 2015 6 / 28 / 2015 -- Steve Miller Band ( following game v. Cincinnati ) 7 / 25 / 2015 -- Heart ( following game v. Los Angeles ) 8 / 15 / 2015 -- Ne - Yo ( following game v. Pittsburgh ) 2016 6 / 18 / 2016 -- Andy Grammer ( following game v. Atlanta ) 8 / 13 / 2016 -- Styx ( following game v. San Diego ) Citi Field soccer matches ( edit ) Date Winning Team Result Losing Team Tournament Spectators June 7 , 2011 Ecuador 1 -- 1 Greece Friendly 39,656 July 26 , 2011 Juventus 1 -- 0 Club América World Football Challenge 20,859 August 15 , 2012 Ecuador 3 -- 0 Chile Friendly 31,901 June 2 , 2013 Israel 2 -- 0 Honduras 26,170 October 22 , 2017 NYCFC 2 - 2 Columbus Crew Major League Soccer 20,113 Other sports events ( edit ) The inaugural Metropolitan Lacrosse Classic was played at Citi Field on March 17 , 2013 , only the second time a major - league baseball stadium has staged college lacrosse , according to the Mets . In 1971 , Navy played Johns Hopkins at the Houston Astrodome . Holy Cross played Navy at noon , followed by Colgate - Michigan at 3 p.m. Holy Cross defeated Navy 7 -- 5 and Colgate defeated Michigan 10 -- 7 , before a crowd of 15,656 . On June 7 , 2015 , the first `` Legends of Wrestling '' event took place at Citi Field . It was a professional wrestling event , featuring veteran wrestlers such as Rob Van Dam , Lita , The Nasty Boys , Scott Steiner , and many more independent professional wrestlers , in up to six matches taking place ; the event was headlined by Ric Flair , Bret `` The Hitman '' Hart , and Bill Goldberg . On November 7 , 2015 , Citi Field hosted the first game of the Cricket All - Stars Series 2015 , featuring many retired cricket players from around the world and led by great cricket legends Sachin Tendulkar and Shane Warne . Warne 's Warriors defeated Sachin 's Blasters by 6 wickets . On January 1 , 2018 , Citi Field hosted the 2018 NHL Winter Classic between the New York Rangers and the Buffalo Sabres . The Rangers won the game 3 - 2 in overtime . The Sabres were the designated home team for the game , as the Rangers ' home arena of Madison Square Garden would lose its property tax exemption from the City of New York if any Rangers home games are not played there . Following the Winter Classic , Citi Field , with the help of Recycle Track Systems , the waste , recycling , and sustainability partner of the New York Mets , was able to recycle the hockey rink that was used during the game . In popular culture ( edit ) Citi Field was featured in the finale of the third season of Ugly Betty . Citi Field was also featured as a location in the film Sharknado 2 : The Second One , in which a tornado filled with sharks hits the ballpark . The field was featured in the CSI : NY Episode Hammer Down during the CSI : Trilogy , a three - night crossover event between CSI : Crime Scene Investigation , CSI : Miami and CSI : NY . See also ( edit ) Baseball portal New York City portal Shea Stadium , the home of the Mets from 1964 to 2008 Yankee Stadium , a baseball stadium in The Bronx for the New York Yankees , which opened in April 2009 Prudential Center , an arena in Newark , New Jersey for the New Jersey Devils , which opened in October 2007 Barclays Center , an arena in Brooklyn for the Brooklyn Nets and the New York Islanders , which opened in September 2012 MetLife Stadium , a football stadium in East Rutherford , New Jersey for the New York Giants and New York Jets , which opened in April 2010 Red Bull Arena , a soccer stadium in Harrison , New Jersey for the New York Red Bulls , which opened in March 2010 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Mets own the ballpark through a sub-company known as Queens Ballpark Company LLC ( see Queens Ballpark Company financial report ) . That 's because the land the ballpark was built on is owned by New York City and is leased to the Mets . The company is in charge of managing the lease and making sure it is paid on time each year . ^ Jump up to : Belson , Ken ; Sandomir , Richard ( April 3 , 2012 ) . `` Mets Hope New Design at Citi Field Brings Back the Long Ball '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` American 3 , National 0 '' . MLB.com . July 16 , 2013 . Retrieved July 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Boxscore : Kansas City vs. New York , Game 3 '' . October 24 , 2015 . Retrieved October 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Walker , Ben , ed. ( 30 April 2016 ) . `` Cain 's winless streak reaches 12 , Giants lose to Mets 6 - 5 '' . The News & Observer . Retrieved 30 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Community Development Project . `` Consumer Price Index ( estimate ) 1800 -- '' . Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Smilow , Jeffrey ; Thompson , Allen ( August 2009 ) . `` New Era in New York '' ( PDF ) . Modern Steel Construction . Retrieved September 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2016 - 03 - 28 . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ Bagli , Charles V. ( November 4 , 2008 ) . `` As Stadiums Rise , So Do Costs to Taxpayers '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Bagli , Charles V. ( December 8 , 2008 ) . `` As Stadiums ' Costs Rise , City Agrees to New Bond Offerings '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Joshua ( March 29 , 2009 ) . `` Fans Savor Sneak Peek of Citi Field , Even if Mets Are n't There '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ DiComo , Anthony ( December 17 , 2008 ) . `` Two Exhibition Games Set for Citi Field '' . MLB.com . Retrieved October 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ DiComo , Anthony ( May 16 , 2012 ) . `` Mets to Host 2013 All - Star Game at Citi . Field '' . Mets.com . Retrieved May 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Smith , Curt ( 2001 ) . Storied Stadiums . New York City : Carroll & Graf . ISBN 0 - 7867 - 1187 - 6 . Jump up ^ Sandomir , Richard ( April 24 , 1998 ) . `` Mets Unveil Model Stadium : Its Roof Moves , as Does Grass '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 21 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bonus Season for Baseball '' . The New York Times . January 17 , 2002 . Retrieved October 3 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Bagli , Charles V. ( January 16 , 2002 ) . `` Bloomberg Says Details On Stadiums Were Omitted '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Levy , Nicole ; Chiwaya , Nigel ( August 16 , 2016 ) . `` How NYC 's Failed 2012 Olympic Bid Shaped the City We Live in Today '' . DNAinfo.com . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2016 . Retrieved August 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bloom , Barry M. ( September 27 , 2008 ) . `` Citi Field Nearing Completion '' . MLB.com . Retrieved October 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Shpigel , Ben ( December 2 , 2008 ) . `` Citi Field Starting to Look Like a Real Ballpark '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Costa , Brian ( November 13 , 2009 ) . `` Mets Renovating Bullpen Area at Citi Field '' . The Star - Ledger . Newark . Retrieved November 13 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mets Expand Club Presence at Citi Field '' ( Press release ) . New York Mets . November 21 , 2009 . Retrieved November 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Rubin , Adam ( February 9 , 2010 ) . `` Mets ' Citi Field to Become More Homer - Friendly Next Season ; Center - Field Wall Gets Chopped to 8 Feet '' . Daily News . New York . Retrieved February 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Puma , Mike ( September 21 , 2011 ) . `` Mets Ready to Move Citi Field Fences '' . New York Post . Retrieved September 21 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Rubin , Adam ( October 21 , 2011 ) . `` Source : Citi Field changes on tap '' . ESPNNewYork.com . Retrieved October 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 11 - 19 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : `` Citi Field -- The Amazin ' New Ballpark '' . Daily News . New York . August 26 , 2009 . Archived from the original on May 9 , 2009 . Retrieved July 9 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Lupica , Matt ( 2012 ) . The Baseball Stadium Insider : A Comprehensive Dissection of All Thirty Ballparks , the Legendary Players , and the Memorable Moments . United States : iUniverse . p. 480 . ISBN 9781462083664 . Jump up ^ Price , Bill ( April 12 , 2009 ) . `` Pepsi Porch Great for Mets Fans , but Maybe Not for Ryan Church '' . Daily News . New York . Retrieved October 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Collins , Glenn ( March 24 , 2009 ) . `` For Mets Fans , a Menu Beyond Peanuts and Cracker Jack '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Robinson family , Mets , Citi , Jackie Robinson Foundation , Major League Baseball , Government Leaders Dedicate Jackie Robinson Rotunda at Citi Field '' ( Press release ) . New York Mets. April 15 , 2009 . Retrieved October 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Two MN Companies Keep Baseball Tradition Alive '' . KEYC - TV News . January 20 , 2009 . Archived from the original on January 24 , 2009 . Retrieved October 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Albanese , Laura ( March 26 , 2010 ) . `` Home Run Apple A Core Value for Mets Fans '' . Newsday . Retrieved March 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Citi Field Information : A-to - Z Guide '' . New York Mets . Retrieved September 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Citi Field Fan Map : Field Level '' . New York Mets . Retrieved September 3 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mets and Aramark Unveil All - Star Dining Line - up for 2010 at Citi Field '' ( Press release ) . New York Mets . March 24 , 2010 . Retrieved March 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Miller , Dan ( September 23 , 2009 ) . `` Mets Unveil Asian , Korean and Chinese Food Samples at CitiField World 's Fair Market '' . The Queens Gazette . Retrieved March 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Fernandez , Manny ( August 29 , 2009 ) . `` Buy Me Some Peanuts and Nectarines '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` McFadden 's Restaurant and Saloon To Open at Citi Field '' ( Press release ) . New York Mets . February 25 , 2010 . Retrieved February 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome -- McFadden 's Ballpark NY '' . Mcfaddenscitifield.com . Retrieved September 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Mets Hall of Fame & Museum opens this Monday , April 5 , Opening Day at Citi Field '' ( Press release ) . New York Mets. April 1 , 2010 . Retrieved April 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Nachman , Corey ( June 9 , 2011 ) . `` The 100 Best Venues In Sports '' Archived March 4 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine ... Business Insider . Jump up ^ Sin , Yvo ( July 12 , 2013 ) . `` The 9 Best Eats At Citi Field , 2013 '' Archived June 11 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine ... CBS News . Jump up ^ Castellano , Rob ( May 17 , 2011 ) . `` Citi Field Food : A Taste Of The Citi '' Archived March 15 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine ... SB Nation . Jump up ^ Castellano , Rob ( April 2 , 2012 ) . `` An In - Depth Look At The Newest Options In Citi Field Food '' Archived March 15 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine ... SB Nation . Jump up ^ Strang , Katie ( April 13 , 2009 ) . `` Many Fans Unhappy With Bad Views at Citi Field '' . Newsday . Retrieved October 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Herrmann , Mark ( July 13 , 2009 ) . `` A Tale of Two New Ballparks '' . Newsday . Retrieved October 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Hirshon , Nicholas ( April 20 , 2009 ) . `` Shea hey , fans protest : Mets faithful say new Citi Field pays too much tribute to Ebbets '' . Daily News . New York . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ Toobin , Jeffrey ( May 30 , 2011 ) . `` Madoff 's Curveball '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 05 - 02 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ Rubin , Adam ( August 14 , 2009 ) . `` Mets Adding More Mets to Citi Field '' . Daily News . New York . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2009 . Retrieved October 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Schreiber , Jay ( May 11 , 2010 ) . `` Citi Field 's Fingerprints All Over Wright 's and Bay 's Numbers '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ DiComo , Adam ( January 1 , 2011 ) . `` New Mets Regime Ready for Year of Change '' . MLB.com . Retrieved January 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ McCarron , Anthony ( January 22 , 2011 ) . `` Former Met Jeff Francoeur , Now With Royals , Calls Citi Field ' A Damn Joke ' ; Mets Get Bullpen Help '' . Daily News . New York . Retrieved January 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Harper , John ( July 7 , 2012 ) . `` David Wright 's spectacular 2012 campaign started in Port St. Lucie , Fla. , where he found time to reevaluate swing '' . Daily News . New York . Retrieved July 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Delta Mets Baseball Taxi '' . New York Water Taxi . Archived from the original on November 26 , 2011 . Retrieved December 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Wolf , Barnet D. ( April 29 , 2007 ) . `` The Name Game : Company Banners Flying on More College Stadiums , Arenas '' . The Columbus Dispatch . Retrieved May 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Mets Honor Robinson at New Home '' . Daily News . New York . November 14 , 2006 . Archived from the original on April 27 , 2007 . Retrieved November 14 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Brown , Maury ( November 22 , 2008 ) . `` Amidst Near Collapse , Cititgroup Confirms Retaining Naming Rights Deal with Mets '' . The Biz of Baseball . Archived from the original on December 16 , 2008 . Retrieved November 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Klayman , Ben ( November 21 , 2008 ) . `` Citigroup Naming Rights Deal Still in Place - Mets '' . Forbes Magazine . Retrieved November 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Pols Want New Name for Mets Home : Citi / Taxpayer Field '' . USA Today . November 26 , 2008 . Retrieved November 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Das , Andrew ( December 5 , 2008 ) . `` Citi Field by Any Other Name , Part II '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Irwin , Neil ( November 24 , 2008 ) . `` U.S. Offers Citigroup Expansive Safety Net '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved November 24 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Cummings , Elijah ( November 14 , 2008 ) . `` Citigroup 's Spending Indefensible and Unacceptable '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved November 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Nasaw , Daniel ( November 25 , 2008 ) . `` Baseball Stadium Named for Citigroup Faces Scrutiny '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved November 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Herbert , Keith ( January 30 , 2009 ) . `` Pols Call for Mets to Scrap Citigroup Naming Rights Deal '' . Newsday . Retrieved January 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Grim , Ryan ( January 29 , 2009 ) . `` Rename Citi Field : Bipartisan Push In House '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved January 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Sisk , Richard ( February 13 , 2009 ) . `` Mets Fans Will Have to Deal With Citi Field As Name of Stadium , Says Rep. Barney Frank '' . Daily News . New York . Retrieved October 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Enrich , David ; Futterman , Matthew ; Paletta , Damian ( February 3 , 2009 ) . `` Citi Explores Breaking Mets Deal '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved February 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Haberman , Clyde ( February 7 , 2011 ) . `` At Citi Field , Stains Are Not From the Grass '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ 2003 Major League Baseball Franchise Directory -- SportsBusiness Journal Jump up ^ Gagne , Matt ( April 14 , 2009 ) . `` Padres ' Jody Gerut Opens Citi Field With a Bang , Homering on Third Pitch '' . Daily News . New York . Retrieved June 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Ghiroli , Brittany ( April 18 , 2009 ) . `` Sheffield Joins Elite Club With No. 500 '' . MLB.com . Retrieved June 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Waldstein , David ( September 29 , 2009 ) . `` Burnett Looks Sharp as He Prepares for First Postseason '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ DiComo , Anthony ; Taube , Aaron ( August 31 , 2011 ) . `` Franco , Piazza Set for First Pitch on Sept. 11 '' . MLB.com . Mets.MLB.com . Retrieved September 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Mets ' Ceremony Honors 9 / 11 '' . MLB.com . September 11 , 2011 . Retrieved September 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Miller , Steven ( June 1 , 2012 ) . `` No - han ! Santana twirls first no - no in Mets history '' . MLB.com . Retrieved June 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Santana no - no a long time coming for Mets '' . ESPN . June 1 , 2012 . Retrieved June 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ http://newyork.mets.mlb.com/schedule/promotions.jsp?c_id=nym&y=2012 Jump up ^ http://newyork.mets.mlb.com/schedule/promotions.jsp?c_id=nym&y=2013 Jump up ^ http://newyork.mets.mlb.com/schedule/promotions.jsp?c_id=nym&y=2014 Jump up ^ http://newyork.mets.mlb.com/schedule/promotions.jsp?c_id=nym&y=2015 Jump up ^ http://newyork.mets.mlb.com/schedule/promotions.jsp?c_id=nym&y=2016 Jump up ^ `` Citi Field to host Metropolitan Lacrosse Classic '' . New York Mets . December 17 , 2012 . Retrieved December 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Lacrosse Box Score ( Final ) '' . Holy Cross . March 17 , 2013 . Archived from the original on April 3 , 2015 . Retrieved March 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Colgate 10 vs Michigan 7 '' . Colgate . March 17 , 2013 . Retrieved March 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sabres ' hosting ' 2018 Winter Classic vs. Rangers reportedly saves MSG $40 M '' . cbssports.com . May 12 , 2017 . Retrieved August 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` RTS starts Citi Field contract by recycling a hockey rink '' . WasteDive . January 3 , 2018 . Retrieved June 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` A Mets game is postponed by a sharknado in ' Sharknado. 2 ' '' . USA Today . July 29 , 2014 . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Citi Field . Stadium site on Mets.com Mets Ballparks from Mets Media Guide Belson , Ken & Sandomir , Richard . `` Mets ' New Home Is the ' Anti-Shea ' , '' The New York Times , March 5 , 2009 . hide Events and tenants Preceded by Shea Stadium Home of the New York Mets 2009 -- present Succeeded by Preceded by Kaufmann Stadium Host of the Major League Baseball All - Star Game 2013 Succeeded by Target Field Preceded by Busch Stadium Host of the NHL Winter Classic 2018 Succeeded by Notre Dame Stadium Links to related articles New York Mets Established in 1962 Based in Queens , New York Franchise History Expansion Draft Seasons Records Players New York Mets Hall of Fame Award winners and league leaders ( Sterling Award ) Managers Owners and executives Broadcasters Opening Day starting pitchers First - round draft picks SportsNet New York Logos and uniforms Ballparks Polo Grounds Shea Stadium Citi Field Spring training Al Lang Stadium First Data Field Culture and lore 2018 MLB Little League Classic New York Metropolitans Continental League Ca n't Anybody Here Play This Game ? 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"Citi Field is a baseball park located in Flushing Meadows–Corona Park in the New York City borough of Queens. Completed in 2009, it is the home field of the New York Mets of the National League division of Major League Baseball. The stadium was built as a replacement for and adjacent to Shea Stadium, which opened in 1964 next to the site of the 1964 New York World's Fair.\n"
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-4200443588865805026 | Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 26) | Dancing with the Stars ( U.S. season 26 ) - wikipedia Dancing with the Stars ( U.S. season 26 ) Dancing with the Stars ( season 26 ) Country of origin United States No. of episodes Release Original network ABC Original release April 30 ( 2018 - 04 - 30 ) -- May 21 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 21 ) Additional information Celebrity winner Adam Rippon Professional winner Jenna Johnson Season chronology ← Previous Season 25 Next → Season 27 Season twenty - six of Dancing with the Stars , titled Dancing with the Stars : Athletes , premiered on April 30 , 2018 , on the ABC network . The four - week season , the shortest ever , features a cast of current and former athletes . On May 21 , 2018 , Olympic figure skater Adam Rippon and professional dancer Jenna Johnson were announced the winners , marking the first win for Johnson . Rippon is the first openly gay winner . NFL player Josh Norman , with Sharna Burgess , and former Olympic Figure Skater Tonya Harding , with Sasha Farber , were both announced as runners - up during the live finale show . However , it was revealed later that Josh and Sharna placed second , while Tonya and Sasha placed third . Contents 1 Cast 1.1 Couples 1.2 Hosts and judges 1.3 Dance troupe 2 Scoring chart 2.1 Average chart 2.2 Highest and lowest scoring performances 2.3 Couples ' highest and lowest scoring dances 3 Weekly scores 3.1 Week 1 : First Dances 3.2 Week 2 3.3 Week 3 : MVP Night ( Semifinals ) 3.4 Week 4 : Finals 4 Dance chart 5 Ratings 5.1 U.S. Nielsen ratings 6 References 7 External links Cast ( edit ) Couples ( edit ) The professional dancers were announced on April 12 , 2018 . The eight professionals returning from last season are Lindsay Arnold , Alan Bersten , Sharna Burgess , Witney Carson , Artem Chigvintsev , Keo Motsepe , Gleb Savchenko , and Emma Slater . The two remaining professional dancers were both in the troupe last season , and have previously been professional dancers on the show : Sasha Farber ( last competed in season 24 ) and Jenna Johnson ( last competed in season 23 ) . The five professionals from last season that are not returning are Cheryl Burke , Mark Ballas , Maksim Chmerkovskiy , Peta Murgatroyd , and Valentin Chmerkovskiy . The cast was announced on April 13 on Good Morning America . Celebrity Notability ( known for ) Professional partner Status Ref . Jamie Anderson Olympic snowboarder Artem Chigvintsev Eliminated 1st on April 30 , 2018 Johnny Damon Former MLB outfielder Emma Slater Kareem Abdul - Jabbar Former NBA center Lindsay Arnold Eliminated 2nd on May 7 , 2018 Arike Ogunbowale Notre Dame women 's basketball player Gleb Savchenko Jennie Finch Daigle Former Olympic softball pitcher Keo Motsepe Eliminated 3rd on May 14 , 2018 Chris Mazdzer Olympic luger Witney Carson Mirai Nagasu Olympic figure skater Alan Bersten Tonya Harding Former Olympic figure skater Sasha Farber Third place on May 21 , 2018 Josh Norman NFL cornerback Sharna Burgess Runner - up on May 21 , 2018 Adam Rippon Olympic figure skater Jenna Johnson Winner on May 21 , 2018 Hosts and judges ( edit ) Tom Bergeron and Erin Andrews returned as hosts , while Carrie Ann Inaba , Len Goodman , and Bruno Tonioli returned as judges . On May 7 , season 24 champion Rashad Jennings returned as a guest judge . On May 14 , season 24 runner - up David Ross returned as a guest judge . Dance troupe ( edit ) The dance troupe for season 26 consists of season 25 troupe members Artur Adamski , Brandon Armstrong , Hayley Erbert , and Britt Stewart . Additionally , professional dancer Morgan Larson , who performed on the Dancing with the Stars : Light Up the Night tour , joined the troupe for season 26 . Scoring chart ( edit ) Couple Place Adam & Jenna 24 37 + 37 = 74 39 + 2 = 41 30 + 28 = 58 Josh & Sharna 24 30 + 33 = 63 36 + 2 = 38 27 + 30 = 57 Tonya & Sasha 23 33 + 33 = 66 33 + 2 = 35 26 + 30 = 56 Jennie & Keo 21 26 + 37 = 63 29 Chris & Witney 21 33 + 33 = 66 33 Mirai & Alan 23 37 + 37 = 74 35 Kareem & Lindsay 7 17 26 + 33 = 59 Arike & Gleb 20 33 + 37 = 70 Jamie & Artem 9 19 Johnny & Emma 18 Red numbers Indicates the lowest score for each week . Green numbers Indicates the highest score for each week . The returning couple that was the last to be called safe . The couple was eliminated that week . The winning couple . the runner - up couple the third place couple Average chart ( edit ) This table only counts dances scored on a 30 - point scale ( scores by guest judges and points awarded in the dance - offs are excluded ) . Rank by average Place Couple Total points Number of dances Average Adam & Jenna 166 6 27.7 Mirai & Alan 103 25.8 Josh & Sharna 155 6 25.8 Tonya & Sasha 151 25.2 5 7 Arike & Gleb 71 23.7 6 Chris & Witney 94 23.5 7 Jennie & Keo 88 22.0 8 7 Kareem & Lindsay 60 20.0 9 9 Jamie & Artem 19 19.0 10 Johnny & Emma 18 18.0 Highest and lowest scoring performances ( edit ) The best and worst performances in each dance according to the judges ' 30 - point scale ( scores by guest judges are excluded ) are as follows : Dance Highest scored dancer ( s ) Highest score Lowest scored dancer ( s ) Lowest score Salsa Mirai Nagasu 23 Kareem Abdul - Jabbar 19 Cha - cha - cha Adam Rippon Josh Norman 24 Kareem Abdul - Jabbar 17 Foxtrot Mirai Nagasu Josh Norman 27 Johnny Damon 18 Viennese waltz Tonya Harding 26 Jamie Anderson 19 Paso doble Josh Norman 23 -- -- Quickstep Adam Rippon 28 Tonya Harding 24 Team dances Jennie Finch Daigle Mirai Nagasu Arike Ogunbowale Adam Rippon 27 Kareem Abdul - Jabbar Tonya Harding Chris Mazdzer Josh Norman 24 Rumba Tonya Harding 24 -- -- Contemporary Adam Rippon 29 Josh Norman 27 Jazz Adam Rippon 30 -- -- Freestyle Tonya Harding Josh Norman 30 Adam Rippon 28 Couples ' highest and lowest scoring dances ( edit ) Scores are based upon a potential 30 - point maximum ( team dances and scores by guest judges are excluded ) . Couple Highest scoring dance ( s ) Lowest scoring dance ( s ) Adam & Jenna Jazz ( 30 ) Cha - cha - cha ( 24 ) Josh & Sharna Freestyle ( 30 ) Paso doble ( 23 ) Tonya & Sasha Freestyle ( 30 ) Foxtrot ( 23 ) Jennie & Keo Foxtrot & Viennese waltz ( 21 ) Cha - cha - cha ( 19 ) Chris & Witney Viennese waltz ( 25 ) Salsa ( 21 ) Mirai & Alan Foxtrot ( 27 ) Salsa ( 23 ) Kareem & Lindsay Salsa ( 19 ) Cha - cha - cha ( 17 ) Arike & Gleb Foxtrot ( 24 ) Salsa ( 20 ) Jamie & Artem Viennese waltz ( 19 ) -- Johnny & Emma Foxtrot ( 18 ) -- Weekly scores ( edit ) Individual judges ' scores in the charts below ( given in parentheses ) are listed in this order from left to right : Carrie Ann Inaba , Len Goodman , Bruno Tonioli . Week 1 : first dances ( edit ) The couples danced the cha - cha - cha , foxtrot , salsa or Viennese waltz . For the first time in the show 's history , viewers were able to vote for the couples live online so that the results of the vote could be used to determine the first two eliminees that same evening . Running order Couple Scores Dance Music Result Chris & Witney 21 ( 7 , 7 , 7 ) Salsa `` Mr. Put It Down '' -- Ricky Martin feat . Pitbull Safe Kareem & Lindsay 17 ( 6 , 5 , 6 ) Cha - cha - cha `` Signed , Sealed , Delivered I 'm Yours '' -- Stevie Wonder Safe Jennie & Keo 21 ( 7 , 7 , 7 ) Foxtrot `` All - American Girl '' -- Carrie Underwood Safe Jamie & Artem 19 ( 6 , 7 , 6 ) Viennese waltz `` Feeling Good '' -- Avicii feat . Audra Mae Eliminated Mirai & Alan 23 ( 7 , 8 , 8 ) Salsa `` No Excuses '' -- Meghan Trainor Safe Arike & Gleb 20 ( 7 , 6 , 7 ) Salsa `` Them Girls '' -- Whitney Myer Safe Adam & Jenna 24 ( 8 , 8 , 8 ) Cha - cha - cha `` Sissy That Walk '' -- RuPaul Safe Johnny & Emma 18 ( 6 , 6 , 6 ) Foxtrot `` Centerfield '' -- John Fogerty Eliminated Tonya & Sasha 23 ( 8 , 8 , 7 ) Foxtrot `` When You Believe '' -- Whitney Houston & Mariah Carey Last to be called safe Josh & Sharna 24 ( 8 , 8 , 8 ) Cha - cha - cha `` Finesse '' -- Bruno Mars Safe Week 2 ( edit ) Individual judges ' scores in the charts below ( given in parentheses ) are listed in this order from left to right : Carrie Ann Inaba , Rashad Jennings , Len Goodman , Bruno Tonioli . The couples performed one unlearned dance and a team dance celebrating an iconic decade in sports . Paso doble and quickstep are introduced . Running order Couple Scores Dance Music Result Josh & Sharna 30 ( 7 , 7 , 8 , 8 ) Paso doble `` The Plaza of Execution '' -- James Horner Safe Jennie & Keo 26 ( 6 , 7 , 7 , 6 ) Cha - cha - cha `` Do It Like This '' -- Daphne Willis Safe Kareem & Lindsay 26 ( 7 , 7 , 6 , 6 ) Salsa `` La Malanga '' -- Eddie Palmieri Eliminated Chris & Witney 33 ( 9 , 8 , 8 , 8 ) Viennese waltz `` Next to Me '' -- Imagine Dragons Last to be called safe Tonya & Sasha 33 ( 8 , 9 , 8 , 8 ) Quickstep `` Redneck Woman '' -- Gretchen Wilson Safe Mirai & Alan 37 ( 9 , 10 , 9 , 9 ) Foxtrot `` It 's a Small World '' -- The O'Neill Brothers Safe Arike & Gleb 33 ( 8 , 9 , 8 , 8 ) Foxtrot `` What About Us '' -- Pink Eliminated Adam & Jenna 37 ( 9 , 9 , 9 , 10 ) Quickstep `` Make Way '' -- Aloe Blacc Safe Chris & Witney Josh & Sharna Kareem & Lindsay Tonya & Sasha 33 ( 8 , 9 , 8 , 8 ) Freestyle ( Team 1950s Tennis ) `` ... Baby One More Time '' -- The Baseballs Adam & Jenna Arike & Gleb Jennie & Keo Mirai & Alan 37 ( 9 , 10 , 9 , 9 ) Freestyle ( Team 1970s Football ) `` Instant Replay '' -- Dan Hartman Week 3 : MVP Night ( Semifinals ) ( edit ) Individual judges ' scores in the charts below ( given in parentheses ) are listed in this order from left to right : Carrie Ann Inaba , David Ross , Len Goodman , Bruno Tonioli . The couples performed one unlearned dance dedicated to the `` MVP '' in their lives , and participated in `` ballroom battle '' dance - offs for extra points . Former contestants were brought in to mentor the couples for the ballroom battles . Nastia Liukin mentored Jennie & Keo and Tonya & Sasha . Meryl Davis mentored Adam & Jenna and Mirai & Alan . Von Miller mentored Chris & Witney and Josh & Sharna . Contemporary , jive and rumba are introduced . Running order Couple Scores Dance Music Result Mirai & Alan 35 ( 9 , 9 , 8 , 9 ) Quickstep `` BO $ $ '' -- Fifth Harmony Eliminated Jennie & Keo 29 ( 7 , 8 , 7 , 7 ) Viennese waltz `` The Rest of Our Life '' -- Tim McGraw & Faith Hill Chris & Witney 33 ( 8 , 9 , 7 , 9 ) Foxtrot `` I Got Rhythm '' -- Ray Chew Tonya & Sasha 33 ( 8 , 9 , 8 , 8 ) Rumba `` See You Again '' -- Tyler Ward Safe Adam & Jenna 39 ( 10 , 10 , 9 , 10 ) Contemporary `` O '' -- Coldplay Safe Josh & Sharna 36 ( 9 , 9 , 9 , 9 ) Contemporary `` Stand by Me '' -- Bootstraps Last to be called safe Dance - offs Couple Judges ' votes Public vote Dance Music Result Tonya & Sasha Tonya , Jennie , Tonya , Tonya Jennie ( 60 % ) Cha - cha - cha `` Dance '' -- DNCE Winner ( 2 pts ) Jennie & Keo Loser Adam & Jenna Adam , Mirai , Mirai , Adam Adam ( 64 % ) Jive `` Johnny B. Goode '' -- Chuck Berry Winner ( 2 pts ) Mirai & Alan Loser Josh & Sharna Chris , Josh , Josh , Josh Chris ( 55 % ) Salsa `` WTF ( Where They From ) '' -- Missy Elliott feat . Pharrell Williams Winner ( 2 pts ) Chris & Witney Loser Week 4 : Finals ( edit ) The final three couples performed one unlearned dance inspired by their journey on the show and a freestyle . Jazz is introduced . Running order Couple Scores Dance Music Result Tonya & Sasha 26 ( 8 , 9 , 9 ) Viennese waltz `` The Time of My Life '' -- David Cook Third Place 30 ( 10 , 10 , 10 ) Freestyle `` Hush Hush ; Hush Hush '' -- The Pussycat Dolls Josh & Sharna 27 ( 9 , 9 , 9 ) Foxtrot `` Conqueror '' -- Empire cast feat . Estelle & Jussie Smollett Runner - Up 30 ( 10 , 10 , 10 ) Freestyle `` Walk on Water '' -- Thirty Seconds to Mars Adam & Jenna 30 ( 10 , 10 , 10 ) Jazz `` Anything You Can Do '' -- Bernadette Peters & Tom Wopat Winners 28 ( 9 , 9 , 10 ) Freestyle `` Scooby Doo Pa Pa '' -- DJ Kass Dance chart ( edit ) The celebrities and professional partners will dance one of these routines for each corresponding week : Week 1 : Cha - cha - cha , foxtrot , salsa , or Viennese waltz ( First Dances ) Week 2 : One unlearned dance & team dances Week 3 : One unlearned dance & ballroom battles ( MVP Night ; Semifinals ) Week 4 : One unlearned dance & freestyle ( Finals ) Couple Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Adam & Jenna Cha - cha - cha Quickstep Freestyle ( Team 1970s Football ) Contemporary Jive Jazz Freestyle Josh & Sharna Cha - cha - cha Paso doble Freestyle ( Team 1950s Tennis ) Contemporary Salsa Foxtrot Freestyle Tonya & Sasha Foxtrot Quickstep Freestyle ( Team 1950s Tennis ) Rumba Cha - cha - cha Viennese waltz Freestyle Jennie & Keo Foxtrot Cha - cha - cha Freestyle ( Team 1970s Football ) Viennese waltz Cha - cha - cha Chris & Witney Salsa Viennese waltz Freestyle ( Team 1950s Tennis ) Foxtrot Salsa Mirai & Alan Salsa Foxtrot Freestyle ( Team 1970s Football ) Quickstep Jive Kareem & Lindsay Cha - cha - cha Salsa Freestyle ( Team 1950s Tennis ) Arike & Gleb Salsa Foxtrot Freestyle ( Team 1970s Football ) Jamie & Artem Viennese waltz Johnny & Emma Foxtrot Highest scoring dance Lowest scoring dance Gained bonus points for winning this dance - off Gained no bonus points for losing this dance - off Ratings ( edit ) U.S. Nielsen ratings ( edit ) Episode Air date Rating / Share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) `` Week 1 : Premiere '' April 30 , 2018 1.1 5 8.48 `` Week 2 '' May 7 , 2018 1.0 7.73 `` Week 3 : MVP Night ( Semifinals ) '' May 14 , 2018 1.0 7.68 `` Week 4 : The Finals '' May 21 , 2018 1.1 5 8.77 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Schwartz , Ryan ( April 13 , 2018 ) . `` Dancing With the Stars : Athletes Cast Includes Tonya Harding , Adam Rippon , Kareem Abdul - Jabbar and More '' . TVLine . Retrieved April 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' DWTS ' Reveals Official Runner - Up -- Did Tonya Harding or Josh Norman Place Second ? '' . Entertainment Tonight . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ Murphy , Desiree ( April 12 , 2018 ) . `` Dancing With the Stars pros revealed for all - athlete season '' . Entertainment Tonight . Retrieved April 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Thorbecke , Catherine ( April 13 , 2018 ) . `` Adam Rippon , Tonya Harding and more superstar athletes to face - off in Dancing With the Stars season 26 '' . ABC News . Retrieved April 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Kubicek , John ( April 30 , 2018 ) . `` ' Dancing with the Stars : Athletes ' Premiere Recap : The First Dances and Eliminations '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved April 30 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Iannucci , Rebecca ( May 7 , 2018 ) . `` Dancing With the Stars Week 2 Recap : Did the Right Athletes Go Home ? '' . TVLine . Retrieved May 14 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Iannucci , Rebecca ( May 14 , 2018 ) . `` Dancing With the Stars Week 3 Recap : Are the Right Athletes In the Finale ? '' . TVLine . Retrieved May 15 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Montgomery , Daniel ( May 21 , 2018 ) . `` Dancing with the Stars : Athletes ' finale recap : Who won the Mirror Ball Trophy ? '' . GoldDerby . Retrieved May 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` About Dancing with the Stars '' . abc.go.com . Retrieved March 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 10 Driven Athletes Will Go Toe - to - Toe for the Mirrorball Trophy on Season Premiere of ABC 's DANCING WITH THE STARS '' . BroadwayWorld. April 24 , 2018 . Retrieved April 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Scoop : Coming Up on DANCING WITH THE STARS : ATHLETES on ABC - Monday , May 7 '' . BroadwayWorld.com . May 7 , 2018 . Retrieved May 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Scoop : Six Remaining Athletes Prepare for Yet Another Double - Header as They Get Set to Perform on DANCING WITH THE STARS : ATHLETES 5 / 14 '' . BroadwayWorld.com . May 9 , 2018 . Retrieved May 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Scoop : Coming Up on DANCING WITH THE STARS : ATHELETES on ABC - Monday , May 21 '' . BroadwayWorld.com . May 16 , 2018 . Retrieved May 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 1 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Voice ' adjusts up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Voice , ' ' Supergirl , ' ' Man with a Plan ' adjust up , ' The Resident ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Man with a Plan ' adjusts up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' Supergirl ' and ' iZombie ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 22 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website Dancing with the Stars ( U.S. TV series ) Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 : All - Stars 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 : Athletes Participants List of competitors Winners Celebrity Kelly Monaco Drew Lachey Emmitt Smith Apolo Anton Ohno Hélio Castroneves Kristi Yamaguchi Brooke Burke Shawn Johnson Donny Osmond Nicole Scherzinger Jennifer Grey Hines Ward J.R. Martinez Donald Driver Melissa Rycroft Kellie Pickler Amber Riley Meryl Davis Alfonso Ribeiro Rumer Willis Bindi Irwin Nyle DiMarco Laurie Hernandez Rashad Jennings Jordan Fisher Adam Rippon Professional Alec Mazo Cheryl Burke Julianne Hough Mark Ballas Derek Hough Kym Johnson Karina Smirnoff Peta Murgatroyd Tony Dovolani Maksim Chmerkovskiy Witney Carson Valentin Chmerkovskiy Emma Slater Lindsay Arnold Jenna Johnson Games Dancing with the Stars We Dance ! Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dancing_with_the_Stars_(U.S._season_26)&oldid=853983505 '' Categories : Dancing with the Stars ( U.S. TV series ) 2018 American television seasons Hidden categories : Television season articles that use custom fields Infobox television season articles that use the season name parameter Articles with hCards Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Edit links This page was last edited on 8 August 2018 , at 05 : 16 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | dancing with the stars athletes 2018 guest judges | [
"Tom Bergeron and Erin Andrews returned as hosts, while Carrie Ann Inaba, Len Goodman, and Bruno Tonioli returned as judges.[9] On May 7, season 24 champion Rashad Jennings returned as a guest judge.[6] On May 14, season 24 runner-up David Ross returned as a guest judge.[7]\n",
"Tom Bergeron and Erin Andrews returned as hosts, while Carrie Ann Inaba, Len Goodman, and Bruno Tonioli returned as judges.[9] On May 7, season 24 champion Rashad Jennings returned as a guest judge.[6] On May 14, season 24 runner-up David Ross returned as a guest judge.[7]\n"
] | [
"Rashad Jennings",
"David Ross"
] |
-6610046242698220989 | The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas | The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas - wikipedia The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas For the film , see The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas ( film ) . The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas UK first edition book cover Author John Boyne Country Ireland Language English Genre Historical / post modern Publisher David Fickling Books Publication date 5 January 2006 Media type Print ( hard cover & paper back ) Pages 216 ISBN 0 - 385 - 60940 - X OCLC 62132588 Dewey Decimal 823.914 22 LC Class CS 2006 / 45764 The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas is a 2006 Holocaust novel by Irish novelist John Boyne . Unlike the months of planning Boyne devoted to his other books , he said that he wrote the entire first draft of The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas in two and a half days , barely sleeping until he got to the end . As of March 2010 , the novel had sold more than five million copies around the world . In both 2007 and 2008 , it was the best selling book of the year in Spain , and it has also reached number one on the New York Times bestseller list , as well as in the UK , Ireland , and Australia . The book was adapted in 2008 as a film of the same name . Plot ( edit ) Bruno is a 9 - year - old boy growing up during World War II in Berlin . He lives with his parents , his 12 - year - old sister Gretel and maids , one of whom is called Maria . After a visit by Adolf Hitler , Bruno 's father is promoted to Commandant , and the family has to move to `` Out - With '' because of the orders of `` The Fury '' ( Bruno 's naïve interpretation of the word ' Führer ' ) . Bruno is initially upset about moving to Out - With ( in actuality , Auschwitz ) and leaving his friends , Daniel , Karl , and Martin . From the house at Out - With , Bruno sees a camp in which the prisoners wear striped pyjamas . One day , Bruno decides to explore the strange wire fence . As he walks along the fence , he meets a Jewish boy named Shmuel , who he learns shares his birthday . Shmuel says that his father , grandfather , and brother are with him on this side of the fence , but he is separated from his mother . Bruno and Shmuel talk and become very good friends , although Bruno still does not understand very much about Shmuel and his side of the fence . Nearly every day , unless it 's raining , Bruno goes to see Shmuel and sneaks him food . As the meetings go on , and Shmuel gets more and more skinny , Bruno 's naïveté is proved , as he never realizes he is living beside a concentration camp . When lice eggs are discovered in Bruno 's hair he is forced to get all of his hair shaved off . Bruno comments that he looks like Shmuel , and Shmuel agrees , except that Bruno is fatter . Bruno 's mother eventually persuades his father to take them back to Berlin and stay at Out - With without them . The next day Bruno concocts a plan with Shmuel to sneak into the camp to look for Shmuel 's father . Shmuel brings a set of prison clothes ( which look to Bruno like striped pyjamas ) , and Bruno leaves his own clothes outside the fence . As they search the camp , both children are rounded up along with a group of prisoners on a `` march '' . They are forced to remove their clothing and are led into a gas chamber . In the gas chamber , Bruno apologizes to Shmuel for not finding his father and tells Shmuel that he is Bruno 's best friend for life . Shmuel does not answer , as at that moment the door of the gas chamber is closed , it becomes dark , and all is chaos . Critics ' reviews ( edit ) Kathryn Hughes , writing in The Guardian , calls the novel `` a small wonder of a book '' . While she comments on `` the oddness of Auschwitz security being so lax that a child prisoner could make a weekly date with the commandant 's son without anyone noticing '' , she describes the novel as `` something that borders on fable '' , arguing that `` Bruno 's innocence comes to stand for the willful refusal of all adult Germans to see what was going on under their noses '' . Nicholas Tucker , writing in The Independent , calls the novel `` a fine addition to a once taboo area of history , at least where children 's literature is concerned . It provides an account of a dreadful episode short on actual horror but packed with overtones that remain in the imagination . Plainly and sometimes archly written , it stays just ahead of its readers before delivering its killer punch in the final pages . '' Ed Wright , writing in The Age of Melbourne , calls the novel `` a touching tale of an odd friendship between two boys in horrendous circumstances and a reminder of man 's capacity for inhumanity . '' He felt that `` Bruno 's friendship with Shmuel is rendered with neat awareness of the paradoxes between children 's naive egocentricity , their innate concept of fairness , familial loyalty and obliviousness to the social conventions of discrimination . '' He concludes by observing that `` The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas is subtitled A Fable and , as in other modern fables such as Antoine de St Exupery 's The Little Prince , Boyne uses Bruno to reveal the flaws in an adult world . '' A.O. Scott , writing in The New York Times , questioned the author and publisher 's choice to intentionally keep the Holocaust setting of the book vague in both the dust jacket summary and the early portion of the novel , writing : `` Boyne 's reluctance to say as much can certainly be defended , not least on the grounds that the characters in a story about the Holocaust are themselves most likely unaware of the scale and historical importance of their experiences . To recreate those experiences faithfully might require undoing some of the readers ' preconceptions . '' However Scott felt this undermined the work , saying : `` A young reader who knows little or nothing about the mass murder of European Jews by the Nazis will not know much more after reading `` The Boy in the Striped Pajamas , '' while one who has read other books on the topic -- Jerry Spinelli 's `` Milkweed , '' say , or Anne Frank 's diary -- may be irritated by the book 's evasions and euphemisms . There is something awkward about the way Boyne manages to disguise , and then to disclose , the historical context . '' Scott concludes that `` To mold the Holocaust into an allegory , as Boyne does here with perfectly benign intent , is to step away from its reality . '' Rabbi Benjamin Blech offered a historical criticism , contending that the premise of the book and subsequent film -- that there could be a child of Shmuel 's age in Auschwitz -- was impossible , writing of the book : `` Note to the reader : There were no 9 - year - old Jewish boys in Auschwitz -- the Nazis immediately gassed those not old enough to work . '' Rabbi Blech affirmed the opinion of a Holocaust survivor friend that the book is `` not just a lie and not just a fairytale , but a profanation '' . Blech acknowledges the objection that a `` fable '' need not be factually accurate ; he counters that the book trivializes the conditions in and around the death camps and perpetuates the `` myth that those ( ... ) not directly involved can claim innocence '' , and thus undermines its moral authority . Students who read it , he warns , may believe the camps `` were n't that bad '' if a boy could conduct a clandestine friendship with a Jewish captive of the same age , unaware of `` the constant presence of death '' . Holocaust scholar Henry Gonashk rebuts Blech 's historical contention in his book `` Hollywood and the Holocaust '' , writing that `` The rabbi found implausible Shmuel 's very existence in the camp , '' but stating that `` Blech is factually incorrect . In fact , there were male ( though apparently not female ) children at Auschwitz . In 1944 , for example , according to the Nazis ' meticulous records , there were 619 male children at the camp , ranging in age from one month to fourteen years old . Some of the boys sere employed by the Nazis as camp messengers , while others were simply kept around as mascots and curiosities . Probably some of these children were sexually abused by the guards . Of course , thousands of other children at Auschwitz ( including all the girls who arrived at the camp ) were gassed . '' References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Interview with Children 's Author John Boyne ( 2006 ) '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 21 . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` BBC World Service - World Book Club - Downloads '' . Bbc.co.uk . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Biography '' . John Boyne . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ Hughes , Kathryn ( 20 January 2006 ) . `` Educating Bruno '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 5 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Hughes , Kathryn ( 21 January 2006 ) . `` Educating Bruno '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 8 February 2012 . Retrieved 8 February 2012 . Jump up ^ https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/reviews/the-boy-in-the-striped-pyjamas-by-john-boyne-6111909.html Jump up ^ https://www.theage.com.au/news/book-reviews/the-boy-in-the-striped-pyjamas/2006/01/03/1136050420787.html Jump up ^ https://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/12/books/Scott.t.html Jump up ^ Blech , Benjamin ( October 23 , 2008 ) . `` The Boy in the Striped Pajamas '' . Aish.com . Archived from the original on August 30 , 2009 . Retrieved August 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Rabbi Benjamin Blech ( October 23 , 2008 ) . `` The Boy in the Striped Pajamas '' . aish.com . Retrieved February 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ https://books.google.com/books?id=vOeYCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA272&lpg=PA272&dq=blech+%22boy+in+the+striped+pajamas%22&source=bl&ots=ti_C37es9b&sig=V7TvvGXKs4r_yvnjBwLDNLzHsI0&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjxhvmpq43bAhXny4MKHcdgBbg4ChDoAQhJMAY#v=onepage&q=blech%20%22boy%20in%20the%20striped%20pajamas%22&f=false GND : 7719172 - 9 LCCN : no2009181923 VIAF : 182554061 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Boy_in_the_Striped_Pyjamas&oldid=852605343 '' Categories : 2006 novels Irish historical novels Irish novels adapted into films Novels set in Germany Novels set in Poland Novels about the Holocaust 21st - century Irish novels Hidden categories : Pages to import images to Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2013 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk About Wikipedia Asturianu Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Português Русский Simple English Slovenščina Suomi ไทย Українська Tiếng Việt 19 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 July 2018 , at 04 : 02 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | what is the genre of the boy in the striped pajamas | [
"The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas \nUK first edition book coverAuthor\nJohn BoyneCountry\nIrelandLanguage\nEnglishGenre\nHistorical / post modernPublisher\nDavid Fickling BooksPublication date\n5 January 2006Media type\nPrint (hard cover & paper back)Pages\n216ISBN\n0-385-60940-XOCLC\n62132588Dewey Decimal\n823.914 22LC Class\nCS 2006/45764",
"The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas \nUK first edition book coverAuthor\nJohn BoyneCountry\nIrelandLanguage\nEnglishGenre\nHistorical / post modernPublisher\nDavid Fickling BooksPublication date\n5 January 2006Media type\nPrint (hard cover & paper back)Pages\n216ISBN\n0-385-60940-XOCLC\n62132588Dewey Decimal\n823.914 22LC Class\nCS 2006/45764"
] | [
"Historical",
"post modern"
] |
7555155450496308543 | Women's suffrage in the United Kingdom | Women 's suffrage in the United Kingdom - wikipedia Women 's suffrage in the United Kingdom Jump to : navigation , search Part of a series on Feminism Women Girls Femininity History ( hide ) Social Women 's history Feminist history History of feminism History of American women History of Canadian women History of German women History of women in the United Kingdom Timelines Women 's suffrage Muslim - majority countries United States Other women 's rights Suffrage by country Australia Canada Japan Kuwait New Zealand Sweden Switzerland United Kingdom Wales United States In states Utah Waves First Second Third Fourth Variants ( general ) ( show ) Amazon Analytical Anarchist Atheist Conservative Cultural Cyber Difference Eco - Vegetarian Equality Fat French French post-structuralist Gender Global Hip - hop / Hip hop Indigenous Native American Individualist Jineology Labor Lesbian Radical lesbians Liberal Equity Lipstick Marxist Material Maternal Neo - New Post - Postcolonial Postmodern Anti-abortion Post-structural Racial Black Chicana White Radical Separatist Sex - positive Social Socialist Standpoint Third world Trans Transnational Womanism Africana Variants ( religious ) ( show ) Buddhist Christian Neopagan Dianic Wicca Reclaiming Hindu Islamic Jewish Orthodox Mormon Sikh Concepts ( show ) Antifeminism Bicycling Criticism of marriage Children 's literature Effects on society Equality Embedded feminism Female education Female genital mutilation Femicide Feminazi Feminism in culture Feminist stripper Gender equality Girl power Honor killing International Women 's Day Language reform Male gaze Matriarchal religion Media Men and feminism Meninism Movement African - American woman suffrage movement Art movement In hip hop Networked feminism Oedipus complex Political lesbianism Lesbian separatism Pro-feminism Protofeminism Reproductive justice Sex workers ' rights Sexual harassment Sexual objectification State feminism Straw feminism Theory in composition studies Triple oppression Victim feminism Violence against women Views on BDSM Views on pornography Views on prostitution Views on sexual orientation Views on sexuality Views on transgender and transsexual people War on Women Women 's health Women 's rights Theory ( show ) Feminist method Gender studies Gender mainstreaming Gynocentrism Kyriarchy Matriarchy Women 's studies Men 's studies Patriarchy Écriture féminine Feminist ... anthropology archaeology architecture art art criticism literary criticism film theory biology composition studies criminology pathways perspective economics fpda geography international relations constructivism legal theory pedagogy philosophy aesthetics empiricism epistemology ethics justice ethics existentialism metaphysics political ecology political theory pornography psychology revisionist mythology science fiction sex wars sexology sociology technoscience theology thealogy womanist theology By country ( show ) Albania Australia Bangladesh Canada China Republic of the Congo Denmark Egypt Ethiopia Finland France Germany Ghana Greece Hong Kong India Indonesia Iran Iraq Republic of Ireland Israel Italy Japan Latin America Argentina Brazil Chile Haiti Honduras Mexico Paraguay Trinidad and Tobago Lebanon Malaysia Mali Nepal Netherlands New Zealand Nigeria Northern Cyprus Norway Pakistan Philippines Poland Russia Syria South Africa South Korea Sweden Taiwan Thailand Turkey Vietnam Ukraine United Kingdom United States Feminist movement History of women Lists and categories ( show ) Lists Articles Feminists by nationality Literature American feminist literature Feminist comic books Conservative feminisms Countries by women 's average years in school Ecofeminist authors Feminist art critics Feminist economists Feminist philosophers Feminist poets Feminist rhetoricians Jewish feminists Muslim feminists Feminist parties Suffragists and suffragettes Women 's rights activists Women 's studies journals Women 's suffrage organizations Categories Women 's rights by country Feminists by nationality Feminism portal WSPU poster by Hilda Dallas , 1909 . Women 's suffrage in the United Kingdom was a movement to give women the right to vote . It finally succeeded through two laws in 1918 and 1928 . It became a national movement in the Victorian era . Women were not explicitly banned from voting in Great Britain until the 1832 Reform Act and the 1835 Municipal Corporations Act . In 1872 the fight for women 's suffrage became a national movement with the formation of the National Society for Women 's Suffrage and later the more influential National Union of Women 's Suffrage Societies ( NUWSS ) . As well as in England , women 's suffrage movements in Wales and other parts of the United Kingdom gained momentum . The movements shifted sentiments in favour of woman suffrage by 1906 . It was at this point that the militant campaign began with the formation of the Women 's Social and Political Union ( WSPU ) . The outbreak of the First World War in 1914 led to a suspension of all politics , including the militant suffragette campaigns . Lobbying did take place quietly . In 1918 , a coalition government passed the Representation of the People Act 1918 , enfranchising all men , as well as all women over the age of 30 who met minimum property qualifications . In 1928 , the Conservative government passed the Representation of the People ( Equal Franchise ) Act giving the vote to all women over the age of 21 on equal terms with men . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Early suffragist societies 3 The formation of a national movement 3.1 Women 's political groups 3.1. 1 The Primrose League 3.1. 2 The Women 's Liberal Associations 3.2 Pressure groups 3.3 Pankhursts and suffragettes 4 First World War 4.1 Parliament expands suffrage 1918 5 Women in prominent roles 6 Legacy 7 Timeline 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 Primary sources 12 External links Background ( edit ) Until the 1832 Great Reform Act specified ' male persons ' , a few women had been able to vote in parliamentary elections through property ownership , although this was rare . In local government elections , single women ratepayers received the right to vote in the Municipal Franchise Act 1869 . This right was confirmed in the Local Government Act 1894 and extended to include some married women . By 1900 , more than 1 million single women were registered to vote in local government elections in England . Both before and after the 1832 Reform Act there were some who advocated that women should have the right to vote in parliamentary elections . After the enactment of the Reform Act enactment the MP Henry Hunt argued that any woman who was single , a tax payer and had sufficient property should be allowed to vote . One such wealthy woman , Mary Smith , was used in this speech as an example . The Chartist Movement , which began in the late 1830s , has also been suggested to have included supporters of female suffrage . There is some evidence to suggest William Lovett , one of the authors of the People 's Charter wished to include female suffrage as one of the campaign 's demands but chose not to on the grounds that this would delay the implementation of the charter . Although there were female Chartists , they largely worked toward universal male suffrage . At this time most women did not have aspirations to gain the vote . There is a poll book from 1843 which clearly shows thirty women 's names among those who voted . These women were playing an active role in the election . On the roll , the wealthiest female elector was Grace Brown , a butcher . Due to the high rates that she paid , Grace Brown was entitled to four votes . Lilly Maxwell made a high - profile vote in Britain in 1867 after the Great Reform Act of 1832 . Maxwell , a shop owner , met the property qualifications that otherwise would have made her eligible to vote had she been male . In error , however , her name had been added to the election register and on that basis she succeeded in voting in a by - election -- her vote however was later declared illegal by the Court of Common Pleas . The case , however , gave women 's suffrage campaigners great publicity . Outside pressure for women 's suffrage was at this time diluted by feminist issues in general . Women 's rights were becoming increasingly prominent in the 1850s as some women in higher social spheres refused to obey the gender roles dictated to them . Feminist goals at this time included the right to sue an ex-husband after divorce ( achieved in 1857 ) and the right for married women to own property ( fully achieved in 1882 after some concession by the government in 1870 ) . The issue of parliamentary reform declined along with the Chartists after 1848 and only reemerged with the election of John Stuart Mill in 1865 . He stood for office showing direct support for female suffrage and was an MP in the run up to the second Reform Act . Early suffragist Societies ( edit ) In the same year that John Stuart Mill was elected ( 1865 ) , the first Ladies Discussion Society was formed , debating whether women should be involved in public affairs . Although a society for suffrage was proposed , this was turned down on the grounds that it might be taken over by extremists . However , later that year Leigh Smith Bodichon formed the first Women 's Suffrage Committee and within a fortnight collected 1,500 signatures in favour of female suffrage in advance to the second Reform Bill . The Manchester Society for Women 's Suffrage was founded in February 1867 . Its secretary , Lydia Becker , wrote letters both to Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli and to The Spectator . She was also involved with the London group , and organised the collection of more signatures . However , in June the London group split , partly a result of party allegiance , and partly the result of tactical issues . Conservative members wished to move slowly to avoid alarming public opinion , while Liberals generally opposed this apparent dilution of political conviction . As a result , Helen Taylor founded the London National Society for Women 's Suffrage which set up strong links with Manchester and Edinburgh . In Scotland one of the earliest societies was the Edinburgh National Society for Women 's Suffrage . Although these early splits left the movement divided and sometimes leaderless , it allowed Lydia Becker to have a stronger influence . The suffragists were known as the parliamentaries . In Ireland , the Dublin Women 's Suffrage Association was established in 1874 . As well as campaigning for women 's suffrage , it sought to advance women 's position in local government . In 1898 , it changed its name to the Irish Women 's Suffrage and Local Government Association . The formation of a National movement ( edit ) Women 's political groups ( edit ) A handbill complaining about sexual discrimination during the movement . Although women 's political party groups were not formed with the aim to achieve women 's suffrage , they did have two key effects . Firstly , they showed women who were members to be competent in the political arena and as this became clear , secondly , it brought the concept of female suffrage closer to acceptance . The Primrose League ( edit ) The Primrose League was set up to promote Conservative values through social events and supporting the community . As women were able to join , this gave females of all classes the ability to mix with local and national political figures . Many also had important roles such as bringing voters to the polls . This removed segregation and promoted political literacy amongst women . The League , however , did not promote women 's suffrage as one of its objectives . The women 's Liberal associations ( edit ) Although there is evidence to suggest that they were originally formed to promote female franchise ( the first being in Bristol in 1881 ) , WLAs often did not hold such an agenda . They did , however , operate independently from the male groups . They became more active when they came under the control of the Women 's Liberal Federation , and canvassed all classes for support of women 's suffrage and male domination . Pressure groups ( edit ) The campaign first developed into a national movement in the 1870s . At this point , all campaigners were suffragists , not suffragettes . Up until 1903 , all campaigning took the constitutional approach . It was after the defeat of the first Women 's Suffrage Bill that the Manchester and London committees joined together to gain wider support . The main methods of doing so at this time involved lobbying MPs to put forward Private Member 's Bills . However such bills rarely pass and so this was an ineffective way of actually achieving the vote . In 1868 , local groups amalgamated to form a series of close - knit groups with the founding of the National Society for Women 's Suffrage ( NSWS ) . This is notable as the first attempt to create a unified front to propose women 's suffrage , but had little effect due to several splits , once again weakening the campaign . Famous WSPU poster 1914 Up until 1897 , the campaign stayed at this relatively ineffective level . Campaigners came predominantly from the landed classes and joined together on a small scale only . However , 1897 saw the foundation of the National Union of Women 's Suffrage Societies ( NUWSS ) by Millicent Fawcett . This society linked smaller groups together and also put pressure on non-supportive MPs using various peaceful methods . Pankhursts and suffragettes ( edit ) Founded in 1903 , the Women 's Social and Political Union ( WSPU ) was tightly controlled by the three Pankhursts . It specialized in highly visible publicity campaigns such as large parades . This had the effect of energizing all dimensions of the suffrage movement . While there was a majority of support for suffrage in parliament , the ruling Liberal Party refused to allow a vote on the issue ; the result of which was an escalation in the suffragette campaign . The WSPU , in contrast to its allies , embarked on a campaign of violence to publicize the issue , even to the detriment of its own aims . The Cat and Mouse Act was passed by Parliament in an attempt to prevent suffragettes becoming martyrs in prison . It provided the release of those whose hunger strikes and forced feeding had brought them sickness , as well as their re-imprisonment once they had recovered . The result was even greater publicity for the cause . The tactics of the WSPU included shouting down speakers , hunger strikes , stone - throwing , window - smashing , and arson of unoccupied churches and country houses . Historian Martin Pugh says , `` militancy clearly damaged the cause . '' Whitfield says , `` the overall effect of the suffragette militancy , however , was to set back the cause of women 's suffrage . '' Historian Harold Smith , citing historian Sandra Holton , has argued that by 1913 WSPU gave priority to militancy rather than obtaining the vote . Their battle with Liberals have become a , `` kind of holy war , so important that it could not be called off even if continuing it prevented suffrage reform . This preoccupation with the struggle distinguished the WSPU from that by the NUWSS , which remained focused on obtaining women 's suffrage . '' Smith concludes : Although non-historians often assumed the WSPU was primarily responsible for obtaining women 's suffrage , historians are much more skeptical about its contribution . It is generally agreed that the WSPU revitalize the suffrage campaign initially , but that it is escalation of militancy after 1912 impeded reform . Recent studies have shifted from claiming that the WSPU was responsible for women 's suffrage to portraying it as an early form of radical feminism that sought to liberate women from male - centered gender system . First World war ( edit ) The greater suffrage efforts halted with the outbreak of World War I. While some activity continued , with the NUWSS continuing to lobby peacefully , Emmeline Pankhurst , convinced that Germany posed a danger to all humanity , persuaded the WSPU to halt all militant suffrage activity . Parliament expands suffrage 1918 ( edit ) During the wars select group of parliamentary leaders decided on a policy that would expand the suffrage to all men , and to most women . Prime Minister Asquith , an opponent , was replaced in late 1916 by David Lloyd George , a longtime supporter of woman suffrage . During the war , a serious shortage of able - bodied men ( `` manpower '' ) occurred , and women were required to take on many of the traditional male roles . With the approval of the labour unions , `` dilution '' was agreed upon . Complicated factory jobs handled by skilled men were diluted or simplified so that they could be handled by less skilled men and women . The result was a large increase in women workers , concentrated in munitions industries of highest priority to winning the war . This led to a new view of what a woman was capable of doing , at the same time the anti-suffrage hostility caused by pre-war militant tactics declined . All the major women 's groups strongly supported the war effort . Pacifism existed on the left of politics , especially in the trade unions , but did not play a major role in creating opposition to women 's suffrage . Until now suffrage was based on occupational qualifications of men . Millions of women were now meeting those occupational qualifications , which in any case were so old - fashioned that the consensus was to remove them . For example , a male voter who joined the Army might lose the right to vote , which was an intolerable result . In early 1916 , suffragist organizations privately agreed to downplay their differences , and resolve that any legislation increasing the number of votes should also enfranchise women . Local government officials proposed a simplification of the old system of franchise and registration , and the Labour cabinet member in the new coalition government , Arthur Henderson , called for universal suffrage , with an age cutoff of 21 for men and 25 for women . Most male political leaders showed anxiety about having a female majority in the new electorate . Parliament turned over the issue to a new Speakers Conference , a special committee from all parties from both houses , chaired by the Speaker . They began meeting in October 1916 , in secret . A majority of 15 to 6 supported votes for some women ; by 12 to 10 , it agreed on a higher age cut off for women . Women leaders accepted a cutoff age of 30 in order to get the vote for most women . Finally in 1918 , Parliament passed an act granting the vote to women over the age of 30 who were householders , the wives of householders , occupiers of property with an annual rent of £ 5 , and graduates of British universities . About 8.4 million women gained the vote . In November 1918 , the Parliament ( Qualification of Women ) Act 1918 was passed , allowing women to be elected into the House of Commons . By 1928 the consensus was that votes for women had been successful . With the Conservative Party in full control in 1928 , it passed the Representation of the People ( Equal Franchise ) Act that extended the voting franchise to all women over the age of 21 , granting women the vote on the same terms as men . Women in prominent roles ( edit ) WSPU founders Annie Kenney and Christabel Pankhurst Emmeline Pankhurst was a key figure gaining intense media coverage of the women 's suffrage movement . Pankhurst , alongside her two daughters , Christabel and Sylvia , founded and led the Women 's Social and Political Union , an organisation which was focused on direct action to win the vote . Her husband , Richard Pankhurst , also supported women suffrage ideas since he was the author of the first British woman suffrage bill and the Married Women 's Property Acts in 1870 and 1882 . After her husband 's death , Emmeline decided to move to the forefront of the suffrage battle . Along with her two daughters , Christabel Pankhurst and Sylvia Pankhurst , she joined the National Union of Women 's Suffrage Societies ( NUWSS ) . With her experience with this organisation , Emmeline founded the Women 's Franchise League in 1889 and the Women 's Social and Political Union ( WSPU ) in 1903 . Frustrated with years of government inactivity and false promises , the WSPU adopted a militant stance , which was so influential it was later imported into suffrage struggles worldwide , most notably by Alice Paul in the United States . After many years of struggle and adversity , women finally gained suffrage but Emmeline died shortly after this . Another key figure was Millicent Fawcett . She had a peaceful approach to issues presented to the organisations and the way to get points across to society . She supported the Married Women 's Property Act and the social purity campaign . Two events influenced her to become even more involved : her husband 's death and the division of the suffrage movement over the issue of affiliation with political parties . Millicent , who supported staying independent of political parties , made sure that the parts separated came together to become stronger by working together . Because of her actions , she was made president of the NUWSS . In 1910 -- 1912 , she supported a bill to give vote rights to single and widowed females of a household . By supporting the British in World War I , she thought women would be recognised as a prominent part of Europe and deserved basic rights such as voting . Millicent Fawcett came from a radical family . Her sister was Elizabeth Garrett Anderson an English physician and feminist , and the first woman to gain a medical qualification in Britain . Elizabeth was elected mayor of Aldeburgh in 1908 and gave speeches for suffrage . Emily Davies became an editor of a feminist publication , Englishwoman 's Journal . She expressed her feminist ideas on paper and was also a major supporter and influential figure during the twentieth century . In addition to suffrage , she supported more rights for women such as access to education . She wrote works and had power with words . She wrote texts such as Thoughts on Some Questions Relating to Women in 1910 and Higher Education for Women in 1866 . She was a large supporter in the times where organisations were trying to reach people for a change . With her was a friend named Barbara Bodichon who also published articles and books such as Women and Work ( 1857 ) , Enfranchisement of Women ( 1866 ) , and Objections to the Enfranchisement of Women ( 1866 ) , and American Diary in 1872 . Legacy ( edit ) Whitfield concludes that the militant campaign had some positive effects in terms of attracting enormous publicity , and forcing the moderates to better organize themselves , while also stimulating the organization of the antis . He concludes : The overall effect of the suffragette militancy , however , was to set back the cause of women 's suffrage . For women to gain the right to vote it was necessary to demonstrate that they had public opinion on their side , to build and consolidate a parliamentary majority in favour of women 's suffrage and to persuade or pressure the government to introduce its own franchise reform . None of these objectives was achieved . To commemorate the 100th anniversary of Women being given the right to vote , a statue of Millicent Fawcett is to be erected in Parliament Square , London . Timeline ( edit ) A suffragette arrested in the street by two police officers in London in 1914 1818 : Jeremy Bentham advocates female suffrage in his book A Plan for Parliamentary Reform . The Vestries Act 1818 allowed some single women to vote in parish vestry elections 1832 : Great Reform Act -- confirmed the exclusion of women from the electorate . 1851 : The Sheffield Female Political Association is founded and submits a petition calling for women 's suffrage to the House of Lords . 1864 : The first Contagious Disease Act is passed in England , which is intended to control venereal disease by having prostitutes and women believed to be prostitutes be locked away in hospitals for examination and treatment . When information broke to the general public about the shocking stories of brutality and vice in these hospitals , Josephine Butler launched a campaign to get them repealed . Many have since argued that Butler 's campaign destroyed the conspiracy of silence around sexuality and forced women to act in protection of others of their gender . In doing so , clear linkages emerge between the Suffrage movement and Butler 's campaign . 1865 : John Stuart Mill elected as an MP showing direct support for women 's suffrage . 1867 : Second Reform Act -- Male franchise extended to 2.5 million 1869 : Municipal Franchise Act gives single women ratepayers the right to vote in local elections . 1883 : Conservative Primrose League formed . 1884 : Third Reform Act -- Male electorate doubled to 5 million 1889 : Women 's Franchise League established . 1894 : Local Government Act ( women who owned property could vote in local elections , become Poor Law Guardians , act on School Boards ) 1894 : The publication of C.C. Stopes 's British Freewomen , staple reading for the suffrage movement for decades . 1897 : National Union of Women 's Suffrage Societies NUWSS formed ( led by Millicent Fawcett ) . 1903 : Women 's Social and Political Union WSPU is formed ( led by Emmeline Pankhurst ) 1904 : Militancy begins . Emmeline Pankhurst interrupts a Liberal Party meeting . February 1907 : NUWSS `` Mud March '' -- largest open air demonstration ever held ( at that point ) -- over 3000 women took part . In this year , women were admitted to the register to vote in and stand for election to principal local authorities . 1907 : The Artists ' Suffrage League founded 1907 : The Women 's Freedom League founded 1908 : in November of this year , Elizabeth Garrett Anderson , a member of the small municipal borough of Aldeburgh , Suffolk , was selected as mayor of that town , the first woman to so serve . 1907 , 1912 , 1914 : major splits in WSPU 1905 , 1908 , 1913 : Three phases of WSPU militancy ( Civil Disobedience ; Destruction of Public Property ; Arson / Bombings ) 5 July 1909 : Marion Wallace Dunlop went on the first hunger strike -- was released after 91 hours of fasting 1909 The Women 's Tax Resistance League founded September 1909 : Force feeding introduced to hunger strikers in English prisons 1910 : Lady Constance Lytton disguised herself as a working class seamstress , Jane Wharton , and was arrested and endured force feeding that cut down her life span considerably February 1910 : Cross-Party Conciliation Committee ( 54 MPs ) . Conciliation Bill ( that would enfranchise women ) passed its 2nd reading by a majority of 109 but Asquith refused to give it more parliamentary time November 1910 : Herbert Henry Asquith changed Bill to enfranchise more men instead of women 18 November 1910 : Black Friday October 1912 : George Lansbury , Labour MP , resigned his seat in support of women 's suffrage February 1913 : David Lloyd George 's house burned down by WSPU ( despite his support for women 's suffrage ) . April 1913 : Cat and Mouse Act passed , allowing hunger - striking prisoners to be released when their health was threatened and then re-arrested when they had recovered 4 June 1913 : Emily Davison walked in front of , and was subsequently trampled and killed by , the King 's Horse at The Derby . 13 March 1914 : Mary Richardson slashed the Rokeby Venus painted by Diego Velázquez in the National Gallery with an axe , protesting that she was maiming a beautiful woman just as the government was maiming Emmeline Pankhurst with force feeding 4 August 1914 : World War declared in Britain . WSPU activity immediately ceased . NUWSS activity continued peacefully -- the Birmingham branch of the organisation continued to lobby Parliament and write letters to MPs . 1918 : The Representation of the People Act of 1918 enfranchised women over the age of 30 who were either a member or married to a member of the Local Government Register . About 8.4 million women gained the vote . November 1918 : the Parliament ( Qualification of Women ) Act 1918 was passed , allowing women to be elected into Parliament . 1928 : Women received the vote on the same terms as men ( over the age of 21 ) as a result of the Representation of the People Act 1928 . See also ( edit ) Feminism in the United Kingdom Lobbying in the United Kingdom The Women 's Library ( London ) -- holds an extensive collection of material relating to the women 's suffrage movement List of suffragists and suffragettes List of women 's rights activists Timeline of women 's suffrage Alice Paul Women in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom Anti-suffragism References ( edit ) Jump up ^ See ( 1 ) NUWSS Jump up ^ Heater , Derek ( 2006 ) . Citizenship in Britain : A History . Edinburgh University Press . p. 107 . ISBN 9780748626724 . ^ Jump up to : Heater , Derek ( 2006 ) . Citizenship in Britain : A History . Edinburgh University Press . p. 136 . ISBN 9780748626724 . ^ Jump up to : `` Women 's rights '' . The National Archives . Retrieved 11 February 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Which Act Gave Women the Right to Vote in Britain ? '' . Synonym . Retrieved 11 February 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Female Suffrage before 1918 '' , The History of the Parliamentary Franchise , House of Commons Library , 1 March 2013 , pp. 37 -- 9 , retrieved 16 March 2016 Jump up ^ `` Women voted 75 years before they were legally allowed to in 1918 '' . The Telegraph . 2013 - 03 - 18 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ Martin Pugh ( 2000 ) . The March of the Women : A Revisionist Analysis of the Campaign for Women 's Suffrage , 1866 - 1914 . Oxford University Press . pp. 21 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 820775 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Edinburgh National Society for Women 's Suffrage '' . 1876 . Jump up ^ England , Historic . `` The Struggle for Suffrage Historic England '' . historicengland.org.uk . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ Lisa Tickner ( 1988 ) . The Spectacle of Women : Imagery of the Suffrage Campaign 1907 - 14 . p. 27 . Jump up ^ Pugh 2012 , p. 152 . Jump up ^ Bob Whitfield ( 2001 ) . The Extension of the Franchise , 1832 - 1931 . Heinemann . pp. 152 -- 60 . Jump up ^ Harold L. Smith ( 2014 ) . The British Women 's Suffrage Campaign 1866 - 1928 2nd edition . Routledge . p. 60 . Jump up ^ Smith ( 2014 ) . The British Women 's Suffrage Campaign 1866 - 1928 . p. 34 . Jump up ^ Arthur Marwick , A history of the modern British Isles , 1914 - 1999 : circumstances , events and outcomes ( Wiley - Blackwell , 2000 ) , pp 43 - 45 Jump up ^ Millicent Garrett Fawcett ( 2011 ) . The Women 's Victory - and After : Personal Reminiscences , 1911 - 1918 . Cambridge UP . pp. 140 -- 43 . ^ Jump up to : Fawcett , Millicent Garrett . The Women 's Victory -- and After . p. 170 . Cambridge University Press Jump up ^ Malcolm Chandler ( 2001 ) . Votes for Women C. 1900 - 28 . Heinemann . p. 27 . Jump up ^ D.E. Butler , The Electoral System in Britain 1918 - 1951 ( 1954 ) pp 15 - 38 Jump up ^ Diane Atkinson The Purple , White and Green : Suffragettes in London , Museum of London , 1992 , p 7 Jump up ^ The Time 100 : Emmeline Pankhurst Jump up ^ `` The Early Suffrage Societies in the 19th century - a timeline '' . UK Parliament . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ A biography of Millicent Garrett Fawcett Jump up ^ A biography of Elizabeth Garrett Anderson Jump up ^ A biography of Emily Davies Jump up ^ A biography of Barbara Bodichon Jump up ^ Whitfield ( 2001 ) . The Extension of the Franchise , 1832 - 1931 . p. 160 . Jump up ^ `` Suffragette and equal rights campaigner Millicent Fawcett to be first woman statue in Parliament Square a century after she dedicated her life to getting British women the right to vote '' . Daily Mail . 3 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Kent 2014 , p. 7 . Jump up ^ Mayall 2000 , p. 350 . Jump up ^ http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/britain1906to1918/timeline/g4_timeline.htm Jump up ^ Purvis 1995 , p. 120 . Jump up ^ BBC Radio 4 -- Woman 's Hour -- Women 's History Timeline : 1910 -- 1919 Jump up ^ Rowland , Peter ( 1978 ) . David Lloyd George : a biography . Macmillan . p. 228 . Jump up ^ D.E. Butler , The Electoral System in Britain 1918 - 1951 ( 1954 ) pp 7 - 12 Jump up ^ D.E. Butler , The Electoral System in Britain 1918 - 1951 ( 1954 ) pp 15 - 38 Further reading ( edit ) Cowman , Krista ( 2004 ) . `` Mrs. Brown is a Man and a Brother ! '' : Women in Merseyside 's Political Organisations , 1890 -- 1920 . Liverpool : Liverpool University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 853 - 23748 - 8 . Crawford , Elizabeth ( 1999 ) . The Women 's Suffrage Movement : A Reference Guide 1866 -- 1928 . London : UCL Press . Crossley , Nick , et al. `` Covert social movement networks and the secrecy - efficiency trade off : The case of the UK suffragettes ( 1906 -- 1914 ) . '' Social Networks 34.4 ( 2012 ) : 634 - 644 . online Crawford , Elizabeth ( 2013 ) . The Women 's Suffrage Movement in Britain and Ireland : A Regional Survey . Routledge . Gavron , Sarah . `` The making of the feature film Suffragette . '' Women 's History Review 24.6 ( 2015 ) : 985 - 995 . Seabourne , Gwen . `` Deeds , Words and Drama : A Review of the Film Suffragette . '' Feminist Legal Studies 24.1 ( 2016 ) : 115 - 119 . Griffin , Ben ( 2012 ) . The Politics of Gender in Victorian Britain : Masculinity , Political Culture and the Struggle for Women 's Rights . Cambridge University Press . Jenkins , Lyndsey . Lady Constance Lytton : Aristocrat , Suffragette , Martyr ( Biteback Publishing , 2015 ) . Kent , Susan Kingsley ( 2014 ) ( 1987 ) . Sex and Suffrage in Britain , 1860 -- 1914 . Princeton Legacy Library . Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press . Mayall , Laura E. Nym ( 2000 ) . `` Defining Militancy : Radical Protest , the Constitutional Idiom , and Women 's Suffrage in Britain , 1908 -- 1909 '' . The Journal of British Studies . 39 ( 3 ) : 340 -- 371 . JSTOR 175976 . Mayhall , Laura E. Nym . The Militant Suffrage Movement : Citizenship and Resistance in Britain , 1860 - 1930 ( Oxford UP , 2003 ) online Nelson , Carolyn Christensen , ed. ( 2004 ) . Literature of the Women 's Suffrage Campaign in England . Broadview Press . Pugh , Martin ( 2012 ) . State and Society : A Social and Political History of Britain Since 1870 ( 4th ed . ) . London and New York : Bloomsbury Academic . ISBN 978 - 1 - 780 - 93041 - 1 . Pugh , Martin . The March of the Women : A Revisionist Analysis of the Campaign for Women 's Suffrage , 1866 - 1914 ( Oxford UP , 2000 ) online Purvis , June ( 1995 ) . `` The Prison Experiences of the Suffragettes in Edwardian Britain '' . Women 's History Review . 4 ( 1 ) : 103 -- 133 . doi : 10.1080 / 09612029500200073 . Purvis , June ( 2013 ) . `` Gendering the Historiography of the Suffragette Movement in Edwardian Britain : some reflections '' . Women 's History Review . 22 ( 4 ) : 576 -- 590 . doi : 10.1080 / 09612025.2012. 751768 . Purvis , Jane ; Sandra , Stanley Holton , eds. ( 2000 ) . Votes For Women . London : Routledge. ; 12 essays by scholars Smith , Harold L. ( 2010 ) . The British Women 's Suffrage Campaign , 1866 -- 1928 ( Revised 2nd ed . ) . Abingdon : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 1 - 408 - 22823 - 4 . Wallace , Ryland ( 2009 ) . The Women 's Suffrage Movement in Wales , 1866 -- 1928 . Cardiff : University of Wales Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 708 - 32173 - 7 . Whitfield , Bob ( 2001 ) . The Extension of the Franchise , 1832 -- 1931 . Oxford : Heinemann . ISBN 978 - 0 - 435 - 32717 - 0 . Wingerden , Sophia A. van ( 1999 ) . The Women 's Suffrage Movement in Britain , 1866 -- 1928 . Basingstoke : Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 333 - 66911 - 2 . Primary sources ( edit ) Lewis , J. , ed . Before the Vote Was Won : Arguments for and Against Women 's Suffrage ( 1987 ) McPhee , C. and A. Fitzgerald , eds . The Non -- Violent Militant : Selected Writings of Teresa Billington - Greig ( 1987 ) Marcus , J. , ed . Suffrage and the Pankhursts ( 1987 ) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Women 's suffrage in the United Kingdom . The struggle for democracy -- information on the suffragettes at the British Library learning website https://www.sheffield.gov.uk/libraries/archives-and-local-studies/research-guides/womens-suffrage.html Sources for the Study of Women 's Suffrage in Sheffield , UK produced by Sheffield City Council 's Libraries and Archives . Gladstone , William Ewart ( 1892 ) . Female suffrage . A letter from the Right Hon . W.E. Gladstone . London : John Murray . Suffrage Basic topics Universal suffrage Women Black Youth Resident foreigners Expatriates in country of origin Voting age Demeny voting Suffragette Compulsory voting Disfranchisement Women 's liberation movement By country Australia 1902 Commonwealth Franchise Act aboriginal women Japan Hong Kong Kuwait New Zealand Sweden Switzerland United Kingdom women Wales laws 1832 1918 1928 United States women Native Americans foreigners District of Columbia Puerto Rico amendments 15th 19th 26th 1965 Voting Rights Act Events International Woman Suffrage Alliance conferences 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th Black Friday 1 July marches 2014 protests US Seneca Falls Convention Declaration of Sentiments Rochester Convention Ohio Women 's Convention National Women 's Rights Convention 1907 Mud March Suffrage Hikes 1913 Woman Suffrage Procession Silent Sentinels Night of Terror `` Give Us the Ballot '' Selma to Montgomery marches Related Age of candidacy US Voting Rights Museum Umbrella Movement Women Suffragists Timeline of women 's suffrage US in majority - Muslim countries Women 's suffrage organizations and publications Women 's rights activists Suffragette Memorial Pankhurst Centre Pankhurst Memorial Belmont - Paul Monument International Women 's Day Justice Bell 1920 US presidential election Leser v. Garnett Popular culture `` The March of the Women '' ( 1910 song ) The Mother of Us All ( 1947 opera ) `` Sister Suffragette '' ( 1964 song ) Shoulder to Shoulder ( 1974 series ) Not for Ourselves Alone ( 1999 documentary ) Iron Jawed Angels ( 2004 film ) Great Petition ( 2008 sculpture ) Selma ( 2014 film ) Suffragette ( 2015 film ) Susan B. Anthony dollar 2020 US ten - dollar bill Electoral reform in the United Kingdom Reform Acts Parliamentary England and Wales , 1832 Scotland , 1832 Ireland , 1832 England and Wales , 1867 Scotland , 1868 Ireland , 1868 Municipal Scotland , 1833 England and Wales , 1835 Ireland , 1840 Representation of the People Acts 1884 1918 1928 1948 1949 1969 1981 1985 2000 Other related Acts Parliamentary Boundaries Act 1832 Parliamentary Elections Act 1868 Ballot Act 1872 Corrupt and Illegal Practices Prevention Act 1883 Redistribution of Seats Act 1885 House of Commons ( Redistribution of Seats ) Act 1949 Parliamentary Constituencies Act 1986 Registration of Political Parties Act 1998 European Parliamentary Elections Act 1999 Political Parties , Elections and Referendums Act 2000 Electoral Administration Act 2006 Parliamentary Voting System and Constituencies Act 2011 Fixed - term Parliaments Act 2011 Electoral Registration and Administration Act 2013 Related topics Unreformed House of Commons Chartism Reform Club Carlton Club Rotten and pocket boroughs Women 's suffrage Wales United Kingdom Alternative Vote referendum , 2011 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_Kingdom&oldid=809254961 '' Categories : Women 's suffrage in the United Kingdom Women 's rights in the United Kingdom Political history of the United Kingdom First - wave feminism Emmeline Pankhurst Hidden categories : Use British English from June 2012 Use dmy dates from June 2012 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from November 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Esperanto Hrvatski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 8 November 2017 , at 00 : 31 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when women's right to vote in uk | [
"The outbreak of the First World War in 1914 led to a suspension of all politics, including the militant suffragette campaigns. Lobbying did take place quietly. In 1918, a coalition government passed the Representation of the People Act 1918, enfranchising all men, as well as all women over the age of 30 who met minimum property qualifications. In 1928, the Conservative government passed the Representation of the People (Equal Franchise) Act giving the vote to all women over the age of 21 on equal terms with men."
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"1928"
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-713351536683255813 | Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport | Ronald Reagan Washington National airport - Wikipedia Ronald Reagan Washington National airport `` Washington National '' redirects here . For the baseball team , see Washington Nationals . Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport IATA : DCA ICAO : KDCA FAA LID : DCA WMO : 72405 Summary Airport type Public Owner Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority Government of the United States Operator Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority Serves Washington metropolitan area Location Arlington , Virginia , U.S. Opened June 16 , 1941 ; 77 years ago ( 1941 - 06 - 16 ) Hub for American Airlines Elevation AMSL 15 ft / 5 m Coordinates 38 ° 51 ′ 08 '' N 077 ° 02 ′ 16 '' W / 38.85222 ° N 77.03778 ° W / 38.85222 ; - 77.03778 Coordinates : 38 ° 51 ′ 08 '' N 077 ° 02 ′ 16 '' W / 38.85222 ° N 77.03778 ° W / 38.85222 ; - 77.03778 Website www.flyreagan.com Maps FAA airport diagram DCA Location in immediate Washington , D.C. area DCA DCA ( Virginia ) DCA DCA ( the US ) Show map of District of Columbia Show map of Virginia Show map of the US Show all Runways Direction Length Surface ft m 1 / 19 7,169 2,185 Asphalt 4 / 22 4,911 1,497 Asphalt 15 / 33 5,204 1,586 Asphalt Statistics ( 2017 ) Aircraft operations 293,027 Total Passengers 23,928,248 Source : Federal Aviation Administration , Passenger traffic Washington National Airport Terminal and South Hangar Line U.S. National Register of Historic Places Virginia Landmarks Register Show map of Virginia Show map of the US Show all Location Thomas Ave . Arlington , Virginia Area 18.1 acres ( 7.3 ha ) Built 1941 ( 1941 ) , 77 years ago Architectural style Moderne NRHP reference # 97001111 VLR # 000 - 0045 Significant dates Added to NRHP September 12 , 1997 Designated VLR June 27 , 1995 Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport ( IATA : DCA , ICAO : KDCA , FAA LID : DCA ) is an airport in Arlington , Virginia that acts as the primary airport serving Washington , D.C. . It is the nearest commercial airport to the capital and serves the Baltimore -- Washington metropolitan area . For decades it was called Washington National Airport before being renamed to honor President Ronald Reagan in 1998 . The Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority ( MWAA ) operates the airport with close oversight by the federal government due to its proximity to the national capital . DCA is located in the neighborhood of Crystal City in the county of Arlington , Virginia , 5 miles ( 10 km ) south of Downtown Washington . It covers 861 acres ( 348 ha ) of land . Reagan National is a fortress hub for American Airlines which operates near - hourly air shuttle flights to Logan International Airport in Boston and New York LaGuardia Airport . Delta also operates near - hourly air shuttle flights to New York LaGuardia Airport which are all operated by Delta Shuttle . In the 12 months ending March 2015 , the airport served 21,195,775 passengers . Other than 40 slot exemptions , flights into and out of the airport are not allowed to exceed 1,250 nautical miles ( 2,320 km ; 1,440 mi ) in any direction nonstop , in an effort to send coast - to - coast and overseas traffic to the larger but more distant Washington Dulles International Airport . Reagan National has United States immigration and customs facilities only for business jet traffic ; the only scheduled international flights allowed to land at the airport are those from airports with U.S. Customs and Border Protection preclearance facilities . Other international passenger flights must use Washington Dulles International Airport or Baltimore -- Washington International Airport . Contents 1 History 1.1 Expansion and restrictions 1.2 Transfer of control and renaming 1.3 Construction of current terminal buildings 2 Operations 2.1 Approach patterns 2.2 Special security measures 2.3 Perimeter restrictions 3 Terminals 3.1 Terminal A 3.2 Terminals B and C 3.3 Terminal D 4 Airlines and destinations 4.1 Passenger 5 Statistics 5.1 Top destinations 5.2 Airline market share 5.3 Annual traffic 5.3. 1 Passengers 5.3. 2 Operations 5.3. 3 Cargo 6 Ground transportation 6.1 Rail 6.2 Bus 6.3 Taxi 6.4 Transportation network companies 6.5 Airport shuttle 6.6 Roads 6.7 Pedestrian and bicycle 7 Abingdon plantation historical site 8 Accidents and incidents 8.1 Eastern Air Lines Flight 537 8.2 Capital Airlines Flight 500 8.3 Air Florida Flight 90 9 References 10 External links History ( edit ) Terminal building in July 1941 , shortly after it opened . Photograph by Jack Delano . Terminal building from the tarmac in July , 1941 The airport in 1970 A view of Reagan National Airport from the Washington Metro The first airport in the Washington area with a major terminal was Arlington 's Hoover Field , which opened its doors in 1926 . Located near the present site of the Pentagon , the facility 's single runway was crossed by a street ; guards had to stop automobile traffic during takeoffs and landings . The following year Washington Airport , another privately operated field , began service next door . In 1930 the Depression caused the two terminals to merge to form Washington - Hoover Airport . Bordered on the east by U.S. Route 1 , with its accompanying high - tension electrical wires , and obstructed by a high smokestack on one approach and a dump nearby , the field was inadequate . Although the need for a better airport was acknowledged in 37 studies conducted between 1926 and 1938 , there was a statutory prohibition against federal development of airports . When Congress lifted the prohibition in 1938 , President Franklin D. Roosevelt made a recess appropriation of $15 million to build National Airport by reallocating funds from other purposes . Construction of Washington National Airport began in 1940 -- 41 by a company led by John McShain . Congress challenged the legality of FDR 's recess appropriation , but construction of the new airport continued . The airport is southwest of Washington , D.C. The western part of the airport was once within a large Virginia plantation , a remnant of which is now inside a historic site located near the airport 's Metro - rail station ( see Abingdon ( plantation ) for history ) . The eastern part of the airport was constructed in the District of Columbia on and near mudflats that were within the tidal Potomac River near Gravelly Point , about 4 statute miles ( 6.4 km ) from the United States Capitol , using landfill dredged from the Potomac River . The airport opened June 16 , 1941 , just before US involvement into World War II . Public were entertained by displays of wartime equipment including a captured Japanese Zero war prize flown in with U.S. Navy colors . In 1945 Congress passed a law that established the airport was legally within Virginia ( mainly for liquor sales taxation purposes ) but under the jurisdiction of the federal government . On July 1 of that year , the airport 's weather station became the official point for the weather observations and records by the National Weather Service , which is located in Washington , D.C. The April 1957 Official Airline Guide shows 316 weekday departures : 95 Eastern ( plus six a week to / from South America ) , 77 American , 61 Capital , 23 National , 17 TWA , 10 United , 10 Delta , 6 Allegheny , 6 Braniff , 5 Piedmont , 3 Northeast and 3 Northwest . Jet flights began in April 1966 ( 727 - 200s were not allowed until 1970 ) . By 1974 , the airport 's key carriers were Eastern ( 20 destinations ) , United ( 14 destinations after subsuming Capital ) and Allegheny ( 11 destinations ) . The grooving of runway 18 - 36 in March 1967 was a first for a civil airport in the United States . Service to the airport 's Metro station began in 1977 . The Washington National Airport Terminal and South Hangar Line were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1997 . Expansion and restrictions ( edit ) The runway layout has changed little since the 1956 closure of the fourth east -- west runway . The terminal building was supplemented by the North Terminal in 1958 ; the two were connected in 1961 . A United Airlines holdroom complex was built in 1965 , and a facility for American Airlines was completed in 1968 . A commuter terminal was constructed in 1970 . Runways 18 / 36 and 3 / 21 were renumbered as 1 / 19 and 4 / 22 , respectively , in 1999 . The renumbering was due to a shift in the earth 's magnetic field . In March 2012 the main 1 / 19 runway was lengthened 300 ft to add FAA compliant runway safety areas . Despite the expansions , efforts have been made to restrict the growth of the airport . The advent of jet aircraft as well as traffic growth led Congress to pass the Washington Airport Act of 1950 , which resulted in the opening of Washington Dulles International Airport in 1962 . To reduce congestion and drive traffic to alternative airports , the FAA imposed landing slot and perimeter restrictions on National and four other high - density airports in 1969 . Originally , the airport had no perimeter rule . From 1954 to 1960 , airlines operated nonstop flights to California on piston - engine airliners . Scheduled jet airliners were not allowed until April 1966 , and concerns about aviation noise led to noise restrictions even before jet service began in 1966 . The perimeter rule first went into effect in January 1966 as a voluntary agreement by air carriers in order to get permission to use short - haul jets at National . The purpose was to assure that Dulles continued to serve the long haul domestic and international markets , and to limit traffic and noise at National . The FAA assumed that ground level noise would be reduced because planes would take off light on fuel and therefore be up and away quickly . The agreement limited flights to those that were no longer than 650 statute miles ( 1,050 km ) with 7 grandfathered exceptions . The spirit of the voluntary agreement was regularly violated as flights left National to an airport within the perimeter and then immediately took off again for a destination beyond it . Within a year there was a proposal to reduce the perimeter to 500 miles , but it was widely opposed and never implemented . Overcrowding at National was later managed by the 1969 High Density Rule , thereby removing one of the justifications for the perimeter agreement . Throughout the 1960s and 1970s , several attempts were made to codify the perimeter rule , but it was not until Dulles was endangered that it actually become a strict rule . In 1970 , the FAA lifted the ban at National on the stretch version of the Boeing 727 , which resulted in a lawsuit by Virginias for Dulles who argued that the airport 's jet traffic was a nuisance . That suit resulted in a Court of Appeals order to create an Environmental Impact Statement ( EIS ) . In addition the court order , there were economic problems at Dulles . Following the extension of Metrorail to National in 1977 , and airline deregulation in 1978 , traffic at Dulles began to plummet while it increased at National . As part of a slate of efforts to protect Dulles , including removing landing fees and mobile lounge user charges , the FAA proposed regulations as part of the EIS to limit traffic at National and maintain Dulles ' role as the area 's airport serving long - haul destinations . In 1980 , the FAA proposed codifying the perimeter rule as part of a larger rulemaking effort . When the rule was announced , airlines reacted by challenging it in court and , in some cases , scheduling flights beyond the perimeter , to Dallas and Houston , thereby breaking the voluntary agreement . To prevent this , the Metropolitan Washington Airports Policy of 1981 codified the perimeter rule on an interim basis `` to maintain the long - haul nonstop service at Dulles and BWI which otherwise would preempt shorter haul service at National . '' At the same time , the perimeter was extended to 1000 miles to remove the unfairness of having seven grandfathered cities . The perimeter rule was upheld by the Court of Appeals in 1982 . In 1986 , as part of the Metropolitan Washington Airports Act which handed control of National over to the Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority , the perimeter was extended to 1250 miles to enable direct flights to Houston . Transfer of control and renaming ( edit ) In 1984 , the Secretary of Transportation Elizabeth Dole appointed a commission to study transferring National and Dulles Airports from the Federal Aviation Administration ( FAA ) to a local entity , which could use airport revenues to finance improvements . The commission recommended that one multi-state agency administer both Dulles and National , over the alternative of having Virginia control Dulles and the District of Columbia control National . In 1987 Congress , through legislation , transferred control of the airport from the FAA to the new Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority with the Authority 's decisions being subject to a Congressional review panel . The constitutionality of the review panel was later challenged in the Supreme Court and the Court has twice declared the oversight panel unconstitutional . Even after this decision , however , Congress has continued to intervene in the management of the airports . On February 6 , 1998 , President Bill Clinton signed legislation changing the airport 's name from Washington National Airport to Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport , to honor the former president on his 87th birthday . The legislation , passed by Congress in 1998 , was drafted against the wishes of MWAA officials and political leaders in Northern Virginia and Washington , D.C. Opponents of the renaming argued that a large federal office building had already been named for Reagan ( the Ronald Reagan Building and International Trade Center ) and that the airport was already named for a United States President ( George Washington ) . The bill expressly stated that it did not require the expenditure of any funds to accomplish the name change ; however , state , regional , and federal authorities were later required to change highway and transit signs at their own additional expense as new signs were made . Construction of current Terminal buildings ( edit ) Control tower and new terminal C With the addition of more flights and limited space in the aging main terminal , the airport began an extensive renovation and expansion in the 1990s . Hangar 11 on the northern end of the airport was converted into The USAir Interim Terminal , designed by Joseph C. Giuliani , FAIA . Soon after an addition for Delta Air Lines was added in 1989 and was later converted to Authority offices . These projects allowed for the relocation of several gates in the main terminal until the new $450 million terminal complex became operational . On July 27 , 1997 , the new terminal complex , consisting of terminals B and C and two parking garages , opened . Argentine architect César Pelli designed the new terminals of the airport . The Interim Terminal closed immediately after its opening and was converted back into a hangar . One pier of the main terminal ( now widely known as Terminal A ) , which mainly housed American Airlines and Pan Am , was demolished ; the other pier , originally designed by Giuliani Associates Architects for Northwest / TWA remains operational today as gates 1 -- 9 . Operations ( edit ) Many pilots regard the `` River Visual '' approach as one of the more interesting in the United States Line up for takeoff Approach patterns ( edit ) Reagan National Airport has some of the strictest noise restrictions in the country . In addition , due to security concerns , the areas surrounding the National Mall and U.S. Naval Observatory in central Washington are prohibited airspace up to 18,000 feet ( 5,500 m ) . Due to these restrictions , pilots approaching from the north are generally required to follow the path of the Potomac River and turn just before landing . This approach is known as the River Visual . Similarly , flights taking off to the north are required to climb quickly and turn left . The `` River Visual '' is only possible with a ceiling of at least 3,500 feet ( 1,100 m ) and visibility of 3 statute miles ( 4.8 km ) or more . There are lights on the Key Bridge , Theodore Roosevelt Bridge , Arlington Memorial Bridge , and the George Mason Memorial Bridge to aid pilots following the river . Aircraft using the approach can be observed from various parks on the river 's west bank . Passengers on the left side of an airplane can see the Capitol , the Washington Monument , the Lincoln Memorial , the Jefferson Memorial , the World War II Memorial , Georgetown University , the National Mall , and the White House . Passengers on the right side can see CIA headquarters , Arlington National Cemetery , the Pentagon , and the United States Air Force Memorial . When the River Visual is not available due to visibility or winds , aircraft may fly an offset localizer or GPS approach to Runway 19 along a similar course ( flying a direct approach course on instruments as far as Rosslyn , and then turning to align with the runway visually moments before touchdown ) . Most airliners are also capable of performing a VOR or GPS approach to the shorter Runway 15 / 33 . Northbound visual and ILS approaches to Runway 1 are also sometimes used ; these approaches follow the Potomac River from the south and overfly the Woodrow Wilson Bridge . Special security measures ( edit ) An American Airlines Embraer E190 taxiing Reagan National Airport is in between two overlapping No Fly Zone so pilots have to watch out for the Pentagon and CIA headquarters . And on takeoff , pilots must ascend quickly and sharply turn left so they do n't fly over the White House . After the attacks of September 11 , security forces strongly enforce these rules . Reagan National has extra security precautions required by the Washington Air Defense Identification Zone that have been in place since the airport began operations . After the September 11 , 2001 attacks , the airport was closed for several weeks , and security was tightened when it reopened . Increased security measures included : A ban on aircraft with more than 156 seats ( lifted in April 2002 ) A ban on the `` River Visual '' approach ( lifted in April 2002 ) A requirement that , 30 minutes prior to landing or following takeoff , passengers were required to remain seated ; if anyone stood up , the aircraft was to be diverted to Washington Dulles International Airport under military escort and the person standing would be detained and questioned by federal law enforcement officials ( lifted in July 2005 ) A ban on general aviation ( lifted in October 2005 , subject to the restrictions below ) On October 18 , 2005 , Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport was reopened to general aviation on a limited basis ( 48 operations per day ) and under restrictions : passenger and crew manifests must be submitted to the Transportation Security Administration 24 hours in advance , and all planes must pass through one of 27 `` gateway airports '' where re-inspections of aircraft , passengers , and baggage take place . An armed security officer must be on board before departing a gateway airport . On March 23 , 2011 , the air traffic control supervisor on duty reportedly fell asleep during the night shift . Two aircraft on approach to the airport were unable to contact anyone in the control tower and landed unassisted . Perimeter restrictions ( edit ) A map of North America , with the circle indicating a 1,250 - statute - mile ( 2,010 km ) radius from the airport , showing major cities that fall inside and outside of the perimeter restriction . Reagan National Airport is subject to a federally mandated perimeter limitation and may not accommodate nonstop flights to or from cities beyond 1,250 - statute - mile ( 2,010 km ) , with limited exceptions . The U.S. Department of Transportation has issued `` beyond - perimeter slot exemptions '' which allow specified carriers to operate 20 daily round - trip flights to cities outside the perimeter . The current exemptions are : Airlines Destinations Alaska 10 slots operating as 2x Seattle / Tacoma , 1x Los Angeles , 1x Portland ( OR ) , 1x San Francisco American 12 slots operating as 2x Los Angeles , 3x Phoenix -- Sky Harbor , 1x Las Vegas Delta 4 slots operating as 1x Salt Lake City , 1x Los Angeles Frontier 6 slots operating as 3x Denver JetBlue 2 slots operating as 1x San Juan Southwest 2 slots operating as 1x Austin United 4 slots operating as 1x Denver , 1x San Francisco In 1999 , Senator John McCain of Arizona introduced legislation to remove the 1,250 - statute - mile ( 2,010 km ) restriction . In the end the restriction was not lifted , but in 2000 the FAA was permitted to add 24 exemptions , which went not to America West but to competitor Alaska Airlines . America West later gained additional exemptions for non-stop flights to Phoenix in 2004 . In May 2012 , the DOT granted new exemptions for Alaska to serve Portland , JetBlue to serve San Juan , Southwest to serve Austin , and Virgin America to serve San Francisco . American , Delta , United and US Airways were also each allowed to exchange a pair of in - perimeter slots for an equal number of beyond - perimeter slots . Terminals ( edit ) National Hall connecting Terminals B and C Terminal a ( edit ) Designed by architect Charles M. Goodman , terminal A opened in 1941 and was expanded in 1955 to accommodate more passengers and airlines . The exterior of this terminal has had its original architecture restored , with the airside facade restored in 2004 and the landside facade restored in 2008 . The terminal underwent a $37 million renovation that modernized the airport 's look by bringing in brighter lighting , more windows and new flooring . The project was completed in 2014 along with a new expanded TSA security checkpoint . In 2014 , additional renovations were announced including new upgraded concessions and further structural improvements , the project was completed in 2015 . Terminal A contains gates 1 -- 9 and houses operations from Air Canada Express , Frontier and Southwest . Terminals B and C ( edit ) Terminals B and C are the airport 's newest and largest terminals ; the terminals opened in 1997 and replaced a collection of airline - specific terminals built during the 1960s . The new terminals were designed by architect Cesar Pelli and house 35 gates . Both terminals share the same structure and are directly connected to the WMATA airport station via indoor pedestrian bridges . Terminal B and C have three concourses . Terminal B ( gates 10 -- 22 ) houses Alaska Airlines , Delta and United . Terminal B / C ( gates 23 -- 34 ) houses American and JetBlue . Terminal C ( gates 35 -- 45 ) is exclusive to American . The corridor / hall connecting the three concourses of Terminal B and C is known as National Hall . Terminal B houses a Delta Sky Club and United Club , and there are American Admirals Clubs in both Terminal B / C and Terminal C . Terminal D. ( edit ) MWAA has begun construction of a new concourse north of Terminal C to accommodate 14 new regional jet gates with jetways . This will replace `` Gate 35X , '' a bus gate currently used to bring passengers to and from American Eagle flights that use parking spots on the ramp . In addition , the individual security checkpoints for the three concourses in Terminals B and C will be replaced with higher - capacity security checkpoints in a new building to the west of National Hall and above the existing arrivals roadway , placing all of National Hall within the secured area of the airport and allowing passengers to walk between concourses without re-clearing security . Construction commenced in February 2018 and is expected to be complete by 2021 . This view of the airport from the north , showing terminals B and C , was taken from Gravelly Point , a popular park for watching planes take off or land Airlines and destinations ( edit ) Passenger ( edit ) Airlines Destinations Refs Air Canada Express Montréal -- Trudeau , Ottawa , Toronto -- Pearson Alaska Airlines Dallas -- Love ( ends October 27 , 2018 ) , Los Angeles , Portland ( OR ) , San Francisco , Seattle / Tacoma American Airlines Boston , Charlotte , Chicago -- O'Hare , Dallas / Fort Worth , Las Vegas , Los Angeles , Miami , New York -- JFK , New York -- LaGuardia , Orlando , Philadelphia , Phoenix -- Sky Harbor , Tampa Seasonal : Bermuda , Fort Myers American Eagle Akron / Canton , Albany , Atlanta , Bangor , Birmingham ( AL ) , Buffalo , Burlington ( VT ) , Charleston ( SC ) , Charleston ( WV ) , Charlotte , Chattanooga , Chicago -- O'Hare , Cincinnati , Cleveland , Columbia ( SC ) , Columbus -- Glenn , Dayton , Detroit , Des Moines , Fayetteville / Bentonville , Grand Rapids , Greensboro , Greenville / Spartanburg , Hartford , Huntsville , Indianapolis , Jackson ( MS ) , Jacksonville ( FL ) , Kansas City , Key West , Knoxville , Lansing , Little Rock , Louisville , Manchester ( NH ) , Memphis , Minneapolis / St. Paul , Montgomery , Myrtle Beach , Nashville , New Orleans , New York -- JFK , Norfolk , Pensacola , Philadelphia , Pittsburgh , Portland ( ME ) , Providence , Raleigh / Durham , Rochester ( NY ) , Sarasota , Savannah , St. Louis , Syracuse , Tallahassee , Toronto -- Pearson , West Palm Beach , White Plains , Wilmington Seasonal : Augusta ( GA ) , Fort Myers , Fort Walton Beach , Martha 's Vineyard , Nantucket , Nassau Delta Air Lines Atlanta , Detroit , Los Angeles , Minneapolis / St. Paul , New York -- LaGuardia , Salt Lake City Seasonal : Cincinnati Delta Connection Cincinnati , Lexington , Madison , New York -- JFK , Omaha , Raleigh / Durham Seasonal : Miami , Minneapolis / St. Paul , Orlando Frontier Airlines Denver JetBlue Airways Boston , Charleston ( SC ) , Fort Lauderdale , Fort Myers , Hartford , Jacksonville ( FL ) , Nassau , Orlando , San Juan , Tampa , West Palm Beach Seasonal : Nantucket Southwest Airlines Atlanta , Austin , Chicago -- Midway , Columbus -- Glenn , Dallas -- Love , Fort Lauderdale , Houston -- Hobby , Kansas City , Milwaukee , Nashville , New Orleans , Oklahoma City ( begins November 4 , 2018 ) , Omaha , Orlando , Providence , St. Louis , Tampa Seasonal : Fort Myers United Airlines Chicago -- O'Hare , Denver , Houston -- Intercontinental , Newark , San Francisco United Express Chicago -- O'Hare , Cleveland , Houston -- Intercontinental , Newark Statistics ( edit ) In 2013 , Reagan National Airport handled 20,415,085 passengers , which was a new record . From April 2014 to March 2015 , the airport handled 21,195,775 passengers , which is slightly higher than the aforementioned record . American Airlines , following its merger with US Airways , has the largest share of traffic at the airport , accounting for 50.0 % of the market share as of May 2017 . Southwest , the second largest , accounts for 15.0 % , with Delta Air Lines in third with 14.4 % . Top destinations ( edit ) DCA ORD / MDW LGA / JFK / EWR DTW ATL CLT LAX BOS EYW PWM TLH YYZ YUL YOW PDX SFO SEA DAL / DFW LAS MIA / FLL * MSY MCO PHL PHX TPA RSW * BDL NAS PBI CAK CRW ALB BGR BHM BUF BTV CHS CHA CVG CLE CAE CMH DAY DSM XNA GRR GSO GSP HSV IND JAN JAX MCI TYS LAN LIT SDF MHT MEM MSP MGM BNA ORF PNS PVD RDU ROC SRQ SAV STL SYR HPN SLC AGS * VPS * MVY * / ACK * LEX MSN DEN OMA AUS HOU / IAH MKE Airline destinations from Washington - National Busiest domestic routes from Reagan National ( June 2017 -- May 2018 ) Rank Airport Passengers Carriers Atlanta , Georgia 851,140 American , Delta , Southwest Chicago -- O'Hare , Illinois 776,140 American , United Boston , Massachusetts 708,000 American , JetBlue Dallas / Fort Worth , Texas 463,690 American 5 Orlando , Florida 442,000 American , Delta , JetBlue , Southwest 6 Miami , Florida 419,530 American , Delta 7 Charlotte , North Carolina 356,880 American 8 New York -- LaGuardia , New York 309,330 American , Delta 9 Minneapolis / St. Paul , Minnesota 307,650 American , Delta 10 Detroit , Michigan 298,950 American , Delta Airline market share ( edit ) Largest Airlines at DCA ( May 2017 ) Rank Airline Passengers Market Share American 1,072,644 50.0 % Southwest 320,782 15.0 % Delta 309,325 14.4 % United 161,500 7.5 % 5 JetBlue 156,178 7.3 % Annual traffic ( edit ) Passengers ( edit ) Annual passenger traffic ( enplaned + deplaned ) at DCA , 1941 through 2017 Year Passengers Year Passengers Year Passengers Year Passengers Year Passengers Year Passengers Year Passengers Year Passengers 18,118,713 2000 15,888,199 1990 15,805,496 1980 14,540,089 1970 9,768,375 1960 4,725,605 1950 1,629,723 2009 17,577,359 1999 15,185,348 1989 15,385,240 1979 15,134,017 1969 10,247,537 1959 5,005,746 1949 1,386,887 2008 18,028,287 1998 15,970,306 1988 16,014,585 1978 14,176,233 1968 9,968,015 1958 4,533,623 1948 1,186,676 2017 23,928,248 2007 18,679,343 1997 15,907,006 15,703,410 1977 13,258,200 1967 9,383,352 1957 4,463,227 1947 1,140,945 2016 23,595,006 2006 18,550,785 15,226,500 1986 14,544,523 1976 12,336,534 1966 7,919,955 1956 3,964,113 1946 1,230,480 2015 23,039,429 2005 17,847,884 1995 15,506,244 1985 14,690,471 11,369,061 1965 6,951,845 1955 3,634,951 1945 756,537 2014 20,810,387 15,944,542 1994 15,700,825 1984 14,842,922 11,706,028 1964 6,188,292 1954 3,102,875 1944 557,145 2013 20,415,085 2003 14,223,123 1993 16,307,808 14,461,437 1973 11,715,578 1963 5,464,010 1953 2,720,024 1943 360,563 2012 19,655,440 2002 12,881,601 1992 15,593,535 1982 13,321,098 1972 11,121,965 1962 4,837,166 1952 2,492,354 1942 459,396 2011 18,823,094 2001 13,265,387 1991 15,098,697 1981 14,175,058 1971 10,377,308 1961 4,646,154 1951 2,458,717 1941 344,257 Operations ( edit ) Annual aircraft operations at DCA , 1941 through 2017 Year Operations Year Operations Year Operations Year Operations Year Operations Year Operations Year Operations Year Operations 271,097 2000 297,879 1990 313,740 1980 352,166 1970 319,449 1960 292,146 1950 148,748 2009 272,146 1999 291,765 1989 311,207 1979 352,904 1969 337,084 1959 309,340 1949 165,033 2008 277,298 1998 297,093 1988 322,403 1978 352,044 1968 346,417 1958 280,842 1948 160,352 2017 293,027 2007 275,433 1997 304,636 321,182 1977 345,452 1967 334,630 1957 276,717 1947 159,690 2016 295,421 2006 276,419 298,086 1986 319,711 1976 326,083 1966 312,494 1956 257,762 1946 180,690 2015 292,676 2005 276,056 1995 304,876 1985 306,354 306,494 1965 309,562 1955 225,914 1945 152,067 2014 283,180 268,576 1994 306,529 1984 337,538 312,216 1964 289,740 1954 202,573 1944 107,315 2013 292,656 2003 250,802 1993 312,346 334,431 1973 339,904 1963 294,797 1953 195,649 1943 93,086 2012 288,176 2002 215,691 1992 301,668 1982 307,377 1972 331,429 1962 280,831 1952 184,460 1942 77,348 2011 281,770 2001 244,008 1991 292,926 1981 337,132 1971 329,972 1961 290,339 1951 186,747 1941 43,060 Cargo ( edit ) Annual cargo in pounds at DCA , 1953 through 2014 Year Pounds Year Pounds Year Pounds Year Pounds Year Pounds Year Pounds Year Pounds 14,499,823 2000 17,586,066 1990 32,509,219 1980 56,325,260 1970 99,699,244 1960 46,215,207 2009 12,800,858 1999 21,971,410 1989 30,366,244 1979 75,847,600 1969 100,459,572 1959 41,627,600 2008 7,290,740 1998 21,782,789 1988 36,166,493 1978 85,086,800 1968 99,866,380 1958 37,629,200 2007 4,893,162 1997 24,834,167 34,588,361 1977 83,331,949 1967 98,670,923 1957 35,382,800 2006 5,964,248 27,759,073 1986 33,855,834 1976 83,331,530 1966 93,850,459 1956 35,405,200 2005 5,717,535 1995 29,683,109 1985 42,189,330 76,531,913 1965 84,831,196 1955 31,950,800 2014 3,931,310 5,966,901 1994 32,231,886 1984 37,331,864 101,234,081 1964 68,018,156 1954 24,399,200 2013 4,071,926 2003 6,769,285 1993 32,602,728 37,219,349 1973 114,390,883 1963 60,999,925 1953 24,388,400 2012 13,138,554 2002 6,009,252 1992 33,070,877 1982 39,036,625 1972 107,927,022 1962 57,776,894 1952 2011 13,802,787 2001 11,956,328 1991 31,684,130 1981 44,494,833 1971 97,041,854 1961 50,321,765 1951 Ground Transportation ( edit ) Rail ( edit ) The Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport station on the Washington Metro , serving the Yellow and Blue lines , is located on an elevated outdoor platform station adjacent to Terminals B and C. Two elevated pedestrian walkways connect the station directly to the concourse levels of Terminals B and C. An underground pedestrian walkway and shuttle services provide access to Terminal A . Bus ( edit ) Metrobus provides service on weekend mornings before the Metro station opens or during any disruptions to regular Metro service . Taxi ( edit ) Taxicab services are available at the Ground Transportation area of all terminal buildings . Taxicabs that serve the airport are required to be licensed and are regulated by either Washington , D.C. , or Virginia local governments . Transportation network companies ( edit ) Lyft and Uber are approved to pick up and drop off passengers . Airport shuttle ( edit ) Shared - ride shuttle services are available from several providers including SuperShuttle , Limos 4 Less and Supreme Shuttle . Roads ( edit ) Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport is located on the George Washington Memorial Parkway , and connected to U.S. Route 1 by the Airport Viaduct ( State Route 233 ) . Interstate 395 is just north of the airport , and is also accessible by the G.W. Parkway and U.S. Route 1 . Airport - operated parking garage facilities as well as economy lots are available adjacent to or near the various airport terminals . Pedestrian and bicycle ( edit ) The airport is accessible by bicycle and foot from the Mt . Vernon Trail , as well as the sidewalk along the Airport Viaduct ( State Route 233 ) , which connects the airport grounds to U.S. Route 1 . A total of 48 bike parking spots are available across six separate bike racks . The Airport is planning to have a Capital Bikeshare station installed sometime in 2016 . Abingdon plantation Historical site ( edit ) A part of the airport is located on the former site of the 18th and 19th century Abingdon plantation , which was associated with the prominent Alexander , Custis , Stuart , and Hunter families . In 1998 , MWAA opened a historical display around the restored remnants of two Abingdon buildings and placed artifacts collected from the site in an exhibit hall in Terminal A . The Abingdon site is located on a knoll between parking Garage A and Garage B / C , near the south end of the Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport Metrorail station . Accidents and incidents ( edit ) Eastern Air Lines Flight 537 ( edit ) Main article : Eastern Air Lines Flight 537 On November 1 , 1949 , a mid-air collision between an Eastern Air Lines passenger aircraft and a P - 38 Lightning military plane took the lives of 55 passengers . The sole survivor was the Bolivian ace pilot of the fighter plane , Erick Rios Bridoux . Bridoux 's plane had taken off from National just 10 minutes earlier and was in contact with the tower during a brief test flight . The Eastern Air Lines DC - 4 was on approach from the south when the nimble and much faster P - 38 banked and plunged right into the passenger plane . Both aircraft dropped into the Potomac River . Capital Airlines Flight 500 ( edit ) On December 12 , 1949 , Capital Airlines Flight 500 , a Douglas DC - 3 , stalled and crashed into the Potomac River while on approach to Reagan National . Six of the 23 passengers and crew on board were killed . Air Florida Flight 90 ( edit ) Main article : Air Florida Flight 90 On the afternoon of January 13 , 1982 , following a period of exceptionally cold weather and a morning of blizzard conditions , Air Florida Flight 90 crashed after waiting forty - nine minutes on a taxiway and taking off with ice and snow on the wings . The Boeing 737 aircraft failed to gain altitude . Less than 1 statute mile ( 1.6 km ) from the end of the runway , the airplane struck the 14th Street Bridge complex , shearing the tops off vehicles stuck in traffic before plunging through the 1 - inch - thick ( 25 mm ) ice covering the Potomac River . Rescue responses were greatly hampered by the weather and traffic . Due to action on the part of motorists , a United States Park Service police helicopter crew , and one of the plane 's passengers who later perished , five occupants of the downed plane survived . The other 74 people who were aboard died , as well as four occupants of vehicles on the bridge . President Reagan cited motorist Lenny Skutnik in his State of the Union Address a few weeks later . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` History '' . Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority . 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : FAA Airport Master Record for DCA ( Form 5010 PDF ) Jump up ^ `` Air Traffic Statistics '' ( PDF ) . Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority . January 2017 . Retrieved February 19 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : National Park Service ( 2010 - 07 - 09 ) . `` National Register Information System '' . National Register of Historic Places . National Park Service . Jump up ^ `` Virginia Landmarks Register '' . Virginia Department of Historic Resources . Retrieved May 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kellman , Laurie ( February 5 , 1998 ) . `` Clinton to sign bill renaming National Airport for Reagan '' . The Day . New London , Connecticut . Associated Press . p . A3 . Jump up ^ `` What 's in an eponym ? Celebrity airports - could there be a commercial benefit in naming ? '' . Centre for Aviation . Jump up ^ `` Air Traffic Statistics - June 2015 '' ( PDF ) . Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority . Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority ( MWAA ) . Retrieved 13 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Arlington 's Flying Field is Dedicated '' . The Washington Post . July 17 , 1926 . p. 20 . Jump up ^ `` McCarran Sees Death Peril in Local Airport : Says Major Disaster Has Been Prevented Here Only by Luck '' . The Washington Post . 13 May 1938 . ^ Jump up to : Feaver , Douglas B. ( July 16 , 1997 ) . `` Years of Deal - Making Enabled Change From ' Disgrace ' to Showplace '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ Nicholas , William H. & Edwards , Walter Meayers ( September 1943 ) . `` Wartime Washington '' . National Geographic . Jump up ^ Threaded Extremes Jump up ^ Aviation Daily 26 Feb 1971 p314 Jump up ^ `` DCA74intro '' . www.departedflights.com . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 05 . Jump up ^ McGuire , R.C. `` REPORT ON GROOVED RUNWAY EXPERIENCE AT WASHINGTON NATIONAL AIRPORT '' . Internet Archive . Federal Aviation Administration . Retrieved 5 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` History of Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport '' . Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority . 2011 . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2011 . Retrieved March 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Carol Hooper ; Elizabeth Lampl & Judith Robinson ( April 1994 ) . `` National Register of Historic Places Inventory / Nomination : Washington National Airport Terminal and South Hangar Line '' ( PDF ) . and Accompanying photo Archived October 1 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/news/airport-runway-names-shift-magnetic-field November 20 , 2017 ; retrieved on 6 July 2018 Jump up ^ Runway Projects Archived July 12 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine ... Metwashairports.com . Retrieved on 2013 - 08 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Code of Federal Regulations , Volume 2 , Part 93 , Subpart K '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Government Printing Office . 24 October 1970 . Retrieved 25 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` American Airlines timetable , 1958 '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 03 - 04 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` TWA timetable , 1959 '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 03 - 04 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : Knickerbocker , Dr. Nancy Norgaard . `` The History of National Airport '' . Citizens for the Abatement of Aircraft Noise . Retrieved 13 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Metropolitan Washington Airports '' ( PDF ) . Federal Register . 46 ( 228 ) : 58036 -- 58037 . 27 November 1981 . Retrieved 13 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Metropolitan Washington Airports Act of 1986 '' , Public Law No. 99 - 500 , Section 6001 Jump up ^ METROPOLITAN WASHINGTON AIRPORTS AUTHORITY v. CITIZENS FOR THE ABATEMENT OF AIRCRAFT NOISE , INC. , 501 U.S. 252 ( 1991 ) . Jump up ^ This can be seen by Congress 's continued use of legislation to limit the number of flights at National Airport , as well as expanding the perimeter and number of exemptions for flights outside that limit . Jump up ^ `` Public Law No. 105 - 154 , `` To rename the Washington National Airport located in the District of Columbia and Virginia as the ` Ronald Reagan National Airport ' '' `` . January 27 , 1998 . Jump up ^ `` It 's Reagan Airport now '' . McCook Daily Gazette . Archived by Google News Archive . Associated Press . February 7 , 1998 . Jump up ^ `` Bill renames Washington National Airport after Reagan '' . Spokesman - Review . Spokane , Washington . Associated Press . January 28 , 1988 . p . A3 . Jump up ^ Alvarez , Lizette ( February 4 , 1998 ) . `` G.O.P. Tries to Wrap Up an Airport for Reagan '' . The New York Times . ^ Jump up to : `` Congress Votes for Reagan Airport '' . Washington Post . February 5 , 1998 . p . A01 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Hansen in road sign rage over lack of Reagan airport markers '' . Deseret News . June 7 , 1998 . Jump up ^ Zachary M. Schrag ( 2006 ) . The Great Society Subway : A History of the Washington Metro . JHU Press . p. 258 . Jump up ^ `` Why you should NEVER fly into Washington National Airport '' . JetHead 's Blog. 2011 - 12 - 24 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Aircraft Noise Procedures and Guidelines at Reagan National Airport '' . Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority . Archived from the original on August 23 , 2011 . Retrieved February 21 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Security - Restricted Airspace '' . Federal Aviation Administration . December 13 , 2005 . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2011 . Retrieved July 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` eCFR - Code of Federal Regulations '' . U.S. Government Printing Office . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ Garrison , Kevin ( 1993 ) . Congested Airspace : A Pilot& # 39 ; s Guide ( Command Decisions Ser . ) . Riverside , Conn : Belvoir Publications . p. 157 . ISBN 1 - 879620 - 13 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` AirNav : KDCA - Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport '' . www.airnav.com . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : `` Secretary Mineta Announces Beginning of Security Screening Program ; BWI First to Deploy Federal Screening Personnel '' . Transportation Security Administration . April 24 , 2002 . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2007 . Retrieved March 26 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` TSA Suspends 30 - Minute Rule for Reagan National Airport '' . Transportation Security Administration . 2005 - 07 - 14 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` TSA Opens Ronald Reagan Washington Airport to General Aviation Operations '' . Transportation Security Administration . October 18 , 2005 . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2007 . Retrieved March 26 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Restoration of General Aviation at Washington Reagan National Airport '' . Transportation Security Administration . Archived from the original on 2012 - 08 - 05 . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` '' Uncontrolled airport '' situation at Washington National `` . eTurboNews . Retrieved 25 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Sipress , Alan ( November 11 , 1999 ) . `` More Flights Unlikely Now At National '' . The Washington Post . p . B1 . Jump up ^ DOT Selects Four Cities to Receive New Nonstop Service to Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport Department of Transportation Archived February 24 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine ... Dot.gov ( 2012 - 05 - 14 ) . Retrieved on 2013 - 08 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` History of Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport '' . Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority . Retrieved August 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Aratani , Lori ( August 27 , 2013 ) . `` Reagan National 's Terminal A is Getting $37 M Facelift '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved August 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ MWAA Terminal A Renovation `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on July 2 , 2014 . Retrieved July 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` DCA Terminal Map '' ( PDF ) . flyreagan.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Airline Lounges '' . Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority . 2015 - 07 - 20 . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ Lazo , Luz ( 2018 - 02 - 17 ) . `` Reagan National 's rehab project will create some pain for drivers and travelers '' . Washington Post . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Flight Schedules '' . Retrieved 7 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Flight Timetable '' . Retrieved 29 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Flight schedules and notifications '' . Retrieved 7 January 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.nwahomepage.com/news/xna-to-offer-direct-flights-to-washington-dc Jump up ^ http://woodtv.com/2016/12/05/american-airlines-announces-nonstop-flights-from-gr-to-washington-d-c/ Jump up ^ `` TLH announces new daily flights to D.C. '' Retrieved 30 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` FLIGHT SCHEDULES '' . Retrieved 7 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Frontier '' . Retrieved 7 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` JetBlue Airlines Timetable '' . Retrieved 29 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Southwest schedules new routes in Nov 2018 '' . Routes Online . June 2018 . Retrieved June 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Check Flight Schedules '' . Retrieved 7 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Timetable '' . Retrieved 7 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Air Traffic Statistics : December 2013 '' ( PDF ) . Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority . Retrieved 20 February 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Air Traffic Statistics - May 2017 '' ( PDF ) . Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority . Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority ( MWAA ) . Retrieved 9 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Washington , DC : Ronald Reagan Washington National ( DCA ) '' . Bureau of Transportation Statistics . January 2017 . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Air Traffic Statistics - May 2017 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2016 . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 19 . Reagan Air Traffic Statistics , accessed October 19 , 2015 Jump up ^ Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority ( 2011 ) . `` Directions to Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport '' . Reagan National Airport . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Washington National Airport Pedestrian / Bike Access '' ( PDF ) . Crystal City Business Improvement District . Retrieved 4 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Templeman , Eleanor Lee ( 1959 ) . Arlington Heritage : Vignettes of a Virginia County . New York : Avenel Books , a division of Crown Publishers , Inc . pp. 12 -- 13 . ^ Jump up to : Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority ( November 12 , 1998 ) . `` Historic Site At Airport Open to Travelers And Public '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 11 - 20 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ Sipress , Alan ( 1998 - 11 - 11 ) . `` At National Airport , A Historic Destination '' . The Washington Post . Washington , D.C. : The Washington Post Company . pp. B1 , B7 . Jump up ^ `` Parking Map '' . DCA Terminal Map . Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority . June 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 16 . Jump up ^ Cressey , Pamela J. ( 2002 ) . Walk and Bike the Alexandria Heritage Trail : A Guide to Exploring a Virginia Town 's Hidden Past . Capital Books . pp. 16 -- 17 . ISBN 1 - 892123 - 89 - 4 . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 16 . Jump up ^ Coordinates of Abingdon Plantation historical site : 38 ° 51 ′ 4.8 '' N 77 ° 2 ′ 40.2 '' W / 38.851333 ° N 77.044500 ° W / 38.851333 ; - 77.044500 ( Abingdon Plantation historical site ) Jump up ^ `` ASN Aircraft accident Douglas C - 54 '' . Retrieved 19 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Accident report for DC - 3 NC - 25691 on December 12 , 1949 '' . Civil Aeronautics Board Accident Report . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` We 're Going Down , Larry '' . Time . 119 ( 007 ) : 21 . February 15 , 1982 . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 24 . This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website http://www.afhra.af.mil/ . External links ( edit ) Media related to Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport at Wikimedia Commons Official website Airport Map Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority . June 2011 FAA Airport Diagram ( PDF ) , effective August 16 , 2018 FAA Terminal Procedures for DCA , effective August 16 , 2018 Resources for this airport : AirNav airport information for KDCA ASN accident history for DCA FlightAware airport information and live flight tracker NOAA / NWS latest weather observations SkyVector aeronautical chart for KDCA FAA current DCA delay information Major airports in the United States Atlanta ( Hartsfield -- Jackson -- ATL ) Baltimore ( Baltimore -- Washington -- BWI ) Boston ( Logan -- BOS ) Charlotte ( Douglas -- CLT ) Chicago Midway -- MDW O'Hare -- ORD Dallas -- Fort Worth ( Dallas / Fort Worth -- DFW ) Denver ( Denver -- DEN ) Detroit ( Detroit Metropolitan -- DTW ) Fort Lauderdale ( Fort Lauderdale -- Hollywood -- FLL ) Honolulu ( Daniel K. Inouye -- HNL ) Houston ( George Bush -- IAH ) Las Vegas ( McCarran -- LAS ) Los Angeles ( Los Angeles -- LAX ) Miami ( Miami -- MIA ) Minneapolis -- Saint Paul ( Minneapolis -- Saint Paul -- MSP ) New York John F. Kennedy -- JFK LaGuardia -- LGA Newark ( Newark Liberty -- EWR ) Orlando ( Orlando -- MCO ) Philadelphia ( Philadelphia -- PHL ) Phoenix ( Sky Harbor -- PHX ) Portland ( Portland - PDX ) Salt Lake City ( Salt Lake City -- SLC ) San Diego ( San Diego -- SAN ) San Francisco ( San Francisco -- SFO ) Seattle ( Seattle -- Tacoma -- SEA ) Tampa ( Tampa -- TPA ) Washington , D.C. Reagan National -- DCA Dulles -- IAD Airports in the Baltimore - Washington Area International BWI Marshall Dulles Reagan National Federal Anacostia - Bolling AFB Andrews AFB Davison AAF Phillips AAF Turner Field General aviation ( tower ) Frederick Municipal Leesburg Executive Manassas Regional Martin State Washington Executive General aviation ( non-tower ) Bay Bridge Carroll County Clearview College Park Davis Essex Fallston Freeway Glenair Harford County Hartwood Haysfield Hoby Wolf Lee Maryland Montgomery County Potomac Stafford Regional Suburban Tipton Warrenton -- Fauquier Historical Baltimore Municipal Airport Beacon Field Congressional Falls Church Hybla Valley Logan Field Washington - Hoover Washington - Virginia Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ronald_Reagan_Washington_National_Airport&oldid=857007717 '' Categories : Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport Airfields of the United States Army Air Forces Air Transport Command in North America Airfields of the United States Army Air Forces in Virginia Airports established in 1941 Airports in Virginia Airports in Washington , D.C. Buildings and monuments honoring American Presidents Transportation buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Virginia National Register of Historic Places in Arlington County , Virginia Transportation in Arlington County , Virginia 1941 establishments in Washington , D.C. Airports on the National Register of Historic Places Aircraft hangars on the National Register of Historic Places Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use American English from July 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use mdy dates from July 2017 Coordinates on Wikidata Articles containing potentially dated statements from May 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the Air Force Historical Research Agency Talk Contents About Wikipedia Cebuano Čeština Deutsch Diné bizaad Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית मराठी Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Scots Simple English Suomi Svenska ไทย اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 17 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 August 2018 , at 23 : 44 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what does the airport code dca stand for | [
"Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport (IATA: DCA, ICAO: KDCA, FAA LID: DCA) is an airport in Arlington, Virginia that acts as the primary airport serving Washington, D.C..[2] It is the nearest commercial airport to the capital and serves the Baltimore–Washington metropolitan area. For decades it was called Washington National Airport before being renamed to honor President Ronald Reagan in 1998.[6][7] The Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority (MWAA) operates the airport with close oversight by the federal government due to its proximity to the national capital.\n"
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"Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport"
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2244250984450969560 | Search warrant | Search warrant - wikipedia Search warrant Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view of the subject . You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page , or create a new article , as appropriate . ( January 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A search warrant is a court order that a magistrate , judge or Supreme Court official issues to authorize law enforcement officers to conduct a search of a person , location , or vehicle for evidence of a crime and to confiscate any evidence they find . In most countries a search warrant can not be issued in aid of civil process . Jurisdictions that respect the rule of law and a right to privacy constrain police powers , and typically require search warrants or an equivalent procedure for searches police conducted in the course of a criminal investigation . The laws usually make an exception for hot pursuit : a police officer following a criminal who has fled the scene of a crime has the right to enter a property where the criminal has sought shelter . This contrasts with authoritarian regimes , where police typically can search property and people without having to provide justification or secure court permission . Contents ( hide ) 1 United Kingdom 2 Canada 3 United States 3.1 Exceptions 3.1. 1 Protective sweep 3.1. 2 Rental properties and hotel rooms 3.1. 3 Motor vehicle exception 3.1. 4 Border search exception 3.2 Delayed notice 3.3 Gag orders 4 See also 5 Notes and references United kingdom ( edit ) In England and Wales , a local magistrate issues search warrants , which require that a constable provide evidence that supports the warrant application . In the majority of cases where police already hold someone in custody , police can search premises without a search warrant under Section 18 of the Police and Criminal Evidence Act ( PACE ) , which requires only the authority of an inspector . Under Section 18 ( 5 ) a of PACE , a constable can conduct a search immediately without an inspector 's authorisation . This subsection allows a constable to search the home of a suspect ( s ) under arrest in their presence before they take the suspect to a police station ( or other custody location ) . Under Section 32 of PACE , a constable who arrests a person who is on their own property or has just left their premises , may immediately search both the suspect and the immediate area . In Scotland , a country operating on the distinct legal system of Scots law compared to England and Wales - the restrictions governing the use and execution of search warrants are set out under Part XIII under the Criminal Procedure ( Scotland ) Act 1995 . Search warrants must be signed by a Sheriff after a petition from police . Gas company officials may enter a home to inspect , repair , or replace gas meters and gas appliances by obtaining a warrant . Canada ( edit ) To get a warrant police must present a judge with an ITO ( information to obtain ) form that contains reasonable and probable grounds to believe that an offence has been or is being committed , and that the authorization sought will afford evidence of that offence . This hearing is ' ex parte ' meaning only the crown is present . This fact obliges the police to include any known facts that hurt their application . After a search the occupants have a copy of the warrant and may get hold of the ITO through crown disclosure if the occupant ( s ) are charged . There are numerous different warrant procedures in the Criminal Code , some have specific requirements such as being served during daytime or having a named supervising officer present in the case of a home search . If these ( see link ) requirements are not met by the police the evidence found may become admissible against the accused at trial . United States ( edit ) Request for a search warrant dated December 11 , 1905 Under the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution , most police searches require a search warrant based on probable cause , although there are exceptions . In the absence of valid consent or an exception to the warrant requirement , whether for purposes of effecting a search or an arrest , police entry in an individual 's home always requires a warrant . The probable cause standard for obtaining a search warrant is lower than the quantum of proof required for a later conviction , proof beyond a reasonable doubt . Under the Fourth Amendment , search warrants must be reasonable and specific . This means that a search warrant must reasonably identify the items to be searched for and the place where law enforcement officials are authorized to search for those items . Unless an exception to the warrant requirement applies , the search of other buildings or areas of a building , persons or vehicles , or the search for additional items that do not reasonably fall under the original warrant , will normally require additional search warrants . To obtain a search warrant , an officer must prove to a magistrate or judge that probable cause exists for the proposed search , based upon direct information ( i.e. , the officer 's personal observation ) or other reliable information . An application for a search warrant will often rely upon hearsay information , such as information obtained from a confidential informant , as long as probable cause exists based on the totality of the circumstances . Police can seize both property and persons under a search warrant . The rationale is that evidence police collect without a search warrant may not be sufficient to convict , but may be sufficient to suggest that a warrant would allow police to find enough evidence to convict . The issue of federal warrants is determined under Title 18 of the United States Code . The law has been restated and extended under Rule 41 of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure . Federal search warrants may be prepared on Form AO 93 , Search and Seizure Warrant . Although the laws are broadly similar , each state has its own laws and rules of procedure governing the issuance of warrants . Exceptions ( edit ) Main article : Warrantless searches in the United States Certain searches do n't require a search warrant . For example , Consent : a warrant is not required a person in control of the object or property gives consent for the search . Hot pursuit of a felon ( to prevent a felon 's escape or ability to harm others ) ; Imminent destruction of evidence : where evidence might be destroyed before a warrant can be properly obtained ; Emergency searches : such as where someone is heard screaming for help inside a dwelling ; or Search incident to arrest ( to mitigate the risk of harm to the arresting officers specifically ) . Public safety : a warrantless search may be permissible in an emergency situation where the public is in danger . Plain view : evidence is in the plain view of law enforcement officers , from a lawful vantage point ( with similar exceptions that include plain smell , where the officer detects an odor that clearly indicates the presence of contraband or criminal activity ) . In a plain view case , the officer is legitimately on the premises , his observation is from a legitimate vantage point , and it is immediately obvious that the evidence is contraband . The plain view rule applies , for example , when the officer has pulled the suspect over for a seat belt violation and sees a syringe on the passenger seat . Protective sweep ( edit ) If the subject is arrested in a home or vehicle , police may perform a protective search to make sure that there are no weapons within the vicinity . For example , they may search for weapons the room where they arrested the subject of a warrant , and conduct a `` protective sweep '' of the premises if they reasonably suspect that other individuals may be hiding . Rental properties and hotel rooms ( edit ) With rented property , a landlord may refuse to allow law enforcement to search a tenant 's apartment without a search warrant , and police must obtain a warrant under the same guidelines as if the tenant were the owner of the property . People who are occupying rooms at hotels or motels have a reasonable expectation of privacy in their rooms . However , a warrantless search may be possible if the hotel guest has property in their room a considerable period of time after the scheduled check - out time . Motor vehicle exception ( edit ) As first established by Carroll v. United States , police are allowed to search a vehicle without a search warrant when they have probable cause to believe that evidence or contraband is located in a vehicle . When police arrest an individual shortly after the individual has exited a vehicle , the police may conduct a full search of the suspect 's person , any area within that person 's immediate reach , and the passenger compartment of the recently occupied vehicle for weapons or any other contraband . However , Arizona v. Gant limits such searches to circumstances where the arrested person could have accessed the vehicle , or when the vehicle could contain evidence of the crime the person is arrested for . Border search exception ( edit ) Main article : Border search exception Under The Border Search Exception custom and immigration officers are not required to have a warrant or probable cause to conduct searches and seizures at international borders and their functional equivalents . This doctrine is not actually an exception to the Fourth Amendment , but rather to the Amendment 's requirement for a warrant or probable cause . Balanced against the sovereign 's interests at the border are the Fourth Amendment rights of entrants . Not only is the expectation of privacy less at the border than in the interior , the Fourth Amendment balance between the interests of the Government and the privacy right of the individual is also struck much more favorably to the Government at the border . This balance at international borders means that routine searches are `` reasonable '' there , and therefore do not violate the Fourth Amendment 's proscription against `` unreasonable searches and seizures '' . Delayed notice ( edit ) A sneak and peek search warrant ( officially called a delayed notice warrant and also a covert entry search warrant or a surreptitious entry search warrant ) is a search warrant authorizing the law enforcement officers executing it to effect physical entry into private premises without the owner 's or the occupant 's permission or knowledge and to clandestinely search the premises . Gag orders ( edit ) In California , the California Electronic Communications Privacy Act mandates that in certain cases concerning electronic search warrants that the court issue gag orders `` ( ... ) prohibiting any party providing information from notifying any other party that information has been sought ( ... ) '' . See also ( edit ) Arrest warrant National Security Letter No - knock warrant , to enter a property without occupant notification Sneak and peek warrant , to clandestinely look inside a property Sugar bowl ( legal maxim ) Writ of Assistance Police Parallel construction - the untruthful description of the origins of evidence , to avoid laws about search or otherwise Notes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Criminal Procedure ( Scotland ) Act 1995 '' . legislation.gov.uk . National Archives . Jump up ^ Farin ( 29 April 2010 ) . `` Breaking and metering '' . BBC Watchdog . Retrieved 27 October 2012 . British Gas are legally entitled to enter anyone 's home if the householder has n't paid the bill and wo n't let them in , but they need a warrant from a magistrate , who must be satisfied the information British Gas shows them is correct . In most cases , British Gas also must have issued a prior warning . Jump up ^ Faloney , Bernard . `` Rules of Evidence '' . freelegalhelp.ca . Retrieved 11 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Faloney , Bernard . `` Criminal Procedure '' . freelegalhelp.ca . Retrieved 11 September 2017 . Jump up ^ R. v. Genest 1 SCR 59 ( 1989 ) canlii Jump up ^ Canada search warrant & ITO requirements Jump up ^ `` Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure , Rule 41 . Search and Seizure '' . Legal Information Institute . Cornell Law School . Retrieved 11 September 2017 . Jump up ^ AO 93 ( Rev. 12 / 09 ) Search and Seizure Warrant . Uscourts.gov . Jump up ^ Larson , Aaron ( 2 February 2017 ) . `` What Are Your Fourth Amendment Rights '' . ExpertLaw . Retrieved 11 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Groh v. Ramirez , 540 U.S. 551 , 564 - 65 ( 2004 ) Jump up ^ `` Fourth Amendment : Annotation Four '' . Annotations to the Fourth Amendment . FindLaw . Retrieved 29 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Joseph , Paul R. ( 1983 ) . `` The Protective Sweep Doctrine : Protecting Arresting Officers from Attack by Persons Other Than the Arrestee '' . Catholic University Law Review . 33 : 95 . Retrieved 11 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Landlords , Tenants , and Police Civil Liability '' ( PDF ) . AELE Monthly Law Journal . 101 ( 6 ) : 101 . June 2009 . Retrieved 11 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Miller , Jason C. ( 2010 ) . `` Do Not Disturb : Fourth Amendment Expectations of Privacy in Hotel Rooms '' . Seton Hall Circuit Review . 7 : 269 . Retrieved 11 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Regini , L.A. ( July 1999 ) . `` The Motor Vehicle Exception : When and Where to Search . '' FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin . 68 , 27 - 33 . Jump up ^ Hendrie , E. ( August 2005 ) . `` The Motor Vehicle Exception . '' FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin , 74 . Jump up ^ `` Arizona v. Gant , 556 US 332 , 129 S. Ct. 1710 , 173 L. Ed . 2d 485 ( 2009 ) '' . Google Scholar . Google . Retrieved 11 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Coletta , Christine A. ( 2007 ) . `` Laptop searches at the United States borders and the border search exception to the fourth amendment '' . Boston College Law Review . 48 : 971 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ See the California Electronic Communications Privacy Act , Sec. 1 , codified at `` California Penal Code , Sec . 1546.2 . '' . California Legislative Information . California State Legislature . Retrieved 11 September 2017 . ( `` ( b ) ( 1 ) When a warrant is sought or electronic information is obtained in an emergency under Section 1546.1 , the government entity may submit a request supported by a sworn affidavit for an order delaying notification and prohibiting any party providing information from notifying any other party that information has been sought . The court shall issue the order ( ... ) '' ) Criminal procedure ( investigation ) Criminal investigation Arrest warrant Search warrant Probable cause Knock - and - announce Exigent circumstance Reasonable suspicion Search and seizure Search of persons Arrest Detention Right to silence Miranda warning Arguido Suspect Criminal prosecution Statute of limitations Nolle prosequi Bill of attainder Precognition Grand jury Indictment Ex post facto law Criminal jurisdiction Deferred prosecution agreement Extradition Habeas corpus Bail Inquisitorial system Adversarial system Charges and pleas Alford plea Arraignment Information Indictment Plea Peremptory plea Nolo contendere Plea bargain Presentence investigation Related areas Criminal defenses Criminal law Evidence Legal abuse Criminal justice portal Law portal Wiktionary Wikibooks Wikiquote WikiSource Wikinews Wikiversity Privacy Principles Expectation of privacy Right to privacy Privacy laws Australia Canada Denmark England European Union Germany Ghana New Zealand Switzerland USA Data protection authorities Australia Denmark European Union ( working group ) France Germany Ireland Isle of Man Norway Philippines Spain Sweden Switzerland United Kingdom Areas Consumer Medical Workplace Information privacy Law Financial Internet Political Personally identifiable information ( Personal identifiers ) Privacy - enhancing technologies Social networking services Privacy engineering Advocacy organizations American Civil Liberties Union Center for Democracy and Technology Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility Future of Privacy Forum Electronic Privacy Information Center Electronic Frontier Foundation Global Network Initiative Privacy International Privacy Rights Clearinghouse See also Anonymity Cellphone surveillance Cyberstalking Data security Privacy engineering Human rights Identity theft Panopticon Personality rights Search warrant Surveillance en masse state global Law portal Intelligence portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Search_warrant&oldid=800150889 '' Categories : Warrants Law enforcement terminology Searches and seizures Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Articles needing additional references from November 2008 All articles needing additional references Articles with limited geographic scope from January 2015 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from September 2012 Talk Search Contents About Wikipedia Español Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Edit links This page was last edited on 11 September 2017 , at 19 : 54 . About Wikipedia | when do you not need a search warrant | [
"\nConsent: a warrant is not required a person in control of the object or property gives consent for the search.\nHot pursuit of a felon (to prevent a felon's escape or ability to harm others);\nImminent destruction of evidence: where evidence might be destroyed before a warrant can be properly obtained;\nEmergency searches: such as where someone is heard screaming for help inside a dwelling; or\nSearch incident to arrest (to mitigate the risk of harm to the arresting officers specifically).[10]\nPublic safety: a warrantless search may be permissible in an emergency situation where the public is in danger.\nPlain view: evidence is in the plain view of law enforcement officers, from a lawful vantage point (with similar exceptions that include plain smell, where the officer detects an odor that clearly indicates the presence of contraband or criminal activity).\n",
"\nConsent: a warrant is not required a person in control of the object or property gives consent for the search.\nHot pursuit of a felon (to prevent a felon's escape or ability to harm others);\nImminent destruction of evidence: where evidence might be destroyed before a warrant can be properly obtained;\nEmergency searches: such as where someone is heard screaming for help inside a dwelling; or\nSearch incident to arrest (to mitigate the risk of harm to the arresting officers specifically).[10]\nPublic safety: a warrantless search may be permissible in an emergency situation where the public is in danger.\nPlain view: evidence is in the plain view of law enforcement officers, from a lawful vantage point (with similar exceptions that include plain smell, where the officer detects an odor that clearly indicates the presence of contraband or criminal activity).\n",
"\nConsent: a warrant is not required a person in control of the object or property gives consent for the search.\nHot pursuit of a felon (to prevent a felon's escape or ability to harm others);\nImminent destruction of evidence: where evidence might be destroyed before a warrant can be properly obtained;\nEmergency searches: such as where someone is heard screaming for help inside a dwelling; or\nSearch incident to arrest (to mitigate the risk of harm to the arresting officers specifically).[10]\nPublic safety: a warrantless search may be permissible in an emergency situation where the public is in danger.\nPlain view: evidence is in the plain view of law enforcement officers, from a lawful vantage point (with similar exceptions that include plain smell, where the officer detects an odor that clearly indicates the presence of contraband or criminal activity).\n",
"\nConsent: a warrant is not required a person in control of the object or property gives consent for the search.\nHot pursuit of a felon (to prevent a felon's escape or ability to harm others);\nImminent destruction of evidence: where evidence might be destroyed before a warrant can be properly obtained;\nEmergency searches: such as where someone is heard screaming for help inside a dwelling; or\nSearch incident to arrest (to mitigate the risk of harm to the arresting officers specifically).[10]\nPublic safety: a warrantless search may be permissible in an emergency situation where the public is in danger.\nPlain view: evidence is in the plain view of law enforcement officers, from a lawful vantage point (with similar exceptions that include plain smell, where the officer detects an odor that clearly indicates the presence of contraband or criminal activity).\n",
"\nConsent: a warrant is not required a person in control of the object or property gives consent for the search.\nHot pursuit of a felon (to prevent a felon's escape or ability to harm others);\nImminent destruction of evidence: where evidence might be destroyed before a warrant can be properly obtained;\nEmergency searches: such as where someone is heard screaming for help inside a dwelling; or\nSearch incident to arrest (to mitigate the risk of harm to the arresting officers specifically).[10]\nPublic safety: a warrantless search may be permissible in an emergency situation where the public is in danger.\nPlain view: evidence is in the plain view of law enforcement officers, from a lawful vantage point (with similar exceptions that include plain smell, where the officer detects an odor that clearly indicates the presence of contraband or criminal activity).\n",
"\nConsent: a warrant is not required a person in control of the object or property gives consent for the search.\nHot pursuit of a felon (to prevent a felon's escape or ability to harm others);\nImminent destruction of evidence: where evidence might be destroyed before a warrant can be properly obtained;\nEmergency searches: such as where someone is heard screaming for help inside a dwelling; or\nSearch incident to arrest (to mitigate the risk of harm to the arresting officers specifically).[10]\nPublic safety: a warrantless search may be permissible in an emergency situation where the public is in danger.\nPlain view: evidence is in the plain view of law enforcement officers, from a lawful vantage point (with similar exceptions that include plain smell, where the officer detects an odor that clearly indicates the presence of contraband or criminal activity).\n",
"\nConsent: a warrant is not required a person in control of the object or property gives consent for the search.\nHot pursuit of a felon (to prevent a felon's escape or ability to harm others);\nImminent destruction of evidence: where evidence might be destroyed before a warrant can be properly obtained;\nEmergency searches: such as where someone is heard screaming for help inside a dwelling; or\nSearch incident to arrest (to mitigate the risk of harm to the arresting officers specifically).[10]\nPublic safety: a warrantless search may be permissible in an emergency situation where the public is in danger.\nPlain view: evidence is in the plain view of law enforcement officers, from a lawful vantage point (with similar exceptions that include plain smell, where the officer detects an odor that clearly indicates the presence of contraband or criminal activity).\n"
] | [
"Consent",
"Hot pursuit",
"Imminent destruction of evidence",
"Emergency searches",
"Search incident to arrest",
"Public safety",
"Plain view"
] |
8759116894244606568 | Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. (season 5) | Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ( Season 5 ) - wikipedia Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ( Season 5 ) Jump to : navigation , search Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ( season 5 ) Promotional poster Starring Clark Gregg Ming - Na Wen Chloe Bennet Iain De Caestecker Elizabeth Henstridge Henry Simmons Natalia Cordova - Buckley Country of origin United States No. of episodes 11 Release Original network ABC Original release December 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 01 ) -- present ( present ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 4 List of Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. episodes The fifth season of the American television series Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. , based on the Marvel Comics organization S.H.I.E.L.D. ( Strategic Homeland Intervention , Enforcement , and Logistics Division ) , revolves around the character of Phil Coulson and other S.H.I.E.L.D. agents and allies as they try to save humanity while in space . It is set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe ( MCU ) , sharing continuity with the films of the franchise . The season is produced by ABC Studios , Marvel Television , and Mutant Enemy Productions , with Jed Whedon , Maurissa Tancharoen , and Jeffrey Bell serving as showrunners . The season was ordered in May 2017 . Alongside Clark Gregg , who reprises his role as Coulson from the film series , principal cast members Ming - Na Wen , Chloe Bennet , Iain De Caestecker , Elizabeth Henstridge , and Henry Simmons return from previous seasons , while Natalia Cordova - Buckley is promoted to the principal cast after appearing in a recurring role since season three . Due to its broadcast schedule , the season was split into two `` pods '' , the first of which saw the S.H.I.E.L.D. team transported to deep space in the year 2091 . The season also saw Gregg make his directorial debut on the series , and will feature Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. 's 100th episode , which was promoted with a special commemorative art program . The fifth season began airing on December 1 , 2017 , and is set to run for 22 episodes on ABC until May 18 , 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Episodes 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 2.3 Notable guests 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Writing 3.2. 1 First pod 3.2. 2 Second pod 3.3 Casting 3.4 Design 3.5 Filming 3.6 Marvel Cinematic Universe tie - ins 4 Release 4.1 Broadcast 4.2 Marketing 4.2. 1 `` The Road to 100 '' 5 Reception 5.1 Ratings 5.2 Critical response 5.3 Accolades 6 References 7 External links Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 89 90 `` Orientation '' Jesse Bochco David Solomon Jed Whedon & Maurissa Tancharoen DJ Doyle December 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 01 ) 2.54 An unknown group seizes Phil Coulson , Melinda May , Daisy Johnson , Jemma Simmons , Alphonso `` Mack '' MacKenzie , and Yo - Yo Rodriguez and transports them to a space station through a monolith ; Leo Fitz is left behind . Upon arrival , the team is heralded by Virgil , who dies soon after . They quickly regroup and meet Deke , who reveals that the space station , known as the Lighthouse , was built nearly ninety years prior . Hoping to send a message back to Earth , May and Simmons discover it is no longer habitable and appears to have been torn apart by a cataclysmic event . At the same time , Coulson discovers that the monolith transported them not through space , but through time . Elsewhere , Mack and Yo - Yo are held captive by the Kree , who maintain control of the station by encouraging bloodshed among its inhabitants . Back in the station , the team attempts to blend in by agreeing to work for Grill and meets Tess , who saves them during the Renewal . Coulson goes with Tess to learn more about Virgil 's message and finds a hidden notebook . Meanwhile , Simmons is taken to meet Kasius , the Kree leader of the station , and is inducted as one of his servants . Later on , Johnson confronts Deke in his framework simulation , where he reveals she is the reason the Earth was torn apart . 91 `` A Life Spent '' Kevin Hooks Nora Zuckerman & Lilla Zuckerman December 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 08 ) 1.93 In preparation for Lady Basha 's arrival , Simmons is given the task of helping an Inhuman champion control her abilities for her exhibition ceremony . Simmons is successful but becomes distraught when Kasius sells his champion to Lady Basha . While the team adapt to their new jobs , Grill becomes suspicious of the new arrivals and sends one of his men to spy on them . During a space expedition , Coulson , May , Mack , and Tess struggle to make sense of Virgil 's notebook and discover a radio transmission supposedly originating from the Earth 's surface . Grill 's spy reports back , only to be framed as a traitor and exiled to die on Earth . Meanwhile , Yo - Yo helps Johnson get ahold of a Kree tablet to try and save Simmons . However , her mission is thwarted by Deke , who reports her to Kasius . Johnson is captured and taken to become his new champion . 92 `` A Life Earned '' Stan Brooks Drew Z . Greenberg December 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 15 ) 1.84 Johnson meets Ben , one of Kasius ' other champions , capable of telepathy . Using Ben to corroborate their story , Kasius interrogates Johnson and Simmons about the others . They are able to convince Kasius they came alone , though he remains suspicious . During the interrogation , Ben learns that Kasius intends to destroy the station and everyone on it once he acquires enough profits to leave . Deke returns to the others to gather new information as they learn about the mysterious Level 35 . Recognizing his father 's voice on the radio transmission , Deke agrees to help them gain access to the restricted floor . There , they discover that Kasius is attempting to breed Inhumans . May also discovers Deke lied about Johnson 's whereabouts , but get interrupted by Sinara 's arrival . Coulson leaves with Deke , while May fights her alone . Meanwhile , Grill sends Mack to confront someone who owes him payment . Later , Fitz is revealed to be one of the bidders who have arrived for Johnson 's exhibition . 93 5 `` Rewind '' Jesse Bochco Craig Titley December 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 22 ) 2.40 Shortly after the others are taken from the diner , Fitz is taken into military custody and interrogated by General Hale and her subordinates about their whereabouts , including the assassination attempt on General Talbot , and deaths of Jeffrey Mace and Holden Radcliffe . For the next six months , Fitz is given special privileges that would hopefully allow him to locate the team but fails . With help from Lance Hunter , Fitz escapes the military facility and tracks down Enoch , the man who took the others . Enoch explains that a prophecy foretold these events and takes them to meet Robin , the daughter of Charles from Spacetime , who can also tell the future but through drawings . Tracked by the military , Enoch helps them escape to a secret bunker , where Fitz learns that he was left behind so he could save the team . Determined to help them , Fitz and Hunter break back into the same military facility to obtain a cryogenic pod . In the warehouse , they find all their old S.H.I.E.L.D. tech , including the Zephyr , which they use to escape . Back in the secret bunker , Fitz is put to sleep for the next 74 years and is awoken by Enoch , who prepares him for their arrival at the Lighthouse . 94 6 `` Fun & Games '' Clark Gregg Brent Fletcher January 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 05 ) 2.49 Down in the station , the Kree have harvested some of the youth for an unscheduled Terrigenesis ceremony . Flint , a friend of Tess , experiences a successful Terrigenesis and is taken into hiding with the team by Yo - Yo . Tess is killed and hanged for Flint 's disappearance . During a dinner with the other bidders , Fitz quickly proves himself as a formidable character , earning Kasius ' respect . The first exhibition is then held between Ben and May , resulting in May being sent to the surface , while Ben is killed for lying during Johnson 's interrogation . Meanwhile , Grill finds the team and holds them captive , until Flint saves them using geokinesis against Grill , killing him . The unexpected arrival of Kasius ' brother prompts Sinara to battle Johnson for her exhibition . During which , Johnson , Fitz , and Simmons are able to subdue the others and escape . During the escape , Simmons proposes to Fitz . 95 7 `` Together or Not at All '' Brad Turner Matt Owens January 12 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 12 ) 2.31 Johnson , Fitz , and Simmons are hunted throughout the station and discover the station is being sustained by gravitonium . Fitz is shot during the chase . Deke finds them and takes them to the rest of the team . Reunited , the team plot their escape to the Earth 's surface by using a trawler and Deke 's antigravity device . After learning about Tess ' death , Flint decides to stay on the station to protect the remaining inhabitants . Mack and Yo - Yo agree to stay behind and help him . Coulson , Johnson , Fitz , Simmons , and Deke fly to the surface , but get caught in the gravity storm . Meanwhile , Kasius kills his brother and plots to regain his father 's acceptance by recapturing Johnson with help from Sinara . On the surface , Enoch finds May , but their meeting is cut short by the approaching gravity storm . A mysterious figure takes them to safety , where they are greeted by an elderly Robin . 96 8 `` The Last Day '' Nina Lopez - Corrado James C. Oliver & Sharla Oliver January 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 19 ) 2.41 Coulson , Johnson , Fitz , Simmons , and Deke survive the crash and reunite with May in the Zephyr . They meet Samuel Voss , an acquaintance of Deke 's father . Up on the Lighthouse , Kasius punishes the inhabitants by cutting off their resources . Flint , Mack , and Yo - Yo go to retrieve the weapons hidden by Fitz and discover Kasius has released the Vrellnexians onto the lower levels . They defeat the Vrellnexians and rescue the remaining inhabitants . On the surface , the team struggle to get answers from Robin and find a machine built into the Zephyr . While Fitz and Simmons attempt to remove Johnson 's inhibitor , May and Coulson find a shard of the time monolith in Voss ' locker . Deke questions Voss about the shard , which belonged to his parents , and gets knocked out . Voss then tries to kill Johnson and impales Robin to prevent her from giving the team answers . Before dying , Robin is comforted by May as she reveals their history and finally tells May how to save the world , which requires Flint . In the past , May is shown taking care of Robin and encouraging Fitz to build his machine so they can travel through time . 97 9 `` Best Laid Plans '' Garry A. Brown George Kitson January 26 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 26 ) 2.27 As the gravity storm worsens , the team attempt to relaunch the Zephyr . May reveals that using the shard , Flint can recreate the monolith allowing the team to travel back through time . Similar to the Lighthouse , Fitz and Simmons find gravitonium on the Zephyr and realize the designs were manufactured by Fitz himself . On the station , Flint , Mack , and Yo - Yo successfully gain control of the lower levels . Tess is resurrected by Kasius and sent to relay demands for him , who threatens to detonate explosives killing everyone if they are not met . Mack and Yo - Yo retaliate by placing the explosives on Level 35 , the medical floor , which would prevent Kasius from breeding more Inhumans . During a standoff with Kasius , Flint evacuates the inhabitants to the upper levels and uses the remaining explosives to separate them from the lower levels , out of Kasius ' reach . Using the gravity storm to her advantage , May navigates the Zephyr into space as Johnson battles Sinara again , this time killing her . Johnson then contacts Mack while the team are heading for the Lighthouse . 98 10 `` Past Life '' Eric Laneuville DJ Doyle February 2 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 02 ) 2.22 While Enoch stays on the Zephyr , the team focus on getting to Flint and rescuing the other Inhumans from captivity . Distraught over Sinara 's death , Kasius infects Tye , the Inhuman trainer , with odium , a substance that excites maniacal behavior and sends him after the team . During a fight with Tye , Coulson gets infected with the odium . Kasius ' seer is revealed to be Yo - Yo from the future , one who has lived through the time loop and endured endless torture . She reveals that the team 's ultimate return will bring the end of the world and that the only solution is to let Coulson succumb to his infection . As Flint recreates the monolith , Mack leaves to find Yo - Yo and witnesses her future self 's death by Kasius , who consumes the remaining odium and fights him . With help from Simmons , Mack kills Kasius and reunites with Yo - Yo , who is still alive in their timeline . Deke returns to the Zephyr in time to save Enoch and fix the machine , although seemingly at the cost of both of their lives , as the team returns to the present . 99 11 `` All the Comforts of Home '' Kate Woods Drew Z . Greenberg March 2 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 02 ) 1.90 Back in their time , Coulson and the team meet Noah , Enoch 's successor , a Chronicom who has been monitoring the world from the Lighthouse in their absence . Fitting with Voss ' description as the first signs of the end , Coulson , May , Fitz , Simmons , and Mack investigate a beacon originating from the Earth . Reluctant to join the team , Johnson stays behind and discovers that Deke survived the explosion . After being arrested , Johnson is forced to leave the bunker to save him and prevent him from exposing the team , who are now Most Wanted . Upon finding the beacon , Coulson and the team reunite with Agent Piper , who is later revealed to be working for General Hale . The team are then ambushed by a group of Hale 's robotic soldiers , led by an assassin . During the fight , the assassin attempts to kill Mack with her chakram , but Yo - Yo blocks the attack and loses both her arms . Piper realigns with the team as they retreat to the Lighthouse with the beacon , which detonates as Noah sacrifices himself to save Johnson and Fitz . Later , General Hale criticizes the assassin , revealed to be her daughter , Ruby , for jeopardizing the operation . In Philadelphia , General Hale recruits Carl Creel to join her team , which he reluctantly agrees to . 100 12 `` The Real Deal '' Kevin Tancharoen Jed Whedon & Maurissa Tancharoen & Jeffrey Bell March 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 09 ) TBD 101 13 `` Principia '' Brad Turner Craig Titley March 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 16 ) TBD 102 14 `` The Devil Complex '' Nina Lopez - Corrado Matt Owens March 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 23 ) TBD Salli Richardson - Whitfield directed an episode of the season . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main article : List of Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. characters Main ( edit ) Clark Gregg as Phil Coulson Ming - Na Wen as Melinda May Chloe Bennet as Daisy Johnson / Quake Iain De Caestecker as Leo Fitz Elizabeth Henstridge as Jemma Simmons Henry Simmons as Alphonso `` Mack '' MacKenzie Natalia Cordova - Buckley as Elena `` Yo - Yo '' Rodriguez Recurring ( edit ) Jeff Ward as Deke Shaw Joel Stoffer as Enoch Eve Harlow as Tess Dominic Rains as Kasius Florence Faivre as Sinara Pruitt Taylor Vince as Grill Coy Stewart as Flint Catherine Dent as Hale Notable guests ( edit ) Lola Glaudini as Polly Hinton Nick Blood as Lance Hunter Brian Patrick Wade as Carl Creel Briana Venskus as Piper Spencer Treat Clark as Werner von Strucker Zach McGowan as Anton Ivanov Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) In January 2017 , ahead of the mid-season premiere of the fourth season , ABC 's Channing Dungey said that she was `` very bullish '' about S.H.I.E.L.D. 's future , feeling that `` the episodes just keep getting better and stronger '' . The series was renewed for a fifth season of 22 episodes on May 11 , with ABC looking to lower the cost of the series moving forward , by reducing its budget and licensing fee . Asked whether she had considered giving the season a shorter episode order , Dungey noted that every season of the series had been 22 episodes long , and she felt its prior success in delayed viewership and overseas justified continuing that . She added that the `` show has continued to grow creatively every season . I feel like last season ( was ) its strongest creatively yet . I 'm very excited for what we have planned for Season 5 . '' It was reported that Disney , the parent company of Marvel Television , ABC Studios , and ABC , had given a mandate to ABC to renew Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. `` despite the desire by some at the network to end the series '' . Writing ( edit ) In May 2017 , ahead of the fifth season renewal , showrunner and executive producer Jed Whedon said the writers were not sure what would happen in the season , and that it would be `` by the seat of our pants . '' The season explores the ramifications of Phil Coulson making a deal with Ghost Rider at the end of the previous season , as well as the groundwork laid by Aida for humans to fear S.H.I.E.L.D. and Inhumans . Whedon stated , `` The public perception of S.H.I.E.L.D. is at an all - time low , so we have not resolved that , and there will be still more fallout from it . '' Moving beyond the Framework reality established at the end of season four , Tancharoen said the emotional impact from the characters ' experiences would `` be something that resonates throughout the season '' , especially for Fitz and Mack . When asked if the season would be broken into pods as with season four , executive producer Jeffrey Bell said , `` A 22 - episode arc is a lot for people to hold onto . By breaking it up into either smaller arcs or different pods , by introducing a set of antagonists and putting them down , or moving from space to space , our experience has been that it 's something the viewers enjoy , and it makes it a little easier to digest when you 're telling some of these stories . '' However , Whedon noted that it would depend on how the season would be aired as to where the story is broken up . The season ultimately was broken into two pod story arcs , with each pod having a different emphases , but the whole season having an arc `` that will pay off '' . The writers for the season began work at the end of May 2017 . First pod ( edit ) The first pod of the season was informally referred to by the production team as S.H.I.E.L.D. in Space . Ahead of the season premiere , executive producer Maurissa Tancharoen said that `` every year we reset the series , and this year we definitely knew that it would be the most giant reset to date ( with the characters going to space ) . Just creatively across the board for everyone , art direction , all of it , our sets , you 'll see an overhaul . '' On the move to space , Whedon commented , `` Last year was about tearing everybody apart . We spent a lot of time doing that ... So our goal this year was ... putting ( this ) family together in an intense situation ( that ) will end up causing drama internally , inevitably ... we 've spent this many years with them , let 's throw them on the craziest roller coaster adventure we could think of . '' The main characters eventually return home to their time period . Second pod ( edit ) The second pod of the season includes the series ' 100th episode , which Whedon and Tancharoen described as a `` game changer '' that would `` shake up '' the rest of the pod emotionally , to the point that `` nothing will be the same after '' it . Also , at the end of February 2018 , the writers were planning the end of the pod , and were planning for the final episode to be able to serve as both a season and series finale , with some elements that could be adjusted based on whether the series was renewed for a sixth season or not . Whedon added , `` we 're ready for if this is the end . We 're definitely going to make it rewarding either way . '' Casting ( edit ) Main cast members Clark Gregg , Ming - Na Wen , Chloe Bennet , Iain De Caestecker , Elizabeth Henstridge , and Henry Simmons return from previous seasons as Phil Coulson , Melinda May , Daisy Johnson / Quake , Leo Fitz , Jemma Simmons , and Alphonso `` Mack '' MacKenzie , respectively . Before the 2017 New York Comic - Con , it was revealed that Natalia Cordova - Buckley had been promoted to series regular for the season , after recurring in the past two seasons as Elena `` Yo - Yo '' Rodriguez . In September 2017 , former series regular Nick Blood was announced as returning to reprise his role of Lance Hunter . Blood left the series during the third season , to star in the spin - off series Marvel 's Most Wanted , which never came to fruition . Adrianne Palicki , who portrayed Bobbi Morse and also left in the third season for Most Wanted with Blood , expressed interest in October 2017 in returning to guest star in the season , saying she `` would absolutely come back '' if asked . Also returning from earlier in the series are Joel Stoffer as Enoch , who was simply credited as `` silhouetted man '' in his previous appearance , and Lola Glaudini as Polly Hinton . Polly 's daughter Robin also appears , portrayed by multiple actresses , after the character made an uncredited appearance in `` Ascension '' : Lexy Kolker appears as 7 - years - old Robin , Ava Kolker appears as 12 - year - old Robin , and Willow Hale appears as an older Robin , when she is also known as The Seer . Brian Patrick Wade and Spencer Treat Clark return from earlier seasons as Carl Creel and Werner von Strucker , along with Briana Venskus and Maximilian Osinski as S.H.I.E.L.D. agents Piper and Davis , respectively , The characters Lash and Hive will return from earlier seasons for the series ' 100th episode . Jeff Ward was cast in a recurring role in August 2017 , and was revealed in October to be portraying Deke Shaw , alongside other newcomers Eve Harlow as Tess , Coy Stewart as Flint , and Pruitt Taylor Vince as Grill . Other recurring guests include Dominic Rains as Kasius , Florence Faivre as Sinara , Jay Hunter as a Kree watch commander , Tunisha Hubbard as Ava , and Catherine Dent as Hale . Design ( edit ) The title card for the season After leaving the series during the fourth season , costume designer Ann Foley returned for the first two episodes of the fifth season , before handing over to Whitney Galitz , who had assisted her on the previous few seasons , and Christann Chanell . The opening for `` Orientation '' is reminiscent of the sequence for `` 4,722 Hours '' , forgoing the title card and having the typeface silently fading onto the screen . The subsequent episodes of the season feature a title card with the series name against a backdrop of a destroyed Earth . Filming ( edit ) Filming for the season began on July 20 , 2017 . In May 2017 , Gregg expressed interest in directing an episode in the season , and confirmed that September he would be directing an episode , which was the sixth of the season , `` Fun & Games '' . Gregg felt the idea of directing was `` daunting '' as he would need to be doing `` five weeks of double duty '' , needing to act in addition to the various aspects of directing the episode . He reached out to fellow S.H.I.E.L.D. directors Kevin Tancharoen , Billy Gierhart , and Jesse Bochco to get tips on filming for the series . Bennet felt Gregg was able to bring out performances from the cast `` that another director probably would n't have been able to because he knows the characters so well . '' Gregg added that he had `` shorthand with ( the other actors ) about what we want to try to do , ways the script could give us a chance to push us into new territory . They all also have deep and interesting ideas that helped me . '' Gregg also received a deeper appreciation for some of the other departments on the series he normally does not encounter on a regular basis and the work they contribute to each episode . Marvel Cinematic Universe tie - ins ( edit ) In terms of having connections to Marvel 's Inhumans , Whedon felt it was doubtful , but noted `` we also want there to be a bigger reward for people who watch all of ( the MCU series ) , so they 'll start to see that there 's lines connecting it . It 's more fun for people who are playing the whole game , but if you do n't , you 'll still have a great rollercoaster ride . '' In November 2017 , Whedon said that the season would not have moved the characters to space if the recent MCU films like Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 and Thor : Ragnarok had not been exploring that part of the MCU , but that this would remain a `` thematic tie '' . He explained that they had moved on from the overt tie - ins with the MCU films that the series utilized in earlier seasons because `` we have our own mythology . That started to be much more interesting to us , and hopefully to the audience , just digging that stuff up . No one wants to come to see our show to see another show . '' The season features the Kree , an alien race that previously appeared in the first , second and third seasons , and in the film Guardians of the Galaxy . The fictional element Gravitonium also returns , having first appeared in the first season . Release ( edit ) Broadcast ( edit ) The season began airing in the United States on ABC on December 1 , 2017 , beginning once Inhumans finished airing its episodes . It is set to run for 22 episodes , with a short hiatus for the airing of the 2018 Winter Olympics between `` Past Life '' and `` All the Comforts of Home '' . The season is intended to conclude on May 18 , 2018 . The fifth season moved to a Friday timeslot , alongside the seventh season of ABC 's Once Upon a Time , with ABC chief Channing Dungey explaining , `` We 've turned Friday into more of a destination for our fantasy and science fiction fans . Once Upon a Time and S.H.I.E.L.D. are airing on the same night for the first time , which is giving many fans of both shows what they 've been asking for for a long time . '' Andy Kubitz , executive vice president for program planning and scheduling at ABC , added that ABC had `` confidence that ( the S.H.I.E.L.D. ) core audience ... ( would ) travel with it '' to its new Friday time slot . He continued , `` The great thing about Friday night for these shows is it gives three days of downtime for a lot of these younger viewers to be able to catch up on it . You 've got Saturday and Sunday viewing that will be able to be counted into our C3 to help us monetize it . '' Marketing ( edit ) The main cast of the season appeared at New York Comic Con on October 7 , 2017 , where they promoted the season and debuted the first 20 minutes of the first episode of the season . A shortened version of the footage was released by ABC and Marvel on November 26 , 2017 , as a sneak peek before the season premiere later that week . The cast and executive producers will appear at WonderCon 2018 on March 24 , to promote the rest of the season , and show a sneak peak of an upcoming episode . `` The Road to 100 '' ( edit ) In December 2017 , Marvel announced the `` Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. : The Road to 100 '' art program to commemorate the series reaching 100 episodes . The program features five posters , one for each season of the series , representing `` key pivotal moments of each season '' . The art also appeared as variant covers to select titles published by Marvel Comics in March 2018 . Megan Thomas Bradner , Vice President of Development and Production , Live Action at Marvel Television , called reaching 100 episodes `` quite a feat ... and it felt special enough to share with the fans that got us here . By working with some of our favorite comic artists , we felt we could show a large variety of meaningful moments and the characters that helped get us to a 100 . '' She added that the program `` commemorates these creators , the actors , the characters and a hundred amazing stories '' . The first poster , highlighting season one , was created by Dale Keown . It features four panels , showcasing the moment Coulson and Grant Ward approached Skye in her van from the pilot , Coulson learning he survived the Battle of New York from the T.A.H.I.T.I. program and a drug from a half - dissected Kree alien corpse , the moment Grant Ward revealed he was a Hydra agent by killing Victoria Hand , and Fitz giving Simmons the last remaining oxygen tank and declaring his love for her in the season one finale . The second poster , highlighting season two , was created by Daniel Acuña . The scenes depicted are Coulson writing the Inhuman map on a wall ; Daisy coming out of her Terrigenesis ; the S.H.I.E.L.D. team , Bobbi Morse , Lance Hunter , and the `` real S.H.I.E.L.D. '' logo ; and May cradling the deceased body of Katya Belyakov . The third poster , highlighting season three , was created by Nick Bradshaw . The poster shows the S.H.I.E.L.D. team and Hive , along with the Hydra logo breaking the S.H.I.E.L.D. logo and its tentacles covering much of the poster . Specific moments highlighted include Fitz and Simmons after she has been pulled from the portal to Maveth , Coulson killing Ward on Maveth , and the formation of the Secret Warriors . The fourth poster , highlighting season four , was created by Rahzzah . It highlighted the introduction of Ghost Rider , Life Model Decoys ( LMD ) and the Framework reality , Jeffrey Mace sacrificing himself in the Framework , and Coulson 's kiss with the May LMD . The fifth and final poster , highlighting this season , was created by Stonehouse . Flanked on either side are Kasius and Sinara , with the S.H.I.E.L.D. team and Deke in the center in front of the destroyed Earth of the future as well as Fitz reuniting with Simmons . Reception ( edit ) Ratings ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) 1 / 2 `` Orientation '' December 1 , 2017 0.7 / 3 2.54 0.6 1.72 1.3 4.27 `` A Life Spent '' December 8 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.93 0.7 1.68 1.2 3.61 `` A Life Earned '' December 15 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.84 N / A N / A N / A N / A 5 `` Rewind '' December 22 , 2017 0.6 / 3 2.40 N / A N / A N / A N / A 6 `` Fun & Games '' January 5 , 2018 0.7 / 3 2.49 N / A N / A N / A N / A 7 `` Together or Not at All '' January 12 , 2018 0.6 / 3 2.31 0.7 1.75 1.3 4.07 8 `` The Last Day '' January 19 , 2018 0.6 / 3 2.41 0.8 1.82 1.4 4.23 9 `` Best Laid Plans '' January 26 , 2018 0.6 / 3 2.27 0.6 1.72 1.2 4.00 10 `` Past Life '' February 2 , 2018 0.6 / 3 2.22 0.6 1.74 1.2 3.96 11 `` All the Comforts of Home '' March 2 , 2018 0.5 / 2 1.90 TBD TBD TBD TBD Critical response ( edit ) The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reports a 100 % approval rating , with an average rating of 7.67 out of 10 , based on 9 reviews . Reviewing the premiere episodes , Merrill Barr of Forbes felt moving the series to space was not a reboot of the series , rather `` a continuation , in some form , of the story set - up at the end of last season . The show is not different . The team is still trying to save the world . They 're just doing it in a new place and new way . Overall , there 's a lot to love about what S.H.I.E.L.D. is doing in the new season . It 's a crazy ride fans are going to be glad they 've stayed aboard for . The `` Agents of Hydra '' run ( at the end of season four ) was a bit weak . The space run is so far proving to be anything but . '' Jon Negroni of We Got This Covered praised the show for its delightful twists and turns and for not relying on what 's already worked , adding that `` it 's a testament to the show 's ongoing experimentation that we can watch these characters get to space and believe that this is far from their final frontier . '' He felt , however , that there was `` little room for pathos and seeds for character development '' and that `` we know almost nothing about where these individuals are at emotionally because of how fast we blazed through the finale . '' Alex McLevy of The A.V. Club praised the move to space , saying that `` if season four was Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. firing on all cylinders , especially during its stellar ' Agents of Hydra ' arc in the Framework , then this is the look of a show that knows it has mastered its storytelling , and is confidently expanding the scope of its ambition . '' Accolades ( edit ) Year Award Category Recipient Result Ref . 2018 TVLine 's Performer of the Week Performance in `` The Last Day '' Ming - Na Wen Nominated Visual Effects Society Awards Outstanding Visual Effects in a Photoreal Episode Mark Kolpack , Sabrina Arnold , David Rey , Kevin Yuille , Gary D'Amico for `` Orientation , Part 1 '' Nominated References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Blue Bloods ' and ' The Exorcist ' adjust down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 4 , 2017 . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Blue Bloods ' adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 28 , 2017 . Retrieved December 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . 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Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD ' gets a good bump in week 11 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 28 , 2017 . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 26 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Brave ' goes from low to ... less low : Week 16 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on January 31 , 2018 . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 1 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' The Good Doctor ' both double in week 17 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2018 . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' sets NBC records in week 18 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2018 . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 15 , 2018 ) . `` Closing the book on the Super Bowl ' This Is Us ' : Week 19 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 15 , 2018 . Retrieved February 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. : Season 5 ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved February 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Barr , Merrill ( November 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' Season 5 Review : Bonkers But A Lot Of Fun '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on November 30 , 2017 . Retrieved November 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Negroni , Jon ( November 29 , 2017 ) . `` Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. Season 5 Review '' . We Got This Covered . Archived from the original on January 31 , 2018 . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McLevy , Alex ( December 1 , 2017 ) . `` Agents Of S.H.I.E.L.D. brings the gravity in a thrilling outer - space season premiere '' . The A.V. Club . Archived from the original on January 31 , 2018 . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Performer of the Week : Sonequa Martin - Green '' . TVLine . January 20 , 2018 . Archived from the original on January 21 , 2018 . Retrieved January 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( January 16 , 2018 ) . `` Visual Effects Society Awards : ' Apes , ' ' Blade Runner 2049 ' Lead Feature Nominees '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . General references `` Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. Season 5 Episode Guide '' . TV Guide . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 . `` Shows A-Z -- Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. on ABC '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 . External Links ( edit ) Official website Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. on IMDb Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. at TV.com S.H.I.E.L.D. Creators : Stan Lee Jack Kirby Characters Executive Directors George W. 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"The fifth season began airing on December 1, 2017, and is set to run for 22 episodes on ABC until May 18, 2018."
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5256376285457655477 | Filet mignon | Filet mignon - wikipedia Filet mignon Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with North America and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject . You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page , or create a new article , as appropriate . ( September 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Filet Mignon Type Tenderloin cut of beef Filet mignon with mashed potato , string beans and mushrooms Filet mignon wrapped with bacon with assorted vegetables Filet mignon with asparagus , gravy and Brioche dumplings Filet mignon ( / ˌfiːleɪ ˈmiːnjɒ̃ / ; French for `` tender fillet '' or `` delicate / fine fillet '' ) is a steak cut of beef taken from the smaller end of the tenderloin , or psoas major of the beef carcass , usually a steer or heifer . In French this cut can also be called filet de bœuf , which translates in English to beef fillet . The tenderloin runs along both sides of the spine , and is usually harvested as two long snake - shaped cuts of beef . The tenderloin is sometimes sold whole . When sliced along the short dimension , creating roughly round cuts , and tube cuts , the cuts ( fillets ) from the small forward end are considered to be filet mignon . Those from the center are tournedos ; however , some butchers in the United States label all types of tenderloin steaks `` filet mignon . '' In fact , the shape of the true filet mignon may be a hindrance when cooking , so most restaurants sell steaks from the wider end of the tenderloin - it is both cheaper and much more presentable . The tenderloin is the most tender cut of beef and is also arguably the most desirable and therefore the most expensive . The average steer or heifer provides no more than 500 grams of filet mignon . Because the muscle is not weight - bearing , it contains less connective tissue , which makes it tender . However , it is generally not as flavorful as some other cuts of beef ( example , primal rib cuts ) , and is often wrapped in bacon to enhance flavor , and / or is served with a sauce . Contents ( hide ) 1 Other names 2 Preparation 3 See also 4 References Other names ( edit ) The same cut of beef can also be called : French : filet de bœuf French ( Québec ) : filet mignon English ( U.S. ) : filet mignon English ( UK , Ireland ) : fillet steak English ( Australia , New Zealand ) : eye fillet Italian : filetto Indonesian : has dalam Swedish : filé mignon Norwegian : indrefilet Spanish : solomillo or filete miñón Dutch : filet mignon Bahasa Melayu : hujung batang pinang Portuguese : filé or filé mignon Russian : филе миньон In the U.S. , both the central and large end of the tenderloin are often sold as filet mignon in supermarkets and restaurants . The French terms for these cuts are tournedos ( the smaller central portion ) , châteaubriand ( the larger central portion ) , and biftek ( cut from the large end known as the tête de filet ( lit . `` head of filet '' ) in French ) . Porterhouse steaks and T - bone steaks are large cuts that include the fillet . The small medallion on one side of the bone is the fillet , and the long strip of meat on the other side of the bone is the strip steak -- in Commonwealth of Nations usage , only the strip steak is called the porterhouse . Preparation ( edit ) Traditional filet mignon with grilled asparagus spears Filet mignon may be cut into 1 - to 2 - inch - thick portions , then grilled and served as - is . One also may find filet mignon in stores already cut into portions and wrapped with bacon . High heat is the usual method for cooking the filet mignon , either grilling , pan frying , broiling , or roasting . Traditionally in European and American restaurants , fillets are most often served in a cognac cream sauce , au poivre with peppercorns , or in a red wine reduction . Bacon is often used in cooking filet mignon because of the low levels of fat found in the cut ( see barding ) , as fillets have low levels of marbling , or intramuscular fat . Bacon is wrapped around the fillet and pinned closed with a wooden toothpick . This adds flavor and keeps the fillet from drying out during the cooking process . Traditional cooking calls for the filet mignon to be seared on each side using intense heat for a short time and then transferred to a lower heat to cook the meat all the way through . Filet mignon is often served rarer than other meats . Those preferring a more well - done steak can request a `` butterflied '' filet , meaning that the meat is cut down the middle and opened up to expose more of it to heat during the cooking process . See also ( edit ) Tournedos Rossini -- A French dish prepared with filet mignon Food portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Oxford University Press , `` Oxford Dictionaries Online : ' filet mignon ' '' , Oxford Dictionaries Online , Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ Child J ( 1961 ) . Mastering the Art of French Cooking . Cuts of beef Upper Chuck Rib Short loin Sirloin Tenderloin Top sirloin Bottom sirloin Round Lower Brisket Plate Flank Shank Beef and veal Production Argentine beef Beef cattle Cow - calf operation Feeder cattle Kobe beef Organic beef Products Cuts Blade steak Brisket Chateaubriand steak Chuck steak Fajita Filet mignon Flank steak Flap steak Hanger steak Plate Ranch steak Restructured steak Rib eye Rib steak Round Rump Short loin Short ribs Shoulder tender Sirloin Top sirloin Skirt steak Spare ribs Standing rib roast Strip Shank T - bone Tenderloin Tri-tip Trotters Tail Processed Jerky Aged Bresaola Cabeza Corned beef Frankfurter Rindswurst Ground Montreal smoked Pastrami Meat extract Offal Brain Heart Tongue Tendon Tripas Tripe Testicles Dishes Steak / Beefsteak List of steak dishes Blanquette de veau Beef Wellington Beef bourguignon Beef bun Beef Manhattan Beef noodle soup Beef on weck Beef Stroganoff Boiled beef Bulgogi Calf 's liver and bacon Cheesesteak Chicken fried steak Cordon bleu Dendeng Feu French dip Ginger beef Galbi Gored gored Gyūdon Hamburg steak Hortobágyi palacsinta Iga penyet Italian beef Jellied veal Karađorđeva šnicla Kitfo Lanzhou beef lamian London broil Mongolian beef Neobiani Ossobuco Pot roast Pozharsky cutlet P'tcha Ragout fin Rawon Rendang Roast beef Roast beef sandwich Salisbury steak Saltimbocca Sha cha beef Shooter 's sandwich Steak and kidney pudding Steak Diane Steak and oyster pie Steak au poivre Tartare Tafelspitz Tongseng Veal Milanese Veal Orloff Veal Oscar Vitello tonnato Wallenbergare Related meats American bison Beefalo Water buffalo Żubroń Other Bovine spongiform encephalopathy Beef hormone controversy Beef ring Carcass grade Darkcutter Meat on the bone Ractopamine - Beef USA beef imports Japan Taiwan South Korea ( 2008 US beef protest in South Korea ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Filet_mignon&oldid=796140455 '' Categories : Cuts of beef Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from May 2009 All articles needing additional references Articles with limited geographic scope from September 2015 North America - centric Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Français Bahasa Melayu Português Русский Svenska 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 August 2017 , at 19 : 22 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what part of the cow is the filet mignon from | [
"Filet mignon (/ˌfiːleɪ ˈmiːnjɒ̃/;[1] French for \"tender fillet\" or \"delicate/ fine fillet\") is a steak cut of beef taken from the smaller end of the tenderloin, or psoas major of the beef carcass, usually a steer or heifer. In French this cut can also be called filet de bœuf, which translates in English to beef fillet."
] | [
"smaller end of the tenderloin, or psoas major of the beef carcass"
] |
-7026231644564349639 | The Man in the High Castle (TV series) | The Man in the High Castle ( TV series ) - Wikipedia The Man in the High Castle ( TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search The Man in the High Castle Genre Alternate history Drama Dystopia Thriller Created by Frank Spotnitz Based on The Man in the High Castle by Philip K. Dick Starring Alexa Davalos Rupert Evans Luke Kleintank DJ Qualls Joel de la Fuente Cary - Hiroyuki Tagawa Rufus Sewell Brennan Brown Callum Keith Rennie Bella Heathcote Opening theme `` Edelweiss '' , performed by Jeanette Olsson Composer ( s ) Henry Jackman Dominic Lewis Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 20 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Ridley Scott Frank Spotnitz Christian Baute Isa Dick Hackett Stewart Mackinnon Christopher Tricarico Producer ( s ) Michael Cedar Jean Higgins Jordan Sheehan David W. Zucker Location ( s ) Seattle , Washington Monroe , Washington Vancouver , British Columbia Cinematography James Hawkinson Gonzalo Amat Editor ( s ) Kathrynn Himoff Running time 48 -- 60 minutes Production company ( s ) Amazon Studios Scott Free Productions Electric Shepherd Productions Headline Pictures Big Light Productions Picrow Reunion Pictures Distributor Amazon.com Release Original network Amazon Video Original release January 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 15 ) -- present External links Website www.amazon.com/The-Man-High-Castle/dp/B00RSGFRY8 The Man in the High Castle is an American dystopian alternative history television series produced by Amazon Studios , Scott Free Productions , Headline Pictures , Electric Shepherd Productions and Big Light Productions . The series is loosely based on the 1962 novel of the same name by science fiction author Philip K. Dick . In the series ' alternate version of 1962 America , the Axis powers have won World War II and divided the United States into the Greater Nazi Reich and the Japanese Pacific States . The series follows characters whose destinies intertwine after coming into contact with a series of propaganda films that show a vastly different history from that of their own . Premiering in January 2015 , the pilot was Amazon 's `` most - watched since the original series development program began . '' The next month Amazon ordered episodes to fill out a ten - episode season , which was released in November , to positive reviews . A second season of ten episodes premiered in December 2016 , with a third season announced a few weeks later . Contents ( hide ) 1 Synopsis 1.1 Season one 1.2 Season two 2 Cast 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 2.2. 1 John Smith 's family 2.2. 2 Juliana Crain 's family 2.2. 3 Nobusuke Tagomi 's family 2.2. 4 Historical figures 3 Episodes 3.1 Season 1 ( 2015 ) 3.2 Season 2 ( 2016 ) 4 Production 5 Reception 5.1 Accolades 5.2 Advertising controversy 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Synopsis ( edit ) Season one ( edit ) The central characters are Juliana Crain , Frank Frink , Joe Blake , John Smith , Nobusuke Tagomi , and Takeshi Kido . The series takes place in an alternate 1962 . Flag of the Greater Nazi Reich in America Flag of the Japanese Pacific States Juliana Crain is a San Francisco woman who becomes entangled with the resistance when her half - sister Trudy is killed by the Kempeitai , just after giving Juliana a film reel that contains newsreel - style footage depicting an alternate history in which the Allies won World War II and Germany and Japan were defeated . The film is entitled The Grasshopper Lies Heavy , and is part of a series of similar newsreels being collected by someone referred to as `` The Man in the High Castle '' . Juliana believes the newsreel reflects some sort of alternate reality and that it is part of some kind of larger truth about how the world should be . Her boyfriend , Frank Frink ( who keeps his Jewish roots hidden in order to avoid extradition and death at the hands of the Nazis ) , believes that the newsreel has no relation to real - life events . Juliana learns Trudy was carrying the film to Canon City , Colorado , in the Neutral Zone , where she was going to meet someone . Juliana decides to travel there in Trudy 's place to find out what her half - sister 's mission was . When she arrives in Canon City , she encounters Joe Blake . Blake is a 27 - year - old New Yorker who is a double agent working for the Nazis under Obergruppenführer John Smith , a former US military officer who joined the Nazis and rose through the ranks to become a senior officer in the SS . Blake is pretending to be a member of the resistance while he searches for the resistance contact in Canon City , which is Juliana , substituting for Trudy . Nobusuke Tagomi is a high - ranking Japanese official ( the Trade Minister ) in San Francisco . He meets in secret with Nazi official Rudolph Wegener , who is traveling incognito as Swedish businessman Victore Baynes . Tagomi and Wegener are concerned about the power vacuum that will exist when the Reich 's Führer Adolf Hitler dies , or is forced to step down due to his worsening Parkinson 's disease . Wegener explains that Hitler 's successor will want to use the Reich 's nuclear bombs against Japan to gain control of the rest of the former United States . Currently , however , Japan and the Third Reich are engaged in a cold war full of tension but no open warfare , with the Japanese lagging behind the Germans technologically . Frank Frink ends up being arrested when the Japanese and the Nazis become suspicious of Juliana 's activities . Not having the information they seek , he is unable to give the Japanese what they are looking for , and they kill Frink 's sister and her two children in retaliation , using their Jewish heritage as an excuse for their executions . This leads Frink to plan to kill the visiting Crown Prince and Princess , but he ultimately decides against going through with his plan . Season two ( edit ) Season Two of the show broadly encompasses Frank Frink deciding to forgo his hesitancy and relative pacifism and choosing to become a committed member of the American Resistance to the Japanese Empire inside the Pacific States , eventually participating in a successful terrorist bombing of a central - command building of the Pacific States government in downtown San Francisco . The attack kills many Empire military and other top - level leadership and it is presumed that the size and depth of the incendiary explosion means none of the perpetrators of the bombing -- including Frink -- survived the attack either . Juliana Crain claims asylum in the Nazi Reich using their San Francisco Embassy so she can escape Japanese soldiers who hold her responsible for at least one murder . John Smith , seeing that her asylum claim is unlikely to succeed , steps in to the interrogation room and assumes command of her claim himself , ensuring it goes through , and he takes her to New York without Joe Blake 's knowledge . Joe Blake himself discovers he was a product of the Lebensborn programme , and also that he is the sole biological son of a top - ranking Nazi official in Berlin , Martin Heusmann . Eventually Blake reconciles with Heusmann on the personal level and , in so doing , becomes second - in - command of the Chancellorship after Adolf Hitler dies and the Nazi leadership in Berlin grants Heusmann the Reich 's Acting Chancellor title , which they do quickly and almost by default . Hitler 's death is abruptly pinned upon Japanese spies , and Heusmann suddenly announces on television that the Japanese agents whom he claims assassinated the Führer will be brought to justice by any means necessary , including war . John Smith is the only high - ranking Nazi official to be suspicious of the nature of Heusmann 's sudden announcement . To gain insight in to why it has happened , he interrogates another high - ranking Nazi , Heydrich , who reveals a far - reaching conspiracy led by Heusmann designed to result in a Nazi nuclear onslaught against the Japanese Empire that will kill tens of millions of Japanese , decimate their Empire , level Tokyo , kill their Emperor , and force the surviving Japanese to permanently absorb themselves in to a global Nazi Reich . John Smith undertakes carefully - calculated stealth actions to disrupt and dismantle the Heusmann conspiracy and , as a final act , travels to Berlin and informs Heinrich Himmler -- the Nazi Reichsführer and not involved in the conspiracy -- of the existence of the conspiracy . Audiotapes , together with physical and written evidence reaching too deep within the existing Reich 's power structure to be dismissed as hearsay , are handed personally by John Smith over to the Reichsführer , who then angrily leads Smith and several of his closest Berlin subordinates in to the late Führer 's office occupied by the Acting Chancellor . He arrests Heusmann for high treason and the murder of Adolf Hitler , detains Joe Blake along with Heusmann , and then addresses the Volkshalle packed with hundreds of thousands of Reich civilians and uniformed stormtroopers , nixing the war - declaration speech meant to have been delivered by Heusmann and instead informing the Reich of Heusmann 's conspiracy and John Smith 's exposing of it . Upon learning this , the entire Volkshalle erupts in to a celebratory mood marked by repeated mass Nazi salutes of Himmler 's men in general and then John Smith in particular . The second season ends with Himmler and John Smith implicitly assuming command of the Reich , and an implied new era of peace and tranquility between the Japanese Empire and the Greater Nazi Reich . Juliana Crain continues to live out her asylum claim inside New York Nazi territory , and the final few minutes of the final episode of the second season show Crain 's sister is not in fact dead after all . In a basement somewhere , John Smith is given access to a room filled to bursting with reels of films watched by the late Führer . Cast ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Alexa Davalos as Juliana Crain , a young woman from San Francisco who is outwardly happy living under Japanese control ; she has become an expert in aikido and is friendly with Japanese people living in San Francisco . Her mother harbors hatred of the Japanese , as they killed Juliana 's father during the war . Rupert Evans as Frank Frink , Juliana 's boyfriend . He works in a factory , creating replicas of pre-war American pistols that are prized by the Japanese , while on his own time he creates original jewelry and sketches . When Juliana vanishes just after the police kill her sister , Frank is taken into custody , which is particularly dangerous since he had a Jewish grandfather and would face execution if this fact were exposed . His experience with the Japanese causes him to turn against the state . Luke Kleintank as Joe Blake , a new recruit to the underground American resistance who is actually an agent working for the SS under Obergruppenführer John Smith . He transports a copy of a reel of the forbidden film The Grasshopper Lies Heavy to the neutral Rocky Mountain States as part of his mission to infiltrate the American resistance . DJ Qualls as Ed McCarthy , Frank 's co-worker and friend . He closely follows politics and cares very much about Juliana and Frank 's well being . Cary - Hiroyuki Tagawa as Nobusuke Tagomi , the Trade Minister of the Pacific States of America . His true loyalties are ambiguous throughout the first season . Rufus Sewell as John Smith , an SS Obergruppenführer investigating the Resistance in New York . He is a natural - born American who previously served in the U.S. Army Signal Corps and lives a comfortable suburban life with a wife and three children . It is implied that he embraced Nazism because he grew up in poverty as a result of the Great Depression . Joel de la Fuente as Chief Inspector Takeshi Kido , the ruthless head of the Kempeitai stationed in San Francisco . Brennan Brown as Robert Childan , an antique store owner who makes secret deals with Frank . ( recurring , season 1 ; main , season 2 ) Callum Keith Rennie as Gary Connell , leader of the West Coast Resistance movement and enforcer for Abendsen . ( season 2 ) Bella Heathcote as Nicole Dörmer , a young Berlin - born filmmaker who will cross paths with Joe . ( season 2 ) Recurring ( edit ) Carsten Norgaard as Rudolph Wegener , a disillusioned high - ranking Nazi official who trades secrets with Tagomi . Rick Worthy as Lemuel `` Lem '' Washington , owner of the Sunrise Diner in Canon City and member of the Resistance . Camille Sullivan as Karen Vecchione , a leader of the Pacific States branch of the Resistance . Lee Shorten as Sergeant Hiroyuki Yoshida , Inspector Kido 's right - hand man . Arnold Chun as Kotomichi , Tagomi 's assistant . Hank Harris as Randall Becker , a member of the Pacific States branch of the Resistance Christine Chatelain as Laura Crothers , Frank 's sister . Allan Havey as the Origami Man , a Nazi spy sent to Canon City to eliminate members of the Resistance . Burn Gorman as the Marshal , a bounty hunter searching for concentration camp escapees . Shaun Ross as the Shoe Shine Boy , a young albino man living in Canon City . Rob LaBelle as Carl , a bookstore clerk in Canon City who is revealed to be a concentration camp escapee named David P. Frees . Geoffrey Blake as Jason Meyer , a Jewish member of the Resistance . Michael Gaston as Mark Sampson , a Jew living in the Pacific States ; he is Frank 's friend Louis Ozawa Changchien as Paul Kasoura , a wealthy lawyer who collects pre-war American memorabilia . Tao Okamoto as Betty , Paul 's wife . Daisuke Tsui as the Crown Prince of Japan Mayumi Yoshida as the Crown Princess of Japan Amy Okuda as Christine Tanaka , an office worker in the Nippon building . Hiro Kanagawa as Taishi Okamura , the leader of a Yakuza based in the Pacific States . Stephen Root as Hawthorne Abendsen / The Man in the High Castle . ( season 2 ) Sebastian Roché as Reichsminister Martin Heusmann , Joe Blake 's estranged father and high - ranking member of the Reich . ( season 2 ) Cara Mitsuko as Sarah , a Japanese American Resistance member , confidante of Frank and survivor of the Manzanar concentration camp . ( season 2 ) Tate Donovan as George Dixon , a mysterious friend of the Crains ( season 2 ) . Michael Hogan as Hagan , an ex-preacher and leader in the San Francisco resistance . ( season 2 ) Tzi Ma as General Hidehisa Onoda , a leading member of the Japanese military . ( season 2 ) John Smith 's family ( edit ) Chelah Horsdal as Helen Smith , John 's wife . Quinn Lord as Thomas Smith , John and Helen 's son and the eldest child . A member of the Hitler Youth , it is later revealed that he has inherited a form of muscular dystrophy from his father 's side of the family . Gracyn Shinyei as Amy Smith , John and Helen 's daughter . Genea Charpentier as Jennifer Smith , John and Helen 's daughter . Juliana Crain 's family ( edit ) Daniel Roebuck as Arnold Walker , Juliana 's stepfather and Trudy 's father . Macall Gordon as Anne Crain Walker , Juliana 's mother who is still bitter about losing her husband in World War II . Conor Leslie as Trudy Walker , Juliana 's half sister who is shot dead by the Kempeitai . Nobusuke Tagomi 's family ( edit ) Yukari Komatsu as Michiko Tagomi , Nobusuke 's wife . ( season 2 ) Eddie Shin as Noriaki Tagomi , Nobusuke and Michiko 's son . ( season 2 ) Historical Figures ( edit ) Wolf Muser as Adolf Hitler . Ray Proscia as SS - Oberst - Gruppenführer Reinhard Heydrich . Kenneth Tigar as SS - Reichsführer Heinrich Himmler ( season 2 ) Peter Anderson as Joseph Goebbels , Nazi Minister of Propaganda ( season 2 ) Lisa Paxton as Eva Braun , Hitler 's wife ( season 2 ) Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2015 ) ( edit ) The pilot and the second episode were screened at a special Comic - Con event . The season premiered on November 20 , 2015 . No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date `` The New World '' David Semel Frank Spotnitz January 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 15 ) A young man , Joe Blake , volunteers to serve the resistance by driving a truck from Nazi New York to the neutral zone in the Rockies . In Japan - occupied San Francisco , Juliana Crain receives a package from her sister Trudy , only to see her get shot by the Japanese police . She returns home where her boyfriend Frank urges her to go to the police and tell them she had nothing to do with Trudy 's treason . The package contains film of the Allies winning World War II , which Juliana watches . She boards a bus to the Neutral Zone to deliver the film in Trudy 's place . A female agent on the bus attempts to steal the film but only escapes with decoys . Joe befriends Juliana in Canon City while in San Francisco , Frank is arrested by the Kempeitai , who want to know Juliana 's destination . Joe calls a Nazi commandant , Smith , revealing that he is working for them . `` Sunrise '' Daniel Percival Frank Spotnitz October 23 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 23 ) In the Canon City diner , Juliana meets a man she assumes is her contact . Smith tells Joe that the contact is a Sicherheitsdienst ( SD ) agent trying to stop the resistance , and orders him not to intervene . However , when the SD agent tries to kill Juliana , Joe drives up , and she is able to throw the agent over the railing to his death . In New York , Smith is attacked by resistance fighters . In prison , Frank meets a resistance fighter who convinces him not to inform on Juliana . The Kempeitai kill Frank 's sister and her children , but do not kill him when the woman who stole Juliana 's bag is found with fake film reels . `` The Illustrated Woman '' Ken Olin Thomas Schnauz and Evan Wright November 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 20 ) Joe spots a Nazi bounty hunter in town , looking for the man Juliana killed . They go to dispose of his body and car , but find a map which leads them to a cave where they find a dead woman and list of names . They realize that Juliana 's boss from the diner was her actual contact . Frank breaks the news of his sister and her children 's deaths to his brother - in - law . Frank returns to work where he makes a real gun . The bounty hunter realizes Juliana 's identity and tries to kill her . `` Revelations '' Michael Rymer Thomas Schnauz and Jace Richdale November 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 20 ) Joe quickly saves Juliana from the Marshal . Joe and Juliana confront Lemuel who leads them into the woods , where they are surrounded by resistance fighters , who force them to give them the films and leave . Joe and Juliana are attacked again by the Marshal , causing Joe to reveal to the Marshal that he is a Nazi agent . The Marshal pursues Juliana on the highway . When Juliana gets far enough , she burns her car and hides . When the Marshal reaches the car , he assumes that she has died . Back in the Reich , SS Captain Connolly is suspected by Smith for telling the resistance members who attacked him , which route he was taking to work . In the Pacific States , Frank heads to the Crown Prince 's speech with a gun to assassinate him , but hesitates to do so . The Crown Prince is then shot by an unseen gunman . 5 5 `` The New Normal '' Bryan Spicer Rob Williams November 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 20 ) The Crown Prince is rushed to the hospital after the attack , and the captain of the Imperial Guard is ordered to commit seppuku , for not protecting the Crown Prince . Kido then states that if he can not find the gunman , he will do the same . Meanwhile , Juliana returns home to find an angry Frank , who tells her about his time in prison . Joe returns to New York from the Neutral Zone and is kidnapped by Gestapo agents and brought to Smith 's office . He is then forced to tell Smith what happened in Canon City . Smith believes him , and invites Joe over for VA day ( Victory in America day ) . 6 6 `` Three Monkeys '' Nelson McCormick Rob Williams November 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 20 ) Joe celebrates VA day at Smith 's house . Juliana accepts a job working for Tagomi as she continues her search for answers . Smith , who has received intelligence about Wegener 's activities but also happens to be an old friend , intercepts him at the airport and invites him for dinner hoping to probe Wegener for answers . Smith has Wegener arrested . Smith catches Joe sneaking through his files . 7 7 `` Truth '' Brad Anderson Emma Frost November 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 20 ) Juliana makes a startling discovery about her sister 's death . Frank reflects on recent events and makes an important decision about his future , and Tagomi gains greater insight into Juliana 's past . Smith catches Joe in his home office and interrogates him about Juliana and Canon City . 8 8 `` End of the World '' Karyn Kusama Walon Green November 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 20 ) Juliana and Frank make plans to escape the Pacific States , only to be dragged back into danger by Joe as he tries to retrieve a new film , and walks directly into the Kempeitai 's ambush . Meanwhile , Smith 's loyalty is put to the ultimate test when confronted with a startling family discovery . The episode is named after the song of the same name , which is performed by Lini Evans during the episode with Japanese lyrics she co-wrote . 9 9 `` Kindness '' Michael Slovis Jace Richdale November 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 20 ) With time running out , a desperate Frank is forced to put his life on the line to help Joe . The pieces finally fall into place for Smith as he uncovers who was behind the assassination attempt . Tagomi is devastated when he is confronted with the consequences of his scheming , and Kido 's investigation takes a dramatic turn when he makes an important discovery . Meanwhile , Frank and Juliana , after taking possession of the new film , decide to watch it , but they are shocked to find out that the film describes , apparently in the near future , a nuclear - bombed San Francisco where the SS are rounding up and executing survivors ; Frank is shown being executed by Joe , who is wearing an SS uniform . 10 10 `` A Way Out '' Daniel Percival Rob Williams November 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 20 ) Frank and Juliana angrily confront Joe as a Nazi agent . He goes to the Nazi embassy with the film . Joe learns that Heydrich is preparing a trap . Kido acts on the information from the Yakuza and kills the Nazi sniper that shot the Crown Prince . Ed is caught with Frank 's gun and is used as a scapegoat for the attempted assassination of the Crown Prince , averting the need for Kido to commit seppuku . Heydrich demands Smith 's loyalty ahead of Wegener assassinating Hitler . Wegener says goodbye to his family and travels to Hitler 's alpine castle ( filmed at Hohenwerfen Castle ) , but after confronting Hitler ( who is watching the alternate newsreels in his huge film vault saying that he learns something every time he watches ) , kills himself instead . Smith captures the traitor Heydrich and reports such to Hitler . Joe evades Lem 's ambush and boards a boat to Mexico in Juliana 's place . Frank finds out that Ed has been arrested and returns to the Kempeitai headquarters to find him being detained . Tagomi goes to Union Square to meditate with Juliana 's charm and opens his eyes to find himself in an alternate 1962 where the Allies won World War II and America is in the midst of the Cuban Missile Crisis . Season 2 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) The second season was released on December 16 , 2016 . No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date 11 `` The Tiger 's Cave '' Daniel Percival Frank Spotnitz December 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 16 ) Joe returns to New York to hand over the film to Smith and request for his resignation , but Smith denies his request before delivering the film to Hitler . Karen and Lem confront Juliana for not shooting Joe before she is tranquilized . She wakes up in the home of Hawthorne Abendsen , The Man in the High Castle , and his vast film collection . Meanwhile , General Onoda reveals to Tagomi and his staff that the capsule Science Minister Shimada found in his pocket contains the plans for a nuclear weapon that the Empire intends to use to crush the Nazis , much to Tagomi 's dismay . Frank confronts Arnold about spying over his own family . Desperate to clear Ed 's name , Frank goes to Childan and asks for his help . Juliana attempts to get answers from an evasive Abendsen and receives a clue which may help to avert nuclear war . Gary Connell , leader of the West Coast Resistance , goes against orders and tries to kill Juliana , but she escapes at a Kempeitai checkpoint . A gunfight ensues between the Resistance members and the Japanese soldiers . Karen is killed in the crossfire . 12 `` The Road Less Traveled '' Colin Bucksey Rob Williams December 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 16 ) Kido investigates the shootout at the checkpoint and suspects Juliana is involved . Frank decides to get Paul Kasoura , who is a defense lawyer , to help Ed . In desperation , he reveals to Kasoura that the antique goods he and Childan sold him are fake , leading the pair to be imprisoned by the Yakuza , to whom Kasoura has a connection . Frank is almost killed by Okamura , the Yakuza leader , in the previous incident with Joe . However , he manages to convince Okamura to allow him to repay his debt for the forgery , with a condition that Ed is to work with him as his assistant . Kido is forced by Okamura to release Ed . He later pins the assassination of the Crown Prince on the deceased Karen . Joe is ordered by Smith to visit his father , a Reichminister named Heusmann , in Berlin . Smith tells Joe that Juliana is possibly dead . Meanwhile , Juliana evades Gary and Lem and tries to convince her parents to leave San Francisco , to no avail . Using the clue on a mysterious man that Abendsen is fixated on , Juliana discovers the man is a family friend named George Dixon , who is Trudy 's real father . Learning he may be in Brooklyn , Juliana risks her life to reach the Nazi embassy and request asylum , while leaving a letter to Frank . 13 `` Travelers '' Daniel Sackheim Erik Oleson December 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 16 ) Smith is warned by Dr. Adler , the family physician , to end his son Thomas 's life , as the boy 's incurable illness prevents him from being accepted in the Reich . Juliana makes it to New York and is questioned by Smith , who is notified of her arrival and arranges her stay . He keeps this a secret from Joe . Frank learns of Juliana 's defection to the Nazi states , though he does not believe Gary on her betrayal . While he works with Ed and Childan to create forgeries for the Yakuza to repay his debt , Frank is convinced by the Resistance to help them liberate innocent citizens from the Kempeitai in retaliation for the checkpoint murders . While saving a Resistance member named Sarah , Frank commits his first kill against the Japanese . Juliana looks for Joe but is told by his ex-lover that he has rejoined the Nazis , leading her to think he may have betrayed her . Joe travels to Berlin and meets with his father but is distant due to the latter 's treatment of his mother . He crosses paths with Nicole Becker , a filmmaker. Smith is unable to kill his son when given the chance to do so . He meets with Dr. Adler and kills him to ensure his silence . 14 `` Escalation '' David Petrarca Wesley Strick December 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 16 ) Juliana adjusts to life in the Reich under the tutelage of Smith 's wife Helen and Thomas . While looking for George Dixon at his old apartment , she is pursued by two unknown agents and almost killed . General Onoda has the Kempeitai execute numerous citizens for the murder of the Japanese soldiers during the Resistance rescue . Enraged , Frank starts to neglect his debt with the Yakuza and accepts a risky assignment to siphon materials from an unexploded Japanese bomb for a Resistance mission , much to Ed 's dismay . Frank begins to get close with Sarah during the assignment . Smith reveals to a suspecting Helen that he killed Dr. Adler to keep their son 's illness a secret . Kido gets Onoda drunk and tricks him into approving an unknown order . After escaping from her pursuers , Juliana is approached by Dixon . Tagomi travels to the alternate timeline once again and sees his still - living wife Michiko , who is deceased in his own timeline . 15 5 `` Duck and Cover '' John Fawcett Erik Oleson & Rick Cleveland December 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 16 ) Dixon is revealed to be a Resistance leader and meets up with Juliana after she tells him that the Man in the High Castle sent her . Juliana tells him he may be somehow involved in the possible San Francisco bombing as he has appeared several times in the films . Dixon forces Juliana to spy on Smith and his family to redeem her betrayal when she allowed Joe to escape with the film . Joe is upset when his father brings him to his place of birth and reveals he is one of the Lebensborn , an experiment to perfect racial purity . Despite this , he takes up his father 's offer to remain in Berlin for a few more days . Kido attempts to use Onoda 's approval to extradite Juliana from the Nazi states , though he fails and reveals his motive for visiting Smith for an unknown reason . Frank becomes further involved with the Resistance while Ed is revealed to be under the control of the Kempeitai to report on the Yakuza 's counterfeiting activities in exchange for his and Frank 's lives . Lem assists Abendsen in moving to a new location under the possibility the location of the High Castle is compromised and Abendsen destroys most of the films before leaving . Tagomi reveals himself to the alternate Michiko and his son Noriyuke , but discovers the alternate Tagomi 's relationship with them is estranged . He is shocked to see Noriyuke married to an alternate Juliana with their son . 16 6 `` Kintsugi '' Paul Holahan Francesca Gardiner December 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 16 ) Juliana starts to socialize with the Ladies Committee as planned and gains the support of one of the members , Lucy . Helen discovers Thomas has been selected by the Hitler Youth group to go for an expedition in South America . She forbids her son to go until she finds out that Smith arranged to have their son disappear from society by staging a fake abduction and live a life of anonymity . Joe starts to get closer to Nicole , who reveals herself as one of the Lebensborn and brings him to meet with some of the others . After spending the night with Nicole , Joe begins to embrace his real heritage . Sarah brings Frank to a secret prayer gathering with Hagan , a leader of the Resistance . Tagomi attempts to mend his alternate self 's relationship with his family , and is dismayed by the alternate Noriyuke 's foregoing of the Japanese culture . Kido is informed by his right hand man , Yoshida , that they have found Abendsen 's burnt hideout and learns the Yakuza is also looking for the films . 17 7 `` Land O ' Smiles '' Karyn Kusama Rob Williams December 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 16 ) Ed and Childan go to Okamura to repay their debt with the sale from Frank 's forgery but are locked up in a storage room when Kido and his men pay a visit . Kido kills Okamura and the Yakuza members present for treason as he has deduced the Yakuza are working with the Nazis . Yoshida discovers Ed and Childan but lets them go . Frank is tasked to plant a bomb at the harbor where General Onoda is visiting . However , Frank aborts the mission when he discovers that the Japanese are secretly building an atomic bomb there and alerts the Resistance of this information . While at Adler 's funeral , Smith is dismayed when Adler 's wife Alice raises her suspicion on her husband 's sudden death and plans to have an autopsy performed . Juliana also attends the funeral and while talking to Thomas , she notices he has a seizure and covers for him . Later , she promises Helen that she will not reveal Thomas 's condition . Smith has further troubles when Heinrich Himmler informs him that Hitler has suffered a collapse . 18 8 `` Loose Lips '' Alex Zakrzewski Rick Cleveland December 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 16 ) Smith questions Juliana about Joe 's film and learns of San Francisco 's impending destruction . Lucy tells Juliana she knows that supposedly live footage of Hitler is actually archival because her husband manages the TV broadcast . Juliana shares with Dixon her belief that Hitler may be dead . The Resistance decide it is time to stage an uprising , leaving Juliana concerned that she may have caused the nuclear catastrophe she is trying to prevent . Heusmann is made Acting Chancellor while Joe decides to support his father . Frank learns from Arnold that Juliana has warned them to leave San Francisco and has not betrayed him . Enraged , he confronts Gary but the Resistance is determined to go ahead with the uprising . Armed with the knowledge from Juliana and Kido , Smith misleads a secretly imprisoned Heydrich into thinking Germany and Japan are already at war , leading Heydrich to confirm what Smith has suspected : a conspiracy to create a pretext for war with the Japanese exists among the Nazi ranks . Smith executes Heydrich , but not before learning he is not the mastermind behind the rush to war . Hitler passes away , leaving Heusmann in charge , and the new Chancellor is revealed to have orchestrated the looming conflict . 19 9 `` Detonation '' Chris Long Wesley Strick December 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 16 ) Tagomi watches a film with his alternate family showing the recent test detonation of a hydrogen bomb at Bikini Atoll . Finally resolved to stop war between Japan and the Nazis , Tagomi takes the film and returns to his reality . Thomas confides to Juliana about his condition , unaware that their conversation is being recorded . Smith later learns of the tape and takes it to protect Thomas ' secret . In a televised address , Heusmann frames the Japanese for Hitler 's death by poison and promises retaliation much to Joe 's horror . Frank decides to assist the Resistance in assassinating Onoda using their homemade bombs . Before the operation , he convinces Ed and Childan to leave San Francisco . Frank and Sarah smuggle a car bomb into the Kempeitai HQ underground parking garage . They set the bomb timer and attempt to leave the building , but are spotted by Kido , which starts a gunfight in the lobby . Just as Tagomi arrives , the bomb detonates , killing General Onoda and his staff and collapsing most of the building . Frank and Sarah 's fate is not shown . 20 10 `` Fallout '' Daniel Percival Erik Oleson December 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 16 ) Tagomi and Kido , who survived the bombing , deal with the aftermath of the destruction of the Kempeitai HQ . Afterwards , Kido travels to New York and plays the film for Smith appearing to provide evidence that the Japanese possess a hydrogen bomb . The resistance attempts to avenge Karen 's death by killing Juliana , but she escapes and kills Susan in the process . She then confronts and kills Dixon , who was threatening to expose Smith by broadcasting the tape of her conversation with Thomas . Smith travels to Berlin with the film to convince the Nazi higher - ups not to attack Japan out of fear of nuclear retaliation and meets privately with Himmler , exposing Heusmann as the traitor . After arresting Heusmann and Joe , Himmler addresses the worldwide public from the Volkshalle , possibly assuming control of the Reich , and rewards Smith for his service . The recognition Smith receives inspires Thomas to turn himself over to the Public Health Department to be euthanized . After traveling to the Neutral Zone , a bereft Juliana learns from Abendsen that hope remains and that her sister is alive . Finally , Lem hands over Abendsen 's remaining films to Tagomi . Production ( edit ) In 2010 , it was announced that the BBC would co-produce a four - part TV adaptation of The Man in the High Castle for BBC One together with Headline Pictures , FremantleMedia Enterprises and Scott Free Films . Director Ridley Scott was to act as executive producer of the adaptation by Howard Brenton . On February 11 , 2013 , Variety reported that Syfy was adapting the book as a four - part miniseries , with Ridley Scott and Frank Spotnitz as executive producers , co-produced with Scott Free Prods. , Headline Pictures and Electric Shepherd Prods . On October 1 , 2014 , Amazon.com began filming the pilot episode in Roslyn , Washington , for a new television drama to be aired on their Prime web video streaming service . This has been adapted by Frank Spotnitz and is being produced for Amazon by Ridley Scott , David Zucker and Jordan Sheehan for Scott Free , Stewart Mackinnon and Christian Baute for Headline Pictures , Isa Hackett and Kalen Egan for Electric Shepherd and Spotnitz 's Big Light Productions . The pilot episode was released by Amazon Studios on January 15 , 2015 . Amazon Studios ' production process is somewhat different from those of other conventional television channels . They produce pilot episodes of a number of different prospective programs , then release them and gather data on their success . The most promising shows are then picked up as regular series . On February 18 , 2015 , Amazon.com announced that The Man in the High Castle was given the green - light along with four other series , and a full season would be produced . Production for the pilot episode began in October 2014 . Principal filming took place in Seattle , with the city standing in for San Francisco and locations in New York City , as well as Roslyn , Washington , which was the long - time shooting location for Northern Exposure . Sites used in Seattle include the Seattle Center Monorail , the Paramount Theatre , a newspaper office in the Pike Place Market area , as well as various buildings in the city 's Capitol Hill , International District , and Georgetown neighborhoods . In Roslyn , the production used external shots of the Roslyn Cafe which featured prominently in Northern Exposure along with several local businesses and scenery . In April 2015 , filming took place in Vancouver , British Columbia , in the downtown area of West Georgia Street , along the promenade of the Coast Capital Savings building . In May and June 2015 filming also took place at the University of British Columbia . Exterior shots of Hohenwerfen Castle in Werfen , Austria , were filmed in September 2015 for the tenth episode of the first season . Amazon announced that they were bringing on new executive producer and showrunner Eric Overmyer for season three to replace Frank Spotnitz after his sudden departure from the show during the middle of season two . Reception ( edit ) The first season of The Man in the High Castle received acclaim from critics . Rotten Tomatoes gives season 1 an approval rating of 95 % based on reviews from 58 critics , with an average rating of 7.54 out of 10 . The site 's critical consensus states , `` By executive producer Ridley Scott , The Man in the High Castle is unlike anything else on TV , with an immediately engrossing plot driven by quickly developed characters in a fully realized post-WWII dystopia . '' Metacritic gives the first season a score of 77 out of 100 , based on reviews from 30 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Meredith Woerner from io9 wrote , `` I can honestly say I loved this pilot . It 's an impressive , streamlined undertaking of a fairly complicated and very beloved novel . '' Matt Fowler from IGN gave 9.2 out of 10 and described the series as a `` a superb , frightening experience filled with unexpected twists and ( some sci - fi ) turns . '' Brian Moylan of The Guardian was positive and praised the convincing depiction as well as the complex , and gripping , plot . The Los Angeles Times described the pilot as `` provocative '' and `` smartly adapted by The X-Files ' Frank Spotnitz . '' The Daily Telegraph said it was `` absorbing '' and Wired called it `` must - see viewing . '' Entertainment Weekly said it was `` engrossing '' and `` a triumph in world - building , '' cheering , `` The Man in the High Castle is king . '' After its first season , Rolling Stone included it on a list of the forty best science fiction television shows of all time . Amazon subsequently announced it was the service 's most - streamed original series and had been renewed for a second season . Season 2 was met with mixed reviews . Rotten Tomatoes gives the second season an approval rating of 63 % based on reviews from 19 critics , with an average rating of 6.86 out of 10 . The site 's critical consensus states , `` Although its plot is admittedly unwieldy , The Man in the High Castle 's second season expands its fascinating premise in powerful new directions , bolstered by stunning visuals , strong performances , and intriguing new possibilities . '' Metacritic gives season 2 a score of 62 out of 100 , based on reviews from ten critics . Accolades ( edit ) Year Award Nominee ( s ) Result 2015 IGN Awards Best New TV Series The Man in the High Castle Nominated South by Southwest Awards Excellence in Title Design Patrick Clair Nominated 2016 American Society of Cinematographers Awards Outstanding Achievement in Cinematography in Television Movie , Mini-Series or Pilot James Hawkinson ( Episode : `` The New World '' ) Nominated Creative Arts Emmy Awards Outstanding Cinematography for a Single - Camera Series James Hawkinson Won Outstanding Main Title Design Patrick Clair , Paul Kim , Jose Limon , Raoul Marks Won Outstanding Production Design for a Narrative Contemporary or Fantasy Program ( One Hour or More ) Drew Boughton , Linda King , Brenda Meyers - Ballard Nominated Outstanding Special Visual Effects The Man in the High Castle Nominated Critics ' Choice Television Awards Best Supporting Actor in a Drama Series Rufus Sewell Nominated Monte - Carlo Television Festival Best TV Series Drama The Man in the High Castle Nominated Saturn Awards Best New Media Television Series The Man in the High Castle Nominated USC Scripter Awards Best Television Script Frank Spotnitz and Philip K. Dick Nominated Visual Effects Society Awards Outstanding Created Environment in an Episode , Commercial , or Real - Time Project Casi Blume , David Andrade , Nick Chamberlain , Lawson Deming Nominated Outstanding Supporting Visual Effects in a Photoreal Episode Lawson Deming , Cory Jamieson , Casi Blume , Nick Chamberlain Nominated Young Artist Awards Best Performance in a TV Series -- Recurring Young Actor ( 14 -- 21 ) Quinn Lord Nominated 2017 Artios Awards Television Pilot And First Season - Drama Denise Chamian , Liz Ludwitzke , Candice Elzinga , Patti Kalles Nominated Creative Arts Emmy Awards Outstanding Cinematography for a Single - Camera Series ( One Hour ) James Hawkinson Nominated Outstanding Original Creative Achievement in Interactive Media within a Scripted Program `` Resistance Radio '' Nominated Outstanding Production Design for a Narrative Period Program ( One Hour or More ) Drew Boughton , Dawn Swiderski , Jon Lancaster Nominated Outstanding Special Visual Effects Lawson Deming , Cory Jamieson , Casi Blume , Nick Chamberlain , David Andrade , Bill Parker , Justin Fox , Danielle Malambri Nominated Costume Designers Guild Awards Outstanding Fantasy Television Series J.R. Hawbaker Nominated Leo Awards Best Guest Performance by a Male in a Dramatic Series Kurt Evans Nominated Best Supporting Performance by a Female in a Dramatic Series Chelah Horsdal Won Location Managers Guild Awards Outstanding Locations in a Period TV Series Nicole Noelle Chartrand , Robert Murdoch Nominated Saturn Awards Best New Media Television Series The Man in the High Castle Nominated Advertising controversy ( edit ) As part of an advertising campaign for the release of the first season , one entire New York City Subway car was covered with Nazi and Imperial Japanese imagery as seen in the show , including multiple American flags with the Nazi eagle emblem in place of the 50 stars and multiple flags of the fictional Pacific States . In response to criticism from `` state lawmakers and city leaders '' , the Metropolitan Transportation Authority ( MTA ) released a statement saying that there were no grounds to reject the ads due to the fact that neutral content subway ad standards only prohibit advertising that is a political advertisement or disparages an individual or group . MTA spokesperson Kevin Ortiz stated that , `` The MTA is a government agency and ca n't accept or reject ads based on how we feel about them ; we have to follow the standards approved by our board . Please note they 're commercial ads . '' Spokesperson Adam Lisberg said , `` This advertising , whether you find it distasteful or not , obviously they 're not advertising Nazism ; they 're advertising a TV show . '' After complaints from New York State Governor Andrew Cuomo and New York City Mayor Bill de Blasio , initial reports indicated that Amazon pulled the advertisement from the subway . It was later announced that it was the MTA , not Amazon , that pulled the ad , due to pressure from Governor Cuomo . See also ( edit ) SS - GB , 2017 TV series Fatherland , 1994 TV movie References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` TV Review : The Man in the High Castle '' . Variety . November 18 , 2015 . Retrieved November 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Man in the High Castle '' . Amazon Prime . Jump up ^ `` The Man in the High Castle '' . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved January 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy . `` Amazon orders 5 original series including Man in the High Castle , Mad Dogs '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Spotnitz , Frank ( @ FrankSpotnitz ) ( August 17 , 2015 ) . `` @ dlairman @ HighCastleTV Ten . '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Fienberg , Daniel ( @ TheFienPrint ) ( August 3 , 2015 ) . `` Time for ' Man in the High Castle , ' which premieres on November 20 on # Amazon . # TCA15 '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` ' The Man in the High Castle ' season 2 premiere date : Season releases Dec. 16 '' . Den of Geek . August 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Trendacosta , Katharine ( January 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Man in the High Castle ' Gets Another Season and Another Showrunner '' . Gizmodo . Retrieved May 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( April 15 , 2016 ) . `` Callum Keith Rennie joins Amazon 's Man in the High Castle ; Rafael de la Fuente in When We Rise ABC Miniseries '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( April 6 , 2016 ) . `` Bella Heathcote joins Man in the High Castle ; Warren Christie in Eyewitness '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` FX 's Tyrant casts Annet Mahendru ; Sebastian Roché in Amazon 's Man in the High Castle '' . Deadline.com . Jump up ^ `` A New Trailer for The Man in the High Castle and Episode Two Preview '' . Newsweek . July 13 , 2015 . Retrieved August 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jarvey , Natalie ( August 3 , 2015 ) . `` The Man in the High Castle Creator Frank Spotnitz on Creating Alternate Histories '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Man in the High Castle Season 2 Release Date , Trailer , and Review '' . Den of Geek . December 12 , 2016 . Retrieved December 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sweney , Mark ( October 7 , 2010 ) . `` Ridley Scott to return to work of sci - fi icon for BBC mini-series '' . The Guardian . Retrieved October 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Marechal , A.J. ( February 10 , 2013 ) . `` Syfy , Ridley Scott , Frank Spotnitz set miniseries '' . Variety . Retrieved August 17 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Muir , Pat ( October 6 , 2014 ) . `` Roslyn hopes new TV show brings 15 more minutes of fame : The Man in the High Castle '' . Yakima Herald - Republic . Archived from the original on December 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( July 24 , 2014 ) . `` Amazon Studios adds drama The Man in the High Castle , comedy Just Add Magic to pilot slate '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved August 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Man in the High Castle : Season 1 , Episode 1 '' . Amazon.com . January 15 , 2015 . Retrieved January 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon greenlights full seasons of Mad Dogs , The Man in the High Castle , The New Yorker Presents , and children 's shows Just Add Magic and The Stinky & Dirty Show '' ( Press release ) . Amazon.com . February 18 , 2015 . Retrieved February 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon builds film sets around DJC Building '' . Daily Journal of Commerce . October 9 , 2014 . Retrieved August 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Shoot : The Man in the High Castle 's American Nazi John Smith ( Rufus Sewell ) films at Vancouver 's Arthur Erickson - designed concrete tower '' . YVRShoots.com. April 21 , 2015 . Retrieved August 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hauen , Jack ( June 1 , 2015 ) . `` The Man in the High Castle is filming at UBC '' . The Ubyssey . Retrieved August 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hakenkreuzflagge flatterte auf der Burg Hohenwerfen '' ( Swastika flag flutters on Hohenwerfen Castle ) . Salzburger Nachrichten ( in German ) . September 16 , 2015 . Archived from the original on November 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( January 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Man In the High Castle ' Renewed For Season 3 By Amazon , Gets A Showrunner '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Man in the High Castle Season 1 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved January 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Man in the High Castle : Season 1 reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved January 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Woerner , Meredith ( January 16 , 2015 ) . `` Man in the High Castle is wildly different from the book but still great '' . io9 . Retrieved January 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Man in the High Castle : Series 1 review '' . IGN . November 20 , 2015 . Retrieved November 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Man in the High Castle : the Nazis win , but so do viewers '' . The Guardian . November 20 , 2015 . Retrieved November 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Adams , Sam ; Collins , Sean T. ; Fear , David ; Murray , Noel ; Scherer , Jenna ; Tobias , Scott ( May 26 , 2016 ) . `` 40 Best Science Fiction TV Shows of All Time '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Man in the High Castle is Amazon 's most - watched Original '' . The Hollywood Reporter . December 21 , 2015 . Retrieved December 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon Original Series The Man in the High Castle , Recently Renewed for Season Two , Marks Biggest Launch Month in Prime Video History '' ( Press release ) . Amazon Studios . December 21 , 2015 . Retrieved June 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Man in the High Castle Season 2 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved January 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Man in the High Castle : Season 2 reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved January 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Best New Series - IGN 's Best of 2015 - IGN '' . IGN . Retrieved 4 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The ASC -- Past ASC Awards '' . www.theasc.com . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Man in the High Castle '' . Emmys . Retrieved September 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Best Picture - Critics ' Choice Awards : The Complete Winners List '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bryant , Jacob ( February 24 , 2016 ) . `` ' Star Wars , ' ' Mad Max , ' ' Walking Dead ' Lead Saturn Awards Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` USC Scripter Awards Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Rogue One ' Leads Visual Effects Society Feature Competition With 7 Nominations As ' Doctor Strange , ' ' Jungle Book ' Grab 6 Each '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Young Artist Awards '' Young Artist Awards `` . web.archive.org. 30 October 2016 . Retrieved 4 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Casting Society of America '' . www.castingsociety.com . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Man in the High Castle '' . Emmys . Retrieved September 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Outstanding Fantasy Television Series '' . costumedesignersguild.com . Retrieved February 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Leo Awards , Nominees by Name 2017 '' . www.leoawards.com . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Outstanding Locations in a Period TV Series - ' Hidden Figures , ' ' La La Land ' Among Location Managers Guild Award Nominees '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` Saturn Awards Nominations 2017 : ' Rogue One , ' ' Walking Dead ' Lead '' . Variety . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New York Subway pulls Nazi - themed ads for new show , Man in the High Castle '' . NPR . November 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Man in the High Castle subway ads , featuring Nazi symbols , removed from trains '' . CBS New York . November 24 , 2015 . Retrieved December 5 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Man in the High Castle ( TV series ) Official website The Man in the High Castle on IMDb Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Man in the High Castle . Amazon Video original programming Original series Alpha House ( 2013 -- 14 ) Betas ( 2013 -- 14 ) Bosch ( 2014 -- present ) Mozart in the Jungle ( 2014 -- present ) Transparent ( 2014 -- present ) Hand of God ( 2014 -- 17 ) The Man in the High Castle ( 2015 -- present ) One Mississippi ( 2015 -- present ) Patriot ( 2015 -- present ) Red Oaks ( 2015 -- present ) Sneaky Pete ( 2015 -- present ) Z : The Beginning of Everything ( 2015 -- 17 ) Mad Dogs ( 2015 -- 16 ) Crisis in Six Scenes ( 2016 ) Good Girls Revolt ( 2016 ) The New Yorker Presents ( 2016 ) The Collection ( 2016 -- present ) Crayon Shin - chan Gaiden ( 2016 -- present ) Fleabag ( 2016 -- present ) Goliath ( 2016 -- present ) The Grand Tour ( 2016 -- present ) I Love Dick ( 2016 -- present ) Jean - Claude Van Johnson ( 2016 -- present ) The Last Tycoon ( 2016 -- 17 ) The Tick ( 2016 -- present ) American Playboy : The Hugh Hefner Story ( 2017 ) The Idolmaster KR ( 2017 ) Inside Edge ( 2017 -- present ) The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel ( 2017 -- present ) Comrade Detective ( 2017 -- present ) Continuations Ripper Street ( series 3 -- 5 ; 2014 -- 16 ) Children 's programming Creative Galaxy ( 2013 -- present ) Tumble Leaf ( 2014 -- present ) Gortimer Gibbon 's Life on Normal Street ( 2014 -- 16 ) Just Add Magic ( 2015 -- present ) Annedroids ( 2015 -- present ) Wishenpoof ! ( 2015 -- present ) Danger & Eggs ( 2015 -- present ) Niko and the Sword of Light ( 2015 -- present ) The Stinky & Dirty Show ( 2015 -- present ) The Kicks ( 2015 -- present ) Little Big Awesome ( 2016 -- present ) Lost In Oz ( 2017 -- present ) Upcoming Britannia ( 2017 ) Works by Philip K. Dick Novels Gather Yourselves Together ( 1950 ) Voices from the Street ( 1952 ) Solar Lottery ( 1954 ) Mary and the Giant ( 1954 ) The World Jones Made ( 1954 ) Eye in the Sky ( 1955 ) The Man Who Japed ( 1955 ) A Time for George Stavros ( 1956 ) Pilgrim on the Hill ( 1956 ) The Broken Bubble ( 1956 ) The Cosmic Puppets ( 1957 ) Puttering About in a Small Land ( 1957 ) Nicholas and the Higs ( 1958 ) Time Out of Joint ( 1958 ) In Milton Lumky Territory ( 1958 ) Confessions of a Crap Artist ( 1959 ) The Man Whose Teeth Were All Exactly Alike ( 1960 ) Humpty Dumpty in Oakland ( 1960 ) Vulcan 's Hammer ( 1960 ) Dr. Futurity ( 1960 ) The Man in the High Castle ( 1961 ) We Can Build You ( 1962 ) Martian Time - Slip ( 1962 ) Dr. Bloodmoney , or How We Got Along After the Bomb ( 1963 ) The Game - Players of Titan ( 1963 ) The Simulacra ( 1963 ) The Crack in Space ( 1963 ) Clans of the Alphane Moon ( 1964 ) The Three Stigmata of Palmer Eldritch ( 1964 ) The Zap Gun ( 1964 ) The Penultimate Truth ( 1964 ) The Unteleported Man ( 1964 ) The Ganymede Takeover ( 1965 ) Counter-Clock World ( 1965 ) Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep ? ( 1966 ) Nick and the Glimmung ( 1966 ) Now Wait for Last Year ( 1966 ) Ubik ( 1966 ) Galactic Pot - Healer ( 1968 ) A Maze of Death ( 1968 ) Our Friends from Frolix 8 ( 1969 ) Flow My Tears , the Policeman Said ( 1974 ) Deus Irae ( 1976 ) Radio Free Albemuth ( 1976 ; published 1985 ) A Scanner Darkly ( 1977 ) VALIS ( 1981 ) The Divine Invasion ( 1981 ) The Transmigration of Timothy Archer ( 1982 ) The Owl in Daylight ( unfinished ) Collections A Handful of Darkness ( 1955 ) The Variable Man ( 1956 ) The Preserving Machine ( 1969 ) The Book of Philip K. Dick ( 1973 ) The Best of Philip K. Dick ( 1977 ) The Golden Man ( 1980 ) Robots , Androids , and Mechanical Oddities ( 1984 ) I Hope I Shall Arrive Soon ( 1985 ) The Collected Stories of Philip K. Dick ( 1987 ) Beyond Lies the Wub ( 1988 ) The Dark Haired Girl ( 1989 ) The Father - Thing ( 1989 ) Second Variety ( 1989 ) The Days of Perky Pat ( 1990 ) The Little Black Box ( 1990 ) The Short Happy Life of the Brown Oxford ( 1990 ) We Can Remember It for You Wholesale ( 1990 ) The Minority Report ( 1991 ) Second Variety ( 1991 ) The Eye of the Sibyl ( 1992 ) The Philip K. Dick Reader ( 1997 ) Minority Report ( 2002 ) Selected Stories of Philip K. Dick ( 2002 ) Paycheck ( 2004 ) Vintage PKD ( 2006 ) Short stories `` Beyond Lies the Wub '' ( 1952 ) `` The Gun '' ( 1952 ) `` The Skull '' ( 1952 ) `` The Little Movement '' ( 1952 ) `` The Defenders '' ( 1953 ) `` Mr. Spaceship '' ( 1953 ) `` Piper in the Woods '' ( 1953 ) `` Roog '' ( 1953 ) `` The Infinites '' ( 1953 ) `` Second Variety '' ( 1953 ) `` Colony '' ( 1953 ) `` The Cookie Lady '' ( 1953 ) `` Impostor '' ( 1953 ) `` Paycheck '' ( 1953 ) `` The Preserving Machine '' ( 1953 ) `` Expendable '' ( 1953 ) `` The Indefatigable Frog '' ( 1953 ) `` The Commuter '' ( 1953 ) `` Out in the Garden '' ( 1953 ) `` The Great C '' ( 1953 ) `` The King of the Elves '' ( 1953 ) `` The Trouble with Bubbles '' ( 1953 ) `` The Variable Man '' ( 1953 ) `` Planet for Transients '' ( 1953 ) `` The Builder '' ( 1953 ) `` Tony and the Beetles '' ( 1953 ) `` Prize Ship '' ( 1954 ) `` Beyond the Door '' ( 1954 ) `` The Crystal Crypt '' ( 1954 ) `` The Short Happy Life of the Brown Oxford '' ( 1954 ) `` The Golden Man '' ( 1954 ) `` Sales Pitch '' ( 1954 ) `` Breakfast at Twilight '' ( 1954 ) `` The Crawlers '' ( 1954 ) `` Exhibit Piece '' ( 1954 ) `` Adjustment Team '' ( 1954 ) `` Shell Game '' ( 1954 ) `` Meddler '' ( 1954 ) `` A World of Talent '' ( 1954 ) `` The Last of the Masters '' ( 1954 ) `` Upon the Dull Earth '' ( 1954 ) `` The Father - thing '' ( 1954 ) `` Strange Eden '' ( 1954 ) `` The Turning Wheel '' ( 1954 ) `` Foster , You 're Dead ! '' ( 1955 ) `` Human Is '' ( 1955 ) `` War Veteran '' ( 1955 ) `` Captive Market '' ( 1955 ) `` Nanny '' ( 1955 ) `` The Chromium Fence '' ( 1955 ) `` Service Call '' ( 1955 ) `` The Mold of Yancy '' ( 1955 ) `` Autofac '' ( 1955 ) `` Psi - man Heal My Child ! '' ( 1955 ) `` The Minority Report '' ( 1956 ) `` Pay for the Printer '' ( 1956 ) `` A Glass of Darkness '' ( 1956 ) `` The Unreconstructed M '' ( 1957 ) `` Null - O '' ( 1958 ) `` Explorers We '' ( 1959 ) `` Recall Mechanism '' ( 1959 ) `` Fair Game '' ( 1959 ) `` War Game '' ( 1959 ) `` All We Marsmen '' ( 1963 ) `` What 'll We Do with Ragland Park ? '' ( 1963 ) `` The Days of Perky Pat '' ( 1963 ) `` If There Were No Benny Cemoli '' ( 1963 ) `` Waterspider '' ( 1964 ) `` Novelty Act '' ( 1964 ) `` Oh , to Be a Blobel ! '' ( 1964 ) `` The War with the Fnools '' ( 1964 ) `` What the Dead Men Say '' ( 1964 ) `` Orpheus with Clay Feet '' ( 1964 ) `` Cantata 140 '' ( 1964 ) `` The Unteleported Man '' ( 1964 ) `` Retreat Syndrome '' ( 1965 ) `` Project Plowshare '' ( 1965 ) `` We Can Remember It for You Wholesale '' ( 1966 ) `` Faith of Our Fathers '' ( 1967 ) `` Not by Its Cover '' ( 1968 ) `` The Electric Ant '' ( 1969 ) `` A. Lincoln , Simulacrum '' ( 1969 ) `` The Pre-persons '' ( 1974 ) `` A Little Something for Us Tempunauts '' ( 1974 ) `` The Exit Door Leads In '' ( 1979 ) `` Rautavaara 's Case '' ( 1980 ) `` I Hope I Shall Arrive Soon '' ( 1980 ) `` The Eye of the Sibyl '' ( 1987 ) `` Stability '' ( 1987 ) Adaptations Films Blade Runner ( 1982 ) Total Recall ( 1990 ) Confessions d'un Barjo ( 1992 ) Screamers ( 1995 ) Impostor ( 2002 ) Minority Report ( 2002 ) Paycheck ( 2003 ) A Scanner Darkly ( 2006 ) Next ( 2007 ) Screamers : The Hunting ( 2009 ) Radio Free Albemuth ( 2010 ) The Adjustment Bureau ( 2011 ) Total Recall ( 2012 ) 2036 : Nexus Dawn ( 2017 ) Blade Runner 2049 ( 2017 ) TV series Total Recall 2070 ( 1999 ) The Man in the High Castle ( 2015 -- present ) Minority Report ( 2015 ) Philip K. Dick 's Electric Dreams ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Man_in_the_High_Castle_(TV_series)&oldid=800864240 '' Categories : 2010s American drama television series 2015 American television series debuts Alternate history television series Amazon Video original programming Dystopian television series Fictional states of the United States Nazism in fiction Television programs based on works by Philip K. Dick Television series by Scott Free Productions Television series produced in British Columbia Television series set in 1962 Television shows set in Colorado Television shows set in New York City Television shows set in San Francisco World War II alternate histories Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Use American English from December 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use mdy dates from May 2017 Articles containing German - language text Pages using infobox television with editor parameter Articles containing Japanese - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2017 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Cymraeg Deutsch فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 September 2017 , at 04 : 09 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is the film in man in the high castle | [
"Juliana Crain is a San Francisco woman who becomes entangled with the resistance when her half-sister Trudy is killed by the Kempeitai, just after giving Juliana a film reel that contains newsreel-style footage depicting an alternate history in which the Allies won World War II and Germany and Japan were defeated. The film is entitled The Grasshopper Lies Heavy, and is part of a series of similar newsreels being collected by someone referred to as \"The Man in the High Castle\". Juliana believes the newsreel reflects some sort of alternate reality and that it is part of some kind of larger truth about how the world should be. Her boyfriend, Frank Frink (who keeps his Jewish roots hidden in order to avoid extradition and death at the hands of the Nazis), believes that the newsreel has no relation to real-life events. Juliana learns Trudy was carrying the film to Canon City, Colorado, in the Neutral Zone, where she was going to meet someone. Juliana decides to travel there in Trudy's place to find out what her half-sister's mission was. When she arrives in Canon City, she encounters Joe Blake."
] | [
"The Grasshopper Lies Heavy"
] |
-6631915997977101143 | Age of marriage in the United States | Age of Marriage in the United states - wikipedia Age of Marriage in the United states Jump to : navigation , search General age of marriage ( without parental or court approval or other exceptions taken into account ) 18 19 21 Unlike most Western countries , half of the US states do not have a legal minimum age of marriage . While in most US states , individuals age 18 have the ability to marry ( with two exceptions -- Nebraska ( 19 ) and Mississippi ( 21 ) ) , all states allow minors to marry in certain circumstances , such as parental consent , judicial consent , pregnancy , or a combination of these situations . Most states allow parties aged 16 and 17 to marry with parental consent alone . In most states , children under 16 can be married too . In the 25 states which have an absolute minimum age set by statute , this age varies between 13 and 17 , while in 25 states there is no statutory minimum age if other legal conditions are met . Although in such states there is no set minimum age by statute , the traditional common law minimum age is 14 for boys and 12 for girls - ages which have been confirmed by case law in some states . Over the past 15 years , more than 200,000 minors married in US , and in Tennessee girls as young as 10 were married in 2001 . State Minimum age Notes Statutory age when all exceptions are taken into account General age Alabama 16 18 Alaska 14 18 Arizona none 18 No minimum age with approval of a superior court judge and parental consent . Arkansas none 18 California none 18 No minimum age with approval of a superior court judge and parental consent . Colorado none 18 No minimum age with judicial approval and parental consent . Connecticut 16 18 Since 2017 , the minimum age is 16 with parental and judicial consent . Delaware none 18 District of Columbia 16 18 Florida none 18 No minimum age in case of pregnancy Georgia 16 18 Hawaii 15 18 15 with parental or judicial consent . Idaho none 18 Illinois 16 18 Indiana 15 18 15 in the case of pregnancy with both parental and judicial consent . Iowa 16 18 Kansas 15 18 Kentucky none 18 Louisiana none 18 Maine none 18 Maryland 15 18 Massachusetts none 18 Consent can be just judicial , but is normally both parental and judicial . In the absence of any statutory minimum age , one opinion is that the traditional minimum common law marriageable age of 12 for girls and 14 for boys may still be in effect . Michigan none 18 16 with parental consent Minnesota 16 18 Mississippi none 21 females 15 -- 21 and males 17 -- 21 can marry with parental consent alone Missouri none 18 Parental consent required for ages 15 -- 17 . Judicial consent required below age 15 . Montana 16 18 Nebraska 17 19 Nevada none 18 New Hampshire 13 for females , 14 for males 18 In cases of `` special cause '' with parental consent and court permission . New Jersey none 18 16 with parental consent and in case of pregnancy . New Mexico none 18 New York 17 18 Since 2017 , the minimum age is 17 with parental and judicial consent . North Carolina 14 18 North Dakota 14 18 14 With parental consent Ohio none 18 18 for males regardless of parental consent . 16 for females with parental consent , 18 for females without parental consent . Oklahoma none 18 Oregon 17 18 Consenting parent or guardian must accompany the applicant when applying for the marriage license . Pennsylvania none 18 Under 16 years of age if a Judge of the Orphans Court `` decides that it is to the best interest of the applicant and authorizes the issuance of the license . '' Rhode Island none 18 South Carolina 16 18 South Dakota 16 18 Tennessee none 18 Texas 16 18 Since 2017 , the minimum age is 18 , however emancipated minors aged 16 -- 17 have an exemption to legally marry . Utah 15 18 15 with court approval and parental consent . Vermont 16 18 Virginia 16 18 In 2016 , VA made 18 the minimum age ; and 16 with court approval in special cases Washington none 18 May be waived by superior court judge . West Virginia none 18 No minimum with both parental and judicial consent Wisconsin 16 18 Wyoming none 18 See also ( edit ) Child marriage in the United States Marriageable age Minor ( law ) Parental consent References ( edit ) Jump up ^ in 2017 , Connecticut and Texas became the 24th and 25th states to set a minimum age ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ^ Jump up to : `` Understanding State Statutes on Minimum Marriage Age and Exceptions '' . Tahirih Justice Center . November 2016 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/200000-children-married-us-15-years-child-marriage-child-brides-new-jersey-chris-christie-a7830266.html Jump up ^ `` Section 30 - 1 - 4 : Minimum age for contracting marriage '' . Code of Alabama . Alabama Legislature. 1975 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 03 . A person under the age of 16 years is incapable of contracting marriage . ^ Jump up to : `` Marriage Laws of the Fifty States , District of Columbia and Puerto Rico '' . Legal Information Institute . 2008 - 04 - 14 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` 25 - 102 . Consent required for marriage of minors '' . Arizona Revised Statutes . Arizona State Legislature . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 03 . Persons under eighteen years of age shall not marry without the consent of the parent or guardian having custody of such person . Persons under sixteen years of age shall not marry without the consent of the parent or guardian having custody of that person and the approval of any superior court judge in the state . Jump up ^ `` California Marriage Age Requirements Laws '' . findlaw.com . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Office of the Clerk and Recorder : Marriage & Recording / License Information / Marriage of Minors '' . City and County of Denver . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ C.R.S. Colorado Revised Statutes 14 - 2 - 106 ^ Jump up to : https://www.cga.ct.gov/asp/cgabillstatus/cgabillstatus.asp?selBillType=Bill&bill_num=HB05442&which_year=2017 Jump up ^ `` Marriage Laws of the Fifty States , District of Columbia and Puerto Rico '' . Legal Information Institute . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` IC 31 - 11 - 1 : ARTICLE 11 . FAMILY LAW : MARRIAGE '' . Indiana Code 2016 . Indiana General Assembly . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Nonage minors ; authorization of marriage '' , General Laws : Chapter 207 , Section 25 , Massachusetts General Court , retrieved 2017 - 06 - 03 Jump up ^ Richards , Victoria ( 2016 - 03 - 09 ) . `` Child marriage chart reveals girls can wed at 12 in some parts of the US - as lawmakers battle to raise age to 16 '' . The Independent . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ Hayden , Meg ( 2007 - 01 - 08 ) . `` Child Brides '' . Massachusetts Trial Court Law Libraries . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Section 551.103 : MARRIAGE LICENSE ( EXCERPT ) , Act 128 of 1887 '' . Michigan Legislature. 2015 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Title 93 - DOMESTIC RELATIONS , Chapter 1 - MARRIAGE § 93 - 1 - 5 - Conditions precedent to issuance of license ; penalty for noncompliance '' . 2013 Mississippi Code . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 03 . Every male who is at least seventeen ( 17 ) years old and every female who is at least fifteen ( 15 ) years old shall be capable in law of contracting marriage . Jump up ^ `` TITLE XLIII : DOMESTIC RELATIONS , CHAPTER 457 : MARRIAGES , Age : Section 457 : 4 '' . New Hampshire General Court . Archived from the original on 2008 - 02 - 02 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/06/20/us-new-york-governor-signs-anti-child-marriage-law `` Human Rights Watch : NY State Marriage Laws Update 2016 / 2017 '' . Human Rights Watch . Human Rights Watch . June 2017 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ohio 's Marriage Laws '' . Ohio State Bar Association . 2015 - 08 - 21 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Title 23 : CHAPTER 13 , MARRIAGE LICENSE '' . Pennsylvania General Assembly . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ http://www.legis.state.tx.us/BillLookup/History.aspx?LegSess=85R&Bill=SB1705 Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Jump up ^ ( 4 ) Jump up ^ ( 5 ) Jump up ^ `` Marriage Licenses '' . Courts of Utah . 2016 - 04 - 04 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ Portnoy , Jenna ( 2016 - 07 - 03 ) . `` Why 13 - year - olds can no longer marry in Virginia '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ Tsui , Anjali ( 2016 - 07 - 08 ) . `` America 's child marriage crisis : Virginia law tackles continuing issue '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` RCW 26.04. 010 Marriage contract -- Void marriages '' . Revised Code of Washington . Washington State Legislature. 2016 - 12 - 23 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 03 . Every marriage entered into in which either person has not attained the age of seventeen years is void except where this section has been waived by a superior court judge of the county in which one of the parties resides on a showing of necessity . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Age_of_marriage_in_the_United_States&oldid=816069714 '' Categories : Adolescence in the United States Law - related lists Marriage , unions and partnerships in the United States Minimum ages Sex laws Statutory law Youth rights in the United States Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2015 Talk About Wikipedia Deutsch Edit links This page was last edited on 19 December 2017 , at 01 : 50 . About Wikipedia | what is the legal age of marriage in usa | [
"Unlike most Western countries, half of the US states do not have a legal minimum age of marriage. While in most US states, individuals age 18 have the ability to marry (with two exceptions—Nebraska (19) and Mississippi (21)), all states allow minors to marry in certain circumstances, such as parental consent, judicial consent, pregnancy, or a combination of these situations. Most states allow parties aged 16 and 17 to marry with parental consent alone. In most states, children under 16 can be married too. In the 25 states [1] which have an absolute minimum age set by statute, this age varies between 13 and 17, while in 25 states there is no statutory minimum age if other legal conditions are met. Although in such states there is no set minimum age by statute, the traditional common law minimum age is 14 for boys and 12 for girls - ages which have been confirmed by case law in some states.[2] Over the past 15 years, more than 200,000 minors married in US, and in Tennessee girls as young as 10 were married in 2001.[3]",
"Unlike most Western countries, half of the US states do not have a legal minimum age of marriage. While in most US states, individuals age 18 have the ability to marry (with two exceptions—Nebraska (19) and Mississippi (21)), all states allow minors to marry in certain circumstances, such as parental consent, judicial consent, pregnancy, or a combination of these situations. Most states allow parties aged 16 and 17 to marry with parental consent alone. In most states, children under 16 can be married too. In the 25 states [1] which have an absolute minimum age set by statute, this age varies between 13 and 17, while in 25 states there is no statutory minimum age if other legal conditions are met. Although in such states there is no set minimum age by statute, the traditional common law minimum age is 14 for boys and 12 for girls - ages which have been confirmed by case law in some states.[2] Over the past 15 years, more than 200,000 minors married in US, and in Tennessee girls as young as 10 were married in 2001.[3]",
"Unlike most Western countries, half of the US states do not have a legal minimum age of marriage. While in most US states, individuals age 18 have the ability to marry (with two exceptions—Nebraska (19) and Mississippi (21)), all states allow minors to marry in certain circumstances, such as parental consent, judicial consent, pregnancy, or a combination of these situations. Most states allow parties aged 16 and 17 to marry with parental consent alone. In most states, children under 16 can be married too. In the 25 states [1] which have an absolute minimum age set by statute, this age varies between 13 and 17, while in 25 states there is no statutory minimum age if other legal conditions are met. Although in such states there is no set minimum age by statute, the traditional common law minimum age is 14 for boys and 12 for girls - ages which have been confirmed by case law in some states.[2] Over the past 15 years, more than 200,000 minors married in US, and in Tennessee girls as young as 10 were married in 2001.[3]"
] | [
"18",
"Nebraska (19)",
"Mississippi (21)"
] |
-5983068261652976378 | Death Becomes Her | Death Becomes her - wikipedia Death Becomes her Jump to : navigation , search Death Becomes Her Theatrical release poster Directed by Robert Zemeckis Produced by Robert Zemeckis Steve Starkey Written by Martin Donovan David Koepp Starring Goldie Hawn Bruce Willis Meryl Streep Isabella Rossellini Music by Alan Silvestri Cinematography Dean Cundey Edited by Arthur Schmidt Distributed by Universal Pictures Release date July 31 , 1992 ( 1992 - 07 - 31 ) Running time 104 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $55 million Box office $149 million Death Becomes Her is a 1992 American black comedy fantasy film directed by Robert Zemeckis , written by David Koepp and Martin Donovan , and starring Goldie Hawn , Bruce Willis , and Meryl Streep . The film focuses on a pair of rivals ( Hawn and Streep ) who drink a magic potion that promises eternal youth , but experience unpleasant side effects when they physically die , becoming walking , talking corpses . Death Becomes Her won the Academy Award for Visual Effects . The film was a commercial success , grossing $149 million worldwide ( $58 million domestic , $90 million international ) at the box office . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Filming locations 4 Music 5 Reception 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Box office 5.3 Accolades 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) In 1978 , narcissistic , manipulative actress Madeline Ashton performs in an awful musical version of Sweet Bird of Youth on Broadway . She invites long - time rival Helen Sharp , an aspiring writer , backstage along with Helen 's fiancé , plastic surgeon Ernest Menville . Ernest is smitten with Madeline , and breaks off his engagement with Helen to marry her . Seven years later , in 1985 , Helen winds up in a psychiatric hospital after fixating upon Madeline . Obese and depressed , Helen feigns rehabilitation and is released , plotting revenge on Madeline . Another seven years later , in 1992 , Madeline lives in Beverly Hills with Ernest , but they are miserable . Madeline 's career has faded , and Ernest is an alcoholic reduced to working as a reconstructive mortician . Receiving an invitation to a party celebrating Helen 's new book , Madeline rushes to a spa where she regularly receives facial treatments . Understanding Madeline 's situation , the spa owner gives her the business card of Lisle von Rhoman , a woman specializing in youth rejuvenation . Madeline and Ernest attend the party for Helen 's novel , Forever Young , and discover Helen is slim , youthful and beautiful . Dumbfounded and depressed by Helen 's appearance , Madeline visits her young lover but discovers he is with a woman his age . Dejected , Madeline drives to Lisle 's home . Lisle is a mysterious , wealthy socialite claiming to be 71 , but looks much younger . She reveals to Madeline the secret of her beauty : an expensive potion that promises eternal life and an ever - lasting youthful appearance . Madeline purchases and drinks the potion and is rejuvenated . As a condition of purchase , Madeline must disappear from public life after ten years to keep the existence of the potion secret . Lisle warns Madeline to take good care of her body . Helen seduces Ernest and convinces him to kill Madeline . When Madeline returns home , she and Ernest argue , during which Madeline falls down the stairs , breaking her neck . Believing Madeline dead , Ernest phones Helen for advice , not seeing Madeline stand and approach him with her head twisted backward . Ernest assumes she has a dislocated neck and drives her to the emergency room . Madeline is told she is technically dead and faints . She is taken to the morgue due to her body having no pulse and a temperature below 80 ° F. After rescuing Madeline , Ernest takes the sign of her `` resurrection '' as a miracle , returns home with Madeline and uses his skills to repair her body . Helen demands information about Madeline 's situation . Overhearing Helen and Ernest discussing their plot to stage Madeline 's death , Madeline shoots Helen with a shotgun . Although the blast creates a hole in her stomach , Helen survives , revealing that she drank the same potion . Fed up with the pair , Ernest prepares to leave , but Helen and Madeline convince him to do one last repair on their bodies . They realize they will need constant maintenance and scheme to have Ernest drink the potion to ensure he will always be available . After bringing Ernest to Lisle , she offers to give him the potion free of charge in exchange for his surgical skills . Ernest refuses rather than being immortal . He pockets the potion and flees , but becomes trapped on the roof . Helen and Madeline implore Ernest to drink the potion to survive an impending fall . Ernest refuses and drops the potion to the ground several stories below , but after falling he lands in Lisle 's pool and escapes . After Lisle banishes Madeline and Helen from her group , the pair realize they must rely on each other for companionship and maintenance . Thirty - seven years later , Madeline and Helen attend Ernest 's funeral , where he is eulogized as having lived an adventurous and fulfilling life with a large family and friends . They are parodies of their former selves , with cracked , peeling paint and putty covering most of their grey and rotting flesh . Helen trips and teeters at the top of a staircase . After Madeline hesitates to help her , Helen grabs Madeline and the two tumble down the stairs , breaking to pieces . As their disembodied heads totter together , Helen sardonically asks Madeline , `` Do you remember where you parked the car ? '' Cast ( edit ) Goldie Hawn as Helen Sharp Bruce Willis as Dr. Ernest Menville Meryl Streep as Madeline Ashton Isabella Rossellini as Lisle von Rhoman Ian Ogilvy as Chagall Adam Storke as Dakota Williams Alaina Reed Hall as Psychologist Michelle Johnson as Anna Jones Mary Ellen Trainor as Vivian Adams William Frankfather as Mr. Roy Franklin John Ingle as Eulogist Debra Jo Rupp as Patient Fabio as Lisle 's bodyguard Sydney Pollack as Emergency Department Doctor ( uncredited ) Production ( edit ) Death Becomes Her was a technologically complex movie to make , and represented a major advancement in the use of computer generated effects , under the pioneering direction of Industrial Light and Magic . For example , it was the first film where computer - generated skin texture was used , in the shot where Madeline resets her neck after her head is smashed with a shovel by Helen . Creating the sequences where Madeline 's head is dislocated and facing the wrong way around involved a combination of blue screen technology , an animatronic model created by Amalgamated Dynamics , and prosthetic make - up effects on Meryl Streep to create the look of a twisted neck . The digital advancements pioneered on Death Becomes Her would be incorporated into Industrial Light and Magic 's next project , Jurassic Park , released by Universal only a year later . Both films shared cinematographer Dean Cundey and production designer Rick Carter , in addition to ILM . The production had a fair number of mishaps . For example , in a scene where Helen Sharp and Madeline Ashton are battling with shovels , Meryl Streep accidentally cut Goldie Hawn 's face , leaving a faint scar . Streep admitted that she disliked working on a project that focused so heavily on special effects , saying : My first , my last , my only . I think it 's tedious . Whatever concentration you can apply to that kind of comedy is just shredded . You stand there like a piece of machinery -- they should get machinery to do it . I loved how it turned out . But it 's not fun to act to a lampstand . `` Pretend this is Goldie , right here ! Uh , no , I 'm sorry , Bob , she went off the mark by five centimeters , and now her head wo n't match her neck ! '' It was like being at the dentist . Filming locations ( edit ) The film was made entirely in Los Angeles and utilized several locations frequently used in film and television , including the Greystone Mansion ( Ernest 's funeral home ) and the Ebell of Los Angeles ( Helen 's book party ) . The exterior of Madeline and Ernest 's mansion is located at 1125 Oak Grove Avenue in San Marino , but the interior was a set built on a soundstage . The ending scene where Helen and Madeline tumble down a set of stairs outside a chapel was filmed at Mount St. Mary 's University ( Los Angeles ) in Brentwood . Music ( edit ) The score was composed by American film composer Alan Silvestri , who also composed scores of other films directed by Zemeckis . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) The film received mixed reviews . Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a rating of 54 % based on reviews from 26 critics . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` B '' on an A+ to F scale . Gene Siskel and Roger Ebert both gave the film a ' thumbs down ' , commenting that while the film had great special effects , it lacked any real substance or character depth . The film 's release on DVD was called `` appallingly bad '' , `` horrible '' and `` sloppy '' due to the quality of its transfer , which has been said to suffer from excessive grain , blur and muted colors . Many online DVD forum users speculated that the DVD transfer was taken from the Laserdisc edition of the film and called for a restorative release . The film was initially distributed in an open - matte , fullscreen edition with an aspect ratio of 1.33 : 1 in the United States before a widescreen version with its intended ratio ( 1.85 : 1 ) was released and subsequently distributed worldwide . The latter version has also been mistakenly labelled anamorphic . It was later released in North America on Blu - ray from Shout Factory on April 26 , 2016 . Box office ( edit ) The film opened at number 1 at the box office with $12,110,355 on the same weekend as and ahead of Buffy the Vampire Slayer and Bebe 's Kids . It went on to earn over $58.4 million domestically and $90.6 million internationally . Accolades ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Award Role Result Academy Award Best Visual Effects Won BAFTA Award Best Visual Effects Won Golden Globe Best Actress -- Motion Picture Musical or Comedy ( Meryl Streep ) Nominated Saturn Award Best Fantasy Film Nominated Best Director ( Robert Zemeckis ) Nominated Best Writing ( Martin Donovan , David Koepp ) Nominated Best Actor ( Bruce Willis ) Nominated Best Actress ( Meryl Streep ) Nominated Best Music ( Alan Silvestri ) Nominated Best Make - up ( Dick Smith , Kevin Haney ) Nominated Best Supporting Actress ( Isabella Rossellini ) Won Best Special Effects Won References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Death Becomes Her at Box Office Mojo '' . Retrieved October 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Death Becomes Her ( Universal Pictures ) '' . ilm.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ Judd Blaise ( 1992 - 08 - 21 ) . `` Special Effects , Acting Bring ' Death ' to Life '' . Sun Sentinel . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Death Becomes Her ( Universal Pictures ) '' . ilm.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ Death Becomes Her ( 1992 ) Vintage Bonus Clip : Meryl 's Mom & Special Effects ( HD ) . Youtube. 2016 - 06 - 23 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ Amalgamated Dynamics Inc. ( 2015 - 07 - 25 ) . DEATH BECOMES HER Recreating Meryl BTS Special Edition . Youtube . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ Drew Taylor ( 2013 - 06 - 11 ) . `` 5 Versions of ' Jurassic Park ' You Never Saw '' . indiewire.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Depth Becomes Her '' . Entertainment Weekly . 2000 - 03 - 24 . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` The Ebell of Los Angeles - Filming '' . ebellla.org . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Madeline and Ernest 's Mansion from ' Death Becomes Her ' '' . iamnotastalker.com. 2017 - 10 - 13 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Movies Filmed at Mount Saint Mary 's University - Chalon Campus '' . moviemaps.org . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` 10 of the Most Underrated Horror Scores ! '' . Retrieved 17 August 2012 . Jump up ^ McCarthy , Todd ( 1992 - 07 - 26 ) . `` Death Becomes Her '' . Variety . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Death Becomes Her '' . Entertainment Weekly . 1992 - 08 - 14 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Death Becomes Her ( 1992 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 14 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CinemaScore '' . cinemascore.com . Jump up ^ `` Death Becomes Her review '' . ( 1 ) ^ Jump up to : `` Death Becomes Her '' . Michael Demtschyna . Retrieved November 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` BBC - Films - review - Death Becomes Her DVD '' . BBC . Retrieved November 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` A stroll down the DVD memory lane : Guido Henkel '' . Guido Henkel . Retrieved November 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Welkos , Robert W. ( 1994 - 05 - 10 ) . `` Weekend Box Office ` Honors ' Tops in a Lackluster Bunch '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 28 . Jump up ^ Box Office Mojo External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Death Becomes Her Death Becomes Her on IMDb Death Becomes Her at the TCM Movie Database ( hide ) Films directed by Robert Zemeckis I Wanna Hold Your Hand ( 1978 ) Used Cars ( 1980 ) Romancing the Stone ( 1984 ) Back to the Future ( 1985 ) Who Framed Roger Rabbit ( 1988 ) Back to the Future Part II ( 1989 ) Back to the Future Part III ( 1990 ) Two - Fisted Tales ( 1992 ) Death Becomes Her ( 1992 ) Forrest Gump ( 1994 ) Contact ( 1997 ) What Lies Beneath ( 2000 ) Cast Away ( 2000 ) The Polar Express ( 2004 ) Beowulf ( 2007 ) A Christmas Carol ( 2009 ) Flight ( 2012 ) The Walk ( 2015 ) Doc Brown Saves the World ( 2015 ) Allied ( 2016 ) The Women of Marwen ( 2018 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Death_Becomes_Her&oldid=827552034 '' Categories : 1992 films English - language films 1990s comedy films Slapstick films American comedy films American fantasy - comedy films American films American screwball comedy films Films directed by Robert Zemeckis Films that won the Best Visual Effects Academy Award Universal Pictures films Films set in Los Angeles Films shot in Los Angeles Immortality in fiction Screenplays by David Koepp Films set in 1978 Films set in 1985 Films set in 1992 Films set in 2029 Films scored by Alan Silvestri Films set in country houses Works about women Zombie films Black comedy films Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles needing additional references from April 2011 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Català Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español فارسی Français Galego Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 25 February 2018 , at 10 : 42 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who plays the doctor in death becomes her | [
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3150926270747069699 | BioShock | BioShock - Wikipedia BioShock Jump to : navigation , search For the video game series , see BioShock ( series ) . BioShock Developer ( s ) 2K Boston 2K Australia Publisher ( s ) 2K Games Director ( s ) Ken Levine Designer ( s ) Paul Hellquist Programmer ( s ) Christopher Kline Artist ( s ) Scott Sinclair Writer ( s ) Ken Levine Composer ( s ) Garry Schyman Series BioShock Engine Unreal Engine 2.5 Platform ( s ) Microsoft Windows Xbox 360 PlayStation 3 Mac OS X iOS PlayStation 4 Xbox One Release August 21 , 2007 ( show ) Microsoft Windows , Xbox 360 NA : August 21 , 2007 AU : August 24 , 2007 EU : August 24 , 2007 PlayStation 3 EU : October 17 , 2008 AU : October 17 , 2008 NA : October 21 , 2008 OS X NA : October 7 , 2009 EU : October 7 , 2009 iOS WW : August 27 , 2014 PlayStation 4 & Xbox One NA : September 13 , 2016 WW : September 15 , 2016 Genre ( s ) First - person shooter Mode ( s ) Single - player BioShock is a first - person shooter video game developed by 2K Boston ( later Irrational Games ) and 2K Australia , and published by 2K Games . The game was released for Microsoft Windows and Xbox 360 platforms in August 2007 ; a PlayStation 3 port by Irrational , 2K Marin , 2K Australia and Digital Extremes was released in October 2008 , and an OS X port by Feral Interactive in October 2009 . A mobile version was developed by IG Fun . The game 's concept was developed by Irrational 's creative lead , Ken Levine , and was based on the ideas of Objectivism as promulgated by Ayn Rand , while incorporating influences from other authors such as George Orwell . The game is considered a spiritual successor to the System Shock series , on which many of Irrational 's team including Levine had worked previously . BioShock is set in 1960 . The player guides the protagonist , Jack , after his airplane crashes in the ocean near the bathysphere terminus that leads to the underwater city of Rapture . Built by the business magnate Andrew Ryan , the city was intended to be an isolated utopia , but the discovery of ADAM , a genetic material which can be used to grant superhuman powers , initiated the city 's turbulent decline . Jack tries to find a way to escape , fighting through hordes of ADAM - obsessed enemies , and the iconic , deadly Big Daddies , while engaging with the few sane humans that remain and eventually learning of Rapture 's past . The player , as Jack , is able to defeat foes in a number of ways by using weapons , utilizing plasmids that give unique powers , and by turning Rapture 's own defenses against them . BioShock includes elements of role - playing games , giving the player different approaches in engaging enemies such as by stealth , as well as moral choices of saving or killing characters ; additionally , the game and biopunk theme borrow concepts from the survival horror genre . BioShock received critical acclaim and was particularly praised by critics for its morality - based storyline , immersive environments , and its unique setting , and is considered to be one of the greatest video games of all time and a demonstration of video game as an art form . It received several Game of the Year awards from different media outlets , including from BAFTA , Game Informer , Spike TV , and X-Play . Since its release a direct sequel has been released , BioShock 2 by 2K Marin , as well as a third game titled BioShock Infinite by Irrational Games . A remastered version of the game was released on Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 4 and Xbox One on September 13 , 2016 , as part of BioShock : The Collection , along with BioShock 2 and Infinite . Contents ( hide ) 1 Synopsis 1.1 Setting 1.2 Plot 2 Gameplay 3 Development 3.1 Game design 3.2 Story and theme development 3.3 Game engine 3.4 Soundtrack 3.5 Release and promotion 3.6 Ports 4 Reception 4.1 Critical response 4.2 Awards 4.3 Sales 4.4 Artistic recognition 4.5 PC technical issues and DRM 5 Related media 5.1 Sequels 5.2 Limited edition 5.3 Remastered edition 5.4 Printed media 5.5 Cancelled film 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Synopsis ( edit ) Setting ( edit ) BioShock is set in 1960 in the underwater city of Rapture ; the city 's history is mostly revealed via audio recordings the player can collect during the game . Rapture was planned and constructed in the 1940s by Objectivist business magnate Andrew Ryan who wanted to create a utopia for society 's elite to flourish outside of government control . Scientific progress greatly expanded , including the discovery of the genetic material `` ADAM '' created by sea slugs on the ocean floor . ADAM allows its users to alter their DNA to grant them super-human powers like telekinesis and pyrokinesis . To protect Rapture , Ryan imposed a law that no contact with the surface world was allowed . Despite the apparent utopia , class distinctions grew , and former gangster and businessman Frank Fontaine used his influence of the lower class to plan a coup over Rapture . Fontaine profited by creating black market routes with the surface world , and together with Dr. Brigid Tenenbaum , created a cheap plasmid industry by mass - producing ADAM through the implantation of the slugs in the stomachs of orphaned girls , nicknamed `` Little Sisters '' . Fontaine used his plasmid - enhanced army to attack Ryan , but reportedly was killed in the battle . Ryan took the opportunity to seize his assets including the plasmid factories . In the months that followed , a second figure named Atlas rose to speak for the lower class , creating further strife . Atlas led attacks on the factories housing the Little Sisters , and Ryan countered by creating `` Big Daddies '' , plasmid - enhanced humans surgically grafted into giant lumbering diving suits who were psychologically compelled to protect the Little Sisters at all costs . Ryan also created his own army of plasmid - enhanced soldiers , named `` Splicers '' , which he controlled using pheromones distributed through Rapture 's air system . Tension came to a head on New Year 's Eve of 1958 , when Atlas ordered an all - out attack on Ryan . The battle left many dead , and the few sane survivors barricaded themselves away . What once was a beautiful utopia had fallen into a crumbling dystopia . Some of the events described above are revisited and expanded upon in the downloadable expansion BioShock Infinite : Burial at Sea , which takes place in Rapture during the latter months of 1958 and leads up to Atlas ' assault on Ryan 's forces . Plot ( edit ) See also : List of characters in BioShock BioShock 's game design drew on Art Deco for much of its imagery . In 1960 , at the start of the game , player character Jack is a passenger on a plane that goes down in the Atlantic Ocean . As the only survivor , Jack makes his way to a nearby lighthouse that houses a bathysphere terminal that takes him to Rapture . Jack is contacted by Atlas via radio , and is guided to safety from the Splicers and the perils of the run down city . Atlas requests Jack 's help in stopping Ryan , directing him to a docked bathysphere where he claims Ryan has trapped his family . When Jack encounters a wandering Little Sister and its fallen Big Daddy , Atlas urges Jack to kill the Little Sister to harvest her ADAM for himself ; Dr. Tenenbaum overhears this and intercepts Jack before he harms the Little Sister , urging him to spare the child and any other Little Sisters he encounters , providing him with a plasmid that would force the sea slug out of her body . Jack eventually works his way to the bathysphere , but Ryan destroys it before Jack can reach it . Enraged , Atlas directs Jack towards Ryan 's mansion through Ryan 's army of Splicers and Big Daddies . At times , Jack is forced to travel through areas controlled by Ryan 's allies that have now become deranged , such as Sander Cohen , a former musician that now takes enjoyment in watching the death and misery of others . Eventually , Jack enters Ryan 's personal office , where Ryan is patiently waiting for Jack by casually playing golf . Ryan explains he fully knew of Atlas ' plan , and explains that Jack is his illegitimate child , taken from his mother by Fontaine who placed him out of Ryan 's reach on the surface , and genetically modified to age rapidly . Fontaine had planned to use Jack as a trump card in his war with Ryan , bringing him back to Rapture when the time was right ; Jack 's genetics would allow him to access systems such as the bathysphere that Ryan had locked out long ago . With no place to run , Ryan is willing to accept death by his own free will , quoting one of his own principles : `` A man chooses . A slave obeys . '' He asks Jack `` would you kindly '' kill him with the golf club , and Jack is compelled to do so . As Ryan dies , Jack becomes aware that the phrase `` would you kindly '' has preceded many of Atlas ' commands as a hypnotic trigger forcing him to follow Atlas ' orders without question ; a flashback reveals Jack himself was responsible for crashing his plane near the lighthouse after reading a letter containing the trigger phrase . Atlas reveals himself as Fontaine , having used the Atlas alias to hide himself while providing a figure for the lower class to rally behind . Without Ryan , Fontaine takes over control of Ryan 's systems , and leaves Jack to die as he releases hostile security drones into Ryan 's locked office . Jack is saved by Dr. Tenenbaum and the Little Sisters who had previously been rescued . Dr. Tenenbaum helps Jack to remove Fontaine 's conditioned responses , including one that would have stopped his heart . With the help of the Little Sisters , Jack is able to make his way to Fontaine 's lair to face him . Fontaine , being cornered by Jack , injects himself with a large amount of ADAM , becoming an inhuman monster . Jack is aided by the Little Sisters in draining the ADAM in Fontaine 's body and eventually killing him . The ending depends on how the player interacted with the Little Sisters : If the player rescues all of the Little Sisters ( or harvest only one of them ) , Jack takes them back to the surface with him and adopts five of them as his daughters , and Tenenbaum happily narrates how they go on to live full lives under his care , eventually surrounding him on his deathbed . This ending is considered canon in BioShock Infinite : Burial at Sea . If the player harvests more than one Little Sister , Jack turns on the Little Sisters to harvest their ADAM . Tenenbaum sadly narrates what occurred , condemning Jack and his actions . A submarine then comes across the wreckage of the plane , and finds itself suddenly surrounded by bathyspheres containing Splicers who attack the crew and take control of it . The submarine is revealed to be carrying nuclear missiles , with Tenenbaum claiming that Jack has now `` stolen the terrible secrets of the world '' : the more Little Sisters are harvested , the harsher and more furious Tenenbaum 's narrative becomes . Gameplay ( edit ) A Big Daddy defends a Little Sister ( both on right ) from two Splicers , while the player watches . BioShock is a first - person shooter with role - playing game customization and stealth elements , and is similar to System Shock 2 . The player takes the role of Jack as he is guided through Rapture towards various objectives . The player collects various weapons and plasmids as they work their way through enemy forces . The player can switch between one active weapon and one active plasmid at any time , allowing them to find combination attacks that can be effective against certain enemies , such as first shocking a Splicer then striking them down with a wrench . Weapons are limited by ammunition that the player collects ; many weapons have secondary ammo types that can be used instead for additional benefits , such as bullets that inflict fire damage . Plasmid use consumes a serum called EVE which can be restored using EVE syringes collected by the player . The player has a health meter that decreases when they take damage . The player can restore their health with medical packs found throughout Rapture . If the player 's health reduces to zero , they will be regenerated at the last Vita - Chamber that they passed with limited amounts of health and EVE . A patch for the game allows players to disable these Vita - Chambers , requiring players to restart a saved game if the character dies . The game provides several options for players to face challenges . In addition to direct combat , the player can use plasmids to lure enemies into traps or to turn enemies against each other , or employ stealth tactics to avoid detection by hostiles including the security systems and turrets . The player can hack into any of Rapture 's automated systems ; the hacking process is done via a mini-game similar to Pipe Mania where the player must connect two points on opposite sides of a grid with a limited set of piping within a fixed amount of time , with failure to complete in time costing health and potentially sounding alarms . Early in the game , the player is given a research camera ; by taking photographs of enemies , the player will cumulatively gain knowledge about the individual foes which translates into attack boosts and other benefits when facing that enemy type in the future . The player collects money by exploring Rapture and from the bodies of defeated foes ; this money can be used at vending machines to restock on ammunition , health and EVE , and other items ; like security cameras , vending machines can also be hacked to reduce the costs of items from it . The player will also receive rewards in the form of ADAM from completing some tasks , as well as from either saving or killing the Little Sisters after defeating their Big Daddy guardian . ADAM is used to purchase new plasmids from Gatherer 's Garden machines scattered around Rapture . In addition to plasmids , the player will also collect and buy tonics that provide passive bonuses , such as increasing Jack 's strength , using EVE more efficiently , or making Jack more resistant to damage . The player can only have a limited number of plasmids and tonics active at any time , and can swap between the various plasmids and tonics at certain stations located throughout Rapture . Development ( edit ) Game design ( edit ) Lead developer Ken Levine had created Irrational Games in 1997 out of former members from Looking Glass Studios . Their first game was System Shock 2 , a sequel to Looking Glass 's System Shock , and was met with critical success , though it did not prove a financial one . Levine had attempted to pitch a sequel to System Shock 2 to Electronic Arts , but the publisher rejected the idea based on the poor performance of the earlier game . Irrational would proceed to develop other games , including Freedom Force , Tribes : Vengeance , the cancelled title Deep Cover , and the completed The Lost which was never released due to legal complications , but at this point , Levine wanted to return to a game in the same style as System Shock 2 , a more free - form game with strong narrative . In 2002 , the team had come up with a core gameplay mechanic idea based on three groups of forces ; drones that would carry a desirable resource , protectors that would guard the drones , and harvesters that would attempt to take the resource from the drones ; these would eventually bear out as the Little Sisters , Big Daddies , and splicers in the final game , but at the time of the concept , there was no set theme . They began working on creating a setting for the game as to be able to pitch the idea to game publishers . A 2002 demonstration version was based on the Unreal Engine 2 for the first Xbox . This demonstration was primarily set aboard a space station overtaken with genetically - mutated monsters ; the main character was Carlos Cuello , a `` cult deprogrammer '' -- a person charged with rescuing someone from a cult , and mentally and psychologically readjusting that person to a normal life . Ken Levine cites an example of what a cult deprogrammer does : `` ( There are ) people who hired people to ( for example ) deprogram their daughter who had been in a lesbian relationship . They kidnap her and reprogram her , and it was a really dark person , and that was the ( kind of ) character that you were . '' This story would have been more political in nature , with the character hired by a Senator . The team collectively agreed that this game was not what they had set out to make , and were having trouble finding a publisher . They considered ending development , but as news about their efforts to make a spiritual successor to System Shock 2 began to appear in gaming magazines and websites , the team opted to continue development , performing a full revamp the game . By 2004 , 2K Games , a subsidiary of Take Two , offered to publish the game primarily based on the drone / protector / harvester concept , giving Irrational the freedom to develop the story and setting . By this point , the story and setting had changed significantly , taking place in an abandoned World War II - era Nazi laboratory that had been recently unearthed by 21st century scientists . Over the decades , the genetic experiments within the labs had gradually formed themselves into an ecosystem centered on the three groups . This version of game included many of the gameplay elements that would remain in the final BioShock , themselves influenced by concepts from System Shock 2 . These elements included the use of plasmids and EVE , the need to use stealth or other options to deal with automated security systems , direction through the environment from a non-player character relayed over a radio , and story elements delivered through audio recordings and `` ghosts '' of deceased characters . While the gameplay with the 2004 reveal was similar to what resulted in the released version of BioShock , both design and story underwent changes , consistent with what Levine says was then - Irrational Games ' guiding principle of putting game design first . These areas were also issued due to some internal strife and lack of communication between the various teams within Irrational , part of the result of having to expand the team from six to sixty members for the scope of the project . The environment was considered bland , and there were difficulties by the team 's artists to come up with a consistent vision to meet the level designer 's goals . A critical junction was a short experiment performed by level designer Jean Paul LeBreton and artist Hoagy de la Plante , setting themselves aside to co-develop a level that would later become part of the `` Tea Garden '' area in the released game , which Levine would later use as a prime example of a `` great BioShock space '' , emphasizing the need for departments to work together . Levine also found that the cyberpunk theme had been overplayed considering their initial reject from Electronic Arts for System Shock 3 , leading towards the underwater setting of Rapture . Story and theme development ( edit ) A visit to the GE Building and its statue of Atlas in New York City was the principal idea that led to the art deco stylings of BioShock . The thematic core of BioShock was born when Levine was walking at Rockefeller Center near the GE Building in New York City . He saw the uniqueness of the art deco styling of the building along with imagery around the building such as the statue of Atlas near it , and recognized that these were spaces that had not been experienced in the first - player shooter genre . The history of the Rockefeller Center also fed into the story concept ; Levine noted how the Center had started construction prior to the Great Depression of the 1920s ; when the primary financiers had pulled out , John D. Rockefeller backed the remaining construction to complete the project himself , as stated by Edge magazine `` a great man building an architectural triumph against all the odds '' . The history of Rapture and the character of Andrew Ryan is loosely based on Rockefeller 's story . He also considered that many of the characters of Rapture were all people who were oppressed once before in the lives and now free of that oppression , have turned around and become the oppressors , a fact he felt resonated throughout human history . At this point in the development , the backdrop of Rapture had been fleshed out , but they had yet to come on how to represent the drones , protectors , and harvesters from their original game idea . The Big Daddy concept as the protector class was developed early in the process , but the team had yet to reach a satisfying design for the drones , having used several possible designs including bugs and dogs in wheelchairs . The team wanted to have the player care for the drones in some way and create pathos for these characters . The idea of using little girls came out of brainstorming , but was controversial and shocking within the team at first , recognizing that they could easily be killed and make the game more horrific in the style of Night Trap . However , as Levine worked on the story , he started to bring in the Objectivism philosophy of Ayn Rand , primarily outlined in the book Atlas Shrugged , into the storyline , tied in with his previous observations on Rockefeller and his writings . Levine , from his liberal arts degree , was already familiar with works from Rand and George Orwell , and considered their ideas `` fascinating '' . He brought in the ideas that Rand put forth , that man should be driven by selfishness and not altruism . This gave them the confidence to apply the same idea when it came to dealing with the little girls as drones ( now Little Sisters ) , whether the player should try to save the girls or harvest the ADAM for their own benefit . 2K Games expressed concern about the initial mechanic of the Little Sisters , where the player would actively prey on the Little Sister , which would have alerted a Big Daddy and setting up the fight with the player . This approach did not sit well with Levine , and 2K Games asserted that they would not ship a game `` where the player gets punished for doing the right thing '' . They altered this approach where the Little Sisters would be invulnerable until the player had dealt with their Big Daddy , though LeBreton considered this `` a massive kludge '' into the game 's fiction . The idea of creating the Little Sisters and presenting the player with this choice became a critical part of the game 's appeal to the larger gaming market though would still be met with criticism from some outlets . Levine desired only to have one ending to the game , something that would have left the fate of the characters `` much more ambiguous '' , but publisher pressure directed them to craft multiple endings depending on the choice of harvesting Little Sisters . Levine also noted that `` it was never my intention to do two endings for the game . It sort of came very late and it was something that was requested by somebody up the food chain from me . '' Other elements came into the story design . Levine had an interest in `` stem cell research and the moral issues that go around ( it ) '' . In regard to artistic influences , Levine cited the books Nineteen Eighty - Four and Logan 's Run , representing societies that have `` really interesting ideas screwed up by the fact that we 're people '' . The idea of the mind control used on Jack was offered by LeBreton , inspired by films like The Manchurian Candidate , as a means to provide a better reason to limit the player 's actions as opposed to the traditional use of locked doors to prevent them exploring areas they should not . The team had agreed that Jack 's actions would be controlled by a key phrase but struggled with coming up with one that would not reveal Atlas ' true nature . Levine happened upon `` Would you kindly '' after working on marketing materials for the game that asked the reader hypothetical questions such as `` Would you kill people , even innocent people , to survive ? '' , later working that phrase into the first script for the game . Numerous tensions within the team and from publisher 2K Games continued during the development process . According to LeBreton , Levine was distrustful of some of the more egotistical newer hires and was often arguing with them to enforce his vision of BioShock . 2K Games was concerned with the growing budget for the title , and told Levine to market the title more as a first - person shooter rather than the first - person shooter / role player game hybrid they set out for . Near the targeted release date , Levine ordered the team into round - the - clock development , creating more strife in the team . Paul Hellquist , the game 's lead designer , was often omitted from key design meetings , which he later recounted was due to his contrary nature to Levine , questioning several of his choices ; he used his frustration to put into the design efforts for the Medical Pavilion level that he was in charge of at that time . Near the anticipated completion date , 2K decided to give Irrational another three months to polish up the game , extending the current crunch time the studio was already under . A critical playtest of the game occurred in January 2007 , where initial feedback from the players was mostly negative , including issues of the setting being too dark , having no idea where to go , and distrusting Atlas , who at the time was voiced in a southern drawl , described as a `` lecherous Colonel Sanders '' . The team took this criticism to heart , revamping several elements during those extra months such as improving the lighting , implementing a quest marker , and using an Irish voice for Atlas to make him sound more trustworthy . During another late - stage playtest with the title `` ninety - nine percent '' complete according to Levine , the playtesters did not like the game at all as they felt no connection to the player - character Jack , and the person overseeing the tests told Levine that the game was likely to be a failure . At this point , BioShock did not have many cutscenes , as Levine was ideologically opposed to them . However , the following day , Levine and the lead group came up with a `` cheap '' way to correct this , by adding the initial cut scene within the plane and the subsequent plane crash , as this helped to set the time frame , place the player in the role of the character , and alluded to the `` would you kindly '' line later in the game . Levine likened this approach to the initial aircraft crash at the onset of the television show Lost to quickly establish character and setting . The game was successfully released in August 2007 with a final budget of about $25 million . In a 2016 interview , Levine felt that the game could have used about six more months of development to improve the gun combat system and fix lagging issues that occurred during the final boss fight . Despite the critical success of the title , many of those on the team would leave Irrational to pursue other projects due to late development strife that occurred . Game Engine ( edit ) BioShock uses a heavily modified Unreal Engine 2.5 with some of the advanced technologies from Unreal Engine 3 . Irrational had previous experience with modifying and expanding on the Unreal Engine in SWAT 4 , and continued this advancement of the engine within BioShock . One major improvement they added was improved water effects , given the nature of the game 's setting , hiring a programmer and artist just to focus on the water effects . This graphical enhancement has been lauded by critics , with GameSpot saying , `` Whether it 's standing water on the floor or sea water rushing in after an explosion , it will blow you away every time you see it . '' BioShock also uses the Havok Physics engine that allows for an enhancement of in - game physics , the integration of ragdoll physics , and allows for more lifelike movement by elements of the environment . The Windows version was built to work in both Direct3D 10 ( DirectX 10 ) and DirectX 9 , with the DirectX 10 version supporting additional water and particle effects . Soundtrack ( edit ) Main article : BioShock ( soundtrack ) BioShock contains both licensed music and an original score . The licensed music from the 1940s and 1950s can be heard playing on phonograph throughout Rapture . In total , 30 licensed songs can be heard throughout the game . The original score was composed by Garry Schyman . He works his pieces to mesh well with the chosen licensed music as to keep the same feel , while also trying to bring out something that was `` eerie , frightening and at times beautiful '' to mesh well with Rapture 's environments . 2K Games released an orchestral score soundtrack on their official homepage on August 24 , 2007 . Available in MP3 format , the score -- composed by Garry Schyman -- contains 12 of the 22 tracks from the game . The Limited Edition version of the game came with The Rapture EP remixes by Moby and Oscar The Punk . The three remixed tracks on the CD include `` Beyond the Sea '' , `` God Bless the Child '' and `` Wild Little Sisters '' ; the original recordings of these songs are in the game . BioShock 's score was released on a vinyl LP with the BioShock 2 Special Edition Release and promotion ( edit ) An initial demo of the game was made available in August 2007 for Xbox 360 and Microsoft Windows . This demo included cutscenes to introduce the player to Rapture , the game 's tutorial section , and its first levels ; the demo also included weapons , plasmids , and tonics that would otherwise be introduced later in the full title , as to give the player more of the features that would be found in the published game . The Xbox demo was the fastest demo at that time to reach one million downloads on the Xbox Live service . The full game was released for these platforms on August 21 , 2007 . The first patch for the Xbox 360 version was released about two weeks after release to fix some of the game stability issues players had reported The patch was found to introduce more problems to the game for some users , including occasional freezes , bad framerates , and audio - related issues , though methods to resolve these issues through the console 's cache system were outlined by Irrational Games . In December 2007 , a common patch was released for both the Xbox and Windows version . The patch included additional content such as new Plasmids , new achievements for the Xbox 360 version , and additional graphics settings to address some of the field - of - view issues identified by players . ( See below ) . The patch also added in an option to disable the use of Vita - Chambers , a feature requested by players to make the game more challenging , as well as an achievement to complete the game at its hardest setting without using a Vita - Chamber . Ports ( edit ) In an August 2007 interview , when asked about the possibility of a PlayStation 3 version of BioShock , Ken Levine had stated only that there was `` no PS3 development going on '' at the time ; however , on May 28 , 2008 , 2K Games confirmed that a PlayStation 3 version of the game was in development by 2K Marin , and it was released on October 17 , 2008 . On July 3 , 2008 2K Games announced partnership with Digital Extremes and said that the PlayStation 3 version is being developed by 2K Marin , 2K Boston , 2K Australia and Digital Extremes . Jordan Thomas was the director for the PlayStation 3 version . While there are no graphical improvements to the game over the original Xbox 360 version , the PlayStation 3 version offers the widescreen option called `` horizontal plus '' , introduced via a patch in the 360 version , while cutscene videos are of a much higher resolution than in the DVD version . Additional add - on content will also be released exclusively for the PlayStation 3 version . One addition is `` Survivor Mode '' , in which the enemies have been made tougher , and Vita - Chambers provide less of a health boost when used , making the player become creative in approaching foes and to rely more on the less - used plasmids in the game . BioShock also supports Trophies and PlayStation Home . A demo version was released on the PlayStation Store on October 2 , 2008 . An update for the PlayStation 3 version was released on November 13 , 2008 to fix some graphical problems and occasions where users experienced a hang and were forced to reset the console . This update also incorporated the `` Challenge Room '' and `` New Game Plus '' features . A port to OS X systems was made by Feral Interactive and released in October 2009 . In early 2008 , IG Fun secured the rights to develop and publish a mobile phone version of BioShock . This version was developed as a top - down , two - dimensional platformer that attempted to recreate most of the plot and game elements of the original title ; IG Fun worked with Irrational to determine the key story elements they wanted to keep in the game . IG Fun recognized they would not be able to include the full storyline within a single mobile title , and so planned to split the title into three `` episodes '' . Only the first episode was released . A port to iOS devices done by the 2K China studio was released on August 27 , 2014 . The iOS version is content complete and functionally equivalent to the original Xbox 360 and Windows version , featuring either the use of touch - screen virtual gamepad controls or the use of a Bluetooth - enabled controller , and with a graphics engine optimized for iOS devices . The game was later delisted from the App Store in September 2015 ; the game had become unplayable for many that upgraded to iOS 8.4 on their devices , and while a patch had been discussed , a 2K representative stated that the decision to remove the game came from the developer . 2K later clarified that they will be working on resolving the issues with the game 's compatibility with the new firmware and will re-release the title once that has been completed . However , by January 2017 , 2K officially stated that it will no longer support the title , the game will remain on the App Store , but will not receive additional updates . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) Reception Aggregate score Aggregator Score Metacritic ( X360 ) 96 / 100 ( PC ) 96 / 100 ( PS3 ) 94 / 100 Review scores Publication Score 1UP.com A+ AllGame Edge 8 / 10 EGM 10 / 10 Eurogamer 10 / 10 Game Informer 10 / 10 GameSpot 9 / 10 GameTrailers 9.5 / 10 IGN 9.7 / 10 OXM ( US ) 10 / 10 PC Gamer ( UK ) 95 % PC Zone 96 % Awards Publication Award AIAS ( 2008 ) Art Direction , ( 2008 ) Original Music Composition , ( 2008 ) Sound Design , ( 2008 ) Story Development BAFTA ( 2007 ) Best Game Game Informer ( 2007 ) Game of the Year IGN ( 2007 ) PC Game of the Year Spike TV ( 2007 ) Best Game X-Play ( 2007 ) Game of the Year BioShock has received critical acclaim . Mainstream press reviews have praised the immersive qualities of the game and its political dimension . The Boston Globe described it as `` a beautiful , brutal , and disquieting computer game ... one of the best in years '' , and compared the game to Whittaker Chambers ' 1957 riposte to Atlas Shrugged , Big Sister Is Watching You . Wired also mentioned the Ayn Rand connection ( a partial anagram of Andrew Ryan ) in a report on the game which featured a brief interview with Levine . The Chicago Sun - Times review said `` I never once thought anyone would be able to create an engaging and entertaining video game around the fiction and philosophy of Ayn Rand , but that is essentially what 2K Games has done ... the rare , mature video game that succeeds in making you think while you play '' . The Los Angeles Times review concluded , `` Sure , it 's fun to play , looks spectacular and is easy to control . But it also does something no other game has done to date : It really makes you feel . '' The New York Times reviewer described it as : `` intelligent , gorgeous , occasionally frightening '' and added , `` Anchored by its provocative , morality - based story line , sumptuous art direction and superb voice acting , BioShock can also hold its head high among the best games ever made . '' According to review aggregator Metacritic , the game received an average review score of 96 / 100 for Xbox 360 and Microsoft Windows , and 94 / 100 for PlayStation 3 . As of July 2013 , it is one of the highest - rated games on Metacritic , tied with a number of other games for the third - highest aggregate score . GameSpy praised BioShock 's `` inescapable atmosphere '' , and Official Xbox Magazine lauded its `` inconceivably great plot '' and `` stunning soundtrack and audio effects . '' The gameplay and combat system have been praised for being smooth and open - ended , and elements of the graphics , such as the water , were praised for their quality . It has been noted that the combination of the game 's elements `` straddles so many entertainment art forms so expertly that it 's the best demonstration yet how flexible this medium can be . It 's no longer just another shooter wrapped up in a pretty game engine , but a story that exists and unfolds inside the most convincing and elaborate and artistic game world ever conceived . '' Reviewers did highlight a few negative issues in BioShock , however . The recovery system involving `` Vita - Chambers '' , which revive a defeated player at half life , but do not alter the enemies ' health , makes it possible to wear down enemies through sheer perseverance , and was criticised as one of the biggest flaws in the gameplay . IGN noted that both the controls and graphics of the Xbox 360 version are inferior to those of the PC version , in that switching between weapons or plasmids is easier using the PC 's mouse than the 360 's radial menu , as well as the graphics being slightly better with higher resolutions . The game has been touted as a hybrid first - person shooter , but two reviewers found advances from comparable games lacking , both in the protagonist and in the challenges he faces . Some reviewers also found the combat behavior of the splicers lacking in diversity ( and their A.I. behavior not very well done ) , and the moral choice too much `` black and white '' to be really interesting . Some reviewers and essayists such as Jonathan Blow also found that the `` moral choice '' the game offered to the player ( saving or harvesting the little sisters ) was flawed because it had no real impact on the game , which ultimately leads the player to think that the sisters were just mechanics of no real importance . Daniel Friedman for Polygon concurred with Blow , noting that the player only loses 10 % of the possible ADAM rewards for saving the Little Sisters rather than killing them , and felt that this would have been better instituted as part of the game difficulty mechanic . Former LucasArts developer Clint Hocking wrote a noted essay that stated that BioShock exhibited `` ludonarrative dissonance '' between its story and mechanics , as while the story advocates selflessness in helping others , its gameplay encourages selfishness by preying on Little Sisters . Awards ( edit ) At E3 2006 , BioShock was given several `` Games of the Show '' awards from various online gaming sites , including GameSpot , IGN , GameSpy and GameTrailers 's Trailer of the Year . BioShock received an award for Best Xbox 360 Game at the 2007 Leipzig Games Convention . After the game 's release , the 2007 Spike TV Video Game Awards selected BioShock as Game of the Year , Best Xbox 360 Game , and Best Original Score , and nominated it for four awards : Best Shooter , Best Graphics , Best PC Game , Best Soundtrack. and the game also won the 2007 BAFTA `` Best Game '' award . X-Play also selected it as `` Game of the Year '' , `` Best Original Soundtrack '' , `` Best Writing / Story '' , and `` Best Art Direction '' . At IGN 's `` Best of 2007 '' BioShock was nominated for Game of The Year 2007 , and won the award for PC Game of the Year , Best Artistic Design , and Best Use of Sound . GameSpy chose it as the third best game of the year , and gave BioShock the awards for Best Sound , Story and Art Direction . GameSpot awarded the game for Best Story , while GamePro gave BioShock the Best Story , Xbox 360 and Best Single - Player Shooter awards . BioShock won the `` Best Visual Art '' , `` Best Writing '' , and `` Best Audio '' awards at the 2008 Game Developers Choice Awards . Guinness World Records awarded the game a record for `` Most Popular Xbox Live Demo '' in the Guinness World Records : Gamer 's Edition 2008 . BioShock is ranked first on Game Informer 's list of The Top 10 Video Game Openings . GamesRadar placed Bioshock as the 12th best game of all time . In 2011 BioShock was awarded the number 1 spot in GameTrailer 's `` Top 100 Video Game Trailers of All Time '' , for submerging the viewer into the BioShock universe and its enduring impact . In August 2012 , IGN gave it the top spot on their list of the Top 25 Modern PC Games , a ranking of the best PC games released since 2006 . In November 2012 , Time named it one of the 100 greatest video games of all time . In July 2015 , the game placed 9th on USgamer 's The 15 Best Games Since 2000 list . Sales ( edit ) The Xbox 360 version was the third best - selling game of August 2007 , with 490,900 copies . The Wall Street Journal reported that shares in Take - Two `` soared nearly 20 % '' in the week following overwhelmingly favorable early reviews of the game . Take - Two announced that by June 5 , 2008 , over 2.2 million copies of BioShock had been shipped . In a June 10 , 2008 interview , Roy Taylor , Nvidia 's VP of Content Business Development , stated that the PC version has sold over one million copies . According to Take - Two 's chairman Strauss Zelnick , the game had sold around 3 million copies by June 2009 . By March 2010 , BioShock has sold 4 million copies . Artistic recognition ( edit ) BioShock has received praise for its artistic style and compelling storytelling . In their book , Digital Culture : Understanding New Media , Glen Creeber and Royston Martin perform a case study of BioShock as a critical analysis of video games as an artistic medium . They praised the game for its visuals , sound , and ability to engage the player into the story . They viewed BioShock as a sign of the `` coming of age '' of video games as an artistic medium . John Lanchester of the London Review of Books recognized BioShock as one of the first video games to break into coverage of mainstream media to be covered as a work of art arising from its narrative aspects , whereas before video games had failed to enter into the `` cultural discourse '' , or otherwise covered due to moral controversies they created . Peter Suderman for Vox in 2016 wrote that BioShock was the first game that demonstrated that video games could be a work of art , particularly highlighting that the game plays on the theme of giving the illusion of individual control . In February 2011 the Smithsonian Institution announced it would be holding an exhibit dedicated to the art of video games . Several games were chosen initially and the public could vote for which games they felt deserved to be displayed via a poll on the exhibit 's website . BioShock was considered a front runner to be displayed because of its status as a game that demonstrated how artistic the medium can be . PC technical issues and DRM ( edit ) Overlay of widescreen and 4 : 3 screenshots demonstrating FOV differences ( tinted areas seen in 4 : 3 only ) . The initial Windows release was criticized by players for several perceived shortcomings . The game was shipped with SecuROM copy protection that required activation from 2K Games ' servers over the Internet ; the unavailability of these servers was reported as the reason for the cancellation of the game 's midnight release in Australia . Players found that the SecuROM limited the number of times the game could be activated to two ; user feedback led to 2K Games to increase the activation count to five , and later offer a tool that allowed users to revoke previous activations on their own . Ultimately 2K Games removed the activation limit , though retail versions of the game still required the activation process . Levine admitted that their initial approach to the activation process was malformed , harming their reputation during the launch period . The SecuROM software also caused some virus scanners and malware detector to believe the software was malicious . 2K Games assured players that the software installation process did not install any malicious code or rootkit However , players observed that some of the SecuROM software was not fully removed on uninstallation of the game . Some of the graphic capabilities of BioShock were also criticised by players . The initial release of the game was found to use a field of view ( FOV ) in widescreen that presented a smaller view compared to the game running at a 4 : 3 screen resolution , conflicting with original reports from a developer on how widescreen would have been handled . Though the choice of FOV was a design decision made during development , Irrational included an option for `` Horizontal FOV Lock '' in the December 2007 patch that allows widescreen users a wider field of view , without cutting anything off the image vertically . BioShock was also criticized for not supporting pixel shader 2.0 b video cards ( such as the Radeon X800 / X850 ) , which were considered high - end graphics cards in 2004 -- 2005 , and accounted for about 24 % of surveyed hardware collected through Valve 's Steam platform at the time of BioShock 's release . On July 8 , 2014 , 2K Games released a DRM - free version of BioShock on the Humble 2K Bundle , and then re-released on the Humble Store . Related Media ( edit ) Sequels ( edit ) Main articles : BioShock 2 and BioShock Infinite In response to the game 's high sales and critical acclaim , Take - Two chairman Strauss Zelnick revealed in a conference call to analysts that the company now considered the game as part of a franchise . He also speculated on any follow - ups mimicking the development cycle of Grand Theft Auto , with a new release expected every two to three years . 2K 's president Christoph Hartmann stated that BioShock could have five sequels , comparing the franchise to the Star Wars movies . BioShock 2 was announced in 2008 , with its development being led by 2K Marin . Levine stated that Irrational ( then 2K Boston ) was not involved in the game 's sequel because they wanted to `` swing for the fences '' and try to come up with something `` very , very different '' , which was later revealed as BioShock Infinite . BioShock 3 was also announced , with its release assumed to likely coincide with the BioShock film . BioShock 2 takes place about ten years following the events of the first game . The player assumes the role of Subject Delta , a precursor of the Big Daddies who must search the fallen city of Rapture for his former Little Sister , Eleanor . BioShock 2 was released for Windows PC , Mac , Xbox 360 , and the PlayStation 3 worldwide on February 9 , 2010 . While BioShock Infinite , developed by Irrational Games and released in 2013 , shares the name and many similar gameplay concepts with BioShock , the title is not a sequel or prequel in story , instead taking place aboard the collapsing air - city of Columbia in the year 1912 , and following former Pinkerton agent Booker DeWitt as he tries to rescue a woman named Elizabeth from the dystopia it has become . Infinite involves the possibilities of multiple universes , and one scene during the game take place at the lighthouse and bathysphere terminus of Rapture as part of this exploration , though any direct canonical connection is not given in the main game . The episodic expansion , Burial at Sea , takes place in Rapture in 1959 , prior to the war between Atlas and Ryan , while continuing the story of Booker and Elizabeth . This content links the two stories while providing expansion on the causes and behind - the - scenes events alluded to by the in - game background from BioShock . After completing BioShock Infinite and its expansion , Levine announced that he was restructuring Irrational Games to focus on smaller , narrative - driven titles . 2K Games continues to hold on to the BioShock intellectual property and plans to continue to develop games in this series , considering the framework set by Levine and his team as a `` rich creative canvas '' for more stories . Limited Edition ( edit ) Following the creation of a fan petition for a special edition , Take - Two stated that they would publish a special edition of BioShock only if the petition received 5,000 signatures ; this number of signatures was reached after just five hours . Subsequently , a poll was posted on the 2K Games operated Cult of Rapture community website in which visitors could vote on what features they would most like to see in a special edition ; the company stated that developers would take this poll into serious consideration . To determine what artwork would be used for the Limited Edition cover , 2K Games ran a contest , with the winning entry provided by Crystal Clear Art 's owner and graphic designer Adam Meyer . On April 23 , 2007 , the Cult of Rapture website confirmed that the Limited Collector 's Edition would include a 6 - inch ( 150 mm ) Big Daddy figurine ( many of which were damaged due to a dropped shipping container ; a replacement initiative is in place ) , a `` Making Of '' DVD , and a soundtrack CD . Before the special edition was released , the proposed soundtrack CD was replaced with The Rapture EP . Remastered Edition ( edit ) Main article : BioShock : The Collection BioShock was remastered to support 1080p and higher framerates as part of the 2016 BioShock : The Collection release for Windows , PlayStation 4 , and Xbox One systems . The remastering was performed by Blind Squirrel Games and published by 2K Games . A standalone version of BioShock Remastered was released for macOS by Feral Interactive on August 22 , 2017 . Printed Media ( edit ) BioShock : Breaking the Mold , a book containing artwork from the game , was released by 2K Games on August 13 , 2007 . It is available in both low and high resolution , in PDF format from 2K Games 's official website . Until October 1 , 2007 , 2K Games was sending a printed version of the book to the owners of the collector 's edition whose Big Daddy figurines had been broken , as compensation for the time it took to replace them . On October 31 , 2008 , the winners of `` Breaking the Mold : Developers Edition Artbook Cover Contest '' were announced on cultofrapture.com . A prequel novel , titled BioShock : Rapture written by John Shirley , was published July 19 , 2011 . The prequel book details the construction of Rapture and the events leading to its demise . The book follows multiple BioShock characters . Cancelled film ( edit ) Industry rumors after the game 's release suggested a film adaptation of the game would be made , utilizing similar green screen filming techniques as in the movie 300 to recreate the environments of Rapture . On May 9 , 2008 , Take Two announced a deal with Universal Studios to produce a BioShock movie , to be directed by Gore Verbinski and written by John Logan . The film was expected to be released in 2010 , but was put on hold due to budget concerns . On August 24 , 2009 it was revealed that Verbinski had dropped out of the project due to the studio 's decision to film overseas to keep the budget under control . Verbinski reportedly feels this would have hindered his work on Rango . Then Juan Carlos Fresnadillo was in talks to direct with Verbinski as producer . In January 2010 the project was in pre-production stage , with director Juan Carlos Fresnadillo and Braden Lynch , a voice artist from BioShock 2 both working on the film . By July the film was facing budget issues but producer Gore Verbinski said they were working it out . He also said the film would be a hard R. Ken Levine , during an interview on August 30 , 2010 , said : `` I will say that it is still an active thing and it 's something we are actively talking about and actively working on . '' Verbinski later cited that by trying to maintain the `` R '' rating , they were unable to find any studios that would back the effort , putting the film 's future in jeopardy . Levine confirmed in March 2013 that the film has been officially cancelled . Levine stated that after Warner 's Watchmen film in 2009 did not do as well as the studio expected , they had concerns with the $200 million budget that Verbinski had for the BioShock film . They asked him to consider doing the film on a smaller $80 million budget , but Verbinski did not want to accept this . In February 2017 , Verbinski said that his crew were about eight weeks from starting filming , with plans for many elaborate sets given that the setting of Rapture could not be something easily shot on existing locations , requiring the $200 million budget . Verbinski was anticipating on releasing the film with an R - rating , when Universal approached him about changing the film 's direction . Universal requested that he tone down the film and aim instead for a PG - 13 movie , which would be able to draw more audiences to the film and recoup the larger budget he asked for . Verbinski insisted on keeping the R - rating , and refused the smaller budget Universal offered to make the R - rated version . Universal felt that that expensive a film with the limited R - rating would be too much of a risk , and pulled him from the film . Universal then subsequently brought in a new director to work with the smaller budget , but Levine and 2K Games did not feel that the new director was a good fit with the material . Universal then let Levine make the decision to end the project , which he did believing that the film would not work with the current set of compromises they would have had to make . In January 2014 , artwork from the canceled film surfaced online , showing what an adaptation could have looked like . Verbinski said that there is `` all kinds of crazy stuff '' from the pre-production stage that still exists such as screen tests for characters . He noted in the 2017 Reddit piece that with the success of the 2016 film Deadpool , he believes that there is now justification for his vision of the BioShock film . References ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ The PlayStation 3 port was developed by 2K Boston , 2K Australia , 2K Marin and Digital Extremes ; the Mac OS X was developed by Feral Interactive ; and the iOS port was developed by 2K China . Footnotes Jump up ^ Kozanecki , James ( November 11 , 2007 ) . `` AU Shippin ' Out August 20 -- 24 : BioShock , GRAW 2 '' . GameSpot . Archived from the original on March 6 , 2017 . Retrieved March 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` BioShock Demo Now Available on Xbox LIVE '' . IGN . August 13 , 2007 . Archived from the original on July 13 , 2011 . Retrieved October 15 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2K Games Injects PlayStation 3 System Owners with Genetically Enhanced Version of BioShock '' ( Press release ) . Take 2 Interactive . May 28 , 2008 . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2010 . Retrieved August 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 13 Scariest Games of this Generation '' . IGN . October 29 , 2008 . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Return Of Irrational Games '' . Game Informer . January 8 , 2010 . Archived from the original on January 11 , 2010 . Retrieved January 20 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mobile Gamers : Welcome to Rapture -- IG FUN TO BRING THE AWARD WINNING `` BIOSHOCK '' TO MOBILE '' ( Press release ) . IG Fun . February 11 , 2008 . Archived from the original on April 3 , 2012 . Retrieved September 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Kuo , Li C. ( May 10 , 2006 ) . `` GameSpy : BioShock Preview '' . Gamespy . Archived from the original on October 30 , 2007 . Retrieved November 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` IGN BioShock Interview '' . IGN . October 4 , 2004 . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2009 . Retrieved October 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Sliwinski , Alex ( Oct 24 , 2007 ) . `` Bioshock wins BAFTA game of the year '' . Joystiq . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2014 . Retrieved June 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Bioshock is Game Informers Game of the Year '' . Gamespot . Retrieved June 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Video Game Awards '' . videogamesblogger.com . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2014 . Retrieved June 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` X Play awards Bioshock with Game of the Year '' . Kotaku . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2014 . Retrieved June 18 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Martin , Joe ( August 21 , 2007 ) . `` BioShock Gameplay Review ( page 2 ) '' . Bit - tech . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2007 . Retrieved November 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Xbox Preview : BioShock '' . CVG . May 3 , 2006 . Archived from the original on January 16 , 2008 . Retrieved February 5 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : John , Lanchester ( January 1 , 2009 ) . `` Is It Art ? '' . London Review of Books . Nicholas Spice. 31 ( 1 ) : 18 -- 20 . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2016 . 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Sure , there are splicers that run around maniacally , crawl on the ceiling or teleport , but there is little to differentiate them aside from their theatrics ( ... ) The game also presents a `` moral '' choice that feels promising early in the game , but ultimately falls into the cliché traps of black and white extremes Jump up ^ `` MIGS 2007 : Jonathan Blow On The ' WoW Drug ' , Meaningful Games '' . gamasutra.com . November 28 , 2007 . Archived from the original on December 21 , 2008 . Retrieved December 21 , 2008 . `` '' Blow turned to BioShock as his example of flawed architecture ( ... ) The very idea of this save or kill dilemma is an architected idea imposed from the top , '' he explained ( ... ) The game rules determine the actual meaning of life in the game , and it says whatever you do to the Little Sisters does n't matter , no matter how much the game tries to convince you that it does `` . 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Retrieved November 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The BioShock Cover Art Contest Winners '' . Cult of Rapture . May 28 , 2007 . Archived from the original on August 15 , 2011 . Retrieved October 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Tobey , Elizabeth ( April 23 , 2007 ) . `` The Latest News on the BioShock LE '' . Cult of Rapture . Archived from the original on February 28 , 2012 . Retrieved November 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Plunkett , Luke ( August 17 , 2007 ) . `` A BioShock ... EP ? With `` Period '' Remixes ? `` . Kotaku . Archived from the original on November 12 , 2007 . Retrieved September 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Broussard , Mitchel . `` ' BioShock Remastered ' Launches for macOS Computers on Steam , Mac App Store Coming Soon '' . MacRumors . Retrieved 19 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Kuchera , Ben ( July 14 , 2007 ) . `` High - resolution Bioshock art book available for free download '' . Ars Technica . Archived from the original on August 14 , 2007 . Retrieved August 21 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` BioShock : Breaking the Mold '' . 2K Games . July 13 , 2007 . Archived from the original on March 24 , 2012 . Retrieved August 21 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Big Daddy Figurine Issue '' . 2K Games . August 20 , 2007 . Archived from the original on February 28 , 2012 . Retrieved August 23 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Winners of the `` Breaking the Mold : Developers Edition Artbook Cover Contest '' `` . 2K Games . October 31 , 2008 . Archived from the original on February 28 , 2012 . Retrieved October 31 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Martin , Joe ( July 30 , 2011 ) . `` BioShock : Rapture Book Review '' . Bit - Tech . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2011 . Retrieved September 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Keitzmann , Ludwig ( January 8 , 2008 ) . `` Rumor : BioShock movie murmurs in Hollywood '' . Joystiq . Archived from the original on January 9 , 2008 . Retrieved January 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Flemming , Michael ; Fritz , Ben ( May 9 , 2008 ) . `` Gore Verbinski to direct ' Bioshock ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on May 9 , 2008 . Retrieved May 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Michael ( April 24 , 2009 ) . `` Universal halts Verbinski 's ' Bioshock ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on April 29 , 2009 . Retrieved April 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Flemming , Michael ( August 23 , 2009 ) . `` Universal picks ' Bioshock ' helmer '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 27 , 2009 . Retrieved August 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Bioshock film status '' . January 1 , 2010 . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Purchese , Robert ( July 1 , 2010 ) . `` BioShock film bill `` extraordinarily high '' `` . Eurogamer . Archived from the original on July 4 , 2010 . Retrieved July 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Chad Dukes Interviews Ken Levine '' . August 30 , 2010 . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schrier , Jason ( February 15 , 2011 ) . `` ' R ' Rating Killed the BioShock Movie '' . Wired . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2011 . Retrieved February 15 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Robinson , Martin ( March 12 , 2013 ) . `` Ken Levine personally killed off the BioShock film -- here 's why '' . Eurogamer . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2013 . Retrieved March 12 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Skrebels , Joe ( February 27 , 2017 ) . `` Bioshock Movie Was `` Literally 8 Weeks '' From Shooting `` . IGN . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2017 . Retrieved February 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Alexander , Julia ( February 16 , 2017 ) . `` BioShock film could have been made today , director says '' . Polygon . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2017 . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Return To Rapture With This Concept Art For The Cancelled BioShock Film '' . January 14 , 2014 . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2016 . Retrieved July 19 , 2016 . Further reading ( edit ) BioShock : Rapture , by John Shirley ( 2011 ) ISBN 0 - 7653 - 2484 - 9 External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : BioShock Official website The Cult of Rapture BioShock at MobyGames BioShock at DMOZ BioShock on IMDb Awards and achievements Previous : Tom Clancy 's Ghost Recon Advanced Warfighter BAVGA Award for Best Game 2007 Succeeded by Super Mario Galaxy Preceded by The Elder Scrolls IV : Oblivion Spike TV Video Game Awards Game of the Year 2007 Succeeded by Grand Theft Auto IV 2000s portal Biology portal Politics portal Sociology portal Speculative fiction portal Video Games portal BioShock Irrational Games Ken Levine 2K Australia 2K Marin Video games BioShock BioShock 2 Minerva 's Den BioShock Infinite Burial at Sea Characters Andrew Ryan Big Daddy Elizabeth Related articles Music Rapture Development of BioShock Infinite Accolades System Shock 2 PlayStation All - Stars Battle Royale BioShock : The Collection Book : BioShock Category : BioShock Irrational Games Ken Levine 2K Australia 2K Marin Ghost Story Games BioShock series BioShock ( 2007 ) BioShock Infinite ( 2013 ) Freedom Force series Freedom Force ( 2002 ) Freedom Force vs the 3rd Reich ( 2005 ) Other games System Shock 2 ( co-developed ) ( 1999 ) Tribes : Vengeance ( 2004 ) SWAT 4 ( 2005 ) The Lost ( cancelled ) Video games developed by Digital Extremes Developed Solar Winds Silverball Epic Pinball Extreme Pinball Unreal Unreal Tournament Championship 2003 Adventure Pinball : Forgotten Island Pariah Warpath Dark Sector BioShock 2 ( multiplayer ) The Darkness II Warframe Star Trek Sword Coast Legends The Amazing Eternals Ported BioShock ( PS3 ) Homefront ( PC ) BAFTA Games Award for Best Game Call of Duty ( 2003 ) Half - Life 2 ( 2004 ) Tom Clancy 's Ghost Recon Advanced Warfighter ( 2006 ) BioShock ( 2007 ) Super Mario Galaxy ( 2008 ) Batman : Arkham Asylum ( 2009 ) Mass Effect 2 ( 2010 ) Portal 2 ( 2011 ) Dishonored ( 2012 ) The Last of Us ( 2013 ) Destiny ( 2014 ) Fallout 4 ( 2015 ) Uncharted 4 : A Thief 's End ( 2016 ) GND : 7642472 - 8 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=BioShock&oldid=802535083 '' Categories : 2007 video games Alternate history video games BioShock games Criticism of capitalism Dystopian video games Feral Interactive games First - person shooters Games for Windows certified games Human experimentation in fiction Interactive Achievement Award winners IOS games Irrational Games Mind control in fiction Objectivism ( Ayn Rand ) MacOS games PlayStation 3 games Propaganda in fiction Science fiction video games Single - player video games Take - Two Interactive games Unreal Engine games Video games developed in Australia Video games developed in Canada Video games developed in the United States Video games set in 1960 Video games using Havok Video games with alternate endings Windows games Xbox 360 games Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2016 Articles with dead external links from July 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use mdy dates from March 2016 Articles using Infobox video game using locally defined parameters Articles using Wikidata infoboxes with locally defined images Articles using Video game reviews template in single platform mode Articles containing potentially dated statements from July 2013 All articles containing potentially dated statements Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Articles with DMOZ links Featured articles Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Afrikaans Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Latina Lietuvių Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 September 2017 , at 19 : 42 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who do you play as in bioshock 1 | [
"BioShock is set in 1960. The player guides the protagonist, Jack, after his airplane crashes in the ocean near the bathysphere terminus that leads to the underwater city of Rapture. Built by the business magnate Andrew Ryan, the city was intended to be an isolated utopia, but the discovery of ADAM, a genetic material which can be used to grant superhuman powers, initiated the city's turbulent decline. Jack tries to find a way to escape, fighting through hordes of ADAM-obsessed enemies, and the iconic, deadly Big Daddies, while engaging with the few sane humans that remain and eventually learning of Rapture's past. The player, as Jack, is able to defeat foes in a number of ways by using weapons, utilizing plasmids that give unique powers, and by turning Rapture's own defenses against them. BioShock includes elements of role-playing games, giving the player different approaches in engaging enemies such as by stealth, as well as moral choices of saving or killing characters; additionally, the game and biopunk theme borrow concepts from the survival horror genre."
] | [
"Jack"
] |
8156928934114221044 | Geography of India | Geography of India - Wikipedia Geography of India Geography of India Continent Asia Region South Asia Indian subcontinent 21 ° N 78 ° E / 21 ° N 78 ° E / 21 ; 78 Area Ranked 7th Total 3,287,263 km ( 1,269,219 sq mi ) Land 91 % Water 9 % Coastline 7,516.6 km ( 4,670.6 mi ) Borders Total land borders : 15,106.70 km ( 9,386.87 mi ) Bangladesh : 4,096.70 km ( 2,545.57 mi ) China ( PRC ) : 3,488 km ( 2,167 mi ) Pakistan : 3,323 km ( 2,065 mi ) Nepal : 1,751 km ( 1,088 mi ) Myanmar : 1,643 km ( 1,021 mi ) Bhutan : 699 km ( 434 mi ) Afghanistan : 106 km ( 66 mi ) Highest point Kangchenjunga 8,586 m ( 28,169 ft ) Lowest point Kuttanad − 2.2 m ( − 7.2 ft ) Longest river Ganga ( or Ganges ) 2,525 km ( 8,284,121 ft ) Largest lake Wular Lake 30 to 260 km2 ( 12 to 100 sq mi ) India lies on the Indian Plate , the northern portion of the Indo - Australian Plate , whose continental crust forms the Indian subcontinent . The country is situated north of the equator between 8 ° 4 ' to 37 ° 6 ' north latitude and 68 ° 7 ' to 97 ° 25 ' east longitude . It is the seventh - largest country in the world , with a total area of 3,287,263 square kilometres ( 1,269,219 sq mi ) . India measures 3,214 km ( 1,997 mi ) from north to south and 2,933 km ( 1,822 mi ) from east to west . It has a land frontier of 15,106.7 km ( 9,387 mi ) and a coastline of 7,516.6 km ( 4,671 mi ) . On the south , India projects into and is bounded by the Indian Ocean -- - in particular , by the Arabian Sea on the west , the Lakshadweep Sea to the southwest , the Bay of Bengal on the east , and the Indian Ocean proper to the South . The Palk Strait and Gulf of Mannar separate India from Sri Lanka to its immediate southeast , and the Maldives are some 125 kilometres ( 78 mi ) to the south of India 's Lakshadweep Islands across the Eight Degree Channel . India 's Andaman and Nicobar Islands , some 1,200 kilometres ( 750 mi ) southeast of the mainland , share maritime borders with Myanmar , Thailand and Indonesia . Kanyakumari at 8 ° 4 ′ 41 '' N and 77 ° 55 ′ 230 '' E is the southernmost tip of the Indian mainland , while the southernmost point in India is Indira Point on Great Nicobar Island . Northernmost point which is under Indian administration is Indira Col , Siachen Glacier . India 's territorial waters extend into the sea to a distance of 12 nautical miles ( 13.8 mi ; 22.2 km ) from the coast baseline . The northern frontiers of India are defined largely by the Himalayan mountain range , where the country borders China , Bhutan , and Nepal . Its western border with Pakistan lies in the Karakoram range , Punjab Plains , the Thar Desert and the Rann of Kutch salt marshes . In the far northeast , the Chin Hills and Kachin Hills , deeply forested mountainous regions , separate India from Burma . On the east , its border with Bangladesh is largely defined by the Khasi Hills and Mizo Hills , and the watershed region of the Indo - Gangetic Plain . The Ganga is the longest river originating in India . The Ganga -- Brahmaputra system occupies most of northern , central , and eastern India , while the Deccan Plateau occupies most of southern India . Kanchanjhunga , in the Indian state of Sikkim , is the highest point in India at 8,586 m ( 28,169 ft ) and the world 's 3rd highest peak . Climate across India ranges from equatorial in the far south , to alpine and tundra in the upper reaches of the Himalayas . Contents ( hide ) 1 Geological development 2 Political geography 3 Physiographic regions 3.1 The Northern Mountains 3.2 The Peninsular Plateau 3.3 Indo - Gangetic plain 3.4 Thar Desert 3.5 Coasts 4 Islands 5 Bodies of water 6 Wetlands 7 Climate 8 Geology 9 Natural resources 10 Antipodes 11 See also 12 References 13 Cited sources 14 Further reading Geological development ( edit ) The Indian Plate Main article : Geology of India India is situated entirely on the Indian Plate , a major tectonic plate that was formed when it split off from the ancient continent Gondwanaland ( ancient landmass , consisting of the southern part of the supercontinent of Pangea ) . The Indo - Australian plate is subdivided into the Indian and Australian plates . About 90 million years ago , during the late Cretaceous Period , the Indian Plate began moving north at about 15 cm / year ( 6 in / yr ) . About 50 to 55 million years ago , in the Eocene Epoch of the Cenozoic Era , the plate collided with Asia after covering a distance of 2,000 to 3,000 km ( 1,243 to 1,864 mi ) , having moved faster than any other known plate . In 2007 , German geologists determined that the Indian Plate was able to move so quickly because it is only half as thick as the other plates which formerly constituted Gondwanaland . The collision with the Eurasian Plate along the modern border between India and Nepal formed the orogenic belt that created the Tibetan Plateau and the Himalayas . As of 2009 , the Indian Plate is moving northeast at 5 cm / yr ( 2 in / yr ) , while the Eurasian Plate is moving north at only 2 cm / yr ( 0.8 in / yr ) . India is thus referred to as the `` fastest continent '' . This is causing the Eurasian Plate to deform , and the Indian Plate to compress at a rate of 4 cm / yr ( 1.6 in / yr ) . Political Geography ( edit ) Main article : States and territories of India India is divided into 29 states ( further subdivided into districts ) and 6 union territories and 1 National capital territory ( I.e. , Delhi ) . Indian Kashmir , LoC and LAC India 's borders run a total length of 15,106.70 km ( 9,386.87 mi ) . Its borders with Pakistan and Bangladesh were delineated according to the Radcliffe Line , which was created in 1947 during Partition of India . Its western border with Pakistan extends up to 3,323 km ( 2,065 mi ) , dividing the Punjab region and running along the boundaries of the Thar Desert and the Rann of Kutch . This border runs along the Indian states of Jammu & Kashmir , Rajasthan , Gujarat , and Punjab . Both nations delineated a Line of Control ( LoC ) to serve as the informal boundary between the Indian and Pakistan - administered areas of Kashmir . According to India 's claim , it also shares a 106 km ( 66 mi ) border with Afghanistan in northwestern Kashmir , which is under Pakistani control . India 's border with Bangladesh runs 4,096.70 km ( 2,545.57 mi ) . West Bengal , Assam , Meghalaya , Tripura and Mizoram are the States which share the border with Bangladesh . Before 2015 , there were 92 enclaves of Bangladesh on Indian soil and 106 enclaves of India were on Bangladeshi soil . These enclaves were eventually exchanged in order to simplify the border . After the exchange , India lost roughly 40 km2 ( 10,000 acres ) to Bangladesh . The Line of Actual Control ( LAC ) is the effective border between India and the People 's Republic of China . It traverses 4,057 km along the Indian states of Jammu and Kashmir , Uttarakhand , Himachal Pradesh , Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh . The border with Burma ( Myanmar ) extends up to 1,643 km ( 1,021 mi ) along the southern borders of India 's northeastern states viz . Arunachal Pradesh , Nagaland , Manipur and Mizoram . Located amidst the Himalayan range , India 's border with Bhutan runs 699 km ( 434 mi ) . Sikkim , West Bengal , Assam and Arunachal Pradesh are the States , which share the border with Bhutan . The border with Nepal runs 1,751 km ( 1,088 mi ) along the foothills of the Himalayas in northern India . Uttarakhand , Uttar Pradesh , Bihar , West Bengal and Sikkim are the States , which share the border with Nepal . The Siliguri Corridor , narrowed sharply by the borders of Bhutan , Nepal and Bangladesh , connects peninsular India with the northeastern states . Physiographic regions ( edit ) Topography map India can be divided into six physiographic regions . They are : Northern Mountains Peninsular Plateau Indo - Gangetic Plain Thar Desert Coastal Plains Islands The northern mountains ( edit ) Snow leopard at Hemis National Park , Jammu and Kashmir A great arc of mountains , consisting of the Himalayas of Nepal , Hindu Kush , and Patkai ranges define the northern Indian subcontinent . These were formed by the ongoing tectonic plates collision of the Indian and Eurasian plates . The mountains in these ranges include some of the world 's tallest mountains which act as a natural barrier to cold polar winds . They also facilitate the monsoon winds which in turn influence the climate in India . Rivers originating in these mountains flow through the fertile Indo -- Gangetic plains . These mountains are recognised by biogeographers as the boundary between two of the Earth 's great ecozones : the temperate Palearctic that covers most of Eurasia and the tropical and subtropical Indomalaya ecozone which includes the Indian subcontinent , Southeast Asia and Indonesia . The Himalayan range is the world 's highest mountain range , with its tallest peak Mt . Everest ( 8,848 metres ( 29,029 ft ) ) on the Nepal -- China border . They form India 's northeastern border , separating it from northeastern Asia . They are one of the world 's youngest mountain ranges and extend almost uninterrupted for 2,500 km ( 1,600 mi ) , covering an area of 500,000 km ( 190,000 sq mi ) . The Himalayas extend from Jammu and Kashmir in the north to Arunachal Pradesh in the east . These states along with Himachal Pradesh , Uttarakhand , and Sikkim lie mostly in the Himalayan region . Numerous Himalayan peaks rise over 7,000 m ( 23,000 ft ) and the snow line ranges between 6,000 m ( 20,000 ft ) in Sikkim to around 3,000 m ( 9,800 ft ) in Kashmir . Kanchenjunga -- on the Sikkim -- Nepal border -- is the highest point in the area administered by India . Most peaks in the Himalayas remain snowbound throughout the year . The Himalayas act as a barrier to the frigid katabatic winds flowing down from Central Asia . Thus , North India is kept warm or only mildly cooled during winter ; in summer , the same phenomenon makes India relatively hot . Mt . Kanchenjunga from Sikkim The Karakoram is situated in the disputed state of Jammu and Kashmir . It has more than sixty peaks above 7,000 m ( 23,000 ft ) , including K2 , the second highest peak in the world 8,611 m ( 28,251 ft ) . K2 is just 237 m ( 778 ft ) smaller than the 8,848 m ( 29,029 ft ) Mount Everest . The range is about 500 km ( 310 mi ) in length and the most heavily glaciated part of the world outside of the polar regions . The Siachen Glacier at 76 km ( 47 mi ) and the Biafo Glacier at 67 km ( 42 mi ) rank as the world 's second and third - longest glaciers outside the polar regions . Just to the west of the northwest end of the Karakoram , lies the Hindu Raj range , beyond which is the Hindu Kush range . The southern boundary of the Karakoram is formed by the Gilgit , Indus and Shyok rivers , which separate the range from the northwestern end of the Himalayas . The Patkai , or Purvanchal , are situated near India 's eastern border with Burma . They were created by the same tectonic processes which led to the formation of the Himalayas . The physical features of the Patkai mountains are conical peaks , steep slopes and deep valleys . The Patkai ranges are not as rugged or tall as the Himalayas . There are three hill ranges that come under the Patkai : the Patkai -- Bum , the Garo -- Khasi -- Jaintia and the Lushai hills . The Garo -- Khasi range lies in Meghalaya . Mawsynram , a village near Cherrapunji lying on the windward side of these hills , has the distinction of being the wettest place in the world , receiving the highest annual rainfall . The Vindhyas in central India The peninsular plateau ( edit ) The Vindhya range runs across most of central India , extending 1,050 km ( 650 mi ) . The average elevation of these hills is from 300 to 600 m ( 980 to 1,970 ft ) and rarely goes above 700 metres ( 2,300 ft ) . They are believed to have been formed by the wastes created by the weathering of the ancient Aravali mountains . Geographically , it separates Northern India from Southern India . The western end of the range lies in eastern Gujarat , near its border with Madhya Pradesh , and runs east and north , almost meeting the Ganges at Mirzapur Dry deciduous and thorny forests of plateau regions in India The Malwa Plateau is spread across Rajasthan , Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat . The average elevation of the Malwa plateau is 500 metres , and the landscape generally slopes towards the north . Most of the region is drained by the Chambal River and its tributaries ; the western part is drained by the upper reaches of the Mahi River . Kutch Kathiawar plateau Kutch Kathiawar plateau is located in Gujarat state . The Deccan Plateau is a large triangular plateau , bounded by the Vindhyas to the north and flanked by the Eastern and Western Ghats . The Deccan covers a total area of 1.9 million km2 ( 735,000 mile2 ) . It is mostly flat , with elevations ranging from 300 to 600 m ( 980 to 1,970 ft ) . The average elevation of the plateau is 2,000 feet ( 610 m ) above sea level . The surface slopes from 3,000 feet ( 910 m ) in the west to 1,500 feet ( 460 m ) in the east . It slopes gently from west to east and gives rise to several peninsular rivers such as the Godavari , the Krishna , the Kaveri and the Mahanadi which drain into the Bay of Bengal . This region is mostly semi-arid as it lies on the leeward side of both Ghats . Much of the Deccan is covered by thorn scrub forest scattered with small regions of deciduous broadleaf forest . Climate in the Deccan ranges from hot summers to mild winters . The Chota Nagpur Plateau is situated in eastern India , covering much of Jharkhand and adjacent parts of Odisha , Bihar and Chhattisgarh . Its total area is approximately 65,000 km ( 25,000 sq mi ) and is made up of three smaller plateaus -- the Ranchi , Hazaribagh , and Kodarma plateaus . The Ranchi plateau is the largest , with an average elevation of 700 m ( 2,300 ft ) . Much of the plateau is forested , covered by the Chota Nagpur dry deciduous forests . Vast reserves of metal ores and coal have been found in the Chota Nagpur plateau . The Kathiawar peninsula in western Gujarat is bounded by the Gulf of Kutch and the Gulf of Khambat . The natural vegetation in most of the peninsula is xeric scrub , part of the Northwestern thorn scrub forests ecoregion . The Satpura Range begins in eastern Gujarat near the Arabian Sea coast and runs east across Maharashtra , Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh . It extends 900 km ( 560 mi ) with many peaks rising above 1,000 m ( 3,300 ft ) . It is triangular in shape , with its apex at Ratnapuri and the two sides being parallel to the Tapti and Narmada rivers . It runs parallel to the Vindhya Range , which lies to the north , and these two east - west ranges divide the Indo -- Gangetic plain from the Deccan Plateau located north of River Narmada . The Aravali Range is the oldest mountain range in India , running across Rajasthan from northeast to southwest direction , extending approximately 800 km ( 500 mi ) . The northern end of the range continues as isolated hills and rocky ridges into Haryana , ending near Delhi . The highest peak in this range is Guru Shikhar at Mount Abu , rising to 1,722 m ( 5,650 ft ) , lying near the border with Gujarat . The Aravali Range is the eroded stub of an ancient fold mountain system . The range rose in a Precambrian event called the Aravali -- Delhi orogen . The range joins two of the ancient segments that make up the Indian craton , the Marwar segment to the northwest of the range , and the Bundelkhand segment to the southeast . The Western Ghats or Sahyadri mountains run along the western edge of India 's Deccan Plateau and separate it from a narrow coastal plain along the Arabian Sea . The range runs approximately 1,600 km ( 990 mi ) from south of the Tapti River near the Gujarat -- Maharashtra border and across Maharashtra , Goa , Karnataka , Kerala and Tamil Nadu to the southern tip of the Deccan peninsula . The average elevation is around 1,000 m ( 3,300 ft ) . Anai Mudi in the Anaimalai Hills 2,695 m ( 8,842 ft ) in Kerala is the highest peak in the Western Ghats . Western Ghats near Matheran Kolli Hills of the Eastern Ghats , Tamil Nadu The Eastern Ghats are a discontinuous range of mountains , which have been eroded and quadrisected by the four major rivers of southern India , the Godavari , Mahanadi , Krishna , and Kaveri . These mountains extend from West Bengal to Odisha , Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu , along the coast and parallel to the Bay of Bengal . Though not as tall as the Western Ghats , some of its peaks are over 1,000 m ( 3,300 ft ) in height . The Nilgiri hills in Tamil Nadu lies at the junction of the Eastern and Western Ghats . Arma Konda ( 1,680 m ( 5,510 ft ) ) in Andhra Pradesh is the tallest peak in Eastern Ghats . Dry Evergreen Forests along the Eastern Ghats , Andhra Pradesh Indo - Gangetic Plain ( edit ) Extent of the Indo - Gangetic plain across South Asia Many areas remain flooded during the heavy rains brought by monsoon in the Indian state of West Bengal . Main article : Indo - Gangetic plain The Indo - Gangetic plains , also known as the Great Plains are large alluvial plains dominated by three main rivers , the Indus , Ganges , and Brahmaputra . They run parallel to the Himalayas , from Jammu and Kashmir in the west to Assam in the east , and drain most of northern and eastern India . The plains encompass an area of 700,000 km ( 270,000 sq mi ) . The major rivers in this region are the Ganges , Indus , and Brahmaputra along with their main tributaries -- Yamuna , Chambal , Gomti , Ghaghara , Kosi , Sutlej , Ravi , Beas , Chenab , and Tista -- as well as the rivers of the Ganges Delta , such as the Meghna . The great plains are sometimes classified into four divisions : The Bhabar belt is adjacent to the foothills of the Himalayas and consists of boulders and pebbles which have been carried down by streams . As the porosity of this belt is very high , the streams flow underground . The Bhabar is generally narrow with its width varying between 6 to 15 km ( 3.7 to 9.3 mi ) . The Tarai belt lies south of the adjacent Bhabar region and is composed of newer alluvium . The underground streams reappear in this region . The region is excessively moist and thickly forested . It also receives heavy rainfall throughout the year and is populated with a variety of wildlife . The Bangar belt consists of older alluvium and forms the alluvial terrace of the flood plains . In the Gangetic plains , it has a low upland covered by laterite deposits . The Khadar belt lies in lowland areas after the Bangar belt . It is made up of fresh newer alluvium which is deposited by the rivers flowing down the plain . The Indo - Gangetic belt is the world 's most extensive expanse of uninterrupted alluvium formed by the deposition of silt by the numerous rivers . The plains are flat making it conducive for irrigation through canals . The area is also rich in ground water sources. The plains are one of the world 's most intensely farmed areas . The main crops grown are rice and wheat , which are grown in rotation . Other important crops grown in the region include maize , sugarcane and cotton . The Indo - Gangetic plains rank among the world 's most densely populated areas . Thar Desert ( edit ) Thar desert , Rajasthan Main article : Thar Desert The Thar Desert ( also known as the deserts ) is by some calculations the world 's seventh largest desert , by some others the tenth . It forms a significant portion of western India and covers an area of 200,000 to 238,700 km ( 77,200 to 92,200 sq mi ) . The desert continues into Pakistan as the Cholistan Desert . Most of the Thar Desert is situated in Rajasthan , covering 61 % of its geographic area . About 10 percent of this region comprises sand dunes , and the remaining 90 percent consist of craggy rock forms , compacted salt - lake bottoms , and interdunal and fixed dune areas . Annual temperatures can range from 0 ° C ( 32 ° F ) in the winter to over 50 ° C ( 122 ° F ) during the summer . Most of the rainfall received in this region is associated with the short July -- September southwest monsoon that brings 100 to 500 mm ( 3.9 to 19.7 in ) of precipitation . Water is scarce and occurs at great depths , ranging from 30 to 120 metres ( 98 to 394 ft ) below the ground level . Rainfall is precarious and erratic , ranging from below 120 mm ( 4.7 in ) in the extreme west to 375 mm ( 14.8 in ) eastward. The only river in this region is Luni . The soils of the arid region are generally sandy to sandy - loam in texture . The consistency and depth vary as per the topographical features . The low - lying loams are heavier may have a hard pan of clay , calcium carbonate or gypsum . In western India , the Kutch region in Gujarat and Koyna in Maharashtra are classified as a Zone IV region ( high risk ) for earthquakes . The Kutch city of Bhuj was the epicentre of the 2001 Gujarat earthquake , which claimed the lives of more than 1,337 people and injured 166,836 while destroying or damaging near a million homes . The 1993 Latur earthquake in Maharashtra killed 7,928 people and injured 30,000 . Other areas have a moderate to low risk of an earthquake occurring . Coasts ( edit ) Visakhapatnam beach view , Bay of Bengal , Andhra Pradesh ( The Eastern Coastal Plain is a wide stretch of land lying between the Eastern Ghats and the oceanic boundary of India . It stretches from Tamil Nadu in the south to West Bengal in the east . The Mahanadi , Godavari , Kaveri , and Krishna rivers drain these plains . The temperature in the coastal regions often exceeds 30 ° C ( 86 ° F ) , and is coupled with high levels of humidity . The region receives both the northeast monsoon and southwest monsoon rains . ) The southwest monsoon splits into two branches , the Bay of Bengal branch and the Arabian Sea branch . ( The Bay of Bengal branch moves northwards crossing northeast India in early June . The Arabian Sea branch moves northwards and discharges much of its rain on the windward side of Western Ghats . Annual rainfall in this region averages between 1,000 and 3,000 mm ( 39 and 118 in ) . The width of the plains varies between 100 and 130 km ( 62 and 81 mi ) . The plains are divided into six regions -- the Mahanadi delta , the southern Andhra Pradesh plain , the Krishna - Godavari deltas , the Kanyakumari coast , the Coromandel Coast , and sandy coastal ) . The Western Coastal Plain is a narrow strip of land sandwiched between the Western Ghats and the Arabian Sea , ranging from 50 to 100 km ( 31 to 62 mi ) in width . It extends from Gujarat in the north and extends through Maharashtra , Goa , Karnataka , and Kerala . Numerous rivers and backwaters inundate the region . Mostly originating in the Western Ghats , the rivers are fast - flowing , usually perennial , and empty into estuaries . Major rivers flowing into the sea are the Tapi , Narmada , Mandovi and Zuari . Vegetation is mostly deciduous , but the Malabar Coast moist forests constitute a unique ecoregion . The Western Coastal Plain can be divided into two parts , the Konkan and the Malabar Coast . Varkala beach on Kerala 's coast , Arabian Sea Islands ( edit ) Aerial view of the Andaman Islands See also : List of islands of India ( The Lakshadweep and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands are India 's two major island formations and are classified as union territories . The Lakshadweep Islands lie 200 to 440 km ( 120 to 270 mi ) off the coast of Kerala in the Arabian sea with an area of 32 km ( 12 sq mi ) . They consist of twelve atolls , three reefs , and five submerged banks , with a total of about 35 islands and islets . ) ( The Andaman and Nicobar Islands are located between 6 ° and 14 ° north latitude and 92 ° and 94 ° east longitude . They consist of 572 islands , lying in the Bay of Bengal near the Myanma coast running in a North - South axis for approximately 910 km . They are located 1,255 km ( 780 mi ) from Kolkata ( Calcutta ) and 193 km ( 120 mi ) from Cape Negrais in Burma . The territory consists of two island groups , the Andaman Islands and the Nicobar Islands . The Andaman and Nicobar Islands consist of 572 islands which run in a North - South axis for around 910 km . The Andaman group has 325 islands which cover an area of 6,170 km2 ( 2,382 sq mi ) while the Nicobar group has only 247 islands with an area of 1,765 km2 ( 681 sq mi ) . India 's only active volcano , Barren Island is situated here . It last erupted in 2017 . The Narcondum is a dormant volcano and there is a mud volcano at Baratang . Indira Point , India 's southernmost land point , is situated in the Nicobar islands at 6 ° 45'10 '' N and 93 ° 49'36 '' E , and lies just 189 km ( 117 mi ) from the Indonesian island of Sumatra , to the southeast . The highest point is Mount Thullier at 642 m ( 2,106 ft ) . Other significant islands in India include Diu , a former Portuguese colony ; Majuli , a river island of the Brahmaputra ; Elephanta in Bombay Harbour ; and Sriharikota , a barrier island in Andhra Pradesh . Salsette Island is India 's most populous island on which the city of Mumbai ( Bombay ) is located . Forty - two islands in the Gulf of Kutch constitute the Marine National Park . Bodies of water ( edit ) Main article : Rivers of India India has around 14,500 km of inland navigable waterways . There are twelve rivers which are classified as major rivers , with the total catchment area exceeding 2,528,000 km ( 976,000 sq mi ) . All major rivers of India originate from one of the three main watersheds : The Himalaya and the Karakoram ranges Vindhya and Satpura range in central India Sahyadri or Western Ghats in western India The Himalayan river networks are snow - fed and have a perennial supply throughout the year . The other two river systems are dependent on the monsoons and shrink into rivulets during the dry season . The Himalayan rivers that flow westward into Punjab are the Indus , Jhelum , Chenab , Ravi , Beas , and Sutlej . Bhagirathi River at Gangotri , source river of the Ganges National Highway 31A winds along the banks of the Teesta River near Kalimpong ( West Bengal ) , in the Darjeeling Himalayan hill region . ( The Ganges - Brahmaputra - Meghana system has the largest catchment area of about 1,600,000 km ( 620,000 sq mi ) . The Ganges Basin alone has a catchment of about 1,100,000 km ( 420,000 sq mi ) . The Ganges originates from the Gangotri Glacier in Uttarakhand . It flows southeast , draining into the Bay of Bengal ) . ( The Yamuna and Gomti rivers also arise in the western Himalayas and join the Ganges in the plains . The Brahmaputra originates in Tibet , China , where it is known as the Yarlung Tsangpo River ) ( or `` Tsangpo '' ) . It enters India in the far - eastern state of Arunachal Pradesh , then flows west through Assam . The Brahmaputra merges with the Ganges in Bangladesh , where it is known as the Jamuna River . The Chambal , another tributary of the Ganges , via the Yamuna , originates from the Vindhya - Satpura watershed . The river flows eastward . Westward - flowing rivers from this watershed are the Narmada and Tapti , which drain into the Arabian Sea in Gujarat . The river network that flows from east to west constitutes 10 % of the total outflow . The Godavari River at Papi Hills ( The Western Ghats are the source of all Deccan rivers , which include the through Godavari River , Krishna River and Kaveri River , all draining into the Bay of Bengal . These rivers constitute 20 % of India 's total outflow ) . The heavy southwest monsoon rains cause the Brahmaputra and other rivers to distend their banks , often flooding surrounding areas . Though they provide rice paddy farmers with a largely dependable source of natural irrigation and fertilisation , such floods have killed thousands of people and tend to cause displacements of people in such areas . Major gulfs include the Gulf of Cambay , Gulf of Kutch , and the Gulf of Mannar . Straits include the Palk Strait , which separates India from Sri Lanka ; the Ten Degree Channel , which separates the Andamans from the Nicobar Islands ; ' and the Eight Degree Channel , which separates the Laccadive and Amindivi Islands from the Minicoy Island to the south . Important capes include the Kanyakumari ( formerly called Cape Comorin ) , the southern tip of mainland India ; Indira Point , the southernmost point in India ( on Great Nicobar Island ) ; Rama 's Bridge , and Point Calimere . The Arabian Sea lies to the west of India , the Bay of Bengal and the Indian Ocean lie to the east and south , respectively . Smaller seas include the Laccadive Sea and the Andaman Sea . There are four coral reefs in India , located in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands , the Gulf of Mannar , Lakshadweep , and the Gulf of Kutch . Important lakes include Sambhar Lake , the country 's largest saltwater lake in Rajasthan , Vembanad Lake in Kerala , Kolleru Lake in Andhra Pradesh , Loktak Lake in Manipur , Dal Lake in Kashmir , Chilka Lake ( lagoon lake ) in Orrisa , and Sasthamkotta Lake in Kerala . Wetlands ( edit ) A map of the Indian Sunderbans in West Bengal Pichavaram Mangroves , Tamil Nadu India 's wetland ecosystem is widely distributed from the cold and arid located in the Ladakh region of Jammu and Kashmir , and those with the wet and humid climate of peninsular India . Most of the wetlands are directly or indirectly linked to river networks . The Indian government has identified a total of 71 wetlands for conservation and are part of sanctuaries and national parks . Mangrove forests are present all along the Indian coastline in sheltered estuaries , creeks , backwaters , salt marshes and mudflats . The mangrove area covers a total of 4,461 km ( 1,722 sq mi ) , which comprises 7 % of the world 's total mangrove cover . Prominent mangrove covers are located in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands , the Sundarbans delta , the Gulf of Kutch and the deltas of the Mahanadi , Godavari and Krishna rivers . Parts of Maharashtra , Karnataka and Kerala also have large mangrove covers . The Sundarbans delta is home to the largest mangrove forest in the world . It lies at the mouth of the Ganges and spreads across areas of Bangladesh and West Bengal . The Sundarbans is a UNESCO World Heritage Site , but is identified separately as the Sundarbans ( Bangladesh ) and the Sundarbans National Park ( India ) . The Sundarbans are intersected by a complex network of tidal waterways , mudflats and small islands of salt - tolerant mangrove forests . The area is known for its diverse fauna , being home to a large variety of species of birds , spotted deer , crocodiles and snakes . Its most famous inhabitant is the Bengal tiger . It is estimated that there are now 400 Bengal tigers and about 30,000 spotted deer in the area . The Rann of Kutch is a marshy region located in northwestern Gujarat and the bordering Sindh province of Pakistan . It occupies a total area of 27,900 km ( 10,800 sq mi ) . The region was originally a part of the Arabian Sea . Geologic forces such as earthquakes resulted in the damming up of the region , turning it into a large saltwater lagoon . This area gradually filled with silt thus turning it into a seasonal salt marsh . During the monsoons , the area turn into a shallow marsh , often flooding to knee - depth . After the monsoons , the region turns dry and becomes parched . Climate ( edit ) India 's Köppen climate classification map is based on native vegetation , temperature , precipitation and their seasonality . Main articles : Climate of India and Climatic regions of India Based on the Köppen system , India hosts six major climatic subtypes , ranging from arid desert in the west , alpine tundra and glaciers in the north , and humid tropical regions supporting rainforests in the southwest and the island territories . The nation has four seasons : winter ( January -- February ) , summer ( March -- May ) , a monsoon ( rainy ) season ( June -- September ) and a post-monsoon period ( October -- December ) ' . The Himalayas act as a barrier to the frigid katabatic winds flowing down from Central Asia . ' Thus , North India is kept warm or only mildly cooled during winter ; in summer , the same phenomenon makes India relatively hot . Although the Tropic of Cancer -- the boundary between the tropics and subtropics -- passes through the middle of India , the whole country is considered to be tropical . Temperature averages in India ; units are in degree Celsius Summer lasts between March and June in most parts of India . Temperatures can exceed 40 ° C ( 104 ° F ) during the day . The coastal regions exceed 30 ° C ( 86 ° F ) coupled with high levels of humidity . In the Thar desert area temperatures can exceed 45 ° C ( 113 ° F ) . The rain - bearing monsoon clouds are attracted to the low - pressure system created by the Thar Desert . The southwest monsoon splits into two arms , the Bay of Bengal arm and the Arabian Sea arm . The Bay of Bengal arm moves northwards crossing northeast India in early June . The Arabian Sea arm moves northwards and deposits much of its rain on the windward side of Western Ghats . Winters in peninsula India see mild to warm days and cool nights . Further north the temperature is cooler . Temperatures in some parts of the Indian plains sometimes fall below freezing . Most of northern India is plagued by fog during this season . The highest temperature recorded in India was 51 ° C ( 124 ° F ) in Phalodi , Rajasthan . The lowest was − 45 ° C ( − 49 ° F ) in Kashmir . Geology ( edit ) Main article : Geology of India Eparchaean Unconformity of Detrital rocks of Tirumala Hills , Eastern Ghats India 's geological features are classified based on their era of formation . The Precambrian formations of Cudappah and Vindhyan systems are spread out over the eastern and southern states . A small part of this period is spread over western and central India . The Paleozoic formations from the Cambrian , Ordovician , Silurian and Devonian system are found in the Western Himalaya region in Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh . The Mesozoic Deccan Traps formation is seen over most of the northern Deccan ; they are believed to be the result of sub-aerial volcanic activity . The Trap soil is black in colour and conducive to agriculture . The Carboniferous system , Permian System and Triassic systems are seen in the western Himalayas . The Jurassic system is seen in the western Himalayas and Rajasthan . Geological regions of India Tertiary imprints are seen in parts of Manipur , Nagaland , Arunachal Pradesh and along the Himalayan belt . The Cretaceous system is seen in central India in the Vindhyas and part of the Indo - Gangetic plains . The Gondowana system is seen in the Narmada River area in the Vindhyas and Satpuras . The Eocene system is seen in the western Himalayas and Assam . Oligocene formations are seen in Kutch and Assam . The Pleistocene system is found over central India . The Andaman and Nicobar Island are thought to have been formed in this era by volcanoes . The Himalayas were formed by the convergence and deformation of the Indo - Australian and Eurasian Plates . Their continued convergence raises the height of the Himalayas by 1 cm each year . Soils in India can be classified into 8 categories : alluvial , black , red , laterite , forest , arid & desert , saline & alkaline and peaty & organic soils . Alluvial soil constitute the largest soil group in India , constituting 80 % of the total land surface . It is derived from the deposition of silt carried by rivers and are found in the Great Northern plains from Punjab to the Assam valley . Alluvial soil are generally fertile but they lack nitrogen and tend to be phosphoric . National Disaster Management Authority says that 60 % of Indian landmass is prone to earthquake and 8 % susceptible to cyclone risks . Black soil are well developed in the Deccan lava region of Maharashtra , Gujarat , and Madhya Pradesh . These contain high percentage of clay and are moisture retentive . Red soil are found in Tamil Nadu , Karnataka plateau , Andhra plateau , Chota Nagpur plateau and the Aravallis . These are deficient in nitrogen , phosphorus and humus . Laterite soils are formed in tropical regions with heavy rainfall . Heavy rainfall results in leaching out all soluble material of top layer of soil . These are generally found in Western ghats , Eastern ghats and hilly areas of northeastern states that receive heavy rainfall . Forest soils occur on the slopes of mountains and hills in Himalayas , Western Ghats and Eastern Ghats . These generally consist of large amounts of dead leaves and other organic matter called humus . Natural Resources ( edit ) Main article : Natural resources of India Indian coal production is the 3rd highest in the world according to the 2008 Indian Ministry of Mines estimates . Shown above is a coal mine in Jharkhand . India 's total renewable water resources are estimated at 1,907.8 km3 / year . Its annual supply of usable and replenshable groundwater amounts to 350 billion cubic metres . Only 35 % of groundwater resources are being utilised . About 44 million tonnes of cargo is moved annually through the country 's major rivers and waterways . Groundwater supplies 40 % of water in India 's irrigation canals. 56 % of the land is arable and used for agriculture . Black soils are moisture - retentive and are preferred for dry farming and growing cotton , linseed , etc . Forest soils are used for tea and coffee plantations . Red soil have a wide diffusion of iron content . Most of India 's estimated 5.4 billion barrels ( 860,000,000 m ) in oil reserves are located in the Mumbai High , upper Assam , Cambay , the Krishna - Godavari and Cauvery basins . India possesses about seventeen trillion cubic feet of natural gas in Andhra Pradesh , Gujarat and Odisha . Uranium is mined in Andhra Pradesh . India has 400 medium - to - high enthalpy thermal springs for producing geothermal energy in seven `` provinces '' -- the Himalayas , Sohana , Cambay , the Narmada - Tapti delta , the Godavari delta and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands ( specifically the volcanic Barren Island . ) India is the world 's biggest producer of mica blocks and mica splittings . India ranks second amongst the world 's largest producers of barites and chromites . The Pleistocene system is rich in minerals . India is the third - largest coal producer in the world and ranks fourth in the production of iron ore . It is the fifth - largest producer of bauxite , second largest of crude steel as of February 2018 replacing Japan , the seventh - largest of manganese ore and the eighth - largest of aluminium . India has significant sources of titanium ore , diamonds and limestone . India possesses 24 % of the world 's known and economically viable thorium , which is mined along shores of Kerala . Gold had been mined in the now - defunct Kolar Gold Fields in Karnataka . Antipodes ( edit ) The only land area antipodal to India is Easter Island , which is antipodal to the western corner of Rajasthan . The triangular island closely reflects the triangle between the cities of Mokal , Kuchchri , and Habur . Habur corresponds to Hanga Roa , and Mokal to the eastern cape . Photo Gallery Tso Moriri lake , Ladakh Valley of flowers , Uttarakhand Indo - Gangetic Plain Arawali Hills , near Ajmer Madhya Pradesh Shola in western ghats Anaimudi , the tallest mountain in South India Backwater in Kerala Minicoy island , Lakshadweep Andaman and Nicobar See also ( edit ) Geospatial Information Regulation Bill References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Annual Report 2016 - 17 , Ministry of Home Affairs '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 7 March 2018 . Jump up ^ India Yearbook , p. 1 Jump up ^ `` India '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 17 July 2012 . 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ISBN 0 - 446 - 52481 - 6 ... `` Land and Natural Resources '' . Terrain . Archived from the original on 22 February 2006 . Retrieved 6 June 2005 . 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Gangetic plain Doab Indus Valley Indus River Delta Ganges Basin Ganges Delta Terai Atolls of the Maldives Coromandel Coast Konkan Lakshadweep Andaman and Nicobar Islands Sundarbans Reserve Forest Greater Rann of Kutch Little Rann of Kutch Protected areas in Tamil Nadu By country India Pakistan Nepal Bhutan Sri Lanka Bangladesh Maldives Afghanistan Geography of Asia Sovereign states Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus East Timor ( Timor - Leste ) Egypt Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Northern Cyprus Palestine South Ossetia Taiwan Dependencies and other territories British Indian Ocean Territory Christmas Island Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Hong Kong Macau Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_India&oldid=845948725 '' Categories : Geography of India Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Use dmy dates from June 2017 Use Indian English from July 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Wikipedia articles needing clarification from May 2011 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2009 All articles containing potentially dated statements All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2016 Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা भोजपुरी Български Català Čeština Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Español Euskara فارسی Français हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский संस्कृतम् Shqip Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 33 more Edit links This page was last edited on 15 June 2018 , at 07 : 07 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how much of india is surrounded by water | [
"India lies on the Indian Plate, the northern portion of the Indo-Australian Plate, whose continental crust forms the Indian subcontinent. The country is situated north of the equator between 8°4' to 37°6' north latitude and 68°7' to 97°25' east longitude.[2] It is the seventh-largest country in the world, with a total area of 3,287,263 square kilometres (1,269,219 sq mi).[3] India measures 3,214 km (1,997 mi) from north to south and 2,933 km (1,822 mi) from east to west. It has a land frontier of 15,106.7 km (9,387 mi) and a coastline of 7,516.6 km (4,671 mi).[1]"
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"7,516.6 km (4,671 mi)"
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3689444166718583745 | Daisy Miller | Daisy Miller - wikipedia Daisy Miller This article is about the novella . For the 1974 film adaptation , see Daisy Miller ( 1974 film ) . Daisy Miller First authorised American edition Author Henry James Country United Kingdom Language English Publisher Harper & Brothers Publication date 1879 Media type Print Pages 43 Daisy Miller was pirated by two American magazines , Littell 's Living Age and Home Journal , in July -- August 1878 Daisy Miller is a novella by Henry James that first appeared in Cornhill Magazine in June -- July 1878 , and in book form the following year . It portrays the courtship of the beautiful American girl Daisy Miller by Winterbourne , a sophisticated compatriot of hers . His pursuit of her is hampered by her own flirtatiousness , which is frowned upon by the other expatriates when they meet in Switzerland and Italy . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot summary 2 Key themes 3 Critical evaluation 4 Derivative works 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links Plot summary ( edit ) Annie `` Daisy '' Miller and Frederick Winterbourne first meet in Vevey , Switzerland , in a garden of the grand hotel , where Winterbourne is allegedly vacationing from his studies ( an attachment to an older lady is rumoured ) . They are introduced by Randolph Miller , Daisy 's nine - year - old brother . Randolph considers their hometown of Schenectady , New York , to be absolutely superior to all of Europe . Daisy , however , is absolutely delighted with the continent , especially the high society she wishes to enter . Winterbourne is at first confused by her attitude , and though greatly impressed by her beauty , he soon determines that she is nothing more than a young flirt . He continues his pursuit of Daisy in spite of the disapproval of his aunt , Mrs. Costello , who spurns any family with so close a relationship to their courier as the Millers have with their Eugenio . She also thinks Daisy is a shameless girl for agreeing to visit the Château de Chillon with Winterbourne after they have known each other for only half an hour . The next day , the two travel to Château de Chillon and although Winterbourne had paid the janitor for privacy , Daisy is not quite impressed . Winterbourne then informs Daisy that he must go to Geneva the next day . Daisy feels disappointment and chaffs him , eventually asking him to visit her in Rome later that year . In Rome , Winterbourne and Daisy meet unexpectedly in the parlor of Mrs. Walker , an American expatriate , whose moral values have adapted to those of Italian society . Rumors about Daisy meeting with young Italian gentlemen make her socially exceptionable under these criteria . Winterbourne learns of Daisy 's increasing intimacy with a young Italian of questionable society , Giovanelli , as well as the growing scandal caused by the pair 's behaviour . Daisy is undeterred by the open disapproval of the other Americans in Rome , and her mother seems quite unaware of the underlying tensions . Winterbourne and Mrs. Walker attempt to persuade Daisy to separate from Giovanelli , but she refuses . One night , Winterbourne takes a walk through the Colosseum and sees a young couple sitting at its centre . He realises that they are Giovanelli and Daisy . Winterbourne , infuriated with Giovanelli , asks him how he could dare to take Daisy to a place where she runs the risk of catching `` Roman Fever '' . Daisy says she does not care and Winterbourne leaves them . Daisy falls ill and dies a few days later . Key themes ( edit ) This novella serves as both a psychological description of the mind of a young woman and as an analysis of the traditional views of a society where she is a clear outsider . Henry James uses Daisy 's story to discuss what he thinks Europeans and Americans believe about each other and more generally the prejudices common in any culture . In a letter , James said that Daisy is the victim of a `` social rumpus '' that goes on either over her head or beneath her notice . The names of the characters are also symbolic . Daisy is a flower in full bloom , without inhibitions and in the springtime of her life . Daisy contrasts sharply with Winterbourne . Flowers die in winter and this is precisely what happens to Daisy after catching the Roman Fever . As an objective analogue to this psychological reality , Daisy catches the very real Roman fever , the malaria that was endemic to many Roman neighbourhoods in the 19th century . The issue on which the novella turns is the `` innocence '' of Daisy , despite her seemingly scandalous behaviour . John Burnside , writing for The Independent , said , Daisy Miller arrives in Frederick Winterbourne 's staid world the way that an angel arrives at an Annunciation , as both promise and challenge . From their first meeting at Vevey , to the story 's dramatic conclusion in Rome , Winterbourne 's interest in Daisy is subject to constant censure from his carefully `` exclusive '' aunt , Mrs Costello , and her forensically respectable social circle : the girl is `` not nice , '' they say ; she is overly familiar with her family 's courier , she has been observed in inappropriate situations with dubious young `` gentlemen '' and Winterbourne would clearly do well to distance himself , before the inevitable scandal unfolds . At first sight , it seems that Winterbourne is genuinely torn between romantic attachment and his suffocating social milieu -- and that might have made for an engaging , but not uncommon study of love versus convention ; however , James ' keen observation reveals something deeper than that , for even as he protests his aunt 's attacks on Daisy 's character ( yes , she is uncultivated , he admits , but she is not the reprobate for which the entire world has decided to mistake her ) , he is less disappointed than relieved when a nocturnal encounter with the girl and her suitor , Giovanelli , appears to prove Mrs Costello right : `` Winterbourne stopped , with a sort of horror ; and , it must be added , with a sort of relief . It was as if a sudden illumination had been flashed upon the ambiguity of Daisy 's behaviour and the riddle had become easy to read . She was a young lady whom a gentleman need no longer be at pains to respect . '' Though the novel 's final act has yet to unfold , we can not help but conclude that the real tragedy lies here , in Winterbourne 's relief . Critical evaluation ( edit ) Daisy Miller was an immediate and widespread popular success for James , despite some criticism that the story was `` an outrage on American girlhood '' . The story continues to be one of James ' most popular works , along with The Turn of the Screw and The Portrait of a Lady . Critics have generally praised the freshness and vigor of the storytelling . In 1909 , James revised Daisy Miller extensively for the New York Edition . He altered the tone of the story , and many modern editions ( Penguin ; Broadview ) prefer to print the original edition , their editors believing that the later edition is a diminution of the original , rather than an improvement . Derivative works ( edit ) James converted his story into a play that failed to be produced . He published the play in The Atlantic Monthly in 1883 , and it showed many changes from the original story . In particular , a happy ending was inserted to please what James believed to be the preferences of theatre - goers . In the 1890s , a short walking - skirt called the rainy daisy , supposedly named for Daisy Miller , was introduced . A 1974 film adaptation was directed by Peter Bogdanovich , with Cybill Shepherd as Daisy , Barry Brown as Frederick Winterbourne , Cloris Leachman as Mrs. Ezra Miller , Duilio Del Prete as Mr. Giovanelli , and Eileen Brennan as Mrs. Walker . Frederick Raphael wrote the script ; the film follows the structure of the original story without significant changes , and even uses portions of James ' dialogue from the novel . A rap adaptation of Daisy Miller appears on Heavy Jamal 's album Shining Sky Lobster . The novella was adapted in 2017 as a five - part radio drama on BBC Radio 4 for its 15 Minute Drama 's Love Henry James series . See also ( edit ) Roman Fever by Edith Wharton Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Daisy Miller , A Study . at Abebooks.co.uk . Jump up ^ James , Henry ( 2008 ) . `` Daisy Miller '' , p. 5 . Stilwell , KS . ISBN 1 - 4209 - 3139 - 3 . Jump up ^ ( https://haquelebac.wordpress.com/2011/08/16/why-did-henry-james-kill-daisy-miller/ James , Henry . Letter to Eliza Lynn Linton , cited by Philip Horne in Approaches to Teaching Henry James 's Daisy Miller and The Turn of the Screw , ed . Kimberly C. Reed , Peter G. Beidler . New York : The Modern Language Association of America , 2005 , p. 52 . ISBN 9780873529211 . James wrote , `` Poor little D.M. was ( as I understand her ) in all things innocent ... The whole idea of the story is the little tragedy of a light , thin , natural , unsuspecting creature being sacrificed , as it were , to a social rumpus that went on quite over her head & to which she stood in no measurable relation . '' Jump up ^ Burnside , John ( 6 February 2014 ) . `` John Burnside 's Book of a Lifetime : Daisy Miller by Henry James '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 24 December 2015 . Jump up ^ James , Henry ( 1892 ) . `` Preface to the New York edition ( 1907 ) '' . Daisy Miller : A Study in Two Parts , by Henry James , 1878 . New York : Harper & Brothers ... a friend to whom I appealed for light , giving him the thing to read , declared it could only have passed with the Philadelphian critic for ' an outrage on American girlhood ' . Jump up ^ `` Masterpiece Theatre : The American '' . PBS . Retrieved 6 June 2007 . Professional events 1882 : James adapts `` Daisy Miller '' for the stage . Eager for theatrical success , James adapts `` Daisy Miller '' . Despite his new happy ending , New York producers call it `` too literary '' . They `` behaved like asses and sharpers combined '' , said James . `` This episode ... would make a brilliant chapter in a realistic novel . '' Jump up ^ Olson , Sidney ( 1997 ) . Young Henry Ford : a picture history of the first forty years . Detroit : Wayne State University Press . p. 84 . ISBN 9780814312247 . Jump up ^ Jamal , Heavy . `` Shining Sky Lobster '' . Retrieved 7 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Director : Nadia Molinari ; Adaptor : Amanda Dalton ( 31 July 2017 ) . `` Love Henry James -- Daisy Miller Episode 1 of 5 '' . 15 Minute Drama . BBC . BBC Radio 4 . Retrieved 4 August 2017 . References ( edit ) Tales of Henry James : The Texts of the Tales , the Author on His Craft , Criticism edited by Christof Wegelin and Henry Wonham ( New York : W.W. Norton & Company , 2003 ) ISBN 0 - 393 - 97710 - 2 The Complete Plays of Henry James edited by Leon Edel ( New York : Oxford University Press 1990 ) ISBN 0 - 19 - 504379 - 0 The Tales of Henry James by Edward Wagenknecht ( New York : Frederick Ungar Publishing Co. , 1984 ) ISBN 0 - 8044 - 2957 - X External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : Daisy Miller First book version of Daisy Miller ( 1878 ) The New York Edition version of Daisy Miller ( 1909 ) Magazine publication of James ' dramatic version of Daisy Miller ( 1883 ) IMDb page for the movie version of Daisy Miller ( 1974 ) Edith J.R. Isaacs ( 1920 ) . `` Daisy Miller '' . Encyclopedia Americana . Daisy Miller public domain audiobook at LibriVox Daisy Miller Map Works by Henry James Novels Watch and Ward ( 1871 ) Roderick Hudson ( 1875 ) The American ( 1877 ) The Europeans ( 1878 ) Confidence ( 1879 ) Washington Square ( 1880 ) The Portrait of a Lady ( 1881 ) The Bostonians ( 1886 ) The Princess Casamassima ( 1886 ) The Reverberator ( 1888 ) The Tragic Muse ( 1890 ) The Other House ( 1896 ) The Spoils of Poynton ( 1897 ) What Maisie Knew ( 1897 ) The Awkward Age ( 1899 ) The Sacred Fount ( 1901 ) The Wings of the Dove ( 1902 ) The Ambassadors ( 1903 ) The Golden Bowl ( 1904 ) The Whole Family ( 1908 ) The Outcry ( 1911 ) The Ivory Tower ( 1917 ) The Sense of the Past ( 1917 ) Novellas Madame de Mauves ( 1874 ) Daisy Miller ( 1878 ) The Aspern Papers ( 1888 ) The Turn of the Screw ( 1898 ) The Beast in the Jungle ( 1903 ) Plays Theatricals ( 1894 ) Theatricals : Second Series ( 1895 ) Guy Domville ( 1895 ) Non-fiction French Poets and Novelists ( 1878 ) Hawthorne ( 1879 ) A Little Tour in France ( 1884 ) Partial Portraits ( 1888 ) Essays in London and Elsewhere ( 1893 ) Picture and Text ( 1893 ) William Wetmore Story and His Friends ( 1903 ) English Hours ( 1905 ) The American Scene ( 1907 ) Italian Hours ( 1909 ) A Small Boy and Others ( 1913 ) Notes on Novelists ( 1914 ) Notes of a Son and Brother ( 1914 ) Notebooks The Middle Years ( 1917 ) New Woman of the late 19th century ( born before 1880 ) 19th - century feminism First - wave feminism Women 's history Artists Louise Abbéma Elenore Abbott Nina E. Allender Sophie Gengembre Anderson Cornelia Barns Cecilia Beaux Enella Benedict Rosa Bonheur Jennie Augusta Brownscombe Mary Cassatt Minerva J. Chapman Émilie Charmy Alice Brown Chittenden Elizabeth Coffin Emma Lampert Cooper Susan Stuart Frackelton Wilhelmina Weber Furlong Elizabeth Shippen Green Ellen Day Hale Anna Lea Merritt Rose O'Neill Elizabeth Nourse Violet Oakley Elizabeth Okie Paxton Emily Sartain Jessie Willcox Smith Annie Swynnerton Anne Whitney Writers Elizabeth Barrett Browning Mona Caird Kate Chopin Annie Sophie Cory Ella D'Arcy Ella Hepworth Dixon Maria Edgeworth George Egerton ( Mary Chavelita Dunne Bright ) Sarah Grand Amy Levy Olive Schreiner Educators Alice Freeman Palmer Literature about the New Woman Isabel Archer in Henry James 's The Portrait of a Lady ( serialized 1880 -- 81 ) Elizabeth Barrett 's Aurora Leigh ( 1856 ) Kate Chopin 's The Awakening ( 1899 ) Victoria Cross ' Anna Lombard ( 1901 ) Ella Hepworth Dixon 's The Story of a Modern Woman Maria Edgeworth 's Belinda ( 1801 ) Gustave Flaubert 's Madame Bovary ( 1856 ) Henrik Ibsen 's A Doll 's House ( 1879 ) Henry Arthur Jones 's The Case of Rebellious Susan ( 1894 ) Henry James ' novella Daisy Miller ( serialized 1878 ) Amy Levy 's The Romance of a Shop ( 1888 ) George Bernard Shaw 's Mrs. Warren 's Profession ( 1893 ) George Bernard Shaw 's Candida ( 1898 ) H.G. Wells ' Ann Veronica ( 1909 ) See also : 19th - century women artists 19th - century women writers BNF : cb124596798 ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daisy_Miller&oldid=848018023 '' Categories : American novellas 1878 American novels Novels by Henry James American novels adapted into films Works originally published in Cornhill Magazine Novels set in Switzerland Novels set in Rome Harper & Brothers books British novels adapted into films Female characters in literature Fictional characters introduced in 1878 Hidden categories : EngvarB from September 2017 Use dmy dates from September 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2011 Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the Encyclopedia Americana with a Wikisource reference Articles with LibriVox links Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Čeština Deutsch Español Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Nederlands Português Simple English Slovenčina 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 June 2018 , at 08 : 20 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where are the millers from in daisy miller | [
"Annie \"Daisy\" Miller and Frederick Winterbourne first meet in Vevey, Switzerland, in a garden of the grand hotel,[2] where Winterbourne is allegedly vacationing from his studies (an attachment to an older lady is rumoured). They are introduced by Randolph Miller, Daisy's nine-year-old brother. Randolph considers their hometown of Schenectady, New York, to be absolutely superior to all of Europe. Daisy, however, is absolutely delighted with the continent, especially the high society she wishes to enter.\n"
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"Schenectady, New York"
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7150599999316106461 | List of Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees | List of Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees - wikipedia List of Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees Jump to : navigation , search The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame , established in 1983 and located in Cleveland , Ohio , United States , is dedicated to recording the history of some of the best - known and most influential musicians , bands , producers , and others that have in some major way influenced the music industry , particularly in the area of rock and roll . Originally , there were four categories of induction : performers , non-performers , early influences , and lifetime achievement . In 2000 , `` sidemen '' was introduced as a category . The only category that has seen new inductees every single year is the performers category . Artists become eligible for induction in that category 25 years after the release of their first record . In order to be inducted , an artist must be nominated by a committee that selects anywhere from nine to a dozen candidates . Ballots are then sent to 600 `` rock experts '' who evaluate the candidates and vote on who should be inducted . The performers that receive the highest number of votes and more than 50 percent of the vote are inducted . In 2010 , the number inducted was five . The rest of the categories are voted on by special committees . As of 2017 , new inductees will be honored at an annual ceremony held alternately in New York and at the Hall of Fame in Cleveland ; prior to that , the ceremonies rotated between Cleveland , New York , and Los Angeles . The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame has garnered criticism for allegedly allowing the nomination process to be controlled by a few individuals , nominating too many artists in too many genres that are not entirely rock , ignoring entire rock genres , and using technicalities to induct groups who may not have been among the top vote getters . The surviving members of the Sex Pistols , who were inducted in 2006 , refused to attend the ceremony , calling the museum a `` piss stain . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 Inductees 1.1 Performers 1.2 Early influences 1.3 Non-performers ( Ahmet Ertegun Award ) 1.4 Award for Musical Excellence 1.5 Sidemen 1.6 Lifetime achievement 2 Multiple inductees 3 2018 nominees 4 References 5 External links Inductees ( edit ) Performers ( edit ) The performers category is meant for recording artists and bands that have `` influence and significance to the development and perpetuation of rock and roll . '' Artists become eligible for induction in that category 25 years after the release of their first record . In order to be inducted , an artist must be nominated by a committee that selects anywhere from nine to a dozen candidates . Ballots are sent to 600 `` rock experts '' who then evaluate the candidates and vote on who should be inducted . The performers who receive the highest number of votes and more than 50 percent of the vote are inducted . In 2011 , the number inducted was five . The rest of the categories are voted on by special committees . In 2012 , six additional bands and groups were inducted as performers by a special committee , due to the controversial nature of their band being excluded when their lead singer was inducted . `` There was a lot of discussion about this , '' said Terry Stewart , a member of the nominating committee . `` There had always been conversations about why the groups were n't included when the lead singers were inducted . Very honestly , nobody could really answer that question -- it was so long ago ... We decided we 'd sit down as an organization and look at that . This is the result . '' Year Image Name Inducted members 1986 Berry , Chuck Chuck Berry 1986 Brown , James James Brown 1986 Charles , Ray Ray Charles 1986 Cooke , Sam Sam Cooke 1986 Domino , Fats Fats Domino 1986 Everly Brothers ! The Everly Brothers Don Everly and Phil Everly . 1986 Holly , Buddy Buddy Holly 1986 Lewis , Jerry Lee Jerry Lee Lewis 1986 Little Richard 1986 Presley , Elvis Elvis Presley Coasters ! The Coasters Carl Gardner , Cornell Gunter , Billy Guy , and Will `` Dub '' Jones . Cochran , Eddie Eddie Cochran Diddley , Bo Bo Diddley Franklin , Aretha Aretha Franklin Gaye , Marvin Marvin Gaye Haley , Bill Bill Haley King , B.B. B.B. King McPhatter , Clyde Clyde McPhatter Nelson , Ricky Ricky Nelson Orbison , Roy Roy Orbison Perkins , Carl Carl Perkins Robinson , Smokey Smokey Robinson Turner , Big Joe Big Joe Turner Waters , Muddy Muddy Waters Wilson , Jackie Jackie Wilson 1988 Beach Boys ! The Beach Boys Al Jardine , Mike Love , Brian Wilson , Carl Wilson , and Dennis Wilson . 1988 Beatles ! The Beatles George Harrison , John Lennon , Paul McCartney , and Ringo Starr . 1988 Drifters ! The Drifters Ben E. King , Rudy Lewis , Clyde McPhatter , Johnny Moore , Bill Pinkney , Charlie Thomas , and Gerhart Thrasher . 1988 Dylan , Bob Bob Dylan 1988 Supremes ! The Supremes Florence Ballard , Diana Ross , and Mary Wilson . 1989 Dion ! Dion 1989 Redding , Otis Otis Redding 1989 Rolling Stones ! The Rolling Stones Mick Jagger , Brian Jones , Keith Richards , Ian Stewart , Mick Taylor , Charlie Watts , Ronnie Wood , and Bill Wyman . 1989 Temptations ! The Temptations Melvin Franklin , Eddie Kendricks , David Ruffin , Otis Williams , Paul Williams , Dennis Edwards . 1989 Wonder , Stevie Stevie Wonder 1990 -- Ballard , Hank Hank Ballard 1990 Darin , Bobby Bobby Darin 1990 Four Seasons ! The Four Seasons Tom DeVito , Bob Gaudio , Nick Massi , and Frankie Valli . 1990 Four Tops ! Four Tops Renaldo `` Obie '' Benson , Abdul `` Duke '' Fakir , Lawrence Payton , and Levi Stubbs . 1990 Kinks ! The Kinks Mick Avory , Dave Davies , Ray Davies , and Pete Quaife . 1990 Platters ! The Platters David Lynch , Herb Reed , Paul Robi , Zola Taylor , and Tony Williams . 1990 Simon & Garfunkel Paul Simon and Art Garfunkel . 1990 Who ! The Who Roger Daltrey , John Entwistle , Keith Moon , and Pete Townshend . 1991 Baker , LaVern LaVern Baker 1991 Byrds ! The Byrds Gene Clark , Michael Clarke , David Crosby , Chris Hillman , and Roger McGuinn . 1991 Hooker , John Lee John Lee Hooker 1991 -- Impressions ! The Impressions Curtis Mayfield , Sam Gooden , Fred Cash , Arthur Brooks , Richard Brooks , and Jerry Butler . 1991 Pickett , Wilson Wilson Pickett 1991 Reed , Jimmy Jimmy Reed 1991 Turner , Ike & Tina Ike & Tina Turner Ike Turner and Tina Turner . 1992 Bland , Bobby ! Bobby `` Blue '' Bland 1992 Booker T. & the M.G. 's Booker T. Jones , Steve Cropper , Donald `` Duck '' Dunn , Al Jackson Jr. , and Lewie Steinberg . 1992 Cash , Johnny Johnny Cash 1992 Isley Brothers ! The Isley Brothers Ernie Isley , Marvin Isley , O'Kelly Isley Jr. , Ronald Isley , Rudolph Isley , and Chris Jasper . 1992 Hendrix Experience , The Jimi The Jimi Hendrix Experience Jimi Hendrix , Mitch Mitchell , and Noel Redding . 1992 Sam & Dave Sam Moore and Dave Prater . 1992 Yardbirds ! The Yardbirds Jeff Beck , Eric Clapton , Chris Dreja , Jim McCarty , Jimmy Page , Keith Relf , and Paul Samwell - Smith . 1993 Brown , Ruth Ruth Brown 1993 Cream Ginger Baker , Jack Bruce , and Eric Clapton . 1993 Creedence Clearwater Revival Doug Clifford , Stu Cook , John Fogerty , and Tom Fogerty . 1993 Doors ! The Doors John Densmore , Robby Krieger , Ray Manzarek , and Jim Morrison . 1993 Lymon & The Teenagers , Frankie Frankie Lymon & The Teenagers Herman Santiago , Jimmy Merchant , Sherman Garnes , Frankie Lymon , and Joe Negroni 1993 James , Etta Etta James 1993 Morrison , Van Van Morrison 1993 Sly and the Family Stone Gregg Errico , Larry Graham , Jerry Martini , Cynthia Robinson , Freddie Stone , Rosie Stone , and Sly Stone . 1994 Animals ! The Animals Eric Burdon , Chas Chandler , Alan Price , John Steel , and Hilton Valentine . 1994 Band ! The Band Rick Danko , Levon Helm , Garth Hudson , Richard Manuel , and Robbie Robertson . 1994 Eddy , Duane Duane Eddy 1994 Grateful Dead Tom Constanten , Jerry Garcia , Donna Jean Godchaux , Keith Godchaux , Mickey Hart , Robert Hunter , Bill Kreutzmann , Phil Lesh , Ron McKernan , Brent Mydland , Bob Weir , and Vince Welnick . 1994 John , Elton Elton John 1994 Lennon , John John Lennon 1994 Marley , Bob Bob Marley 1994 Stewart , Rod Rod Stewart 1995 Allman Brothers Band ! The Allman Brothers Band Duane Allman , Gregg Allman , Dickey Betts , Jai Johanny Johanson , Berry Oakley , and Butch Trucks . 1995 Green , Al Al Green 1995 Joplin , Janis Janis Joplin 1995 Led Zeppelin John Bonham , John Paul Jones , Jimmy Page , and Robert Plant 1995 Martha and the Vandellas Rosalind Ashford , Annette Beard , Betty Kelly , Lois Reeves , Martha Reeves , and Sandra Tilley . 1995 Young , Neil Neil Young 1995 Zappa , Frank Frank Zappa Bowie , David David Bowie Knight & the Pips , Gladys Gladys Knight & the Pips William Guest , Gladys Knight , Merald `` Bubba '' Knight , and Edward Patten . Jefferson Airplane Marty Balin , Jack Casady , Spencer Dryden , Paul Kantner , Jorma Kaukonen , and Grace Slick . Little Willie John Pink Floyd Syd Barrett , David Gilmour , Nick Mason , Roger Waters , and Rick Wright . Shirelles ! The Shirelles Shirley Alston Reeves , Addie Harris , Doris Kenner - Jackson , and Beverly Lee . Velvet Underground ! The Velvet Underground John Cale , Sterling Morrison , Lou Reed , and Maureen Tucker . 1997 Bee Gees Barry Gibb , Maurice Gibb , and Robin Gibb . 1997 Buffalo Springfield Richie Furay , Dewey Martin , Bruce Palmer , Stephen Stills , and Neil Young . 1997 Crosby , Stills & Nash David Crosby , Graham Nash , and Stephen Stills . 1997 Jackson 5 , The The Jackson 5 Jackie Jackson , Jermaine Jackson , Marlon Jackson , Michael Jackson , and Tito Jackson . 1997 Mitchell , Joni Joni Mitchell 1997 Parliament - Funkadelic Jerome Brailey , George Clinton , Bootsy Collins , Raymond Davis , Tiki Fulwood , Glenn Goins , Michael Hampton , Fuzzy Haskins , Eddie Hazel , Walter Morrison , Cordell Mosson , William `` Billy Bass '' Nelson , Garry Shider , Calvin Simon , Grady Thomas , and Bernie Worrell . 1997 Rascals ! The ( Young ) Rascals Eddie Brigati , Felix Cavaliere , Gene Cornish , and Dino Danelli . 1998 Eagles Don Felder , Glenn Frey , Don Henley , Bernie Leadon , Randy Meisner , Timothy B. Schmit , and Joe Walsh . 1998 Fleetwood Mac Lindsey Buckingham , Mick Fleetwood , Peter Green , Danny Kirwan , Christine McVie , John McVie , Stevie Nicks , and Jeremy Spencer . 1998 Mamas & The Papas ! The Mamas & the Papas Denny Doherty , Cass Elliot , John Phillips , and Michelle Phillips . 1998 Price , Lloyd Lloyd Price 1998 Santana Jose Chepito Areas , David Brown , Michael Carabello , Gregg Rolie , Carlos Santana , and Michael Shrieve . 1998 Vincent , Gene Gene Vincent 1999 Joel , Billy Billy Joel 1999 Mayfield , Curtis Curtis Mayfield 1999 McCartney , Paul Paul McCartney 1999 Shannon , Del Del Shannon 1999 Springfield , Dusty Dusty Springfield 1999 Springsteen , Bruce Bruce Springsteen 1999 Staple Singers , The The Staple Singers Cleotha Staples , Mavis Staples , Pervis Staples , Pops Staples , and Yvonne Staples . 2000 Clapton , Eric Eric Clapton 2000 Earth , Wind & Fire Philip Bailey , Larry Dunn , Johnny Graham , Ralph Johnson , Al McKay , Fred White , Maurice White , Verdine White , and Andrew Woolfolk . 2000 Lovin ' Spoonful , The The Lovin ' Spoonful Steve Boone , Joe Butler , John Sebastian , and Zal Yanovsky . 2000 Moonglows , The The Moonglows Prentiss Barnes , Harvey Fuqua , Peter Graves , Billy Johnson , and Bobby Lester . 2000 Raitt , Bonnie Bonnie Raitt 2000 Taylor , James James Taylor 2001 Aerosmith Tom Hamilton , Joey Kramer , Joe Perry , Steven Tyler , and Brad Whitford . 2001 Burke , Solomon Solomon Burke 2001 Flamingos , The The Flamingos Jake Carey , Zeke Carey , Johnny Carter , Tommy Hunt , Terry `` Buzzy '' Johnson , Sollie McElroy , Nate Nelson , and Paul Wilson . 2001 Jackson , Michael Michael Jackson 2001 Queen John Deacon , Brian May , Freddie Mercury , and Roger Taylor . 2001 Simon , Paul Paul Simon 2001 Steely Dan Walter Becker and Donald Fagen . 2001 Valens , Ritchie Ritchie Valens 2002 Hayes , Isaac Isaac Hayes 2002 Lee , Brenda Brenda Lee 2002 Petty and the Heartbreakers , Tom Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers Tom Petty , Ron Blair , Mike Campbell , Howie Epstein , Stan Lynch , and Benmont Tench . 2002 Pitney , Gene Gene Pitney 2002 Ramones Dee Dee Ramone , Joey Ramone , Johnny Ramone , Marky Ramone , and Tommy Ramone . 2002 Talking Heads David Byrne , Chris Frantz , Jerry Harrison , and Tina Weymouth . 2003 AC / DC Brian Johnson , Phil Rudd , Bon Scott , Cliff Williams , Angus Young , and Malcolm Young . 2003 Clash , The The Clash Terry Chimes , Topper Headon , Mick Jones , Paul Simonon , and Joe Strummer . 2003 Costello & the Attractions , Elvis Elvis Costello & the Attractions Elvis Costello , Steve Nieve , Bruce Thomas , and Pete Thomas . 2003 Police , The The Police Stewart Copeland , Sting , and Andy Summers . 2003 Righteous Brothers , The The Righteous Brothers Bobby Hatfield and Bill Medley . Browne , Jackson Jackson Browne Dells , The The Dells Verne Allison , Chuck Barksdale , Johnny Carter , Johnny Funches , Marvin Junior , and Michael McGill . Harrison , George George Harrison Prince Seger , Bob Bob Seger Traffic Jim Capaldi , Dave Mason , Steve Winwood , and Chris Wood . ZZ Top Frank Beard , Billy Gibbons , and Dusty Hill . 2005 Guy , Buddy Buddy Guy 2005 O'Jays , The The O'Jays Eddie Levert , Bobby Massey , William Powell , Sammy Strain , and Walter Williams . 2005 Pretenders Martin Chambers , Pete Farndon , James Honeyman - Scott , and Chrissie Hynde . 2005 Sledge , Percy Percy Sledge 2005 U2 Bono , Adam Clayton , The Edge , and Larry Mullen , Jr ... 2006 Black Sabbath Geezer Butler , Tony Iommi , Ozzy Osbourne , and Bill Ward . 2006 Blondie Clem Burke , Jimmy Destri , Nigel Harrison , Debbie Harry , Frank Infante , Chris Stein , and Gary Valentine . 2006 Davis , Miles Miles Davis 2006 Lynyrd Skynyrd Bob Burns , Allen Collins , Steve Gaines , Ed King , Billy Powell , Artimus Pyle , Gary Rossington , Ronnie Van Zant , and Leon Wilkeson . 2006 Sex Pistols Paul Cook , Steve Jones , Glen Matlock , John Lydon , and Sid Vicious . 2007 Grandmaster Flash and The Furious Five Melvin `` Melle Mel '' Glover , Nathaniel `` The Kidd Creole '' Glover , Eddie `` Scorpio '' Morris , Joseph `` Grandmaster Flash '' Sadler , Robert Keith `` Keef Cowboy '' Wiggins , and Guy Todd `` Rahiem '' Williams . 2007 R.E.M. Bill Berry , Peter Buck , Mike Mills , and Michael Stipe . 2007 Ronettes , The The Ronettes Estelle Bennett , Ronnie Spector , and Nedra Talley . 2007 Smith , Patti Patti Smith 2007 Van Halen Michael Anthony , Sammy Hagar , David Lee Roth , Alex Van Halen , and Eddie Van Halen . 2008 Clark Five , The Dave The Dave Clark Five Dave Clark , Lenny Davidson , Rick Huxley , Denis Payton , and Mike Smith . 2008 Cohen , Leonard Leonard Cohen 2008 Madonna 2008 Mellencamp , John John Mellencamp 2008 Ventures , The The Ventures Bob Bogle , Nokie Edwards , Gerry McGee , Mel Taylor , and Don Wilson . 2009 Beck , Jeff Jeff Beck 2009 Little Anthony and the Imperials Clarence Collins , Anthony Gourdine , Tracy Lord , Glouster `` Nat '' Rogers , Sammy Strain , and Ernest Wright Jr . 2009 Metallica Cliff Burton , Kirk Hammett , James Hetfield , Jason Newsted , Robert Trujillo , and Lars Ulrich . 2009 Run -- D.M.C. Darryl `` D.M.C. '' McDaniels , Jason `` Jam - Master Jay '' Mizell , and Joseph `` DJ Run '' Simmons . 2009 Womack , Bobby Bobby Womack ABBA Benny Andersson , Agnetha Fältskog , Anni - Frid Lyngstad , and Björn Ulvaeus . Genesis Tony Banks , Phil Collins , Peter Gabriel , Steve Hackett , and Mike Rutherford . Cliff , Jimmy Jimmy Cliff Hollies , The The Hollies Bernie Calvert , Allan Clarke , Bobby Elliott , Eric Haydock , Tony Hicks , Graham Nash , and Terry Sylvester . Stooges , The The Stooges Dave Alexander , Ron Asheton , Scott Asheton , Iggy Pop , and James Williamson . 2011 Alice Cooper Alice Cooper , Michael Owen Bruce , Glen Buxton , Dennis Dunaway , and Neal Smith . 2011 Diamond , Neil Neil Diamond 2011 Dr. John 2011 Love , Darlene Darlene Love 2011 Waits , Tom Tom Waits 2012 Beastie Boys Michael `` Mike D '' Diamond , Adam `` Ad - Rock '' Horovitz , and Adam `` MCA '' Yauch . 2012 -- Blue Caps ! The Blue Caps Backing band for Gene Vincent . Inducted : Tommy Facenda , Cliff Gallup , Dickie Harrell , Bobby Jones , Johnny Meeks , Jack Neal , Paul Peek , and Willie Williams . 2012 Comets ! The Comets Backing band for Bill Haley . Inducted : Joey Ambrose , Franny Beecher , Danny Cedrone , Johnny Grande , Ralph Jones , Marshall Lytle , Rudy Pompilli , Al Rex , Dick Richards , and Billy Williamson . 2012 Crickets ! The Crickets Backing band for Buddy Holly . Inducted : Jerry Allison , Sonny Curtis , Joe B. Mauldin , and Niki Sullivan . 2012 Donovan 2012 Famous Flames ! The Famous Flames Backing vocal group for James Brown . Inducted : Bobby Bennett , Bobby Byrd , Lloyd Stallworth , and Johnny Terry . 2012 Guns N ' Roses Steven Adler , Duff McKagan , Dizzy Reed , Axl Rose , Slash , Matt Sorum , and Izzy Stradlin . 2012 -- Midnighters ! The Midnighters Backing vocal group for Hank Ballard . Inducted : Henry Booth , Billy Davis , Cal Green , Arthur Porter , Lawson Smith , Charles Sutton , Norman Thrasher , and Sonny Woods . 2012 Miracles ! The Miracles Backing vocal group for Smokey Robinson . Inducted : Claudette Rogers , Bobby Rogers , Ronald White , Marv Tarplin , and Pete Moore . 2012 Nyro , Laura Laura Nyro 2012 Red Hot Chili Peppers Flea , John Frusciante , Jack Irons , Anthony Kiedis , Josh Klinghoffer , Cliff Martinez , Hillel Slovak , and Chad Smith . 2012 -- Small Faces / Faces Kenney Jones , Ronnie Lane , Ian McLagan , Steve Marriott , Rod Stewart , and Ronnie Wood . 2013 Heart Michael DeRosier , Roger Fisher , Steve Fossen , Howard Leese , Ann Wilson , and Nancy Wilson . 2013 King , Albert Albert King 2013 Newman , Randy Randy Newman 2013 Public Enemy Flavor Flav , Professor Griff , Terminator X , and Chuck D . 2013 Rush Geddy Lee , Alex Lifeson , and Neil Peart . 2013 Summer , Donna Donna Summer 2014 Gabriel , Peter Peter Gabriel 2014 Hall & Oates Daryl Hall and John Oates . 2014 Kiss Peter Criss , Ace Frehley , Gene Simmons , and Paul Stanley . 2014 Nirvana Kurt Cobain , Dave Grohl , and Krist Novoselic . 2014 Ronstadt , Linda Linda Ronstadt 2014 Stevens , Cat Cat Stevens 2015 Butterfield Blues Band , The Paul The Paul Butterfield Blues Band Paul Butterfield , Mike Bloomfield , Elvin Bishop , Mark Naftalin , Jerome Arnold , Billy Davenport , and Sam Lay . 2015 Jett & the Blackhearts , Joan Joan Jett & the Blackhearts Joan Jett , Gary Ryan , Lee Crystal , and Ricky Byrd . 2015 Reed , Lou Lou Reed 2015 Green Day Billie Joe Armstrong , Tré Cool , and Mike Dirnt . 2015 Vaughan , Stevie Ray Stevie Ray Vaughan and Double Trouble Stevie Ray Vaughan , Chris Layton , Tommy Shannon , and Reese Wynans . 2015 Withers , Bill Bill Withers 2016 Cheap Trick Bun E. Carlos , Rick Nielsen , Tom Petersson , and Robin Zander . 2016 Chicago Peter Cetera , Terry Kath , Robert Lamm , Lee Loughnane , James Pankow , Walter Parazaider , and Danny Seraphine . 2016 Deep Purple Ritchie Blackmore , David Coverdale , Rod Evans , Ian Gillan , Roger Glover , Glenn Hughes , Jon Lord , and Ian Paice 2016 N.W.A DJ Yella , Ice Cube , MC Ren , Eazy - E , and Dr. Dre 2016 Miller , Steve Steve Miller 2017 Electric Light Orchestra Bev Bevan , Jeff Lynne , Richard Tandy , and Roy Wood 2017 Baez , Joan Joan Baez 2017 Journey Jonathan Cain , Aynsley Dunbar , Steve Perry , Gregg Rolie , Neal Schon , Steve Smith , and Ross Valory 2017 Pearl Jam Jeff Ament , Matt Cameron , Stone Gossard , Dave Krusen , Mike McCready , and Eddie Vedder 2017 Tupac Shakur 2017 Yes Jon Anderson , Bill Bruford , Steve Howe , Tony Kaye , Trevor Rabin , Chris Squire , Rick Wakeman , and Alan White ^ Note 1 . These backing bands were inducted by a separate committee , and not by the ballot voting used for all other performer inductees . Early influences ( edit ) Woody Guthrie , inducted in 1988 . Louis Armstrong , inducted in 1990 . Pete Seeger , inducted in 1996 . Charles Brown , inducted in 1999 . Artists inducted into the early influences category are those `` whose music predated rock and roll but had an impact on the evolution of rock and roll and inspired rock 's leading artists . '' Unlike the performers category , these inductees are selected by a committee . The full process is not transparent and it is unclear who comprises this selection committee . Year Name 1986 Rodgers , Jimmie Jimmie Rodgers 1986 Yancey , Jimmy Jimmy Yancey 1986 Johnson , Robert Robert Johnson Jordan , Louis Louis Jordan Walker , T - Bone T - Bone Walker Williams , Hank Hank Williams 1988 Guthrie , Woody Woody Guthrie 1988 Lead Belly 1988 Les Paul 1989 Ink Spots ! The Ink Spots 1989 Smith , Bessie Bessie Smith 1989 Soul Stirrers ! The Soul Stirrers 1990 Christian , Charlie Charlie Christian 1990 Armstrong , Louis Louis Armstrong 1990 Rainey , Ma Ma Rainey 1991 Howlin ' Wolf 1992 James , Elmore Elmore James 1992 Longhair , Professor Professor Longhair 1993 Washington , Dinah Dinah Washington 1994 Dixon , Willie Willie Dixon 1995 Orioles , The The Orioles Seeger , Pete Pete Seeger 1997 Jackson , Mahalia Mahalia Jackson 1997 Monroe , Bill Bill Monroe 1998 Jelly Roll Morton 1999 Bob Wills & His Texas Playboys 1999 Brown , Charles Charles Brown 2000 Cole , Nat ! Nat King Cole 2000 Holiday , Billie Billie Holiday 2009 Jackson , Wanda Wanda Jackson 2012 King , Freddie Freddie King 2015 5 Royalses ! The `` 5 '' Royales ^ A. Inducted members : Bill Kenny , Charlie Fuqua , Deek Watson , and Orville `` Hoppy '' Jones . ^ B. Inducted members : Roy Crain Sr. , R.H. Harris , Jesse Farley , and E.A. Rundless . ^ C. Inducted members : Sonny Til , Tommy Gaither , George Nelson , Johnny Reed , and Alexander Sharp . ^ D. Inducted members : Bob Wills , Tommy Duncan , Leon McAuliffe , Johnny Gimble , Joe `` Jody '' Holley , Tiny Moore , Herb Remington , Eldon Shamblin , and Al Stricklin . ^ E. Nominated as a performer . ^ F. Inducted members : John L. Tanner , Eugene Tanner , James E. Moore , Obadiah H. Carter and Lowman Pauling , Jr Non-performers ( Ahmet Ertegün Award ) ( edit ) Carole King , inducted in 1990 Dick Clark , inducted in 1993 Clive Davis , inducted in 2000 The non-performer category honors `` songwriters , producers , disc jockeys , record executives , journalists and other industry professionals who have had a major influence on the development of rock and roll . '' Several of the inductees in this category were in fact prominent performers as well . The inductees in this category are selected by the same committee that chooses the early influences . The full process is not transparent and it is unclear who comprises this selection committee . This category has been criticized for inducting those that have `` been coming to the dinner for years and paying for their tickets '' and not revealing their full criteria . In 2008 , this category was renamed the `` Ahmet Ertegün Award '' . Year Name 1986 Freed , Alan Alan Freed 1986 Phillips , Sam Sam Phillips Chess , Leonard Leonard Chess Ertegun , Ahmet Ahmet Ertegun Leiber ! Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller Wexler , Jerry Jerry Wexler 1988 Gordy , Jr. , Berry Berry Gordy , Jr . 1989 Spector , Phil Phil Spector 1990 Gerry Goffin and Carole King 1990 Holland -- Dozier -- Holland 1991 Bartholomew , Dave Dave Bartholomew 1991 Bass , Ralph Ralph Bass 1992 Fender , Leo Leo Fender 1992 Graham , Bill Bill Graham 1992 Pomus , Doc Doc Pomus 1993 Clark , Dick Dick Clark 1993 Gabler , Milt Milt Gabler 1994 Otis , Johnny Johnny Otis 1995 Ackerman , Paul Paul Ackerman Donahue , Tom Tom Donahue 1997 Nathan , Syd Syd Nathan 1998 Toussaint , Allen Allen Toussaint 1999 Martin , George George Martin 2000 Davis , Clive Clive Davis 2001 Blackwell , Chris Chris Blackwell 2002 Stewart , Jim Jim Stewart 2003 Ostin , Mo Mo Ostin 2008 Kenny Gamble and Leon Huff Geffen , David David Geffen Blackwell , Otis Otis Blackwell Jeff Barry and Ellie Greenwich Shuman , Mort Mort Shuman Stone , Jesse Jesse Stone Barry Mann and Cynthia Weil 2011 Holzman , Jac Jac Holzman 2011 Rupe , Art Art Rupe 2012 Kirshner , Don Don Kirshner 2013 Adler , Lou Lou Adler 2013 Jones , Quincy Quincy Jones 2014 Epstein , Brian Brian Epstein 2014 Andrew Loog Oldham 2016 Berns , Bert Bert Berns Award for Musical Excellence ( edit ) Leon Russell , inducted in 2011 . This category , which replaced sidemen , `` honors those musicians , producers and others who have spent their careers out of the spotlight working with major artists on various parts of their recording and live careers . '' Year Name 2011 Russell , Leon Leon Russell 2012 Matassa , Cosimo Cosimo Matassa 2012 Dowd , Tom Tom Dowd 2012 Johns , Glyn Glyn Johns 2014 E Street Band 2015 Ringo Starr 2017 Nile Rodgers ^ G. Inducted members : Garry Tallent , Roy Bittan , Max Weinberg , Steven Van Zandt , Nils Lofgren , Patti Scialfa , Clarence Clemons , Danny Federici , Vini Lopez , David Sancious . Sidemen ( edit ) Established in 2000 , the sidemen category `` honors those musicians who have spent their careers out of the spotlight , performing as backup musicians for major artists on recording sessions and in concert . '' A separate committee , composed mainly of producers , chooses the inductees . In 2010 , the category was renamed to `` Award for Musical Excellence '' . According to Joel Peresman , the president of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Foundation , `` This award gives us flexibility to dive into some things and recognize some people who might not ordinarily get recognized . '' James Burton , inducted in 2001 . Year Name Instrument 2000 Blaine , Hal Hal Blaine Drums 2000 Curtis , King King Curtis Saxophone 2000 Jamerson , James James Jamerson Bass guitar 2000 Moore , Scotty Scotty Moore Guitar 2000 Palmer , Earl Earl Palmer Drums 2001 Burton , James James Burton Guitar 2001 Johnson , Johnnie Johnnie Johnson Piano 2002 Atkins , Chet Chet Atkins Guitar 2003 Benjamin , Benny Benny Benjamin Drums 2003 Cramer , Floyd Floyd Cramer Piano 2003 Douglas , Steve Steve Douglas Saxophone 2008 Walter , Little Little Walter Harmonica 2009 Black , Bill Bill Black Bass guitar 2009 Fontana , D.J. D.J. Fontana Drums 2009 Oldham , Spooner Spooner Oldham Keyboard Lifetime achievement ( edit ) The following were inducted for `` Lifetime Achievement in the Non-Performer Category . '' Year Name 1986 Hammond , John John Hammond 1991 Ertegun , Nesuhi Nesuhi Ertegun Wenner , Jann Jann Wenner 2005 Barsalona , Frank Frank Barsalona 2005 Stein , Seymour Seymour Stein 2006 Herb Alpert and Jerry Moss Multiple inductees ( edit ) As of 2017 , 22 performers have been inducted twice or more ; fourteen have been recognized as a solo artist and with a band and seven have been inducted with two separate bands . Eric Clapton is the only one to be inducted three times : as a solo artist , with Cream and The Yardbirds . Clyde McPhatter was the first to ever be inducted twice and is one of three artists to be inducted first as a solo artist and then as a member of a band , the other artists being Neil Young and Rod Stewart . Stephen Stills is the only artist to be inducted twice in the same year . Crosby , Stills & Nash , inducted in 1997 , is the only band to see all of its inducted members be inducted with other acts : David Crosby with The Byrds in 1991 , Stephen Stills with Buffalo Springfield in 1997 , and Graham Nash with The Hollies in 2010 . The Beatles , inducted in 1988 , is the second band to have all of its members be inducted , as well as the only band to have each of its members be inducted for their solo careers as their second induction . Ringo Starr is the first inductee to be inducted twice in different categories ( The Beatles were inducted in the performers category in 1988 and Starr was inducted as a solo artist in the Award for Musical Excellence category in 2015 ) . He also holds the record for the longest time between first and second inductions , at 27 years . Both of Stills ' inductions happened during the 1997 ceremony and Clapton and McPhatter were inducted in back - to - back years ( 1987 / 88 for McPhatter , 1992 / 93 for Clapton , as well as his solo induction in 2000 ) . The Traveling Wilburys are the only band to have all of its members be inducted without the band itself having been inducted : Roy Orbison as a solo artist in 1987 , Bob Dylan as a solo artist in 1988 , George Harrison with the Beatles in 1988 and as a solo artist in 2004 , Tom Petty with Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers in 2002 , and Jeff Lynne with the Electric Light Orchestra in 2017 . Name First Year Second Year Third Year Beck , Jeff Jeff Beck Yardbirds ! The Yardbirds 1992 zzzzz ! Solo career 2009 -- -- Carter , Johnny Johnny Carter Flamingos ! The Flamingos 2001 Dells ! The Dells -- -- Clapton , Eric Eric Clapton Yardbirds ! The Yardbirds 1992 Cream 1993 Solo career 2000 Crosby , David David Crosby Byrds ! The Byrds 1991 Crosby , Stills & Nash 1997 -- -- Gabriel , Peter Peter Gabriel Genesis ! Genesis Solo career 2014 -- -- Harrison , George George Harrison Beatles ! The Beatles 1988 zzzzz ! Solo career -- -- Jackson , Michael Michael Jackson Jackson Five ! The Jackson Five 1997 zzzzz ! Solo career 2001 -- -- Lennon , John John Lennon Beatles ! The Beatles 1988 zzzzz ! Solo career 1994 -- -- Mayfield , Curtis Curtis Mayfield Impressions ! The Impressions 1991 zzzzz ! Solo career 1999 -- -- McCartney , Paul Paul McCartney Beatles ! The Beatles 1988 zzzzz ! Solo career 1999 -- -- McPhatter , Clyde Clyde McPhatter zzzzz ! Solo career Drifters ! The Drifters 1988 -- -- Nash , Graham Graham Nash Crosby , Stills & Nash 1997 Hollies ! The Hollies -- -- Page , Jimmy Jimmy Page Yardbirds ! The Yardbirds 1992 Led Zeppelin 1995 -- -- Reed , Lou Lou Reed Velvet Underground ! The Velvet Underground zzzzz ! Solo career 2015 -- -- Rolie , Gregg Gregg Rolie Santana 1998 Journey 2017 -- -- Simon , Paul Paul Simon Simon and Garfunkel 1990 zzzzz ! Solo career 2001 -- -- Starr , Ringo Ringo Starr Beatles ! The Beatles 1988 Award For Musical Excellence , Solo career 2015 -- -- Stewart , Rod Rod Stewart zzzzz ! Solo career 1994 Faces 2012 -- -- Stills , Stephen Stephen Stills Buffalo Springfield 1997 Crosby , Stills & Nash 1997 -- -- Strain , Sammy ! Sammy Strain The O'Jays 2005 Little Anthony & The Imperials 2009 -- -- Wood , Ronnie Ronnie Wood Rolling Stones ! The Rolling Stones 1989 Faces 2012 -- -- Young , Neil Neil Young zzzzz ! Solo career 1995 Buffalo Springfield 1997 -- -- 2018 nominees ( edit ) Bon Jovi Kate Bush The Cars Depeche Mode Dire Straits Eurythmics The J. Geils Band Judas Priest LL Cool J MC5 The Meters The Moody Blues Radiohead Rage Against the Machine Rufus featuring Chaka Khan Nina Simone Sister Rosetta Tharpe Link Wray The Zombies References ( edit ) General `` Inductee list '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 02 . Specific Jump up ^ `` Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Inductees '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : `` Induction Ceremony and Process '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ Smith , Troy L. ( 2016 - 04 - 08 ) . `` Cleveland will host Rock & Roll Hall of Fame Ceremony every two years '' . The Plain Dealer . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 09 . Jump up ^ Friedman , Roger ( April 4 , 2001 ) . `` Rock Hall of Fame Fallout : ' There Is Resentment Building Up '' . Fox News . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ Selvin , Joel ( November 14 , 2007 ) . `` View : Rock and Roll Hall offers lackluster candidates '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ Sinkevics , John ( March 11 , 2007 ) . `` Hall voters ' bias leaves prog - rock out -- again '' . The Grand Rapids Press . Archived from the original on November 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Friedman , Roger ( March 14 , 2007 ) . `` Rock Hall Voting Scandal : Rock Group Actually Won '' . Fox News . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Were not coming . Were not your monkey and so what ? '' ( sic ) Official announcement from the Sex Pistols regarding the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame on February 24 , 2006 Jump up ^ Soeder , John ( February 9 , 2012 ) . `` Crickets , Famous Flames , Comets , Miracles , Midnighters and Blue Caps added to Rock Hall induction ceremony '' . The Plain Dealer . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` The Everly Brothers '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` The Coasters '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` The Beach Boys '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` The Beatles '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` The Drifters '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` The Supremes '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` The Rolling Stones '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` The Temptations '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` The Four Seasons '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The Four Tops '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The Kinks '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The Platters '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Simon & Garfunkel '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Archived from the original on January 28 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The Who '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The Byrds '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The Impressions '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Ike & Tina Turner '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Booker T . & The M.G. 's '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The Isley Brothers '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The Jimi Hendrix Experience '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Sam & Dave '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The Yardbirds '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Cream '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Creedence Clearwater Revival '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Doors '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Frankie Lymon & The Teenagers '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Sly & The Family Stone '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Animals '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Band '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Grateful Dead '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Allman Brothers Band '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Led Zeppelin '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2015 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Martha & The Vandellas '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Gladys Knight & the Pips '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Jefferson Airplane '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2010 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Pink Floyd '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Shirelles '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Velvet Underground '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Bee Gees '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Buffalo Springfield '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Crosby , Stills & Nash '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Jackson Five '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Parliament - Funkadelic '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Rascals '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Eagles '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Fleetwood Mac '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Mamas & The Papas '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Santana '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Staple Singers '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : Soeder , John ( September 22 , 1999 ) . `` Canton 's O'Jays , Aerosmith among Rock Hall finalists '' . The Plain Dealer . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Aerosmith '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Flamingos '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Queen '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Steely Dan '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Petty & The Heartbreakers '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Ramones '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Talking Heads '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` AC / DC '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Clash '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Elvis Costello & the Attractions '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Police '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Righteous Brothers '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Dells '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Traffic '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` ZZ Top '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` The O'Jays '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` The Pretenders '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` U2 '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Black Sabbath '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Blondie '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Lynyrd Skynyrd '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Sex Pistols '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Grandmaster Flash and The Furious Five '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` R.E.M. '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` The Ronettes '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Van Halen '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` The Dave Clark Five '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The Ventures '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Little Anthony and the Imperials '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Metallica '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2009 . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Run - D.M.C. '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` ABBA '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Genesis '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` The Hollies '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` The Stooges '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Alice Cooper Band '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Beastie Boys '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` The Blue Caps '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` The Comets '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` The Crickets '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` The Famous Flames '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Guns N ' Roses '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` The Midnighters '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` The Miracles '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Red Hot Chili Peppers '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` The Small Faces / Faces '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Heart '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Public Enemy '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Rush '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Daryl Hall and John Oates '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Kiss '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Nirvana '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : ( 1 ) ^ Jump up to : `` List of 2015 Inductees '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved December 16 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : THE ROCK AND ROLL HALL OF FAME ANNOUNCES 2016 INDUCTEES - Rock & Roll Hall of Fame Press Room Jump up ^ `` Electric Light Orchestra '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2016 . Retrieved 20 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Journey '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2016 . Retrieved 20 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pearl Jam '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2016 . Retrieved 20 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Yes '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2016 . Retrieved 20 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Ink Spots '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` The Soul Stirrers '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` The Orioles '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Bob Wills & His Texas Playboys '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ Roger Friedman ( December 13 , 2007 ) . `` Golden Globes : Stars Fill in Blanks ; Rock Hall of Fame '' . Fox News . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Inductees for 2008 '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame official website . December 13 , 2007 . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Class of 2017 Inductions '' . Rock & Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 20 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Soeder , John ( December 15 , 2010 ) . `` Neil Diamond , Alice Cooper , Dr. John , Darlene Love and Tom Waits headed into Rock Hall '' . The Plain Dealer . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Hal Blaine '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` King Curtis '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` James Jamerson '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Scotty Moore '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Earl Palmer '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` James Burton '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Johnnie Johnson '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Chet Atkins '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Benny Benjamin '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Floyd Cramer '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Steve Douglas '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Little Walter '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Black '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` DJ Fontana '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Spooner Oldham '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Rock and Roll Hall of Fame makes Clapton first triple inductee '' . CNN . March 7 , 2000 . Archived from the original on January 15 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` The Rock & Roll Hall of Fame Announces Nominees for 2018 Induction '' . Rock & Roll Hall of Fame . External links ( edit ) Official website Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees . ( hide ) Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Induction Classes 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Rock_and_Roll_Hall_of_Fame_inductees&oldid=804043489 '' Categories : Music - related lists Lists of musicians Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from December 2014 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles with hCards Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Español Galego مصرى 日本 語 Norsk Português Русский Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 6 October 2017 , at 10 : 30 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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"\n\nYear\nImage\nName\nInducted members\n\n\n1986\n\nBerry, ChuckChuck Berry\n\n\n\n1986\n\nBrown, JamesJames Brown\n\n\n\n1986\n\nCharles, RayRay Charles\n\n\n\n1986\n\nCooke, SamSam Cooke\n\n\n\n1986\n\nDomino, FatsFats Domino\n\n\n\n1986\n\nEverly Brothers !The Everly Brothers\nDon Everly and Phil Everly.[10]\n\n\n1986\n\nHolly, BuddyBuddy Holly\n\n\n\n1986\n\nLewis, Jerry LeeJerry Lee Lewis\n\n\n\n1986\n\nLittle Richard\n\n\n\n1986\n\nPresley, ElvisElvis Presley\n\n\n\n1987\n\nCoasters !The Coasters\nCarl Gardner, Cornell Gunter, Billy Guy, and Will \"Dub\" Jones.[11]\n\n\n1987\n\nCochran, EddieEddie Cochran\n\n\n\n1987\n\nDiddley, BoBo Diddley\n\n\n\n1987\n\nFranklin, ArethaAretha Franklin\n\n\n\n1987\n\nGaye, MarvinMarvin Gaye\n\n\n\n1987\n\nHaley, BillBill Haley\n\n\n\n1987\n\nKing, B.B.B.B. King\n\n\n\n1987\n\nMcPhatter, ClydeClyde McPhatter\n\n\n\n1987\n\nNelson, RickyRicky Nelson\n\n\n\n1987\n\nOrbison, RoyRoy Orbison\n\n\n\n1987\n\nPerkins, CarlCarl Perkins\n\n\n\n1987\n\nRobinson, SmokeySmokey Robinson\n\n\n\n1987\n\nTurner, Big JoeBig Joe Turner\n\n\n\n1987\n\nWaters, MuddyMuddy Waters\n\n\n\n1987\n\nWilson, JackieJackie Wilson\n\n\n\n1988\n\nBeach Boys !The Beach Boys\nAl Jardine, Mike Love, Brian Wilson, Carl Wilson, and Dennis Wilson.[12]\n\n\n1988\n\nBeatles !The Beatles\nGeorge Harrison, John Lennon, Paul McCartney, and Ringo Starr.[13]\n\n\n1988\n\nDrifters !The Drifters\nBen E. King, Rudy Lewis, Clyde McPhatter, Johnny Moore, Bill Pinkney, Charlie Thomas, and Gerhart Thrasher.[14]\n\n\n1988\n\nDylan, BobBob Dylan\n\n\n\n1988\n\nSupremes !The Supremes\nFlorence Ballard, Diana Ross, and Mary Wilson.[15]\n\n\n1989\n\nDion !Dion\n\n\n\n1989\n\nRedding, OtisOtis Redding\n\n\n\n1989\n\nRolling Stones !The Rolling Stones\nMick Jagger, Brian Jones, Keith Richards, Ian Stewart, Mick Taylor, Charlie Watts, Ronnie Wood, and Bill Wyman.[16]\n\n\n1989\n\nTemptations !The Temptations\nMelvin Franklin, Eddie Kendricks, David Ruffin, Otis Williams, Paul Williams, Dennis Edwards.[17]\n\n\n1989\n\nWonder, StevieStevie Wonder\n\n\n\n1990\n—\nBallard, HankHank Ballard\n\n\n\n1990\n\nDarin, BobbyBobby Darin\n\n\n\n1990\n\nFour Seasons !The Four Seasons\nTom DeVito, Bob Gaudio, Nick Massi, and Frankie Valli.[18]\n\n\n1990\n\nFour Tops !Four Tops\nRenaldo \"Obie\" Benson, Abdul \"Duke\" Fakir, Lawrence Payton, and Levi Stubbs.[19]\n\n\n1990\n\nKinks !The Kinks\nMick Avory, Dave Davies, Ray Davies, and Pete Quaife.[20]\n\n\n1990\n\nPlatters !The Platters\nDavid Lynch, Herb Reed, Paul Robi, Zola Taylor, and Tony Williams.[21]\n\n\n1990\n\nSimon & Garfunkel\nPaul Simon and Art Garfunkel.[22]\n\n\n1990\n\nWho !The Who\nRoger Daltrey, John Entwistle, Keith Moon, and Pete Townshend.[23]\n\n\n1991\n\nBaker, LaVernLaVern Baker\n\n\n\n1991\n\nByrds !The Byrds\nGene Clark, Michael Clarke, David Crosby, Chris Hillman, and Roger McGuinn.[24]\n\n\n1991\n\nHooker, John LeeJohn Lee Hooker\n\n\n\n1991\n—\nImpressions !The Impressions\nCurtis Mayfield, Sam Gooden, Fred Cash, Arthur Brooks, Richard Brooks, and Jerry Butler.[25]\n\n\n1991\n\nPickett, WilsonWilson Pickett\n\n\n\n1991\n\nReed, JimmyJimmy Reed\n\n\n\n1991\n\nTurner, Ike & TinaIke & Tina Turner\nIke Turner and Tina Turner.[26]\n\n\n1992\n\nBland, Bobby !Bobby \"Blue\" Bland\n\n\n\n1992\n\nBooker T. & the M.G.'s\nBooker T. Jones, Steve Cropper, Donald \"Duck\" Dunn, Al Jackson Jr., and Lewie Steinberg.[27]\n\n\n1992\n\nCash, JohnnyJohnny Cash\n\n\n\n1992\n\nIsley Brothers !The Isley Brothers\nErnie Isley, Marvin Isley, O'Kelly Isley Jr., Ronald Isley, Rudolph Isley, and Chris Jasper.[28]\n\n\n1992\n\nHendrix Experience, The JimiThe Jimi Hendrix Experience\nJimi Hendrix, Mitch Mitchell, and Noel Redding.[29]\n\n\n1992\n\nSam & Dave\nSam Moore and Dave Prater.[30]\n\n\n1992\n\nYardbirds !The Yardbirds\nJeff Beck, Eric Clapton, Chris Dreja, Jim McCarty, Jimmy Page, Keith Relf, and Paul Samwell-Smith.[31]\n\n\n1993\n\nBrown, RuthRuth Brown\n\n\n\n1993\n\nCream\nGinger Baker, Jack Bruce, and Eric Clapton.[32]\n\n\n1993\n\nCreedence Clearwater Revival\nDoug Clifford, Stu Cook, John Fogerty, and Tom Fogerty.[33]\n\n\n1993\n\nDoors !The Doors\nJohn Densmore, Robby Krieger, Ray Manzarek, and Jim Morrison.[34]\n\n\n1993\n\nLymon & The Teenagers, FrankieFrankie Lymon & The Teenagers\nHerman Santiago, Jimmy Merchant, Sherman Garnes, Frankie Lymon, and Joe Negroni[35]\n\n\n1993\n\nJames, EttaEtta James\n\n\n\n1993\n\nMorrison, VanVan Morrison\n\n\n\n1993\n\nSly and the Family Stone\nGregg Errico, Larry Graham, Jerry Martini, Cynthia Robinson, Freddie Stone, Rosie Stone, and Sly Stone.[36]\n\n\n1994\n\nAnimals !The Animals\nEric Burdon, Chas Chandler, Alan Price, John Steel, and Hilton Valentine.[37]\n\n\n1994\n\nBand !The Band\nRick Danko, Levon Helm, Garth Hudson, Richard Manuel, and Robbie Robertson.[38]\n\n\n1994\n\nEddy, DuaneDuane Eddy\n\n\n\n1994\n\nGrateful Dead\nTom Constanten, Jerry Garcia, Donna Jean Godchaux, Keith Godchaux, Mickey Hart, Robert Hunter, Bill Kreutzmann, Phil Lesh, Ron McKernan, Brent Mydland, Bob Weir, and Vince Welnick.[39]\n\n\n1994\n\nJohn, EltonElton John\n\n\n\n1994\n\nLennon, JohnJohn Lennon\n\n\n\n1994\n\nMarley, BobBob Marley\n\n\n\n1994\n\nStewart, RodRod Stewart\n\n\n\n1995\n\nAllman Brothers Band !The Allman Brothers Band\nDuane Allman, Gregg Allman, Dickey Betts, Jai Johanny Johanson, Berry Oakley, and Butch Trucks.[40]\n\n\n1995\n\nGreen, AlAl Green\n\n\n\n1995\n\nJoplin, JanisJanis Joplin\n\n\n\n1995\n\nLed Zeppelin\nJohn Bonham, John Paul Jones, Jimmy Page, and Robert Plant[41]\n\n\n1995\n\nMartha and the Vandellas\nRosalind Ashford, Annette Beard, Betty Kelly, Lois Reeves, Martha Reeves, and Sandra Tilley.[42]\n\n\n1995\n\n\n\nYoung, NeilNeil Young\n\n\n\n1995\n\nZappa, FrankFrank Zappa\n\n\n\n1996\n\nBowie, DavidDavid Bowie\n\n\n\n1996\n\nKnight & the Pips, GladysGladys Knight & the Pips\nWilliam Guest, Gladys Knight, Merald \"Bubba\" Knight, and Edward Patten.[43]\n\n\n1996\n\nJefferson Airplane\nMarty Balin, Jack Casady, Spencer Dryden, Paul Kantner, Jorma Kaukonen, and Grace Slick.[44]\n\n\n1996\n\nLittle Willie John\n\n\n\n1996\n\nPink Floyd\nSyd Barrett, David Gilmour, Nick Mason, Roger Waters, and Rick Wright.[45]\n\n\n1996\n\nShirelles !The Shirelles\nShirley Alston Reeves, Addie Harris, Doris Kenner-Jackson, and Beverly Lee.[46]\n\n\n1996\n\nVelvet Underground !The Velvet Underground\nJohn Cale, Sterling Morrison, Lou Reed, and Maureen Tucker.[47]\n\n\n1997\n\nBee Gees\nBarry Gibb, Maurice Gibb, and Robin Gibb.[48]\n\n\n1997\n\nBuffalo Springfield\nRichie Furay, Dewey Martin, Bruce Palmer, Stephen Stills, and Neil Young.[49]\n\n\n1997\n\nCrosby, Stills & Nash\nDavid Crosby, Graham Nash, and Stephen Stills.[50]\n\n\n1997\n\nJackson 5, TheThe Jackson 5\nJackie Jackson, Jermaine Jackson, Marlon Jackson, Michael Jackson, and Tito Jackson.[51]\n\n\n1997\n\nMitchell, JoniJoni Mitchell\n\n\n\n1997\n\nParliament-Funkadelic\nJerome Brailey, George Clinton, Bootsy Collins, Raymond Davis, Tiki Fulwood, Glenn Goins, Michael Hampton, Fuzzy Haskins, Eddie Hazel, Walter Morrison, Cordell Mosson, William \"Billy Bass\" Nelson, Garry Shider, Calvin Simon, Grady Thomas, and Bernie Worrell.[52]\n\n\n1997\n\nRascals !The (Young) Rascals\nEddie Brigati, Felix Cavaliere, Gene Cornish, and Dino Danelli.[53]\n\n\n1998\n\nEagles\nDon Felder, Glenn Frey, Don Henley, Bernie Leadon, Randy Meisner, Timothy B. Schmit, and Joe Walsh.[54]\n\n\n1998\n\nFleetwood Mac\nLindsey Buckingham, Mick Fleetwood, Peter Green, Danny Kirwan, Christine McVie, John McVie, Stevie Nicks, and Jeremy Spencer.[55]\n\n\n1998\n\nMamas & The Papas !The Mamas & the Papas\nDenny Doherty, Cass Elliot, John Phillips, and Michelle Phillips.[56]\n\n\n1998\n\nPrice, LloydLloyd Price\n\n\n\n1998\n\nSantana\nJose Chepito Areas, David Brown, Michael Carabello, Gregg Rolie, Carlos Santana, and Michael Shrieve.[57]\n\n\n1998\n\nVincent, GeneGene Vincent\n\n\n\n1999\n\nJoel, BillyBilly Joel\n\n\n\n1999\n\nMayfield, CurtisCurtis Mayfield\n\n\n\n1999\n\nMcCartney, PaulPaul McCartney\n\n\n\n1999\n\nShannon, DelDel Shannon\n\n\n\n1999\n\nSpringfield, DustyDusty Springfield\n\n\n\n1999\n\nSpringsteen, BruceBruce Springsteen\n\n\n\n1999\n\nStaple Singers, TheThe Staple Singers\nCleotha Staples, Mavis Staples, Pervis Staples, Pops Staples, and Yvonne Staples.[58]\n\n\n2000\n\nClapton, EricEric Clapton\n\n\n\n2000\n\nEarth, Wind & Fire\nPhilip Bailey, Larry Dunn, Johnny Graham, Ralph Johnson, Al McKay, Fred White, Maurice White, Verdine White, and Andrew Woolfolk.[59]\n\n\n2000\n\nLovin' Spoonful, TheThe Lovin' Spoonful\nSteve Boone, Joe Butler, John Sebastian, and Zal Yanovsky.[59]\n\n\n2000\n\nMoonglows, TheThe Moonglows\nPrentiss Barnes, Harvey Fuqua, Peter Graves, Billy Johnson, and Bobby Lester.[59]\n\n\n2000\n\nRaitt, BonnieBonnie Raitt\n\n\n\n2000\n\nTaylor, JamesJames Taylor\n\n\n\n2001\n\nAerosmith\nTom Hamilton, Joey Kramer, Joe Perry, Steven Tyler, and Brad Whitford.[60]\n\n\n2001\n\nBurke, SolomonSolomon Burke\n\n\n\n2001\n\nFlamingos, TheThe Flamingos\nJake Carey, Zeke Carey, Johnny Carter, Tommy Hunt, Terry \"Buzzy\" Johnson, Sollie McElroy, Nate Nelson, and Paul Wilson.[61]\n\n\n2001\n\nJackson, MichaelMichael Jackson\n\n\n\n2001\n\nQueen\nJohn Deacon, Brian May, Freddie Mercury, and Roger Taylor.[62]\n\n\n2001\n\nSimon, PaulPaul Simon\n\n\n\n2001\n\nSteely Dan\nWalter Becker and Donald Fagen.[63]\n\n\n2001\n\nValens, RitchieRitchie Valens\n\n\n\n2002\n\nHayes, IsaacIsaac Hayes\n\n\n\n2002\n\nLee, BrendaBrenda Lee\n\n\n\n2002\n\nPetty and the Heartbreakers, TomTom Petty and the Heartbreakers\nTom Petty, Ron Blair, Mike Campbell, Howie Epstein, Stan Lynch, and Benmont Tench.[64]\n\n\n2002\n\nPitney, GeneGene Pitney\n\n\n\n2002\n\nRamones\nDee Dee Ramone, Joey Ramone, Johnny Ramone, Marky Ramone, and Tommy Ramone.[65]\n\n\n2002\n\nTalking Heads\nDavid Byrne, Chris Frantz, Jerry Harrison, and Tina Weymouth.[66]\n\n\n2003\n\nAC/DC\nBrian Johnson, Phil Rudd, Bon Scott, Cliff Williams, Angus Young, and Malcolm Young.[67]\n\n\n2003\n\nClash, TheThe Clash\nTerry Chimes, Topper Headon, Mick Jones, Paul Simonon, and Joe Strummer.[68]\n\n\n2003\n\nCostello & the Attractions, ElvisElvis Costello & the Attractions\nElvis Costello, Steve Nieve, Bruce Thomas, and Pete Thomas.[69]\n\n\n2003\n\nPolice, TheThe Police\nStewart Copeland, Sting, and Andy Summers.[70]\n\n\n2003\n\nRighteous Brothers, TheThe Righteous Brothers\nBobby Hatfield and Bill Medley.[71]\n\n\n2004\n\nBrowne, JacksonJackson Browne\n\n\n\n2004\n\nDells, TheThe Dells\nVerne Allison, Chuck Barksdale, Johnny Carter, Johnny Funches, Marvin Junior, and Michael McGill.[72]\n\n\n2004\n\nHarrison, GeorgeGeorge Harrison\n\n\n\n2004\n\nPrince\n\n\n\n2004\n\nSeger, BobBob Seger\n\n\n\n2004\n\nTraffic\nJim Capaldi, Dave Mason, Steve Winwood, and Chris Wood.[73]\n\n\n2004\n\nZZ Top\nFrank Beard, Billy Gibbons, and Dusty Hill.[74]\n\n\n2005\n\nGuy, BuddyBuddy Guy\n\n\n\n2005\n\nO'Jays, TheThe O'Jays\nEddie Levert, Bobby Massey, William Powell, Sammy Strain, and Walter Williams.[75]\n\n\n2005\n\nPretenders\nMartin Chambers, Pete Farndon, James Honeyman-Scott, and Chrissie Hynde.[76]\n\n\n2005\n\nSledge, PercyPercy Sledge\n\n\n\n2005\n\nU2\nBono, Adam Clayton, The Edge, and Larry Mullen, Jr..[77]\n\n\n2006\n\nBlack Sabbath\nGeezer Butler, Tony Iommi, Ozzy Osbourne, and Bill Ward.[78]\n\n\n2006\n\nBlondie\nClem Burke, Jimmy Destri, Nigel Harrison, Debbie Harry, Frank Infante, Chris Stein, and Gary Valentine.[79]\n\n\n2006\n\nDavis, MilesMiles Davis\n\n\n\n2006\n\nLynyrd Skynyrd\nBob Burns, Allen Collins, Steve Gaines, Ed King, Billy Powell, Artimus Pyle, Gary Rossington, Ronnie Van Zant, and Leon Wilkeson.[80]\n\n\n2006\n\nSex Pistols\nPaul Cook, Steve Jones, Glen Matlock, John Lydon, and Sid Vicious.[81]\n\n\n2007\n\nGrandmaster Flash and The Furious Five\nMelvin \"Melle Mel\" Glover, Nathaniel \"The Kidd Creole\" Glover, Eddie \"Scorpio\" Morris, Joseph \"Grandmaster Flash\" Sadler, Robert Keith \"Keef Cowboy\" Wiggins, and Guy Todd \"Rahiem\" Williams.[82]\n\n\n2007\n\nR.E.M.\nBill Berry, Peter Buck, Mike Mills, and Michael Stipe.[83]\n\n\n2007\n\nRonettes, TheThe Ronettes\nEstelle Bennett, Ronnie Spector, and Nedra Talley.[84]\n\n\n2007\n\nSmith, PattiPatti Smith\n\n\n\n2007\n\nVan Halen\nMichael Anthony, Sammy Hagar, David Lee Roth, Alex Van Halen, and Eddie Van Halen.[85]\n\n\n2008\n\nClark Five, The DaveThe Dave Clark Five\nDave Clark, Lenny Davidson, Rick Huxley, Denis Payton, and Mike Smith.[86]\n\n\n2008\n\nCohen, LeonardLeonard Cohen\n\n\n\n2008\n\nMadonna\n\n\n\n2008\n\nMellencamp, JohnJohn Mellencamp\n\n\n\n2008\n\nVentures, TheThe Ventures\nBob Bogle, Nokie Edwards, Gerry McGee, Mel Taylor, and Don Wilson.[87]\n\n\n2009\n\nBeck, JeffJeff Beck\n\n\n\n2009\n\nLittle Anthony and the Imperials\nClarence Collins, Anthony Gourdine, Tracy Lord, Glouster \"Nat\" Rogers, Sammy Strain, and Ernest Wright Jr.[88]\n\n\n2009\n\nMetallica\nCliff Burton, Kirk Hammett, James Hetfield, Jason Newsted, Robert Trujillo, and Lars Ulrich.[89]\n\n\n2009\n\nRun–D.M.C.\nDarryl \"D.M.C.\" McDaniels, Jason \"Jam-Master Jay\" Mizell, and Joseph \"DJ Run\" Simmons.[90]\n\n\n2009\n\nWomack, BobbyBobby Womack\n\n\n\n2010\n\nABBA\nBenny Andersson, Agnetha Fältskog, Anni-Frid Lyngstad, and Björn Ulvaeus.[91]\n\n\n2010\n\nGenesis\nTony Banks, Phil Collins, Peter Gabriel, Steve Hackett, and Mike Rutherford.[92]\n\n\n2010\n\nCliff, JimmyJimmy Cliff\n\n\n\n2010\n\nHollies, TheThe Hollies\nBernie Calvert, Allan Clarke, Bobby Elliott, Eric Haydock, Tony Hicks, Graham Nash, and Terry Sylvester.[93]\n\n\n2010\n\nStooges, TheThe Stooges\nDave Alexander, Ron Asheton, Scott Asheton, Iggy Pop, and James Williamson.[94]\n\n\n2011\n\nAlice Cooper\nAlice Cooper, Michael Owen Bruce, Glen Buxton, Dennis Dunaway, and Neal Smith.[95]\n\n\n2011\n\nDiamond, NeilNeil Diamond\n\n\n\n2011\n\nDr. John\n\n\n\n2011\n\nLove, DarleneDarlene Love\n\n\n\n2011\n\nWaits, TomTom Waits\n\n\n\n2012\n\nBeastie Boys\nMichael \"Mike D\" Diamond, Adam \"Ad-Rock\" Horovitz, and Adam \"MCA\" Yauch.[96]\n\n\n2012\n—\nBlue Caps !The Blue Caps[N1]\nBacking band for Gene Vincent. Inducted: Tommy Facenda, Cliff Gallup, Dickie Harrell, Bobby Jones, Johnny Meeks, Jack Neal, Paul Peek, and Willie Williams.[97]\n\n\n2012\n\nComets !The Comets[N1]\nBacking band for Bill Haley. Inducted: Joey Ambrose, Franny Beecher, Danny Cedrone, Johnny Grande, Ralph Jones, Marshall Lytle, Rudy Pompilli, Al Rex, Dick Richards, and Billy Williamson.[98]\n\n\n2012\n\nCrickets !The Crickets[N1]\nBacking band for Buddy Holly. Inducted: Jerry Allison, Sonny Curtis, Joe B. Mauldin, and Niki Sullivan.[99]\n\n\n2012\n\nDonovan\n\n\n\n2012\n\nFamous Flames !The Famous Flames[N1]\nBacking vocal group for James Brown. Inducted: Bobby Bennett, Bobby Byrd, Lloyd Stallworth, and Johnny Terry.[100]\n\n\n2012\n\nGuns N' Roses\nSteven Adler, Duff McKagan, Dizzy Reed, Axl Rose, Slash, Matt Sorum, and Izzy Stradlin.[101]\n\n\n2012\n—\nMidnighters !The Midnighters[N1]\nBacking vocal group for Hank Ballard. Inducted: Henry Booth, Billy Davis, Cal Green, Arthur Porter, Lawson Smith, Charles Sutton, Norman Thrasher, and Sonny Woods.[102]\n\n\n2012\n\nMiracles !The Miracles[N1]\nBacking vocal group for Smokey Robinson. Inducted: Claudette Rogers, Bobby Rogers, Ronald White, Marv Tarplin, and Pete Moore.[103]\n\n\n2012\n\nNyro, LauraLaura Nyro\n\n\n\n2012\n\nRed Hot Chili Peppers\nFlea, John Frusciante, Jack Irons, Anthony Kiedis, Josh Klinghoffer, Cliff Martinez, Hillel Slovak, and Chad Smith.[104]\n\n\n2012\n—\nSmall Faces/Faces\nKenney Jones, Ronnie Lane, Ian McLagan, Steve Marriott, Rod Stewart, and Ronnie Wood.[105]\n\n\n2013\n\nHeart\nMichael DeRosier, Roger Fisher, Steve Fossen, Howard Leese, Ann Wilson, and Nancy Wilson.[106]\n\n\n2013\n\nKing, AlbertAlbert King\n\n\n\n2013\n\nNewman, RandyRandy Newman\n\n\n\n2013\n\nPublic Enemy\nFlavor Flav, Professor Griff, Terminator X, and Chuck D.[107]\n\n\n2013\n\nRush\nGeddy Lee, Alex Lifeson, and Neil Peart.[108]\n\n\n2013\n\nSummer, DonnaDonna Summer\n\n\n\n2014\n\nGabriel, PeterPeter Gabriel\n\n\n\n2014\n\nHall & Oates\nDaryl Hall and John Oates.[109]\n\n\n2014\n\nKiss\nPeter Criss, Ace Frehley, Gene Simmons, and Paul Stanley.[110]\n\n\n2014\n\nNirvana\nKurt Cobain, Dave Grohl, and Krist Novoselic.[111]\n\n\n2014\n\nRonstadt, LindaLinda Ronstadt\n\n\n\n2014\n\nStevens, CatCat Stevens\n\n\n2015\n\nButterfield Blues Band, The PaulThe Paul Butterfield Blues Band\nPaul Butterfield, Mike Bloomfield, Elvin Bishop, Mark Naftalin, Jerome Arnold, Billy Davenport, and Sam Lay.[112]\n\n\n2015\n\nJett & the Blackhearts, JoanJoan Jett & the Blackhearts\nJoan Jett, Gary Ryan, Lee Crystal, and Ricky Byrd.[112]\n\n\n2015\n\nReed, LouLou Reed[113]\n\n\n\n2015\n\nGreen Day\nBillie Joe Armstrong, Tré Cool, and Mike Dirnt.[113]\n\n\n2015\n\nVaughan, Stevie RayStevie Ray Vaughan and Double Trouble\nStevie Ray Vaughan, Chris Layton, Tommy Shannon, and Reese Wynans.[112]\n\n\n2015\n\nWithers, BillBill Withers\n\n\n\n2016\n\nCheap Trick\nBun E. Carlos, Rick Nielsen, Tom Petersson, and Robin Zander.[114]\n\n\n2016\n\nChicago\nPeter Cetera, Terry Kath, Robert Lamm, Lee Loughnane, James Pankow, Walter Parazaider, and Danny Seraphine.[114]\n\n\n2016\n\nDeep Purple\nRitchie Blackmore, David Coverdale, Rod Evans, Ian Gillan, Roger Glover, Glenn Hughes, Jon Lord, and Ian Paice[114]\n\n\n2016\n\nN.W.A\nDJ Yella, Ice Cube, MC Ren, Eazy-E, and Dr. Dre[114]\n\n\n2016\n\nMiller, SteveSteve Miller\n\n\n\n2017\n\nElectric Light Orchestra\nBev Bevan, Jeff Lynne, Richard Tandy, and Roy Wood[115]\n\n\n2017\n\nBaez, JoanJoan Baez\n\n\n\n2017\n\nJourney\nJonathan Cain, Aynsley Dunbar, Steve Perry, Gregg Rolie, Neal Schon, Steve Smith, and Ross Valory[116]\n\n\n2017\n\nPearl Jam\nJeff Ament, Matt Cameron, Stone Gossard, Dave Krusen, Mike McCready, and Eddie Vedder[117]\n\n\n2017\n\nTupac Shakur\n\n\n\n2017\n\nYes\nJon Anderson, Bill Bruford, Steve Howe, Tony Kaye, Trevor Rabin, Chris Squire, Rick Wakeman, and Alan White[118]\n\n"
] | [
"The Everly Brothers"
] |
1483042118657296692 | Eddie Gaedel | Eddie Gaedel - wikipedia Eddie Gaedel This is the current revision of this page , as edited by Glacier109 ( talk contribs ) at 05 : 44 , 15 August 2017 ( add references ) . The present address ( URL ) is a permanent link to this version . Revision as of 05 : 44 , 15 August 2017 by Glacier109 ( talk contribs ) ( add references ) ( diff ) ← Previous revision Latest revision ( diff ) Newer revision → ( diff ) Jump to : navigation , search Eddie Gaedel Gaedel ( right ) in August 1951 , in his only plate appearance Pinch hitter Born : ( 1925 - 06 - 08 ) June 8 , 1925 Chicago , Illinois Died : June 18 , 1961 ( 1961 - 06 - 18 ) ( aged 36 ) Chicago , Illinois Batted : Right Threw : Left MLB debut August 19 , 1951 , for the St. Louis Browns Last MLB appearance August 19 , 1951 , for the St. Louis Browns MLB statistics On - base percentage 1.000 Batting average -- Plate appearances 1 Base on balls 1 Teams St. Louis Browns ( 1951 ) Career highlights and awards Shortest player in Major League Baseball history Edward Carl Gaedel ( June 8 , 1925 -- June 18 , 1961 ) was an American with dwarfism who became famous for participating in a Major League Baseball game . Gaedel ( some sources say the family name may actually have been Gaedele ) gained recognition in the second game of a St. Louis Browns doubleheader on August 19 , 1951 . Weighing 65 pounds ( 29 kg ) and standing 3 feet 7 inches ( 1.09 m ) tall , he became the shortest player in the history of the Major Leagues . Gaedel made a single plate appearance and was walked with four consecutive balls before being replaced by a pinch - runner at first base . His jersey , bearing the uniform number `` ⁄ '' , is displayed in the St. Louis Cardinals Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum . St. Louis Browns owner Bill Veeck , in his 1962 autobiography Veeck -- As in Wreck , said of Gaedel , `` He was , by golly , the best darn midget who ever played big - league ball . He was also the only one . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 Appearance 1.1 At the plate 1.2 Baseball reaction 2 Later life 2.1 Death 3 Legacy 3.1 Kyle Gaedele 4 References 5 External links Appearance ( edit ) Due to his size , Gaedel had worked as a riveter during World War II , and was able to crawl inside the wings of airplanes . He was a professional performer , belonging to the American Guild of Variety Artists ( AGVA ) . After the war , Gaedel was hired in 1946 by Mercury Records as a mascot to portray the `` Mercury Man . '' He sported a winged hat similar to the record label 's logo , to promote Mercury recordings . Some early Mercury recordings featured a caricature of him as its logo . Browns ' owner Bill Veeck , a showman who enjoyed staging publicity stunts , found Gaedel through a booking agency . Secretly signed by the Browns , he was added to the team roster and put in uniform ( with the number `` 1 / 8 '' on the back ) . The uniform was that of current St. Louis Cardinals managing partner and chairman William DeWitt , Jr. who was a 9 - year - old batboy for the Browns at the time . Gaedel came out of a papier - mache cake between games of a doubleheader at Sportsman 's Park in St. Louis to celebrate the American League 's 50th anniversary . The stunt was also billed as a Falstaff Brewery promotion . Falstaff , and the fans , had been promised a `` festival of surprises '' by Veeck . Before the second game got underway , the press agreed that the `` midget - in - a-cake '' appearance had not been up to Veeck 's usual promotional standard . Falstaff personnel , who had been promised national publicity for their participation , were particularly dissatisfied . Keeping the surprise he had in store for the second game to himself , Veeck just meekly apologized . Although Veeck denied the stunt was directly inspired by it , the appearance of Gaedel was unmistakably similar to the plot of `` You Could Look It Up , '' a 1941 short story by James Thurber . Veeck later insisted he got the idea from listening to the conversations of Giants manager John McGraw decades earlier when Veeck was a child . At the plate ( edit ) Gaedel entered the second half of the doubleheader between the Browns and Detroit Tigers in the bottom of the first inning as a pinch - hitter for leadoff batter Frank Saucier . Immediately , umpire Ed Hurley called for Browns manager Zack Taylor . Veeck and Taylor had the foresight to have a copy of Gaedel 's contract on hand , as well as a copy of the Browns ' active roster , which had room for Gaedel 's addition . The contract had been filed late in the day on Friday , August 17 . Veeck knew the league office would summarily approve the contract upon receipt , and that it would not be scrutinized until Monday , August 20 . Upon reading the contract , Hurley motioned for Gaedel to take his place in the batter 's box . ( As a result of Gaedel 's appearance , all contracts must now be approved by the Commissioner of Baseball before a player can appear in a game . ) The change to that day 's St. Louis Browns scorecard , listing Gaedel and his uniform number , had gone unnoticed by everyone except Harry Mitauer , a writer for the St. Louis Globe - Democrat . The Browns ' publicity man shunted Mitauer 's inquiry aside . Gaedel was under strict orders not to attempt to move the bat off his shoulder . When Veeck got the impression that Gaedel might be tempted to swing at a pitch , the owner warned Gaedel that he had taken out a $1 million insurance policy on his life , and that he would be standing on the roof of the stadium with a rifle prepared to kill Gaedel if he even looked like he was going to swing . Veeck had carefully trained Gaedel to assume a tight crouch at the plate ; he had measured Gaedel 's strike zone in that stance and claimed it was just one and a half inches high . However , when Gaedel came to the plate , he abandoned the crouch he had been taught for a pose that Veeck described as `` a fair approximation of Joe DiMaggio 's classic style , '' leading Veeck to fear he was going to swing . ( In the Thurber story , the player with dwarfism can not resist swinging at a 3 - 0 pitch , grounds out , and the team loses the game ) . With Bob Cain on the mound - laughing at the absurdity that he actually had to pitch to Gaedel - and catcher Bob Swift catching on his knees , Gaedel took his stance . The Tigers catcher offered his pitcher a piece of strategy : `` Keep it low . '' Cain delivered four consecutive balls , all high ( the first two pitches were legitimate attempts at strikes ; the last two were half - speed tosses ) . Gaedel took his base ( stopping twice during his trot to bow to the crowd ) and was replaced by pinch - runner Jim Delsing . The 18,369 fans gave Gaedel a standing ovation . Baseball reaction ( edit ) Veeck had hoped that Delsing would go on to score in a one - run Browns victory , but he ended up stranded at third base and the Tigers went on to win the game 6 -- 2 . American League president Will Harridge , saying Veeck was making a mockery of the game , voided Gaedel 's contract the next day . In response , Veeck threatened to request an official ruling on whether Yankees shortstop and reigning MVP Phil Rizzuto was a short ballplayer or a tall dwarf . Initially , Major League Baseball struck Gaedel from its record book , as if he had not been in the game . He was relisted a year later , as a right - handed batter and left - handed thrower ( although he did not play the field ) . Eddie Gaedel finished his major league career with an on - base percentage of 1.000 . His total earnings as a pro athlete were $100 , the scale price for an AGVA appearance . However , he was able to parlay his baseball fame into more than $17,000 by appearing on several television shows . Later life ( edit ) Gaedel 's major league career lasted just the one plate appearance , but Veeck continued to employ Gaedel in non-playing promotions over the years : in 1959 , Gaedel and three other dwarfs dressed as spacemen were seen presenting `` ray guns '' to White Sox players Nellie Fox and Luis Aparicio at Comiskey Park . ( Gaedel reportedly said , `` I do n't want to be taken to your leader . I 've already met him . '' ) In 1961 , Veeck ( who by that time had become owner of the White Sox ) hired several dwarfs and midgets , including Gaedel , as vendors , so as not to `` block the fans ' view '' of the game . Death ( edit ) On June 18 , 1961 , the unemployed Gaedel , who had just turned 36 , was at a bowling alley in Chicago , his birthplace and hometown . Gaedel was followed home and beaten . His mother discovered Eddie lying dead in his bed . He had bruises about his knees and on the left side of his face . A coroner 's inquest determined that he also had suffered a heart attack . Bob Cain , who 'd pitched to Gaedel , was the only Major League Baseball figure to attend the funeral . Gaedel was interred at Saint Mary Catholic Cemetery and Mausoleum in Cook County , Illinois ( plot : section G , gravestone number X-363B ) . Legacy ( edit ) Gaedel is one of only five Major League players who drew a walk in their only plate appearance and never played the field . The first three all played in the 1910s : Dutch Schirick ( Sep 17 , 1914 with the Browns ) , Bill Batsch ( Sep 9 , 1916 with Pittsburgh ) and Joe Cobb ( April 25 , 1918 with Detroit ; although recent research shows that Cobb may have actually struck out in his only plate appearance ) . On June 24 , 2007 , Kevin Melillo of the Oakland Athletics , became the first player in over half a century to walk in his only plate appearance without taking the field , against the New York Mets . Other than Gaedel , the other four players pinch - hit for pitchers ; all five appeared in games their teams ultimately lost . Gaedel 's one - day career has been the subject of programs on ESPN and the Baseball Network . He was mentioned by name in the lyrics of Terry Cashman 's homage to 1950s baseball , `` Talkin ' Baseball ( Willie , Mickey , and the Duke ) . '' His at - bat was the No. 1 choice on a 1999 list of `` Unusual and Unforgettable Moments '' in baseball history published by the Sporting News . In 1994 , Veeck 's son Mike Veeck owned the minor league St. Paul Saints team . He brought the then 69 - year - old Bob Cain to the park to `` reenact '' the at - bat , by pitching to the 10 - year - old son of the Saints manager . Due to its scarcity , Gaedel 's autograph now sells for more than Babe Ruth 's . The song `` St Louis Browns '' by Skip Battin erroneously adds 16 inches to his height , saying , `` he stood about 4 - foot - 11 '' . Kyle Gaedele ( edit ) Gaedel 's grandnephew Kyle Gaedele is also a ballplayer , drafted in the 32nd round by the Tampa Bay Rays in 2008 out of high school . The 6 - foot - 4 Gaedele chose instead to attend Valparaiso University ; after hitting . 373 as a sophomore in 2010 , he was invited to play for the Madison Mallards of the summer collegiate Northwoods League . Kyle led the Mallards in home runs ( 9 ) and RBI ( 38 ) and went 3 - for - 4 in the league 's All - Star Game . In the June 2011 MLB Draft , the San Diego Padres picked up Gaedele in the sixth round and assigned him to the Eugene Emeralds of the Northwest League . Despite a . 203 average in 63 games , the Padres promoted Kyle to the Fort Wayne TinCaps of the Midwest League in 2012 , where he hit . 258 , with 53 walks and 23 stolen bases . In 2013 , Gaedele played for the Advanced - A Lake Elsinore Storm , three steps below the majors , and batted . 256 with thirteen home runs . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Veeck 's latest gimmick - a midget big leaguer '' . Youngstown Vindicator . ( Ohio ) . AP photo . August 20 , 1951 . p. 8 . Jump up ^ `` The Baseball Biography Project '' . Bioproj . Sabr . Org . Retrieved April 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Browns hit all - time low ; use 3 - foot 7 - inch player '' . Spokesman - Review . ( Spokane , Washington ) . Associated Press . August 20 , 1951 . p. 7 . Jump up ^ Veeck , Bill . Veeck -- As in Wreck . University of Chicago . Retrieved August 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ESPN.com - Page2 - Outside the Lines : At Bat - Eddie Gaedel '' . Espn.go.com . Retrieved April 2 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Only Eddie Gaedel Signed Photograph Known To Exist '' . Robertedwardauctions.com . Retrieved April 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Billboard - Google Books . Books.google.com . June 8 , 1946 . Retrieved April 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Billboard - Google Books . Books.google.com . May 27 , 1972 . Retrieved April 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Image : merc9. jpg , ( 400 × 400 px ) '' . nugrape.net . Retrieved September 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Billboard - Google Books . Books.google.com . June 8 , 1946 . Retrieved April 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tigers defeat Browns twice on 7 hitters '' . Chicago Daily Tribune . Associated Press . August 20 , 1951 . p. 2 , sec. 4 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bill Veeck , Veeck - As In Wreck , excerpt '' . Press.uchicago.edu . Retrieved April 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Numbelivable ! , p. 92 , Michael X . Ferraro and John Veneziano , Triumph Books , Chicago , Illinois , 2007 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 57243 - 990 - 0 Jump up ^ `` August 19 , 1951 Tigers - Browns box score '' . Baseball-reference.com . Retrieved January 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Eddie Gaedel Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved April 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Project MUSE - NINE : A Journal of Baseball History and Culture - Bill Veeck and James Thurber : The Literary Origins of the Midget Pinch Hitter '' . Muse.jhu.edu . Retrieved April 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ https://www.si.com/vault/1996/09/02/217051/short-hitter-long-memory-bob-cain-is-best-known-as-the-pitcher-who-walked-midget-eddie-gaedel# Jump up ^ `` Baseball - 2010 - 11 Roster - Official Athletic Site of the Valparaiso University Crusaders '' . Valpoathletics.com . Retrieved April 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Kyle Gaedele - Northwoods League - player Pointstreak Sports Technologies '' . Pointstreak.com . August 19 , 1951 . Retrieved April 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Kyle Gaedele Minor League Statistics & History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . November 1 , 1989 . Retrieved April 2 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Career statistics and player information from Baseball - Reference , or MLB Eddie Gaedel at Baseball Library.com ESPN.com article : `` Short on size , long on history '' Box score for the Gaedel game Tales from the Ballpark excerpt @ Google Books Eddie Gaedel at Find a Grave See one of Eddie Gaedel 's only existing autographs . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eddie_Gaedel&oldid=795587418 '' Categories : 1925 births 1961 deaths St. Louis Browns players Sportspeople with dwarfism American disabled sportspeople Sportspeople from Chicago Baseball players from Illinois Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from July 2014 Find a Grave template with ID not in Wikidata Talk Article Talk More Contents About Wikipedia Français 한국어 日本 語 Polski Português Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 15 August 2017 , at 05 : 44 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who is the shortest player to ever play in the mlb | [
"Gaedel (some sources say the family name may actually have been Gaedele)[2] gained recognition in the second game of a St. Louis Browns doubleheader on August 19, 1951.[3] Weighing 65 pounds (29 kg) and standing 3 feet 7 inches (1.09 m) tall, he became the shortest player in the history of the Major Leagues. Gaedel made a single plate appearance and was walked with four consecutive balls before being replaced by a pinch-runner at first base. His jersey, bearing the uniform number \" 1⁄8\", is displayed in the St. Louis Cardinals Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum."
] | [
"Gaedel"
] |
-5828748837343043359 | Four Strong Winds | Four Strong Winds - wikipedia Four Strong Winds `` Four Strong Winds '' is a song written by Ian Tyson in the early 1960s and recorded by Canadian folk duo Ian and Sylvia . A significant part of the early 1960s folk revival , the song is a melancholy reflection on a failing romantic relationship . The singer expresses a desire for a possible reunion in a new place in the future ( `` You could meet me if I sent you down the fare '' ) but acknowledges the likelihood that the relationship is over ( `` But our good times are all gone / And I 'm bound for moving on ... '' ) . The song has a clear Canadian context and subtext , including an explicit mention of the province Alberta as well as references to long , cold winters . In 2005 , CBC Radio One listeners chose this song as the greatest Canadian song of all time on the series 50 Tracks : The Canadian Version . Contents 1 Ian and Sylvia and original history 2 Other versions 3 Canadian legacy 4 References 5 External links Ian and Sylvia and original history ( edit ) The song was a hit in Canada , making the top ten of the single charts there in October 1963 . In the United States , the song did not have the same initial chart success . Ian and Sylvia 's single version ( released on Vanguard 35021 ) entered the Cashbox magazine `` Looking Ahead '' chart in September 1963 . It was then recorded by The Brothers Four in a version that `` bubbled under '' the Billboard Hot 100 in October 1963 . Subsequently , it was released by Ian and Sylvia on an album of the same name released in the U.S. in April 1964 . It was released in a country arrangement by Bobby Bare in 1964 , and became a number three hit on the U.S. country singles chart in early 1965 . It also become a big hit in Norway in 1966 in a Norwegian version : `` Mot ukjent sted '' by The Vanguards and a big hit in Sweden in 1967 in a Swedish version : `` Mot okänt land '' recorded by The Hep Stars . Other versions ( edit ) The song has been recorded by many artists , including : Hank Snow , The Seekers , Judy Collins , the Chad Mitchell Trio , Bob Dylan , Marianne Faithfull , The Searchers , Bruce & Terry , John Denver , The Kingston Trio , Trini Lopez , Waylon Jennings , Bobby Bare , Chad and Jeremy , The Wolfe Tones , The Tragically Hip , Blue Rodeo , Joan Baez , Vanity Fare , Glenn Yarborough , Harry Belafonte , Tony Rice , Johnny Cash , The Carter Family , Hep Stars , Sarah McLachlan , David Wiffen , Les Contretemps Schooner Fare , and David Houston ( in 1965 on `` Sings Twelve Great Country Hits '' ) . Neil Young recorded the song for his 1978 album Comes a Time , with harmony vocals from Nicolette Larson , and on The Band 's The Last Waltz . It has received significant airplay over album oriented rock and classic rock radio stations and has become part of Young 's concert repertoire , including featured performances during Young 's yearly appearances at Farm Aid benefit concerts . Another version of Swedish translation , Mot okänt land appears on 2016 album Vid Grinden by Georga Canadian legacy ( edit ) The song is performed on the last night of the Edmonton Folk Music Festival each year . Ian and Sylvia sang the song together at the 50th anniversary of the Mariposa Folk Festival on July 11 , 2010 , in Orillia , Ontario . On April 5 , 2013 , a recording of the song by Ian Tyson was played during the funeral of former Alberta Premier Ralph Klein , as the honour guard brought his urn into the Jack Singer Concert Hall . The song is also referenced in A Prayer for Owen Meany , the 1989 novel by John Irving that deals with Americans living near or across the Canada -- United States border . The narrator remembers how the main character , Owen , loved to hear that song as sung by the character of Hester . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Unterberger , Richie . `` Ian & Sylvia : Biography '' . Allmusic . Retrieved 18 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian Charts for October 1963 '' . Fitz . Archived from the original on 2002 - 11 - 02 . Jump up ^ Billboard . October 19 , 1963 . p. 18 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Ian and Sylvia Re-Releases and Discography Jump up ^ `` Neil Young Setlist at Farm Aid 2004 '' . setlist.fm . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Neil Young Setlist at Farm Aid 2006 '' . setlist.fm . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 18 . Jump up ^ Wood , James ( April 5 , 2013 ) . `` Key details of today 's memorial service for Klein ; temporary road closures to affect downtown , Macleod Trail '' . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) `` Four Strong Winds '' at The Canadian Encyclopedia Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Great Speckled Bird Ian Tyson Sylvia Tyson Amos Garrett Ken Kalmusky Bill Keith Ricky Marcus Buddy Cage N.D. Smart Jim Colegrove Jeff Gutcheon David Wilcox Peter Ecklund Billy Mundi Red Shea Gordon Fleming Jim Baker Pee Wee Charles Rolly Sally Jim Morgan Ed Wideman Kim Brandt Gord Neave Albums Great Speckled Bird Songs `` Crazy Arms '' Related Ian & Sylvia `` Four Strong Winds '' `` Early Morning Rain '' `` You Were on My Mind '' Quartette Colleen Peterson Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Four_Strong_Winds&oldid=854475668 '' Categories : 1961 songs Bob Dylan songs Johnny Cash songs Trini Lopez songs Hank Snow songs Judy Collins songs The Searchers ( band ) songs Neil Young songs Bobby Bare songs Culture of Alberta 1963 singles Songs written by Ian Tyson Canadian folk songs Songs about Canada Works about human migration Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español עברית Nederlands Norsk Norsk nynorsk Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 11 August 2018 , at 16 : 58 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who sings with neil young on four strong winds | [
"Neil Young recorded the song for his 1978 album Comes a Time, with harmony vocals from Nicolette Larson, and on The Band's The Last Waltz. It has received significant airplay over album oriented rock and classic rock radio stations and has become part of Young's concert repertoire, including featured performances during Young's yearly appearances at Farm Aid benefit concerts[5][6].\n"
] | [
"Nicolette Larson"
] |
2607583034319565268 | Necessary and Proper Clause | Necessary and Proper Clause - wikipedia Necessary and Proper Clause Jump to : navigation , search This article is part of a series on the Constitution of the United States of America Preamble and Articles of the Constitution Preamble II III IV V VI VII Amendments to the Constitution Bill of Rights II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV XV XVI XVII XVIII XIX XX XXI XXII XXIII XXIV XXV XXVI XXVII Unratified Amendments Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin Child Labor Equal Rights D.C. Voting Rights History Drafting and ratification timeline Convention Signing Federalism Republicanism Full text of the Constitution and Amendments Preamble and Articles I -- VII Amendments I -- X Amendments XI -- XXVII Unratified Amendments United States portal U.S. Government portal Law portal Wikipedia book The Necessary and Proper Clause , also known as the Elastic Clause , the Basket Clause , the Coefficient Clause , and the Sweeping Clause , is a provision in Article One of the United States Constitution , located at section 8 , clause 18 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Text 2 History leading up to ratification 3 National bank 4 Landmark decision by Chief Justice Marshall 5 Later applications 6 Name of the clause 7 See also 8 References Text ( edit ) The Necessary and Proper Clause is as follows : The Congress shall have Power ... To make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers , and all other Powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United States , or in any Department or Officer thereof . History leading up to ratification ( edit ) According to the Articles of Confederation , `` Each state retains its sovereignty , freedom , and independence , and every power , jurisdiction , and right , which is not by this Confederation expressly delegated '' ( emphasis added ) . Thus , the Continental Congress had no powers incidental to those which were `` expressly delegated '' by the Articles of Confederation . By contrast , the Necessary and Proper Clause expressly confers incidental powers upon Congress , while no other clauses in the Constitution do so by themselves . The draft Necessary and Proper Clause provoked controversy during discussions of the proposed constitution , and its inclusion became a focal point of criticism for those opposed to the Constitution 's ratification . While Anti-Federalists expressed concern that the clause would grant the federal government boundless power , Federalists argued that the clause would only permit execution of power already granted by the Constitution . Alexander Hamilton spoke vigorously for this second interpretation in The Federalist Papers . At this time James Madison concurred with Hamilton , arguing in Federalist No. 44 that without this clause , the constitution would be a `` dead letter '' . At the Virginia Ratifying Convention , Patrick Henry took the opposing view , saying that the clause would lead to limitless federal power that would inevitably menace individual liberty . National bank ( edit ) For several decades after the Constitution was ratified , the interpretation of the Necessary and Proper Clause continued to be a powerful bone of contention between the Democratic - Republican Party and the Federalist Party , and several other political parties in the United States . The first practical example of this contention came in 1791 , when Hamilton used the clause to defend the constitutionality of the creation of the First Bank of the United States , the first federal bank in the new nation 's history . Concerned that monied Northern aristocrats would take advantage of the bank to exploit the South , Madison argued that Congress lacked the constitutional authority to charter a bank . Hamilton countered that the bank was a reasonable means of carrying out powers related to taxation and the borrowing of funds , claiming the clause applied to activities reasonably related to constitutional powers , not just those that were absolutely necessary to carry out said powers . To embarrass Madison , his contrary claims from The Federalist Papers were read aloud in Congress : `` No axiom is more clearly established in law or in reason than wherever the end is required , the means are authorized ; wherever a general power to do a thing is given , every particular power for doing it is included . '' Eventually , Southern opposition to the bank and to Hamilton 's plan to have the federal government assume the war debts of the states was mollified by the transfer of the nation 's capital from its temporary seat in Philadelphia to a more southerly permanent seat on the Potomac , and the bill , along with the establishment of a national mint , was passed by Congress and signed by President Washington . Landmark decision by Chief Justice Marshall ( edit ) This clause , as justification for the creation of a national bank , was put to the test in 1819 in the case of McCulloch v. Maryland , wherein the state of Maryland had attempted to impede the operations of the Second Bank of the United States by imposing a tax on out - of - state banks , of which the Second Bank of the United States was the only one . The court ruled against Maryland , and Chief Justice John Marshall , Hamilton 's longtime Federalist ally , wrote the opinion , which stated that while the Constitution did not explicitly give permission to create a federal bank , it conferred upon Congress an implied power to do so under the Necessary and Proper Clause so that Congress could realize or fulfill its express taxing and spending powers . The case reaffirmed Hamilton 's view that legislation reasonably related to express powers was constitutional . Marshall wrote : We admit , as all must admit , that the powers of the Government are limited , and that its limits are not to be transcended . But we think the sound construction of the Constitution must allow to the national legislature that discretion with respect to the means by which the powers it confers are to be carried into execution which will enable that body to perform the high duties assigned to it in the manner most beneficial to the people . Let the end be legitimate , let it be within the scope of the Constitution , and all means which are appropriate , which are plainly adapted to that end , which are not prohibited , but consistent with the letter and spirit of the Constitution , are constitutional . The court in McCulloch v. Maryland held that federal laws could be necessary without being `` absolutely necessary '' , and noted that `` The clause is placed among the powers of Congress , not among the limitations on those powers . '' At the same time , the court retained the power of judicial review established in Marbury v. Madison , declaring that it had the power to strike down laws that departed from those powers : `` Should Congress , in the execution of its powers , adopt measures which are prohibited by the Constitution , or should Congress , under the pretext of executing its powers , pass laws for the accomplishment of objects not intrusted to the Government , it would become the painful duty of this tribunal , should a case requiring such a decision come before it , to say that such an act was not the law of the land . '' As Chief Justice Marshall put it , the Necessary and Proper Clause `` purport ( s ) to enlarge , not to diminish the powers vested in the government . It purports to be an additional power , not a restriction on those already granted . '' Without this clause in the Constitution , there would have been a dispute about whether the express powers imply incidental powers , whereas this clause resolved that dispute by making the incidental powers express instead of implied . In a related case following the Civil War , the clause was employed ( in combination with other enumerated powers ) to give the federal government virtually complete control over currency . Later applications ( edit ) The clause has been paired with the Commerce Clause to provide the constitutional basis for a wide variety of federal laws . For instance , various reforms involved in the New Deal were found to be necessary and proper enactments of the objective of regulating interstate commerce . Indeed , the influence of the Necessary and Proper Clause and its broader interpretation under McCulloch v. Maryland in American jurisprudence can be seen in cases generally thought to simply involve the Commerce Clause . In Wickard v. Filburn , the Supreme Court upheld a federal statute making it a crime for a farmer to produce more wheat than was allowed under price controls and production controls , even if the excess production was for the farmer 's own personal consumption . The Necessary and Proper Clause was used to justify the regulation of production and consumption . Also , in addition to this combination of clauses being used to uphold federal laws affecting economic activity , they also were used to justify federal criminal laws . For example , Congress in the Federal Kidnapping Act made it a federal crime to transport a kidnapped person across state lines , because the transportation would be an act of interstate activity over which the Congress has power . It has also provided justification for a wide range of criminal laws relating to interference with the federal government 's rightful operation , including federal laws against assaulting or murdering federal employees . In National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius , the Supreme Court ruled that the individual mandate of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act can not be upheld under the Necessary and Proper Clause . Chief Justice John Roberts wrote in his ruling that the mandate can not `` be sustained under the Necessary and Proper Clause as an integral part of the Affordable Care Act 's other reforms . Each of this Court 's prior cases upholding laws under that Clause involved exercises of authority derivative of , and in service to , a granted power . ( ... ) The individual mandate , by contrast , vests Congress with the extraordinary ability to create the necessary predicate to the exercise of an enumerated power and draw within its regulatory scope those who would otherwise be outside of it . Even if the individual mandate is `` necessary '' to the Affordable Care Act 's other reforms , such an expansion of federal power is not a `` proper '' means for making those reforms effective . '' According to its proponents , this ruling in NFIB v. Sebelius returns the Necessary and Proper clause to its original interpretation outlined by John Marshall in McCulloch v. Maryland . According to David Kopel , the clause `` simply restates the background principle that Congress can exercise powers which are merely ' incidental ' to Congress 's enumerated powers . '' Name of the Clause ( edit ) The specific term `` Necessary and Proper Clause '' was coined in 1926 by Associate Justice Louis Brandeis , writing for the majority in the Supreme Court decision in Lambert v. Yellowley , 272 U.S. 581 ( 1926 ) , wherein the court upheld a law restricting medicinal use of alcohol as a necessary and proper exercise of power under the 18th Amendment establishing Prohibition in the United States . This phrase has become the label of choice for this constitutional clause , and it was universally adopted by the courts , and it received Congress 's imprimatur in Title 50 of the United States Code , section 1541 ( b ) ( 1994 ) , in the purpose and policy of the War Powers Resolution . See also ( edit ) McCulloch v. Maryland United States v. Comstock Wickard v. Filburn Federalist No. 33 Federalist No. 44 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Popular Names of Constitutional Provisions ( 29 December 2008 ) . `` Popular Names of Constitutional Provisions '' . Gallager Law Library of the University of Washington School of Law . Retrieved 2 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Vile , John . The Constitutional Convention of 1787 : A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of America 's Founding , Volume 1 , p. 591 ( ABC - CLIO 2005 ) . Jump up ^ Watkins Jr. , William J. ( 2004 ) . Reclaiming the American Revolution . Jump up ^ Chernow , Ron ( 2004 ) . Alexander Hamilton . Jump up ^ Allgor , Catherine ( 2006 ) . A Perfect Union . McMillan . ^ Jump up to : `` McCulloch v. Maryland 17 U.S. 316 ( 1819 ) '' . Justia . Jump up ^ McCulloch v. Maryland , 17 U.S. 316 , 420 ( 1819 ) quoted in Printz v. United States , 521 U.S. 898 ( 1997 ) ( Stevens , J. , dissenting , joined by Souter , Ginsburg & Breyer , JJ . ) . ^ Jump up to : Levy , Richard . The Power to Legislate , p. 104 ( Greenwood Publishing Group 2006 ) . Jump up ^ Legal Tender Cases ( Juilliard v. Greenman ) , 110 U.S. 421 , 449 ( 1884 ) . Jump up ^ Gardbaum , Steven ( 1996 ) . `` Rethinking Constitutional Federalism '' . Jump up ^ Wickard v. Filburn , 317 U.S. 111 ( 1942 ) Jump up ^ `` United States v. Comstock 560 U.S. 126 ( 2010 ) '' . Justia . Jump up ^ Roberts Jr. , John G. ( 28 June 2012 ) . `` The Supreme Court Decision on Obama 's Health Care Law '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 1 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Kopel , David ( 28 June 2012 ) . `` Major limits on the Congress 's powers , in an opinion worthy of John Marshall '' . SCOTUSblog . Retrieved 1 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` US CODE : Title 50 , 1541 . Purpose and policy '' . Law.cornell.edu . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 06 . 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"The Necessary and Proper Clause, also known as the Elastic Clause, the Basket Clause, the Coefficient Clause, and the Sweeping Clause,[1] is a provision in Article One of the United States Constitution, located at section 8, clause 18."
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-6479852512329935452 | Jesus Christ Superstar (film) | Jesus Christ Superstar ( film ) - wikipedia Jesus Christ Superstar ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Jesus Christ Superstar Theatrical release poster Directed by Norman Jewison Produced by Norman Jewison Robert Stigwood Screenplay by Melvyn Bragg Norman Jewison Based on Jesus Christ Superstar by Tim Rice Starring Ted Neeley Carl Anderson Yvonne Elliman Barry Dennen Music by Andrew Lloyd Webber Cinematography Douglas Slocombe Edited by Antony Gibbs Distributed by Universal Pictures Release date August 15 , 1973 ( 1973 - 08 - 15 ) Running time 106 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $3.5 million ( estimated ) Box office $24.5 million Jesus Christ Superstar is a 1973 American musical drama film directed by Norman Jewison and co-written by Jewison and Melvyn Bragg based on the Andrew Lloyd Webber / Tim Rice rock opera of the same name . The film , featuring a cast of Ted Neeley , Carl Anderson , Yvonne Elliman , Barry Dennen , Bob Bingham , and Kurt Yaghjian , centers on the conflict between Judas and Jesus during the week before the crucifixion of Jesus . Neeley and Anderson were nominated for two Golden Globe Awards in 1974 for their portrayals of Jesus and Judas , respectively . Although it attracted criticism from some religious groups , reviews for the film were positive . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Musical numbers 4 Production 4.1 Development 4.2 Casting 4.3 Filming 4.4 Alterations 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical response 6 Soundtrack 7 Remakes and related productions 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Plot ( edit ) The film is framed as a group of performers who travel to the desert to re-enact the Passion of Christ . The film begins with them arriving on a bus , assembling their props and getting into costume . One of the group is surrounded by the others , puts on a white robe and emerges as Jesus ( `` Overture '' ) . This story begins with Judas ( Anderson ) , who is worried about Jesus ' popularity ; he is being hailed as the Son of God , but Judas feels he is just a man who is beginning to believe his own propaganda and fears the consequences of their growing movement ( `` Heaven on Their Minds '' ) . The other disciples badger Jesus for information about his plans for the future , but Jesus will not give them any ( `` What 's the Buzz ? '' ) . Judas ' arrival and subsequent declaration that Jesus should not associate with Mary dampens the mood ( `` Strange Thing Mystifying '' ) . Angrily , Jesus tells Judas that he should leave Mary alone , because his slate is not clean . He then accuses all the apostles of not caring about him . That night at the Temple , Caiaphas is worried that the people will crown Jesus as king , which the Romans will take for an uprising . Annas tries to allay his fears , but he finally sees Caiaphas ' point and suggests that he convene the council and explain his fears to them ; Caiaphas agrees ( `` Then We Are Decided '' ) . As Jesus and his apostles settle for the night , Mary soothes him with some expensive ointment , but Judas says that the money spent should have been given to the poor . Jesus rebukes him again , telling him that the poor will be there always but Jesus will not ( `` Everything 's Alright '' ) . The next day at the Temple of Jerusalem , the council of the priests discuss their fears about Jesus . Caiaphas tells them that there is only one solution : like John the Baptist , Jesus must be executed for the sake of the nation ( `` This Jesus Must Die '' ) . As Jesus and his followers joyfully arrive in Jerusalem , Caiaphas orders Jesus to disband the crowd for fear of a riot . Jesus refuses and speaks to the crowd instead ( `` Hosanna '' ) . Later , the apostle Simon Zealotes ( Marshall ) and a crowd of followers voice their admiration for Jesus ( `` Simon Zealotes '' ) . Jesus appreciates this , but becomes worried when Simon suggests directing the crowd towards an uprising against their Roman occupiers . Jesus sadly dismisses this suggestion , saying that they do not understand his true purpose ( `` Poor Jerusalem '' ) . Pilate , the Roman governor of Judea , reveals that he has dreamed about a Galilean man ( Jesus ) and that he will be blamed for this man 's death ( `` Pilate 's Dream '' ) . Jesus and his followers arrive at the temple , which has been taken over by money changers and prostitutes ( `` The Temple '' ) . To Judas ' horror and as the priests watch in the background , a furious Jesus destroys the stalls and forces them to leave . Jesus wanders alone outside the city , but is surrounded by a crowd of lepers , all wanting to be healed . Jesus tries to heal as many of them as possible , but is overwhelmed by the sheer numbers and eventually gives up , screaming at them to leave him alone . Mary comforts Jesus and Jesus goes to sleep . Mary loves Jesus , but is confused because he is so unlike any other man she has met ( `` I Do n't Know How to Love Him '' ) . Judas goes to the priests and expresses his concerns , but he is worried about the consequences of betraying Jesus ( `` Damned for All Time '' ) . The priests take advantage of his doubts and offer him money if he will lead them to Jesus . Judas initially refuses , but Caiaphas and Annas win him over by reminding him that he could use the money to help the poor . Judas reveals that Jesus will be at the Garden of Gethsemene on Thursday night ( `` Blood Money '' ) . At the end of the Gethsemane scene , the director interrupts the narration to insert a series of details from the Grünewald 's painting The Crucifixion ( c. 1512 -- 1516 ) At the Last Supper ( set outdoors in a garden setting during the day ) , Jesus reveals that he knows Peter ( Toubus ) will deny him and Judas will betray him . A bitter argument between Jesus and Judas ensues , in which Judas berates Jesus for destroying their hopes and ideals and threatens to ruin Jesus ' ambition by staying there without helping him to reach the Glory ; Jesus tells Judas to leave and Judas finally runs off ( `` The Last Supper '' ) . As the apostles fall asleep , Jesus goes to Gethsemane to pray about his imminent death and reluctantly agrees to go forward with God 's plan ( `` Gethsemane ( I Only Want to Say ) '' ) . Jesus waits for Judas , who arrives , accompanied by guards , and betrays him with a kiss . The disciples offer to fight the guards , but Jesus will not allow it . Jesus is taken to Caiaphas ' house , found guilty of blasphemy and sent to Pilate ( `` The Arrest '' ) . Peter , meanwhile , fearfully denies Jesus three times after being accused of being one of Jesus ' followers ( `` Peter 's Denial '' ) . Jesus is taken to Pilate 's house , where the governor , unaware that Jesus is the man from his dream , mocks him . Since he does not deal with Jews , Pilate sends him to Herod ( `` Pilate and Christ '' ) . The flamboyant King Herod is excited to finally meet Jesus , for he has heard the hype . He tries to persuade Jesus to perform various miracles . When Jesus refuses to answer , Herod orders the guards to take him back to Pilate ( `` Herod 's Song ( Try It and See ) '' ) . The apostles and Mary Magdalene remember how things began and wish that they had not gotten so out of hand ( `` Could We Start Again Please ? '' ) . Jesus is flung into a cell , where he is seen by Judas , who runs to tell the priests that he regrets his part in the arrest . He hurls his money to the ground and curses at the priests before running into the desert . Filled with regret for betraying Jesus , he blames God for his woes by giving him the role of the betrayor and hangs himself ( `` Judas ' Death '' ) . Jesus is taken back to Pilate , who questions him ; Herod is also present . Although he thinks Jesus is deluded , Pilate realizes that he has committed no actual crime and has Jesus scourged ; Herod is gleeful at first but eventually sickened . Pilate 's bemused indifference turns to a frenzy of confusion and anger , both at the crowd 's irrational bloodthirstiness and Jesus ' inexplicable resignation and refusal to defend himself . Pilate realizes he has no option but to have Jesus executed or the masses will grow violent ( `` Trial Before Pilate ( Including the Thirty - Nine Lashes ) '' ) . After Pilate washes his hands of Jesus ' fate , Jesus ' appearance transforms , the heavens open , and a white - jumpsuit clad Judas descends on a silver cross . Judas laments that if Jesus had returned as the Messiah today , he would have been more popular and his message easier to spread . Judas also wonders what Jesus thinks of other religions ' prophets . He ultimately wants to know if Jesus thinks he is who they say he is ( `` Superstar '' ) . Judas ' questions go unanswered , and Jesus is sent to die ( `` The Crucifixion '' ) , with ominous , atonal music , with Jesus saying some of his final words before dying . As the film ends , the performers , now out of costume , board their bus . Only the performers who had played Pilate , Mary Magdalene and Judas notice the actor who had played Jesus is missing . A shepherd and his flock cross the hillside beneath the empty cross ( `` John Nineteen Forty - One '' ) . Cast ( edit ) Ted Neeley as Jesus Christ Carl Anderson as Judas Iscariot Yvonne Elliman as Mary Magdalene Barry Dennen as Pontius Pilate Bob Bingham as Caiaphas Kurt Yaghjian as Annas Josh Mostel as King Herod Philip Toubus as Peter Larry Marshall as Simon Zealotes Richard Orbach as John Robert LuPone as James Musical numbers ( edit ) `` Overture '' `` Heaven on Their Minds '' `` What 's the Buzz ? '' `` Strange Thing Mystifying '' `` Then We Are Decided '' `` Everything 's Alright '' `` This Jesus Must Die '' `` Hosanna '' `` Simon Zealotes '' `` Poor Jerusalem '' `` Pilate 's Dream '' `` The Temple '' `` Everything 's Alright ( Reprise ) '' `` I Do n't Know How to Love Him '' `` Damned for All Time '' `` Blood Money '' `` The Last Supper '' `` Gethsemane ( I Only Want to Say ) '' `` The Arrest '' `` Peter 's Denial '' `` Pilate and Christ '' `` Hosanna ( Reprise ) '' `` King Herod 's Song ( Try It and See ) '' `` Could We Start Again Please ? '' `` Judas ' Death '' `` Trial Before Pilate ( Including the 39 Lashes ) '' `` Superstar '' `` The Crucifixion '' `` John 19 : 41 '' Production ( edit ) Yvonne Elliman and Ted Neeley as Mary Magdalene and Jesus . Development ( edit ) During filming of Fiddler on the Roof , Barry Dennen , who played Pilate on the concept album , suggested to Norman Jewison that he should direct Jesus Christ Superstar as a film . After hearing the album , Jewison agreed . Casting ( edit ) The cast consisted mostly of actors from the Broadway show , with Ted Neeley and Carl Anderson starring as Jesus and Judas respectively . Neeley had played a reporter and a leper in the Broadway version , and understudied the role of Jesus . Likewise , Anderson understudied Judas , but took over the role on Broadway and Los Angeles when Ben Vereen fell ill . Along with Dennen , Yvonne Elliman ( Mary Magdalene ) , and Bob Bingham ( Caiaphas ) reprised their Broadway roles in the film ( Elliman , like Dennen , had also appeared on the original concept album ) . Originally , Jewison wanted Ian Gillan , who played Jesus on the concept album , to reprise the role for the film , but Gillan turned down the offer , deciding that he would please fans more by touring with Deep Purple . The producers also considered Micky Dolenz ( from The Monkees ) and David Cassidy to play Jesus before deciding to go with Neeley . `` With the exception of Barry Dennen who played Pontius Pilate and Josh Mostel who played King Herod -- for everybody else , it was their first time on camera and first major motion picture . It was a learning process throughout . '' Filming ( edit ) The film was shot in Israel ( primarily at the ruins of Avdat , Beit Guvrin National Park , and Beit She'an ) and other Middle Eastern locations in 1972 . Alterations ( edit ) Like the stage show , the film gave rise to controversy even with changes made to the script . Some of the lyrics were changed for the film . The reprise of `` Everything 's Alright '' , sung before the song `` I Do n't Know How to Love Him '' by Mary to Jesus , was abridged , leaving only the closing lyric `` Close your eyes , close your eyes and relax , think of nothing tonight '' intact , while the previous lyrics were omitted , including Jesus 's `` And I think I shall sleep well tonight . '' . In a scene where a group of beggars / lepers overwhelms Jesus , `` Heal yourselves ! '' was changed to `` Leave me alone ! '' , and in `` Judas ' Death '' , Caiaphas ' line `` What you have done will be the saving of Israel '' was changed to `` What you have done will be the saving of everyone . '' The lyrics of `` Trial Before Pilate '' contain some notable alterations and additions . Jesus 's line `` There may be a kingdom for me somewhere else , if I only knew '' is changed to `` if you only knew . '' The film version also gives Pilate more lines ( first used in the original Broadway production ) in which he addresses the mob with contempt when they invoke the name of Caesar : `` Well , this is new ! / Respect for Caesar ? / ' Till now this has been noticeably lacking ! / Who is this Jesus ? Why is he different ? / You Jews produce messiahs by the sackful ! '' and `` Behold the man / Behold your shattered king / You hypocrites ! / You hate us more than him ! '' These lines for Pilate have since been in every production of the show . The soundtrack contains two songs that are not on the original concept album . `` Then We Are Decided '' , in which the troubles and fears of Annas and Caiaphas regarding Jesus are better developed , is original to the film . The soundtrack also retains the song `` Could We Start Again Please ? '' which had been added to the Broadway show . Most of these changes have not been espoused by later productions and recordings , although most productions tend to retain the expanded version of `` Trial Before Pilate '' . Reception ( edit ) Box office ( edit ) Jesus Christ Superstar grossed $24.5 million at the box office and earned North American rentals of $10.8 million in 1973 , against an estimated production budget of $3.5 million . Critical response ( edit ) On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 55 % based on 22 reviews , with an average rating of 6 / 10 . Years later the film was still popular , winning a 2012 Huffington Post competition for `` Best Jesus Movie . '' Jewison was able to show the film to Pope Paul VI , `` who openly loved what he saw . He said , ' Mr. Jewison , not only do I appreciate your beautiful rock opera film , I believe it will bring more people around the world to Christianity , than anything ever has before . ' '' For the Pope , Mary Magdalene 's song `` I Do not Know How to Love Him '' ( sic ) `` had an inspired beauty . '' Nevertheless , the film as well as the musical were criticized by some religious groups . A New York Times review said , `` When the stage production opened in October , 1971 , it was criticized not only by some Jews as anti-Semitic , but also by some Catholics and Protestants as blasphemous in its portrayal of Jesus as a young man who might even be interested in sex . '' Tim Rice said Jesus was seen through Judas ' eyes as a mere human being . Some Christians found this remark , as well as the fact that the musical did not show the resurrection , to be blasphemous . While the actual resurrection was not shown , the closing scene of the movie subtly alludes to the resurrection ( though , according to Jewison 's commentary on the DVD release , the scene was not planned this way ) . Some found Judas too sympathetic ; in the film , it states that he wants to give the thirty pieces of silver to the poor , which , although Biblical , leaves out his ulterior motives ( see also `` Everything 's Alright '' ) . Biblical purists pointed out a small number of deviations from biblical text as additional concerns ; for example , Pilate himself having the dream instead of his wife , and Catholics argue the line `` for all you care , this bread could be my body '' is too Protestant in theology , although Jesus does say in the next lines , `` This is my blood you drink / This is my body you eat '' . In the 1980 book The Golden Turkey Awards by Michael Medved and Harry Medved , Neeley was given an award for `` The Worst Performance by an Actor as Jesus Christ '' , yet Neeley and Anderson received Golden Globe nominations for their portrayals of Jesus and Judas in the film version and had subsequently gone on to recreate the roles in numerous national stage tours from 1993 - 2014 ( 2004 for Anderson , as he died of leukemia ) . The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists : 2004 : AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs : `` I Do n't Know How to Love Him '' -- Nominated 2006 : AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Cheers -- Nominated Soundtrack ( edit ) The soundtrack for the film was released on vinyl by MCA Records in 1973 . It was re-released on CD in 1993 and reissued in 1998 for its 25th Anniversary . Side one `` Overture '' -- 5 : 26 `` Heaven on Their Minds '' -- 4 : 22 `` What 's the Buzz / Strange Thing Mystifying '' -- 4 : 26 `` Then We Are Decided '' -- 2 : 32 `` Everything 's Alright '' -- 3 : 36 `` This Jesus Must Die '' -- 3 : 45 Side two `` Hosanna '' -- 2 : 32 `` Simon Zealotes / Poor Jerusalem '' -- 6 : 28 `` Pilate 's Dream '' -- 1 : 45 `` The Temple '' -- 5 : 26 `` Everything 's Alright ( reprise ) '' / `` I Do n't Know How to Love Him '' -- 3 : 55 `` Damned for All Time / Blood Money '' -- 4 : 37 Side three `` The Last Supper '' -- 7 : 12 `` Gethsemane ( I Only Want to Say ) '' -- 5 : 39 `` The Arrest '' -- 3 : 15 `` Peter 's Denial '' -- 1 : 26 `` Pilate and Christ '' / `` Hosanna ( reprise ) '' -- 2 : 57 `` King Herod 's Song ( Try it and See ) '' -- 3 : 13 Side four `` Could We Start Again Please ? '' -- 2 : 44 `` Judas ' Death '' -- 4 : 38 `` Trial Before Pilate ( Including the 39 Lashes ) '' -- 6 : 47 `` Superstar '' -- 3 : 56 `` The Crucifixion '' -- 2 : 40 `` John 19 : 41 '' -- 2 : 20 The soundtrack for the film was released in the USA on vinyl by MCA Records ( MCA 2 - 11000 ) in 1973 , as : JESUS CHRIST SUPERSTAR / The Original Motion Picture Sound Track Album . Remakes and related productions ( edit ) Another film version was made for video in 2000 , starring Glenn Carter as Jesus , Jérôme Pradon as Judas , and Reneé Castle as Mary Magdalene . It was shot entirely on indoor sets including graffiti on the wall . Composer Webber has stated in the making - of documentary that this was the version closest to what he had originally envisioned for the project . He chose Gale Edwards to direct after seeing her interpretation of the musical in Dublin , which featured a more modernistic and sinister approach than the original stage productions . In a 2008 interview with Variety magazine , film producer Marc Platt stated that he was in discussions with several filmmakers for a remake of Jesus Christ Superstar . In 2013 , a Blu - ray `` 40th Anniversary '' edition of the film was released , featuring commentary from the director and Ted Neeley , an interview with Tim Rice , a photo gallery and a clip of the original trailer . In 2015 , Neeley announced the upcoming release a documentary entitled `` SUPERSTARS : The Making of and Reunion of the film ' Jesus Christ Superstar ' '' about the production of the film . See also ( edit ) List of American films of 1973 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` JESUS CHRIST SUPERSTAR ( A ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . July 17 , 1973 . Retrieved May 15 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Jesus Christ Superstar at the TCM Movie Database ^ Jump up to : `` Jesus Christ Superstar ( 1973 ) '' . The Numbers . Nash Information Services , LLC . Retrieved May 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Jewison , Norman ( 2004 ) . This Terrible Business Has Been Good to Me . An Autobiography . Toronto : Key Porter Books . p. 164 . ISBN 1 - 55263211 - 3 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 552 - 63211 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Forster , Arnold ; Epstein , Benjamin ( 1974 ) . The New Anti-Semitism . New York : McGraw - Hill Book Company . pp. 91 -- 101 . Jump up ^ Coates , Paul ( 2017 ) ( 2003 ) . Cinema , Religion and the Romantic Legacy . Taylor & Francis . p. 92 . ISBN 1 - 35195153 - X . ISBN 978 - 1 - 351 - 95153 - 1 . It is thus surprisingly and unexpectedly powerful when his Gethsemane plea for the cup to pass from him issues in a rapid , proleptic montage of traditional Christian images of the Crucifixion , many of them drawn from one of the most fearsome of such paintings , the Isenheim Altar of Matthias Grünewald . Jump up ^ Campbell , Richard H. ; Pitts , Michael R. ( 1981 ) . The Bible On Film . A Checklist , 1897 - 1980 . Metuchen , New Jersey : Scarecrow Press . p. 169 . ISBN 0 - 81081473 - 0 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 810 - 81473 - 8 . Jump up ^ Martinfield , Sean ( August 20 , 2013 ) . `` A Conversation With Ted Neeley , Hollywood 's ' Jesus Christ Superstar ' '' . HuffPost . Retrieved March 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jesus Christ Superstar ( 1973 ) . Filming & Production '' . IMDb . Jump up ^ `` Big Rental Films of 1973 '' , Variety , January 9 , 1974 , p. 19 . Jump up ^ `` Jesus Christ Superstar ( 1973 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` In The Category Of Best Jesus Movie The Winner Is . '' March 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Pepper , Curtis Bill ( April 10 , 1977 ) . `` A Day in the Life of the Pope '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Greenhouse , Linda ( August 8 , 1973 ) . `` SUPERSTAR ' FILM RENEWS DISPUTES : Jewish Groups Say Opening Could Stir Anti-Semitism Reasons Given Company Issues Statement '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2017 . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Spoilers section on IMDb . Jump up ^ Hebron , Carol A. ( 2016 ) . Judas Iscariot : Damned or Redeemed . A Critical Examination of the Portrayal of Judas in Jesus Films ( 1902 - 2014 ) . London : Bloomsbury Publishing . p. 160 . ISBN 0 - 5676 - 6830 - 4 . Jump up ^ Harry Medved and Michael Medved , The golden turkey awards : nominees and winners , the worst achievements in Hollywood history , Putnam , 1980 , p. 95 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs Nominees '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Cheers Nominees '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 14 . Jump up ^ Jesus Christ Superstar ( MCA Film Soundtrack ) at AllMusic . Jump up ^ Jesus Christ Superstar ( The Original Motion Picture Sound Track Album ) at Discogs ( list of releases ) . Jump up ^ Jesus Christ Superstar ( The Original Motion Picture Sound Track Album ) . 1993 CD at Discogs . Jump up ^ Jesus Christ Superstar ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack 25th Anniversary Reissue ) at AllMusic . Jump up ^ Jesus Christ Superstar ( The Original Motion Picture Sound Track Album ) . Reissue , Remastered in 1998 at Discogs . Jump up ^ Gans , Andrew ( July 15 , 2011 ) . `` Wicked Film and `` Jesus Christ Superstar '' Remake on Platt 's Plate `` . Playbill . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jesus Christ Superstar Blu - ray '' . Jump up ^ `` Ted Neeley - official site of musician and actor from Jesus Christ Superstar - Home '' . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jesus Christ Superstar ( film ) . Jesus Christ Superstar on IMDb Jesus Christ Superstar at the TCM Movie Database Jesus Christ Superstar at AllMovie Jesus Christ Superstar Music by Andrew Lloyd Webber Book and Lyrics by Tim Rice Songs `` Everything 's Alright '' `` This Jesus Must Die '' `` I Do n't Know How to Love Him '' `` Superstar '' Versions Concept album Film Cast recordings 1972 and 1992 Australian cast 1972 Swedish cast 1996 London cast Related Jesus Christ Superstar Live in Concert ( 2018 ) Superstar Andrew Lloyd Webber and Tim Rice Musicals by Andrew Lloyd Webber and Tim Rice Musicals The Likes of Us Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat Jesus Christ Superstar Evita Cricket The Wizard of Oz ( additional music and lyrics ) Films Jesus Christ Superstar Evita Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat Albums Jesus Christ Superstar Evita ( 1976 concept album ) Evita ( 1996 film soundtrack ) Songs `` Any Dream Will Do '' `` Close Every Door '' `` Everything 's Alright '' `` This Jesus Must Die '' `` I Do n't Know How to Love Him '' `` Superstar '' `` Oh What a Circus '' `` Another Suitcase in Another Hall '' `` Do n't Cry for Me Argentina '' `` You Must Love Me '' Related television Any Dream Will Do Superstar When Joseph Met Maria Andrew Lloyd Webber Musicals The Likes of Us Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat Jesus Christ Superstar Evita Tell Me on a Sunday Cats Song and Dance Starlight Express Cricket The Phantom of the Opera Aspects of Love Sunset Boulevard By Jeeves aka Jeeves Whistle Down the Wind The Beautiful Game ( aka The Boys in the Photograph ) The Woman in White Love Never Dies The Wizard of Oz Stephen Ward School of Rock Songs `` Any Dream Will Do '' `` Close Every Door '' `` Everything 's Alright '' `` This Jesus Must Die '' `` I Do n't Know How to Love Him '' `` Superstar '' `` Oh What a Circus '' `` Another Suitcase in Another Hall '' `` Do n't Cry for Me Argentina '' `` You Must Love Me '' `` Take That Look Off Your Face '' `` Unexpected Song '' `` Memory '' `` Pie Jesu '' `` The Phantom of the Opera '' `` The Music of the Night '' `` All I Ask of You '' `` Anything But Lonely '' `` As If We Never Said Goodbye '' `` No Matter What '' `` ' Til I Hear You Sing '' Other compositions Variations Requiem Watership Down Film adaptations Cats Jesus Christ Superstar Evita Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat The Phantom of the Opera The Phantom of the Opera at the Royal Albert Hall Family William Lloyd Webber ( father ) Julian Lloyd Webber ( brother ) Imogen Lloyd Webber ( daughter ) Sarah Brightman ( second wife ) Madeleine Gurdon ( third wife ) Jiaxin Cheng ( sister - in - law ) Company Really Useful Group Tim Rice Theatre The Likes of Us ( 1965 / 2005 ) Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat ( 1968 ) Jesus Christ Superstar ( 1971 ) Evita ( 1976 ) Blondel / Lute ! ( 1983 ) Chess ( 1984 ) Cricket ( 1986 ) Tycoon ( 1992 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1994 ) Heathcliff ( 1995 ) The Lion King ( 1997 ) King David ( 1997 ) Aida ( 1998 ) Disney 's Aladdin : A Musical Spectacular ( 2003 ) Aladdin ( 2011 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 2011 ) From Here to Eternity ( 2013 ) Albums Jesus Christ Superstar ( 1970 ) 1984 ( 1981 ) Cost of Living ( 1983 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Films Jesus Christ Superstar ( 1973 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) The Lion King ( 1994 ) Evita ( 1996 ) Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat ( 1999 ) The Road to El Dorado ( 2000 ) The Nutcracker in 3D ( 2010 ) Jock the Hero Dog ( 2011 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Aladdin ( 2019 ) The Lion King ( 2019 ) Songs `` Any Dream Will Do '' `` Close Every Door '' `` Everything 's Alright '' `` This Jesus Must Die '' `` I Do n't Know How to Love Him '' `` Superstar '' `` Oh What a Circus '' `` Another Suitcase in Another Hall '' `` Do n't Cry for Me Argentina '' `` A Winter 's Tale '' `` All Time High '' `` The Golden Boy '' `` One Jump Ahead '' `` A Whole New World '' `` Prince Ali '' `` Circle of Life '' `` I Just Ca n't Wait to Be King '' `` Be Prepared '' `` Hakuna Matata '' `` Can You Feel the Love Tonight '' `` The Madness of King Scar '' `` You Must Love Me '' `` If I Ca n't Love Her '' `` A Change in Me '' `` How Does a Moment Last Forever '' `` Days in the Sun '' `` Evermore '' Other works The Guinness Book of British Hit Singles ( 1977 ) Friday Night , Saturday Morning ( 1979 ) Sixty - Six Books ( 2011 ) Related articles Andrew Lloyd Webber Elaine Paige Elton John Alan Menken Films directed by Norman Jewison 40 Pounds of Trouble ( 1962 ) The Thrill of It All ( 1963 ) Send Me No Flowers ( 1964 ) The Art of Love ( 1965 ) The Cincinnati Kid ( 1965 ) The Russians Are Coming , the Russians Are Coming ( 1966 ) In the Heat of the Night ( 1967 ) The Thomas Crown Affair ( 1968 ) Gaily , Gaily ( 1969 ) Fiddler on the Roof ( 1971 ) Jesus Christ Superstar ( 1973 ) Rollerball ( 1975 ) F.I.S.T. ( 1978 ) ... And Justice for All ( 1979 ) Best Friends ( 1982 ) A Soldier 's Story ( 1984 ) Agnes of God ( 1985 ) Moonstruck ( 1987 ) In Country ( 1989 ) Other People 's Money ( 1991 ) Only You ( 1994 ) Bogus ( 1996 ) The Hurricane ( 1999 ) Dinner with Friends ( 2001 ) The Statement ( 2003 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jesus_Christ_Superstar_(film)&oldid=842829573 '' Categories : 1973 films English - language films 1970s drama films 1970s musical films American films American musical drama films American rock musicals Cultural depictions of Judas Iscariot Cultural depictions of Pontius Pilate Films based on musicals Films directed by Norman Jewison Films produced by Robert Stigwood Films shot in Israel Jesus Christ Superstar Mary Magdalene Portrayals of Jesus in film Sung - through musical films Universal Pictures films Films based on albums Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from December 2015 Articles needing additional references from February 2018 All articles needing additional references All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from November 2009 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Español Euskara Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands Polski Português Русский Sardu Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska 中文 10 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 May 2018 , at 23 : 35 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who played jesus in the original jesus christ super star | [
"The cast consisted mostly of actors from the Broadway show, with Ted Neeley and Carl Anderson starring as Jesus and Judas respectively. Neeley had played a reporter and a leper in the Broadway version, and understudied the role of Jesus. Likewise, Anderson understudied Judas, but took over the role on Broadway and Los Angeles when Ben Vereen fell ill. Along with Dennen, Yvonne Elliman (Mary Magdalene), and Bob Bingham (Caiaphas) reprised their Broadway roles in the film (Elliman, like Dennen, had also appeared on the original concept album). Originally, Jewison wanted Ian Gillan, who played Jesus on the concept album, to reprise the role for the film, but Gillan turned down the offer, deciding that he would please fans more by touring with Deep Purple. The producers also considered Micky Dolenz (from The Monkees) and David Cassidy to play Jesus before deciding to go with Neeley.[7] \"With the exception of Barry Dennen who played Pontius Pilate and Josh Mostel who played King Herod — for everybody else, it was their first time on camera and first major motion picture. It was a learning process throughout.\"[8]"
] | [
"Ted Neeley"
] |
3551446107408890584 | List of Test cricket hat-tricks | List of Test cricket hat - tricks - wikipedia List of Test cricket hat - tricks Jump to : navigation , search English cricketer Stuart Broad took hat - tricks against India at Trent Bridge in 2011 and against Sri Lanka at Headingley in 2014 . In the sport of cricket , a hat - trick is an occasion where a bowler takes three wickets in consecutive deliveries . As of 31 July 2017 , this feat has only been achieved 43 times in more than two thousand Test matches , the form of the sport in which national representative teams compete in matches of up to five days ' duration . The first Test hat - trick was recorded on 2 January 1879 , in only the third Test match to take place , by the Australian pace bowler Fred Spofforth , nicknamed `` The Demon Bowler '' , who dismissed three English batsmen with consecutive deliveries at the Melbourne Cricket Ground . The most recent bowler to achieve the feat was English spin bowler Moeen Ali against South Africa on 31 July 2017 . At least one bowler from each of the ten nations that have played Test cricket have taken a Test hat - trick . A player has taken two hat - tricks in the same Test match only once . Playing for Australia against South Africa in the first match of the 1912 Triangular Tournament at Old Trafford , Manchester , England , leg spinner Jimmy Matthews took a hat - trick in South Africa 's first and second innings , both taken on 28 May 1912 . He completed both hat - tricks by dismissing South Africa 's Tommy Ward . Only three other cricketers have taken more than one Test hat - trick : Australian off spinner Hugh Trumble ( two years apart , between the same teams at the same ground ) , Pakistani fast bowler Wasim Akram ( just over a week apart , in consecutive matches between the same teams ) and English fast bowler Stuart Broad . Three players have taken a hat - trick on their Test debut : English medium pace bowler Maurice Allom in 1930 , New Zealand off - spinner Peter Petherick in 1976 , and Australian pace bowler Damien Fleming in 1994 . Geoff Griffin took the fewest total Test wickets of any player who recorded a hat - trick , taking only eight wickets in his entire Test career . During the match in which he took his hat - trick , Griffin was repeatedly called for throwing by the umpires and never bowled again in a Test match . Australian Peter Siddle is the only bowler to take a hat - trick on his birthday , and Bangladeshi off spinner Sohag Gazi is the only player to score a century and take a hat - trick in the same Test match . Australian Merv Hughes is the only bowler to take a hat - trick where the wickets fell over three overs . He took a wicket with the final ball of an over . With the first ball of the next over he took the final wicket of the West Indies innings . He then removed the opener Gordon Greenidge with the first ball of the West Indies second innings . In the five - match series between a Rest of the World XI and England in 1970 , a hat - trick was taken by South African Eddie Barlow in the fourth match , at Headingley ( the last three of four wickets in five balls ) . These matches were considered to be Tests at the time , but that status was later removed . Contents ( hide ) 1 Test hat - tricks 2 By team 3 See also 4 References 4.1 General 4.2 Specific Test hat - tricks ( edit ) Australian bowler Fred Spofforth took the first hat - trick in Test cricket on 2 January 1879 , in only the third Test match . Billy Bates was the first player to take a hat - trick for England , four years after Spofforth achieved the feat . Hugh Trumble is one of only four players to take more than one Test hat - trick , achieving the feat in 1902 and 1904 . Courtney Walsh 's hat - trick in 1988 was spread across two innings . In Australia 's first innings he dismissed the last two batsmen with consecutive deliveries and then took a third wicket with the first ball of the second innings . Wasim Akram took two hat - tricks in the space of nine days in 1999 . When Peter Siddle took a hat - trick for Australia in 2010 , his final victim was Stuart Broad . Nine months later Broad himself would be the next man to take a Test match hat - trick . Key Symbol Meaning Bowler The name of the bowler For The team for which the bowler was playing Against The team against which the bowler was playing Inn . The innings ( first or second ) in which the hat - trick was achieved Test The number of the Test within the overall series between the two teams Dismissals The three players dismissed by the bowler Venue The venue where the hat - trick was achieved Date The date on which the hat - trick was achieved Ref . Reference List of Test cricket hat - tricks No . Bowler For Against Inn . Test Dismissals Venue Date Ref . Spofforth , Fred Fred Spofforth Australia England 1 / 1 Vernon Royle ( b ) Francis MacKinnon ( b ) Tom Emmett ( c Tom Horan ) Melbourne Cricket Ground , Melbourne 2 January 1879 Bates , Billy Billy Bates England Australia 2 / 3 Percy McDonnell ( b ) George Giffen ( c and b ) George Bonnor ( c Walter Read ) Melbourne Cricket Ground , Melbourne 20 January 1883 Briggs , Johnny Johnny Briggs England Australia 2 / 3 Walter Giffen ( b ) Jack Blackham ( lbw ) Sydney Callaway ( c W.G. Grace ) Sydney Cricket Ground , Sydney 2 February 1892 Lohmann , George George Lohmann England South Africa 1 / 3 Frederick Cook ( b ) Bonnor Middleton ( b ) Joseph Willoughby ( c Tom Hayward ) St. George 's Park , Port Elizabeth 14 February 1896 Hearne , Jack Jack Hearne England Australia 3 / 5 Clem Hill ( b ) Syd Gregory ( c Archie MacLaren ) Monty Noble ( c Ranjitsinhji ) Headingley , Leeds 30 June 1899 6 Trumble , Hugh Hugh Trumble Australia England 2 / 5 John Gunn ( c Sammy Jones ) Arthur Jones ( c Joe Darling ) Sydney Barnes ( c and b ) Melbourne Cricket Ground , Melbourne 4 January 1902 7 Trumble , Hugh Hugh Trumble Australia England 5 / 5 Bernard Bosanquet ( c Algy Gehrs ) Plum Warner ( c and b ) Dick Lilley ( lbw ) Melbourne Cricket Ground , Melbourne 8 March 1904 8 Matthews , Jimmy Jimmy Matthews Australia South Africa 1 / 3 Rolland Beaumont ( b ) Sid Pegler ( lbw ) Tommy Ward ( lbw ) Old Trafford , Manchester 28 May 1912 9 Matthews , Jimmy Jimmy Matthews Australia South Africa 1 / 3 Herbie Taylor ( b ) Reggie Schwarz ( c and b ) Tommy Ward ( c and b ) Old Trafford , Manchester 28 May 1912 10 Allom , Maurice Maurice Allom England New Zealand 1 / 4 Tom Lowry ( lbw ) Ken James ( c Tich Cornford ) Ted Badcock ( b ) Lancaster Park , Christchurch 10 January 1930 11 Goddard , Tom Tom Goddard England South Africa 1 / 5 Dudley Nourse ( c and b ) Norman Gordon ( st Leslie Ames ) Billy Wade ( b ) Old Wanderers , Johannesburg 26 December 1938 12 Loader , Peter Peter Loader England West Indies 4 / 5 John Goddard ( b ) Sonny Ramadhin ( c Fred Trueman ) Roy Gilchrist ( b ) Headingley , Leeds 25 July 1957 13 Kline , Lindsay Lindsay Kline Australia South Africa 2 / 5 Eddie Fuller ( c Richie Benaud ) Hugh Tayfield ( lbw ) Neil Adcock ( c Bob Simpson ) Newlands , Cape Town 3 January 1958 14 Hall , Wes Wes Hall West Indies Pakistan 3 / 3 Mushtaq Mohammed ( lbw ) Fazal Mahmood ( c Garfield Sobers ) Nasim - ul - Ghani ( b ) Bagh - e-Jinnah , Lahore 29 March 1959 15 Griffin , Geoff Geoff Griffin South Africa England 2 / 5 M.J.K. Smith ( c John Waite ) Peter Walker ( b ) Fred Trueman ( b ) Lord 's , London 24 June 1960 16 Gibbs , Lance Lance Gibbs West Indies Australia 4 / 5 Ken Mackay ( lbw ) Wally Grout ( c Garfield Sobers ) Frank Misson ( b ) Adelaide Oval , Adelaide 30 January 1961 17 Petherick , Peter Peter Petherick New Zealand Pakistan 1 / 3 Javed Miandad ( c Richard Hadlee ) Wasim Raja ( c and b ) Intikhab Alam ( c Geoff Howarth ) Gaddafi Stadium , Lahore 9 October 1976 18 Walsh , Courtney Courtney Walsh West Indies Australia 1 & 2 1 / 5 Tony Dodemaide ( c Viv Richards ) Mike Veletta ( c Carl Hooper ) Graeme Wood ( lbw ) Brisbane Cricket Ground , Brisbane 18 -- 20 November 1988 19 Hughes , Merv Merv Hughes Australia West Indies 1 & 2 2 / 5 Curtly Ambrose ( c Ian Healy ) Patrick Patterson ( c Tony Dodemaide ) Gordon Greenidge ( lbw ) WACA , Perth 3 -- 4 December 1988 20 Fleming , Damien Damien Fleming Australia Pakistan 2 / 3 Aamer Malik ( c Michael Bevan ) Inzamam - ul - Haq ( lbw ) Saleem Malik ( c Ian Healy ) Rawalpindi Cricket Stadium , Rawalpindi 9 October 1994 21 Warne , Shane Shane Warne Australia England 2 / 5 Phil DeFreitas ( lbw ) Darren Gough ( c Ian Healy ) Devon Malcolm ( c David Boon ) Melbourne Cricket Ground , Melbourne 29 December 1994 22 Cork , Dominic Dominic Cork England West Indies 4 / 6 Richie Richardson ( b ) Junior Murray ( lbw ) Carl Hooper ( lbw ) Old Trafford , Manchester 30 July 1995 23 Gough , Darren Darren Gough England Australia 5 / 5 Ian Healy ( c Warren Hegg ) Stuart MacGill ( b ) Colin Miller ( b ) Sydney Cricket Ground , Sydney 2 January 1999 24 Wasim Akram Pakistan Sri Lanka 3 / 4 Romesh Kaluwitharana ( c Moin Khan ) Niroshan Bandaratilleke ( b ) Pramodya Wickramasinghe ( b ) Gaddafi Stadium , Lahore 6 March 1999 25 Wasim Akram Pakistan Sri Lanka 4 / 4 Avishka Gunawardene ( c Shahid Afridi ) Chaminda Vaas ( b ) Mahela Jayawardene ( c Wajahatullah Wasti ) Bangabandhu National Stadium , Dhaka 14 March 1999 26 Nuwan Zoysa Sri Lanka Zimbabwe 2 / 3 Trevor Gripper ( lbw ) Murray Goodwin ( c Romesh Kaluwitharana ) Neil Johnson ( lbw ) Harare Sports Club , Harare 26 November 1999 27 Abdul Razzaq Pakistan Sri Lanka 2 / 3 Romesh Kaluwitharana ( c Moin Khan ) Rangana Herath ( lbw ) Ravi Pushpakumara ( lbw ) Galle International Stadium , Galle 21 June 2000 28 McGrath , Glenn Glenn McGrath Australia West Indies 2 / 5 Sherwin Campbell ( c Ricky Ponting ) Brian Lara ( c Stuart MacGill ) Jimmy Adams ( c Justin Langer ) WACA , Perth 1 December 2000 29 Harbhajan Singh India Australia 2 / 3 Ricky Ponting ( lbw ) Adam Gilchrist ( lbw ) Shane Warne ( c Sadagoppan Ramesh ) Eden Gardens , Calcutta 11 March 2001 30 Mohammad Sami Pakistan Sri Lanka 3 / 3 Charitha Buddhika ( lbw ) Nuwan Zoysa ( lbw ) Muttiah Muralitharan ( b ) Gaddafi Stadium , Lahore 8 March 2002 31 Lawson , Jermaine Jermaine Lawson West Indies Australia 1 & 2 3 / 4 Brett Lee ( b ) Stuart MacGill ( b ) Justin Langer ( lbw ) Kensington Oval , Bridgetown 2 -- 5 May 2003 32 Alok Kapali Bangladesh Pakistan 2 / 3 Shabbir Ahmed ( c Mashrafe Mortaza ) Danish Kaneria ( lbw ) Umar Gul ( lbw ) Arbab Niaz Stadium , Peshawar 29 August 2003 33 Blignaut , Andy Andy Blignaut Zimbabwe Bangladesh 1 / 2 Hannan Sarkar ( lbw ) Mohammad Ashraful ( c sub ( Travis Friend ) ) Mushfiqur Rahman ( c Tatenda Taibu ) Harare Sports Club , Harare 22 February 2004 34 Hoggard , Matthew Matthew Hoggard England West Indies 3 / 4 Ramnaresh Sarwan ( c Ashley Giles ) Shivnarine Chanderpaul ( lbw ) Ryan Hinds ( c Andrew Flintoff ) Kensington Oval , Barbados 3 April 2004 35 Franklin , James James Franklin New Zealand Bangladesh 1 / 2 Manjural Islam Rana ( c Brendon McCullum ) Mohammad Rafique ( c Scott Styris ) Tapash Baisya ( b ) Bangabandhu National Stadium , Dhaka 20 October 2004 36 Irfan Pathan India Pakistan 3 / 3 Salman Butt ( c Rahul Dravid ) Younis Khan ( lbw ) Mohammad Yousuf ( b ) National Stadium , Karachi 29 January 2006 37 Sidebottom , Ryan Ryan Sidebottom England New Zealand 1 / 3 Stephen Fleming ( c Alastair Cook ) Mathew Sinclair ( c Alastair Cook ) Jacob Oram ( lbw ) Seddon Park , Hamilton 8 March 2008 38 Siddle , Peter Peter Siddle Australia England 1 / 5 Alastair Cook ( c Shane Watson ) Matt Prior ( b ) Stuart Broad ( lbw ) Brisbane Cricket Ground , Brisbane 25 November 2010 39 Broad , Stuart Stuart Broad England India 2 / 4 Mahendra Singh Dhoni ( c James Anderson ) Harbhajan Singh ( lbw ) Praveen Kumar ( b ) Trent Bridge , Nottinghamshire 30 July 2011 40 Gazi , Sohag Sohag Gazi Bangladesh New Zealand 1 / 2 Corey Anderson ( lbw ) BJ Watling ( c Mushfiqur Rahim ) Doug Bracewell ( c Shakib Al Hasan ) Zahur Ahmed Chowdhury Stadium , Chittagong 13 October 2013 41 Broad , Stuart Stuart Broad England Sri Lanka 2 / 2 Kumar Sangakkara ( c Ian Bell ) Dinesh Chandimal ( c Alastair Cook ) Shaminda Eranga ( c Matt Prior ) Headingley , Leeds 20 June 2014 42 Herath , Rangana Rangana Herath Sri Lanka Australia 2 / 3 Adam Voges ( c Dimuth Karunaratne ) Peter Nevill ( lbw ) Mitchell Starc ( lbw ) Galle International Stadium , Galle 5 August 2016 43 Ali , Moeen Moeen Ali England South Africa 3 / 4 Dean Elgar ( c Ben Stokes ) Kagiso Rabada ( c Ben Stokes ) Morné Morkel ( lbw ) The Oval , London 31 July 2017 By team ( edit ) England and Australia combined have taken over half of all Test match hat - tricks to date , 25 of 43 ( 58.14 % ) . Test hat - tricks by team Team Hat - tricks England 14 Australia 11 Pakistan West Indies Bangladesh India Sri Lanka New Zealand South Africa Zimbabwe See also ( edit ) List of One Day International cricket hat - tricks List of Twenty20 International cricket hat - tricks References ( edit ) General ( edit ) `` Record / Test matches / Bowling record / Hat - tricks '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 3 January 2012 . Specific ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` India in England -- 2nd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 3 January 2012 . Jump up ^ McGhie , Tom ( 20 July 2011 ) . `` Landmark Test matches through the years as Lord 's plays host to the 2,000 th when England take on India '' . Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 3 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Record / Test matches / Bowling record / Hat - tricks '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 3 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Triangular Tournament − 1st match : Australia v South Africa Test Series -- 1st Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 3 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Williamson , Martin ( 11 August 2012 ) . `` No - balled out of the game '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ McGlashan , Andrew ( 25 November 2010 ) . `` Siddle hat - trick gives Australia control '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 13 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Islam , Mohammad ( 13 October 2013 ) . `` Gazi shines as Test ends in draw '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 13 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Lynch , Steven ( 13 October 2013 ) . `` Three - act plays '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 23 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` England v Rest Of The World , 1970 -- 4th match '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 3 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` July 2000 -- The best of the best ? '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 3 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` England tour of Australia , 1878 / 79 -- Only Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` England ( IFW Bligh 's XI ) tour of Australia , 1882 / 83 : The Ashes -- 2nd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` England ( Lord Sheffield 's XI ) tour of Australia , 1891 / 92 : The Ashes -- 2nd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` England tour of South Africa , 1895 / 96 -- 1st Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Australia tour of England , 1899 : The Ashes -- 3rd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` England tour of Australia , 1901 / 02 : The Ashes -- 2nd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` England ( Marylebone Cricket Club ) tour of Australia , 1903 / 04 : The Ashes -- 5th Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Triangular Tournament , 1912 : Australia v South Africa Test Series − 1st Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` England tour of New Zealand , 1929 / 30 -- 1st Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` England tour of South Africa , 1938 / 39 -- 1st Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` West Indies tour of England , 1957 -- 4th Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Australia tour of South Africa , 1957 / 58 -- 2nd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` West Indies tour of Pakistan , 1958 / 59 -- 3d Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` South Africa tour of England , 1960 -- 2nd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` West Indies tour of Australia , 1960 / 61 -- 4th Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand tour of Pakistan , 1976 / 77 -- 1st Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` West Indies tour of Australia , 1988 / 89 : The Frank Worrell Trophy -- 1st Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` West Indies tour of Australia , 1988 / 89 : The Frank Worrell Trophy -- 2nd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Australia tour of Pakistan , 1994 / 95 -- 2nd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` England tour of Australia , 1994 / 95 : The Ashes -- 2nd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` West Indies tour of England , 1995 : The Wisden Trophy -- 4th Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` England tour of Australia , 1998 / 99 : The Ashes -- 5th Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Asian Championship Test , 1998 / 99 -- 3rd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Asian Championship Test , 1998 / 99 -- Final '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sri Lanka tour of Zimbabwe , 1999 / 00 -- 2nd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pakistan tour of Sri Lanka , 2000 -- 2nd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` West Indies tour of Australia , 2000 / 01 -- 2nd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Australia tour of India , 2000 / 01 -- 2nd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Asian Championship Test , 2001 / 02 -- Final '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Australia tour of West Indies , 2003 : The Frank Worrell Trophy -- 3rd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bangladesh tour of Pakistan , 2003 -- 2nd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bangladesh tour of Zimbabwe , 2003 / 04 -- 1st Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` England tour of West Indies , 2003 / 04 : The Wisden Trophy -- 3rd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand tour of Bangladesh , 2004 / 05 -- 1st Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` India tour of Pakistan , 2005 / 06 -- 3rd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` England tour of New Zealand , 2007 / 08 -- 1st Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` England tour of Australia , 2010 / 11 : The Ashes -- 1st Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` India tour of England , 2011 : Pataudi Trophy -- 2nd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand tour of Bangladesh , 1st Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 13 Oct 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sri Lanka tour of England , 2nd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 20 Jun 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Australia tour of Sri Lanka , 2nd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 5 Aug 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 3rd Test , South Africa tour of England at London , Jul 27 -- Jul 31 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 28 July 2017 . Cricket records Test records By team Australia Bangladesh England India New Zealand Pakistan Sri Lanka South Africa West Indies Zimbabwe Batting Most career runs Triple centuries Centuries in both innings Centuries on debut Bowling Most career wickets Five - wicket hauls on debut Double five - wicket hauls on debut Hat - tricks ODI records By team Australia Bangladesh England India New Zealand Pakistan Sri Lanka South Africa West Indies Zimbabwe Batting Most career runs Highest individual scores Double centuries Centuries on debut Bowling Most career wickets Hat - tricks Five - wicket haul on debut T20I records By team Australia Bangladesh England India Nepal New Zealand Pakistan Sri Lanka South Africa West Indies Zimbabwe Batting Centuries Bowling Five - wicket hauls Hat - tricks Miscellaneous records International Centuries Career Five Wicket Hauls 100 wickets in a season Wicket with first ball World Cup records First - class records Batsmen with 100 FC centuries FC quadruple centuries Ranji Trophy List - A records Centuries by ground Five - wicket hauls by ground Twenty20 records Under - 19 records Women 's cricket Test records ODI records T20I records Test centuries ODI centuries T20I centuries Hat - tricks Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Test_cricket_hat-tricks&oldid=804153912 '' Categories : Cricket - related lists Test cricket hat - trick takers Test cricket records Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with hCards Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা मराठी Edit links This page was last edited on 7 October 2017 , at 03 : 11 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who took hatrick in both innings of a test | [
"A player has taken two hat-tricks in the same Test match only once. Playing for Australia against South Africa in the first match of the 1912 Triangular Tournament at Old Trafford, Manchester, England, leg spinner Jimmy Matthews took a hat-trick in South Africa's first and second innings, both taken on 28 May 1912. He completed both hat-tricks by dismissing South Africa's Tommy Ward.[4] Only three other cricketers have taken more than one Test hat-trick: Australian off spinner Hugh Trumble (two years apart, between the same teams at the same ground), Pakistani fast bowler Wasim Akram (just over a week apart, in consecutive matches between the same teams) and English fast bowler Stuart Broad. Three players have taken a hat-trick on their Test debut: English medium pace bowler Maurice Allom in 1930, New Zealand off-spinner Peter Petherick in 1976, and Australian pace bowler Damien Fleming in 1994.[3] Geoff Griffin took the fewest total Test wickets of any player who recorded a hat-trick, taking only eight wickets in his entire Test career.[3] During the match in which he took his hat-trick, Griffin was repeatedly called for throwing by the umpires and never bowled again in a Test match.[5] Australian Peter Siddle is the only bowler to take a hat-trick on his birthday,[6] and Bangladeshi off spinner Sohag Gazi is the only player to score a century and take a hat-trick in the same Test match.[7]"
] | [
"Jimmy Matthews"
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6831954861525758777 | 2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup | 2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup - wikipedia 2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup Jump to : navigation , search 2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup २०१७ फीफा अंडर - १७ विश्व कप ২০১৭ ফিফা অনূর্ধ্ব - ১৭ বিশ্বকাপ 2017 ફિફા હેઠળ 17 વર્લ્ડ કપ 2017 ಫಿಫಾ 17 ವಿಶ್ವಕಪ್ ಅಡಿಯಲ್ಲಿ 2017 ഫിഫ അണ്ടർ 17 ലോകകപ്പ് 2017 फीफा अंतर्गत 17 विश्वचषक 2017 फीफा अन्तर्गत 17 विश्व कप 2017 ਫੀਫਾ 17 ਵਰਲਡ ਕੱਪ ਦੇ ਤਹਿਤ 2017 பிபா 17 - வயதுக்குட்பட்டோருக்கான உலகக்கோப்பை 2017 FIFA కింద 17 ప్రపంచ కప్ Tournament details Host country India Dates 6 -- 28 October Teams 24 ( from 6 confederations ) Venue ( s ) 6 ( in 6 host cities ) Final positions Champions England ( 1st title ) Runners - up Spain Third place Brazil Fourth place Mali Tournament statistics Matches played 52 Goals scored 183 ( 3.52 per match ) Attendance 1,347,133 ( 25,906 per match ) Top scorer ( s ) Rhian Brewster ( 8 goals ) Best player Phil Foden Best goalkeeper Gabriel Brazão Fair play award Brazil ← 2015 2019 → The 2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup was the 17th FIFA U-17 World Cup , a biennial international football tournament contested by men 's under - 17 national teams . Organized by FIFA , the tournament took place in India between 6 and 28 October 2017 , after the country was awarded the hosting rights on 5 December 2013 . The tournament marked the first time India have hosted a FIFA tournament and the first Asian hosted U-17 World Cup since 2013 . The attendance for this World Cup was a record 1,347,133 surpassing China 's 1985 edition where it was 1,230,976 . The matches were played in six stadiums in six host cities around the country , with the final taking place at the Salt Lake Stadium in Kolkata , West Bengal . Twenty - three teams , besides the host India , managed to qualify for the tournament via participating in their various continental under - 17 tournaments . In the first round of the tournament finals , the teams competed in round - robin groups of four for points , where the top two teams in each group along with the top four third placed teams would advance to the next round . These 16 teams will advance to the knockout stage , where three rounds of play will decide which teams would participate in the final . The reigning FIFA U-17 World Cup champions , Nigeria , did not have the opportunity to defend their title after failing to qualify for this edition . In failing to qualify , Nigeria became the first incumbent title holder since Switzerland in 2009 to fail to qualify for the subsequent edition . England won the U-17 World Cup for the first time after coming back from a two - goal deficit and beating Spain 5 -- 2 in the final . This meant England became the second nation , after Brazil in 2003 , to win both of FIFA 's under - age ( U-20 and U-17 ) World Cup tournaments in the same calendar year . England has also become the third country , after Brazil and North Korea , to win both U-17 and U-20 World Cup in their respective gender tournaments on the same year , as North Korea had also won both U-17 and U-20 Women 's World Cup last year. The Official Match Ball of the Tournament is Adidas Krasava . Contents ( hide ) 1 Host selection 2 Qualified teams 3 Organization 3.1 Preparation 3.2 Emblem 3.3 Tickets 4 Venues 5 Draw 6 Referees 7 Squads 8 Group stage 8.1 Group A 8.2 Group B 8.3 Group C 8.4 Group D 8.5 Group E 8.6 Group F 8.7 Ranking of third - placed teams 9 Knockout stage 9.1 Bracket 9.2 Round of 16 9.3 Quarter - finals 9.4 Semi-finals 9.5 Third place play - off 9.6 Final 10 Awards 11 Final ranking 12 Goalscorers 13 Broadcasting 14 Notes 15 References 16 External links Host selection ( edit ) The bids for the 2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup had to be submitted by 15 November 2013 . On 28 May 2013 it was announced by FIFA that Azerbaijan , India , Republic of Ireland , and Uzbekistan would bid for the hosting rights . Finally , on 5 December 2013 , FIFA announced that India had won the 2017 FIFA World Cup hosting rights. goal Qualified teams ( edit ) As host , India made their first ever appearance at the FIFA U-17 World Cup and their first appearance in the World Cup at any age level . As well as India , New Caledonia and Niger also made their first appearance in the FIFA U-17 World Cup . The previous U-17 World Cup title holders , Nigeria , failed to qualify for this edition . In failing to qualify , Nigeria became the first nation since Switzerland in 2009 to fail to qualify for the next edition of the FIFA U-17 World Cup after winning the previous edition . A total of 24 teams qualified for the final tournament . In addition to India , the other 23 teams qualified from six separate continental competitions . Starting from 2017 , the Oceania Football Confederation ( OFC ) will receive an additional spot ( in total two spots ) , while UEFA will have five instead of six spots . Confederation Qualifying Tournament Qualifier ( s ) AFC ( Asia ) Host Nation India 2016 AFC U-16 Championship Iraq Iran Japan North Korea CAF ( Africa ) 2017 Africa U-17 Cup of Nations Ghana Guinea Mali Niger CONCACAF ( Central , North America and Caribbean ) 2017 CONCACAF U-17 Championship Costa Rica Honduras Mexico United States CONMEBOL ( South America ) 2017 South American Under - 17 Championship Brazil Chile Colombia Paraguay OFC ( Oceania ) 2017 OFC U-17 Championship New Caledonia New Zealand UEFA ( Europe ) 2017 UEFA European Under - 17 Championship England France Germany Spain Turkey 1. ^ Teams that will make their debut . Organization ( edit ) Preparation ( edit ) The six venues selected for the tournament were given major renovations prior to the FIFA U-17 World Cup . All the stadiums were given new bucket seats , new dressing rooms , new evacuation exits for fans , and new training grounds . Javier Ceppi , the Local Organising Committee director , stated that despite work starting slowly , things eventually became quicker . `` It has been a long process in the last two and half years . In India , it takes time to start things but once things start it kind of picks its own pace and in terms of implementation I always say that India is a very good country when it comes to implementation . '' Emblem ( edit ) The official emblem for the tournament was launched on 27 September 2016 at a hotel in Goa during the 2016 AFC U-16 Championship . According to the press release from FIFA the emblem was designed `` as a celebration of the country 's richness and diversity of cultures , with the main elements of the Indian Ocean , the banyan tree , the kite and the starburst , which is an interpretation of the Ashoka Chakra , an integral part of the national identity . '' Tickets ( edit ) Sales of tickets for the FIFA U-17 World Cup began on 16 May 2017 during a function in Delhi . Carles Puyol was present during the ticket sales launch as special guest . General ticket sales officially began on 17 May 2017 at 19 : 11 . The time was selected as a tribute to when Mohun Bagan defeated East Yorkshire Regiment in the IFA Shield in 1911 , marking the first time an Indian football club defeated a British side in British India . Tickets for the tournament were sold in four phases : Phase one only sold tickets for categories 1 to 3 at each venue with a 60 % discount while phase two allowed people to buy tickets for all categories , but only if you are a Visa card holder , at a 50 % discount . Phase three allowed anyone to buy tickets with a 25 % discount while phase four had tickets at full price . The attendance for matches breached the million mark in the final match of the Round of 16 , which made India only the third nation after China and Mexico to register an attendance of over a million for the event . On 28 October 2017 , in the 3rd place match - up between Brazil and Mali , India finally beat the existing record of 1,230,976 set in the 1985 FIFA U-16 World Championship edition in China on 28 October 2017 . The final attendance figures were 1,347,133 . Venues ( edit ) After being awarded the hosting rights for the FIFA U-17 World Cup , eight locations were shortlisted : Bangalore , Delhi , Goa , Guwahati , Kochi , Kolkata , Mumbai , and Pune . On 29 May 2015 , Bangalore , Chennai , Delhi , Goa , and Pune were provisionally selected as host locations . On 27 October 2016 , FIFA officially announced Delhi , Goa , Guwahati , Kochi , Kolkata , and New Mumbai as the official host cities for the FIFA U-17 World Cup . Kolkata Kochi New Delhi Salt Lake Stadium Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium Capacity : 66,600 Capacity : 41,700 Capacity : 58,000 Navi Mumbai New Delhi Kolkata Kochi Margao Guwahati 2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup ( India ) Navi Mumbai Guwahati Margao DY Patil Stadium Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium Fatorda Stadium Capacity : 41,000 Capacity : 23,800 Capacity : 16,200 Draw ( edit ) The draw for the FIFA U-17 World Cup was held on 7 July 2017 in Mumbai . The draw was attended by former U-17 World Cup champions Nwankwo Kanu ( Nigeria ) and Esteban Cambiasso ( Argentina ) , as well as India senior international Sunil Chhetri and badminton player P.V. Sindhu . The 24 teams were drawn into six groups of four teams , with hosts India being allocated to position A1 . The rest of the teams were allocated into their respective pots based on a ranking which was built according to past performances during the last five FIFA U-17 World Cups . Importance was given to the most recent U-17 World Cups . Pot 1 Pot 2 Pot 3 Pot 4 India Mexico Brazil Germany Mali France Spain Japan New Zealand England Iran United States Costa Rica North Korea Honduras Iraq Turkey Colombia Chile Paraguay Ghana Guinea Niger New Caledonia Referees ( edit ) FIFA 's Referees ' Committee selected 21 referees , representing all six confederations , to officiate at the U-17 World Cup : Seven from UEFA , four from CONMEBOL , three each from the AFC , CAF , and CONCACAF , and one from the OFC . No referee from host country India were selected to officiate . Confederation Referee Assistant referees Support referee AFC Muhammad Taqi Lee Tzu Liang Koh Min Kiat Ri Hyang - ok Ryuji Sato Toru Sagara Hiroshi Yamauchi Nawaf Shukralla Yaser Tulefat Ebrahim Saleh CAF Mehdi Abid Charef Albdelhak Etchiali Anouar Hmila Gladys Lengwe Hamada Nampiandraza Arsenio Marengula Yahaya Mahamadou Bamlak Tessema Weyesa Olivier Safari Mark Ssonko CONCACAF Jair Marrufo Frank Anderson Corey Rockwell Carol Chenard Ricardo Montero Octavio Jara Juan Carlos Mora John Pitti Gabriel Victoria Christian Ramírez CONMEBOL José Argote Luis Murillo Carlos López Claudia Umpierrez Enrique Cáceres Eduardo Cardozo Juan Zorrilla Sandro Ricci Emerson de Carvalho Marcelo Van Gasse Gery Vargas Juan Pablo Montaño Jose Alberto Antelo OFC Abdelkader Zitouni Folio Moeaki Bernard Mutukera Anna - Marie Keighley UEFA Ovidiu Hațegan Octavian Șovre Sebastian Gheorghe Kateryna Monzul Esther Staubli Bobby Madden David McGeachie Alastair Mather Anastasios Sidiropoulos Polychronis Kostaras Lazaros Dimitriadis Artur Soares Dias Rui Barbosa Tavares Paulo Alexandre Santos Soares Anthony Taylor Gary Beswick Adam Nunn Clément Turpin Nicolas Danos Cyril Gringore Slavko Vinčić Tomaz Klancnik Andraz Kovacic Squads ( edit ) For more details on this topic , see 2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup squads . Each team 's squad for the FIFA U-17 World Cup will consist of 21 players . Each participating national association had to confirm their final 21 - player squad by 21 September 2017 . A total of 504 players will be participating in the tournament . The squads were announced by FIFA on 26 September 2017 . Group stage ( edit ) The top two teams of each group and the four best third - placed teams advance to the round of 16 . The rankings of teams in each group are determined as follows ( regulations Article 17.7 ) : points obtained in all group matches ; goal difference in all group matches ; number of goals scored in all group matches ; If two or more teams are equal on the basis of the above three criteria , their rankings are determined as follows : points obtained in the group matches between the teams concerned ; goal difference in the group matches between the teams concerned ; number of goals scored in the group matches between the teams concerned ; fair play points : first yellow card : minus 1 point ; indirect red card ( second yellow card ) : minus 3 points ; direct red card : minus 4 points ; yellow card and direct red card : minus 5 points ; drawing of lots by the FIFA Organising Committee . All times are local , IST ( UTC + 5 : 30 ) . Group A ( edit ) Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Ghana 0 5 + 4 6 Knockout stage Colombia 0 5 + 2 6 United States 0 5 + 2 6 India ( H ) 0 0 9 − 8 0 Source : FIFA ( H ) Host . Colombia v Ghana 6 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 06 ) 17 : 00 Colombia 0 -- 1 Ghana Report Ibrahim 39 ' Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium , New Delhi Attendance : 24,300 Referee : Clément Turpin ( France ) India v United States 6 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 06 ) 20 : 00 India 0 -- 3 United States Report Sargent 30 ' ( pen . ) Durkin 51 ' Carleton 84 ' Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium , New Delhi Attendance : 46,351 Referee : Gery Vargas ( Bolivia ) Ghana v United States 9 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 09 ) 17 : 00 Ghana 0 -- 1 United States Report Akinola 75 ' Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium , New Delhi Attendance : 17,500 Referee : Anastasios Sidiropoulos ( Greece ) India v Colombia 9 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 09 ) 20 : 00 India 1 -- 2 Colombia Thounaojam 82 ' Report Peñaloza 49 ' , 83 ' Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium , New Delhi Attendance : 48,184 Referee : Ricardo Montero ( Costa Rica ) Ghana v India 12 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 12 ) 20 : 00 Ghana 4 -- 0 India Ayiah 43 ' , 52 ' Danso 86 ' Toku 87 ' Report Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium , New Delhi Attendance : 52,614 Referee : Abdelkader Zitouni ( Tahiti ) United States v Colombia 12 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 12 ) 20 : 00 United States 1 -- 3 Colombia Acosta 24 ' Report Vidal 3 ' Peñaloza 67 ' D. Caicedo 87 ' DY Patil Stadium , Navi Mumbai Attendance : 22,263 Referee : Artur Soares Dias ( Portugal ) Group B ( edit ) Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Paraguay 0 0 10 5 + 5 9 Knockout stage Mali 0 8 + 4 6 New Zealand 0 8 − 4 Turkey 0 7 − 5 Source : FIFA New Zealand v Turkey 6 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 06 ) 17 : 00 New Zealand 1 -- 1 Turkey Mata 58 ' Report Kutucu 18 ' DY Patil Stadium , Navi Mumbai Attendance : 9,727 Referee : John Pitti ( Panama ) Paraguay v Mali 6 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 06 ) 20 : 00 Paraguay 3 -- 2 Mali Galeano 12 ' Sánchez 17 ' Rodríguez 55 ' ( pen . ) Report Dramé 20 ' Ndiaye 34 ' DY Patil Stadium , Navi Mumbai Attendance : 25,342 Referee : Artur Soares Dias ( Portugal ) Turkey v Mali 9 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 09 ) 17 : 00 Turkey 0 -- 3 Mali Report D. Traoré 38 ' Ndiaye 68 ' Konaté 86 ' DY Patil Stadium , Navi Mumbai Attendance : 18,323 Referee : Muhammad Taqi ( Singapore ) Paraguay v New Zealand 9 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 09 ) 20 : 00 Paraguay 4 -- 2 New Zealand Rodríguez 2 ' Vega 75 ' , 78 ' Armoa 90 + 1 ' Report Duarte 20 ' ( o.g. ) , 34 ' ( o.g. ) DY Patil Stadium , Navi Mumbai Attendance : 20,877 Referee : Bamlak Tessema Weyesa ( Ethiopia ) Turkey v Paraguay 12 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 12 ) 17 : 00 Turkey 1 -- 3 Paraguay Kesgin 90 + 3 ' Report Bogado 41 ' Cardozo 43 ' Galeano 61 ' DY Patil Stadium , Navi Mumbai Attendance : 8,895 Referee : Ryuji Sato ( Japan ) Mali v New Zealand 12 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 12 ) 17 : 00 Mali 3 -- 1 New Zealand Salam 18 ' D. Traoré 50 ' Ndiaye 82 ' Report Spragg 72 ' Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium , New Delhi Attendance : 23,112 Referee : Anastasios Sidiropoulos ( Greece ) Group C ( edit ) Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Iran 0 0 10 + 9 9 Knockout stage Germany 0 5 6 − 1 6 Guinea 0 8 − 4 Costa Rica 0 7 − 4 Source : FIFA Germany v Costa Rica 7 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 07 ) 17 : 00 Germany 2 -- 1 Costa Rica Arp 21 ' Awuku 89 ' Report Gómez 64 ' Fatorda Stadium , Margao Attendance : 12,329 Referee : Mehdi Abid Charef ( Algeria ) Iran v Guinea 7 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 07 ) 20 : 00 Iran 3 -- 1 Guinea Sayyad 59 ' Sharifi 70 ' ( pen . ) Karimi 90 ' Report Touré 90 + 1 ' Fatorda Stadium , Margao Attendance : 12,329 Referee : José Argote ( Venezuela ) Costa Rica v Guinea 10 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 10 ) 17 : 00 Costa Rica 2 -- 2 Guinea Jarquin 26 ' Gómez 67 ' Report Touré 30 ' I. Soumah 81 ' Fatorda Stadium , Margao Attendance : 6,717 Referee : Bobby Madden ( Scotland ) Iran v Germany 10 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 10 ) 20 : 00 Iran 4 -- 0 Germany Delfi 6 ' , 42 ' Sayyad 49 ' Namdari 75 ' Report Fatorda Stadium , Margao Attendance : 8,267 Referee : Jair Marrufo ( United States ) Costa Rica v Iran 13 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 13 ) 17 : 00 Costa Rica 0 -- 3 Iran Report Ghobeishavi 25 ' ( pen . ) Shariati 29 ' ( pen . ) Sardari 89 ' Fatorda Stadium , Margao Attendance : 8,549 Referee : Hamada Nampiandraza ( Madagascar ) Guinea v Germany 13 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 13 ) 17 : 00 Guinea 1 -- 3 Germany I. Soumah 26 ' Report Arp 8 ' Kühn 62 ' Cetin 90 + 2 ' ( pen . ) Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium , Kochi Attendance : 9,250 Referee : John Pitti ( Panama ) Group D ( edit ) Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Brazil 0 0 6 + 5 9 Knockout stage Spain 0 7 + 5 6 Niger 0 6 − 5 North Korea 0 0 0 5 − 5 0 Source : FIFA Brazil v Spain 7 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 07 ) 17 : 00 Brazil 2 -- 1 Spain Lincoln 25 ' Paulinho 45 + 1 ' Report Wesley 5 ' ( o.g. ) Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium , Kochi Attendance : 21,362 Referee : Nawaf Shukralla ( Bahrain ) North Korea v Niger 7 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 07 ) 20 : 00 North Korea 0 -- 1 Niger Report Abdourahmane 59 ' Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium , Kochi Attendance : 2,754 Referee : Abdelkader Zitouni ( Tahiti ) Spain v Niger 10 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 10 ) 17 : 00 Spain 4 -- 0 Niger A. Ruiz 21 ' , 41 ' César 45 + 1 ' Gómez 82 ' Report Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium , Kochi Attendance : 7,926 Referee : Enrique Cáceres ( Paraguay ) North Korea v Brazil 10 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 10 ) 20 : 00 North Korea 0 -- 2 Brazil Report Lincoln 56 ' Paulinho 61 ' Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium , Kochi Attendance : 15,314 Referee : Slavko Vinčić ( Slovenia ) Spain v North Korea 13 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 13 ) 20 : 00 Spain 2 -- 0 North Korea Moha 4 ' César 71 ' Report Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium , Kochi Attendance : 14,544 Referee : José Argote ( Venezuela ) Niger v Brazil 13 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 13 ) 20 : 00 Niger 0 -- 2 Brazil Report Lincoln 4 ' Brenner 34 ' Fatorda Stadium , Margao Attendance : 15,830 Referee : Bobby Madden ( Scotland ) Group E ( edit ) Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification France 0 0 14 + 11 9 Knockout stage Japan 8 + 4 Honduras 0 7 11 − 4 New Caledonia 0 13 − 11 Source : FIFA New Caledonia v France 8 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 08 ) 17 : 00 New Caledonia 1 -- 7 France Wadenges 90 ' Report Iwa 5 ' ( o.g. ) Gouiri 19 ' , 33 ' Gomes 30 ' Caqueret 40 ' Wanesse 43 ' ( o.g. ) Isidor 90 + 1 ' Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium , Guwahati Attendance : 12,640 Referee : Hamada Nampiandraza ( Madagascar ) Honduras v Japan 8 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 08 ) 20 : 00 Honduras 1 -- 6 Japan Palacios 36 ' Report Nakamura 22 ' , 30 ' , 43 ' Kubo 45 ' Miyashiro 51 ' Suzuki 90 ' Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium , Guwahati Attendance : 13,285 Referee : Anthony Taylor ( England ) France v Japan 11 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 11 ) 17 : 00 France 2 -- 1 Japan Gouiri 13 ' , 71 ' Report Miyashiro 73 ' ( pen . ) Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium , Guwahati Attendance : 9,575 Referee : Gery Vargas ( Bolivia ) Honduras v New Caledonia 11 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 11 ) 20 : 00 Honduras 5 -- 0 New Caledonia Mejía 25 ' , 42 ' Canales 27 ' Palacios 51 ' , 88 ' Report Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium , Guwahati Attendance : 11,002 Referee : Mehdi Abid Charef ( Algeria ) France v Honduras 14 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 14 ) 17 : 00 France 5 -- 1 Honduras Isidor 14 ' Flips 23 ' , 64 ' Gouiri 86 ' Adli 90 + 6 ' Report Mejía 10 ' Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium , Guwahati Attendance : 12,831 Referee : Muhammad Taqi ( Singapore ) Japan v New Caledonia 14 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 14 ) 17 : 00 Japan 1 -- 1 New Caledonia Nakamura 7 ' Report Jeno 83 ' Salt Lake Stadium , Kolkata Attendance : 44,665 Referee : Esther Staubli ( Switzerland ) Group F ( edit ) Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification England 0 0 11 + 9 9 Knockout stage Iraq 5 − 1 Mexico 0 − 1 Chile 0 0 7 − 7 Source : FIFA Chile v England 8 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 08 ) 17 : 00 Chile 0 -- 4 England Report Hudson - Odoi 5 ' Sancho 51 ' , 60 ' Gomes 81 ' Salt Lake Stadium , Kolkata Attendance : 46,154 Referee : Ryuji Sato ( Japan ) Iraq v Mexico 8 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 08 ) 20 : 00 Iraq 1 -- 1 Mexico Dawood 16 ' Report De la Rosa 51 ' Salt Lake Stadium , Kolkata Attendance : 55,800 Referee : Ovidiu Hațegan ( Romania ) England v Mexico 11 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 11 ) 17 : 00 England 3 -- 2 Mexico Brewster 39 ' Foden 48 ' Sancho 55 ' ( pen . ) Report Lainez 65 ' , 72 ' Salt Lake Stadium , Kolkata Attendance : 48,620 Referee : Nawaf Shukralla ( Bahrain ) Iraq v Chile 11 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 11 ) 20 : 00 Iraq 3 -- 0 Chile Dawood 6 ' , 68 ' D. Valencia 81 ' ( o.g. ) Report Salt Lake Stadium , Kolkata Attendance : 50,286 Referee : Clément Turpin ( France ) England v Iraq 14 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 14 ) 20 : 00 England 4 -- 0 Iraq Gomes 11 ' Smith - Rowe 57 ' Loader 59 ' , 71 ' Report Salt Lake Stadium , Kolkata Attendance : 56,372 Referee : Jair Marrufo ( United States ) Mexico v Chile 14 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 14 ) 20 : 00 Mexico 0 -- 0 Chile Report Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium , Guwahati Attendance : 15,794 Referee : Slavko Vinčić ( Slovenia ) Ranking of third - placed teams ( edit ) The four best teams among those ranked third are determined as follows ( regulations Article 17.7 ) : points obtained in all group matches ; goal difference in all group matches ; number of goals scored in all group matches ; fair play points ; drawing of lots by the FIFA Organising Committee . Pos Grp Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification United States 0 5 + 2 6 Knockout stage Honduras 0 7 11 − 4 Niger 0 6 − 5 Mexico 0 − 1 5 New Zealand 0 8 − 4 6 Guinea 0 8 − 4 Source : FIFA Notes : ^ Jump up to : Ranked by disciplinary points ( New Zealand : -- 6 pts ; Guinea : -- 9 pts ) . Combinations of matches in the Round of 16 The specific match - ups involving the third - placed teams depend on which four third - placed teams qualified for the round of 16 : Combination according to the four qualified teams Third - placed teams qualify from groups 1A vs 1B vs 1C vs 1D vs 3C 3D 3A 3B 3C 3A 3B 3E 3C 3A 3B 3F 3D 3A 3B 3E 3D 3A 3B 3F 3E 3A 3B 3F 3C 3D 3A 3E 3C 3D 3A 3F 3C 3A 3F 3E 3D 3A 3F 3E 3C 3D 3B 3E 3C 3D 3B 3F 3E 3C 3B 3F 3E 3D 3B 3F 3C 3D 3F 3E Knockout stage ( edit ) In the knockout stages , if a match is level at the end of normal playing time , no extra time shall be played and the winner shall be determined by a penalty shoot - out . Bracket ( edit ) Round of 16 Quarter - finals Semi-finals Final 16 October -- New Delhi Colombia 0 22 October -- Kolkata Germany Germany 18 October -- Kochi Brazil Brazil 25 October -- Kolkata Honduras 0 Brazil 16 October -- New Delhi England Paraguay 0 21 October -- Margao United States 5 United States 17 October -- Kolkata England England ( pen . ) 0 ( 5 ) 28 October -- Kolkata Japan 0 ( 3 ) England 5 17 October -- Margao Spain Mali 5 21 October -- Guwahati Iraq Mali 18 October -- New Mumbai Ghana Ghana 25 October -- New Mumbai Niger 0 Mali 17 October -- Guwahati Spain Third place play - off France 22 October -- Kochi 28 October -- Kolkata Spain Spain Brazil 17 October -- Margao Iran Mali 0 Iran Mexico Round of 16 ( edit ) Colombia v Germany 16 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 16 ) 17 : 00 Colombia 0 -- 4 Germany Report Arp 7 ' , 65 ' Bisseck 39 ' Yeboah 49 ' Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium , New Delhi Attendance : 19,477 Referee : Nawaf Shukralla ( Bahrain ) Paraguay v United States 16 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 16 ) 20 : 00 Paraguay 0 -- 5 United States Report Weah 19 ' , 53 ' , 77 ' Carleton 63 ' Sargent 74 ' Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium , New Delhi Attendance : 34,895 Referee : Ovidiu Hațegan ( Romania ) Iran v Mexico 17 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 17 ) 17 : 00 Iran 2 -- 1 Mexico Sharifi 7 ' ( pen . ) Sayyad 11 ' Report De la Rosa 37 ' Fatorda Stadium , Margao Attendance : 5,529 Referee : Anthony Taylor ( England ) France v Spain 17 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 17 ) 17 : 00 France 1 -- 2 Spain Pintor 34 ' Report Miranda 44 ' A. Ruiz 90 ' ( pen . ) Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium , Guwahati Attendance : 13,316 Referee : Enrique Cáceres ( Paraguay ) England v Japan 17 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 17 ) 20 : 00 England 0 -- 0 Japan Report Penalties Brewster Hudson - Odoi Foden Anderson Kirby 5 -- 3 Sugawara Miyashiro Kida Kozuki Salt Lake Stadium , Kolkata Attendance : 53,302 Referee : José Argote ( Venezuela ) Mali v Iraq 17 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 17 ) 20 : 00 Mali 5 -- 1 Iraq Dramé 25 ' Ndiaye 33 ' , 90 + 4 ' Konaté 73 ' S. Camara 87 ' Report Kareem 85 ' Fatorda Stadium , Margao Attendance : 9,240 Referee : Ricardo Montero ( Costa Rica ) Ghana v Niger 18 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 18 ) 17 : 00 Ghana 2 -- 0 Niger Ayiah 45 + 4 ' ( pen . ) Danso 90 ' Report DY Patil Stadium , New Mumbai Attendance : 21,286 Referee : Artur Soares Dias ( Portugal ) Brazil v Honduras 18 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 18 ) 20 : 00 Brazil 3 -- 0 Honduras Brenner 11 ' , 56 ' Marcos Antônio 44 ' Report Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium , Cochin Attendance : 20,668 Referee : Bamlak Tessema Weyesa ( Ethiopia ) Quarter - finals ( edit ) Mali v Ghana 21 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 21 ) 17 : 00 Mali 2 -- 1 Ghana Dramé 15 ' D. Traoré 61 ' Report Mohammed K. 70 ' ( pen . ) Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium , Guwahati Attendance : 3,706 Referee : Mehdi Abid Charef ( Algeria ) United States v England 21 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 21 ) 20 : 00 United States 1 -- 4 England Sargent 72 ' Report Brewster 11 ' , 14 ' , 90 + 6 ' ( pen . ) Gibbs - White 64 ' Fatorda Stadium , Margao Attendance : 16,148 Referee : Clément Turpin ( France ) Spain v Iran 22 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 22 ) 17 : 00 Spain 3 -- 1 Iran A. Ruiz 13 ' Gómez 60 ' Ferrán 67 ' Report Karimi 69 ' Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium , Cochin Attendance : 28,436 Referee : Gery Vargas ( Bolivia ) Germany v Brazil 22 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 22 ) 20 : 00 Germany 1 -- 2 Brazil Arp 21 ' ( pen . ) Report Weverson 71 ' Paulinho 77 ' Salt Lake Stadium , Kolkata Attendance : 66,613 Referee : Jair Marrufo ( United States ) Semi-finals ( edit ) Brazil v England 25 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 25 ) 17 : 00 Brazil 1 -- 3 England Wesley 21 ' Report Brewster 10 ' , 39 ' , 77 ' Salt Lake Stadium , Kolkata Attendance : 63,881 Referee : Ovidiu Hațegan ( Romania ) Mali v Spain 25 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 25 ) 20 : 00 Mali 1 -- 3 Spain N'Diaye 74 ' Report A. Ruiz 19 ' ( pen . ) , 43 ' Ferrán 71 ' DY Patil Stadium , New Mumbai Attendance : 37,847 Referee : Ryuji Sato ( Japan ) Third place play - off ( edit ) Brazil v Mali 28 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 28 ) 17 : 00 Brazil 2 -- 0 Mali Alan Souza 55 ' Yuri Alberto 88 ' Report Salt Lake Stadium , Kolkata Attendance : 56,422 Referee : Ricardo Montero ( Costa Rica ) Final ( edit ) England v Spain 28 October 2017 20 : 00 England 5 -- 2 Spain Brewster 44 ' Gibbs - White 58 ' Foden 69 ' , 88 ' Guehi 84 ' Report S. Gómez 10 ' , 31 ' Salt Lake Stadium , Kolkata Attendance : 66,684 Referee : Enrique Cáceres ( Paraguay ) Awards ( edit ) The following awards were given at the conclusion of the tournament . Golden Ball Silver Ball Bronze Ball Phil Foden Sergio Gomez Rhian Brewster Golden Boot Silver Boot Bronze Boot Rhian Brewster Lassana N'Diaye Abel Ruiz 8 goals 6 goals 6 goals Golden Glove Gabriel Brazão FIFA Fair Play Award Brazil Final ranking ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Rank Team Pld GF GA GD Pts England 7 6 0 23 6 + 17 19 Spain 7 5 0 17 10 + 7 15 Brazil 7 6 0 14 5 + 9 18 Mali 7 0 16 11 + 5 12 Eliminated in the quarter - finals 5 Iran 5 0 13 5 + 8 12 6 Ghana 5 0 8 + 5 9 7 United States 5 0 11 7 + 4 9 8 Germany 5 0 10 8 + 2 9 Eliminated in the Round of 16 9 France 0 15 5 + 10 9 10 Paraguay 0 10 10 0 9 11 Colombia 0 5 7 − 2 6 12 Japan 8 + 4 5 13 Iraq 5 10 − 5 14 Honduras 0 7 14 − 7 15 Niger 0 8 − 7 16 Mexico 0 6 − 2 Eliminated at the group stage 17 Guinea 0 8 − 4 New Zealand 0 8 − 4 19 Costa Rica 0 7 − 4 20 Turkey 0 7 − 5 21 Chile 0 0 7 − 7 22 New Caledonia 0 13 − 11 23 North Korea 0 0 0 5 − 5 0 24 India 0 0 9 − 8 0 Goalscorers ( edit ) 8 goals Rhian Brewster 6 goals Lassana N'Diaye Abel Ruiz 5 goals Amine Gouiri Jann - Fiete Arp 4 goals Keito Nakamura Sergio Gómez Martín 3 goals Brenner Lincoln Paulinho Juan Peñaloza Phil Foden Jadon Sancho Eric Ayiah Carlos Adonys Mejía Patrick Palacios Allahyar Sayyad Mohammed Dawood Yaseen Hadji Dramé Djemoussa Traoré Josh Sargent Timothy Weah 2 goals Andrés Gómez Morgan Gibbs - White Angel Gomes Danny Loader Alexis Flips Wilson Isidor Richard Danso Ibrahima Soumah Fandje Touré Younes Delfi Saeid Karimi Mohammad Sharifi Taishei Miyashiro Fode Konaté Diego Lainez Roberto de la Rosa Antonio Galeano Alan Francisco Rodríguez Aníbal Vega César Gelabert Ferrán Torres Andrew Carleton 1 goal Alan Souza Yuri Alberto Marcos Antônio Wesley Weverson Déiber Caicedo Juan Vidal Yecxy Jarquin Callum Hudson - Odoi Emile Smith - Rowe Marc Guehi Yacine Adli Claudio Gomes Maxence Caqueret Lenny Pintor Noah Awuku Yann Aurel Bisseck Sahverdi Cetin Nicolas Kühn John Yeboah Sadiq Ibrahim Mohammed Kudus Emmanuel Toku Joshua Canales Jeakson Singh Thounaojam Mohammad Ghobeishavi Vahid Namdari Mohammad Sardari Taha Shariati Ali Kareem Takefusa Kubo Tochi Suzuki Seme Camara Salam Giddou Cameron Wadenges Jekob Jeno Max Mata Charles Spragg Salim Abdourahmane Blas Armoa Giovanni Bogado Fernando David Cardozo Leonardo Sánchez Cohener Juan Miranda Mohamed Moukhliss Keren Kesgin Ahmed Kutucu George Acosta Ayo Akinola Chris Durkin 1 own goal Wesley ( playing against Spain ) Diego Valencia ( playing against Iraq ) Bernard Iwa ( playing against France ) Kiam Wanesse ( playing against France ) 2 own goals Alexis Duarte ( playing against New Zealand ) Source : FIFA Broadcasting ( edit ) FIFA released the media licensing rights for the U-17 World Cup on 21 September 2017 . In India , the official broadcaster is Sony TEN and Sony ESPN . In the United States , the tournament is being broadcast on Fox Sports 2 while the United Kingdom has the tournament broadcast on Eurosport . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The venue of the first semi-final was moved to Salt Lake Stadium , Kolkata , following assessment of the pitch conditions of the original venue , Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium , Guwahati , which had been affected by severe rainfall . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` England Under - 17s overwhelm Spain to land spectacular World Cup win '' . Guardian . 28 October 2017 . Retrieved 31 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` England double up by winning U17 World Cup '' . UEFA.com. 28 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` England win U17 World Cup : Young Lions fight back to beat Spain in final '' . BBC Sport. 28 October 2017 . Retrieved 31 October 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.sportskeeda.com/amp/football/fifa-u17-world-cup-india-2017-official-match-ball-krasava-by-adidas-is-a-work-of-art.html . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Bidding process opened for five FIFA competitions in 2016 and 2017 '' . FIFA. 17 April 2013 . Retrieved 1 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Executive Committee fully backs resolution on the fight against racism and discrimination '' . FIFA. 28 May 2013 . Retrieved 1 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official : India to host U-17 World Cup in 2017 '' . Goal.com. 5 December 2013 . Retrieved 1 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` At the FIFA U-17 World Cup , an Indian style of football will finally kick off on the global stage '' . Economic Times . 16 September 2017 . Retrieved 2 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Easwar , Nisanth ( 27 September 2017 ) . `` How did the teams fare in their first FIFA U-17 World Cup appearance '' . Goal.com . Retrieved 2 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Niger Republic U17 3 -- 1 Nigeria U17 : Golden Eaglets crash out of U17 Afcon '' . Goal.com. 20 August 2016 . Retrieved 2 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA executive vows to improve governance and boost female participation in football '' . FIFA.com. 25 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` FIFA U-17 World Cup 2017 : An interactive look at the facelifts the six stadiums have received '' . FirstPost. 28 September 2017 . Retrieved 2 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Infrastructure ready for FIFA U-17 World Cup ' '' . The Hindu . 17 February 2017 . Retrieved 2 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Official Emblem launched for FIFA U-17 World Cup India 2017 '' . FIFA. 27 September 2016 . Retrieved 2 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fifa U-17 World Cup 2017 : Carles Puyol kicks off ticket sales , honours Mohun Bagan icon '' . FirstPost. 16 May 2017 . Retrieved 2 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tickets for India 2017 now available '' . FIFA . Retrieved 2 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` India could shatter Under 17 World Cup attendance record - Times of India '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA U-17 WC in India becomes most attended in event 's history '' . Jump up ^ Vikraman , Deepak . `` India to Host 2017 U-17 FIFA World Cup '' . IBTimes . Retrieved 2 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Under - 17 World Cup schedule clashes with ISL , FIFA not ready to alter '' . Indian Express . 29 May 2015 . Retrieved 2 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` India 2017 continues to take shape '' . FIFA. 27 October 2016 . Retrieved 2 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` FIFA Stats '' ( PDF ) . FIFA . ^ Jump up to : `` Relive the India 2017 draw with FIFA.com '' . FIFA. 7 July 2017 . Retrieved 3 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Draw procedures '' ( PDF ) . FIFA . ^ Jump up to : `` FIFA Match Officials '' ( PDF ) . FIFA . ^ Jump up to : `` FIFA U-17 World Cup : When is the last date for teams to submit final squads '' . Goal.com. 15 August 2017 . Retrieved 3 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Talented youngsters set for Indian odyssey '' . FIFA.com. 26 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA U-17 World Cup India 2017 -- List of Players '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Regulations -- FIFA U-17 World Cup India 2017 '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Jump up ^ `` Match Schedule FIFA U-17 World Cup India 2017 '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Jump up ^ `` FIFA U-17 World Cup semi-final match to take place in Kolkata '' . FIFA.com. 23 October 2017 . Jump up ^ http://refereesfifa.blogspot.fr/2017/10/2017-fifa-u-17-world-cup-3-rd-place_29.html Jump up ^ http://refereesfifa.blogspot.fr/2017/10/2017-fifa-u-17-world-cup-final.html Jump up ^ `` FIFA U-17 World Cup India 2017 -- Awards '' . FIFA.com . Jump up ^ `` FIFA U-17 World Cup India 2017 Media Rights Licenses '' ( PDF ) . FIFA . Jump up ^ `` TV Guide : Date , time and where to get your football fix '' . Goal.com. 30 September 2017 . Retrieved 3 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Under - 17 World Cup : Fixtures , teams , TV & guide to India 2017 '' . Goal.com. 30 September 2017 . Retrieved 3 October 2017 . External links ( edit ) 2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup on FIFA website FIFA U-16 World Championship / U-17 World Cup Tournaments China 1985 Canada 1987 Scotland 1989 Italy 1991 Japan 1993 Ecuador 1995 Egypt 1997 New Zealand 1999 Trinidad and Tobago 2001 Finland 2003 Peru 2005 South Korea 2007 Nigeria 2009 Mexico 2011 UAE 2013 Chile 2015 India 2017 TBA 2019 Qualification AFC CAF CONCACAF CONMEBOL OFC UEFA Squads 1985 1991 1995 1999 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 Team appearances Records and statistics 2017 -- 18 in Indian football `` 2016 -- 17 2018 -- 19 '' National teams Men Senior ( 2019 AFC Asian Cup qualification ) U23 ( U-23 Championship qualification ) U20 ( 2017 SAFF U-19 Championship and U-19 Championship qualification ) U17 ( World Cup and U-16 Championship qualification ) Women Senior ( 2018 AFC Women 's Asian Cup qualification ) U19 League competitions First division Indian Super League I - League Second division I - League 2nd Division Final Round State leagues Assam Goa Karnataka ( Bengaluru ) Kerala Manipur Meghalaya Mizoram Maharashtra ( Mumbai ) Punjab Uttarakhand West Bengal ( Kolkata ) Women Indian Women 's League ( Preliminary round ) Youth Youth League U18 Club seasons Indian Super League ATK Bengaluru FC Chennaiyin Delhi Dynamos Goa Jamshedpur FC Kerala Blasters Mumbai City NorthEast United Pune City I - League Aizawl East Bengal Indian Arrows Mohun Bagan Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2017_FIFA_U-17_World_Cup&oldid=825575522 '' Categories : 2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup 2017 in youth association football 2017 -- 18 in Indian football FIFA U-17 World Cup tournaments International association football competitions hosted by India October 2017 sports events in Asia Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Use dmy dates from October 2017 Articles needing additional references from October 2017 All articles needing additional references Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Български Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Magyar മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu 日本 語 Norsk Português Русский Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 14 February 2018 , at 05 : 07 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where is the under 17 world cup final being played | [
"The 2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup was the 17th FIFA U-17 World Cup, a biennial international football tournament contested by men's under-17 national teams. Organized by FIFA, the tournament took place in India between 6 and 28 October 2017, after the country was awarded the hosting rights on 5 December 2013. The tournament marked the first time India have hosted a FIFA tournament and the first Asian hosted U-17 World Cup since 2013. The attendance for this World Cup was a record 1,347,133 surpassing China's 1985 edition where it was 1,230,976."
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"India"
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-981129293346847192 | Seat belt | Seat belt - Wikipedia Seat belt Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the safety device . For the band , see The Seatbelts . ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article is missing information about crash injuries commonly caused by seat belts . Please expand the article to include this information . Further details may exist on the talk page . ( September 2013 ) This article 's lead section does not adequately summarize key points of its contents . Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article . Please discuss this issue on the article 's talk page . ( October 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A woman buckling a 3 - point seat belt A seat belt ( also known as a seatbelt or safety belt ) is a vehicle safety device designed to secure the occupant of a vehicle against harmful movement that may result during a collision or a sudden stop . A seat belt functions to reduce the likelihood of death or serious injury in a traffic collision by reducing the force of secondary impacts with interior strike hazards , by keeping occupants positioned correctly for maximum effectiveness of the airbag ( if equipped ) and by preventing occupants being ejected from the vehicle in a crash or if the vehicle rolls over . When in motion , the driver and passengers are travelling at the same speed as the car . If the driver makes the car suddenly stop or crashes it , the driver and passengers continue at the same speed the car was going before it stopped . A seatbelt applies an opposing force to the driver and passengers to prevent them from falling out or making contact with the interior of the car . Seatbelts are considered Primary Restraint Systems ( PRS ) , because of their vital role in occupant safety . Contents ( hide ) 1 Effectiveness 2 History 3 Types 3.1 Two - point 3.1. 1 Lap 3.1. 2 Sash 3.2 Three - point 3.2. 1 Belt - in - Seat ( BIS ) 3.3 4 - , 5 - , and 6 - point 3.4 Seven - point 4 Technology 4.1 Locking retractors 4.2 Pretensioners and webclamps 4.3 Inflatable 4.4 Automatic 4.4. 1 Systems 4.4. 2 Disadvantages 5 Homologation and testing 6 Experimental 7 In rear seats 8 Child occupants 9 Reminder chime and light 9.1 Efficacy 10 Legislation 10.1 Risk compensation 10.2 Increased traffic 11 Mass transit considerations 11.1 Buses 11.1. 1 School buses 11.1. 2 Motor coaches 11.2 Trains 11.3 Airplanes 12 See also 13 References 14 External links Effectiveness ( edit ) Lives saved by seat belts and airbags in the United States , 1991 -- 2001 An analysis conducted in the United States in 1984 compared a variety of seat belt types alone and in combination with air bags . The range of fatality reduction for front seat passengers was broad , from 20 % to 55 % , as was the range of major injury , from 25 % to 60 % . More recently , the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has summarized this data by stating `` seat belts reduce serious crash - related injuries and deaths by about half . '' Most seatbelt malfunctions are a result of there being too much slack in the seatbelt at the time of the accident . History ( edit ) Seat belts were invented by English engineer George Cayley in the mid-19th century , though Edward J. Claghorn of New York , was granted the first patent ( U.S. Patent 312,085 , on February 10 , 1885 for a safety belt ) . Claghorn was granted United States Patent # 312,085 for a Safety - Belt for tourists , painters , firemen , etc. who are being raised or lowered , described in the patent as `` designed to be applied to the person , and provided with hooks and other attachments for securing the person to a fixed object . '' In 1946 , Dr. C. Hunter Shelden opened a neurological practice at Huntington Memorial Hospital in Pasadena , California . In the early 1950s , Dr. Shelden made a major contribution to the automotive industry with his idea of retractable seat belts . This came about his from his care of the high number of head injuries coming through the emergency room . He investigated the early seat belts whose primitive designs were implicated in these injuries and deaths . To reduce the high level of injuries he was seeing , he proposed , in late 1955 , retractable seat belts , recessed steering wheels , reinforced roofs , roll bars , automatic door locks , and passive restraints such as the air bag . Subsequently , in 1966 , Congress passed the National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act requiring all automobiles to comply with certain safety standards . American car manufacturers Nash ( in 1949 ) and Ford ( in 1955 ) offered seat belts as options , while Swedish Saab first introduced seat belts as standard in 1958 . After the Saab GT 750 was introduced at the New York Motor Show in 1958 with safety belts fitted as standard , the practice became commonplace . Glenn Sheren , of Mason , Michigan , submitted a patent application on March 31 , 1955 for an automotive seat belt and was awarded US Patent 2,855,215 in 1958 . This was a continuation of an earlier patent application that Mr. Sheren had filed on September 22 , 1952 . However , the first modern three point seat belt ( the so - called CIR - Griswold restraint ) used in most consumer vehicles today was patented in 1955 U.S. Patent 2,710,649 by the Americans Roger W. Griswold and Hugh DeHaven . The Swedish national electric utility , did a study of all fatal , on - the - job accidents among their employees . The study revealed that the majority of fatalities occurred while the employees were on the road on company business . In response , two Vattenfall safety engineers , Bengt Odelgard and Per - Olof Weman , started to develop a seat belt . Their work was presented to Swedish manufacturer Volvo in the late 1950s , and set the standard for seat belts in Swedish cars . The 3 - point seatbelt was developed to its modern form by Swedish inventor Nils Bohlin for Volvo -- who introduced it in 1959 as standard equipment . In addition to designing an effective three - point belt , Bohlin demonstrated its effectiveness in a study of 28,000 accidents in Sweden . Unbelted occupants sustained fatal injuries throughout the whole speed scale , whereas none of the belted occupants were fatally injured at accident speeds below 60 mph . No belted occupant was fatally injured if the passenger compartment remained intact . Bohlin was granted U.S. Patent 3,043,625 for the device . The world 's first seat belt law was put in place in 1970 , in the state of Victoria , Australia , making the wearing of a seat belt compulsory for drivers and front - seat passengers . This legislation was enacted after trialing Hemco seatbelts , designed by Desmond Hemphill ( 1926 -- 2001 ) , in the front seats of police vehicles , lowering the incidence of officer injury and death . Types ( edit ) Two - point ( edit ) A 2 - point belt attaches at its two endpoints , and was invented in the early 1900s by Jack Swearingen of Louisville , Kentucky . Lap ( edit ) A lap ( `` 2 - point '' ) belt in an airplane A lap belt is a strap that goes over the waist . This was the most commonly installed type of belt prior to legislation requiring 3 - point belts , and is primarily found in older cars . Coaches are equipped with lap belts ( although many newer coaches have three - point belts ) , as are passenger aircraft seats . University of Minnesota Professor James J. ( Crash ) Ryan was the inventor of and held the patent on the automatic retractable lap safety belt . Ralph Nader cited Ryan 's work in Unsafe at Any Speed and in 1966 President Lyndon Johnson signed two bills requiring safety belts in all passenger vehicles starting in 1968 . Until the 1980s , three - point belts were commonly available only in the front outboard seats of cars ; the back seats were only often fitted with lap belts . Evidence of the potential of lap belts to cause separation of the lumbar vertebrae and the sometimes associated paralysis , or `` seat belt syndrome '' , led to progressive revision of passenger safety regulations in nearly all developed countries to require 3 - point belts first in all outboard seating positions and eventually in all seating positions in passenger vehicles . Since September 1 , 2007 , all new cars sold in the U.S. require a lap and shoulder belt in the center rear seat . Besides regulatory changes , `` seat belt syndrome '' has led to tremendous liability for vehicle manufacturers . One Los Angeles case resulted in a $45 million jury verdict against the Ford Motor Company ; the resulting $30 million judgment ( after deductions for another defendant who settled prior to trial ) was affirmed on appeal in 2006 . Sash ( edit ) A seat belt and buckle A `` sash '' or shoulder harness is a strap that goes diagonally over the vehicle occupant 's outboard shoulder and is buckled inboard of his or her lap . The shoulder harness may attach to the lap belt tongue , or it may have a tongue and buckle completely separate from those of the lap belt . Shoulder harnesses of this separate or semi-separate type were installed in conjunction with lap belts in the outboard front seating positions of many vehicles in the North American market starting at the inception of the shoulder belt requirement of the U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration 's Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard 208 on 1 January 1968 . However , if the shoulder strap is used without the lap belt , the vehicle occupant is likely to `` submarine '' , or slide forward in the seat and out from under the belt , in a frontal collision . In the mid-1970s , 3 - point belt systems such as Chrysler 's `` Uni-Belt '' began to supplant the separate lap and shoulder belts in American - made cars , though such 3 - point belts had already been supplied in European vehicles such as Volvos , Mercedes , and Saabs for some years . Three - point ( edit ) A 3 - point seat belt A 3 - point belt is a Y - shaped arrangement , similar to the separate lap and sash belts , but unitized . Like the separate lap - and - sash belt , in a collision the 3 - point belt spreads out the energy of the moving body over the chest , pelvis , and shoulders . Volvo introduced the first production three - point belt in 1959 . The first car with a three - point belt was a Volvo PV 544 that was delivered to a dealer in Kristianstad on August 13 , 1959 . However , the first car model to feature the three - point seat belt as a standard item was the 1959 Volvo 122 , first outfitted with a two - point belt at initial delivery in 1958 , replaced with the three - point seat belt the following year . The three - point belt was developed by Nils Bohlin who had earlier also worked on ejection seats at Saab . Volvo then made the new seat belt design patent open in the interest of safety and made it available to other car manufacturers for free . Belt - in - seat ( BIS ) ( edit ) The BIS is a three - point harness with the shoulder belt attached to the seat itself , rather than to the vehicle structure . The first car using this system was the Range Rover Classic . Fitment was standard on the front seats from 1970 . Some cars like the Renault Vel Satis use this system for the front seats . A General Motors assessment concluded seat - mounted 3 - point belts offer better protection especially to smaller vehicle occupants , though GM did not find a safety performance improvement in vehicles with seat - mounted belts versus belts mounted to the vehicle body . BIS type belts have been used by automakers in convertibles and pillarless hardtops , where there is no `` B '' pillar to affix the upper mount of the belt . Chrysler and Cadillac are well known for using this design . Antique auto enthusiasts sometimes replace original seats in their cars with BIS - equipped front seats , providing a measure of safety not available when these cars were new . However , modern BIS systems typically use electronics that must be installed and connected with the seats and the vehicle 's electrical system in order to function properly . 4 - , 5 - , and 6 - point ( edit ) Bucket seat combined with a Schroth 6 - point harness Five - point harnesses are typically found in child safety seats and in racing cars . The lap portion is connected to a belt between the legs and there are two shoulder belts , making a total of five points of attachment to the seat . A 4 - point harness is similar , but without the strap between the legs , while a 6 - point harness has two belts between the legs . In NASCAR , the 6 - point harness became popular after the death of Dale Earnhardt , who was wearing a five - point harness when he suffered his fatal crash ; as it was first thought that his belt had broken , and broke his neck at impact , some teams ordered a six - point harness in response . Seven - point ( edit ) Aerobatic aircraft frequently use a combination harness consisting of a five - point harness with a redundant lap - belt attached to a different part of the aircraft . While providing redundancy for negative - g manoeuvres ( which lift the pilot out of the seat ) ; they also require the pilot to un-latch two harnesses if it is necessary to parachute from a failed aircraft . Technology ( edit ) Seat belt with uncovered inertial reel Locking retractors ( edit ) The purpose of locking retractors is to provide the seated occupant the convenience of some free movement of the upper torso within the compartment , while providing a method of limiting this movement in the event of a crash . Most modern seat belts are stowed on spring - loaded reels called `` retractors '' equipped with inertial locking mechanisms that stop the belt from extending off the reel during severe deceleration . There are two main types of inertial seat belt lock . A webbing - sensitive lock is based on a centrifugal clutch activated by rapid acceleration of the strap ( webbing ) from the reel . The belt can be pulled from the reel only slowly and gradually , as when the occupant extends the belt to fasten it . A sudden rapid pull of the belt -- as in a sudden braking or collision event -- causes the reel to lock , restraining the occupant in position . A vehicle - sensitive lock is based on a pendulum swung away from its plumb position by rapid deceleration or rollover of the vehicle . In the absence of rapid deceleration or rollover , the reel is unlocked and the belt strap may be pulled from the reel against the spring tension of the reel . The vehicle occupant can move around with relative freedom while the spring tension of the reel keeps the belt taut against the occupant . When the pendulum swings away from its normal plumb position due to sudden deceleration or rollover , a pawl is engaged , the reel locks and the strap restrains the belted occupant in position . Dual - sensing locking retractors use both vehicle G - loading and webbing payout rate to initiate the locking mechanism . Pretensioners and webclamps ( edit ) Pyrotechnic pretensioner diagram Seatbelts in many newer vehicles are also equipped with `` pretensioners '' or `` web clamps '' , or both . Pretensioners preemptively tighten the belt to prevent the occupant from jerking forward in a crash . Mercedes - Benz first introduced pretensioners on the 1981 S - Class . In the event of a crash , a pretensioner will tighten the belt almost instantaneously . This reduces the motion of the occupant in a violent crash . Like airbags , pretensioners are triggered by sensors in the car 's body , and many pretensioners have used explosively expanding gas to drive a piston that retracts the belt . Pretensioners also lower the risk of `` submarining '' , which occurs when a passenger slides forward under a loosely fitted seat belt . Some systems also pre-emptively tighten the belt during fast accelerations and strong decelerations , even if no crash has happened . This has the advantage that it may help prevent the driver from sliding out of position during violent evasive maneuvers , which could cause loss of control of the vehicle . These pre-emptive safety systems may prevent some collisions from happening , as well as reducing injury in the event an actual collision occurs . Pre-emptive systems generally use electric pretensioners which can operate repeatedly and for a sustained period , rather than pyrotechnic pretensioners , which can only operate a single time . Webclamps clamp the webbing in the event of an accident , and limit the distance the webbing can spool out ( caused by the unused webbing tightening on the central drum of the mechanism ) . These belts also often incorporate an energy management loop ( `` rip stitching '' ) in which a section of the webbing is looped and stitched with a special stitching . The function of this is to `` rip '' at a predetermined load , which reduces the maximum force transmitted through the belt to the occupant during a violent collision , reducing injuries to the occupant . A study demonstrated that standard automotive 3 - point restraints fitted with pyrotechnic or electric pretensioners were not able to eliminate all interior passenger compartment head strikes in rollover test conditions . Electric pretensioners are often incorporated on vehicles equipped with precrash systems ; they are designed to reduce seat belt slack in a potential collision and assist in placing the occupants in a more optimal seating position . The electric pretensioners also can operate on a repeated or sustained basis , providing better protection in the event of an extended rollover or a multiple collision accident . Inflatable ( edit ) The inflatable seatbelt was invented by Donald Lewis and tested at the Automotive Products Division of Allied Chemical Corporation . Inflatable seatbelts have tubular inflatable bladders contained within an outer cover . When a crash occurs the bladder inflates with a gas to increase the area of the restraint contacting the occupant and also shortening the length of the restraint to tighten the belt around the occupant , improving the protection . The inflatable sections may be shoulder - only or lap and shoulder . The system supports the head during the crash better than a web only belt . It also provides side impact protection . In 2013 , Ford began offering rear seat inflatable seat belts on a limited set of models , such as the Explorer and Flex . Automatic ( edit ) Automatic seat belt in a Honda Civic Seatbelts that automatically move into position around a vehicle occupant once the adjacent door is closed and / or the engine is started were developed as a countermeasure against low usage rates of manual seat belts , particularly in the United States . The 1972 Volkswagen ESVW1 Experimental Safety Vehicle presented passive seat belts . Volvo tried to develop a passive three point seatbelt . In 1973 Volkswagen announced they had a functional passive seat belt . The first commercial car to use automatic seat belts was the 1975 Volkswagen Golf . Automatic seat belts received a boost in the United States in 1977 when Brock Adams , United States Secretary of Transportation in the Carter Administration , mandated that by 1983 every new car should have either airbags or automatic seat belts . There was strong lobbying against the passive restraint requirement by the auto industry . Adams was criticized by Ralph Nader , who said that the 1983 deadline was too late . The VW Rabbit also offered this safety feature . By early 1978 , Volkswagen had reported 90,000 Rabbits sold with automatic seat belts . General Motors introduced a three - point non-motorized passive belt system in 1980 to comply with the passive restraint requirement . However , it was used as an active lap - shoulder belt because of unlatching the belt to exit the vehicle . Despite this common practice , field studies of belt use still showed an increase in wearing rates with this door - mounted system . General Motors began offering automatic seat belts on the Chevrolet Chevette . However , the company reported disappointing sales because of this feature . A study released in 1978 by the United States Department of Transportation claimed that cars with automatic seat belts had a fatality rate of . 78 per 100 million miles , compared with 2.34 for cars with regular , manual belts . In 1981 , Drew Lewis , the first Transportation Secretary of the Reagan Administration , influenced by studies done by the auto industry , dropped the mandate ; the decision was overruled in a federal appeals court the following year , and then by the Supreme Court . In 1984 , the Reagan Administration reversed its course , though in the meantime the original deadline had been extended ; Elizabeth Dole , then Transportation Secretary , proposed that the two passive safety restraints be phased into vehicles gradually , from vehicle model year 1987 to vehicle model year 1990 , when all vehicles would be required to have either automatic seat belts or driver side air bags . Though more awkward for vehicle occupants , most manufacturers opted to use less expensive automatic belts rather than airbags during this time period . When driver side airbags became mandatory on all passenger vehicles in model year 1995 , most manufacturers stopped equipping cars with automatic seat belts . Exceptions include the 1995 - 1996 Ford Escort / Mercury Tracer and the Eagle Summit Wagon which had automatic safety belts along with dual airbags . Systems ( edit ) Manual lap belt with automatic motorized shoulder belt -- When the door is opened , the shoulder belt moves from a fixed point near the seat back on a track mounted in the door frame of the car to a point at the other end of the track near the windshield . Once the door is closed and the car is started , the belt moves rearward along the track to its original position , thus securing the passenger . The lap belt must be fastened manually . Manual lap belt with automatic non-motorized shoulder belt -- This system was used in American - market vehicles such as the Hyundai Excel and Volkswagen Jetta . The shoulder belt is fixed to the aft upper corner of the vehicle door , and is not motorized . The lap belt must be fastened manually . Automatic shoulder and lap belts -- This system was mainly used in General Motors vehicles , though it was also used on some Honda Civic hatchbacks and Nissan Sentra coupés . When the door is opened , the belts go from a fixed point in the middle of the car by the floor to retractors on the door . Passengers must slide into the car under the belts . When the door closes , the seat belt retracts into the door . The belts have normal release buttons that are supposed to be used only in an emergency , but in practice are routinely used in the same manner as manual seat belt clasps . This system also found use by American Specialty Cars when they created the 1991 - 1994 convertible special edition of the Nissan 240SX , a car that traditionally had a motorized shoulder belt . Disadvantages ( edit ) Automatic belt systems generally offer inferior occupant crash protection . In systems with belts attached to the door rather than a sturdier fixed portion of the vehicle body , a crash that causes the vehicle door to open leaves the occupant without belt protection . In such a scenario , the occupant may be thrown from the vehicle and suffer greater injury or death . Because many automatic belt system designs compliant with the US passive - restraint mandate did not meet the safety performance requirements of Canada -- which were not weakened to accommodate automatic belts -- vehicle models which had been eligible for easy importation in either direction across the US - Canada border when equipped with manual belts became ineligible for importation in either direction once the U.S. variants obtained automatic belts and the Canadian versions retained manual belts . Two particular models included the Dodge Spirit and Plymouth Acclaim . Automatic belt systems also present several operational disadvantages . Motorists who would normally wear seat belts must still fasten the manual lap belt , thus rendering redundant the automation of the shoulder belt . Those who do not fasten the lap belt wind up inadequately protected only by the shoulder belt ; in a crash without a lap belt such a vehicle occupant is likely to `` submarine '' ( be thrown forward under the shoulder belt ) and be seriously injured . Motorized or door - affixed shoulder belts hinder access to the vehicle , making it difficult to enter and exit -- particularly if the occupant is carrying items such as a box or a purse . Vehicle owners tend to disconnect the motorized or door - affixed shoulder belt to relieve the nuisance of entering and exiting the vehicle , leaving only a lap belt for crash protection . Also , many automatic seat belt systems are incompatible with child safety seats , or only compatible with special modifications . Homologation and testing ( edit ) Starting in 1971 and ending in 1972 , the United States conducted a research project on seat belt effectiveness on a total of 40,000 vehicle occupants using car accident reports collected during that time . Of these 40,000 occupants , 18 % were reported wearing lap belts , or two - point safety belts , 2 % were reported wearing a three - point safety belt , and the remaining 80 % were reported as wearing no safety belt . The results concluded that users of the two - point lap belt had a 73 % lower fatality rate , a 53 % lower serious injury rate , and a 38 % lower injury rate than the occupants that were reported unrestrained . Similarly , users of the three - point safety belt had a 60 % lower serious injury rate and a 41 % lower rate of all other injuries . Out of the 2 % described as wearing a three - point safety belt , no fatalities were reported . This study and others led to the Restraint Systems Evaluation Program ( RSEP ) , started by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration in 1975 to increase the reliability and authenticity of past studies . A study as part of this program used data taken from 15,000 tow - away accidents that involved only car models made between 1973 and 1975 . The study found that for injuries considered `` moderate '' or worse , individuals wearing a three - point safety belt had a 56.5 % lower injury rate than those wearing no safety belt . The study also concluded that the effectiveness of the safety belt did not differ with size of car . It was determined that the variation among results of the many studies conducted in the 1960s and 70s was due to the use of different methodologies , and could not be attributed to any significant variation in the effectiveness of safety belts . Wayne State University 's Automotive Safety Research Group , as well as other researchers , are testing ways to improve seat belt effectiveness and general vehicle safety apparatuses . Wayne State 's Bioengineering Center uses human cadavers in their crash test research . The Center 's director , Albert King , wrote in 1995 that the vehicle safety improvements made possible since 1987 by the use of cadavers in research had saved nearly 8,500 lives each year , and indicated that improvements made to three - point safety belts save an average of 61 lives every year . The New Car Assessment Program ( NCAP ) was put in place by the United States National Highway Traffic Safety Administration in 1979 . The NCAP is a government program that evaluates vehicle safety designs and sets standards for foreign and domestic automobile companies . The agency developed a rating system and requires access to safety test results . As of September 2007 , manufacturers are required to place a NCAP star rating on the automobile price sticker . Experimental ( edit ) Research and development efforts are ongoing to improve the safety performance of vehicle seatbelts . Some experimental designs include : Criss - cross Experimental safety belt presented in the Volvo SCC . It forms a cross-brace across the chest . 3 + 2 Point Seatbelt : Experimental safety belt from Autoliv similar to the criss - cross . The 3 + 2 improves protection against rollovers and side impacts . Four point `` belt and suspenders '' : An experimental design from Ford where the `` suspenders '' are attached to the backrest , not to the frame of the car . 3 point Adjustable Seatbelt : Experimental safety belt from GWR Safety Systems that allowed the car Hiriko , designed by MIT , to fold without compromising the safety and comfort of the occupants . In rear seats ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( June 2014 ) In 1955 ( as a 1956 package ) , Ford offered lap only seat belts in the rear seats as an option within the Lifeguard safety package . In 1967 , Volvo started to install lap belts in the rear seats . In 1972 , Volvo upgraded the rear seat belts to a three - point belt . In crashes , unbelted rear passengers increase the risk of belted front seat occupants ' death by nearly five times . Child occupants ( edit ) Main article : Infant car seat As with adult drivers and passengers , the advent of seat belts was accompanied by calls for their use by child occupants , including legislation requiring such use . Generally children using adult seat belts suffer significantly lower injury risk when compared to non-buckled children . The UK extended compulsory seatbelt wearing to child passengers under the age of 14 in 1989 . It was observed that this measure was accompanied by a 10 % increase in fatalities and a 12 % increase in injuries among the target population . In crashes , small children who wear adult seatbelts can suffer `` seat - belt syndrome '' injuries including severed intestines , ruptured diaphragms and spinal damage . There is also research suggesting that children in inappropriate restraints are at significantly increased risk of head injury , one of the authors of this research has been quoted as claiming that : `` The early graduation of kids into adult lap and shoulder belts is a leading cause of child - occupant injuries and deaths . '' As a result of such findings , many jurisdictions now advocate or require child passengers to use specially designed child restraints . Such systems include separate child - sized seats with their own restraints and booster cushions for children using adult restraints . In some jurisdictions children below a certain size are forbidden to travel in front car seats . '' Reminder chime and light ( edit ) Examples of warning lights on a car dashboard . In Europe and some other parts of the world , most modern cars include a seat - belt reminder light for the driver and some also include a reminder for the passenger , when present , activated by a pressure sensor under the passenger seat . Some cars will intermittently flash the reminder light and sound the chime until the driver ( and sometimes the front passenger , if present ) fasten their seatbelts . In 2005 , in Sweden , 70 % of all cars that were newly registered were equipped with seat belt reminders for the driver . Since November 2014 , seat belt reminders are mandatory for the driver 's seat on new cars sold in Europe . Two specifications define the standard of seat belt reminder : UN Regulation 16 , Section 8.4 and the Euro NCAP assessment protocol ( Euro NCAP , 2013 ) . In North America , cars sold since the early 1970s have included an audiovisual reminder system consisting of a tell - tale light on the dashboard and a buzzer or chime reminding the driver and passengers to fasten their belts . Originally , these lights were accompanied by a warning buzzer whenever the transmission was in any position except park if either the driver was not buckled up or , as determined by a pressure sensor in the passenger 's seat , if there was a passenger there not buckled up . However , this was considered by many to be a major annoyance , as the light would be on and the buzzer would sound continuously if front - seat passengers were not buckled up . Therefore , people who did not wish to buckle up would defeat this system by fastening the seat belts with the seat empty and leaving them that way . To combat this dangerous habit , in 1971 NHTSA amended Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard No 208 ( FMVSS 208 ) to require a seat belt / starter interlock system to prevent passenger cars from being started with an unbelted front - seat occupant . This mandate applied to passenger cars built after August 1973 , i.e. , starting with the 1974 model year . The specifications required the system to permit the car to be started only if the belt of an occupied seat were fastened after the occupant sat down , so pre-buckling the belts would not defeat the system . The interlock systems used logic modules complex enough to require special diagnostic computers , and were not entirely dependable -- an override button was provided under the hood of equipped cars , permitting one ( but only one ) `` free '' starting attempt each time it was pressed . However , the interlock system spurred severe backlash from an American public who largely rejected seat belts . In 1974 , Congress acted to prohibit NHTSA from requiring or permitting a system that prevents a vehicle from starting or operating with an unbelted occupant , or that gives an audible warning of an unfastened belt for more than 8 seconds after the ignition is turned on . This prohibition took effect on 27 October 1974 , shortly after the 1975 model year began . In response to the Congressional action , NHTSA once again amended FMVSS 208 , requiring vehicles to come with a seat belt reminder system that gives an audible signal for 4 to 8 seconds and a warning light for at least 60 seconds after the ignition is turned on if the driver 's seat belt is not fastened . This is called a seat belt reminder ( SBR ) system . In the mid-1990s , an insurance company from Sweden called Folksam worked with Saab and Ford to determine the requirements for the most efficient seat belt reminder . One characteristic of the optimal SBR , according to the research , is that the audible warning becomes increasingly penetrating the longer the seat belt remains unfastened . In 2003 , the Transportation Research Board Committee , chaired by two psychologists , reported that ESBRs could save an additional 1,000 lives a year . Research by the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety found that Ford 's ESBR , which provides an intermittent chime for up to five minutes if the driver is unbelted , sounding for 6 seconds then pausing for 30 , increased seat belt use by 5 percentage points . Farmer and Wells found that driver fatality rates were 6 % lower for vehicles with ESBR compared with otherwise - identical vehicles without . Efficacy ( edit ) In 2001 , Congress directed NHSTA to study the benefits of technology meant to increase the use of seat belts . NHSTA found that seat belt usage had increased to 73 % since the initial introduction of the SBR system . In 2002 , Ford demonstrated that seat belts were used more in Fords with seat belt reminders than in those without : 76 % and 71 % respectively . In 2007 , Honda conducted a similar study and found that 90 % of people who drove Hondas with seat belt reminders used a seat belt , while 84 % of people who drove Hondas without seat belt reminders used a seat belt . Legislation ( edit ) Main article : Seat belt legislation Observational studies of car crash morbidity and mortality , experiments using both crash test dummies and human cadavers indicate that wearing seat belts greatly reduces the risk of death and injury in the majority of car crashes . This has led many countries to adopt mandatory seat belt wearing laws . It is generally accepted that , in comparing like - for - like accidents , a vehicle occupant not wearing a properly fitted seat belt has a significantly and substantially higher chance of death and serious injury . One large observation studying using US data showed that the odds ratio of crash death is 0.46 with a three - point belt , when compared with no belt . In another study that examined injuries presenting to the ER pre - and post-seat belt law introduction , it was found that 40 % more escaped injury and 35 % more escaped mild and moderate injuries . The effects of seat belt laws are disputed by those who observe that their passage did not reduce road fatalities . There was also concern that instead of legislating for a general protection standard for vehicle occupants , laws that required a particular technical approach would rapidly become dated as motor manufacturers would tool up for a particular standard which could not easily be changed . For example , in 1969 there were competing designs for lap and 3 - point seat belts , rapidly tilting seats , and airbags being developed . But as countries started to mandate seat belt restraints the global auto industry invested in the tooling and standardized exclusively on seat belts , and ignored other restraint designs such as air bags for several decades As of 2016 , seat belt laws can be divided into two categories : primary and secondary . A primary seat belt law allows an officer to issue a citation for lack of seatbelt use without any other citation , whereas a secondary seat belt law allows an officer to issue a seat belt citation only in the presence of a different violation . In the United States , fifteen states enforce secondary laws , while 34 states , as well as the District of Columbia , American Samoa , Guam , the Northern Mariana Islands , Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands , enforce primary seat belt laws . New Hampshire lacks both a primary and secondary seat belt law . Risk compensation ( edit ) Some have proposed that the number of deaths was influenced by the development of risk compensation , which says that drivers adjust their behavior in response to the increased sense of personal safety wearing a seat belt provides . In one trial subjects were asked to drive go - karts around a track under various conditions . It was found that subjects who started driving unbelted drove consistently faster when subsequently belted . Similarly , a study of habitual non-seatbelt wearers driving in freeway conditions found evidence that they had adapted to seatbelt use by adopting higher driving speeds and closer following distances . A 2001 analysis of US crash data aimed to establish the effects of seatbelt legislation on driving fatalities and found that previous estimates of seatbelts effectiveness had been significantly overstated . According to the analysis used , seatbelts were claimed to have decreased fatalities by 1.35 % for each 10 % increase in seatbelt use . The study controlled for endogenous motivations of seat belt use , which it is claimed creates an artificial correlation between seat belt use and fatalities , leading to the conclusion that seatbelts cause fatalities . For example , drivers in high risk areas are more likely to use seat belts , and are more likely to be in accidents , creating a non-causal correlation between seatbelt use and mortality . After accounting for the endogeneity of seatbelt usage , Cohen and Einav found no evidence that the risk compensation effect makes seatbelt wearing drivers more dangerous , a finding at variance with other research . Increased Traffic ( edit ) Other statistical analyses have included adjustments for factors such as increased traffic , and other factors such as age , and based on these adjustments , a reduction of morbidity and mortality due to seat belt use has been claimed . However , Smeed 's law predicts a fall in accident rate with increasing car ownership and has been demonstrated independently of seat belt legislation . Mass transit considerations ( edit ) Buses ( edit ) School buses ( edit ) Further information : Seat belts in school buses In the US , six states -- California , Florida , Louisiana , New Jersey , New York , and Texas -- require seat belts on school buses . Pros and cons had been alleged about the use of seatbelts in school buses . School buses which are much bigger in size than the average vehicle allow for the mass transportation of students from place to place . The American School Bus Council states in a brief article saying that , `` The children are protected like eggs in an egg carton -- compartmentalized , and surrounded with padding and structural integrity to secure the entire container . '' ( ASBC ) . Although school buses are considered safe for mass transit of students this will not guarantee that the students will be injury free if an impact were to occur . Seatbelts in buses are sometimes believed to make recovering from a roll or tip harder for students and staff as they could be easily trapped in their own safety belt . In 2015 , for the first time , NHTSA endorsed seat belts on school buses . Motor coaches ( edit ) In the European Union , all new long distance buses and coaches must be fitted with seat belts . Australia has required lap / sash seat belts in new coaches since 1994 . These must comply with Australian Design Rule 68 , which requires the seat belt , seat and seat anchorage to withstand 20g deceleration and an impact by an unrestrained occupant to the rear . In the United States , NHTSA has now required lap - shoulder seat belts in new `` over-the - road '' buses ( includes most coaches ) starting in 2016 . Trains ( edit ) The use of seatbelts in trains has been investigated . Concerns about survival space intrusion in train crashes and increased injuries to unrestrained or incorrectly restrained passengers led the researchers to discourage the use of seat belts in trains . `` It has been shown that there is no net safety benefit for passengers who choose to wear 3 - point restraints on passenger carrying rail vehicles . Generally passengers who choose not to wear restraints in a vehicle modified to accept 3 - point restraints receive marginally more severe injuries . '' Airplanes ( edit ) Lap belts are found on all passenger aircraft . Many civil aviation authorities require a `` fasten seat belt '' sign in passenger aircraft that can be activated by a pilot during takeoff , turbulence , and landing . The International Civil Aviation Organization recommends the use of child restraints . See also ( edit ) Automobile safety Baby transport Crashworthiness Passive safety device Seat belt use rates by country References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : National Highway Traffic Safety Administration , Plans and Programs , Office of Planning and Analysis ( 11 July 1984 ) . Passenger Car Front Seat Occupant Protection ( PDF ) ( Report ) . p. IV - 2 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 14 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Seat Belts : Get the Facts '' . Motor Vehicle Safety . Centers for Disease Control . 20 August 2015 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Clearwater Car Accident Injuries Whiplash Injuries '' . Clearwater Injury Lawyer . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 02 . 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CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : `` The man who saved a million lives : Nils Bohlin - inventor of the seat belt - Features , Gadgets & Tech '' . The Independent . 2009 - 08 - 19 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Trollhattan Saab -- Saab 9 - 1 , 9 - 3 , 9 - 4x , 9 - 5 , 9 - 7x News '' . Trollhattansaab.net . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Automobile safety belt system - Patent 2855215 '' . Freepatentsonline.com. 1958 - 10 - 07 . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ Andréasson , Rune ; Claes - Göran Bäckström ( 2000 ) . The Seat Belt : Swedish Research and Development for Global Automotive Safety . Stockholm : Kulturvårdskommittén Vattenfall AB . pp. 9 , 15 -- 16 . ISBN 91 - 630 - 9389 - 8 . Jump up ^ Nils I. Bohlin , ( 1967 ) . A Statistical Analysis of 28,000 Accidents with Emphasis on Occupant Restraint Value ,. 11th Stapp Car Crash Conference . Society of Automotive Engineers . doi : 10.4271 / 670925 . SAE Technical Paper 670925 . Jump up ^ `` A Potted Seat Belt History '' . Drivers Technology . Jump up ^ SEE `` Crash '' Was His Name ; Car Safety Was His Game '' in Minnesota Medicine http://www.minnesotamedicine.com/Past-Issues/Past-Issues-2006/May-2006/Pulse-Crash-May-2006 Jump up ^ `` Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards ; Occupant Crash Protection . Final Rule '' . Nhtsa.dot.gov . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 02 . Jump up ^ Karlsson v. Ford Motor Co. , 140 Cal . App . 4th 1202 ( 2006 ) . Jump up ^ `` Volvo Cars airbag celebrates 20 years '' . Volvoclub.org.uk. 2007 - 05 - 26 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 29 . Jump up ^ Lindh , Björn Erik ( 1986 ) . `` The Amazon / 120 - Beauty with Brown '' . Volvo The Cars from the 20s to the 80s . Förlagshuset Norden AB , Malmö . p. 134 . ISBN 91 - 86442 - 14 - 7 . p134 : `` The 1959 model ( which appeared in August 1958 ) featured a major innovation in the form of front seat safety belts as standard equipment on all the cars , including the export models . 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External links ( edit ) Media related to Seat belts at Wikimedia Commons Seatbelt convincer crash simulator device Car interior Part of a series of articles on cars Interior equipment Instruments Automotive navigation system Global Positioning System Automotive night vision Backup camera Blind spot monitor Boost gauge Buzzer Carputer Check engine light Electronic instrument cluster Fuel gauge Head - up display Lidar detector Odometer Parking sensor Radar detector Speedometer Tachometer Telematics Idiot light Trip computer Controls Bowden cable Brake Cruise control Electronic throttle control Gear stick Manettino dial Parking brake Power steering Steering wheel Throttle Anti-theft Automatic vehicle location Car alarm Immobiliser Power door locks Remote keyless system Smart key VIN etching Safety Seating Airbag Armrest Automatic seat belts Bench seat Bucket seat Child safety lock Rear - view mirror Rumble seat Seat belt Other elements Air conditioning Automobile accessory power Center console Dashboard Glove compartment Sun visor Convenience Car phone Cigarette lighter receptacle Cup holder Vehicle audio Commons Portal BNF : cb12398300k ( data ) NDL : 00560278 NKC : ph386378 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seat_belt&oldid=836625957 '' Categories : Automotive safety technologies English inventions Safety equipment Seat belts Vehicle parts Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from April 2012 Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter Articles to be expanded from September 2013 Wikipedia introduction cleanup from October 2013 All pages needing cleanup Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from October 2013 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify Articles with multiple maintenance issues All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2010 Articles containing potentially dated statements from September 2007 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles to be expanded from June 2014 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes All Wikipedia articles needing clarification Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2015 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2015 Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Ирон Italiano עברית Қазақша Latviešu मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Sardu Scots සිංහල Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Türkçe Українська Walon Winaray ייִדיש 中文 37 more Edit links This page was last edited on 15 April 2018 , at 22 : 20 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when was the three point seat belt invented | [
"However, the first modern three point seat belt (the so-called CIR-Griswold restraint) used in most consumer vehicles today was patented in 1955 U.S. Patent 2,710,649 by the Americans Roger W. Griswold and Hugh DeHaven."
] | [
"1955"
] |
-270826800547493244 | The Avengers (2012 film) | The Avengers ( 2012 film ) - wikipedia The Avengers ( 2012 film ) Jump to : navigation , search 2012 superhero film produced by Marvel Studios For other uses , see The Avengers ( disambiguation ) . The Avengers Theatrical release poster Directed by Joss Whedon Produced by Kevin Feige Screenplay by Joss Whedon Story by Zak Penn Joss Whedon Based on The Avengers by Stan Lee Jack Kirby Starring Robert Downey Jr . Chris Evans Mark Ruffalo Chris Hemsworth Scarlett Johansson Jeremy Renner Tom Hiddleston Clark Gregg Cobie Smulders Stellan Skarsgård Samuel L. Jackson Music by Alan Silvestri Cinematography Seamus McGarvey Edited by Jeffrey Ford Lisa Lassek Production company Marvel Studios Distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures Release date April 11 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 11 ) ( El Capitan Theatre ) May 4 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 04 ) ( United States ) Running time 143 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $220 million Box office $1.519 billion Marvel 's The Avengers ( classified under the name Marvel Avengers Assemble in the United Kingdom and Ireland ) , or simply The Avengers , is a 2012 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics superhero team of the same name , produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures . It is the sixth film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe ( MCU ) . The film was written and directed by Joss Whedon and features an ensemble cast that includes Robert Downey Jr. , Chris Evans , Mark Ruffalo , Chris Hemsworth , Scarlett Johansson , and Jeremy Renner as the titular Avengers team , alongside Tom Hiddleston , Clark Gregg , Cobie Smulders , Stellan Skarsgård , and Samuel L. Jackson . In the film , Nick Fury , director of the peacekeeping organization S.H.I.E.L.D. , recruits Tony Stark , Captain America , the Hulk , and Thor to form a team that must stop Thor 's brother Loki from subjugating Earth . The film 's development began when Marvel Studios received a loan from Merrill Lynch in April 2005 . After the success of the film Iron Man in May 2008 , Marvel announced that The Avengers would be released in July 2011 . With the signing of Johansson in March 2009 , the film was pushed back for a 2012 release . Whedon was brought on board in April 2010 and rewrote the original screenplay by Zak Penn . Production began in April 2011 in Albuquerque , New Mexico , before moving to Cleveland , Ohio , in August and New York City in September . The film was converted to 3D in post-production . The Avengers premiered on April 11 , 2012 , at Hollywood 's El Capitan Theatre and was released in the United States on May 4 , 2012 . The film received positive reviews from critics , as well as numerous awards and nominations including Academy Award and BAFTA nominations for achievements in visual effects . It set or tied numerous box office records , including the biggest opening weekend in the United States and Canada . The Avengers grossed over $1.5 billion worldwide and became the third - highest - grossing film of all time , as well as the highest - grossing film of 2012 . It is the first Marvel production to generate $1 billion in ticket sales . Two sequels , titled Avengers : Age of Ultron and Avengers : Infinity War , were released in May 2015 and April 2018 , respectively , while an untitled third sequel is scheduled for release in 2019 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Pre-production 3.3 Filming 3.4 Post-production 4 Music 5 Release 5.1 Marketing 5.1. 1 Tie - in comics 5.1. 2 Promotional partners 5.1. 3 Video game 5.2 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.1. 1 United States and Canada 6.1. 1.1 Records 6.1. 2 Other territories 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Accolades 7 Sequels 7.1 Avengers : Age of Ultron 7.2 Avengers : Infinity War and its sequel 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links Plot The Asgardian Loki encounters the Other , the leader of an extraterrestrial race known as the Chitauri . In exchange for retrieving the Tesseract , a powerful energy source of unknown potential , the Other promises Loki an army with which he can subjugate Earth . Nick Fury , director of the espionage agency S.H.I.E.L.D. , and his lieutenant Agent Maria Hill arrive at a remote research facility during an evacuation , where physicist Dr. Erik Selvig is leading a research team experimenting on the Tesseract . Agent Phil Coulson explains that the object has begun radiating an unusual form of energy . The Tesseract suddenly activates and opens a wormhole , allowing Loki to reach Earth . Loki takes the Tesseract and uses his scepter to enslave Selvig and a couple of other agents , including Clint Barton , to aid him in his getaway . In response to the attack , Fury reactivates the `` Avengers Initiative '' . Agent Natasha Romanoff is sent to Calcutta to recruit Dr. Bruce Banner to trace the Tesseract through its gamma radiation emissions . Coulson visits Tony Stark to have him review Selvig 's research , and Fury approaches Steve Rogers with an assignment to retrieve the Tesseract . In Stuttgart , Barton steals iridium needed to stabilize the Tesseract 's power while Loki causes a distraction , leading to a brief confrontation with Rogers , Stark , and Romanoff that ends with Loki 's surrender . While Loki is being escorted to S.H.I.E.L.D. , Thor , his adoptive brother , arrives and frees him , hoping to convince him to abandon his plan and return to Asgard . After a confrontation with Stark and Rogers , Thor agrees to take Loki to S.H.I.E.L.D. 's flying aircraft carrier , the Helicarrier . Upon arrival , Loki is imprisoned while Banner and Stark attempt to locate the Tesseract . The Avengers become divided , both over how to approach Loki and the revelation that S.H.I.E.L.D. plans to harness the Tesseract to develop weapons as a deterrent against hostile extraterrestrials . As the group argues , Barton and Loki 's other possessed agents attack the Helicarrier , disabling one of its engines in flight and causing Banner to transform into the Hulk . Stark and Rogers work to restart the damaged engine , and Thor attempts to stop the Hulk 's rampage . Romanoff reluctantly fights Barton , and knocks him unconscious , breaking Loki 's mind control . Loki escapes after killing Coulson and ejecting Thor from the airship , while the Hulk falls to the ground after attacking a S.H.I.E.L.D. fighter jet . Fury uses Coulson 's death to motivate the Avengers into working as a team . Stark and Rogers realize that for Loki , simply defeating them will not be enough ; he needs to overpower them publicly to validate himself as ruler of Earth . Loki uses the Tesseract , in conjunction with a device Selvig built , to open a wormhole above Stark Tower to the Chitauri fleet in space , launching his invasion . Rogers , Stark , Romanoff , Barton , and Thor rally in defense of New York City , the wormhole 's location . Banner arrives and transforms into the Hulk , and together the Avengers battle the Chitauri while evacuating civilians . The Hulk finds Loki and beats him into submission . Romanoff makes her way to the wormhole generator , where Selvig , freed from Loki 's mind control , reveals that Loki 's scepter can be used to shut down the generator . Meanwhile , Fury 's superiors from the World Security Council attempt to end the invasion by launching a nuclear missile at Midtown Manhattan . Stark intercepts the missile and takes it through the wormhole toward the Chitauri fleet . The missile detonates , destroying the Chitauri mothership and disabling their forces on Earth . Stark 's suit runs out of power , and he falls back through the wormhole just as Romanoff closes it . Stark goes into freefall , but the Hulk saves him from crashing into the ground . In the aftermath , Thor returns Loki and the Tesseract to Asgard , while Fury expresses confidence that the Avengers will return if and when they are needed . In a mid-credits scene , the Other confers with his master about the failed attack on Earth . In a post-credits scene , the Avengers eat in silence at a shawarma restaurant . Cast Cast of The Avengers at the 2010 San Diego Comic - Con International , with Joss Whedon and Kevin Feige . Robert Downey Jr. as Tony Stark / Iron Man : A self - described genius , billionaire , playboy , and philanthropist with an electromechanical suit of armor of his own invention . Downey was cast as part of his four - picture deal with Marvel Studios , which included Iron Man 2 and The Avengers . Downey said that he initially pushed Whedon to make Stark the lead : `` Well , I said , ' I need to be in the opening sequence . I do n't know what you 're thinking , but Tony needs to drive this thing . ' He was like , ' Okay , let 's try that . ' We tried it and it did n't work , because this is a different sort of thing , the story and the idea and the theme is the theme , and everybody is just an arm of the octopus . '' About the character 's evolution from previous films , Downey said , `` In Iron Man , which was an origin story , he was his own epiphany and redemption of sorts . Iron Man 2 is all about not being an island , dealing with legacy issues and making space for others ... In The Avengers , he 's throwing it down with the others '' . Chris Evans as Steve Rogers / Captain America : A World War II veteran who was enhanced to the peak of human physicality by an experimental serum and frozen in suspended animation before waking up in the modern world . Evans was cast as part of a deal to star in three Marvel films , in addition to The Avengers . Evans said that Steve Rogers is much darker in The Avengers : `` It 's just about him trying to come to terms with the modern world . You 've got to imagine , it 's enough of a shock to accept the fact that you 're in a completely different time , but everybody you know is dead . Everybody you cared about ... He was a soldier , obviously , everybody he went to battle with , all of his brothers in arms , they 're all dead . He 's just lonely . I think in the beginning it 's a fish - out - of - water scene , and it 's tough . It 's a tough pill for him to swallow . Then comes trying to find a balance with the modern world . '' Regarding the dynamic between Rogers and Tony Stark , Evans said , `` I think there 's certainly a dichotomy -- this kind of friction between myself and Tony Stark , they 're polar opposites . One guy is flash and spotlight and smooth , and the other guy is selfless and in the shadows and kind of quiet and they have to get along . They explore that , and it 's pretty fun . '' Mark Ruffalo as Bruce Banner / Hulk : A genius scientist who , because of exposure to gamma radiation , transforms into a monster when enraged or agitated . Ruffalo , who was considered to play Banner in The Incredible Hulk before Edward Norton took the role , was cast after negotiations between Marvel and Norton broke down . About replacing Norton , Ruffalo said , `` I 'm a friend of Ed 's , and yeah , that was n't a great way for all that to go down . But the way I see it is that Ed has bequeathed this part to me . I look at it as my generation 's Hamlet . '' About the character , he said , `` He 's a guy struggling with two sides of himself -- the dark and the light -- and everything he does in his life is filtered through issues of control . I grew up on the Bill Bixby TV series , which I thought was a really nuanced and real human way to look at the Hulk . I like that the part has those qualities '' . Regarding the Hulk 's place on the team , Ruffalo said , `` He 's like the teammate none of them are sure they want on their team . He 's a loose cannon . It 's like , ' Just throw a grenade in the middle of the group and let 's hope it turns out well ! '' This is the first production in which the actor playing Banner also plays the Hulk . Ruffalo told New York magazine , `` I 'm really excited . No one 's ever played the Hulk exactly ; they 've always done CGI . They 're going to do the Avatar stop - action , stop - motion capture . So I 'll actually play the Hulk . That 'll be fun '' . The 3D model used to create the Hulk 's body was modeled after Long Island bodybuilder and male stripper Steve Romm , while the Hulk 's face was modeled after Ruffalo . To create the Hulk 's voice , Ruffalo 's voice was blended with those of Lou Ferrigno and others ; however , the Hulk 's only speaking line ( `` Puny god . '' ) was provided solely by Ruffalo . Chris Hemsworth as Thor : The crown prince of Asgard , based on the Norse mythological deity of the same name . Hemsworth was cast as part of a multiple movie deal . He had previously worked with Joss Whedon on The Cabin in the Woods . Hemsworth said that he was able to maintain the strength he built up for Thor by increasing his food intake , consisting of chicken breasts , fish , steak , and eggs every day . When asked exactly how much , Hemsworth said , `` My body weight in protein pretty much ! '' He remarked that Thor 's motivation `` is much more of a personal one , in the sense that it 's his brother that is stirring things up . Whereas everyone else , it 's some bad guy who they 've got ta take down . It 's a different approach for me , or for Thor . He 's constantly having to battle the greater good and what he should do vs. it 's his little brother there ... I 've been frustrated with my brothers at times , or family , but I 'm the only one who is allowed to be angry at them . There 's a bit of that . '' Scarlett Johansson as Natasha Romanoff / Black Widow : A highly trained spy working for S.H.I.E.L.D. About the character and her relationship with Hawkeye , Johansson said , `` Our characters have a long history . They 've fought together for a long time in a lot of battles in many different countries . We 're the two members of this avenging group who are skilled warriors -- we have no superpowers . Black Widow is definitely one of the team , though . She 's not in the cast simply to be a romantic foil or eye candy . She 's there to fight , so I never felt like I was the only girl . We all have our various skills and it feels equal '' . Regarding her training , Johansson said , `` Even though Iron Man 2 was ' one - for - them , ' I 'd never done anything like that before . I 'd never been physically driven in something , or a part of something so big . For The Avengers , I 've spent so many months training with our stunt team , and fighting all the other actors , it 's crazy . I do nothing but fight -- all the time . '' Jeremy Renner as Clint Barton / Hawkeye : A master archer working as an agent for S.H.I.E.L.D. Renner said it was a very physical role and that he trained physically and practiced archery as much as possible in preparation . About the role , Renner said , `` When I saw Iron Man , I thought that was a really kick - ass approach to superheroes . Then they told me about this Hawkeye character , and I liked how he was n't really a superhero ; he 's just a guy with a high skill set . I could connect to that . '' Regarding Hawkeye 's sniper mentality , Renner said , `` It 's a lonely game . He 's an outcast . His only connection is to Scarlett 's character , Natasha . It 's like a left hand / right hand thing . They coexist , and you need them both , especially when it comes to a physical mission . '' Renner said Hawkeye is not insecure about his humanity . `` Quite the opposite , he 's the only one who can really take down the Hulk with his ( tranquilizer - tipped ) arrows . He knows his limitations . But when it comes down to it , there has to be a sense of confidence in any superhero . '' Tom Hiddleston as Loki : Thor 's adoptive brother and nemesis , based on the Norse mythological deity of the same name . About his character 's evolution from the film Thor , Hiddleston said , `` I think the Loki we see in The Avengers is further advanced . You have to ask yourself the question : How pleasant an experience is it disappearing into a wormhole that has been created by some kind of super nuclear explosion of his own making ? So I think by the time Loki shows up in The Avengers , he 's seen a few things . '' About Loki 's motivations , Hiddleston said , `` At the beginning of The Avengers , he comes to Earth to subjugate it and his idea is to rule the human race as their king . And like all the delusional autocrats of human history , he thinks this is a great idea because if everyone is busy worshipping him , there will be no wars so he will create some kind of world peace by ruling them as a tyrant . But he is also kind of deluded in the fact that he thinks unlimited power will give him self - respect , so I have n't let go of the fact that he is still motivated by this terrible jealousy and kind of spiritual desolation . '' Clark Gregg as Phil Coulson : An agent with S.H.I.E.L.D. who oversees many of the division 's field operations . Gregg was cast as part of a multi-picture deal with Marvel . Gregg said his role was expanded in The Avengers : `` ( What ) Agent Coulson had become in terms of the import of this particular story , and how important his job is in bringing the Avengers together , it kind of felt a little surreal , like somebody was playing a prank and that was n't the real script . But it was n't , it was the real thing , I got to show up and do that stuff , and it felt like such an amazing payoff to what the journey had been and the fact I had been doing it for five years . '' Gregg said Whedon provided insight into his character 's backstory , particularly about Coulson being a fan of Captain America . Cobie Smulders as Maria Hill : A high - ranking agent with S.H.I.E.L.D. who works closely with Nick Fury . Smulders , whom Joss Whedon once considered for his unproduced live - action Wonder Woman film , was selected from a short list of potential actresses including Morena Baccarin . Smulders ' deal would integrate her into nine films . Regarding her preparation , Smulders said , `` I hired this amazing black - ops trainer to teach me how to hold a gun , take me to a shooting range , how to hit , how to hold myself , how to walk and basically how to look . I do n't do a ton of fighting in the movie , which is why I was n't offered a trainer , but I wanted to look like I had the ability to . '' On relating to the character , Smulders said , `` I can relate to her being a mom and being a businesswoman and trying to work full - time and raising a family and having a career . We 're asked to do a lot of things these days . I feel she is just all about her job and keeping things going . '' Stellan Skarsgård as Erik Selvig : An astrophysicist and a friend of Thor under Loki 's control , who is studying the Tesseract 's power . Regarding Loki 's control over Selvig , Skarsgård said , `` Well with the scene we did in Thor , it was like Loki , one way or the other , entered Erik 's mind . And in Avengers , you will see more clarity in how Loki is using Erik 's mind . '' About his role , he said , `` ( My character ) is of importance but the size of the role is not big . '' Samuel L. Jackson as Nick Fury : The director of S.H.I.E.L.D. , who was revealed in previous films to be coordinating the `` Avengers Initiative '' . Jackson was brought to the project with a deal containing an option to play the character in up to nine Marvel films . Jackson said he does more in The Avengers than in any of the previous films : `` You do n't have to wait until the end of the movie to see me '' . About the role , Jackson said , `` It 's always good to play somebody ( who ) is a positive in society as opposed to somebody who is a negative ... I tried to make him as honest to the story and as honest to what real - life would seem . '' Jackson compared the character to Ordell in Jackie Brown , calling him `` a nice guy to hang out with . You just do n't want to cross him '' . Gwyneth Paltrow and Maximiliano Hernández reprise their roles from previous films as Pepper Potts and Jasper Sitwell , respectively . Paul Bettany returns to voice J.A.R.V.I.S. Frequent Whedon collaborator Alexis Denisof portrays the Other , and Damion Poitier portrays his master , Thanos ( unnamed in the film ) , in a post-credit scene . Powers Boothe and Jenny Agutter appear as members of the World Security Council . Avengers co-creator Stan Lee has a cameo appearance in a news report . Harry Dean Stanton cameos as a security guard , and Polish film director Jerzy Skolimowski appears as Georgi Luchkov , Romanoff 's interrogator . Enver Gjokaj , who later went on to play Agent Daniel Sousa in the series Agent Carter , appears as a police officer . Production Development `` It goes back to the very first incarnation of The Avengers , it goes to The Ultimates , it goes to everything about it . It makes no sense , it 's ridiculous . There 's a thunder god , there 's a green ' id ' giant rage monster , there 's Captain America from the 40s , there 's Tony Stark who definitely does n't get along with anybody . Ultimately these people do n't belong together and the whole movie is about finding yourself from community . And finding that you not only belong together but you need each other , very much . Obviously this will be expressed through punching but it will be the heart of the film . '' -- Joss Whedon , director of The Avengers , about the film . Ideas for a film based on the Avengers began in 2003 , with Avi Arad , the CEO of Marvel Studios , first announcing plans to develop the film in April 2005 , after Marvel Enterprises declared independence by allying with Merrill Lynch to produce a slate of films that would be distributed by Paramount Pictures . Marvel discussed their plans in a brief presentation to Wall Street analysts ; the studio 's intention was to release individual films for the main characters -- to establish their identities and familiarize audiences with them -- before merging the characters together in a crossover film . Screenwriter Zak Penn , who wrote The Incredible Hulk ( 2008 ) , became attached to the film in 2006 , and was hired by Marvel Studios to write the film in June 2007 . In the wake of the 2007 -- 2008 Writers Guild of America strike , Marvel negotiated with the Writers Guild of America to ensure that it could create films based on its comic book counterparts , including Captain America , Ant - Man and The Avengers . After the successful release of Iron Man ( 2008 ) in May , the company set a July 2011 release date for The Avengers . In September 2008 , Marvel Studios reached an agreement with Paramount -- an extension of a previous partnership -- which gave the company distribution rights for five future Marvel films . Casting began in October 2008 with Downey 's signing . Though Don Cheadle was also reported to be reprising his Iron Man 2 role of War Machine for The Avengers , he later stated that he did not think the character would appear in the film . At the same time , two major prospects occurred for Marvel : Jon Favreau was brought in as an executive producer for the film , and the company signed a long - term lease with Raleigh Studios to produce three other big - budget films -- Iron Man 2 , Thor ( 2011 ) , and Captain America : The First Avenger ( 2011 ) -- at their Manhattan Beach , California complex . Lou Ferrigno , who voiced Hulk in The Incredible Hulk , stated that he would be involved in the film . In February 2009 , Samuel L. Jackson signed a nine - picture deal with Marvel Entertainment to play Nick Fury in Iron Man 2 and other films . In September 2009 , Edward Norton , who played Bruce Banner in The Incredible Hulk stated that he was open to returning in the film . The next month , executive producer Jon Favreau stated that he would not direct the film , but would `` definitely have input and a say '' . Favreau also expressed concerns , stating , `` It 's going to be hard , because I was so involved in creating the world of Iron Man , and Iron Man is very much a tech - based hero , and then with Avengers you 're going to be introducing some supernatural aspects because of Thor ... ( Mixing ) the two of those works very well in the comic books , but it 's going to take a lot of thoughtfulness to make that all work and not blow the reality that we 've created '' . In March 2009 , actress Scarlett Johansson replaced Emily Blunt in portraying Natasha Romanoff in Iron Man 2 , a deal that subsequently attached her to The Avengers . The following day , Marvel announced that the film 's release date had been pushed back to May 4 , 2012 , almost a full year later . Chris Hemsworth and Tom Hiddleston joined the film 's cast in June , returning as Thor and Loki , respectively . In July 2009 , Penn talked about the crossover process , stating , `` My job is to kind of shuttle between the different movies and make sure that finally we 're mimicking that comic book structure where all of these movies are connected ... There 's just a board that tracks ' Here 's where everything that happens in this movie overlaps with that movie ' ... I 'm pushing them to do as many animatics as possible to animate the movie , to draw boards so that we 're all working off the same visual ideas . But the exigencies of production take first priority '' . At first , Penn tried to reduce Thor 's role in the script because he had doubts about the character 's ability to succeed on film . He changed his mind once Hemsworth was cast as Thor . In January 2010 , Marvel Studios chief Kevin Feige was asked if it would be difficult to meld the fantasy of Thor with the high - tech science fiction in Iron Man and The Avengers . `` No , '' he said , `` because we 're doing the Jack Kirby / Stan Lee / Walt Simonson / J. Michael Straczynski Thor . We 're not doing the blow - the - dust - off - of - the - old - Norse - book - in - your - library Thor . And in the Thor of the Marvel Universe , there 's a race called the Asgardians . And we 're linked through this Tree of Life that we 're unaware of . It 's real science , but we do n't know about it yet . The ' Thor ' movie is about teaching people that '' . In March , it was reported that Penn had completed the first draft of the script , and that Marvel editor - in - chief Joe Quesada and Avengers comic - book writer Brian Michael Bendis had received copies . Also in March , Chris Evans accepted an offer to play Captain America in three films including The Avengers . Pre-production By April 2010 , Joss Whedon was close to completing a deal to direct the film and to rework Penn 's script , and was officially announced in July 2010 . On the hiring , Arad stated : `` My personal opinion is that Joss will do a fantastic job . He loves these characters and is a fantastic writer ... It 's part of his life so you know he is going to protect it ... I expect someone like him is going to make the script even better '' . Feige added , `` I 've known Joss for many years . We were looking for the right thing and he came in and met on it ... we want ( ed ) to find a director that 's on the verge of doing something great , as we think Joss is . '' Whedon stated at the 2010 San Diego Comic - Con International , that what drew him to the film is that he loves how `` these people should n't be in the same room let alone on the same team -- and that is the definition of family '' . When Whedon received Penn 's draft , he told Feige he felt the studio did not `` have anything '' and they should `` pretend this draft never happened '' . Part of Whedon 's issue was the lack of character connections in Penn 's draft , which necessitated Whedon begin `` at square one '' . Whedon went on to write a five page treatment of his plan for the film , and created the tagline `` Avengers : Some Assembly Required '' , riffing on the `` Avengers Assemble '' slogan from the comic books . Marvel quickly began working to sign Whedon to write and direct , only stipulating that he include the Avengers against Loki , a battle among the heroes in the middle , a battle against the villains at the end , and he get the film done for its May 2012 release . The script would go through `` a lot of insane iterations of what might be '' according to Whedon . Whedon explained there was a point when it was not certain Johansson would star in the film , so he `` wrote a huge bunch of pages starring The Wasp . '' He also was `` worried that one British character actor ( ( Hiddleston ) ) was not enough to take on Earth 's mightiest heroes , and that we 'd feel like we were rooting for the overdog . So I wrote a huge draft with Ezekiel Stane , Obadiah Stane 's son , in it . '' Once all of the actors were `` locked in place the movie stayed on mission . '' Whedon noted that the characters used do not have the same issue , unlike the X-Men . He felt `` these guys just do n't belong together '' before realizing their interactions could be like The Dirty Dozen ( 1967 ) . Whedon also referenced Dr. Strangelove ( 1964 ) , The Abyss ( 1989 ) , His Girl Friday ( 1940 ) , and Black Hawk Down ( 2001 ) . Whedon would ultimately share final screenplay credit with Penn , though Whedon noted he `` fought '' for sole credit and was `` very upset about it . '' Penn felt the two `` could have collaborated more , but that was not his choice . He wanted to do it his way , and I respect that . '' Joss Whedon at the 2010 San Diego Comic - Con International The casting process continued into much of 2010 , with the additions of Jeremy Renner , Mark Ruffalo , and Clark Gregg . Ruffalo replaced Edward Norton , whom Marvel declined to have back . `` We have made the decision to not bring Ed Norton back to portray the title role of Bruce Banner in The Avengers , '' stated Feige . `` Our decision is definitely not one based on monetary factors , but instead rooted in the need for an actor who embodies the creativity and collaborative spirit of our other talented cast members . The Avengers demands players who thrive working as part of an ensemble , as evidenced by Robert , Chris H , Chris E , Samuel , Scarlett , and all of our talented casts . We are looking to announce a name actor who fulfills these requirements , and is passionate about the iconic role in the coming weeks . '' In response , Norton 's agent Brian Swardstrom decried Feige 's statement , calling it `` purposefully misleading '' and an `` inappropriate attempt to paint our client in a negative light '' . In October 2014 , Norton claimed it was his own decision never to play Hulk again because he `` wanted more diversity '' with his career , and did not want to be associated with only one character . In August 2010 , it was reported that Paramount Pictures and Marvel Studios were planning to start shooting in February . Simultaneously , it was declared that the film would be shot in 3D , although Mark Ruffalo later tweeted that this was not the case . In October 2010 , Grumman Studios in Bethpage , New York and the Steiner Studios in Brooklyn , New York City , were announced as filming locations , with set construction slated to begin in November , but as Whedon later explained , `` Originally we were supposed to be in Los Angeles , then for a short period we were supposed to be in New York , and then somehow we ended up in Albuquerque . '' Also that October , Walt Disney Studios agreed to pay Paramount at least $115 million for the worldwide distribution rights to Iron Man 3 and The Avengers . The deal also allowed Paramount to continue to collect the 8 percent box office fee it would have earned for distributing the film and a marquee credit -- placement of the company 's production logo on marketing materials and the film 's opening titles . As a result , the onscreen production credit reads `` Marvel Studios presents in association with Paramount Pictures '' though the film is solely owned , distributed , financed , and marketed by Disney . Paramount 's Epix retained pay TV rights . In December 2010 , Governor of New Mexico Bill Richardson and Marvel Studios Co-president Louis D'Esposito announced The Avengers would film primarily in Albuquerque , New Mexico , with principal photography scheduled for April through September 2011 . Parts of the film were also scheduled to be shot in Michigan , but a plan to film in Detroit ended after Governor Rick Snyder issued a budget proposal that would eliminate a film tax incentive . Three months later in March , Governor of Ohio John Kasich announced before Mayor Frank G. Jackson 's State of the City address that The Avengers would film in Cleveland . Concept illustrator and designer of Iron Man 's Mark VII armor Phil Saunders stated that `` Joss Whedon was looking for something that had the ' cool ' factor of the suitcase suit ( from Iron Man 2 ) , while still being a fully armored , heavy duty suit that could take on an army in the final battle . '' To that end , Saunders borrowed ideas that had been proposed in Iron Man 2 as well as some ideas that had been abandoned in Iron Man and merged them together in a modular suit that has big ammo packets on the arms and a backpack . The Science & Entertainment Exchange also provided science consultation for the film . Casting reached its final stages the following year . In February 2011 , Cobie Smulders acquired the role of Maria Hill , after participating in screen tests conducted by Marvel for the role of a key S.H.I.E.L.D. member , who Samuel L. Jackson described as Nick Fury 's sidekick . Over the successive months , the film 's cast expanded to include Stellan Skarsgård , Paul Bettany , and Gwyneth Paltrow . Paltrow was cast at Downey 's insistence ; prior to this , Whedon had not intended the film to include supporting characters from the heroes ' individual films , commenting , `` You need to separate the characters from their support systems in order to create the isolation you need for a team . '' Filming Part of The Avengers film set on East 9th Street in Cleveland , Ohio . Part of The Avengers film set on Park Avenue in New York City . Principal photography began on April 25 , 2011 , in Albuquerque , New Mexico , with the working title Group Hug . In June 2011 , stuntman Jeremy Fitzgerald injured his head while attempting a stunt involving a 30 - foot fall from a building after getting hit by an arrow . A Marvel spokesperson later told TMZ.com that despite the injury , Fitzgerald recovered and continued working on set . The following month , secondary filming took place about an hour outside Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania in the Butler area . A chase sequence was also shot in Worthington , Pennsylvania at Creekside Mushroom Farms , the world 's largest single - site mushroom farm , which provided 150 miles of abandoned limestone tunnels 300 feet below the ground for filming . Production relocated to Cleveland , Ohio in August 2011 , where filming transpired over a period of four weeks . The city 's East 9th Street was chosen as a double for New York City 's 42nd Street to be used in climactic battle scenes . Army Reserve soldiers assigned to the Columbus , Ohio - based 391st Military Police Battalion provided background action during the battle scenes in Cleveland . Staff Sergeant Michael T. Landis stated the use of real soldiers made the scenes more realistic and helped portray the military in a more positive light , explaining that , `` It 's easy for us to make on - the - spot corrections to tactics and uniforms , the director actually took our recommendation on one scene and let us all engage the enemy as opposed to only the gunners in the trucks engaging '' . Filming also took place in the large vacuum chamber at the NASA Plum Brook Station near Sandusky , Ohio . The station 's Space Power Facility was used to portray a S.H.I.E.L.D. research facility . A series of explosions were filmed at the Chevrolet powertrain plant in Parma , Ohio as part of the battle sequence that began in Cleveland . Scenes from the film were also shot on Public Square and the Detroit -- Superior Bridge . Public Square 's southwest quadrant was turned into Stuttgart , Germany , for filming . Principal photography concluded in New York City , where filming occurred over two days . Filming locations in New York City included Park Avenue and Central Park . For scenes taking place in Manhattan , visual effects supervisor Jake Morrison shot aerial footage for over three days to use as background plates , elaborating that his main objective was to `` get as much aerial work in as possible for the audience to see the big expanses , the wide establishing shots , while also making sure that the effects work does n't look too computer generated '' . `` We 're getting much better at making entirely computer - generated environments , '' Morrison explained , `` but there is no substitute for starting with a real image and adding what you need . '' Cinematographer Seamus McGarvey stated that he composed the frame with a 1.85 : 1 aspect ratio to cope with the varying heights of the main characters , explaining that `` shooting 1.85 : 1 is kind of unusual for an epic film like this , but we needed the height in the screen to be able to frame in all the characters like Hulk , Captain America and Black Widow , who is much smaller . We had to give them all precedence and width within the frame . Also , Joss ( Whedon ) knew the final battle sequence was going to be this extravaganza in Manhattan , so the height and vertical scale of the buildings was going to be really important . '' The film was McGarvey 's first venture shooting with a digital camera , the Arri Alexa . The Canon EOS 5D Mark II and Canon EOS 7D digital SLR cameras were used for some shots , and high - speed shots were captured on 35 mm film with the Arriflex 435 . About his visual approach , McGarvey remarked , `` Joss and I were keen on having a very visceral and naturalistic quality to the image . We wanted this to feel immersive and did not want a ' comic book look ' that might distance an audience with the engagement of the film . We moved the camera a lot on Steadicam , cranes and on dollies to create kinetic images ; and we chose angles that were dramatic , like low angles for heroic imagery . '' Post-production In December 2011 , Disney announced that the film would be converted to 3D. Said Whedon , `` I 'm not a big fan of extreme long lens , talky movies -- I like to see the space I 'm in and relate to it , so 3D kinda fits my aesthetic anyway . And the technology has advanced so far in the past couple years . '' Whedon also said that `` there definitely are movies that should n't be in 3D '' but `` The Avengers is n't obnoxiously 3D . There 's no , ' Oh look , we 're going to spend 20 minutes going through this tunnel because it 's in 3D ! ' And no one is pointing at the screen the entire time . But it 's an action movie . Things tend to hurtle toward the screen anyway '' . In January 2012 , it was reported that the film would be digitally remastered for IMAX 3D and open in IMAX theaters on May 4 , 2012 , the same day it opens in regular theaters . The film 's IMAX release follows Marvel 's IMAX releases of Iron Man 2 and Thor . In a May 2012 interview , Whedon said that it was his decision to include Thanos in a post-credits scene , although the character is not identified in the film . `` He for me is the most powerful and fascinating Marvel villain . He 's the great grand daddy of the badasses and he 's in love with Death and I just think that 's so cute . For me , the greatest Avengers ( comic book ) was Avengers Annual # 7 ( 1977 ) that Jim Starlin did followed by Marvel Two - in - One Annual # 2 ( 1977 ) that contained the death of Adam Warlock . Those were some of the most important texts and I think underrated milestones in Marvel history and Thanos is all over that , so somebody had to be in control and had to be behind Loki 's work and I was like ' It 's got to be Thanos . ' And they said ' Okay ' and I 'm like ' Oh my God ! ' '' An additional coda involving the Avengers eating shawarma was shot on April 12 , 2012 , a day after the world premiere . Evans wore a prosthetic jaw while filming the scene to cover the beard he had grown . Shawarma sales in Los Angeles , St. Louis , and Boston reportedly skyrocketed in the days following the film 's release . Whedon stated the inspiration for the shawarma scene came from the events surrounding the filming of the scene where Fred dies in Wesley 's arms in the Angel episode , `` A Hole in the World '' . After filming the scene , Whedon and actors Amy Acker and Denisof , who portrayed Fred and Wesley , respectively , `` went out for drinks and ended up just sitting around quietly , exhausted from the day 's events , '' which Whedon then mimicked in the scene for the film . Mark Ruffalo as the Hulk ( bottom ) wearing a motion capture suit and prosthetics on his upper half to simulate the Hulk 's size The film contains more than 2,200 visual effects shots completed by 14 companies : Industrial Light & Magic ( ILM ) , Weta Digital , Scanline VFX , Hydraulx , Fuel VFX , Evil Eye Pictures , Luma Pictures , Cantina Creative , Trixter , Modus FX , Whiskytree , Digital Domain , The Third Floor and Method Design . ILM was the lead vendor and shared responsibility for creating many of the film 's key effects , including the Helicarrier , the New York cityscape , digital body doubles , Iron Man and the Hulk . To create the on - screen Hulk , Ruffalo performed in a motion - capture suit on set with the other actors while four motion - capture HD cameras ( two full body , two focused on his face ) captured his face and body movements . Jeff White , ILM 's visual effects supervisor , said , `` We really wanted to utilize everything we 've developed the last 10 years and make it a pretty spectacular Hulk . One of the great design decisions was to incorporate Mark Ruffalo into the look of him . So , much of Hulk is based on Ruffalo and his performance , not only in motion capture and on set , but down to his eyes , his teeth , and his tongue . '' ILM digitally recreated the vast majority of the New York cityscape used in the film . In total , ILM artists rendered an area of about ten city blocks by about four city blocks . To do this , ILM sent out a team of four photographers to take pictures of the area in a shoot that lasted 8 weeks . Tyson Bidner , the New York location manager on the film , helped by securing the rights to almost every building 's likeness in the area ILM needed . Disney and Sony Pictures agreed for OsCorp Tower from The Amazing Spider - Man to be included in the film , but the idea was dropped because much of the skyline had already been completed . Weta Digital took over duties for animating Iron Man during the forest duel from ILM . Guy Williams , Weta 's visual effects supervisor , said , `` We shared assets back and forth with ILM , but our pipelines are unique and it 's hard for other assets to plug into it . But in this case , we got their models and we had to redo the texture spaces because the way we texture maps is different . '' Williams said the most difficult part was re-creating Iron Man 's reflective metal surfaces . Scanline VFX completed the reveal shots of the Helicarrier , from the moment Black Widow and Captain America arrive on the carrier deck to the point where it lifts off . Evil Eye Pictures composited digital backgrounds into shots filmed against a greenscreen for scenes taking place inside the Helicarrier . Colin Strause of Hydraulx said , `` We did the opening ten minutes of the movie , other than the opening set - up in space '' including Loki 's arrival on Earth and subsequent escape from the S.H.I.E.L.D. base . Luma Pictures worked on shots featuring the Helicarrier 's bridge and incorporated the graphic monitor displays that were developed by Cantina Creative . Fuel VFX completed shots taking place in and around Tony Stark 's penthouse at Stark Tower . Digital Domain created the asteroid environment , where Loki encounters The Other . Method Design in Los Angeles created the film 's closing credits . Steve Viola , creative director at Method Design , said , `` This piece was a two - minute , self - contained main on end sequence created entirely in CG . For each of the shots in the sequence , we designed , modeled , textured , and lit all of the environments and many of the foreground objects . We received assets from Marvel to include in the piece , then heavily re-modeled and re-surfaced them to create a post-battle macro sequence . We also designed a custom typeface for the Main Title of The Avengers as well as 30 credits set in - scene . '' Music Further information : The Avengers ( soundtrack ) and Music of the Marvel Cinematic Universe In November 2011 , Marvel announced that Alan Silvestri , who scored Captain America : The First Avenger , would write and compose the score for The Avengers . Silvestri said , `` I 've worked on films where there have been a number of stars and certainly worked on films where there have been characters of equal weight in terms of their level of importance and profile in the film , but this one is somewhat extreme in that regard because each of these characters has their own world and it 's a very different situation . It 's very challenging to look for a way to give everyone the weight and consideration they need , but at the same time the film is really about the coming together of these characters , which implies that there is this entity called the Avengers which really has to be representative of all of them together . '' Silvestri developed the score with the London Symphony Orchestra at Abbey Road Studios in London , England . Whedon said , `` The score is very old - fashioned , which is why ( Silvestri ) was letter - perfect for this movie because he can give you the heightened emotion , the ( Hans Zimmer ) school of ' I 'm just feeling a lot right now ! ' but he can also be extraordinarily cue and character specific , which I love . '' In March 2012 , American alternative rock band Soundgarden announced through its Facebook page that its song `` Live to Rise '' would be included on the film 's soundtrack . Additionally , the Indian rock band Agnee released a music video for its single `` Hello Andheron '' , which serves as the theme song for the film 's Indian release . Hollywood Records released the soundtrack concept album inspired by the film , Avengers Assemble , on May 1 , 2012 , the same day as the score . Release Fans at the film 's world premiere , outside Hollywood 's El Capitan Theatre In February 2012 , Disney announced that the film 's title would be changed in the United Kingdom to avoid confusion with the British TV series of the same name , as well as its 1998 film adaptation . This led to confusion over the film 's actual title . Empire magazine reported that the film would be titled Marvel Avengers Assemble while The Hollywood Reporter said that it would be called simply Avengers Assemble . Marvel 's UK website refers to the film as Marvel 's Avengers Assemble , although David Cox of The Guardian , in arguing that it was one of the worst film titles ever , considered this to be an error in the production notes , albeit grammatically clearer . According to the British Board of Film Classification and the Irish Film Classification Office , the title is Marvel Avengers Assemble . Frank Lovece in FilmFestivalTraveler.com addressed the discrepancy , writing , `` The Avengers -- formally titled Marvel 's The Avengers onscreen , though no apostrophe - s appears on the posters ... '' Producer Kevin Feige said there are only two words in the UK title , one more than in the U.S. title , and stated that `` decisions like that are n't made lightly and there are lots of marketing research , lawyers and things that get into the mix on it '' . The film 's world premiere was April 11 , 2012 , at Hollywood 's El Capitan Theatre . The Avengers closed the 11th Annual Tribeca Film Festival with a screening on April 28 , 2012 . The film received an expanded one - week theatrical push for the 2012 U.S. Labor Day weekend , increasing the number of theaters from 123 to 1,700 . Marketing The film was promoted at the 2010 San Diego Comic - Con International , during which a teaser trailer narrated by Samuel L. Jackson was shown followed by an introduction of the cast . In June 2011 , Marvel Studios announced that it would not hold a panel at the 2011 San Diego Comic - Con International after studio executives decided it was not prepared to compete with its own past and fan expectations with filming still in production . In July 2011 , a teaser trailer that was meant to be the post-credits scene of Captain America : The First Avenger was briefly leaked online . Entertainment Weekly speculated it came from a preview screening and described the footage as `` shaky , fuzzy , flickering and obviously filmed on a cell phone '' . Chris Evans , Tom Hiddleston , Cobie Smulders , and Clark Gregg promoting the film at the 2011 New York Comic Con In August 2011 , Walt Disney Pictures , Pixar Animation Studios and Marvel Studios presented a look at Walt Disney Studios ' upcoming film slate , which included The Avengers , at the D23 Expo in Anaheim , California . The presentation featured footage from the film and appearances by the cast members . Later in August , Disney dismissed Marvel 's executive vice president of worldwide marketing , vice president of worldwide marketing and manager of worldwide marketing to bring their functions in - house . In October 2011 , Marvel Studios held a presentation at the New York Comic Con that featured new footage and a panel discussion including producer Kevin Feige and several cast members . The first full - length trailer was also released in October . Comic Book Resources said , `` The two - minute teaser handily establishes the movie 's premise '' and is `` heavy on the assembling , but fans are also treated to plenty of action , as well glimpses ( sic ) of Iron Man 's new armor and , best of all , the new take on the Incredible Hulk . Naturally , Robert Downey Jr. 's Tony Stark gets the best lines '' . However , The Hollywood Reporter called it , `` Awesome . Or it would be if we had n't seen all of this before and expected every single thing that we saw in the trailer '' . The trailer , which debuted exclusively on iTunes Movie Trailers , was downloaded over 10 million times in its first 24 hours , breaking the website 's record for the most - viewed trailer . This record was surpassed by the trailer for The Dark Knight Rises , which was downloaded more than 12.5 million times in its first 24 hours . The trailer received 20.4 million views in the 24 hours after it debuted . A second full - length trailer was released on iTunes in February 2012 , reaching a record 13.7 million downloads in 24 hours . The theatrical trailers of The Avengers appeared with many films , including Mission : Impossible -- Ghost Protocol , 21 Jump Street and The Hunger Games . In January 2012 , Marvel Studios held a global Twitter chat . The 30 - minute live tweeting event featured writer / director Joss Whedon , cast members Samuel L. Jackson , Tom Hiddleston and Clark Gregg and a 10 - second tease of the 30 - second Super Bowl commercial that would air during Super Bowl XLVI in February . According to the Los Angeles Times , Disney paid an estimated $4 million for the 30 - second spot . On May 1 , 2012 , executives from Marvel Studios , along with actors Tom Hiddleston and Clark Gregg , rang the opening bell of the New York Stock Exchange in honor of the film 's theatrical release . Tie - in comics Further information : Marvel Cinematic Universe tie - in comics In December 2011 , Marvel announced that an eight - issue comic - book prelude to the film , written by Christopher Yost and Eric Pearson with art by Luke Ross and Daniel HDR , would be released in March 2012 . In February 2012 , Marvel announced the release of a second limited series comic book tie - in , Black Widow Strikes written by Fred Van Lente , who wrote Captain America : First Vengeance , the comic - book prequel to Captain America : The First Avenger . The story is set between Iron Man 2 and The Avengers and follows Black Widow as she runs down some loose ends from Iron Man 2 . Additionally , the title Avengers Assemble was launched in March 2012 , written by Brian Michael Bendis with art by Mark Bagley and features the same Avengers line - up as the film battling a new incarnation of the supervillain team Zodiac . Promotional partners Paul Gitter , Marvel Entertainment 's president of consumer products , commented that the build - up to the film helped strengthen retail partnerships : `` Retailers have been less tolerant with ( intellectual property ) films , so we decided that if we started on this coordinated strategy several years ago , retailers would give us shelf space throughout the years and we would have a more sustainable position in the marketplace '' . In September 2011 , set photos of Robert Downey Jr. driving a new model Acura were published online . An Acura spokesperson later released a statement confirming the company 's involvement with the film , `` As you may know , Acura has been in the Marvel Comics Universe films as the official car of their fictional law enforcement agency called S.H.I.E.L.D. That relationship continues for The Avengers . The open - top sports car that was photographed yesterday is a one - off , fictional car that was made just for the movie and will not be produced . That said , as you may also know , our CEO has said publicly that we are studying the development of a new sportscar , but we ca n't say any more about it at this time . '' In December 2011 , Acura announced that a new NSX styled along the lines of the concept built for The Avengers would be unveiled at the 2012 North American International Auto Show . A series of 10 S.H.I.E.L.D. SUVs , based on the Acura MDX with modifications by Cinema Vehicle Services , were also made for the film . In February 2012 , it was announced that Marvel has partnered with fragrance company JADS to promote The Avengers with character - based fragrances . The announcement was just ahead of the Toy Industry Association 's annual February exhibition , where representatives held a sampling booth of the products . Other promotional partners include bracelet - maker Colantotte , Dr Pepper , Farmers Insurance , Harley - Davidson , Hershey , Land O'Frost lunchmeats , Oracle , Red Baron pizza , Symantec , Visa and Wyndham Hotels & Resorts . In total , Marvel and its parent - company Disney secured an estimated $100 million in worldwide marketing support for the film . Notable exclusions include Baskin - Robbins , Burger King and Dunkin ' Donuts , who had partnered with Marvel in the past when their films were distributed by Paramount ; Disney does not generally promote through fast food outlets . Video game A video game based on the film was planned for concurrent release . The game was to be a first - person shooter / brawler for the Xbox 360 , PlayStation 3 , Wii U , and Microsoft Windows and published by THQ , with THQ Studio Australia developing the console versions and Blue Tongue Entertainment the PC version . After THQ closed both studios , the game was cancelled . Intellectual property rights for an Avengers video game reverted to Marvel , which said it was exploring potential publishing and licensing opportunities . In May 2012 , Ubisoft and Marvel Entertainment announced that they were partnering to develop a motion - controlled game titled Marvel Avengers : Battle for Earth for the Wii U and Xbox 360 Kinect . The game was inspired by the `` Secret Invasion '' storyline and features 20 different characters . Marvel also announced a four - chapter mobile game titled Avengers Initiative , with one chapter focusing on each of Hulk , Captain America , Thor and Iron Man . Home Media The film was released by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment on Blu - ray Disc , Blu - ray 3D , DVD and digital download on September 25 , 2012 in the United States and as early as August 29 , 2012 in various international markets . Producer Kevin Feige said the Blu - ray features a new Marvel One - Shot titled Item 47 and `` a number of deleted scenes and a few storylines that fell by the wayside during the editing process '' including `` a few more scenes with the S.H.I.E.L.D. agent Maria Hill , played by Cobie Smulders '' and `` some slightly different versions of Maria Hill and Nick Fury 's interaction with the World Security Council '' . The film was also collected in a 10 - disc box set titled `` Marvel Cinematic Universe : Phase One -- Avengers Assembled '' which includes all of the Phase One films in the Marvel Cinematic Universe . It was released on April 2 , 2013 . Some fans have criticized the UK DVD and Blu - ray release for omitting Joss Whedon 's audio commentary , and for altering the scene involving Phil Coulson 's death from the film 's theatrical version . Disney 's UK division said the `` less graphic depiction of Agent Coulson 's confrontation with Loki '' occurred because `` ( e ) ach country has its own compliance issues relative to depictions of violence . Unfortunately , another region 's elements were inadvertently used to create the UK in - home release '' . Upon its first week of release on home media in the U.S. , the film topped the Nielsen VideoScan First Alert chart , which tracks overall disc sales , as well as the dedicated Blu - ray Disc sales chart with 72 % of unit sales coming from Blu - ray , a record for a new release in which both the DVD and Blu - ray formats were released simultaneously . Reception Box Office The Avengers grossed $623.4 million in the United States and Canada and $895.5 million in other countries , for a worldwide total of $1.519 billion . It became the third - highest - grossing film worldwide as well as the highest - grossing 2012 film , the highest - grossing comic - book adaptation , the highest - grossing superhero film and the highest - grossing film ever released by Walt Disney Studios , at the time of its release . The film 's worldwide opening of $392.5 million was the fourth - largest . The Avengers also became the fifth film distributed by Disney and the twelfth film overall to earn more than $1 billion . It reached this milestone in 19 days , matching the record for speed previously set by Avatar and Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 . Its grosses exceeded its estimated $220 million production cost 12 days after its release . It was the first Marvel production to generate $1 billion in ticket sales . United States and Canada The film became the third - highest - grossing film , the highest - grossing 2012 film , the highest - grossing film distributed by Disney , the highest - grossing superhero film and the highest - grossing film based on comics . It opened Friday , May 4 , 2012 , on around 11,800 screens across 4,349 theaters , and earned $80.8 million , marking the second - biggest opening and second - biggest single - day gross . The film 's Friday gross included an $18.7 million midnight run , a record for a superhero film Without midnight grosses , the film earned the largest opening - day gross ( $62.1 million ) . It also set a Saturday - and Sunday - gross record ( $69.6 million and $57.1 million respectively ) . In total , it earned a total of $207,438,708 for its debut weekend , setting an opening - weekend record , including an IMAX opening - weekend record of $15.3 million and a record for opening - weekend grosses originating from 3D showings ( $108 million ) . The opening - weekend audience was evenly split among those under and over the age of 25 , with 60 % of the audience male , 55 % couples , 24 % families and 21 % teenagers . Earning $103.1 million on its second weekend , the film set a record for the largest second - weekend gross . Other records set by the film include the biggest weekend per - theater average for a wide release ( $47,698 per theater ) , the fastest film to reach $100 million and each additional $50 million through $550 million , and the largest cumulative gross through every day of release until , and including , its forty - third day ( with the exception of its first day ) . It remained in first place at the box office for three consecutive weekends . The film set a record for the highest monthly share , with its $532.5 million total ( through May 31 , 2012 ) accounting for 52 % of the total earnings at the box office during May . Records The following are records set by the film upon its theatrical release . Record title Record detail Reference Opening weekend for any film $207,438,708 Opening week for any film $270,019,373 Opening weekend , adjusted for ticket pricing $207.4 million Theater average -- wide release $47,698 3D gross during opening weekend $108 million IMAX gross during opening weekend $15.3 million Second weekend for any film $103,052,274 Monthly share of domestic earnings May 2012 , 52 % Highest cumulative gross 2 -- 43 days Days to reach $100 , $150 million 2 days Days to reach $200 , $250 , $300 , $350 , $400 , $450 million 3 , 6 , 9 , 10 , 14 , 17 days respectively Days to reach $500 , $550 million 23 , 31 days May opening $207,438,708 Opening weekend for a superhero film $207,438,708 Highest - grossing superhero film $623,357,910 While eight films have reached $100 million after two days , the film 's gross by the end of the second day exceeded all of them . Other territories The film became the third - highest - grossing film , the highest - grossing Disney - distributed film , the highest - grossing 2012 film , and the highest - grossing superhero film . It opened Wednesday , April 25 , 2012 , in 10 countries , earning $17.1 million . It opened in 29 more countries on April 26 and 27 , earning $73.1 million in three days . Through Sunday , April 29 , it earned an opening - weekend total of $185.1 million from 39 countries . It was in first place at the box office for four consecutive weekends . The film set opening - day records in New Zealand , Malaysia and Iceland , a single - day record in the Philippines , as well as both single - and opening - day records in Singapore and in Thailand . It also earned the second - highest - grossing opening day in Australia ( $6.2 million ) , behind Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 , in Mexico , in the Philippines and in Vietnam . It set opening - weekend records in many territories , including Mexico , Brazil , Ecuador , Bolivia , Taiwan , the Philippines , Hong Kong , the United Arab Emirates , Argentina , Peru and Central America . It also earned the second largest five - day opening in Australia ( $20.2 million ) . In the UK , Ireland and Malta , the film earned £ 2.5 million ( $4.1 million ) on its opening day and £ 15.8 million ( $25.7 million ) during the weekend , setting an opening - weekend record for a superhero film . It became the market 's highest - grossing superhero film . In Latin America , it became the highest - grossing film ( $207 million ) and the first film to earn more than $200 million . It also became the highest - grossing film in the Philippines , in Singapore and in Indonesia . Critical response Mark Ruffalo at the film 's Toronto premiere . Ruffalo 's performance was critically lauded . The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 92 % approval rating with an average rating of 8 / 10 based on 330 reviews . The website 's consensus reads , `` Thanks to a script that emphasizes its heroes ' humanity and a wealth of superpowered set pieces , The Avengers lives up to its hype and raises the bar for Marvel at the movies . '' On Metacritic , the film achieved an average score of 69 out of 100 based on 43 reviews , signifying `` generally favorable reviews '' . CinemaScore reported that audiences gave the film a rare `` A + '' grade . Todd McCarthy of The Hollywood Reporter gave a positive review of the film , remarking , `` It 's clamorous , the save - the - world story is one everyone 's seen time and again , and the characters have been around for more than half a century in 500 comic book issues . But Whedon and his cohorts have managed to stir all the personalities and ingredients together so that the resulting dish , however familiar , is irresistibly tasty again . '' To Rolling Stone journalist Peter Travers , the film epitomized an exceptional blockbuster . `` It 's also the blockbuster , '' Travers said , `` I saw in my head when I imagined a movie that brought together the idols of the Marvel world in one shiny , stupendously exciting package . It 's Transformers with a brain , a heart and a working sense of humor . '' Justin Chang of Variety wrote , `` Like a superior , state - of - the - art model built from reconstituted parts , Joss Whedon 's buoyant , witty and robustly entertaining superhero smash - up is escapism of a sophisticated order , boasting a tonal assurance and rich reserves of humor that offset the potentially lumbering and unavoidably formulaic aspects of this 143 - minute team - origin story . '' Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times complimented the film 's frenetic pace , while Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun - Times commented that it `` provides its fans with exactly what they desire . Whether it is exactly what they deserve is arguable '' . Conversely , A.O. Scott of The New York Times believed that `` while The Avengers is hardly worth raging about , its failures are significant and dispiriting . The light , amusing bits can not overcome the grinding , hectic emptiness , the bloated cynicism that is less a shortcoming of this particular film than a feature of the genre . '' The performances of several cast members was a frequent topic in the critiques . In particular , Mark Ruffalo 's portrayal of Dr. Bruce Banner / the Hulk was well received by commentators . Joe Neumaier opined that his performance was superior to the rest of the cast ; `` Ruffalo is the revelation , turning Banner into a wry reservoir of calm ready to become a volcano . '' Similarly , The New Yorker 's Anthony Lane proclaimed Ruffalo 's acting to be one of the film 's highlights -- alongside Downey . The Village Voice 's Karina Longworth concluded : `` Ruffalo successfully refreshes the Hulk myth , playing Banner as an adorably bashful nerd - genius who , in contrast to the preening hunks on the team , knows better than to draw attention to himself . '' Travers asserted that the actor resonated a `` scruffy warmth and humor '' vibe , while Turan felt that he surpassed predecessors Edward Norton and Eric Bana in playing the character . Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly wrote that `` the smartest thing the filmmakers did was to get Mark Ruffalo to play Bruce Banner as a man so sensitive that he 's at war , every moment , with himself . ( The film finally solves the Hulk problem : He 's a lot more fun in small doses . ) '' Referring to Downey , Joe Morgenstein of The Wall Street Journal -- despite complimenting Downey 's performance -- favored his work in Iron Man over his acting in The Avengers : `` His Iron Man is certainly a team player , but Mr. Downey comes to the party with two insuperable superpowers : a character of established sophistication -- the industrialist / inventor Tony Stark , a sharp - tongued man of the world -- and his own quicksilver presence that finds its finest expression in self - irony . '' Neumaier praised Evans , stating that he accurately conveyed his character 's internal conflicts . Commentators appreciated the character development and dialogue . Associated Press reviewer Christy Lemire wrote that the script `` sparkles as brightly as the special effects ; these people may be wearing ridiculous costumes but they 're well fleshed - out underneath . '' Scott suggested that certain parts of the film permeated a charm that he felt was similar to the western film Rio Bravo ( 1959 ) . Longworth felt that while Whedon 's script demonstrated the backstory of the characters , the film does not explore it `` in a substantive way '' . Accolades Main article : List of accolades received by The Avengers ( 2012 film ) The Avengers has garnered numerous awards and nominations , including an Academy Award nomination for Best Visual Effects and a British Academy Film Award nomination for Best Special Visual Effects . The film has also been nominated for three Critics ' Choice Movie Awards , thirteen People 's Choice Awards ( winning three ) , eleven Teen Choice Awards ( winning two ) , six Saturn Awards ( winning four ) , and six VES Awards ( winning two ) , as well as the 2013 Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation Long Form . Sequels Further information : List of Marvel Cinematic Universe films Avengers : Age of Ultron Main article : Avengers : Age of Ultron A sequel , titled Avengers : Age of Ultron , written and directed by Whedon , was released on May 1 , 2015 . Much of the cast returns , with the addition of Elizabeth Olsen as Scarlet Witch , Aaron Taylor - Johnson as Quicksilver , Paul Bettany as Vision , and James Spader as Ultron . Avengers : Infinity War and its sequel Main articles : Avengers : Infinity War and Untitled Avengers film Avengers : Infinity War and an untitled sequel were directed by Anthony and Joe Russo , from a script by Christopher Markus and Stephen McFeely . Infinity War was released on April 27 , 2018 , with the sequel scheduled for May 3 , 2019 . Much of the cast returns for Infinity War with additional cast and characters joining from other MCU films . See also List of films featuring powered exoskeletons Notes ^ Jump up to : As part of the deal transferring the distribution rights of The Avengers and Iron Man 3 from Paramount Pictures to the Walt Disney Studios , Paramount 's logo appears in the films ' opening titles , promotional materials and merchandise . Nevertheless , Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures is credited at the end of the film . Jump up ^ Producer Kevin Feige stated that the Tesseract is based on the Cosmic Cube from Marvel comics . After Thor : The Dark World , he stated that it was also the Space Infinity Stone . Jump up ^ Feige confirmed that the `` master '' in the post-credits scene is Thanos . References ^ Jump up to : Graser , Marc ( October 11 , 2011 ) . `` Why Par , not Disney , gets ' Avengers ' credit '' . Variety . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2011 . Retrieved October 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Stewart , Andrew ( May 10 , 2013 ) . `` Paramount 's Super Payoff for ' Iron Man 3 ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2014 . Retrieved July 27 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Marvel Avengers Assemble '' . British Board of Film Classification . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2012 . Retrieved April 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( September 30 , 2011 ) . `` ' The Avengers ' : Your first look at the dream team ! '' . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2017 . Retrieved January 17 , 2017 . At risk is not only the movie 's estimated $220 million budget , but also one of the most promising tent pole franchises in Hollywood . ^ Jump up to : `` The Avengers ( 2012 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2012 . Retrieved May 19 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Lovece , Frank ( May 8 , 2012 ) . `` Whedon Talks Avengers '' . FilmFestivalTraveler.com . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Marvel Avengers Assemble '' . Irish Film Classification Office . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2012 . Retrieved May 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Yamato , Jen ( April 30 , 2012 ) . `` Marvel 's Kevin Feige on Avengers , Iron Man 3 , Thor 2 , Universe - Building , and Elektra '' . MovieLine . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2012 . Retrieved May 3 , 2012 . But as we were working on them we started to keep track of some things that the writers and filmmakers of one movie were doing anyway and we started to track them and realized that we could utilize those later down the line . That 's how the Cosmic Cube came about ; what started as a little seed would grow and grow and grow to The Avengers . Jump up ^ Bibbiani , William ( November 8 , 2013 ) . `` Exclusive Interview : Kevin Feige on Thor and Marvel 's Future '' . CraveOnline . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . It is . I do n't know when we 'll actually divulge that necessarily , but it 's the space stone . Jump up ^ Plumb , All ( April 30 , 2012 ) . `` Kevin Feige Avengers Spoiler Podcast '' ( audio at 02 : 09 ) . Empire . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2012 . Retrieved May 2 , 2012 . All you need is one person in the back of the theater to go , ' Oh , it 's Thanos ! ' for people to start going , ' Who 's ... ? Oh , that must mean something , who 's that ? ' and they start to learn and they start to dig deeper . ^ Jump up to : `` Downey Jr. , Favreau & Cheadle Suit Up for The Avengers '' ( Press release ) . Marvel.com via Superhero Hype . October 28 , 2008 . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2011 . Retrieved April 14 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Breznican , Anthony ( September 29 , 2011 ) . `` ' The Avengers ' Dis - Assembled ! Exclusive Cast Portraits Revealed '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2011 . Retrieved July 29 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Adamek , Pauline ( January -- February 2012 ) . `` Avengers Assemble ! '' . Filmink . 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Finally I thought , ' I just have to work with human voices . ' ... I just started playing combinations and I would give them 10 to 15 variations of roars . And Joss listened to them and came back and said , ' I like this one , ' and I went back and I looked at the ingredients of what was in that one . Turned out to be Mark Ruffalo , some Lou Ferrigno and a little bit of me and two people from New Zealand . So I led with that and I started using those combinations but changing it up . But the great thing was that Mark Ruffalo had done an incredible ( unintelligible ) of variety so I was always blending him in ... Lou Ferrigno seemed to have a real knack for just who this character was ... They were always a component of it . Jump up ^ Alexander , Bryan ( May 10 , 2012 ) . `` Assembling all the answers for ' Avengers ' fans '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on May 26 , 2012 . 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Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on November 21 , 2011 . Retrieved November 21 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ; Kit , Zorianna ( June 4 , 2010 ) . `` Jeremy Jeremy Renner near deal to join Marvel 's ' Avengers ' '' . Reuters . Archived from the original on July 27 , 2011 . Retrieved July 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Corinne Heller ( July 23 , 2010 ) . `` Joss Whedon talks ' The Avengers ' : Jeremy Renner also confirmed as ' Hawkeye ' ( Exclusive ) '' . OnTheRedCarpet.com . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2011 . Retrieved July 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Farley , Christopher John ( September 17 , 2010 ) . `` Jeremy Renner on ' The Town , ' ' The Avengers ' and the New ' Mission : Impossible ' '' . The Wall Street Journal . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2011 . Retrieved September 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Philbrick , Jami ( May 1 , 2011 ) . `` Exclusive : Tom Hiddleston Discusses Loki 's Role in ' The Avengers ' '' . IAmRogue.com . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2011 . Retrieved May 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ THR staff ( August 20 , 2011 ) . `` ' Avengers ' Tom Hiddleston Talks the Return of Loki ( Video ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2011 . Retrieved August 22 , 2011 . ( from video ) At the beginning of The Avengers , he comes to earth to subjugate it and his idea is to rule the human race as their king . And like all the delusional autocrats of human history , he thinks this is a great idea because if everyone is busy worshipping him , there will be no wars so he will create some kind of world peace by ruling them as a tyrant . But he is also kind of deluded in the fact that he thinks unlimited power will give him self - respect so I have n't let go of the fact that he is still motivated by this terrible jealousy and kind of spiritual desolation . ^ Jump up to : `` Marvel - ous Star Wattage : Actors Assemble For Comic - Con Panel Including ' The Avengers ' , ' Captain America ' , & ' Thor ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . July 24 , 2010 . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2011 . Retrieved July 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Ching , Albert ( May 3 , 2012 ) . `` Clark Gregg Takes Agent Coulson to AVENGERS and Beyond '' . Newsarama . Archived from the original on May 9 , 2012 . Retrieved May 9 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Campbell , Josie ( May 2 , 2012 ) . `` Clark Gregg on ' The Avengers ' & the Evolution of Agent Coulson '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on May 9 , 2012 . Retrieved May 9 , 2012 . 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Archived from the original on August 12 , 2011 . Retrieved August 12 , 2011 . Marvel Enterprises took care of the past , future and present Thursday as it declared independence by pacting with Merrill Lynch to produce a slate of films that will be distributed by Par and , separately , agreed to pay iconic comicbook creator Stan Lee a $10 million settlement . Jump up ^ `` Marvel Avengers Update '' . Cinematical . September 14 , 2006 . Archived from the original on July 4 , 2011 . Retrieved August 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( June 14 , 2007 ) . `` '' Avengers '' are heroes on horizon `` . Reuters . Archived from the original on July 4 , 2011 . Retrieved April 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ White , Michael ; Fixmer , Andy ( January 25 , 2008 ) . `` Lions Gate , Marvel Reach Accords With Striking Film , TV Writers '' . Bloomberg . Archived from the original on July 4 , 2011 . Retrieved April 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel Studios Sets Four More Release Dates ! '' . SuperheroHype.com . 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Jump up ^ Ditzian , Eric ( September 24 , 2009 ) . `` Edward Norton Open To Returning As The Hulk For ' Avengers ' Movie '' . MTV News . Archived from the original on July 4 , 2011 . Retrieved April 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Rick Marshall ( October 14 , 2009 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : Jon Favreau Wo n't Direct ' Avengers , ' Explains ' Iron Man 2 ' Tie - In Process '' . MTV News . Archived from the original on July 4 , 2011 . Retrieved April 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Jessica Barnes ( March 12 , 2009 ) . `` New Dates for Thor , Captain America , and The Avengers '' . Cinematical . Archived from the original on July 4 , 2011 . Retrieved April 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Topel , Fred ( July 8 , 2009 ) . `` Avengers movie update with Zak Penn '' . Crave Online . Archived from the original on July 4 , 2011 . Retrieved April 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Couch , Aaron ( March 29 , 2018 ) . `` ' Ready Player One ' Screenwriter Zak Penn Looks Back at His Hits ( and Famous Early Miss ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . 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Jump up ^ Ruffalo , Mark ( July 15 , 2011 ) . `` @ Zack_Parks AVengers is not being shot in 3D '' . Twitter . Retrieved December 23 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Solnik , Claude ( October 7 , 2010 ) . `` The Avengers Landing at Grumman '' . Long Island Business News . Archived from the original on April 28 , 2012 . Retrieved October 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Lovece , Frank ( October 20 , 2010 ) . `` Marvel 's ' Avengers ' being shot at Grumman Studios '' . Newsday . p . A13 of print edition . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( October 18 , 2010 ) . `` Disney , Paramount restructure Marvel deal '' . Variety . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2011 . Retrieved October 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Governor Bill Richardson and Marvel Studios Announce Largest Movie Production in New Mexico History '' . Film New Mexico . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2011 . Retrieved December 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Hammerstein , B.J. ; Hinds , Julie ( February 21 , 2011 ) . `` Film producers not waiting to see how governor cuts tax incentives '' . Detroit Free Press . Archived from the original on April 28 , 2012 . Retrieved February 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Sangiacomo , Michael ( March 3 , 2011 ) . `` Upcoming ' Avengers ' movie will be filmed in Cleveland '' . The Plain Dealer . Cleveland , Ohio . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2011 . Retrieved March 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Essential Avengers : Designing Iron Man '' . Marvel.com . March 1 , 2012 . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2012 . Retrieved March 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Recent Projects '' . The Science & Entertainment Exchange . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2011 . Retrieved May 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Davidson , Danica ( April 26 , 2011 ) . `` Paul Bettany Confirms ' Avengers ' Role , Will Return As Voice of J.A.R.V.I.S. '' MTV News . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2011 . Retrieved April 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Paltrow interviewed on Something for the Weekend , BBC2 , 2011 - 05 - 08 , 2011 , via Gallagher , Simon ( May 8 , 2011 ) . `` Gwyneth Paltrow Will ' Probably ' Appear in Iron Man 3 , and ' Possibly ' in The Avengers '' . ObsessedWithFilm.com . Archived from the original on May 9 , 2011 . Retrieved May 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Donnelly , Matt ( April 17 , 2012 ) . `` How Gwyneth Paltrow was recruited for ' The Avengers ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2012 . Retrieved June 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel 's The Avengers Begins Production '' ( Press release ) . Marvel Studios . April 26 , 2011 . Archived from the original on April 26 , 2011 . Retrieved April 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Would you have gone to see Group Hug , Rory 's First Kiss and Blue Harvest ? The wacky ' working titles ' of some of Hollywood 's biggest blockbusters '' . Daily Mail . May 14 , 2013 . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2016 . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Avengers ' Stuntman -- SCALPED During 30 - Foot Fall '' . TMZ . June 27 , 2011 . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2011 . Retrieved June 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Vancheri , Barbara ( July 1 , 2011 ) . `` ' Avengers ' headed this way '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2011 . Retrieved July 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Vancheri , Barbara ( May 3 , 2012 ) . `` Sit through ' Avengers ' credits ; discover W. Pa. connection '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2012 . Retrieved May 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Sangiacomo , Michael ( August 8 , 2011 ) . `` Avengers workers start transforming East Ninth into scene for epic battle '' . The Plain Dealer . Cleveland , Ohio . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2011 . Retrieved August 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Sgt . 1st Class Mark Bell ( November 7 , 2011 ) . `` Captain America , Reserve Soldiers share big screen '' . United States Army . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2011 . Retrieved November 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Tom ( August 9 , 2011 ) . `` ' Avengers ' filming starts at Plum Brook '' . Sandusky Register . Sandusky , Ohio . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2011 . Retrieved August 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Tom ( August 11 , 2011 ) . `` NASA Plum Brook cast as S.H.I.E.L.D. research facility in the ' Avengers ' film '' . Sandusky Register . Sandusky , Ohio . Archived from the original on August 11 , 2011 . Retrieved August 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Sangiacomo , Michael ( August 11 , 2011 ) . `` '' The Avengers '' movie to film booming explosions in Parma next week `` . The Plain Dealer . Cleveland , Ohio . Archived from the original on August 11 , 2011 . Retrieved August 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Sangiacomo , Michael ( August 11 , 2011 ) . `` Avengers filming wrapping up at NASA facility in Sandusky '' . The Plain Dealer . Cleveland , Ohio . Archived from the original on August 12 , 2011 . Retrieved August 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Sangiacomo , Michael ( August 17 , 2011 ) . `` Avengers turning Cleveland , Ohio into Stuttgart , Germany for next round of downtown filming '' . The Plain Dealer . Cleveland , Ohio . Archived from the original on August 18 , 2011 . Retrieved August 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Sangiacomo , Michael ( August 28 , 2011 ) . `` Filming of ' Avengers ' in Cleveland approaches the end '' . The Plain Dealer . Cleveland , Ohio . Archived from the original on September 12 , 2011 . Retrieved September 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Lesnick , Silas ( September 2 , 2011 ) . `` First Look at the New York Avengers Set '' . SuperheroHype.com . Archived from the original on September 12 , 2011 . Retrieved September 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Scarlett Johansson is all smiles as she gets back to work on her new film The Avengers '' . Daily Mail . London . September 3 , 2011 . Archived from the original on September 12 , 2011 . Retrieved September 3 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` High - flying VFX on ' Avengers ' '' . Arri . Archived from the original on April 24 , 2012 . Retrieved April 24 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Avengers Assemble ! '' . Arri . Archived from the original on April 24 , 2012 . Retrieved April 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ford , Rebecca ( October 21 , 2011 ) . `` ' Avengers ' D.P. Says He Did Not Use iPhone on the Film '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2012 . Retrieved May 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Canon EOS 5D Mark II and EOS 7D Digital SLR Cameras of Choice for Stunts and Action Work on Set of `` Marvel 's The Avengers '' `` . May 9 , 2012 . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Laurent , Olivier ( May 12 , 2012 ) . `` Canon 's HDSLRs used on set of Marvel 's The Avengers '' . British Journal of Photography . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Disney Tweaks ' The Avengers , ' ' Frozen ' Release Schedule '' . Deadline Hollywood . December 22 , 2011 . Archived from the original on December 23 , 2011 . Retrieved December 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Sampson , Mike ( December 22 , 2011 ) . `` Exclusive : Joss Whedon on The Avengers in 3D , promises it wo n't be obnoxious '' . JoBlo.com . Archived from the original on December 23 , 2011 . Retrieved December 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Vlessing , Etan ( January 31 , 2012 ) . `` Superhero Epic ' The Avengers ' to be Digitally Remastered for Imax 3D '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2012 . Retrieved February 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lussier , Germain ( May 7 , 2012 ) . `` Exclusive : Joss Whedon and Kevin Feige Explain Origin Of ' The Avengers ' Post Script '' . / Film . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2012 . Retrieved May 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( May 4 , 2012 ) . `` Assembled ! The ( Spoilerish ) Backstory Behind ' The Avengers ' Secret New Scene '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2012 . Retrieved May 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Avengers ' : Shawarma Sales SKYROCKET in L.A. '' TMZ.com . May 8 , 2012 . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2012 . Retrieved May 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Blume , Brett ( May 10 , 2012 ) . `` Shawarma Gets `` Avengers '' Bump in St. Louis ... But What Is It ? `` . CBS St. Louis . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2012 . Retrieved May 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Robertson , Blair Anthony ( May 11 , 2012 ) . `` Middle East dish hot new thing after it 's served up in ' Avengers ' '' . Boston Herald . Retrieved May 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gormley , Jesse ( August 18 , 2016 ) . `` Joss Whedon 's Favorite `` Angel '' Death Led To `` The Avengers '' Post-Credits Scene `` . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on August 18 , 2016 . Retrieved August 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sampson , Mike ( June 6 , 2012 ) . `` How Did They Film Hulk in ' The Avengers ? ' Like This ... 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Retrieved November 17 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Weintraub , Steve ( April 5 , 2012 ) . `` Joss Whedon Talks The Cabin in the Woods , The Avengers , His Writing Process , Comic - Con , Collecting and More '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on April 6 , 2012 . Retrieved April 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Here 's an exclusive preview of the new Soundgarden single `` Live To Rise '' from the upcoming Avengers movie . Enjoy ! `` . Soundgarden . March 26 , 2012 . Retrieved March 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Baksi , Dibyojyoti ( March 26 , 2012 ) . `` Hello Andhero , say The Avengers to the baddies '' . Hindustan Times . Archived from the original on March 26 , 2012 . Retrieved March 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Soundgarden Records New Song for Avengers Movie '' . Marvel.com . March 27 , 2012 . Archived from the original on March 27 , 2012 . Retrieved March 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ O'Hara , Helen ( February 28 , 2012 ) . `` The Avengers Gets A New , Longer Title '' . Empire . 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Retrieved March 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Zakarin , Jordan ( March 28 , 2012 ) . `` ' Avengers ' to Close the Tribeca Film Festival '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 29 , 2012 . Retrieved March 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( August 30 , 2012 ) . `` ' Avengers ' Gets Major Labor Day Expansion '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on August 30 , 2012 . Retrieved August 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Boucher , Geoff ( June 22 , 2011 ) . `` Marvel makes it official : No Hall H panel at Comic - Con '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2011 . Retrieved July 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( July 18 , 2011 ) . `` Avenge Me ! Post-Captain America teaser for The Avengers copied , pasted , deleted '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 27 , 2011 . Retrieved July 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Walt Disney Studios Takes Fans Behind the Scenes at the D23 Expo '' . Go.com . August 9 , 2011 . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2011 . Retrieved August 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Finke , Nikki ( August 23 , 2011 ) . `` Disney Fires Marvel 's Marketing Department '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on August 25 , 2011 . Retrieved August 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel 's The Avengers Comes to NYCC '' . Marvel.com . October 4 , 2011 . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2011 . Retrieved October 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel Studios Debuts ' The Avengers ' Trailer '' . Comic Book Resources . October 11 , 2011 . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2011 . Retrieved October 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Fernandez , Jay A. ( October 11 , 2011 ) . `` ' The Avengers ' Trailer Verdict : More Hulk , Less Stark , Less Loki , More Dark '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2011 . Retrieved October 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` '' Marvel 's The Avengers '' Trailer Downloaded over 10 Million Times in First 24 Hours on iTunes Movie Trailers '' ( Press release ) . Marvel Studios . October 14 , 2011 . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2011 . Retrieved October 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Trailer for ' The Dark Knight Rises ' Shatters Record with More Than 12.5 Million Downloads on iTunes in First Day '' ( Press release ) . Warner Bros. Pictures . December 23 , 2011 . Archived from the original on January 2 , 2012 . Retrieved January 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( October 24 , 2014 ) . `` Despite leak , ' Avengers : Age of Ultron ' trailer breaks Marvel record '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2014 . Retrieved October 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sacks , Ethan ( March 2 , 2012 ) . `` Avengers Trailer Sets iTunes 24 Hour Viewing Record Besting Dark Knight Rises '' . Daily News . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2012 . Retrieved March 3 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Finke , Nikki ( May 4 , 2012 ) . `` ' Avengers ' At Midnight ! Huge Crowds : $300 + Million International And U.S. Coming ; Is This Hollywood 's Next Record - Breaker ? '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2012 . Retrieved May 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel 's Avengers Assemble on Twitter '' . Marvel.com . January 27 , 2012 . Archived from the original on January 30 , 2012 . Retrieved January 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Fritz , Ben ( January 10 , 2012 ) . `` Relativity Joins Three Other Studios Advertising on Super Bowl '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on January 30 , 2012 . Retrieved January 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` '' The Avengers '' Actors Tom Hiddleston & Clark Gregg To Ring NYSE Opening Bell May 1 `` . Comic Book Resources . April 26 , 2012 . Archived from the original on April 26 , 2012 . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel 's The Avengers Prelude Comic in March '' . Marvel.com . 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Jump up ^ Vijayenthiran , Viknesh ( December 12 , 2011 ) . `` Acura Confirms NSX And ILX Concepts As Well As 2013 RDX Prototype For Detroit '' . Motor Authority . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2011 . Retrieved December 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Neff , John ( November 27 , 2013 ) . `` eBay Find of the Day : S.H.I.E.L.D. 's Acura MDX from The Avengers '' . Autoblog . Archived from the original on January 29 , 2014 . Retrieved January 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Official Marvel Colognes and Perfume to Launch at TIA Toy Fair in New York '' ( Press release ) . JADS International . February 10 , 2012 . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2012 . Retrieved May 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Graser , Marc ( March 30 , 2012 ) . `` ' Avengers ' wields big brand blitz '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2012 . Retrieved March 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lien , Tracey ( September 15 , 2011 ) . `` What Was THQ Brisbane Working on Before the Studio Closed ? '' . Kotaku . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2011 . Retrieved September 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Sinclair , Brendan ( September 19 , 2011 ) . `` Marvel looking for Avengers game partner '' . GameSpot . Archived from the original on September 20 , 2011 . Retrieved September 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ubisoft and Marvel Assemble The Avengers in Battle For Earth '' . Marvel.com . May 10 , 2012 . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2012 . Retrieved May 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Watch the Official Avengers Initiative Launch Trailer '' . Marvel.com . September 5 , 2012 . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2012 . Retrieved September 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Tribbey , Chris . `` Hastings to Host Midnight ' Avengers ' Event '' . Home Media Magazine . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2012 . Retrieved October 7 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Latchem , John ( October 3 , 2012 ) . `` ' Avengers ' Debut a Marvel on DVD and BD Sales Charts '' . Home Media Magazine . Archived from the original on October 4 , 2012 . Retrieved October 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Avengers ' Blu - ray and Blu - ray 3D Announced '' . Hi - Def Digest . May 21 , 2012 . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2012 . Retrieved June 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel 's The Avengers International Blu - ray Details '' . Marvel.com . July 31 , 2012 . Archived from the original on September 17 , 2012 . Retrieved September 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Clint , Morris ( August 14 , 2012 ) . `` Exclusive : Feige on Item 47 and The Avengers Blu - ray and DVD '' . Moviehole.net . Retrieved August 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lee , Jason ( June 6 , 2012 ) . `` ' Marvel Cinematic Universe ' 10 - disc Blu - ray set announced '' . HD - Report . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2012 . Retrieved June 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( September 6 , 2012 ) . `` Briefcase lawsuit delays Marvel 's ' Phase One ' box set until next spring -- EXCLUSIVE '' . Entertainment Weekly . 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Archived from the original ( PDF ) on November 2 , 2012 . Retrieved May 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Opening Weekend Records at the Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2012 . Retrieved May 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Subers , Ray ( May 13 , 2012 ) . `` Around - the - World Roundup : ' Avengers ' Reaches $1 Billion Worldwide '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2012 . Retrieved May 14 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : McClintock , Pamela ( May 13 , 2012 ) . `` Box Office Report : ' Avengers ' Towers With $103.2 Million , ' Dark Shadows ' Lacks Bite '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2012 . Retrieved May 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Corliss , Richard ( May 13 , 2012 ) . `` The Avengers Storms the Billion Dollar Club -- In Just 19 Days '' . Time . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2012 . Retrieved May 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Corliss , Richard ( May 6 , 2012 ) . `` Beyond Marvel - ous : The Avengers Smashes Records with $200.3 Million '' . Time . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2012 . The Avengers , with a $220 million production cost , already is in the black , with no ceiling in sight . Jump up ^ Corliss , Richard ( May 13 , 2012 ) . `` The Avengers Storms the Billion Dollar Club -- In Just 19 Days '' . Time . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2014 . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Domestic Box Office Results '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2012 . Retrieved November 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 Domestic Grosses '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2012 . Retrieved November 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Buena Vista All Time Box Office Results '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2012 . Retrieved November 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lang , Brent ( December 31 , 2015 ) . `` ' Star Wars : The Force Awakens ' Passes ' The Avengers ' at Domestic Box Office '' . Variety . Archived from the original on January 2 , 2016 . Retrieved January 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Opening Day Records at the Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2012 . Retrieved May 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Top Grossing Movies in a Single Day at the Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2012 . Retrieved May 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ray , Subers . `` ' Avengers ' Scores Highest Superhero Midnight Opening Ever '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2012 . Retrieved May 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Fritz , Ben ( July 20 , 2012 ) . `` ' Dark Knight Rises ' collects $30.6 million from midnight screenings '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on August 4 , 2012 . Retrieved August 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Subers , Ray ( May 5 , 2012 ) . `` Friday Report : ' Avengers ' Amazes with $80.5 Million '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2012 . Retrieved May 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Jurassic World ( 2015 ) - Daily Box Office Results '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Single Day Records : Highest Grossing Saturdays at the Box Office : Saturday '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2012 . Retrieved May 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Top Weekend Theater Averages for Wide Releases : Sunday '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2012 . Retrieved May 8 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Subers , Ray ( May 6 , 2012 ) . `` Weekend Report : ' Avengers ' Smashes Records '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2012 . Retrieved May 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Keith Simanton ( June 15 , 2015 ) . `` ' Jurassics World '' . Box Office Mojo . ( Amazon.com ) . Retrieved June 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Vlessing , Etan ( May 7 , 2012 ) . `` ' The Avengers ' Sets Domestic , Global Opening Weekend Records for Imax '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2012 . Retrieved May 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Box office report : ' The Avengers ' scores biggest opening weekend of all time with $200.3 mil '' . Entertainment Weekly . May 6 , 2012 . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2012 . Retrieved May 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Staley , Eddie ( July 24 , 2012 ) . `` From Earlier : The Dark Knight Rises Generates Opening Weekend Box Office Results Of $23.8 Million In IMAX ® Theatres Worldwide '' . benzinga . Archived from the original on August 4 , 2012 . Retrieved August 4 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Weekend Report : ' Harry ' Makes History '' . Box Office Mojo . July 18 , 2011 . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2012 . Retrieved May 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Finke , Nikki ( May 6 , 2012 ) . `` ' Marvel 's The Avengers ' : Records & Factoids '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2012 . Retrieved May 6 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Subers , Ray ( May 13 , 2012 ) . `` Weekend Report : ' Avengers ' Shatters More Records , ' Shadows ' Mostly Sucks '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2012 . Retrieved May 13 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Top Weekend Theater Averages for Wide Releases '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2012 . Retrieved May 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Box Office Records '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2012 . Retrieved May 13 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Subers , Ray ( June 3 , 2012 ) . `` Weekend Report ( cont . ) : ' Avengers ' Passes $550 Million '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2012 . Retrieved June 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Barrett , Annie ( May 13 , 2012 ) . `` Box office report : ' Avengers ' smashes 2nd weekend record with $103.2 M , passes $1 billion worldwide '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2012 . Retrieved May 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Subers , Ray ( May 20 , 2012 ) . `` Weekend Report : ' Battleship ' Drowns Under Weight of ' Avengers ' '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2012 . Retrieved May 21 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Subers , Ray ( June 1 , 2012 ) . `` ' Avengers ' Accounts for Over Half of May 2012 Grosses '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2012 . Retrieved June 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Biggest Opening Weekends at the Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2012 . Retrieved May 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Biggest Opening Weeks at the Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2012 . Retrieved May 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Biggest Opening Weekends at the Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2012 . Retrieved May 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Top Grossing Movies in Their 2nd Weekend at the Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2012 . Retrieved October 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Avengers Dailies '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2012 . Retrieved June 16 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fastest To $100 Million '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2012 . Retrieved May 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` TOP OPENING WEEKENDS BY MONTH : May '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved June 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Box office by genre : Superhero '' . Box Office Mojo . ( Amazon.com ) . Retrieved July 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Box office by genre : Superhero Openings '' . Box Office Mojo . ( Amazon.com ) . Retrieved December 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Box Office Grosses '' . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2012 . Retrieved November 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Box Office Grosses '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2012 . Retrieved November 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 Overseas Total Yearly Box Office Results '' . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2012 . Retrieved November 2 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Finke , Nikki ( April 25 , 2012 ) . `` Marvel 's ' The Avengers ' Breaking Records Overseas After Today 's Early Release '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on April 26 , 2012 . Retrieved April 25 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Finke , Nikki ( April 28 , 2012 ) . `` Marvel 's ' The Avengers ' Amasses $73.1 M Overseas : Continues Breaking Box Office Records '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2012 . Retrieved April 29 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Subers , Ray ( April 29 , 2012 ) . `` Around - the - World Roundup : ' The Avengers ' Assemble $185.1 Million Overseas Debut '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2012 . Retrieved April 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Segers , Frank ( May 6 , 2012 ) . `` Foreign Box Office : ' The Avengers ' Dominates Overseas , Grossing More Than $440 Million In 12 Days '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2012 . Retrieved May 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Segers , Frank ( May 13 , 2012 ) . `` Foreign Box Office : ' The Avengers ' Continues To Mop Up Overseas , Grossing Nearly $630 Million '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2012 . Retrieved May 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Segers , Frank ( May 20 , 2012 ) . `` Foreign Box Office : ' Avengers ' Hits $720 Million Overseas , Tops ' Dark Shadows , ' ' Dictator ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2012 . Retrieved May 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( April 25 , 2012 ) . `` Box Office Report : ' Avengers ' Makes First Strike Overseas , Breaks Records '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2012 . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : McClintock , Pamela ( April 29 , 2012 ) . `` Box Office Report : ' Avengers ' Smashes Records With $178.4 Mil Foreign Debut '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2012 . Retrieved April 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : International Box Office : ' Madagascar 3 ' Sets Records '' . boxoffice.com . June 11 , 2012 . Archived from the original on June 13 , 2012 . Retrieved June 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Finke , Nikki ( July 1 , 2012 ) . `` ' Ice Age 4 ' Foreign Debut $78 M And No. 1 in All 34 Markets : Already Breaking Records '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2012 . Retrieved July 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Segers , Frank ( April 29 , 2012 ) . `` Foreign Box Office : ' The Avengers ' Conquers Overseas ; Sets Opening Records in Latin America and Asia '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2012 . Retrieved April 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Finke , Nikki ( May 7 , 2012 ) . `` ' Avenger ' Actuals : $654.8 M Weekend = $207.4 M Record Domestic , $447.4 M Foreign '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Australia Box Office April 26 -- 29 , 2012 '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2012 . Retrieved May 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' Avengers Assemble ' takes £ 2.5 million on opening day in UK '' . NME. April 27 , 2012 . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2012 . Retrieved April 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` United Kingdom Box Office April 27 -- 29 , 2012 '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2012 . Retrieved May 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Reynolds , Simon ( May 2 , 2012 ) . `` Marvel 's ' Avengers ' torpedoes ' Battleship ' at UK box office '' . Digital Spy . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2012 . Retrieved May 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( April 26 , 2015 ) . `` ' Avengers : Age Of Ultron ' Blasts Off With $201.2 M At International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Loveday , Samantha ( June 11 , 2012 ) . `` The Avengers crowned UK 's number one superhero movie of all time '' . Toy News Online . Archived from the original on June 22 , 2012 . Retrieved June 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Subers , Ray ( August 28 , 2012 ) . `` Around - the - World Roundup : ' Expendables 2 ' Flexes Muscles Overseas '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( August 9 , 2012 ) . `` Box Office Milestone : ' Ice Age 4 ' Becomes Top Fox Film in Latin America , No. 2 of All Time '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on August 11 , 2012 . Retrieved August 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hecht , John ( June 8 , 2012 ) . `` ' The Avengers ' Makes Box Office History in Latin America '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2012 . Retrieved June 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : ' The Avengers ' Hits $1,359,400,000 Worldwide '' . boxoffice.com . June 4 , 2012 . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2012 . Retrieved June 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` GLOBAL : ' Iron Man 3 ' Reaches $949 M ; ' Star Trek Into Darkness ' Opens In 7 Markets For $31.7 M '' . May 12 , 2013 . Archived from the original on June 7 , 2013 . Retrieved May 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel 's The Avengers ( 2012 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved April 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Avengers Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2012 . Retrieved March 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Avengers Makes $80.5 Million Its Opening Day ! '' . ComingSoon.net . May 5 , 2012 . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2012 . Retrieved May 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ McCarthy , Todd ( April 20 , 2012 ) . `` The Avengers : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2012 . Retrieved April 19 , 2012 . It 's clamorous , the save - the - world story is one everyone 's seen time and again , and the characters have been around for more than half a century in 500 comic book issues . But Whedon and his cohorts have managed to stir all the personalities and ingredients together so that the resulting dish , however familiar , is irresistibly tasty again . ^ Jump up to : Travers , Peter ( April 30 , 2012 ) . `` The Avengers '' . Rolling Stone . Jann Wenner . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2012 . Retrieved May 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Chang , Justin ( April 19 , 2012 ) . `` Marvel 's The Avengers '' . Variety . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2012 . Retrieved April 20 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Turan , Kenneth ( May 3 , 2012 ) . `` Movie review : In ' The Avengers , ' a Marvel - ous team '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on May 3 , 2012 . Retrieved May 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( May 2 , 2012 ) . `` The Avengers '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Archived from the original on May 3 , 2012 . Retrieved May 3 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Scott , A.O. ( May 3 , 2012 ) . `` Superheroes , Super Battles , Super Egos '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on May 3 , 2012 . Retrieved May 3 , 2012 . `` I 'm always angry , '' he says at one point , and while `` The Avengers '' is hardly worth raging about , its failures are significant and dispiriting . The light , amusing bits can not overcome the grinding , hectic emptiness , the bloated cynicism that is less a shortcoming of this particular film than a feature of the genre . ^ Jump up to : Neumaier , Joe ( April 30 , 2012 ) . `` Review : Heroes are real Marvel in ' The Avengers ' '' . Daily News . New York City . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2012 . Retrieved May 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lane , Anthony ( May 4 , 2012 ) . `` Double Lives '' . The New Yorker . Condé Nast Publications . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2012 . Retrieved May 5 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Longworth , Karina ( May 2 , 2012 ) . `` Superheroes Bump Superegos in Joss Whedon 's All - Star Avengers '' . The Village Voice . Archived from the original on May 2 , 2012 . Retrieved April 30 , 2012 . On The Avengers ' comparatively minute canvas of two and a half hours , Whedon effectively creates a sketch of a working universe and tells us that his characters are emotionally damaged but does n't explore that damage in any substantive way . Jump up ^ Gleiberman , Owen ( May 16 , 2012 ) . `` Movie Review : The Avengers '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Morgenstern , Joe . `` ' Avengers ' : Multiple Marvels , Diminished Fun '' . The Wall Street Journal . Dow Jones & Company . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2012 . Retrieved May 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lemire , Christy ( April 24 , 2012 ) . `` Review : Have a blast with ' Avengers ' '' . The Daily Tribune . Associated Press . Archived from the original on May 14 , 2012 . Retrieved April 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Oscar Nominees '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Archived from the original on January 10 , 2013 . Retrieved January 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bafta awards 2013 : Full list of nominees '' . BBC News . Retrieved January 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hammond , Pete ( December 11 , 2012 ) . `` ' Lincoln ' , ' Les Miserables ' , ' Silver Linings ' Top List of Nominees For 18th Annual Critics Choice Movie Awards '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on December 11 , 2012 . Retrieved December 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Khatchatourian , Maane ( November 15 , 2012 ) . `` The People 's Choice Awards nominees are ... '' Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Archived from the original on November 20 , 2012 . Retrieved November 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` First Wave of ' Teen Choice 2012 ' Nominees Announced '' ( PDF ) . Teen Choice Awards . May 18 , 2012 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 18 , 2012 . Retrieved May 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ng , Philiana ( June 14 , 2012 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards 2012 : ' Breaking Dawn , ' ' Snow White ' Lead Second Wave of Nominees '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Archived from the original on June 14 , 2012 . Retrieved June 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Teen Choice Awards Winners 2012 : ' Twilight , ' ' The Vampire Diaries , ' Justin Bieber Win Big '' . Huffington Post . June 23 , 2012 . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2012 . Retrieved June 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 39th Annual Saturn Awards '' ( PDF ) . Academy of Science Fiction , Fantasy & Horror Films . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on February 20 , 2013 . Retrieved February 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Hobbit ' , ' Avengers ' , ' Life of Pi ' , ' ParaNorman ' Lead Nominations For VES Awards '' . Deadline Hollywood . January 7 , 2013 . Retrieved January 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` SDCC 2013 : Joss Whedon Reveals Avengers : Age of Ultron '' . Marvel . July 20 , 2013 . Retrieved July 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Braser , Marc ( August 7 , 2012 ) . `` Joss Whedon will return for ' The Avengers 2 ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 7 , 2012 . Retrieved August 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( August 16 , 2012 ) . `` Disney Sets Release Date for ' Avengers 2 ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2012 . Retrieved August 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel 's ' Avengers : Age of Ultron ' Official Synopsis Spells Big Trouble for Tony Stark '' . Stitch Kingdom . September 15 , 2014 . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2014 . Retrieved September 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ; Siegemund - Broka , Austin ( March 23 , 2015 ) . `` Russo Brothers to Direct ' Avengers : Infinity War ' Parts 1 and 2 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2015 . Retrieved March 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Faraci , Devin ( April 9 , 2015 ) . `` Markus & McFeely Will Write INFINITY WAR '' . Badass Digest . Archived from the original on April 10 , 2015 . Retrieved April 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lincoln , Ross A. ( July 29 , 2016 ) . `` Marvel 's ' Avengers 3 ' Gets Official Title With Temp Name Hung On ' Avengers 4 ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on July 31 , 2016 . Retrieved July 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( March 1 , 2018 ) . `` Avengers : Infinity War release date moves up a week '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2018 . Retrieved March 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Strom , Marc ( October 28 , 2014 ) . `` Marvel 's The Avengers Head Into an Infinity War '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2014 . Retrieved October 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Whitbrook , James ( March 16 , 2018 ) . `` Everything We Learned About the Avengers ' Fight Against Thanos in the Latest Infinity War Trailer '' . io9 . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2018 . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who do the avengers fight in the first movie | [
"Rogers, Stark, Romanoff, Barton, and Thor rally in defense of New York City, the wormhole's location. Banner arrives and transforms into the Hulk, and together the Avengers battle the Chitauri while evacuating civilians. The Hulk finds Loki and beats him into submission. Romanoff makes her way to the wormhole generator, where Selvig, freed from Loki's mind control, reveals that Loki's scepter can be used to shut down the generator. Meanwhile, Fury's superiors from the World Security Council attempt to end the invasion by launching a nuclear missile at Midtown Manhattan. Stark intercepts the missile and takes it through the wormhole toward the Chitauri fleet. The missile detonates, destroying the Chitauri mothership and disabling their forces on Earth. Stark's suit runs out of power, and he falls back through the wormhole just as Romanoff closes it. Stark goes into freefall, but the Hulk saves him from crashing into the ground. In the aftermath, Thor returns Loki and the Tesseract to Asgard, while Fury expresses confidence that the Avengers will return if and when they are needed.",
"Rogers, Stark, Romanoff, Barton, and Thor rally in defense of New York City, the wormhole's location. Banner arrives and transforms into the Hulk, and together the Avengers battle the Chitauri while evacuating civilians. The Hulk finds Loki and beats him into submission. Romanoff makes her way to the wormhole generator, where Selvig, freed from Loki's mind control, reveals that Loki's scepter can be used to shut down the generator. Meanwhile, Fury's superiors from the World Security Council attempt to end the invasion by launching a nuclear missile at Midtown Manhattan. Stark intercepts the missile and takes it through the wormhole toward the Chitauri fleet. The missile detonates, destroying the Chitauri mothership and disabling their forces on Earth. Stark's suit runs out of power, and he falls back through the wormhole just as Romanoff closes it. Stark goes into freefall, but the Hulk saves him from crashing into the ground. In the aftermath, Thor returns Loki and the Tesseract to Asgard, while Fury expresses confidence that the Avengers will return if and when they are needed."
] | [
"the Chitauri",
"Loki"
] |
6084311697653903846 | Adrian Rawlins | Adrian Rawlins - wikipedia Adrian Rawlins Jump to : navigation , search Adrian Rawlins Adrian Justin Rawlins ( 1958 - 03 - 27 ) 27 March 1958 ( age 59 ) Stoke - on - Trent , Staffordshire , England Residence Stafford , Staffordshire , England Nationality British Occupation Actor Years active 1980 -- present Adrian Justin Rawlins ( born 27 March 1958 ) is an English actor who is probably best known for playing Arthur Kidd in The Woman in Black ( 1989 ) and James Potter in the Harry Potter films . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Filmography 4 References 5 External links Early life ( edit ) Rawlins was born in Stoke - on - Trent , Staffordshire , the son of Mavis ( née Leese ) and Edward Rawlins , a market trader . Rawlins was educated at Stanfield Technical High School in Stoke - on - Trent and the Stoke VI Form College . He then went on to train in art then subsequently acting at Crewe and Alsager College , now Manchester Met . Career ( edit ) Rawlins has appeared in several films including Wilbur Wants to Kill Himself , and also has a minor role in the Harry Potter film series as Harry Potter 's father James Potter . Onstage , he has appeared in Her Naked Skin ( 2008 , National Theatre ) . He played Richard Collingsworth in the 1989 TV serial version of The Ginger Tree , opposite Samantha Bond . He also starred in The Woman in Black which was made for television and aired at Christmas 1989 . Filmography ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes Midsomer Murders Adam Keyne episode `` Tainted Fruit '' The Ginger Tree Richard Collingsworth The Woman in Black Arthur Kidd Soldier Soldier Major Tim Radley Breaking the Waves Dr. Richardson Dalziel & Pascoe Henry Crayford / Martin Hewitt episode `` Cunning old fox '' 2000 Blood Carl Dyson Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone James Potter 2002 Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets James Potter uncredited Wilbur Wants to Kill Himself Harbour Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban James Potter Spooks Andrew Forrestal Series 3 , Episode 8 2005 Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire James Potter 2007 Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix James Potter Silent Witness Alan Eckhert Series 11 , Episode 9 & 10 , Peripheral Vision 2008 Doctor Who Dr Ryder episode `` Planet of the Ood '' 2009 Agatha Christie 's Marple : Nemesis Derek Turnbull Misfits Dave Series 2 Episode 5 Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows : Part I James Potter 2011 Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows : Part II James Potter Midsomer Murders David Orchard episode `` Echoes of the Dead '' 2012 , 2013 Prisoners ' Wives Ian Series 1 & 2 2013 By Any Means 2014 Father Brown Series 2 Episode 2 2015 The Woman in Black : Angel of Death Dr. Rhodes 2015 - 2016 Dickensian Edward Barbary 2017 Death in Paradise Stephen Langham Episode 6.1 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Adrian Rawlins Archived 1 October 2009 at the Wayback Machine . movietome.com Jump up ^ `` City actor putting a new twist on Dickens tales '' , The Sentinel , 27 December 2015 . Accessed 27 January 2016 Jump up ^ `` Adrian Rawlins Biography ( ( ? ) - ) '' . www.filmreference.com ( in eng ) . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 15 . CS1 maint : Unrecognized language ( link ) External links ( edit ) Adrian Rawlins on IMDb Adrian Rawlins at the Hampstead Theatre VIAF : 61197608 LCCN : no2001056911 ISNI : 0000 0000 6403 8359 SUDOC : 095017712 NLA : 36287063 IATH : w6qv4w7c Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adrian_Rawlins&oldid=787727494 '' Categories : 1958 births Living people English male film actors English male television actors English male stage actors People from Stoke - on - Trent Actors from Staffordshire 20th - century English male actors 21st - century English male actors Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Unrecognized language Use British English from November 2013 Use dmy dates from November 2013 Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Nederlands Polski Português Русский Svenska தமிழ் Edit links This page was last edited on 27 June 2017 , at 05 : 36 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who plays harry's dad in harry potter | [
"Adrian Justin Rawlins (born 27 March 1958) is an English actor who is probably best known for playing Arthur Kidd in The Woman in Black (1989) and James Potter in the Harry Potter films."
] | [
"Adrian Justin Rawlins"
] |
6414348090692607818 | You Don't Treat Me No Good | You Do n't Treat Me No Good - wikipedia You Do n't Treat Me No Good Jump to : navigation , search `` You Do n't Treat Me No Good '' Single by Sonia Dada from the album Sonia Dada Released October 1992 Genre Soul Length 4 : 09 Label Festival Chameleon Songwriter ( s ) Dan Pritzker Producer ( s ) Daniel Laszlo Dan Pritzker Sonia Dada singles chronology `` You Do n't Treat Me No Good '' ( 1992 ) `` You Ai n't Thinking ( About Me ) '' ( 1993 ) `` You Do n't Treat Me No Good '' ( 1992 ) `` You Ai n't Thinking ( About Me ) '' ( 1993 ) `` You Do n't Treat Me No Good '' is a song recorded by the American soul group Sonia Dada . Released in 1992 , the song was a number - one hit in Australia , spending four weeks at the top of the ARIA Charts . Eighteen years later , country music singer Jerrod Niemann released a cover version under the title `` Lover , Lover '' , and his version reached number one on the U.S. Hot Country Songs chart . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Critical reception 3 Chart performance 4 Versions 5 Jerrod Niemann version 5.1 History 5.2 Content 5.3 Critical reception 5.4 Music video 5.5 Chart performance 5.6 Year - end charts 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) Glenn A. Baker of Billboard magazine described the song 's chart success as `` the most unexpected ( ... ) breakout in the Australian market for many years . '' He also cited the song as an example of the label 's success with breaking new acts outside their home markets . SAFM in Adelaide was among the first stations to play the song . Critical reception ( edit ) Joe Rassenfoss of the Rocky Mountain News , in his review of the album , called the song a `` catchy vocal entreaty . '' Chart performance ( edit ) `` You Do n't Treat Me No Good '' debuted at number 38 on the Australian ARIA Charts dated for November 29 , 1992 . After spending six weeks in the number two position behind Whitney Houston 's version of `` I Will Always Love You , '' the song reached a peak of number one on the chart dated for the week ending February 28 , 1993 . It held that position for four weeks and fell to number four on the chart dated for March 28 . It was also ranked number three on the ARIA year - end chart . Although the song did not chart in the United States , the self - titled album from which it was taken sold more than 100,000 copies in the United States after its release in 1992 . Chart ( 1992 -- 93 ) Peak position ARIA Charts New Zealand Singles Chart Year - end chart ( 1993 ) Position ARIA Charts Preceded by `` I Will Always Love You '' by Whitney Houston ARIA Singles Chart number - one single February 28 - March 21 , 1993 Succeeded by `` Cat 's in the Cradle '' by Ugly Kid Joe Versions ( edit ) You Do n't Treat Me No Good ( Edited Album Version ) 03 : 28 You Do n't Treat Me No Good ( Album Version ) 04 : 11 You Do n't Treat Me No Good ( Ebersold / Paige Remix ) 03 : 25 You Do n't Treat Me No Good ( Krampf Remix ) 4 : 19 - Appeared on ' You Ai n't Thinkin ' About Me ' 5 - Track Single Jerrod Niemann version ( edit ) `` Lover , Lover '' Single by Jerrod Niemann from the album Judge Jerrod & the Hung Jury Released March 1 , 2010 Format Digital download Recorded 2009 -- 10 Genre Country Length 3 : 13 Label Sea Gayle Arista Nashville Songwriter ( s ) Dan Pritzker Producer ( s ) Dave Brainard Jerrod Niemann Jerrod Niemann singles chronology `` The One That Got Away '' ( 2007 ) `` Lover , Lover '' ( 2010 ) `` What Do You Want '' ( 2010 ) `` The One That Got Away '' ( 2007 ) `` Lover , Lover '' ( 2010 ) `` What Do You Want '' ( 2010 ) On March 1 , 2010 , American country music artist Jerrod Niemann released a cover version of this song under the title `` Lover , Lover '' . It was Niemann 's first release on the Sea Gayle label , a sister label of Arista Nashville , as well as his fourth single release overall . It is included on his album Judge Jerrod & the Hung Jury , which was released in July 2010 , as well as the thirty - fifth edition of Now That 's What I Call Music ! History ( edit ) Niemann 's recording of the song features nine vocal tracks , all of which he recorded himself and then overdubbed . He recorded eight of the vocal tracks in one day and recorded the bass backing vocals the next day . Niemann once explained that his voice was hoarse from recording the eight vocal parts and was unable to record the bass vocal . He and a friend then visited the Nashville tavern Tin Roof , which is near the studio where the song was recorded , after Niemann recalled upon several occasions where the Tin Roof bartender would serve Niemann excessive doses of whiskey resulting in Niemann awakening in the morning after with an extremely low voice . With this in mind , Niemann `` medicated '' his vocal cords by having the Tin Roof bartender serve him Jack Daniels whiskey nonstop for approximately six hours that night and then returned to the studio the next morning to record the bass vocal . Content ( edit ) The main riff . The song is in the key of G Major , at a moderate tempo , based around a two - measure riff played on acoustic guitar . No full chords are played in the song , although the second measure of the riff includes an open fifth consisting of C and G . Critical reception ( edit ) Writing for the CMT blog , Whitney Self said that Niemann `` gives the tune a new feel with his contagious beats and acoustic guitar . '' Bobby Peacock of Roughstock called it `` soulful , catchy and distinctive , '' giving it a four - star rating out of five . Music video ( edit ) Potsy Ponciroli directed the music video , which features Niemann playing guitar while singing the song on a porch . It was filmed in Nashville , Tennessee . Jamey Johnson and Randy Houser make cameos at the end . Chart performance ( edit ) `` Lover , Lover '' debuted at number 52 on the Billboard Hot Country Songs charts dated for the week ending March 6 , 2010 . On the week of August 14 , 2010 , it became his first number one on the Hot Country Songs charts . It finished at number 100 on the Billboard Hot 100 year - end chart and 22 on the Hot Country Songs year - end chart . Chart ( 2010 ) Peak position US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) US Billboard Hot 100 29 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 49 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2010 ) Peak position US Billboard Hot 100 100 US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) 22 Preceded by `` Undo It '' by Carrie Underwood Billboard Hot Country Songs number - one single August 14 , 2010 Succeeded by `` Free '' by Zac Brown Band References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Baker , Glenn A. ( 6 March 1993 ) . `` Festival Pushes Sonia Dada to Top '' . Billboard : 46 . Jump up ^ Rassenfoss , Joe ( 30 July 1993 ) . `` Sonia Dada 's debut delivers '' . Rocky Mountain News . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts for the week ending 29 November 1992 '' . Australian Charts.com . Retrieved 19 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts for the week ending 28 February 1993 '' . Australian Charts.com . Retrieved 19 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts for the week ending 28 March 1993 '' . Australian Charts.com . Retrieved 19 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts end of the year listing for 1993 '' . Aria.com.au . Retrieved 19 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Skelly , Richard . `` Sonia Dada biography '' . Allmusic . Retrieved 19 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Jerrod Niemann releases debut Arista single '' . All Access . Retrieved 19 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Roland , Tom ( 28 April 2010 ) . `` Jerrod Niemann gets repetitious '' . Great American Country . Retrieved 28 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` JERROD NIEMANN 'S LAST - MINUTE DECISION PROVES TO BE GOOD MOVE '' . Retrieved 3 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ' Lover , Lover ' sheet music '' . MusicNotes.com . Retrieved 8 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Self , Whitney ( 16 April 2010 ) . `` Jerrod Niemann 's `` Lover , Lover '' Is Contagious `` . CMT . Retrieved 19 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Peacock , Bobby ( 19 March 2010 ) . `` Jerrod Niemann -- `` Lover , Lover '' `` . Roughstock . Retrieved 19 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Truitt , Brian ( 1 June 2011 ) . `` Country star Jerrod Niemann lives it up on the road and prepares for the CMT Music Awards '' . USA Weekend . Retrieved 14 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Morris , Edward ( 27 February 2010 ) . `` Lady Antebellum and Josh Turner Still Ride Tallest in the Saddle '' . CMT . Retrieved 19 March 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Niemann scores his first number one '' . Country Standard Time . 2 August 2010 . Retrieved 3 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Jerrod Niemann -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot Country Songs for Jerrod Niemann . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Jerrod Niemann -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot 100 for Jerrod Niemann . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Jerrod Niemann -- Chart history '' Canadian Hot 100 for Jerrod Niemann . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Jerrod Niemann -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot 100 for Jerrod Niemann . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Jerrod Niemann -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot Country Songs for Jerrod Niemann . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 31 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics ( hide ) Jerrod Niemann Studio albums Judge Jerrod & the Hung Jury Free the Music High Noon Notable singles `` Lover , Lover '' `` What Do You Want '' `` One More Drinkin ' Song '' `` Shinin ' on Me '' `` Only God Could Love You More '' `` Drink to That All Night '' `` Donkey '' `` Buzz Back Girl '' `` Blue Bandana '' `` A Little More Love '' ( with Lee Brice ) Related topics Discography `` Good Ride Cowboy '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=You_Don%27t_Treat_Me_No_Good&oldid=783708695 '' Categories : 1992 singles 2010 singles Sonia Dada songs Jerrod Niemann songs Debut singles Number - one singles in Australia Billboard Hot Country Songs number - one singles Arista Nashville singles 1992 songs 2010 songs Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from March 2012 Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadianhot100 Singlechart making named ref Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 4 June 2017 , at 03 : 20 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who sings lover lover you dont treat me no good no more lyrics | [
"\"You Don't Treat Me No Good\" is a song recorded by the American soul group Sonia Dada. Released in 1992, the song was a number-one hit in Australia, spending four weeks at the top of the ARIA Charts. Eighteen years later, country music singer Jerrod Niemann released a cover version under the title \"Lover, Lover\", and his version reached number one on the U.S. Hot Country Songs chart.",
"\"You Don't Treat Me No Good\" is a song recorded by the American soul group Sonia Dada. Released in 1992, the song was a number-one hit in Australia, spending four weeks at the top of the ARIA Charts. Eighteen years later, country music singer Jerrod Niemann released a cover version under the title \"Lover, Lover\", and his version reached number one on the U.S. Hot Country Songs chart."
] | [
"Sonia Dada",
"Jerrod Niemann"
] |
-6375591257404809565 | Recruit Training Command, Great Lakes, Illinois | Recruit training Command , Great Lakes , Illinois - wikipedia Recruit training Command , Great Lakes , Illinois Recruit Training Command Great Lakes Seal of Recruit Training Command Founded July 1 , 1911 ; 107 years ago ( 1911 - 07 - 01 ) Country United States of America Branch United States Navy Role Recruit training Part of Naval Service Training Command Garrison / HQ Naval Station Great Lakes North Chicago , Illinois , U.S. Motto ( s ) `` The Quarterdeck of the Navy '' Website http://www.bootcamp.navy.mil/ Commanders Commanding officer CAPT Michael S. Garrick , USN Executive officer CDR Jason A. Grant , USN Command master chief CMDCM Dave Twiford , USN Recruit Training Command , Great Lakes ( RTC Great Lakes ) , is a unit within the United States Navy primarily responsible for conducting the initial orientation and indoctrination of incoming recruits . It is part of Naval Service Training Command , and is located at Naval Station Great Lakes , Illinois . RTC Great Lakes is also commonly referred to as boot camp and recruit training , or RTC . Since the BRAC - directed closures of Recruit Training Commands in Orlando , Florida in 1994 and San Diego , California in 1993 , RTC Great Lakes has been the only enlisted basic training location in the U.S. Navy and has been called `` The Quarterdeck of the Navy '' since it was first utilized in July 1911 . Running at approximately eight weeks long , all enlistees into the U.S. Navy commence their enlistments at this command . Some recruits may take longer than eight weeks if they do not pass certain tests . Upon successful completion of basic training , qualifying sailors are sent to various apprenticeship , or `` A schools '' , located across the United States for training in their occupational speciality , or ratings . Those who have not yet received a specific rating enter the fleet with a general designation of airman , fireman , or seaman . Recruit Training Command is located at Naval Station Great Lakes in the city of North Chicago , Illinois in Lake County , north of Chicago . It is a tenant command , meaning that although it is located on the base , it has a separate chain of command . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Facilities 2.1 USS Enterprise ( BLDG 7115 ) 3 Training timeline 3.1 Processing Week 3.2 Week One 3.3 Week Two 3.4 Week Three 3.5 Week Four 3.6 Week Five 3.7 Week Six 3.8 Week Seven 4 References 5 External links History ( edit ) An inspection during World War I Play media A brief video overview of navy boot camp in 2009 Play media A video overview of navy boot camp Play media An RDC billet recruitment video from 2013 , aimed at navy sailors contemplating becoming an RDC After the Spanish -- American War , the U.S. Navy began investigating 37 sites around Lake Michigan in order to locate a new training center in the Midwest , an area that contributed 43 percent of the Navy 's recruits at the time . Illinois Congressional Representative and chairman of the Committee on Naval Affairs ( 1900 -- 1911 ) George Edmund Foss pressed for the decision to locate the center at its present location and was later called `` The Father of Great Lakes '' . Foss Park , just north of the base in North Chicago , is named in his honor . It is likely the facility would have been located elsewhere had it not been for the $175,000 contribution of the Merchants Club of Chicago to purchase the land . Rear Admiral Albert A. Ross was the station 's first commander and the base 's Ross Field and Ross Auditorium were later named in his honor . The first flag was planted on site on 1 July 1905 . President William H. Taft dedicated the station six years later on 28 October 1911 . In that same year , the station received its first trainee , Seaman Recruit Joseph W. Gregg . `` The Golden Thirteen '' Naval Station Great Lakes was at the forefront of the racial integration of the Navy . African - Americans were permitted to enlist for general service in the middle of 1942 receiving training at Great Lakes as well as Hampton , Virginia . Previously they had been restricted to special duties . The Navy commissioned its first African - American officers , later known as the `` Golden Thirteen '' , at Great Lakes in February 1944 . In July 1987 , building 1405 , the Golden Thirteen Recruit In - Processing Center , was dedicated in their honor . The surviving eight attended the ceremony . U.S. Navy sailors sleeping in hammocks Navy recruit training is now exclusively conducted at Naval Station Great Lakes ' Recruit Training Command . Prior to the mid-1990s , recruit training facilities included Naval Training Center Orlando and Naval Training Center San Diego . Female recruit training was previously limited to the Orlando facility . The Base Realignment and Closure Commission of 1993 resulted in the consolidation of recruit training to Great Lakes . Following the consolidation , the Navy undertook a massive recapitalization ( recap ) program to upgrade the Great Lakes Recruit Training facility . The recap included the construction of Camp John Paul Jones , a 48 - acre ( 190,000 m ) site on land formerly owned by the Veterans Administration Hospital adjacent to Camp Porter . New barracks were also constructed and are referred to as `` ships '' by the recruits . Each `` ship '' was also named after an important ship in naval history , such as USS John F. Kennedy and USS Enterprise . Each `` ship '' can house up to 1,300 recruits during training . U.S. Navy sailors man the rails of the training simulator , USS Trayer ( BST - 21 ) , which was completed in June 2007 A 210 - foot ( 64 m ) Arleigh Burke - class destroyer simulator called USS Trayer ( BST - 21 ) was also constructed as part of the recap program also known as Battle Stations 21 ( BST 21 ) . Facilities ( edit ) USS Enterprise ( BLDG 7115 ) ( edit ) USS Enterprise ( BLDG 7115 ) The USS Enterprise Recruit Barracks Building is the eighth of fourteen built as part of a $763 million recapitalization program . USS Enterprise Recruit Barracks The building is named after the eight USS Enterprises that have borne the name , including the two famous aircraft carriers pictured around the building 's quarterdeck . The first is CV - 6 , which was a ship of the Yorktown class launched in 1936 ( the most decorated Navy ship in history ) and one of only three American carriers commissioned prior to World War II to survive the war . The nautical flags hanging on the quarterdeck of BLDG 7115 are from CV - 6 . The second is the CVN - 65 , the world 's first nuclear - powered aircraft carrier . Many of the displays on the quarterdeck of USS Enterprise ( BLDG 7115 ) were donated by the USS Enterprise ( CVN - 65 ) . The USS Enterprise ( BLDG 7115 ) has 120,000 square feet ( 11,000 m ) of space , enough to accommodate 16 recruit divisions of up to 88 recruits each . This facility integrates berthing , classrooms , learning resource centers , a galley , and a quarterdeck , all under one roof . Each `` ship '' has a ship 's officer who fills the role of commanding officer , a ship 's leading chief petty officer who fills the role of command master chief , and a chaplain . Training timeline ( edit ) Processing week ( edit ) The Atlantic Fleet Drill Hall in Camp John Paul Jones at RTC Great Lakes , completed in December 2007 U.S. Navy recruits begin their journey at Building 1405 , Golden Thirteen , the Recruit In - processing Center in Camp Moffett . Recruits arrive at all hours , but mostly during the night . Before formal training can begin at Recruit Training Command , recruits are screened medically , dentally , and administratively . They receive a thorough round of inoculations , an initial issue of uniforms , and their first military haircut . They are taught basic grooming standards , the Uniform Code of Military Justice ( UCMJ ) , and standards of conduct and are introduced to their recruit division commander ( drill instructor ) . This first week of training , called P - days ( processing days ) , lasts for approximately five days but can run a little longer depending on weekends , holidays , and the schedule of arriving recruits . During P - days , recruits are taught the basics of watch standing , they are given information to memorize , and they begin learning to organize their equipment . P - days conclude with a commissioning ceremony , led by the recruits ' group commander ( ship 's officer ) , in which each division 's guidon ( divisional flag with division number ) is unrolled . This ceremony marks the official start of their training . Week one ( edit ) Recruits march from their `` ship '' barracks named for USS Chicago ( SSN - 721 ) This week is considered the most intense week of physical conditioning . Recruits take their initial swim qualification test and learn military drill , the details of rank and rating , and the Navy core values . Week two ( edit ) During Week Two , recruits learn the Navy chain of command , custom and courtesies , and basic watchstanding . Week three ( edit ) A Recruit Division Commander conducts `` Instructional Training '' to correct substandard performance during boot camp Week Three consists of hands - on training . Recruits learn laws of armed conflict , personal finance , basic seamanship , shipboard communication , and Navy ship and aircraft identification . Recruits also take their first physical training test , performing as many sit - ups and push - ups as they can in two minutes and running 1.5 - mile ( 2.4 km ) for time . The time standards for the run and the number of push - ups and sit - ups are based on the recruits ' ages , which range from 18 to 34 . Dog tags are distributed this week , and recruits receive their first paychecks . Week Four ( edit ) Week Four mostly consists of weapons training . Recruits gain familiarity with the M9 pistol and the Mossberg 500 shotgun . Some time during the week , recruits receive a classroom lecture on firearms safety and operation of the M9 . Recruits receive live - fire training with the M9 . In past years , U.S. Navy recruits trained with the M16 rifle and the M500 shotgun . All U.S. Navy training on the M16 or M500 occurs at other locations . Week Five ( edit ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Week Five consists of learning more drill instructions needed for the military drill assessment . Week Five is also called `` Hell Week '' , previously as this was when new recruits take over the daily chores necessary to keep the base running . However , since the redesign of RTC recruits no longer participate in all aspects of daily chores . It has kept its moniker because this is the most inspection and test intensive week . Week Six ( edit ) Training at the Recruit Training Command 's fire fighting school During Week Six , recruits learn shipboard damage control and firefighting skills . Recruits will learn to escape smoke - filled compartments , open and close watertight doors , use self - contained breathing apparatus ( SCBAs ) , carry fire hoses and learn to extinguish fires . Week Six also includes the Confidence Chamber ( tear gas chamber ) . Week seven ( edit ) A recruit graduation at the USS Midway Ceremonial Drill Hall in January 2008 Week Seven is the last week of Navy Basic Training . These seven weeks , combined with Processing Week , make up the approximate eight - week training cycle that each recruit must complete before graduating . Week seven includes a comprehensive test of the material covered by Navy Basic Training in a 12 - hour exercise called `` Battle Stations '' . This reinforces much of the instruction learned during Basic Training . Recruits must pass all the requirements of Basic Training to participate in `` Battle Stations '' . Once recruits have successfully completed `` Battle Stations '' they become Sailors , don their Navy utility cover ( also known as the utility cap or eight - point cover ) and Pass In Review ( PIR ) at the USS Midway , Ceremonial Drill Hall . This officially marks the recruit 's graduation and entrance into the United States Navy . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Recruit Training Command '' . ^ Jump up to : Naval Station Great Lakes Base Guide & Telephone Directory , Page 46 . ^ Jump up to : Naval Station Great Lakes Base Guide & Telephone Directory , Page 47 . Jump up ^ `` Negroes in War - Stride . '' Wide World News Service . The Kansas City Star . Kansas City , Missouri . 20 September 1942 . Page 19 . Jump up ^ SECNAV Visits Naval Station Great Lakes . Friday , 13 October 2006 . Jump up ^ RTC Ground - Breaking Ceremony Paves Way for Camp John Paul Jones . 2 October 2002 11 : 51 : 00 p.m. Jump up ^ The USS Trayer simulator was named after James Sheldon Trayer . Jump up ^ Trayer Commissioned at RTC . 20 June 2007 4 : 25 : 00 PM . Jump up ^ `` USS Enterprise Commissioned at RTC '' . Naval Media Center , Daily News Update. 20 June 2005 . Jump up ^ Strickland , Aaron ( 8 September 2007 ) . `` PCU George H.W. Bush Training Division Commissioned at RTC '' . Navy NewsStand . ^ Jump up to : RTC 's Official P - Day Description . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Naval Station Great Lakes . 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served weapons Vehicles ( active ) Sea All watercraft Ships : A N ( active ) AF CG MSC Weapons : N CG Reactors Air Aircraft World War I active Aircraft designation Missiles Helicopter arms Other Nuclear football Electronics ( designations ) Flags : A MC N AF CG Ensign Jack Guidons Food WMDs : Nuclear Biological Chemical Legend A = Army MC = Marine Corps N = Navy AF = Air Force CG = Coast Guard Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Recruit_Training_Command,_Great_Lakes,_Illinois&oldid=848373810 '' Categories : Shore commands of the United States Navy United States Navy schools and training Military units and formations in Illinois Education in Lake County , Illinois North Chicago , Illinois World War II sites in the United States Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from July 2013 Articles needing additional references from June 2014 All articles needing additional references Illinois articles missing geocoordinate data All articles needing coordinates Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 1 July 2018 , at 14 : 49 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where does the navy do their basic training | [
"RTC Great Lakes is also commonly referred to as boot camp and recruit training, or RTC. Since the BRAC-directed closures of Recruit Training Commands in Orlando, Florida in 1994 and San Diego, California in 1993, RTC Great Lakes has been the only enlisted basic training location in the U.S. Navy and has been called \"The Quarterdeck of the Navy\" since it was first utilized in July 1911.\n"
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"RTC Great Lakes"
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-2047042510396356752 | Real Time with Bill Maher | Real Time with Bill Maher - wikipedia Real Time with Bill Maher Jump to : navigation , search Real Time with Bill Maher Written by Bill Maher Scott Carter Adam Felber Presented by Bill Maher Theme music composer Scott `` Shavoni '' Parker Louis `` Buster '' Brown II Christopher `` Kid '' Reid Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 16 No. of episodes 449 ( as of February 9 , 2018 ) ( list of episodes ) Production Location ( s ) CBS Television City , Fairfax District , Los Angeles , California , United States Running time 60 minutes Release Original network HBO Picture format 4 : 3 SDTV ( 2003 -- 07 ) 16 : 9 HDTV ( 2008 -- present ) Original release February 21 , 2003 ( 2003 - 02 - 21 ) -- present Chronology Related shows Politically Incorrect External links Website Real Time with Bill Maher is a talk show that airs weekly on HBO , hosted by comedian and political satirist Bill Maher . Much like his previous series Politically Incorrect on Comedy Central and later ABC , Real Time features a panel of guests who discuss current events in politics and the media . Unlike the previous show , guests are usually more well - versed in the subject matter : more experts such as journalists , professors and politicians participate in the panel , and fewer actors and celebrities are included . Additionally , many guests appear via satellite . Real Time is a weekly hour - long program with a studio audience , airing live on Friday nights at 10 : 00 pm EST . It originates from Studio 33 ( `` The Bob Barker Studio '' ) at CBS Television City in Los Angeles . In addition , a 10 - to 15 - minute `` Overtime '' segment quickly follows the show on YouTube ( Live Streams ) which answers questions posted by viewers through HBO 's online website for the show . Prior to 2009 , approximately 12 new weekly episodes aired from February to early May , followed by another such set of new episodes from late August to November . In 2009 , the show began airing as one continuous season . HBO has renewed the series for three seasons , set to air through 2020 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Format 1.1 Politics and current events 1.1. 1 Christine O'Donnell 1.2 Changes in 2008 1.3 Changes in 2009 1.4 Changes in 2012 1.5 Changes in 2017 2 Episodes 3 Reception 3.1 Reviews 3.2 Books 3.3 Award nominations 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Format ( edit ) The format of the show usually features an opening current events or political skit , followed by the credits and a comedy monologue . Maher then interviews an important figure via satellite or in - studio before sitting down with the panel guests for an extensive debate . Halfway through the panel session , Maher does a comedy skit that usually satirizes current news items . Following the comedy bit , Maher interviews another figure via satellite or in - studio . The format varies , with two or three people on the panel . Maher explains that the format is not rigid and that they prefer live interviews to satellite interviews . Near the end of every episode , Maher has a segment called `` New Rules '' which serves as a humorous editorial on popular culture and American politics . The final `` New Rule '' segues into Maher 's closing editorial monologue . Since the show airs on HBO , the participants do not have to restrict their language to conform to the broadcast standards that existed on Politically Incorrect . Also , pictures shown on New Rules sometimes have nudity or uncensored images . In the first season , Paul F. Tompkins was featured as a correspondent . Also , every episode would end with a performance by a stand - up comedian , none of which were political satirists . The segments featuring Tompkins and comedians were dropped after the tenth episode . Viewers were also able to call into the live show in the first season and ask questions over the air , but this was also dropped . Starting with episode 67 in February 2006 , audio - only episodes were made available as a free podcast via the iTunes Store and as a raw RSS feed . The podcasts also feature material cut from the show but taped during the studio rehearsal , including New Rules not aired in the final version . During the fall of 2006 , Maher began hosting a live chat ( now called `` Overtime '' ) on HBO 's website following each broadcast , usually including some of the show guests . Viewers are invited to submit questions prior to and during the original telecast for Maher and the guests to answer and discuss afterwards . It is also available on the show 's YouTube channel . The opening sequence begins with a spoken phrase from the ( now defunct ) Los Angeles speaking clock , featuring an ( uncredited ) Joanne Daniels as the time lady saying `` Good Afternoon '' . The theme song is composed by Christopher `` Kid '' Reid and his voice is heard saying `` Start the clock '' , `` Real Time '' and `` Bill Maher '' . A montage of historical events from the beginning of time to election night on November 4 , 2008 accompanies the music along with a crawl at the bottom listing the guests for that night 's show . According to HBO the show receives an average of 4 million viewers per week . Politics and current events ( edit ) Bill Maher in 2007 Maher has been a critic of the Obama administration , the Bush administration and the Trump administration . His panel attempts to present a diverse set of views . Frequently , it consists of a liberal commentator or political figure , a conservative commentator or political figure , and a third individual who does not have as clear an ideological label , or someone with moderate beliefs . This third individual is often an actor , comedian , musician or other entertainment figure , though many times the commentator is openly conservative or liberal . On his previous TV series , Politically Incorrect , he used the word `` libertarian '' to describe his political leanings . Regarding religion , he considers himself a `` rationalist '' , as someone `` preaching the gospel of ' I do n't know ' '' . Maher identifies himself as politically unaffiliated and disagrees with the Republican party on many issues , and with the Democratic Party on many of their party platform 's planks . He endorsed the candidacy of Ralph Nader of the Green Party in the US presidential campaign of 2000 . After the 2000 election , Maher was among those who felt that votes cast by progressives for Nader possibly cost Democratic candidate Al Gore the election , and put George W. Bush in the White House . During an episode on which Nader and Michael Moore were guests , both Maher and Moore begged Nader not to run again in 2004 ( season 2 , episode 11 ) . He endorsed Democratic presidential candidate John Kerry leading up to the 2004 presidential election . In 2008 , he endorsed Democratic presidential candidate Barack Obama and harshly criticized Republican candidate John McCain 's political campaign . He also heavily criticized McCain 's vice presidential pick , Sarah Palin , on her qualifications and intelligence . Maher interviewed then - presidential - candidate , Republican Ron Paul , giving him some positive air time . He often cites Paul 's views in order to demonstrate the diversity of views on the right . Maher has strong opinions on US drug policy , advocating for the legalization of marijuana . He is against censorship , often citing his own dismissal from ABC and the backlash against the Dixie Chicks for their comments on the Iraq War . He is also against conservative attitudes towards sex and sexuality , mocking outrages over Bill Clinton 's infidelity and Janet Jackson 's `` wardrobe malfunction '' . He is also not shy about his lack of religious beliefs and he frequently criticizes religion . He is widely known for his support of animal rights groups such as PETA . Hot - button political issues such as health care , corporate influence in government , illegal immigration , the environment , entitlement programs , and human service regulations are frequently discussed on the show . Christine O'Donnell ( edit ) On September 17 , 2010 , Maher aired a clip of Delaware Republican Senatorial candidate Christine O'Donnell from the October 29 , 1999 , episode of his prior TV series Politically Incorrect , where she discussed that she had `` dabbled in witchcraft '' . This was perhaps the most notable of numerous controversial statements by O'Donnell that made her the most covered candidate in the 2010 mid-term election cycle . O'Donnell went on to film a rebuttal commercial claiming `` I 'm not a witch , I 'm you . '' This ad inspired many video parodies and O'Donnell later said that the ad backfired and focused attention on her decade - old statement . O'Donnell lost to her Democratic opponent , Chris Coons , in the general election . On the September 7 , 2012 , episode of Real Time with Bill Maher , O'Donnell appeared on the show for the first time and resolved the issue with Maher , who apologized for the amount of publicity that the clip garnered . Maher said that he would not have aired the clip if he knew that it would have taken away from the message of her campaign . Changes in 2008 ( edit ) The show returned on January 11 , 2008 , and began broadcasting in high definition , with updates to the set for HD display . As a result of the writers ' strike , the opening skit , the `` New Rules '' segment , and the closing monologue were eliminated for five episodes at the beginning of the year . The ice breaker used in the middle of the show ( normally a fake products sketch tying into a current event ) was also eliminated due to the strike . The announcement that Real Time would return without writers indicated that the opening monologue would also be cut , but every episode included a full monologue . During the strike , the `` Overtime '' concept became part of the live show itself , through a new segment called `` Blogga , Please ! '' Using HBO 's website , viewers were able to leave comments or questions during the live show . Maher and the panel then responded to selected postings at the end of the show . The `` Blogga , Please ! '' segment was discontinued , and `` New Rules '' brought back , on February 15 following the resolution of the strike . Additionally , during the strike , Maher aired pre-recorded interviews by himself with everyday people about the election and other issues after the opening monologue . Established early on , the final `` New Rule '' served as a segue into the closing monologue . On the March 7 episode , the closing monologue returned to the format of the show . The opening skits have not reappeared , except for April 4 and 11 , 2008 . Instead of doing a second satellite interview near the forty - minute mark , the January 11 episode also featured the debut of the `` Real Time Real Reporter '' , a blogger or political pundit who is brought on midway through the show as an extra panelist to offer opinions on the latest election campaign happenings . Such correspondents have included Matt Taibbi , Frank Luntz , Amy Holmes , P. J. O'Rourke , and Dan Savage . Changes in 2009 ( edit ) The 2009 premiere was on February 20 at the earlier time of 10 : 00 pm EST . The opening sequence was also slightly changed to include then President - elect Barack Obama and his family waving to a crowd of supporters on election night in November 2008 . Also , the show aired one continuous season as opposed to airing episodes in the spring and fall with a summer break in between . For a short time the Real Time panel was reduced from three panelists to two for the new season . Maher jokingly attributed the new panel line - up to the economic crisis , stating that it was a means of reining in spending for the HBO show ; Maher later stated that there is no connection between the failing economy and the producers ' decision to remove the third guest . During his show on March 13 , 2009 , Maher reacted to the confusion sparked by his remarks from his previous show regarding the panel stating , `` I said as a joke that we had cut down the panel to two people because of economic times , and people took me seriously . No . It 's just because I 'm tired of talking to three people sometimes . '' The panel was once again at three panelists for the show one week later , on March 20 . In addition to the panel reconfiguration , Maher has instituted a one - on - one in - studio interview segment in lieu of the past seasons ' satellite interviews . The interview with James Carville on the May 8 show , however , was conducted via satellite . Changes in 2012 ( edit ) HBO renewed the show on April 24 , 2012 , for two more seasons through 2013 -- 14 . The first episode of Season 11 aired on January 18 , 2013 , retaining its format of an initial monologue from Maher , a one - on - one interview with a guest , then turning to a discussion panel of three guests , and ending with `` New Rules '' . A new addition to the format is that of a fourth or `` mid-guest '' , who comes in at approximately the halfway point of the show , bringing their own issue to the table and discussing it with the entire panel . Changes in 2017 ( edit ) In 2017 , Real Time debuted a new theme song and a new set . The new theme song continues in the path of its predecessor by showcasing important political events including the election of Donald Trump as the 45th President of the United States . The new season retained the basic format of the show -- a top of the show guest , a table discussion and a mid-show guest . The biggest change in terms of set design has been that the main table where Bill Maher and two -- three guests discuss current political events is moved closer to the audience after the top of the show interview is completed . In addition to this , some mid-show guests including Leah Remini , Jake Tapper and Ralph Reed have been interviewed on a separate side table . Though mid-show guests like Remini and Tapper have not taken part in any discussion on the main show after their interview or appeared on Overtime , the segment which is broadcast on YouTube , other guests like Reed have . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Real Time with Bill Maher episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 20 February 21 , 2003 ( 2003 - 02 - 21 ) September 26 , 2003 ( 2003 - 09 - 26 ) 23 January 16 , 2004 ( 2004 - 01 - 16 ) November 5 , 2004 ( 2004 - 11 - 05 ) 23 February 18 , 2005 ( 2005 - 02 - 18 ) November 4 , 2005 ( 2005 - 11 - 04 ) 24 February 17 , 2006 ( 2006 - 02 - 17 ) November 17 , 2006 ( 2006 - 11 - 17 ) 5 24 February 16 , 2007 ( 2007 - 02 - 16 ) November 2 , 2007 ( 2007 - 11 - 02 ) 6 27 January 11 , 2008 ( 2008 - 01 - 11 ) November 14 , 2008 ( 2008 - 11 - 14 ) 7 31 February 20 , 2009 ( 2009 - 02 - 20 ) October 16 , 2009 ( 2009 - 10 - 16 ) 8 25 February 19 , 2010 ( 2010 - 02 - 19 ) November 12 , 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 12 ) 9 35 January 14 , 2011 ( 2011 - 01 - 14 ) November 11 , 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 11 ) 10 35 January 13 , 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 13 ) November 16 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 16 ) 11 35 January 18 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 18 ) November 22 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 22 ) 12 35 January 17 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 17 ) November 21 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 21 ) 13 35 January 9 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 09 ) November 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 20 ) 14 38 January 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 15 ) November 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 11 ) 15 35 January 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 20 ) November 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 17 ) 16 TBA January 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 19 ) TBA Reception ( edit ) Reviews ( edit ) Larry King calls Real Time `` one of the best shows on television '' . Maher was a regular guest on Larry King Live as well as co-host at various times , and co-emcee of the final show , along with Ryan Seacrest . Common Sense Media 's website says , `` Comedian Bill Maher is very funny , very well - informed , and very insightful , but he 's also very crass . '' It later says , `` Maher also expects his audience to have plenty of tolerance for blue humor . His jokes are profane and riddled with explicit sexual references , and he often pokes fun at the use and abuse of alcohol and other intoxicants . It 's funny , but it 's very much aimed at adults . '' The site gives Real Time with Bill Maher an `` overall quality '' rating of 4 out of 5 stars . Ruthless Reviews was also positive , saying , `` Maher 's show is as good as ever , which means that the sacred and the profane continue to be discussed with intelligence , humor , and the occasional silliness '' and that it `` works so well because he selects provocative guests and I ca n't remember the panel ever having a dull conversation . Maher is smart and witty ( and clearly in control ) , which means that he wo n't let his guests get away with bullshit . '' Fareed Zakaria has referred to Maher as `` one of the most astute political observers of our time '' . Books ( edit ) Two books by Maher based on the show have been published , New Rules : Polite Musings from a Timid Observer , by Rodale Books in 2005 and The New New Rules : A Funny Look at How Everybody but Me Has Their Head Up Their Ass , by Blue Rider Press in 2011 . Award Nominations ( edit ) The show has been nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Variety Series every year from 2005 through 2014 and Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Variety Talk Series in 2016 & 2017 . See also ( edit ) Inside Washington Agronsky & Co . Washington Week Gordon Peterson References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Shavoni and Buster Discography '' . Discogs.com . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 03 . Jump up ^ Holloway , Daniel ( September 6 , 2017 ) . `` Bill Maher 's ' Real Time ' Renewed by HBO Through 2020 '' . Variety . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Sharon Waxman ( 2009 - 10 - 08 ) . `` Bill Maher : Grilled '' . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Real Time with Bill Maher : Seasons : Episodes '' . HBO . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Real Time with Bill Maher -- Download free podcast episodes by HBO Podcasts on iTunes '' . Phobos.apple.com . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Real Time with Bill Maher '' . Hbo.com . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 12 . Jump up ^ Online , HBO . `` HBO Talk Moving To Social Platforms '' . Jump up ^ Real Time with Bill Maher 's channel on YouTube Jump up ^ `` Broadcast Yourself '' . YouTube . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 12 . Jump up ^ O'Connell , Michael ( 25 September 2014 ) . `` John Oliver 's Talk Show Ratings Edging Out HBO Colleague Bill Maher '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 7 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Religulous Jump up ^ `` Maher and Moore beg Nader not to run in ' 04 '' . YouTube . 2006 - 11 - 30 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 12 . Jump up ^ McGreal , Chris ( 2010 - 09 - 20 ) . `` Christine O'Donnell : I dabbled in witchcraft '' . The Guardian . London : Guardian News and Media Limited . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` The Midterms ' Media Mainstays '' . Project for Excellence in Journalism . Retrieved 3 August 2011 . Jump up ^ McGlynn , Katia ( 2010 - 10 - 10 ) . `` ' SNL ' Does The Best Parody Of Christine O'Donnell's ' Not A Witch ' Ad Yet '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Elvira Spoofs Christine O'Donnell's ' I 'm Not A Witch ' Ad '' . Huffington Post . 2010 - 10 - 20 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ Parker , Ashley ( 2010 - 10 - 26 ) . `` '' I 'm Not A Witch '' -- The Remix `` . The Ca10 - 2626 - 10 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ Tom Diemer ( 2010 - 10 - 21 ) . `` Christine O'Donnell Regrets ' I 'm Not a Witch ' Ad '' . Politics Daily . Jump up ^ `` Bill Maher says sorry to ' witch ' Christine O'Donnell - Kevin Cirilli '' . Politico.Com . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Breaking News - HBO Renews `` Real Time With Bill Maher '' for Its 11th and 12th Seasons `` . TheFutonCritic.com. 2012 - 04 - 24 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` '' Real Time with Bill Maher '' Episode # 11.1 ( TV episode 2013 ) - IMDb : `` . IMDb.com . Retrieved 27 Apr 2013 . Jump up ^ `` HBO Real Time Guests : Friday Feb. 1 , 2013 '' . Facebook . 23 January 2013 . Retrieved 27 Apr 2013 . Jump up ^ `` HBO 's ' Real Time ' returns for new season with overhaul '' . Jump up ^ `` CNN.com - Transcripts '' . Transcripts.cnn.com. 2004 - 11 - 23 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Maher helps Larry King say goodbye '' . Mediaite . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2010 . Retrieved August 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Rowe , Douglas J. ( December 16 , 2010 ) . `` Surrounded by Famous Fans , Larry King Ends His 25 - Year Run on CNN '' . TV Guide . Retrieved November 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Real Time with Bill Maher - Television Review '' . Common Sense Media . Retrieved 27 Apr 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Television Review of Real Time '' . RuthlessReviews.com ( archived ) . 23 Nov 2008 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 11 - 23 . Retrieved 27 Apr 2013 . Jump up ^ `` CNN.com - Transcripts '' . edition.cnn.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Real Time with Bill Maher -- Awards & Nominations '' . Academy of Television Arts & Sciences . Retrieved August 1 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Official website Real Time with Bill Maher on IMDb Real Time with Bill Maher at TV.com Bill Maher Television Politically Incorrect ( 1993 -- 2002 ) Real Time with Bill Maher ( since 2003 ) Film Religulous ( 2008 ) Books True Story : A Novel When You Ride Alone You Ride with bin Laden New Rules : Polite Musings from a Timid Observer The New New Rules : A Funny Look at How Everybody but Me Has Their Head Up Their Ass Specials I 'm Swiss ( 2005 ) Bill Maher : The Decider ( 2007 ) But I 'm Not Wrong ( 2010 ) Bill Maher : Live from D.C. ( 2014 ) Real Time with Bill Maher seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 HBO programming Former Series 1970s debuts Inside the NFL On Location Race for the Pennant Standing Room Only ( `` Vanities '' ) Tennis on HBO Time Was 1980s debuts 1st & Ten America Undercover ( `` Autopsy '' , `` Real Sex '' and `` Taxicab Confessions '' ) Babar Braingames Encyclopedia Encyclopedia Brown Fraggle Rock The Ghost of Faffner Hall The Hitchhiker The Kids in the Hall Maximum Security Not Necessarily the News One Night Stand Philip Marlowe , Private Eye The Ray Bradbury Theater The Storyteller Tales from the Crypt Video Jukebox 1990s debuts The Adventures of Tintin Arliss The Chris Rock Show The Country Mouse and the City Mouse Adventures Crashbox Def Comedy Jam Dennis Miller Live Dream On George and Martha Happily Ever After : Fairy Tales for Every Child HBO Comedy Half - Hour Hotel Room The Larry Sanders Show Lifestories : Families in Crisis A Little Curious The Little Lulu Show Mokku of the Oak Tree Mr. Show with Bob and David The Neverending Story Oz Perversions of Science Pippi Longstocking Rainbow Fish Reverb Sex and the City The Sopranos Spicy City Tenacious D Todd McFarlane 's Spawn Tracey Takes On ... 2000s debuts Animated Tales of the World Big Love Bored to Death Carnivàle Cathouse : The Series Classical Baby Costas Now Da Ali G Show Deadwood Def Poetry Jam Eastbound & Down The Electric Company Entourage Extras Flight of the Conchords G String Divas Harold and the Purple Crayon Hung I Spy In Treatment Joe Buck Live John from Cincinnati K Street Kindergarten KO Nation The Life & Times of Tim Little Britain USA Lucky Louie The Mind of the Married Man The No. 1 Ladies ' Detective Agency On the Record with Bob Costas Pinky Dinky Doo Pornucopia Project Greenlight Rome Six Feet Under Stuart Little : The Animated Series Summer Heights High Tales from the Neverending Story Tell Me You Love Me True Blood Tourgasm Unscripted The Wire 2010s debuts After the Thrones Angry Boys Any Given Wednesday with Bill Simmons Boardwalk Empire The Brink Doll & Em Enlightened Family Tree Funny or Die Presents Getting On Girls Hello Ladies How to Make It in America Ja'mie : Private School Girl Jonah from Tonga The Leftovers Life 's Too Short Looking Luck Masterclass The Newsroom The Ricky Gervais Show Togetherness Treme Vice Principals Vinyl Miniseries All the Rivers Run Angels in America Assume the Position with Mr. Wuhl Band of Brothers The Casual Vacancy The Corner Elizabeth I Empire Falls From the Earth to the Moon Foo Fighters : Sonic Highways Generation Kill House of Saddam The Jinx : The Life and Deaths of Robert Durst John Adams Laurel Avenue Mildred Pierce Mosaic The Night Of Olive Kitteridge The Pacific Parade 's End Show Me a Hero Tanner ' 88 Current and upcoming Current All Def Comedy ( since 2016 ) Animals . ( since 2016 ) Ballers ( since 2015 ) Big Little Lies ( since 2017 ) Boxing After Dark ( since 1996 ) The Comeback ( 2005 ; since 2014 ) Crashing ( since 2017 ) Curb Your Enthusiasm ( since 2000 ) The Deuce ( since 2017 ) Divorce ( since 2016 ) Game of Thrones ( since 2011 ) Hard Knocks ( since 2001 ) HBO World Championship Boxing ( since 1973 ) Here and Now ( since 2018 ) High Maintenance ( since 2016 ) Insecure ( since 2016 ) Last Week Tonight with John Oliver ( since 2014 ) Real Sports with Bryant Gumbel ( since 1995 ) Real Time with Bill Maher ( since 2003 ) Room 104 ( since 2017 ) Sesame Street ( since 2016 ) Silicon Valley ( since 2014 ) Tracey Ullman 's Show ( since 2016 ) True Detective ( since 2014 ) Veep ( since 2012 ) Vice ( since 2013 ) Vice News Tonight ( since 2016 ) Westworld ( since 2016 ) The Young Pope ( since 2017 ) Upcoming American Lion ( TBA ) Barry ( 2018 ) Camping ( TBA ) Chernobyl ( TBA ) Confederate ( TBA ) Demimonde ( TBA ) Esme and Roy ( TBA ) Gentleman Jack ( TBA ) Sharp Objects ( 2018 ) Succession ( 2018 ) See also HBO Storybook Musicals HBO Latin America original series HBO Canada original series Current late night talk and news satire comedy shows in the United States Network ABC Jimmy Kimmel Live ! CBS The Late Show with Stephen Colbert The Late Late Show with James Corden NBC The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon Late Night with Seth Meyers Last Call with Carson Daly Cable BET The Rundown with Robin Thede Bravo Watch What Happens Live with Andy Cohen Comedy Central The Jim Jefferies Show The Daily Show with Trevor Noah The Opposition with Jordan Klepper The President Show Fox News The Greg Gutfeld Show HBO Real Time with Bill Maher Last Week Tonight with John Oliver National Geographic StarTalk TBS Conan Full Frontal with Samantha Bee TruTV The Chris Gethard Show Streaming Hulu I Love You , America with Sarah Silverman See also Morning Daytime talk Evening news Late night Overnight news Sunday talk Newsmagazines Tabloid Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Real_Time_with_Bill_Maher&oldid=825395156 '' Categories : 2003 American television series debuts 2000s American satirical television series 2010s American satirical television series American television talk shows Criticism of political correctness English - language television programs HBO network shows Liberalism in the United States Progressivism in the United States Television shows filmed in Los Angeles Television series by Brad Grey Television Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia עברית Português Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 February 2018 , at 04 : 02 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when does real time with bill maher start again 2018 | [
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-9218899977338994404 | New York Rangers | New York Rangers - Wikipedia New York Rangers Jump to : navigation , search New York Rangers 2017 -- 18 New York Rangers season Conference Eastern Division Metropolitan Founded 1926 History New York Rangers 1926 -- present Home arena Madison Square Garden City New York City , New York Colors Blue , red , white Media MSG MSG Plus ESPN ( 98.7 FM ) ESPN Deportes ( 1050 AM ) NBCSN Owner ( s ) The Madison Square Garden Company ( James Dolan , chairman ) General manager Jeff Gorton Head coach Alain Vigneault Captain Ryan McDonagh Minor league affiliates Hartford Wolf Pack ( AHL ) Greenville Swamp Rabbits ( ECHL ) Stanley Cups 4 ( 1927 -- 28 , 1932 -- 33 , 1939 -- 40 , 1993 -- 94 ) Conference championships 2 ( 1993 -- 94 , 2013 -- 14 ) Presidents ' Trophy 3 ( 1991 -- 92 , 1993 -- 94 , 2014 -- 15 ) Division championships 8 ( 1926 -- 27 , 1931 -- 32 , 1941 -- 42 , 1989 -- 90 , 1991 -- 92 , 1993 -- 94 , 2011 -- 12 , 2014 -- 15 ) Official website nhl.com/rangers The New York Rangers are a professional ice hockey team based in New York City . They are members of the Metropolitan Division of the Eastern Conference of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . The team plays its home games at Madison Square Garden , located in the borough of Manhattan . The Rangers are one of three NHL franchises in the New York metropolitan area , along with the New Jersey Devils and New York Islanders . The club is also one of the oldest teams in the NHL , having joined in 1926 as an expansion franchise . They are part of the group of teams referred to as the Original Six , along with the Boston Bruins , Chicago Blackhawks , Detroit Red Wings , Montreal Canadiens and Toronto Maple Leafs . The Rangers were the first NHL franchise in the United States to win the Stanley Cup , which they have done four times , most recently in 1993 -- 94 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Early years ( 1926 -- 1967 ) 1.2 Post-Original Six era ( 1967 -- 1993 ) 1.3 Ending the curse and expensive acquisitions ( 1993 -- 2004 ) 1.4 Post-lockout revival ( 2004 -- 2015 ) 1.4. 1 Return to the Final and third Presidents ' Trophy 1.5 Jeff Gorton era ( 2015 -- present ) 2 Uniforms 3 Season - by - season record 4 Players and personnel 4.1 Current roster 4.2 Team captains 4.3 General managers 4.4 Head coaches 5 Team and league honors 5.1 Retired numbers 5.2 Hall - of - Famers ( Hockey Hall of Fame ) 5.2. 1 Players 5.2. 2 Builders 5.2. 3 Broadcasters ( Foster Hewitt Memorial Award ) 5.3 First - round draft picks 5.4 Single - season records 5.5 Franchise scoring leaders 5.6 NHL awards and trophies 6 Broadcast history 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links History ( edit ) Main article : History of the New York Rangers Early years ( 1926 -- 1967 ) ( edit ) George Lewis `` Tex '' Rickard , president of Madison Square Garden , was awarded an NHL franchise for the 1926 -- 27 season to compete with the now - defunct New York Americans , who had begun play at the Garden the previous season . The Americans ( also known as the `` Amerks '' ) proved to be an even greater success than expected during their inaugural season , leading Rickard to pursue a second team for the Garden despite promising the Amerks that they would be the only hockey team to play there . The new team was quickly nicknamed `` Tex 's Rangers '' . Tex Rickard , president of Madison Square Garden , was awarded the Rangers in 1926 . Rickard 's franchise began play in the 1926 -- 27 season . The first team crest was a horse sketched in blue carrying a cowboy waving a hockey stick aloft , before being changed to the familiar R-A-N-G-E-R-S in diagonal . Rickard managed to get future legendary Toronto Maple Leafs owner Conn Smythe to assemble the team . However , Smythe had a falling - out with Rickard 's hockey man , Col. John S. Hammond , and was fired as manager - coach on the eve of the first season -- he was paid a then - hefty $2,500 to leave . Smythe was replaced by Pacific Coast Hockey Association co-founder Lester Patrick . The new team Smythe assembled turned out to be a winner . The Rangers won the American Division title their first year but lost to the Boston Bruins in the playoffs . The team 's early success led to players becoming minor celebrities and fixtures in New York City 's Roaring Twenties ' nightlife . It was also during this time , playing at the Garden on 48th Street , blocks away from Times Square , that the Rangers obtained their now - famous nickname `` The Broadway Blueshirts . '' On December 13 , 1929 , the New York Rangers became the first team in the NHL to travel by plane when they hired the Curtiss - Wright Corporation to fly them to Toronto for a game against the Toronto Maple Leafs , which they would lose 7 -- 6 . In only their second season , the Rangers won the Stanley Cup , defeating the Montreal Maroons three games to two . One of the most memorable stories that emerged from the Finals involved Patrick playing in goal at the age of 44 . At the time , teams were not required to dress a backup goaltender , so when the Rangers ' starting goaltender , Lorne Chabot , left a game with an eye injury , Maroons Head Coach Eddie Gerard vetoed his original choice for a replacement ( who was Alex Connell , another NHL goalie of the old Ottawa Senators who was in attendance for the game ) . An angry Patrick lined up between the pipes for two periods in game two of the Stanley Cup Finals , allowing one goal to Maroons center Nels Stewart . Frank Boucher would eventually score the game - winning goal in overtime for New York . After a loss to the Bruins in the 1928 -- 29 finals and an early struggle in the early 1930s , the Rangers , led by brothers Bill and Bun Cook on the right and left wings , respectively , and Frank Boucher at center , would defeat the Maple Leafs in the 1932 -- 33 best - of - five finals three games to one to win their second Stanley Cup , exacting revenge on the Leafs ' `` Kid line '' of Busher Jackson , Joe Primeau and Charlie Conacher . The Rangers would spend the rest of the 1930s playing close to 0.500 hockey until their next Cup win . Lester Patrick stepped down as head coach and was replaced by Frank Boucher . The Bread Line was the Rangers ' first notable line . Consisting of Bill Cook , Bun Cook and Frank Boucher , they played together from 1926 to 1937 . In 1939 -- 40 season , the Rangers finished the regular season in second place behind Boston . The two teams would then meet in the first round of the playoffs . The Bruins gained a two - games - to - one series lead from New York , but the Rangers recovered to win three - straight games , defeating the first - place Bruins four games to two . The Rangers ' first round victory gave them a bye until the finals . The Detroit Red Wings defeated the New York Americans in their first round best - of - three series two games to one ( even as the Americans had analytical and notorious ex-Bruins star Eddie Shore ) , and the Toronto Maple Leafs ousted the Chicago Black Hawks two games to none . The Maple Leafs and Red Wings then played a best - of - three series to determine who would go on to play the Rangers in the Cup Finals , where Toronto swept Detroit , thus determining the Finals match - up . The 1940 Stanley Cup Finals commenced in Madison Square Garden in New York . The first two games went to the Rangers . In game one , the Rangers needed overtime to gain a 1 -- 0 series lead , but they won game two more easily with a 6 -- 2 victory . The series then shifted to Toronto , where the Maple Leafs won the next two games , tying the series at two games apiece . In both games five and six , the Rangers won in overtime , taking the series four games to two to earn their third Stanley Cup . The Rangers , however , would collapse by the mid-1940s , losing games by as much as 15 -- 0 and having one goaltender post a 6.20 goals against average ( GAA ) . They would then miss the playoffs for five consecutive seasons before they earned the fourth and final playoff spot in 1948 . They lost in the first round and would miss the playoffs again in 1948 -- 49 season . In the 1950 Stanley Cup Finals , the Rangers were forced to play all of their games on the road ( home games in Toronto ) while the circus was held at the Garden . They would eventually lose to the Detroit Red Wings in overtime in the seventh game of the finals . During this time , Red Wings owner James E. Norris became the largest stockholder in the Garden . However , he did not buy controlling interest in the arena , which would have violated the NHL 's rule against one person owning more than one team . Nonetheless , he had enough support on the board to exercise de facto control . The Rangers remained a mark of futility in the NHL for most of the remainder of the Original Six era , missing the playoffs in 12 of the next 16 years . However , the team was rejuvenated in the late 1960s , symbolized by moving into the fourth version of Madison Square Garden in 1968 . A year earlier , they made the playoffs for the first time in five years on the strength of rookie goaltender Eddie Giacomin and acquired 1950s Montreal Canadiens star right wing Bernie `` Boom Boom '' Geoffrion . Post-original six era ( 1967 -- 1993 ) ( edit ) The Rangers made the Finals twice in the 1970s , but lost both times to two ' 70s powerhouses ; in six games to the Boston Bruins in 1972 , who were led by such stars as Bobby Orr , Phil Esposito , Ken Hodge , Johnny Bucyk and Wayne Cashman ; and in five games to the Canadiens in 1979 , who had Bob Gainey , Guy Lafleur , Larry Robinson , Ken Dryden , Guy Lapointe and Serge Savard . By 1971 -- 72 , the Rangers reached the Stanley Cup Finals despite losing high - scoring center Jean Ratelle ( who had been on pace over Bruin Phil Esposito to become the first Ranger since Bryan Hextall in 1942 to lead the NHL in scoring ) to injury during the stretch drive of the regular season . The strength of players such as Brad Park , Jean Ratelle , Vic Hadfield and Rod Gilbert ( the last three constructing the famed `` GAG line '' , standing for `` goal - a-game '' ) would still carry them through the playoffs . They would defeat the defending - champion Canadiens in the first round and the Chicago Black Hawks in the second , but lost to the Bruins in the finals . Jean Ratelle played with the Rangers from 1960 to 1975 , helping the Rangers reach the playoffs during the expansion era . The Rangers played a legendary Conference Semi-final series against the Philadelphia Flyers in the 1973 -- 74 playoffs , losing in seven games and becoming the first of the Original Six teams to lose a playoff series to a 1967 expansion team . This series was noted for a game seven fight between Dale Rolfe of the Rangers and Dave Schultz of the Flyers . The Rangers ' new rivals , the New York Islanders , who entered the League in 1972 after paying a hefty territorial fee -- some $4 million -- to the Rangers , were their first round opponents in 1975 . After splitting the first two games , the Islanders defeated the more - established Rangers 11 seconds into overtime of the deciding game three , establishing a rivalry that continued to grow for years . After some off years in the mid-to - late 1970s , New York acquired Esposito and Carol Vadnais from the Bruins for Park , Ratelle and Joe Zanussi in 1975 , while Swedish stars Anders Hedberg and Ulf Nilsson would jump to the Rangers from the League 's rival , the World Hockey Association ( WHA ) . In 1979 , New York then defeated the surging Islanders in the Conference Semi-finals and would return to the Finals again before bowing out to the Canadiens . The Islanders got their revenge , however , eliminating the Rangers in four consecutive playoff series beginning in 1981 en route to their second of four consecutive Stanley Cup titles . The Rangers stayed competitive through the 1980s and early 1990s , making the playoffs each year . In the 1985 -- 86 playoffs , the Rangers , behind the play of rookie goaltender John Vanbiesbrouck , upended the Patrick Division - winning Flyers in five games followed by a six - game win over the Washington Capitals in the Patrick Division Finals . Montreal , however , disposed of the Rangers in the Wales Conference Finals behind a rookie goaltender of their own , Patrick Roy . The next year , the Rangers acquired superstar center Marcel Dionne after almost 12 years as a Los Angeles King . In 1988 , Dionne moved into third place in career goals scored ( since bettered by Brett Hull ) . `` Because you love the game so much , you think it will never end '' , said Dionne , who spent nine games in the minors before retiring in 1989 . He would only play 49 playoff games in 17 seasons with the Rangers , Kings and Detroit Red Wings . Frustration was at its peak when the 1991 -- 92 squad captured the Presidents ' Trophy . They took a 2 -- 1 series lead on the defending champion Pittsburgh Penguins and then faltered in three - straight ( some observers note a Ron Francis slapshot from the blue line that eluded goaltender Mike Richter as the series ' turning point ) . The following year , injuries and a 1 -- 11 regular season finish landed the Rangers at the bottom of the Patrick Division after being in a playoff position for much of the season . Head Coach Roger Neilson did not finish the season . During this period , the Rangers were owned by Gulf + Western , which was renamed to Paramount Communications in 1989 , and sold to Viacom in 1994 . Viacom then sold the team to ITT Corporation and Cablevision , and a couple of years later , ITT sold their ownership stake to Cablevision , who owned the team until 2010 , when they spun off the MSG properties as their own company . Ending the Curse and expensive acquisitions ( 1993 -- 2004 ) ( edit ) The 1993 -- 94 season was a successful one for Rangers fans , as Mike Keenan led the Rangers to their first Stanley Cup championship in 54 years . Two years prior , they picked up center Mark Messier , a part of the Edmonton Oilers ' Cup - winning teams . Other ex-Oilers on the Rangers included Adam Graves , Kevin Lowe , Jeff Beukeboom , Esa Tikkanen , Craig MacTavish and Glenn Anderson . Graves would set a team record with 52 goals , breaking the prior record of 50 , held by Vic Hadfield . The Rangers clinched the Presidents ' Trophy by finishing with the best record in the NHL at 52 -- 24 -- 8 , setting a franchise record with 112 points earned . The Rangers successfully made it past the first two rounds of the playoffs , sweeping the New York Islanders , and then defeating the Washington Capitals in five games . However , in the Conference Finals against the third - seeded New Jersey Devils , the Rangers lost the series opener at home in double overtime , but won the next two games before the Devils defeated them 3 -- 1 and 4 -- 1 . The series headed back to the Meadowlands for the sixth game , in which Messier scored three times in the final period to lead the Rangers to a 4 -- 2 win and set up a seventh game back at Madison Square Garden . The Rangers won game seven 2 -- 1 , when Stéphane Matteau scored a goal in double overtime , leading the team to the Finals for the first time since 1979 . The Rangers acquired Wayne Gretzky as a free agent in the 1996 off - season . Up against the Vancouver Canucks , the Rangers again lost the series opener at home in overtime . The Rangers bounced back and they won the next three games , allowing the Canucks just four goals . However , the Canucks won the next two 6 -- 3 and 4 -- 1 to set up a seventh game , for the second consecutive series , at home . In the seventh game , the Rangers took a 2 -- 0 first period lead , with Messier scoring later to put the Rangers up 3 -- 1 , the eventual Cup winning goal as the home team won 3 -- 2 , becoming the first ( and to this date , the only ) player to captain two teams to the Stanley Cup . Brian Leetch became the first American - born player to win the Conn Smythe Trophy as playoff MVP , while Alexander Karpovtsev , Alexei Kovalev , Sergei Nemchinov and Sergei Zubov became the first Russians to have their names engraved on the Cup . Despite having coached the Rangers to a regular season first - place finish and the Stanley Cup , Head Coach Mike Keenan left after a dispute with General Manager Neil Smith . During the 1994 -- 95 lockout - shortened season , the Rangers won their first - round series with the Quebec Nordiques , but lost in the second round of the playoffs to the Philadelphia Flyers in four games with succeeding Head Coach Colin Campbell . General Manager Neil Smith orchestrated a deal that sent Sergei Zubov and center Petr Nedved to Pittsburgh in exchange for defenseman Ulf Samuelsson and left winger Luc Robitaille in the summer of 1995 . The next season , the Rangers defeated the Canadiens in six games but lost their second - round series to the Penguins in five games . The then Rangers acquired Wayne Gretzky in 1996 . Gretzky 's greatest accomplishment with the Rangers was leading them to the 1997 Eastern Conference Finals , where they lost 4 -- 1 to the Flyers , who were then led by Eric Lindros . Mark Messier , a former Oiler teammate of Gretzky 's , left in the summer of 1997 and the team failed in a bid to replace him with Colorado Avalanche superstar Joe Sakic . The Rangers would go on to miss the playoffs for seven consecutive seasons , finishing no higher than fourth in their division . In March 2000 , Smith was fired along with Head Coach John Muckler , and , that summer , James Dolan hired Glen Sather to replace him . By the end of the 2000 -- 01 season , the Rangers had landed a significant amount of star power . Messier had returned to New York , Theoren Fleury joined the Rangers after spending most of his career with the Calgary Flames and Eric Lindros was traded to the Rangers by the Flyers . The Rangers also acquired Pavel Bure late in the 2001 -- 02 season from the Florida Panthers . It was also the rookie season of goalie Dan Blackburn , who made the NHL All - Rookie Team even as the Rangers fell back to last place in the Conference , and finished out of the playoffs . Later years saw other stars such as Alexei Kovalev , Jaromir Jagr , Martin Rucinsky and Bobby Holik added , but in 2002 -- 03 and 2003 -- 04 , the team again missed the playoffs . Blackburn started strongly in 2002 -- 03 , but burned out after 17 games . He missed 2003 -- 04 due to mononucleosis and a damaged nerve in his left shoulder . Blackburn could not rehabilitate the damaged nerve , and was forced to retire at the age of 22 . Post-lockout revival ( 2004 -- 2015 ) ( edit ) This article may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may only interest a specific audience . Please help by spinning off or relocating any relevant information , and removing excessive detail that may be against Wikipedia 's inclusion policy . ( May 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Towards the end of the 2003 -- 04 season , General Manager Glen Sather finally gave in to a rebuilding process by trading away Brian Leetch , Alexei Kovalev , and eight others for numerous prospects and draft picks . With the retirements of Pavel Bure and Mark Messier , as well as Eric Lindros signing with the Toronto Maple Leafs , the post-lockout Rangers , under new head coach Tom Renney , moved away from high - priced veterans towards a group of talented young players , such as Petr Prucha , Dominic Moore and Blair Betts . However , the focus of the team remained on veteran superstar Jaromir Jagr . The Rangers were expected to struggle during the 2005 -- 06 season for their eighth consecutive season out of the post-season . For example , Sports Illustrated declared them the worst team in the League in their season preview , but behind stellar performances by Swedish rookie goaltender Henrik Lundqvist , Martin Straka , Prucha and Jagr , the Rangers finished the season with their best record since 1993 -- 94 ( 44 -- 26 -- 12 ) . Jaromír Jágr was an instrumental part of the Rangers in the years following the lock - out . He played with the Rangers from 2004 to 2008 . Jagr broke the Rangers ' single - season points record with a first - period assist in a 5 -- 1 win against the New York Islanders on March 29 , 2006 . The assist gave him 110 points on the season , breaking Jean Ratelle 's record . Less than two weeks later , on April 8 , Jagr scored his 53rd goal of the season against the Boston Bruins , breaking the club record previously held by Adam Graves . Two games prior , on April 4 , the Rangers defeated the Philadelphia Flyers 3 -- 2 , in a shootout , to clinch a playoff spot for the first time since the 1996 -- 97 season . On April 18 , the Rangers lost to the Ottawa Senators 5 -- 1 , and , due to wins by Division rivals New Jersey and Philadelphia , the Rangers fell back to third place in the Atlantic and sixth in the Eastern Conference to end the season . In the Eastern Conference Quarterfinals , the Rangers drew a matchup with the Devils and were defeated in a four - game sweep . In the process , they were outscored 17 -- 4 , as New Jersey goaltender Martin Brodeur took two shutouts and a 1.00 GAA to Lundqvist 's 4.25 . In the first game of the series , Jagr suffered an undisclosed injury to his left shoulder , diminishing his usefulness as the series progressed . He missed game two of the series and was back in the lineup for game three , though he was held to just one shot on goal . On his first shift of game four , however , Jagr re-injured his shoulder and was unable to return for the remainder of the game . Jagr fell two points short of winning his sixth Art Ross Trophy as scoring champion in 2005 -- 06 ( the San Jose Sharks ' Joe Thornton claimed the award , his first , with 125 points ) , but Jagr did win his third Pearson Award as the players ' choice for the most outstanding player . On opening night of the 2006 -- 07 season , Jagr was named the first team captain since Mark Messier 's retirement . With the Rangers doing so well in 2005 -- 06 , expectations were raised for the 2006 -- 07 season , evidenced by Sports Illustrated then predicting the Rangers would finish first in their division . Realizing that the team had trouble scoring goals in the 2005 -- 06 campaign , the Rangers went out and signed long - time Detroit Red Wing Brendan Shanahan to a one - year contract . However , the organization remained committed to its rebuilding program despite the signing of the 37 - year - old left winger . Though the Rangers started a bit slow in the first half of the 2006 -- 07 season , the second half was dominated by the stellar goaltending of Henrik Lundqvist . The acquisition of Sean Avery brought new life to the team , and the Rangers finished ahead of the Tampa Bay Lightning and the New York Islanders to face the Atlanta Thrashers in the first round of the playoffs . The Rangers swept the series thanks to play from all around the ice . However , the Rangers lost the next round to the Buffalo Sabres by four games to two . John Tortorella was named the team 's head coach in 2009 , maintaining the position until 2013 . At the 2007 NHL Entry Draft , the Rangers chose Alexei Cherepanov 17th overall . Cherepanov had been ranked by the NHL Central Scouting Bureau as the number one European skater and was considered to be a top five pick leading up to the draft , but fell due to teams being unsure whether he would ever come to the NHL from Russia . The 2007 free agency season started with a bang for the Rangers , signing two high - profile centerman , Scott Gomez from New Jersey on a seven - year , $51.5 million contract , as well as Chris Drury from Buffalo on a five - year , $32.25 million deal . The moves , along with retaining most other key players , have been met favorably , as the Rangers appeared to be strong Stanley Cup contenders , making the playoffs for the third consecutive season and the second round for the second season in a row . Despite these streaks , however , the Rangers failed to meet expectations , losing their second round series four games to one to the Pittsburgh Penguins . The Rangers were one of four NHL teams to open their 2008 -- 09 season in Europe , being featured in the Victoria Cup final , defeating the European Champions Cup winner Metallurg Magnitogorsk in Bern , Switzerland . The Rangers followed by playing two NHL regular - season games against Tampa Bay in Prague on October 4 and 5 , winning both games by 2 -- 1 scorelines . A successful start to the season , however , was tempered with by the news of the death of 2007 first - round pick Alexei Cherepanov on October 13 , 2008 . After a disappointing second half of the season , coach Tom Renney was fired , with 2004 Stanley Cup winner John Tortorella named as his replacement . The Rangers made the 2009 playoffs , but lost their opening round series to the Washington Capitals four games to three after having a 3 -- 1 series lead and a three chances to close the series . In the 2009 -- 10 season , the Rangers failed to make the playoffs for the first time in five years . There was some criticism that the off - season acquisition of superstar Marian Gaborik , amongst other top - tier players , had not paid off ; Gaborik , however , scored 42 goals in the season , an impressive return for the team . In spite of a strong start ( 8 -- 2 ) to the season , the Rangers appeared to play inconsistently with numerous losing streaks . By March 2010 , the Rangers were in danger of falling out of the 2010 playoff race entirely , but they registered a respectable 7 -- 1 -- 2 record to finish the season . The final two games of the season were a home - and - home against the Philadelphia Flyers . The first was April 9 , 2010 , in New York , and the Rangers skated away with the victory , keeping their post-season hopes alive . The final game of the season would become the deciding game to see who would make the playoffs . The Flyers peppered the Rangers goalie Henrik Lundqvist with 47 shots , but only scored once . The game would then go into a shootout , seeing the Flyers prevail to move on to the playoffs despite the strong overall finish to the season by the Rangers . On September 12 , 2011 , Ryan Callahan was named the 26th captain in Rangers history . For the 2010 -- 11 season , the Rangers waived defenseman Wade Redden and brought in several players to achieve more balanced scoring . They wore a third jersey for the first time in several years . On November 12 , the Rangers unveiled the new Heritage Jersey for the first time at the rink at Rockefeller Center in a special ceremony featuring Rangers alumni and current players discussing the history of the storied franchise . The club wore the jersey for the first time on November 17 when they played the Boston Bruins at Madison Square Garden . The jersey was to be worn every time the Rangers play an Original Six team , or on a Sunday afternoon game at home . The Rangers ' fate of making or missing the playoffs would come down to the final day of the regular season for the second - straight year . The team defeated the New Jersey Devils on the final day of the season to finish with 93 points on the year . In order to qualify for the 2011 playoffs , however , they would need the Carolina Hurricanes to lose their final game of the season , as Carolina owned the tiebreaker as both teams finished with the same number of points . Carolina ultimately did indeed lose its final game to Tampa Bay , 6 -- 2 , putting the Rangers in the playoffs after missing - out the previous season . The Rangers would then go on to face Washington in the first round . After blowing a 3 -- 0 third period lead in game four , with Washington ahead in the best - of - seven series two games to one , the Rangers would go on to lose the series in five games . It was the second time in three years that the Capitals eliminated the Rangers from the playoffs . On May 13 , 2011 , Derek Boogaard , a player whom the Rangers signed for four years , was found dead in his Minnesota apartment . On July 2 , 2011 , Brad Richards , an unrestricted free agent who had played with the Dallas Stars during the prior season , signed a nine - year , $60 million contract to play for the Rangers . On September 12 , 2011 , Ryan Callahan was named the 26th captain in New York Rangers history . He became the fifth - youngest captain in team history . Brad Richards and Marc Staal were named alternate captains on the same day . In the 2011 -- 12 season , the Rangers finished as the top seed in the Eastern Conference . Recording 51 wins , 24 regulation losses and seven overtime losses , the team finished with 109 points for the regular season . Their leading goal - scorer for the regular season was Marian Gaborik , who finished the season with 41 goals while playing all 82 games . The Rangers , however , missed - out on the Presidents ' Trophy on the final day of the season to the Vancouver Canucks after a 4 -- 1 loss to Washington . In the first round of the playoffs , the Rangers faced the eighth - seeded Ottawa Senators . After falling behind 3 -- 2 in the series , the Rangers bounced back to win game six in Ottawa , as well as the deciding game seven at home , propelling them to the Conference Semi-finals . In the Semi-finals , the Rangers faced the Capitals . In game three , Marian Gaborik received a pass from Brad Richards to seal a victory 14 : 41 into the third overtime , giving the Rangers a 2 -- 1 lead in the series . Washington then came back to tie the series 2 -- 2 in game four . The Rangers avoided going down 3 -- 2 in the series when Richards tied game five at 2 -- 2 with just 6.6 seconds left in the third period . The goal was scored on a power - play as a result of a high - sticking double - minor committed by Washington 's Joel Ward on Rangers ' forward Carl Hagelin . Then , in overtime , Rangers defenseman Marc Staal scored on the second penalty of the double - minor just 1 : 35 into overtime , giving the Rangers a 3 -- 2 series lead . The Rangers went on to win the series 4 -- 3 , sending them to the Eastern Conference Finals for the first time since 1997 . In the Conference Finals , they faced the New Jersey Devils , a major divisional rival . The Rangers lost game six in New Jersey , giving the Devils a 4 -- 2 series win and ending the Rangers ' season . Return to the final and third Presidents ' Trophy ( edit ) After the 2011 -- 12 season and during the 2013 season , the Rangers signed Aaron Asham , Matt Gilroy , Micheal Haley , Jeff Halpern , Darroll Powe and Roman Hamrlik . During that off - season , they also traded Brandon Dubinsky , Artem Anisimov , Tim Erixon and a 2013 first - round draft pick to the Columbus Blue Jackets in exchange for All - Star Rick Nash , Steven Delisle and a 2013 conditional third - round pick . At the NHL trade deadline , the Rangers then traded Marian Gaborik to Columbus for Derick Brassard , Derek Dorsett and John Moore . After the Rangers were eliminated from the second round of the playoffs by Boston , management fired Head Coach John Tortorella , and on June 21 , 2013 , General Manager Glen Sather formally introduced ex-Canucks Head Coach Alain Vigneault as Tortorella 's replacement , becoming the 35th head coach in franchise history . The Rangers acquired Rick Nash in a multi-player trade with the Columbus Blue Jackets in 2013 . On March 5 , 2014 , the Rangers traded their captain Ryan Callahan , a first - round draft pick in 2015 , and a second - rounder in 2014 for Tampa Bay captain Martin St. Louis . The trade occurred in large part after the Rangers and Callahan were unable to reach a contract extension in the days leading up to the deadline . During the regular season , the Rangers won 25 road games , setting a new franchise best . In the first round of the 2014 playoffs , New York defeated Philadelphia in seven games , and in the next round , the Rangers rallied from a 3 -- 1 series deficit for the first time in their history to defeat Pittsburgh in seven games . They then defeated the Montreal Canadiens in six games to become the Eastern Conference champions , moving on to the Stanley Cup Finals for the first time in 20 years . In the Finals they faced the Los Angeles Kings , the Western Conference champions and champions in 2012 . The Rangers led the first two games by two goals and eventually fell in overtime , and were then shut - out at home 3 -- 0 in game three . The Kings outshot the Rangers in game four , but the Rangers staved off elimination by winning the game two -- 1 to force a game five in Los Angeles . They had another lead in game five , but after the game was tied and subsequently sent to overtime , Kings defenseman Alec Martinez scored with 5 : 17 left in the second overtime period to win the game for Los Angeles , 3 -- 2 , as well as the Stanley Cup . On June 20 , 2014 , a week after their season ended , the Rangers bought - out the remaining six years of Brad Richards ' contract in order to free up salary cap space . This move left Marc Staal and Dan Girardi as the team 's remaining alternate captains . On October 6 , 2014 , defenseman Ryan McDonagh was named the Rangers ' 27th captain in team history , with Derek Stepan , Dan Girardi , Marc Staal and Martin St. Louis serving as alternates . The Rangers would go on to win the Presidents ' Trophy for the third time in franchise history , also finishing in first place in the Metropolitan Division with 113 points . After dispatching the Pittsburgh Penguins in five games in the first round , they would come back from a 3 -- 1 series deficit to win their series against the Capitals in seven games . However , after winning the first game against the Tampa Bay Lightning , the Rangers would lose game two by four goals . The two teams split the first four games of the series , but the Rangers lost game five by a 2 -- 0 scoreline at home , which would give the Lightning an opportunity to clinch the Conference Finals in Tampa Bay . This did not happen in game six , however , as Derick Brassard scored a hat - trick and assisted on two other goals in an emphatic 7 -- 3 Rangers victory to force a game seven in New York . In game seven , however , the Lightning shutout the Rangers 2 -- 0 , thereby ending the Rangers ' season and marking the first occasion the Rangers had ever lost a game seven at home in franchise history ( and the first time they lost an elimination game at home since they lost to Buffalo in 2007 ) . Jeff Gorton era ( 2015 -- present ) ( edit ) On July 1 , 2015 , Glen Sather stepped down as the general manager , and Jeff Gorton took his place , becoming the eleventh general manager in team history . The team then signed Dylan McIlrath , Emerson Etem , and re-signed with J.T. Miller and Derek Stepan . On July 2 , 2015 , St. Louis announced his retirement . The Rangers subsequently traded Carl Hagelin and Cam Talbot for Emerson Etem and various draft picks , with Antti Raanta becoming the backup goaltender to Lundqvist . The Rangers started off the season well . After 18 games , they had a 14 -- 2 -- 2 record and a 9 - game winning streak , which was eventually halted by the Tampa Bay Lightning . However , the organization soon went downhill in the winter , losing three straight games against the Montreal Canadiens , Boston Bruins and Philadelphia Flyers . They eventually posted a 4 -- 7 -- 2 record in December for only 10 points . In January the Rangers started playing more efficiently , posting a fair 6 -- 4 -- 1 record , and improved in February by going on a 10 -- 3 -- 1 run without any back - to - back losses . On February 29 , 2016 , the Rangers acquired the Carolina Hurricanes ' captain Eric Staal , who later left the team after the season . The Rangers finished the season with 101 points for back - to - back 100 + point seasons . Despite high hopes , the Rangers were eliminated by the Pittsburgh Penguins in the first round of the 2016 playoffs in five games . During the off - season , the Rangers released Dominic Moore among several other players , while re-signing Ranta and signing Pavel Buchnevich on an entry - level contract . The team also added Michael Grabner , Brandon Pirri , Josh Jooris , traded their leading scorer Derick Brassard in exchange for Mika Zibanejad , and signed the much - anticipated Jimmy Vesey . The Rangers finished the 2016 -- 17 season in fourth place in the Metropolitan Division with 102 points . In the first round of the playoffs , they won their series with the Montreal Canadiens in six games . In the second game of their second round series with the Ottawa Senators , the Rangers held a two - goal lead on three different occasions , but lost in the second overtime , putting themselves in a 2 -- 0 series deficit . The team responded with consecutive 4 -- 1 home wins in games 3 and 4 to tie the series at two games apiece . However , in the next two games of the series , the Rangers faltered ; they would be eliminated by the Senators in six games . On June 14 , 2017 , the Rangers announced they would buyout the remaining 3 years on Dan Girardi 's contract . Just over a week later , the Rangers traded Derek Stepan and Antti Raanta to the Arizona Coyotes in exchange for a 1st - round draft pick and former 1st - round pick , Anthony DeAngelo . The Rangers management were also successful in signing top free agent defenseman , Kevin Shattenkirk on July 1 , 2017 , to a four - year deal . Uniforms ( edit ) The classic Rangers sweater has been in use since the franchise 's foundation , with several alterations along the way . The current blue uniform has the serifed word `` Rangers '' in red and white drop shadow arranged diagonally , with red and white stripes on the sleeves and tail . Originally , the uniform was light blue , before it switched to a darker classic Rangers `` Broadway Blue '' in 1929 . In addition , the original versions neither had a drop shadow nor were serifed . During the 1946 -- 47 season , the word `` Rangers '' was arranged in an arch form above the sweater number . It adopted its current form the next season , along with dropshadowed numbers , except for a brief period where the city name was used , a tie - down collar was not used and the tail and sleeve stripes were separated by thin blue stripes . Red pants have been used with the uniform since the 1929 -- 30 season . The white jerseys were first unveiled in the 1951 -- 52 season , as part of a mandate that regulated NHL teams to have a dark home jersey and a light away jersey . The serifed word `` Rangers '' is also arranged diagonally , but in blue with red drop shadow . A quinticolor of blue , white and red stripes accentuate the tail and sleeves , while a blue shoulder yoke with white and red stripes completes the look . The white sweaters , with minor changes such as a tie - down collar and arched player names , have remained virtually unchanged since . During the tenure of General Manager John Ferguson , Sr. , he sought to modernize the Rangers sweater by featuring rounded numbers , a darker shade of blue and the shield logo , which was unveiled in the 1976 -- 77 season . A blue and red stripe ( white and red stripe in the blue sweaters ) extend from the yoke to the sleeves , while blue pants were used . However , it proved unpopular with the fans , and following the 1977 -- 78 season it was replaced by an updated version of their classic uniforms . Ferguson used this similar design when he became GM of the original Winnipeg Jets . From 1998 to 2007 the Rangers ' alternate jersey featured the head of the Statue of Liberty with the team abbreviation below it . The modernized classic uniforms introduced in 1978 featured some subtle changes . Both jerseys featured a V - neck collar in a red - white - red pattern , and bolder stripes on the sleeves and waistline . On the blue jersey , the red and white stripes were separated by thin blue stripes , and the waistline stripes were raised above the hemline , so that the patterns on both jerseys matched . From 1978 to 1987 , the blue jersey ( then the road jersey ) featured `` NEW YORK '' diagonally across the front instead of the traditional `` RANGERS '' wordmark , similar to their current heritage alternate jerseys . In 1997 , the Rangers reverted the blue jersey 's design , restoring the old striping pattern , and becoming the first team to re-introduce lace - up collars . The white jerseys followed suit in 1999 , and the design was carried over to the Reebok Edge template in 2007 . The Rangers previously had a navy alternate jersey featuring the head of the Statue of Liberty with the team abbreviation ( NYR ) below in a futuristic script . Silver was used as an accent color , but the player names and numbers retain the same color schemes as the regular jerseys , except for a darker shade of blue . With the exception of a white version used in the 1998 -- 99 season , this jersey was used from 1996 to 2007 , and proved to be highly popular with fans . During the 2010 -- 11 season , the Rangers debuted a heritage blue jersey as their new alternate uniform . The jersey features a darker shade a blue , as well as a cream trim . Unlike the regular jerseys , the font of the alternate is in sans - serif and does not feature a dropshadow , much like the original Rangers jersey . The Rangers would wear the jerseys at home on Saturdays and when they played against Original Six teams . For the 2017 -- 18 season , the heritage jersey would be retired because of the league - wide switch to the Adidas uniform format . In the 2012 NHL Winter Classic , the Rangers wore a cream jersey combining classic and current styles . A different version of the shield logo was used , while the player names were arranged in a straight line . The stripes were also lessened , giving it a minimalist , vintage look , as most Winter Classic jerseys are . For the 2014 NHL Stadium Series , the Rangers used white jerseys with the city name in navy , silver and red . In addition , they feature diagonal stripes and sleeve numbers , and enlarged numbers on the back to make them more readable to spectators . The chrome version of the shield logo is placed in the left shoulder . Like the Winter Classic sweaters , player names are in a straight position . Season - by - season record ( edit ) Further information : List of New York Rangers seasons This is a partial list of the last five seasons completed by the Rangers . For the full season - by - season history , see List of New York Rangers seasons . Note : GP = Games played , W = Wins , L = Losses , T = Ties , OTL = Overtime / Shootout Losses , Pts = Points , GF = Goals for , GA = Goals against Season GP OTL Pts GF GA Finish Playoffs 2012 -- 13 48 26 18 56 130 112 2nd , Atlantic Lost in Conference Semi-finals , 1 -- 4 ( Bruins ) 2013 -- 14 82 45 31 6 96 218 194 2nd , Metropolitan Lost in Stanley Cup Finals , 1 -- 4 ( Kings ) 2014 -- 15 82 53 22 7 113 252 192 1st , Metropolitan Lost in Conference Finals , 3 -- 4 ( Lightning ) 2015 -- 16 82 46 27 9 101 236 217 3rd , Metropolitan Lost in First Round , 1 -- 4 ( Penguins ) 2016 -- 17 82 48 28 6 102 256 220 4th , Metropolitan Lost in Second Round , 2 -- 4 ( Senators ) Players and personnel ( edit ) Current roster ( edit ) view talk Updated October 3 , 2017 # Nat Player Pos S / G Age Acquired Birthplace 7001890000000000000 ♠ 89 Russia ! Buchnevich , Pavel Pavel Buchnevich 7.0 ! RW 22 2013 Cherepovets , Russia 7001280000000000000 ♠ 28 United States ! Carey , Paul Paul Carey 4.0 ! C 29 2017 Boston , Massachusetts 7001720000000000000 ♠ 72 Czech Republic ! Chytil , Filip Filip Chytil 4.0 ! C 18 2017 Kromeriz , Czech Republic 7001770000000000000 ♠ 77 United States ! DeAngelo , Anthony Anthony DeAngelo 2.0 ! D 21 2017 Sewell , New Jersey 7001510000000000000 ♠ 51 Canada ! Desharnais , David David Desharnais 4.0 ! C 31 2017 Laurier - Station , Quebec 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 Sweden ! Fast , Jesper Jesper Fast 7.0 ! RW 25 Nässjö , Sweden 7001380000000000000 ♠ 38 United States ! Fogarty , Steven Steven Fogarty 4.0 ! C 24 2011 Chambersburg , Pennsylvania 7001400000000000000 ♠ 40 Austria ! Grabner , Michael Michael Grabner 7.0 ! RW 29 2016 Villach , Austria 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 United States ! Hayes , Kevin Kevin Hayes 4.0 ! C 25 2014 Boston , Massachusetts 7001550000000000000 ♠ 55 Canada ! Holden , Nick Nick Holden 2.0 ! D 30 2016 St. Albert , Alberta 7001470000000000000 ♠ 47 United States ! Kampfer , Steven Steven Kampfer 2.0 ! D 29 2016 Ann Arbor , Michigan 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 United States ! Kreider , Chris Chris Kreider 6.0 ! LW 26 2009 Boxford , Massachusetts 7001300000000000000 ♠ 30 Sweden ! Lundqvist , Henrik Henrik Lundqvist 1.0 ! G 35 2000 Åre , Sweden 7001270000000000000 ♠ 27 United States ! McDonagh , Ryan Ryan McDonagh ( C ) 2.0 ! D 28 2009 St. Paul , Minnesota 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 United States ! Miller , J.T. J.T. Miller 6.0 ! LW 24 2011 East Palestine , Ohio 7001610000000000000 ♠ 61 Canada ! Nash , Rick Rick Nash ( A ) 7.0 ! RW 33 2012 Brampton , Ontario 7001310000000000000 ♠ 31 Czech Republic ! Pavelec , Ondrej Ondrej Pavelec 1.0 ! G 30 2017 Kladno , Czechoslovakia 7001220000000000000 ♠ 22 United States ! Shattenkirk , Kevin Kevin Shattenkirk 2.0 ! D 28 2017 New Rochelle , New York 7001760000000000000 ♠ 76 United States ! Skjei , Brady Brady Skjei 2.0 ! D 23 2012 Lakeville , Minnesota 7001420000000000000 ♠ 42 Canada ! Smith , Brendan Brendan Smith 2.0 ! D 28 2017 Etobicoke , Ontario 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 Canada ! Staal , Marc Marc Staal ( A ) 2.0 ! D 30 2005 Thunder Bay , Ontario 7001260000000000000 ♠ 26 United States ! Vesey , Jimmy Jimmy Vesey 6.0 ! LW 24 2016 Boston , Massachusetts 7001930000000000000 ♠ 93 Sweden ! Zibanejad , Mika Mika Zibanejad 4.0 ! C 24 2016 Huddinge , Sweden 7001360000000000000 ♠ 36 Norway ! Zuccarello , Mats Mats Zuccarello ( A ) 7.0 ! RW 30 Oslo , Norway Team captains ( edit ) Bill Cook , 1926 -- 1937 Art Coulter , 1937 -- 1942 Ott Heller , 1942 -- 1945 Neil Colville , 1945 -- 1948 Buddy O'Connor , 1949 -- 1950 Frank Eddolls , 1950 -- 1951 Allan Stanley , 1951 -- 1953 Don Raleigh , 1953 -- 1955 Harry Howell , 1955 -- 1957 George Sullivan , 1957 -- 1961 Andy Bathgate , 1961 -- 1964 Camille Henry , 1964 -- 1965 Bob Nevin , 1965 -- 1971 Vic Hadfield , 1971 -- 1974 Brad Park , 1974 -- 1975 Phil Esposito , 1975 -- 1978 Dave Maloney , 1978 -- 1980 Walt Tkaczuk , 1980 -- 1981 Barry Beck , 1981 -- 1986 Ron Greschner , 1986 -- 1987 Kelly Kisio , 1987 -- 1991 Mark Messier , 1991 -- 1997 Brian Leetch , 1997 -- 2000 Mark Messier , 2000 -- 2004 Jaromir Jagr , 2006 -- 2008 Chris Drury , 2008 -- 2011 Ryan Callahan , 2011 -- 2014 Ryan McDonagh , 2014 -- present General managers ( edit ) For more details on this topic , see List of New York Rangers general managers . The current general manager is Jeff Gorton , who was named on July 1 , 2015 . Head coaches ( edit ) For more details on this topic , see List of New York Rangers head coaches . The current head coach is Alain Vigneault , who was named on June 21 , 2013 . He has previously coached the Montreal Canadiens ( 1997 -- 2001 ) and the Vancouver Canucks ( 2006 -- 2013 ) . Team and League honors ( edit ) Retired numbers ( edit ) Retired numbers hang from the rafters of Madison Square Garden . The Rangers have retired eight numbers for nine players in their history , and the NHL retired Wayne Gretzky 's No. 99 for all its member teams at the 2000 NHL All - Star Game . New York Rangers retired numbers No . Player Position Career Date No . Retired Eddie Giacomin 1965 -- 1976 March 15 , 1989 Brian Leetch 1987 -- 2004 January 24 , 2008 Harry Howell 1952 -- 1969 February 22 , 2009 7 Rod Gilbert RW 1960 -- 1978 October 14 , 1979 9 Andy Bathgate RW 1954 -- 1964 February 22 , 2009 9 Adam Graves LW 1991 -- 2001 February 3 , 2009 11 Mark Messier 1991 -- 1997 , 2000 -- 2004 January 12 , 2006 35 Mike Richter 1990 -- 2003 February 4 , 2004 Notes : The number was retired in honor of two different players . The Rangers will retire the No. 19 jersey in honor of Jean Ratelle during the 2017 -- 18 season . Hall - of - Famers ( Hockey Hall of Fame ) ( edit ) Players ( edit ) Glenn Anderson , RW , 1994 , inducted 2008 Andy Bathgate , RW , 1952 -- 1963 , inducted 1978 Doug Bentley , LW , 1953 -- 1954 , inducted 1964 Max Bentley , C , 1953 -- 1954 , inducted 1966 Frank Boucher , C , 1926 -- 1944 , inducted 1958 Johnny Bower , G , 1953 -- 1954 , inducted 1976 Pavel Bure , RW , 2002 -- 2003 , inducted 2012 Neil Colville , C , 1936 -- 1949 , inducted 1967 Bill Cook , RW , 1926 -- 1937 , inducted 1952 Bun Cook , LW , 1926 -- 1936 , inducted 1995 Art Coulter , D , 1935 -- 1942 , inducted 1974 Marcel Dionne , C , 1986 -- 1989 , inducted 1992 Dick Duff , LW , 1964 -- 1965 , inducted 2006 Phil Esposito , C , 1975 -- 1981 , inducted 1984 Bill Gadsby , D , 1954 -- 1961 , inducted 1970 Mike Gartner , RW , 1990 -- 1994 , inducted 2001 Bernie Geoffrion , RW , 1966 -- 1968 , inducted 1972 Eddie Giacomin , G , 1965 -- 1975 , inducted 1987 Rod Gilbert , RW , 1960 -- 1978 , inducted 1982 Wayne Gretzky , C , 1996 -- 1999 , inducted 1999 Doug Harvey , D , 1961 -- 1962 , 1963 -- 1964 , inducted 1973 Bryan Hextall , RW , 1936 -- 1948 , inducted 1969 Tim Horton , D , 1970 -- 1971 , inducted 1977 Harry Howell , D , 1952 -- 1969 , inducted 1979 Ching Johnson , D , 1926 -- 1937 , inducted 1958 Jari Kurri , LW , 1996 , inducted 2001 Guy Lafleur , RW , 1988 -- 1989 , inducted 1988 Pat LaFontaine , C , 1997 -- 1998 , inducted 2003 Edgar Laprade , C , 1945 -- 1955 , inducted 1993 Brian Leetch , D , 1987 -- 2004 , inducted 2009 Eric Lindros , C , 2001 -- 2004 , inducted 2016 Harry Lumley , G , 1943 , inducted 1980 Mark Messier , C , 1991 -- 1997 , 2000 -- 2004 , inducted 2007 Howie Morenz , C , 1935 -- 1936 , inducted 1945 Buddy O'Connor , C , 1947 -- 1951 , inducted 1988 Brad Park , D , 1968 -- 1975 , inducted 1988 Lynn Patrick , LW , 1934 -- 1943 , 1945 -- 46 , inducted 1980 Jacques Plante , G , 1963 -- 1965 , inducted 1978 Babe Pratt , D , 1936 -- 1942 , inducted 1966 Jean Ratelle , LW , 1960 -- 1975 , inducted 1985 Chuck Rayner , G , 1945 -- 1955 , inducted 1973 Luc Robitaille , LW , 1995 -- 1997 , inducted 2009 Terry Sawchuk , G , 1969 -- 1970 , inducted 1971 Earl Seibert , D , 1931 -- 1936 , inducted 1963 Brendan Shanahan , LW , 2006 -- 2008 , inducted 2013 Babe Siebert , LW , 1932 -- 1935 , inducted 1964 Allan Stanley , D , 1948 -- 1954 , inducted 1981 Clint Smith , C , 1937 -- 1943 , inducted 1991 Gump Worsley , G , 1952 -- 1963 , inducted 1980 Builders ( edit ) Herb Brooks , Coach , 1981 -- 1985 , inducted 2006 Emile Francis , inducted 1982 William M. Jennings , inducted 1974 Roger Neilson , Coach , 1989 -- 1993 , inducted 2002 Craig Patrick , inducted 2001 Lester Patrick , inducted 1945 Lynn Patrick , inducted 1980 Glen Sather , LW , 1970 -- 1973 ; Coach , 2002 -- 2004 ; General Manager , 2000 -- 2015 ; President 2000 -- present ; inducted 1997 Fred Shero , D , 1947 -- 1950 , Coach , 1978 -- 1981 , inducted 2013 Broadcasters ( Foster Hewitt Memorial Award ) ( edit ) Sal Messina , broadcaster , 1974 -- 2003 , awarded 2005 John Davidson , G , 1975 -- 1983 , broadcaster , 1983 -- 2006 , awarded 2009 Sam Rosen , broadcaster , 1977 -- present , awarded 2016 First - round draft picks ( edit ) 1963 : Al Osborne ( 4th overall ) 1964 : Bob Graham ( 3rd overall ) 1965 : Andre Veilleux ( 1st overall ) 1966 : Brad Park ( 2nd overall ) 1967 : Bob Dickson ( 6th overall ) 1968 : none 1969 : André Dupont ( 8th overall ) & Pierre Jarry ( 12th ) 1970 : Norm Gratton ( 11th overall ) 1971 : Steve Vickers ( 10th overall ) & Steve Durbano ( 13th ) 1972 : Al Blanchard ( 10th overall ) & Bob MacMillan ( 15th ) 1973 : Rick Middleton ( 14th overall ) 1974 : Dave Maloney ( 14th overall ) 1975 : Wayne Dillon ( 12th overall ) 1976 : Don Murdoch ( 6th overall ) 1977 : Lucien DeBlois ( 8th overall ) & Ron Duguay ( 13th ) 1978 : none 1979 : Doug Sulliman ( 13th overall ) 1980 : Jim Malone ( 14th overall ) 1981 : James Patrick ( 9th overall ) 1982 : Chris Kontos ( 15th overall ) 1983 : Dave Gagner ( 12th overall ) 1984 : Terry Carkner ( 14th overall ) 1985 : Ulf Dahlen ( 7th overall ) 1986 : Brian Leetch ( 9th overall ) 1987 : Jayson More ( 10th overall ) 1988 : none 1989 : Steven Rice ( 20th overall ) 1990 : Michael Stewart ( 13th overall ) 1991 : Alexei Kovalev ( 15th overall ) 1992 : Peter Ferraro ( 24th overall ) 1993 : Niklas Sundstrom ( 8th overall ) 1994 : Dan Cloutier ( 26th overall ) 1995 : none 1996 : Jeff Brown ( 22nd overall ) 1997 : Stefan Cherneski ( 19th overall ) 1998 : Manny Malhotra ( 7th overall ) 1999 : Pavel Brendl ( 4th overall ) & Jamie Lundmark ( 9th ) 2000 : none 2001 : Dan Blackburn ( 10th overall ) 2002 : none 2003 : Hugh Jessiman ( 12th overall ) 2004 : Al Montoya ( 6th overall ) & Lauri Korpikoski ( 19th ) 2005 : Marc Staal ( 12th overall ) 2006 : Bob Sanguinetti ( 21st overall ) 2007 : Alexei Cherepanov ( 17th overall ) 2008 : Michael Del Zotto ( 20th overall ) 2009 : Chris Kreider ( 19th overall ) 2010 : Dylan McIlrath ( 10th overall ) 2011 : J.T. Miller ( 15th overall ) 2012 : Brady Skjei ( 28th overall ) 2013 : none 2014 : none 2015 : none 2016 : none 2017 : Lias Andersson ( 7th overall ) & Filip Chytil ( 21st ) Single - season Records ( edit ) Recording 80 assists in the 1991 -- 92 season , Brian Leetch holds the franchise record for most assists in a season . Points : Jaromir Jagr ( 2005 -- 06 ) -- 123 Goals : Jaromir Jagr ( 2005 -- 06 ) -- 54 Assists : Brian Leetch ( 1991 -- 92 ) -- 80 Plus / minus : Brad Park ( 1971 -- 72 ) -- + 62 Points by a defenseman : Brian Leetch ( 1991 -- 92 ) -- 102 Goals by a defenseman : Reijo Ruotsalainen ( 1984 -- 85 ) -- 28 Points by a rookie : Mark Pavelich ( 1981 -- 82 ) -- 76 Goals by a rookie : Tony Granato ( 1988 -- 89 ) -- 36 Power play goals : Jaromir Jagr ( 2005 -- 06 ) -- 24 Short - handed goals : Theoren Fleury ( 2000 -- 01 ) -- 7 Game - winning goals : 6 players -- 9 Shots on goal : Jaromir Jagr ( 2005 -- 06 ) -- 368 Penalty minutes : Troy Mallette ( 1989 -- 90 ) -- 305 Goaltending wins : Mike Richter ( 1993 -- 94 ) -- 42 Goaltending wins by a rookie : Henrik Lundqvist ( 2005 -- 06 ) -- 30 Goaltending shutouts : John Ross Roach ( 1928 -- 1929 ) -- 13 Franchise scoring Leaders ( edit ) For more details on this topic , see List of New York Rangers records . Playing with the Rangers from 1968 to 1981 , Walt Tkaczuk scored the sixth most points in the franchise ( 678 points ) . These are the top - ten - point - scorers in franchise history . Figures are updated after each completed NHL regular season . * -- current Rangers player Points Player Seasons Pos GP Pts + / − PIM Rod Gilbert 1960 -- 1978 RW 1,065 406 615 1,021 -- 508 Brian Leetch 1987 -- 2004 1,129 240 741 981 + 24 525 Jean Ratelle 1960 -- 1976 862 336 481 817 -- 192 Andy Bathgate 1952 -- 1964 RW 719 272 457 729 -- 444 Mark Messier 1991 -- 1997 2000 -- 2004 698 250 441 691 + 74 667 Walt Tkaczuk 1967 -- 1981 945 227 451 678 + 185 556 Ron Greschner 1974 -- 1990 982 179 431 610 − 80 1,226 Steve Vickers 1972 -- 1982 LW 698 246 340 586 + 54 330 Vic Hadfield 1961 -- 1974 LW 839 262 310 572 -- 1,036 Adam Graves 1991 -- 2001 LW 772 280 227 507 + 6 810 NHL awards and trophies ( edit ) Main article : List of New York Rangers award winners The following lists the league awards which have been won by the Rangers team and its players and alumni : Stanley Cup 1927 -- 28 , 1932 -- 33 , 1939 -- 40 , 1993 -- 94 Victoria Cup 2008 Victoria Cup Presidents ' Trophy 1991 -- 92 , 1993 -- 94 , 2014 -- 15 Prince of Wales Trophy 1931 -- 32 , 1941 -- 42 , 1993 -- 94 , 2013 -- 14 O'Brien Cup 1949 -- 50 Bill Masterton Memorial Trophy Jean Ratelle : 1970 -- 71 Rod Gilbert : 1975 -- 76 Anders Hedberg : 1984 -- 85 Adam Graves : 2000 -- 01 Dominic Moore : 2013 -- 14 Calder Memorial Trophy Kilby MacDonald : 1939 -- 40 Grant Warwick : 1941 -- 42 Edgar Laprade : 1945 -- 46 Pentti Lund : 1948 -- 49 Gump Worsley : 1952 -- 53 Camille Henry : 1953 -- 54 Steve Vickers : 1972 -- 73 Brian Leetch : 1988 -- 89 Conn Smythe Trophy Brian Leetch : 1993 -- 94 Hart Memorial Trophy Buddy O'Connor : 1947 -- 48 Chuck Rayner : 1949 -- 50 Andy Bathgate : 1958 -- 59 Mark Messier : 1991 -- 92 James Norris Memorial Trophy Doug Harvey : 1961 -- 62 Harry Howell : 1966 -- 67 Brian Leetch : 1991 -- 92 , 1996 -- 97 King Clancy Memorial Trophy Adam Graves : 1993 -- 94 Lady Byng Memorial Trophy Frank Boucher : 1927 -- 28 , 1928 -- 29 , 1929 -- 30 , 1930 -- 31 , 1932 -- 33 , 1933 -- 34 , 1934 -- 35 Clint Smith : 1938 -- 39 Buddy O'Connor : 1947 -- 48 Edgar Laprade : 1949 -- 50 Andy Hebenton : 1956 -- 57 Camille Henry : 1957 -- 58 Jean Ratelle : 1971 -- 72 , 1975 -- 76 Wayne Gretzky : 1998 -- 99 Lester Patrick Trophy William M. Jennings : 1970 -- 71 Terry Sawchuk : 1970 -- 71 Phil Esposito : 1977 -- 78 Fred Shero : 1979 -- 80 Emile Francis : 1981 -- 82 Lynn Patrick : 1988 -- 89 Rod Gilbert : 1990 -- 91 Frank Boucher : 1992 -- 93 Brian Mullen : 1994 -- 95 Herb Brooks : 2001 -- 02 John Davidson : 2003 -- 04 Brian Leetch & John Halligan : 2006 -- 07 Lester B. Pearson Award Jean Ratelle : 1971 -- 72 Mark Messier : 1991 -- 92 Jaromir Jagr : 2005 -- 06 NHL Plus - Minus Award Michal Rozsival : 2005 -- 06 ( shared with Wade Redden of the Ottawa Senators ) Vezina Trophy Dave Kerr : 1939 -- 40 Eddie Giacomin & Gilles Villemure : 1970 -- 71 John Vanbiesbrouck : 1985 -- 86 Henrik Lundqvist : 2011 -- 12 Broadcast history ( edit ) Main article : List of New York Rangers broadcasters Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` New York Rangers Directory 2016 - 17 '' . New York Rangers . Retrieved February 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Anderson , Dave ( May 14 , 1995 ) . `` Sports of The Times ; At Boston Garden , There 's Much More Gold Than Green '' . New York Times . Retrieved June 17 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Vecsey , George ( June 24 , 1994 ) . `` Sports of The Times ; Houston Finally Has an Edge '' . New York Times . Retrieved June 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Boland Jr. , Ed ( February 16 , 2003 ) . `` F.Y.I. '' . New York Times . Retrieved June 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Boucher , Frank ; Frayne , Trent ( 1973 ) . When the Rangers Were Young . New York : Dodd , Mead & Company . p. 74 . ISBN 0 - 396 - 06852 - 9 . LCCN 73007485 . OCLC 799524 . OL 5415647M . Even before our training camp opened we were widely known as Tex 's Rangers , a name given us by George Daley , the sports editor of the New York Herald Tribune , and one that seemed likely to stick . In fact , our first team crest was that of a horse sketched in blue carrying a cowboy waving a hockey stick aloft . The horse was rearing , with the word TEX 'S in a crescent at the top of the emblem with RANGERS looped below . But Rickard did n't like the idea and before the season opened our insignia was changed to the present diagonal splash of the word RANGERS . Jump up ^ Anderson , Dave ( May 15 , 1994 ) . `` Sports of The Times ; The Original Ranger , Murray Murdoch , Turns 90 '' . New York Times . Retrieved June 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` NHL Standings '' . The Internet Hockey Database . Retrieved June 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 1926 -- 27 NHL Playoff Results '' . The Internet Hockey Database . Retrieved June 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Dryden , Steve ( 2000 ) . The Hockey News : Century Of Hockey . Toronto : McClelland & Stewart Ltd. p. 32 . ISBN 0 - 7710 - 4179 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Stanley Cup history '' . USA Today . June 14 , 2002 . Retrieved June 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Brink , Graham ( June 5 , 2004 ) . `` Injuries sideline players only rarely '' . St. Petersburg Times . Retrieved June 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Team History '' . New York Rangers . Retrieved June 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Sielski , Mike ( April 26 , 2014 ) . `` Schultz vs. Rolfe : Fight resonates 40 years later '' . Philadelphia Inquirer . Retrieved March 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Craig Wolff ( March 11 , 1987 ) . `` Rangers Get Kings ' Dionne '' . New York Times . Retrieved March 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kay , Jason ( December 31 , 2013 ) . `` Greatest Teams of All - Time : 1991 -- 92 Pittsburgh Penguins '' . The Hockey News . Retrieved April 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bondy , Filip ( May 10 , 1992 ) . `` HOCKEY ; Rangers Squander Lead and Lose '' . New York Times . Retrieved April 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Caps spoil Rangers ' chance to claim Presidents ' Trophy '' . CBS Sports . April 7 , 2012 . Retrieved April 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Morrison , Scott ( 2008 ) . Hockey Night in Canada : My Greatest Day . Toronto : Key Porter Books . pp. 106 -- 109 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55470 - 086 - 8 . Jump up ^ Popplewell , Brett ( October 10 , 2014 ) . `` How Messier emerged from Gretzky 's shadow '' . Sportsnet . Retrieved April 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rappaport , Michael ( November 21 , 2012 ) . `` Brian Leetch : The Road to the 1994 Conn Smythe Trophy Part One '' . The Hockey Writers . Retrieved March 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Vecsey , George ( June 15 , 1994 ) . `` STANLEY CUP FINALS ; Russian Rangers Say Nyet to Possible Defeat '' . New York Times . Retrieved April 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ The Hockey Rodent ( February 9 , 2004 ) . `` The Curse '' . Retrieved August 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Rangers Hire Sather '' . CBS News . Associated Press . May 31 , 2000 . Retrieved August 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Theo Fleury signs with Rangers '' . Associated Press . July 8 , 1999 . Retrieved August 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Lindros joins Rangers nine years after first trade '' . CNN . Associated Press . August 24 , 2001 . Retrieved August 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Allen , Kevin ( March 19 , 2002 ) . `` Panthers trade Pavel Bure to Rangers '' . USA Today . Retrieved August 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Dan Blackburn Selected to 2001 -- 02 NHL All - Rookie Team '' ( Press release ) . New York Rangers . June 20 , 2002 . Archived from the original on May 9 , 2006 . Retrieved January 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dan Blackburn to Retire '' ( Press release ) . New York Rangers . May 25 , 2005 . Archived from the original on May 9 , 2006 . Retrieved January 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , Kostya ( October 3 , 2005 ) . `` Sports Illustrated 's NHL Preview -- New York Rangers '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved August 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score -- Rangers 5 , Islanders 1 '' . March 29 , 2006 . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2007 . Retrieved August 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Game Notes -- Rangers 5 , Islanders 1 '' . March 29 , 2006 . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2007 . Retrieved August 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Game Notes -- Rangers 4 , Boston Bruins 3 ( OT ) '' . April 8 , 2006 . Archived from the original on September 26 , 2007 . Retrieved August 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Game Notes -- Rangers 3 , Philadelphia Flyers 2 ( SO ) '' . April 4 , 2006 . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2007 . Retrieved August 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Game Notes -- Rangers 1 , Ottawa Senators 5 '' . April 18 , 2006 . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2007 . Retrieved August 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Jagr named 24th captain in Rangers history '' ( Press release ) . New York Rangers . October 5 , 2006 . Archived from the original on November 25 , 2006 . Retrieved January 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` SI 's 2006 -- 07 NHL Preview : Atlantic Division '' . Sports Illustrated . September 25 , 2006 . Retrieved August 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Silverstein , Dubi ( July 27 , 2007 ) . `` Rangers Rebuild While Winning '' . Blueshirt Bulletin . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2007 . Retrieved August 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Weinman , Sam ( June 27 , 2007 ) . `` Rangers have high hopes for top pick Cherepanov '' . The Journal News . Archived from the original on May 14 , 2014 . Retrieved August 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Weinman , Sam ( July 2 , 2007 ) . `` Rangers sign top tier centers Drury , Gomez '' . The Journal News . Archived from the original on January 21 , 2015 . Retrieved August 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Greenstein , Kevin ( August 16 , 2007 ) . `` Peca Would Complete Renovation of Ranger Offense '' . The New York Sun . Retrieved August 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Brooks , Larry ( November 6 , 2008 ) . `` Rangers Seek Pick for Late Prospect Cherpanov '' . New York Post . Retrieved July 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` NHL notes : Renney rendered by Rangers '' . Journal Star news services . February 23 , 2009 . Retrieved January 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` New York Rangers enforcer Derek Boogaard found dead at 28 '' . Retrieved May 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Brooks , Larry ( July 2 , 2011 ) . `` Rangers sign Richards to nine - year , $58.5 M contract '' . New York Post . Retrieved October 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Klein , Jeff Z. ; Belson , Ken ( September 12 , 2011 ) . `` Callahan Fills Drury 's Role as Captain of Rangers '' . New York Times . Retrieved April 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Urtz Jr. , Tom ( September 20 , 2011 ) . `` New York Rangers : Where Could Ryan Callahan Rank in Lineage of Ranger Captains ? '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved April 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lozo , Dave ( July 23 , 2012 ) . `` Nash traded to Rangers in five - player deal '' . NHL.com . Retrieved March 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Strang , Katie ( April 3 , 2013 ) . `` Rangers trade Marian Gaborik '' . ESPNNewYork.com . Retrieved March 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Podell , Ira ( June 22 , 2013 ) . `` Rangers hire new coach Vigneault with 5 - year deal '' . CBC.com . Associated Press . Retrieved June 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles Kings win Stanley Cup in thriller '' . CNN.com . June 14 , 2014 . Retrieved July 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Brad Richards bought out by Rangers - NHL on CBC Sports - Hockey news , opinion , scores , stats , standings '' . Cbc.ca . Retrieved July 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Brassard , Rangers down Lightning to force game seven '' . NHL.com . Retrieved May 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lightning defeat Rangers , advance to Cup Final '' . NHL.com . Retrieved May 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jeff Gorton Named 11th General Manager in Franchise History '' . NHL.com . July 1 , 2015 . Retrieved July 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Leonard , Pat ( July 16 , 2015 ) . `` With Derek Stepan awaiting new deal , Rangers re-sign Jesper Fast , J.T. Miller '' . NY Daily News . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Leonard , Pat ( July 16 , 2015 ) . `` Derek Stepan re-signs with Rangers on $39 million deal '' . NY Daily News . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gretz , Adam ( July 27 , 2015 ) . `` Rangers sign Derek Stepan to 6 - year , $39 million contract '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Whyno , Stephen ( July 2 , 2015 ) . `` Martin St. Louis retires from NHL '' . CBC Sports . The Canadian Press . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brooks , Larry ( June 27 , 2015 ) . `` Rangers trade Cam Talbot and Carl Hagelin '' . New York Post . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Trades completed during 2015 NHL Draft weekend '' . NHL.com . June 27 , 2015 . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rangers acquire Staal from Hurricanes '' . TSN.ca . February 28 , 2016 . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wild Agrees To Terms With Eric Staal on a Three - Year Deal '' . NHL.com . July 1 , 2016 . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bruins Sign Dominic Moore , Chris Casto , Brian Ferlin And Alex Grant To One - Year Contracts '' . NHL.com . August 30 , 2016 . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rangers Agree to Terms With Antti Raanta '' . NHL.com . May 2 , 2016 . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rangers Agree to Terms With Forward Pavel Buchnevich '' . NHL.com . May 13 , 2016 . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Leonard , Pat ( July 1 , 2016 ) . `` Rangers hit the discount rack and sign free agents Michael Grabner and Nathan Gerbe '' . NY Daily News . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rangers Acquire Forward Mika Zibanejad '' . NHL.com . July 18 , 2016 . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kreda , Allan ( August 19 , 2016 ) . `` Rangers Sign Jimmy Vesey , Coveted by Much of the N.H.L. '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/14/sports/hockey/rangers-dan-girardi.html Jump up ^ https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/23/sports/hockey/rangers-trade-derek-stepan-to-coyotes-ahead-of-nhl-draft.html Jump up ^ http://nhl.nbcsports.com/2017/06/30/devils-could-be-favorites-to-land-shattenkirk/ Jump up ^ http://www.espn.com/nhl/story/_/id/19783806/new-york-rangers-sign-defenseman-kevin-shattenkirk ^ Jump up to : `` New York Rangers uniform history '' . The ( unofficial ) NHL Uniform Database . Retrieved May 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 1976 -- 77 New York Rangers uniforms '' . The ( unofficial ) NHL Uniform Database . Retrieved May 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 1978 -- 87 New York Rangers uniforms '' . The ( unofficial ) NHL Uniform Database . Retrieved June 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 1997 -- 98 New York Rangers uniforms '' . The ( unofficial ) NHL Uniform Database . Retrieved June 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 1999 -- 2007 New York Rangers uniforms '' . The ( unofficial ) NHL Uniform Database . Retrieved June 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 1999 -- 2007 New York Rangers uniforms '' . The ( unofficial ) NHL Uniform Database . Retrieved June 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 1996 -- 97 New York Rangers uniforms '' . The ( unofficial ) NHL Uniform Database . Retrieved May 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 -- 12 New York Rangers uniforms '' . The ( unofficial ) NHL Uniform Database . Retrieved May 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 -- 14 New York Rangers uniforms '' . The ( unofficial ) NHL Uniform Database . Retrieved May 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` New York Rangers Roster '' . NHL.com . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New York Rangers Hockey Transactions '' . TSN.ca . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rangers Records -- Captains '' . Retrieved November 27 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Calamia , Matt ( July 1 , 2015 ) . `` Jeff Gorton Named 11th General Manager in Franchise History '' . NHL.com . Retrieved July 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ IRA PODELL ( June 21 , 2013 ) . `` Rangers Name Alain Vigneault New Head Coach '' . NBC New York . Jump up ^ `` Perfect setting : Gretzky 's number retired before All - Star Game '' . CNN Sports Illustrated . Associated Press . February 6 , 2000 . Archived from the original on November 12 , 2013 . Retrieved June 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Dellapina , John ( September 6 , 2007 ) . `` Leetch 's number headed for Garden rafters '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved December 4 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rangers raise No. 3 , No. 9 to rafters '' , ESPN , February 22 , 2009 Jump up ^ `` Rangers retire Adam Graves ' No. 9 jersey '' , USA Today , February 4 , 2009 Jump up ^ `` Rangers hoist Messier 's No. 11 to Garden rafters '' . Associated Press . January 13 , 2006 . Retrieved December 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Goalie won 301 games with New York '' . Associated Press . February 5 , 2004 . Retrieved December 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Gretz , Adam ( February 18 , 2017 ) . `` Rangers to retire Jean Ratelle 's No. 19 next season '' . ProHockeyTalk . Retrieved February 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rangers Records -- Single - Season Leaders '' . Retrieved November 27 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Diamos , Jason ( March 19 , 2006 ) . `` Jagr Continues Assault on Rangers ' Records '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 27 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jaromir Jagr Official Player Page '' . Retrieved November 27 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Ryan Callahan ( 2011 -- 12 ) , Brad Richards ( 2011 -- 12 ) , Jaromir Jagr ( 2005 -- 06 ) , Mark Messier ( 1996 -- 97 ) , Don Maloney ( 1980 -- 81 ) and Rick Nash ( 2013 -- 14 ) Jump up ^ Sexton , Joe ( April 18 , 1990 ) . `` Mallette Gives Rangers More Than A Rough Edge '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 27 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` New York Rangers goaltending records '' . Retrieved November 27 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Regular Season -- All Skaters -- Career for Franchise -- Career Points -- NHL.com -- Stats '' . National Hockey League . Retrieved June 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Andy Hebenton 's profile at hockeydb.com '' . Retrieved August 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Terry Sawchuk -- Career Statistics '' . Retrieved August 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Emile Francis -- Biography '' . Retrieved August 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Frank Boucher -- Biography '' . Retrieved August 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Brian Patrick Mullen '' . Retrieved August 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Herb Brooks -- Biography '' . Retrieved August 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Podell , Ira ( November 7 , 2007 ) . `` Leetch , Cammi Granato among 4 winners of Lester Patrick Award '' . Associated Press . Retrieved November 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` NHL Plus Minus Award Winners '' . Retrieved November 19 , 2007 . References ( edit ) Boucher , Frank ; Frayne , Trent ( 1973 ) . When The Rangers Were Young . New York : Dodd , Mead & Company . ISBN 0 - 396 - 06852 - 9 . Halligan , John ( 2000 ) . New York Rangers : Seventy - Five Years . ISBN 0 - 7607 - 2298 - 6 . Halligan , John ( 2003 ) . The New York Rangers ( Images of Sports ) . ISBN 0 - 7385 - 1228 - 1 . Kreiser , John ; Friedman , Lou ( 1997 ) . The New York Rangers : Broadway 's Longest Running Hit . ISBN 1 - 57167 - 041 - 6 . McFarlane , Brian ( 1997 ) . The Rangers . ISBN 0 - 7737 - 6007 - 5 . Meisel , Barry ( 1995 ) . Losing the Edge : The Rise and Fall of the Stanley Cup Champion New York Rangers . ISBN 0 - 684 - 81519 - 2 . NY Daily News ( 2000 ) . New York Rangers : Millennium Memories . ISBN 1 - 58261 - 147 - 5 . Sloman , Larry ( 1981 ) . Thin Ice : A Season in Hell With the New York Rangers . ISBN 0 - 440 - 18571 - 8 . Rangers ' Biggest Trades Since 1990 ( October 6 , 2006 ) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to New York Rangers . Official website Madison Square Garden MSG Network New York Rangers Founded in 1926 Based in New York City , New York Franchise Team General managers Coaches Players Captains Draft picks Seasons Current season History History ( Original Six ) Records Award winners Retired numbers Personnel Owners The Madison Square Garden Company ( James Dolan , chairman ) President Glen Sather General manager Jeff Gorton Head coach Alain Vigneault Team captain Ryan McDonagh Current roster Arenas Madison Square Garden III Madison Square Garden IV Rivalries New Jersey Devils New York Islanders Philadelphia Flyers Washington Capitals Affiliates AHL Hartford Wolf Pack ECHL Greenville Swamp Rabbits Media Networks TV MSG Network Radio WEPN - FM Broadcasters TV Sam Rosen Joe Micheletti Radio Kenny Albert Dave Maloney Culture and lore Curse of 1940 `` It 's a power play goal ! '' GAG line The Lindros Trade Messier 's Guarantee `` Matteau , Matteau , Matteau '' George Kalinsky Steven McDonald Extra Effort Award Hockey Night Live ! `` The Face Painter '' ( Seinfeld episode ) 1991 Las Vegas outdoor game 2011 NHL Premiere 2012 NHL Winter Classic 2014 NHL Stadium Series 2018 NHL Winter Classic Links to related articles Preceded by Ottawa Senators Stanley Cup champions 1927 -- 28 Succeeded by Boston Bruins Preceded by Toronto Maple Leafs Stanley Cup champions 1932 -- 33 Succeeded by Chicago Black Hawks Preceded by Boston Bruins Stanley Cup champions 1939 -- 40 Succeeded by Boston Bruins Preceded by Montreal Canadiens Stanley Cup champions 1993 -- 94 Succeeded by New Jersey Devils New York Rangers seasons 1920s 1920 -- 21 . 1921 -- 22 . 1922 -- 23 . 1923 -- 24 . 1924 -- 25 . 1925 -- 26 . 1926 -- 27 1927 -- 28 1928 -- 29 1929 -- 30 1930s 1930 -- 31 1931 -- 32 1932 -- 33 1933 -- 34 1934 -- 35 1935 -- 36 1936 -- 37 1937 -- 38 1938 -- 39 1939 -- 40 1940s 1940 -- 41 1941 -- 42 1942 -- 43 1943 -- 44 1944 -- 45 1945 -- 46 1946 -- 47 1947 -- 48 1948 -- 49 1949 -- 50 1950s 1950 -- 51 1951 -- 52 1952 -- 53 1953 -- 54 1954 -- 55 1955 -- 56 1956 -- 57 1957 -- 58 1958 -- 59 1959 -- 60 1960s 1960 -- 61 1961 -- 62 1962 -- 63 1963 -- 64 1964 -- 65 1965 -- 66 1966 -- 67 1967 -- 68 1968 -- 69 1969 -- 70 1970s 1970 -- 71 1971 -- 72 1972 -- 73 1973 -- 74 1974 -- 75 1975 -- 76 1976 -- 77 1977 -- 78 1978 -- 79 1979 -- 80 1980s 1980 -- 81 1981 -- 82 1982 -- 83 1983 -- 84 1984 -- 85 1985 -- 86 1986 -- 87 1987 -- 88 1988 -- 89 1989 -- 90 1990s 1990 -- 91 1991 -- 92 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 2000 2000s 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010s 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 Highlighted seasons indicate Stanley Cup championship National Hockey League Western Conference Eastern Conference Pacific Division Anaheim Ducks Arizona Coyotes Calgary Flames Edmonton Oilers Los Angeles Kings San Jose Sharks Vancouver Canucks Vegas Golden Knights Central Division Chicago Blackhawks Colorado Avalanche Dallas Stars Minnesota Wild Nashville Predators St. Louis Blues Winnipeg Jets Atlantic Division Boston Bruins Buffalo Sabres Detroit Red Wings Florida Panthers Montreal Canadiens Ottawa Senators Tampa Bay Lightning Toronto Maple Leafs Metropolitan Division Carolina Hurricanes Columbus Blue Jackets New Jersey Devils New York Islanders New York Rangers Philadelphia Flyers Pittsburgh Penguins Washington Capitals Events Seasons structure Stanley Cup Playoffs Conference Finals Finals Champions Winning players Traditions and anecdotes Presidents ' Trophy All - Star Game Draft Players Association Retired jersey numbers All - Star Teams Awards Captains Outdoor games Winter Classic Heritage Classic Stadium Series Centennial Classic Hockey Day America Canada International games Kraft Hockeyville History Lore Organizational changes Potential expansion All - time standings All - time playoff series Defunct teams NHA Original Six 1967 expansion WHA merger Others Streaks Droughts Hall of Fame Members Rivalries Arenas Rules Fighting Violence Ice hockey in Canada Ice hockey in the United States Collective bargaining agreement Lockouts Television and radio coverage Attendance figures Portal 2017 -- 18 season The Madison Square Garden Company Founded in 2010 Teams New York Rangers ( NHL ) New York Knicks ( NBA ) New York Liberty ( WNBA ) Hartford Wolf Pack ( AHL ) Westchester Knicks ( NBA G League ) Venues Madison Square Garden The Theater The Forum Chicago Theatre Radio City Music Hall ( operator ) Beacon Theatre ( operator ) People James L. 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when is the last time the rangers won the stanley cup | [
"The New York Rangers are a professional ice hockey team based in New York City. They are members of the Metropolitan Division of the Eastern Conference of the National Hockey League (NHL). The team plays its home games at Madison Square Garden, located in the borough of Manhattan. The Rangers are one of three NHL franchises in the New York metropolitan area, along with the New Jersey Devils and New York Islanders. The club is also one of the oldest teams in the NHL, having joined in 1926 as an expansion franchise. They are part of the group of teams referred to as the Original Six, along with the Boston Bruins, Chicago Blackhawks, Detroit Red Wings, Montreal Canadiens and Toronto Maple Leafs. The Rangers were the first NHL franchise in the United States to win the Stanley Cup,[2] which they have done four times, most recently in 1993–94.[3]"
] | [
"1993–94"
] |
-1764987973682361215 | List of Premier League managers | List of Premier League Managers - wikipedia List of Premier League Managers Jump to : navigation , search This list details all Premier League managers since the league began in 1992 . For current managers only , see List of current Premier League and English Football League managers . Manchester United manager Sir Alex Ferguson is the only manager who remained in his job throughout the first twenty - one seasons of the Premier League . Sam Allardyce has been in charge of Everton , Crystal Palace , Sunderland , West Ham United , Blackburn Rovers , Newcastle United and Bolton Wanderers in the Premier League . The Premier League is a professional football league in England which is the top tier of the English football league system . The league was formed in 1992 as a replacement for the original First Division . Arsène Wenger holds the record for most games managed in the Premier League with 828 games , all with Arsenal . He broke the record set by Alex Ferguson , who had managed 810 games with Manchester United from the Premier League 's inception to his retirement at the end of the 2012 -- 13 season . Ferguson , however , remains the most successful manager in the Premier League , having won thirteen titles , more than four times as many as any other manager . Sam Allardyce has managed the most teams in the Premier League , having taken charge of seven different clubs : Bolton Wanderers , Newcastle United , Blackburn Rovers , West Ham United , Sunderland , Crystal Palace and Everton . Many of the managers listed below served as caretaker ( temporary ) managers in the period between a managerial departure and appointment . Several of these , however , went on to secure a permanent managerial post . Contents ( hide ) 1 Managers 1.1 By club 1.2 By nationality 2 Most games managed in Premier League 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References 6 External links Managers ( edit ) The list of managers includes everyone who has managed clubs while they were in the Premier League , whether in a permanent or temporary role . Caretaker managers are listed only when they managed the team for at least one match in that period . The dates of appointment and departure may fall outside the club 's period in the Premier League , for example , Ron Atkinson was appointed as Aston Villa manager in 1991 ( before the Premier League was formed in 1992 ) and remained in his position through the Premier League 's establishment . Similarly , Wolverhampton Wanderers ' first spell in the Premier League lasted for only one season ( 2003 -- 04 ) but manager Dave Jones remained in his position until November 2004 . Key Incumbent manager Caretaker manager § Incumbent but no longer in Premier League * Present up to date as of 27 May 2018 Managers Name Nat . Club From Until Duration ( days ) Years in League Ref . Graham , George George Graham Arsenal 000000001986 - 05 - 14 - 0000 14 May 1986 000000001995 - 02 - 21 - 0000 21 February 1995 3205 1992 -- 1995 Houston , Stewart Stewart Houston Arsenal 000000001995 - 02 - 22 - 0000 22 February 1995 000000001995 - 06 - 08 - 0000 8 June 1995 106 1995 Rioch , Bruce Bruce Rioch Arsenal 000000001995 - 06 - 08 - 0000 8 June 1995 000000001996 - 08 - 12 - 0000 12 August 1996 431 1995 -- 1996 Houston , Stewart Stewart Houston Arsenal 000000001996 - 08 - 12 - 0000 12 August 1996 000000001996 - 09 - 13 - 0000 13 September 1996 32 Rice , Pat Pat Rice Arsenal 000000001996 - 09 - 13 - 0000 13 September 1996 000000001996 - 09 - 30 - 0000 30 September 1996 17 Wenger , Arsene Arsène Wenger Arsenal 000000001996 - 10 - 01 - 0000 1 October 1996 000000002018 - 05 - 13 - 0000 13 May 2018 7894 1996 -- 2018 Emery , Unai Unai Emery Arsenal 000000002018 - 05 - 23 - 0000 23 May 2018 Present * 2018 -- Atkinson , Ron Ron Atkinson Aston Villa 000000001991 - 06 - 07 - 0000 7 June 1991 000000001994 - 11 - 10 - 0000 10 November 1994 1252 1992 -- 1994 Little , Brian Brian Little Aston Villa 000000001994 - 11 - 25 - 0000 25 November 1994 000000001998 - 02 - 24 - 0000 24 February 1998 1187 1994 -- 1998 Gregory , John John Gregory Aston Villa 000000001998 - 02 - 25 - 0000 25 February 1998 000000002002 - 01 - 24 - 0000 24 January 2002 1429 1998 -- 2002 Deehan , John John Deehan Aston Villa 000000002002 - 01 - 24 - 0000 24 January 2002 000000002002 - 02 - 05 - 0000 5 February 2002 12 2002 Gray , Stuart Stuart Gray Aston Villa 000000002002 - 01 - 24 - 0000 24 January 2002 000000002002 - 02 - 05 - 0000 5 February 2002 12 2002 Taylor , Graham Graham Taylor Aston Villa 000000002002 - 02 - 05 - 0000 5 February 2002 000000002003 - 05 - 14 - 0000 14 May 2003 463 2002 -- 2003 O'Leary , David David O'Leary Aston Villa 000000002003 - 05 - 20 - 0000 20 May 2003 000000002006 - 07 - 19 - 0000 19 July 2006 1156 2003 -- 2006 O'Neill , Martin Martin O'Neill Aston Villa 000000002006 - 08 - 05 - 0000 5 August 2006 000000002010 - 08 - 09 - 0000 9 August 2010 1465 2006 -- 2010 MacDonald , Kevin Kevin MacDonald Aston Villa 000000002010 - 08 - 09 - 0000 9 August 2010 000000002010 - 09 - 08 - 0000 8 September 2010 30 Houllier , Gérard Gérard Houllier Aston Villa 000000002010 - 09 - 08 - 0000 8 September 2010 000000002011 - 06 - 01 - 0000 1 June 2011 266 2010 -- 2011 McAllister , Gary Gary McAllister Aston Villa 000000002011 - 04 - 23 - 0000 23 April 2011 000000002011 - 05 - 22 - 0000 22 May 2011 29 2011 McLeish , Alex Alex McLeish Aston Villa 000000002011 - 06 - 17 - 0000 17 June 2011 000000002012 - 05 - 14 - 0000 14 May 2012 332 2011 -- 2012 Lambert , Paul Paul Lambert Aston Villa 000000002012 - 06 - 02 - 0000 2 June 2012 000000002015 - 02 - 11 - 0000 11 February 2015 985 2012 -- 2015 Marshall , Scott Scott Marshall Aston Villa 000000002015 - 02 - 11 - 0000 11 February 2015 000000002015 - 02 - 14 - 0000 14 February 2015 2015 Sherwood , Tim Tim Sherwood Aston Villa 000000002015 - 02 - 14 - 0000 14 February 2015 000000002015 - 10 - 25 - 0000 25 October 2015 253 2015 MacDonald , Kevin Kevin MacDonald Aston Villa 000000002015 - 10 - 25 - 0000 25 October 2015 000000002015 - 11 - 02 - 0000 2 November 2015 8 2015 Garde , Rémi Rémi Garde Aston Villa 000000002015 - 11 - 02 - 0000 2 November 2015 000000002016 - 03 - 29 - 0000 29 March 2016 148 2015 -- 2016 Black , Eric Eric Black Aston Villa 000000002016 - 03 - 29 - 0000 29 March 2016 000000002016 - 06 - 02 - 0000 2 June 2016 65 2016 Wilson , Danny Danny Wilson Barnsley 000000001994 - 06 - 02 - 0000 2 June 1994 000000001998 - 07 - 07 - 0000 7 July 1998 1496 1997 -- 1998 Bruce , Steve Steve Bruce Birmingham City 000000002001 - 12 - 12 - 0000 12 December 2001 000000002007 - 11 - 23 - 0000 23 November 2007 2172 2002 -- 2006 2007 Black , Eric Eric Black Birmingham City 000000002007 - 11 - 23 - 0000 23 November 2007 000000002007 - 11 - 27 - 0000 27 November 2007 2007 McLeish , Alex Alex McLeish Birmingham City 000000002007 - 11 - 28 - 0000 28 November 2007 000000002011 - 06 - 12 - 0000 12 June 2011 1496 2007 -- 2008 2009 -- 2011 Dalglish , Kenny Kenny Dalglish Blackburn Rovers 000000001991 - 10 - 12 - 0000 12 October 1991 000000001995 - 06 - 21 - 0000 21 June 1995 1348 1992 -- 1995 Harford , Ray Ray Harford Blackburn Rovers 000000001995 - 06 - 25 - 0000 25 June 1995 000000001996 - 10 - 25 - 0000 25 October 1996 488 1995 -- 1996 Parkes , Tony Tony Parkes Blackburn Rovers 000000001996 - 10 - 25 - 0000 25 October 1996 000000001997 - 06 - 01 - 0000 1 June 1997 219 1996 -- 1997 Hodgson , Roy Roy Hodgson Blackburn Rovers 000000001997 - 06 - 01 - 0000 1 June 1997 000000001998 - 11 - 21 - 0000 21 November 1998 538 1997 Kidd , Brian Brian Kidd Blackburn Rovers 000000001998 - 12 - 04 - 0000 4 December 1998 000000001999 - 11 - 03 - 0000 3 November 1999 334 1998 -- 1999 Souness , Graeme Graeme Souness Blackburn Rovers 000000002000 - 03 - 14 - 0000 14 March 2000 000000002004 - 09 - 06 - 0000 6 September 2004 1637 2001 -- 2004 Hughes , Mark Mark Hughes Blackburn Rovers 000000002004 - 09 - 15 - 0000 15 September 2004 000000002008 - 06 - 03 - 0000 3 June 2008 1357 2004 -- 2008 Ince , Paul Paul Ince Blackburn Rovers 000000002008 - 06 - 22 - 0000 22 June 2008 000000002008 - 12 - 16 - 0000 16 December 2008 177 2008 Allardyce , Sam Sam Allardyce Blackburn Rovers 000000002008 - 12 - 17 - 0000 17 December 2008 000000002010 - 12 - 13 - 0000 13 December 2010 726 2008 -- 2010 Kean , Steve Steve Kean Blackburn Rovers 000000002010 - 12 - 13 - 0000 13 December 2010 000000002012 - 09 - 28 - 0000 28 September 2012 655 2010 -- 2012 Holloway , Ian Ian Holloway Blackpool 000000002009 - 05 - 21 - 0000 21 May 2009 000000002012 - 11 - 03 - 0000 3 November 2012 1262 2010 -- 2011 McFarland , Roy Roy McFarland Bolton Wanderers 000000001995 - 06 - 20 - 0000 20 June 1995 000000001996 - 01 - 02 - 0000 2 January 1996 227 1995 -- 1996 Todd , Colin Colin Todd Bolton Wanderers 000000001996 - 01 - 02 - 0000 2 January 1996 000000001999 - 09 - 22 - 0000 22 September 1999 1328 1997 -- 1998 Allardyce , Sam Sam Allardyce Bolton Wanderers 000000001999 - 10 - 19 - 0000 19 October 1999 000000002007 - 04 - 29 - 0000 29 April 2007 2749 2001 -- 2007 Lee , Sammy Sammy Lee Bolton Wanderers 000000002007 - 04 - 30 - 0000 30 April 2007 000000002007 - 10 - 07 - 0000 7 October 2007 160 2007 Knox , Archie Archie Knox Bolton Wanderers 000000002007 - 10 - 17 - 0000 17 October 2007 000000002007 - 10 - 25 - 0000 25 October 2007 8 2007 Megson , Gary Gary Megson Bolton Wanderers 000000002007 - 10 - 25 - 0000 25 October 2007 000000002009 - 12 - 30 - 0000 30 December 2009 797 2007 -- 2009 Coyle , Owen Owen Coyle Bolton Wanderers 000000002010 - 01 - 08 - 0000 8 January 2010 000000002012 - 10 - 09 - 0000 9 October 2012 1005 2010 -- 2012 Howe , Eddie Eddie Howe Bournemouth 000000002012 - 10 - 12 - 0000 12 October 2012 Present * 2053 2015 -- Jewell , Paul Paul Jewell Bradford City 000000001998 - 01 - 06 - 0000 6 January 1998 000000002000 - 06 - 18 - 0000 18 June 2000 894 1999 -- 2000 Hutchings , Chris Chris Hutchings Bradford City 000000002000 - 06 - 18 - 0000 18 June 2000 000000002000 - 11 - 06 - 0000 6 November 2000 141 2000 McCall , Stuart Stuart McCall Bradford City 000000002000 - 11 - 06 - 0000 6 November 2000 000000002000 - 11 - 20 - 0000 20 November 2000 14 2000 Jefferies , Jim Jim Jefferies Bradford City 000000002000 - 11 - 20 - 0000 20 November 2000 000000002001 - 12 - 24 - 0000 24 December 2001 399 2000 -- 2001 Hughton , Chris Chris Hughton Brighton & Hove Albion 000000002014 - 12 - 31 - 0000 31 December 2014 Present * 1243 2017 -- Coyle , Owen Owen Coyle Burnley 000000002007 - 11 - 27 - 0000 27 November 2007 000000002010 - 01 - 05 - 0000 5 January 2010 770 2009 -- 2010 Laws , Brian Brian Laws Burnley 000000002010 - 01 - 13 - 0000 13 January 2010 000000002010 - 12 - 29 - 0000 29 December 2010 350 Dyche , Sean Sean Dyche Burnley 000000002012 - 10 - 30 - 0000 30 October 2012 Present * 2035 2014 -- 2015 2016 -- Mackay , Malky Malky Mackay Cardiff City 000000002011 - 06 - 17 - 0000 17 June 2011 000000002013 - 12 - 27 - 0000 27 December 2013 924 2013 Kerslake , David David Kerslake Cardiff City 000000002013 - 12 - 27 - 0000 27 December 2013 000000002014 - 01 - 02 - 0000 2 January 2014 6 2013 -- 2014 Solskjær , Ole Gunnar Ole Gunnar Solskjær Cardiff City 000000002014 - 01 - 02 - 0000 2 January 2014 000000002014 - 09 - 18 - 0000 18 September 2014 259 2014 Warnock , Neil Neil Warnock Cardiff City 000000002016 - 10 - 05 - 0000 5 October 2016 Present * 599 2018 -- Curbishley , Alan Alan Curbishley Charlton Athletic 000000001991 - 07 - 24 - 0000 24 July 1991 000000002006 - 05 - 08 - 0000 8 May 2006 5402 1998 -- 1999 2000 -- 2006 Dowie , Iain Iain Dowie Charlton Athletic 000000002006 - 05 - 30 - 0000 30 May 2006 000000002006 - 11 - 13 - 0000 13 November 2006 167 2006 Reed , Les Les Reed Charlton Athletic 000000002006 - 11 - 14 - 0000 14 November 2006 000000002006 - 12 - 24 - 0000 24 December 2006 40 2006 Pardew , Alan Alan Pardew Charlton Athletic 000000002006 - 12 - 24 - 0000 24 December 2006 000000002008 - 11 - 22 - 0000 22 November 2008 699 2006 -- 2007 Porterfield , Ian Ian Porterfield Chelsea 000000001991 - 06 - 11 - 0000 11 June 1991 000000001993 - 02 - 15 - 0000 15 February 1993 615 1992 -- 1993 Webb , David David Webb Chelsea 000000001993 - 02 - 15 - 0000 15 February 1993 000000001993 - 05 - 11 - 0000 11 May 1993 85 1993 Hoddle , Glenn Glenn Hoddle Chelsea 000000001993 - 06 - 04 - 0000 4 June 1993 000000001996 - 05 - 10 - 0000 10 May 1996 1071 1993 -- 1996 Gullit , Ruud Ruud Gullit Chelsea 000000001996 - 05 - 10 - 0000 10 May 1996 000000001998 - 02 - 12 - 0000 12 February 1998 643 1996 -- 1998 Vialli , Gianluca Gianluca Vialli Chelsea 000000001998 - 02 - 12 - 0000 12 February 1998 000000002000 - 09 - 12 - 0000 12 September 2000 943 1998 -- 2000 Rix , Graham Graham Rix Chelsea 000000002000 - 09 - 13 - 0000 13 September 2000 000000002000 - 09 - 17 - 0000 17 September 2000 2000 Wilkins , Ray Ray Wilkins Chelsea 000000002000 - 09 - 13 - 0000 13 September 2000 000000002000 - 09 - 17 - 0000 17 September 2000 2000 Ranieri , Claudio Claudio Ranieri Chelsea 000000002000 - 09 - 18 - 0000 18 September 2000 000000002004 - 05 - 31 - 0000 31 May 2004 1351 2000 -- 2004 Mourinho , Jose José Mourinho Chelsea 000000002004 - 06 - 02 - 0000 2 June 2004 000000002007 - 09 - 20 - 0000 20 September 2007 1205 2004 -- 2007 Grant , Avram Avram Grant Chelsea 000000002007 - 09 - 20 - 0000 20 September 2007 000000002008 - 05 - 24 - 0000 24 May 2008 238 2007 -- 2008 Scolari , Luiz Felipe Luiz Felipe Scolari Chelsea 000000002008 - 07 - 01 - 0000 1 July 2008 000000002009 - 02 - 09 - 0000 9 February 2009 223 2008 -- 2009 Wilkins , Ray Ray Wilkins Chelsea 000000002009 - 02 - 09 - 0000 9 February 2009 000000002009 - 02 - 16 - 0000 16 February 2009 7 2009 Hiddink , Guus Guus Hiddink Chelsea 000000002009 - 02 - 16 - 0000 16 February 2009 000000002009 - 05 - 31 - 0000 31 May 2009 104 2009 Ancelotti , Carlo Carlo Ancelotti Chelsea 000000002009 - 07 - 01 - 0000 1 July 2009 000000002011 - 05 - 22 - 0000 22 May 2011 720 2009 -- 2011 Villas - Boas , André André Villas - Boas Chelsea 000000002011 - 06 - 22 - 0000 22 June 2011 000000002012 - 03 - 04 - 0000 4 March 2012 256 2011 -- 2012 Di Matteo , Roberto Roberto Di Matteo Chelsea 000000002012 - 03 - 04 - 0000 4 March 2012 000000002012 - 11 - 21 - 0000 21 November 2012 262 2012 Benítez , Rafael Rafael Benítez Chelsea 000000002012 - 11 - 21 - 0000 21 November 2012 000000002013 - 05 - 27 - 0000 27 May 2013 187 2012 -- 2013 Mourinho , Jose José Mourinho Chelsea 000000002013 - 06 - 03 - 0000 3 June 2013 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 17 December 2015 927 2013 -- 2015 Hiddink , Guus Guus Hiddink Chelsea 000000002015 - 12 - 19 - 0000 19 December 2015 000000002016 - 05 - 15 - 0000 15 May 2016 148 2015 -- 2016 Conte , Antonio Antonio Conte Chelsea 000000002016 - 07 - 03 - 0000 3 July 2016 Present * 693 2016 -- Gould , Bobby Bobby Gould Coventry City 000000001992 - 06 - 24 - 0000 24 June 1992 000000001993 - 10 - 23 - 0000 23 October 1993 486 1992 -- 1993 Neal , Phil Phil Neal Coventry City 000000001993 - 10 - 23 - 0000 23 October 1993 000000001995 - 02 - 14 - 0000 14 February 1995 479 1993 -- 1995 Atkinson , Ron Ron Atkinson Coventry City 000000001995 - 02 - 15 - 0000 15 February 1995 000000001996 - 11 - 05 - 0000 5 November 1996 629 1995 -- 1996 Strachan , Gordon Gordon Strachan Coventry City 000000001996 - 11 - 05 - 0000 5 November 1996 000000002001 - 09 - 10 - 0000 10 September 2001 1770 1996 -- 2001 Coppell , Steve Steve Coppell Crystal Palace 000000001984 - 06 - 03 - 0000 3 June 1984 000000001993 - 05 - 17 - 0000 17 May 1993 3270 1992 -- 1993 Smith , Alan Alan Smith Crystal Palace 000000001993 - 06 - 03 - 0000 3 June 1993 000000001995 - 05 - 15 - 0000 15 May 1995 711 1994 -- 1995 Coppell , Steve Steve Coppell Crystal Palace 000000001997 - 02 - 27 - 0000 27 February 1997 000000001998 - 03 - 13 - 0000 13 March 1998 379 1997 -- 1998 Lombardo , Attilio Attilio Lombardo Crystal Palace 000000001998 - 03 - 13 - 0000 13 March 1998 000000001998 - 04 - 29 - 0000 29 April 1998 47 1998 Brolin , Tomas Tomas Brolin Crystal Palace 000000001998 - 03 - 13 - 0000 13 March 1998 000000001998 - 04 - 29 - 0000 29 April 1998 47 1998 Noades , Ron Ron Noades Crystal Palace 000000001998 - 04 - 29 - 0000 29 April 1998 000000001998 - 05 - 10 - 0000 10 May 1998 11 1998 Lewington , Ray Ray Lewington Crystal Palace 000000001998 - 04 - 29 - 0000 29 April 1998 000000001998 - 05 - 10 - 0000 10 May 1998 11 1998 Dowie , Iain Iain Dowie Crystal Palace 000000002003 - 12 - 22 - 0000 22 December 2003 000000002006 - 05 - 22 - 0000 22 May 2006 882 2004 -- 2005 Holloway , Ian Ian Holloway Crystal Palace 000000002012 - 11 - 03 - 0000 3 November 2012 000000002013 - 10 - 23 - 0000 23 October 2013 354 2013 Millen , Keith Keith Millen Crystal Palace 000000002013 - 10 - 23 - 0000 23 October 2013 000000002013 - 11 - 23 - 0000 23 November 2013 31 2013 Pulis , Tony Tony Pulis Crystal Palace 000000002013 - 11 - 23 - 0000 23 November 2013 000000002014 - 08 - 14 - 0000 14 August 2014 264 2013 -- 2014 Millen , Keith Keith Millen Crystal Palace 000000002014 - 08 - 14 - 0000 14 August 2014 000000002014 - 08 - 27 - 0000 27 August 2014 13 2014 Warnock , Neil Neil Warnock Crystal Palace 000000002014 - 08 - 27 - 0000 27 August 2014 000000002014 - 12 - 27 - 0000 27 December 2014 122 2014 Millen , Keith Keith Millen Crystal Palace 000000002014 - 12 - 27 - 0000 27 December 2014 000000002015 - 01 - 02 - 0000 2 January 2015 5 2014 -- 2015 Pardew , Alan Alan Pardew Crystal Palace 000000002015 - 01 - 02 - 0000 2 January 2015 000000002016 - 12 - 22 - 0000 22 December 2016 720 2015 -- 2016 Allardyce , Sam Sam Allardyce Crystal Palace 000000002016 - 12 - 23 - 0000 23 December 2016 000000002017 - 05 - 23 - 0000 23 May 2017 151 2016 -- 2017 de Boer , Frank Frank de Boer Crystal Palace 000000002017 - 06 - 26 - 0000 26 June 2017 000000002017 - 09 - 11 - 0000 11 September 2017 77 2017 Hodgson , Roy Roy Hodgson Crystal Palace 000000002017 - 09 - 12 - 0000 12 September 2017 Present * 257 2017 -- Smith , Jim Jim Smith Derby County 000000001995 - 06 - 15 - 0000 15 June 1995 000000002001 - 10 - 07 - 0000 7 October 2001 2306 1996 -- 2001 Todd , Colin Colin Todd Derby County 000000002001 - 10 - 08 - 0000 8 October 2001 000000002002 - 01 - 14 - 0000 14 January 2002 98 2001 -- 2002 McEwan , Billy Billy McEwan Derby County 000000002002 - 01 - 14 - 0000 14 January 2002 000000002002 - 01 - 30 - 0000 30 January 2002 16 2002 Gregory , John John Gregory Derby County 000000002002 - 01 - 30 - 0000 30 January 2002 000000002003 - 03 - 21 - 0000 21 March 2003 415 2002 Davies , Billy Billy Davies Derby County 000000002006 - 06 - 02 - 0000 2 June 2006 000000002007 - 11 - 26 - 0000 26 November 2007 542 2007 Jewell , Paul Paul Jewell Derby County 000000002007 - 11 - 28 - 0000 28 November 2007 000000002008 - 12 - 29 - 0000 29 December 2008 397 2007 -- 2008 Kendall , Howard Howard Kendall Everton 000000001990 - 11 - 05 - 0000 5 November 1990 000000001993 - 12 - 04 - 0000 4 December 1993 1125 1992 -- 1993 Gabriel , Jimmy Jimmy Gabriel Everton 000000001993 - 12 - 04 - 0000 4 December 1993 000000001994 - 01 - 07 - 0000 7 January 1994 35 1993 -- 1994 Walker , Mike Mike Walker Everton 000000001994 - 01 - 07 - 0000 7 January 1994 000000001994 - 11 - 08 - 0000 8 November 1994 305 1994 Royle , Joe Joe Royle Everton 000000001994 - 11 - 10 - 0000 10 November 1994 000000001997 - 03 - 27 - 0000 27 March 1997 868 1994 -- 1997 Watson , Dave Dave Watson Everton 000000001997 - 04 - 01 - 0000 1 April 1997 000000001997 - 05 - 31 - 0000 31 May 1997 60 1997 Kendall , Howard Howard Kendall Everton 000000001997 - 06 - 27 - 0000 27 June 1997 000000001998 - 06 - 25 - 0000 25 June 1998 363 1997 -- 1998 Smith , Walter Walter Smith Everton 000000001998 - 07 - 01 - 0000 1 July 1998 000000002002 - 03 - 13 - 0000 13 March 2002 1351 1998 -- 2002 Moyes , David David Moyes Everton 000000002002 - 03 - 15 - 0000 15 March 2002 000000002013 - 06 - 01 - 0000 1 June 2013 4096 2002 -- 2013 Martinez , Roberto Roberto Martínez Everton 000000002013 - 06 - 05 - 0000 5 June 2013 000000002016 - 05 - 12 - 0000 12 May 2016 1072 2013 -- 2016 Unsworth , David David Unsworth Everton 000000002016 - 05 - 12 - 0000 12 May 2016 000000002016 - 06 - 14 - 0000 14 June 2016 33 2016 Koeman , Ronald Ronald Koeman Everton 000000002016 - 06 - 14 - 0000 14 June 2016 000000002017 - 10 - 23 - 0000 23 October 2017 496 2016 -- 2017 Unsworth , David David Unsworth Everton 000000002017 - 10 - 23 - 0000 23 October 2017 000000002017 - 11 - 30 - 0000 30 November 2017 38 2017 Allardyce , Sam Sam Allardyce Everton 000000002017 - 11 - 30 - 0000 30 November 2017 000000002018 - 05 - 16 - 0000 16 May 2018 167 2017 -- 2018 Tigana , Jean Jean Tigana Fulham 000000002000 - 07 - 01 - 0000 1 July 2000 000000002003 - 04 - 17 - 0000 17 April 2003 1020 2001 -- 2003 Coleman , Chris Chris Coleman Fulham 000000002003 - 04 - 17 - 0000 17 April 2003 000000002007 - 04 - 11 - 0000 11 April 2007 1455 2003 -- 2007 Sanchez , Lawrie Lawrie Sanchez Fulham 000000002007 - 04 - 11 - 0000 11 April 2007 000000002007 - 12 - 21 - 0000 21 December 2007 254 2007 Lewington , Ray Ray Lewington Fulham 000000002007 - 12 - 21 - 0000 21 December 2007 000000002007 - 12 - 30 - 0000 30 December 2007 9 2007 Hodgson , Roy Roy Hodgson Fulham 000000002007 - 12 - 30 - 0000 30 December 2007 000000002010 - 06 - 30 - 0000 30 June 2010 913 2007 -- 2010 Lewington , Ray Ray Lewington Fulham 000000002010 - 07 - 01 - 0000 1 July 2010 000000002010 - 07 - 29 - 0000 29 July 2010 28 Hughes , Mark Mark Hughes Fulham 000000002010 - 07 - 29 - 0000 29 July 2010 000000002011 - 06 - 01 - 0000 1 June 2011 307 2010 -- 2011 Jol , Martin Martin Jol Fulham 000000002011 - 06 - 07 - 0000 7 June 2011 000000002013 - 12 - 01 - 0000 1 December 2013 908 2011 -- 2013 Meulensteen , René René Meulensteen Fulham 000000002013 - 12 - 01 - 0000 1 December 2013 000000002014 - 02 - 14 - 0000 14 February 2014 75 2013 -- 2014 Magath , Felix Felix Magath Fulham 000000002014 - 02 - 14 - 0000 14 February 2014 000000002014 - 09 - 18 - 0000 18 September 2014 216 2014 Jokanović , Slaviša Slaviša Jokanović Fulham 000000002015 - 12 - 27 - 0000 27 December 2015 Present * 882 2018 -- Wagner , David David Wagner Huddersfield Town 000000002015 - 11 - 09 - 0000 9 November 2015 Present * 930 2017 -- Brown , Phil Phil Brown Hull City 000000002006 - 12 - 04 - 0000 4 December 2006 000000002010 - 03 - 15 - 0000 15 March 2010 1197 2008 -- 2009 Dowie , Iain Iain Dowie Hull City 000000002010 - 03 - 17 - 0000 17 March 2010 000000002010 - 05 - 09 - 0000 9 May 2010 53 Bruce , Steve Steve Bruce Hull City 000000002012 - 06 - 08 - 0000 8 June 2012 000000002016 - 07 - 22 - 0000 22 July 2016 1505 2013 -- 2015 Phelan , Mike Mike Phelan Hull City 000000002016 - 07 - 22 - 0000 22 July 2016 000000002017 - 01 - 03 - 0000 3 January 2017 165 2016 -- 2017 Silva , Marco Marco Silva Hull City 000000002017 - 01 - 05 - 0000 5 January 2017 000000002017 - 05 - 25 - 0000 25 May 2017 140 2017 Lyall , John John Lyall Ipswich Town 000000001990 - 05 - 11 - 0000 11 May 1990 000000001994 - 12 - 05 - 0000 5 December 1994 1669 1992 -- 1994 Goddard , Paul Paul Goddard Ipswich Town 000000001994 - 12 - 06 - 0000 6 December 1994 000000001994 - 12 - 27 - 0000 27 December 1994 21 1994 Wark , John John Wark Ipswich Town 000000001994 - 12 - 06 - 0000 6 December 1994 000000001994 - 12 - 27 - 0000 27 December 1994 21 1994 Burley , George George Burley Ipswich Town 000000001994 - 12 - 28 - 0000 28 December 1994 000000002002 - 10 - 11 - 0000 11 October 2002 2844 1994 -- 1995 2000 -- 2002 Wilkinson , Howard Howard Wilkinson Leeds United 000000001988 - 10 - 10 - 0000 10 October 1988 000000001996 - 09 - 10 - 0000 10 September 1996 2892 1992 -- 1996 Graham , George George Graham Leeds United 000000001996 - 09 - 10 - 0000 10 September 1996 000000001998 - 10 - 01 - 0000 1 October 1998 751 1996 -- 1998 O'Leary , David David O'Leary Leeds United 000000001998 - 10 - 01 - 0000 1 October 1998 000000002002 - 06 - 27 - 0000 27 June 2002 1365 1998 -- 2002 Venables , Terry Terry Venables Leeds United 000000002002 - 07 - 08 - 0000 8 July 2002 000000002003 - 03 - 21 - 0000 21 March 2003 256 2002 -- 2003 Reid , Peter Peter Reid Leeds United 000000002003 - 03 - 21 - 0000 21 March 2003 000000002003 - 11 - 10 - 0000 10 November 2003 234 2003 Gray , Eddie Eddie Gray Leeds United 000000002003 - 11 - 10 - 0000 10 November 2003 000000002004 - 05 - 21 - 0000 21 May 2004 193 2003 -- 2004 Little , Brian Brian Little Leicester City 000000001991 - 05 - 30 - 0000 30 May 1991 000000001994 - 11 - 22 - 0000 22 November 1994 1272 1994 -- 1995 MacDonald , Kevin Kevin MacDonald Leicester City 000000001994 - 11 - 22 - 0000 22 November 1994 000000001994 - 12 - 14 - 0000 14 December 1994 22 1994 McGhee , Mark Mark McGhee Leicester City 000000001994 - 12 - 14 - 0000 14 December 1994 000000001995 - 12 - 07 - 0000 7 December 1995 358 1994 -- 1995 O'Neill , Martin Martin O'Neill Leicester City 000000001995 - 12 - 21 - 0000 21 December 1995 000000002000 - 06 - 01 - 0000 1 June 2000 1624 1996 -- 2000 Taylor , Peter Peter Taylor Leicester City 000000002000 - 06 - 12 - 0000 12 June 2000 000000002001 - 09 - 30 - 0000 30 September 2001 475 2000 -- 2001 Bassett , Dave Dave Bassett Leicester City 000000002001 - 10 - 10 - 0000 10 October 2001 000000002002 - 04 - 06 - 0000 6 April 2002 178 2001 -- 2002 Adams , Micky Micky Adams Leicester City 000000002002 - 04 - 07 - 0000 7 April 2002 000000002004 - 10 - 11 - 0000 11 October 2004 918 2002 2003 -- 2004 Pearson , Nigel Nigel Pearson Leicester City 000000002011 - 11 - 15 - 0000 15 November 2011 000000002015 - 06 - 30 - 0000 30 June 2015 1323 2014 -- 2015 Ranieri , Claudio Claudio Ranieri Leicester City 000000002015 - 07 - 13 - 0000 13 July 2015 000000002017 - 02 - 23 - 0000 23 February 2017 591 2015 -- 2017 Shakespeare , Craig Craig Shakespeare Leicester City 000000002017 - 02 - 23 - 0000 23 February 2017 000000002017 - 10 - 17 - 0000 17 October 2017 236 2017 Appleton , Michael Michael Appleton Leicester City 000000002017 - 10 - 17 - 0000 17 October 2017 000000002017 - 10 - 25 - 0000 25 October 2017 8 2017 Puel , Claude Claude Puel Leicester City 000000002017 - 10 - 25 - 0000 25 October 2017 Present * 214 2017 -- Souness , Graeme Graeme Souness Liverpool 000000001991 - 04 - 16 - 0000 16 April 1991 000000001994 - 01 - 28 - 0000 28 January 1994 1018 1992 -- 1994 Evans , Roy Roy Evans Liverpool 000000001994 - 01 - 28 - 0000 28 January 1994 000000001998 - 11 - 12 - 0000 12 November 1998 1749 1994 -- 1998 Houllier , Gérard Gérard Houllier Liverpool 000000001998 - 07 - 01 - 0000 1 July 1998 000000002001 - 10 - 14 - 0000 14 October 2001 1201 1998 -- 2001 Thompson , Phil Phil Thompson Liverpool 000000002001 - 10 - 14 - 0000 14 October 2001 000000002002 - 03 - 16 - 0000 16 March 2002 153 2001 -- 2002 Houllier , Gérard Gérard Houllier Liverpool 000000002002 - 03 - 17 - 0000 17 March 2002 000000002004 - 05 - 24 - 0000 24 May 2004 799 2002 -- 2004 Benítez , Rafael Rafael Benítez Liverpool 000000002004 - 06 - 16 - 0000 16 June 2004 000000002010 - 06 - 03 - 0000 3 June 2010 2178 2004 -- 2010 Hodgson , Roy Roy Hodgson Liverpool 000000002010 - 07 - 01 - 0000 1 July 2010 000000002011 - 01 - 08 - 0000 8 January 2011 191 2010 -- 2011 Dalglish , Kenny Kenny Dalglish Liverpool 000000002011 - 01 - 08 - 0000 8 January 2011 000000002012 - 05 - 16 - 0000 16 May 2012 494 2011 -- 2012 Rodgers , Brendan Brendan Rodgers Liverpool 000000002012 - 06 - 01 - 0000 1 June 2012 000000002015 - 10 - 04 - 0000 4 October 2015 1220 2012 -- 2015 Klopp , Jürgen Jürgen Klopp Liverpool 000000002015 - 10 - 08 - 0000 8 October 2015 Present * 962 2015 -- Reid , Peter Peter Reid Manchester City 000000001990 - 11 - 11 - 0000 11 November 1990 000000001993 - 08 - 26 - 0000 26 August 1993 1019 1992 -- 1993 Book , Tony Tony Book Manchester City 000000001993 - 08 - 26 - 0000 26 August 1993 000000001993 - 08 - 28 - 0000 28 August 1993 1993 Horton , Brian Brian Horton Manchester City 000000001993 - 08 - 28 - 0000 28 August 1993 000000001995 - 05 - 16 - 0000 16 May 1995 626 1993 -- 1995 Ball , Alan Alan Ball Manchester City 000000001995 - 06 - 30 - 0000 30 June 1995 000000001996 - 08 - 26 - 0000 26 August 1996 423 1995 -- 1996 Royle , Joe Joe Royle Manchester City 000000001998 - 02 - 18 - 0000 18 February 1998 000000002001 - 05 - 21 - 0000 21 May 2001 1188 2000 -- 2001 Keegan , Kevin Kevin Keegan Manchester City 000000002001 - 05 - 24 - 0000 24 May 2001 000000002005 - 03 - 11 - 0000 11 March 2005 1387 2002 -- 2005 Pearce , Stuart Stuart Pearce Manchester City 000000002005 - 03 - 21 - 0000 21 March 2005 000000002007 - 05 - 14 - 0000 14 May 2007 784 2005 -- 2007 Eriksson , Sven - Göran Sven - Göran Eriksson Manchester City 000000002007 - 07 - 06 - 0000 6 July 2007 000000002008 - 06 - 02 - 0000 2 June 2008 332 2007 -- 2008 Hughes , Mark Mark Hughes Manchester City 000000002008 - 06 - 04 - 0000 4 June 2008 000000002009 - 12 - 19 - 0000 19 December 2009 563 2008 -- 2009 Mancini , Roberto Roberto Mancini Manchester City 000000002009 - 12 - 19 - 0000 19 December 2009 000000002013 - 05 - 13 - 0000 13 May 2013 1241 2009 -- 2013 Kidd , Brian Brian Kidd Manchester City 000000002013 - 05 - 13 - 0000 13 May 2013 000000002013 - 06 - 14 - 0000 14 June 2013 32 2013 Pellegrini , Manuel Manuel Pellegrini Manchester City 000000002013 - 06 - 14 - 0000 14 June 2013 000000002016 - 06 - 30 - 0000 30 June 2016 1112 2013 -- 2016 Guardiola , Pep Pep Guardiola Manchester City 000000002016 - 07 - 01 - 0000 1 July 2016 Present * 695 2016 -- Ferguson , Alex Alex Ferguson Manchester United 000000001986 - 11 - 06 - 0000 6 November 1986 000000002013 - 06 - 01 - 0000 1 June 2013 9704 1992 -- 2013 Moyes , David David Moyes Manchester United 000000002013 - 07 - 01 - 0000 1 July 2013 000000002014 - 04 - 22 - 0000 22 April 2014 325 2013 -- 2014 Giggs , Ryan Ryan Giggs Manchester United 000000002014 - 04 - 22 - 0000 22 April 2014 000000002014 - 05 - 11 - 0000 11 May 2014 19 2014 Gaal , Louis van Louis van Gaal Manchester United 000000002014 - 07 - 14 - 0000 14 July 2014 000000002016 - 05 - 23 - 0000 23 May 2016 679 2014 -- 2016 Mourinho , Jose José Mourinho Manchester United 000000002016 - 05 - 27 - 0000 27 May 2016 Present * 730 2016 -- Lawrence , Lennie Lennie Lawrence Middlesbrough 000000001991 - 07 - 10 - 0000 10 July 1991 000000001994 - 05 - 19 - 0000 19 May 1994 1044 1992 -- 1993 Robson , Bryan Bryan Robson Middlesbrough 000000001994 - 05 - 31 - 0000 31 May 1994 000000002000 - 12 - 06 - 0000 6 December 2000 2381 1994 -- 1997 1998 -- 2000 Venables , Terry Terry Venables Middlesbrough 000000002000 - 12 - 06 - 0000 6 December 2000 000000002001 - 06 - 12 - 0000 12 June 2001 188 2000 -- 2001 McClaren , Steve Steve McClaren Middlesbrough 000000002001 - 06 - 12 - 0000 12 June 2001 000000002006 - 05 - 11 - 0000 11 May 2006 1794 2001 -- 2006 Southgate , Gareth Gareth Southgate Middlesbrough 000000002006 - 06 - 07 - 0000 7 June 2006 000000002009 - 10 - 20 - 0000 20 October 2009 1231 2006 -- 2009 Karanka , Aitor Aitor Karanka Middlesbrough 000000002013 - 11 - 13 - 0000 13 November 2013 000000002017 - 03 - 16 - 0000 16 March 2017 1219 2016 -- 2017 Agnew , Steve Steve Agnew Middlesbrough 000000002017 - 03 - 16 - 0000 16 March 2017 000000002017 - 06 - 09 - 0000 9 June 2017 85 2017 Keegan , Kevin Kevin Keegan Newcastle United 000000001992 - 02 - 05 - 0000 5 February 1992 000000001997 - 01 - 08 - 0000 8 January 1997 1799 1993 -- 1997 McDermott , Terry Terry McDermott Newcastle United 000000001997 - 01 - 08 - 0000 8 January 1997 000000001997 - 01 - 14 - 0000 14 January 1997 6 1997 Dalglish , Kenny Kenny Dalglish Newcastle United 000000001997 - 01 - 14 - 0000 14 January 1997 000000001998 - 08 - 27 - 0000 27 August 1998 590 1997 -- 1998 Gullit , Ruud Ruud Gullit Newcastle United 000000001998 - 08 - 28 - 0000 28 August 1998 000000001999 - 08 - 28 - 0000 28 August 1999 365 1998 -- 1999 Clarke , Steve Steve Clarke Newcastle United 000000001999 - 08 - 28 - 0000 28 August 1999 000000001999 - 09 - 02 - 0000 2 September 1999 5 1999 Robson , Bobby Bobby Robson Newcastle United 000000001999 - 09 - 02 - 0000 2 September 1999 000000002004 - 08 - 30 - 0000 30 August 2004 1824 1999 -- 2004 Carver , John John Carver Newcastle United 000000002004 - 09 - 11 - 0000 11 September 2004 000000002004 - 09 - 13 - 0000 13 September 2004 Souness , Graeme Graeme Souness Newcastle United 000000002004 - 09 - 13 - 0000 13 September 2004 000000002006 - 02 - 02 - 0000 2 February 2006 507 2004 -- 2006 Roeder , Glenn Glenn Roeder Newcastle United 000000002006 - 02 - 02 - 0000 2 February 2006 000000002007 - 05 - 06 - 0000 6 May 2007 458 2006 -- 2007 Pearson , Nigel Nigel Pearson Newcastle United 000000002007 - 05 - 06 - 0000 6 May 2007 000000002007 - 05 - 15 - 0000 15 May 2007 9 2007 Allardyce , Sam Sam Allardyce Newcastle United 000000002007 - 05 - 15 - 0000 15 May 2007 000000002008 - 01 - 09 - 0000 9 January 2008 239 2007 -- 2008 Pearson , Nigel Nigel Pearson Newcastle United 000000002008 - 01 - 09 - 0000 9 January 2008 000000002008 - 01 - 16 - 0000 16 January 2008 7 2008 Keegan , Kevin Kevin Keegan Newcastle United 000000002008 - 01 - 16 - 0000 16 January 2008 000000002008 - 09 - 04 - 0000 4 September 2008 232 2008 Hughton , Chris Chris Hughton Newcastle United 000000002008 - 09 - 08 - 0000 8 September 2008 000000002008 - 09 - 28 - 0000 28 September 2008 20 2008 Kinnear , Joe Joe Kinnear Newcastle United 000000002008 - 09 - 29 - 0000 29 September 2008 000000002009 - 04 - 01 - 0000 1 April 2009 184 2008 -- 2009 Shearer , Alan Alan Shearer Newcastle United 000000002009 - 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01 - 06 - 0000 6 January 1994 584 1992 -- 1994 Deehan , John John Deehan Norwich City 000000001994 - 01 - 12 - 0000 12 January 1994 000000001995 - 07 - 31 - 0000 31 July 1995 565 1994 -- 1995 Worthington , Nigel Nigel Worthington Norwich City 000000002000 - 12 - 04 - 0000 4 December 2000 000000002006 - 10 - 02 - 0000 2 October 2006 2128 2004 -- 2005 Lambert , Paul Paul Lambert Norwich City 000000002009 - 08 - 18 - 0000 18 August 2009 000000002012 - 06 - 02 - 0000 2 June 2012 1019 2011 -- 2012 Hughton , Chris Chris Hughton Norwich City 000000002012 - 06 - 07 - 0000 7 June 2012 000000002014 - 04 - 06 - 0000 6 April 2014 668 2012 -- 2014 Adams , Neil Neil Adams Norwich City 000000002014 - 04 - 06 - 0000 6 April 2014 000000002015 - 01 - 05 - 0000 5 January 2015 213 2014 Neil , Alex Alex Neil Norwich City 000000002015 - 01 - 09 - 0000 9 January 2015 000000002017 - 03 - 10 - 0000 10 March 2017 791 2015 -- 2016 Clough , Brian Brian Clough Nottingham Forest 000000001975 - 01 - 06 - 0000 6 January 1975 000000001993 - 05 - 08 - 0000 8 May 1993 6697 1992 -- 1993 Clark , Frank Frank Clark Nottingham Forest 000000001993 - 05 - 12 - 0000 12 May 1993 000000001996 - 12 - 19 - 0000 19 December 1996 1317 1994 -- 1996 Pearce , Stuart Stuart Pearce Nottingham Forest 000000001996 - 12 - 20 - 0000 20 December 1996 000000001997 - 05 - 08 - 0000 8 May 1997 139 1996 -- 1997 Bassett , Dave Dave Bassett Nottingham Forest 000000001997 - 05 - 08 - 0000 8 May 1997 000000001999 - 01 - 05 - 0000 5 January 1999 607 1997 1998 -- 1999 Adams , Micky Micky Adams Nottingham Forest 000000001999 - 01 - 05 - 0000 5 January 1999 000000001999 - 01 - 11 - 0000 11 January 1999 6 1999 Atkinson , Ron Ron Atkinson Nottingham Forest 000000001999 - 01 - 11 - 0000 11 January 1999 000000001999 - 05 - 16 - 0000 16 May 1999 125 1999 Royle , Joe Joe Royle Oldham Athletic 000000001982 - 07 - 14 - 0000 14 July 1982 000000001994 - 11 - 10 - 0000 10 November 1994 4502 1992 -- 1994 Redknapp , Harry Harry Redknapp Portsmouth 000000002002 - 03 - 25 - 0000 25 March 2002 000000002004 - 11 - 24 - 0000 24 November 2004 975 2003 -- 2004 Zajec , Velimir Velimir Zajec Portsmouth 000000002004 - 12 - 24 - 0000 24 December 2004 000000002005 - 04 - 07 - 0000 7 April 2005 104 2004 -- 2005 Perrin , Alain Alain Perrin Portsmouth 000000002005 - 04 - 07 - 0000 7 April 2005 000000002005 - 11 - 24 - 0000 24 November 2005 231 2005 Jordan , Joe Joe Jordan Portsmouth 000000002005 - 11 - 24 - 0000 24 November 2005 000000002005 - 12 - 07 - 0000 7 December 2005 13 2005 Redknapp , Harry Harry Redknapp Portsmouth 000000002005 - 12 - 07 - 0000 7 December 2005 000000002008 - 10 - 25 - 0000 25 October 2008 1053 2005 -- 2008 Jordan , Joe Joe Jordan Portsmouth 000000002008 - 10 - 25 - 0000 25 October 2008 000000002008 - 10 - 28 - 0000 28 October 2008 2008 Adams , Tony Tony Adams Portsmouth 000000002008 - 10 - 25 - 0000 25 October 2008 000000002009 - 02 - 09 - 0000 9 February 2009 107 2008 -- 2009 Hart , Paul Paul Hart Portsmouth 000000002009 - 02 - 09 - 0000 9 February 2009 000000002009 - 11 - 24 - 0000 24 November 2009 288 2009 Grant , Avram Avram Grant Portsmouth 000000002009 - 11 - 26 - 0000 26 November 2009 000000002010 - 05 - 21 - 0000 21 May 2010 176 2009 -- 2010 Francis , Gerry Gerry Francis Queens Park Rangers 000000001991 - 06 - 01 - 0000 1 June 1991 000000001994 - 11 - 11 - 0000 11 November 1994 1259 1992 -- 1994 Wilkins , Ray Ray Wilkins Queens Park Rangers 000000001994 - 11 - 15 - 0000 15 November 1994 000000001996 - 09 - 04 - 0000 4 September 1996 659 1994 -- 1996 Warnock , Neil Neil Warnock Queens Park Rangers 000000002010 - 03 - 01 - 0000 1 March 2010 000000002012 - 01 - 08 - 0000 8 January 2012 678 2011 -- 2012 Hughes , Mark Mark Hughes Queens Park Rangers 000000002012 - 01 - 10 - 0000 10 January 2012 000000002012 - 11 - 23 - 0000 23 November 2012 318 2012 Bowen , Mark Mark Bowen Queens Park Rangers 000000002012 - 11 - 23 - 0000 23 November 2012 000000002012 - 11 - 24 - 0000 24 November 2012 2012 Redknapp , Harry Harry Redknapp Queens Park Rangers 000000002012 - 11 - 24 - 0000 24 November 2012 000000002015 - 02 - 03 - 0000 3 February 2015 802 2012 -- 2013 2014 -- 2015 Bond , Kevin Kevin Bond Queens Park Rangers 000000002015 - 02 - 03 - 0000 3 February 2015 000000002015 - 02 - 12 - 0000 12 February 2015 9 2015 Ramsey , Chris Chris Ramsey Queens Park Rangers 000000002015 - 02 - 03 - 0000 3 February 2015 000000002015 - 11 - 04 - 0000 4 November 2015 274 2015 Coppell , Steve Steve Coppell Reading 000000002003 - 10 - 09 - 0000 9 October 2003 000000002009 - 05 - 12 - 0000 12 May 2009 2042 2006 -- 2008 McDermott , Brian Brian McDermott Reading 000000002009 - 12 - 17 - 0000 17 December 2009 000000002013 - 03 - 11 - 0000 11 March 2013 1180 2009 -- 2013 Adkins , Nigel Nigel Adkins Reading 000000002013 - 03 - 26 - 0000 26 March 2013 000000002014 - 12 - 15 - 0000 15 December 2014 629 2013 Bassett , Dave Dave Bassett Sheffield United 000000001988 - 01 - 02 - 0000 2 January 1988 000000001995 - 12 - 12 - 0000 12 December 1995 2901 1992 -- 1994 Warnock , Neil Neil Warnock Sheffield United 000000001999 - 12 - 02 - 0000 2 December 1999 000000002007 - 05 - 16 - 0000 16 May 2007 2722 2006 -- 2007 Francis , Trevor Trevor Francis Sheffield Wednesday 000000001991 - 06 - 07 - 0000 7 June 1991 000000001995 - 05 - 20 - 0000 20 May 1995 1443 1992 -- 1995 Pleat , David David Pleat Sheffield Wednesday 000000001995 - 06 - 14 - 0000 14 June 1995 000000001997 - 11 - 03 - 0000 3 November 1997 873 1995 -- 1997 Shreeves , Peter Peter Shreeves Sheffield Wednesday 000000001997 - 11 - 03 - 0000 3 November 1997 000000001997 - 11 - 14 - 0000 14 November 1997 11 1997 Atkinson , Ron Ron Atkinson Sheffield Wednesday 000000001997 - 11 - 14 - 0000 14 November 1997 000000001998 - 05 - 17 - 0000 17 May 1998 184 1997 -- 1998 Wilson , Danny Danny Wilson Sheffield Wednesday 000000001998 - 07 - 06 - 0000 6 July 1998 000000002000 - 03 - 21 - 0000 21 March 2000 624 1998 -- 2000 Shreeves , Peter Peter Shreeves Sheffield Wednesday 000000002000 - 03 - 21 - 0000 21 March 2000 000000002000 - 06 - 21 - 0000 21 June 2000 92 2000 Branfoot , Ian Ian Branfoot Southampton 000000001991 - 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08 - 10 - 0000 10 August 1994 000000002001 - 05 - 09 - 0000 9 May 2001 2464 1994 -- 2001 Roeder , Glenn Glenn Roeder West Ham United 000000002001 - 05 - 09 - 0000 9 May 2001 000000002003 - 04 - 24 - 0000 24 April 2003 715 2001 -- 2003 Brooking , Trevor Trevor Brooking West Ham United 000000002003 - 04 - 24 - 0000 24 April 2003 000000002003 - 05 - 12 - 0000 12 May 2003 18 2003 Pardew , Alan Alan Pardew West Ham United 000000002003 - 10 - 20 - 0000 20 October 2003 000000002006 - 12 - 11 - 0000 11 December 2006 1148 2005 -- 2006 Curbishley , Alan Alan Curbishley West Ham United 000000002006 - 12 - 13 - 0000 13 December 2006 000000002008 - 09 - 03 - 0000 3 September 2008 630 2006 -- 2008 Keen , Kevin Kevin Keen West Ham United 000000002008 - 09 - 03 - 0000 3 September 2008 000000002008 - 09 - 15 - 0000 15 September 2008 12 2008 Zola , Gianfranco Gianfranco Zola West Ham United 000000002008 - 09 - 15 - 0000 15 September 2008 000000002010 - 05 - 11 - 0000 11 May 2010 603 2008 -- 2010 Grant , Avram Avram Grant West Ham United 000000002010 - 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11 - 11 - 0000 11 November 2004 1408 2003 -- 2004 McCarthy , Mick Mick McCarthy Wolverhampton Wanderers 000000002006 - 08 - 05 - 0000 5 August 2006 000000002012 - 02 - 14 - 0000 14 February 2012 2019 2009 -- 2012 Connor , Terry Terry Connor Wolverhampton Wanderers 000000002012 - 02 - 24 - 0000 24 February 2012 000000002012 - 06 - 30 - 0000 30 June 2012 127 2012 Espírito Santo , Nuno Nuno Espírito Santo Wolverhampton Wanderers 000000002017 - 05 - 31 - 0000 31 May 2017 Present * 361 2018 -- By club ( edit ) Club Total Arsenal 7 Aston Villa 18 Barnsley Birmingham City Blackburn Rovers 10 Blackpool Bolton Wanderers 7 Bournemouth Bradford City Brighton & Hove Albion Burnley Cardiff City Charlton Athletic Chelsea 20 Coventry City Crystal Palace 18 Derby County 6 Everton 13 Fulham 11 Huddersfield Town Hull City 6 Ipswich Town Leeds United 6 Leicester City 12 Liverpool 10 Manchester City 13 Manchester United 5 Middlesbrough 7 Newcastle United 22 Norwich City 7 Nottingham Forest 6 Oldham Athletic Portsmouth 9 Queens Park Rangers 9 Reading Sheffield United Sheffield Wednesday 6 Southampton 18 Stoke City Sunderland 14 Swansea City 10 Swindon Town Tottenham Hotspur 21 Watford 6 West Bromwich Albion 16 West Ham United 15 Wigan Athletic 5 Wimbledon Wolverhampton Wanderers By nationality ( edit ) Country Total appointments Total individuals England 7002196000000000000 ♠ 196 7002108000000000000 ♠ 108 Scotland 7001560000000000000 ♠ 56 7001360000000000000 ♠ 36 Wales 7001190000000000000 ♠ 19 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Ireland 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Italy 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 Northern Ireland 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Spain 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Netherlands 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 France 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Portugal 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Argentina 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Israel 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Norway 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Sweden 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Croatia 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Germany 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 United States 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Chile 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Brazil 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Denmark 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Jamaica 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Serbia 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Switzerland 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Uruguay 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Most games managed in Premier League ( edit ) List of managers who have taken charge of over 300 Premier League matches . Rank Manager Games Club ( s ) Wenger , Arsène Arsène Wenger 828 Arsenal ( 828 ) Ferguson , Alex Alex Ferguson 810 Manchester United ( 810 ) Redknapp , Harry Harry Redknapp 639 West Ham United ( 269 ) , Portsmouth ( 157 ) , Tottenham Hotspur ( 144 ) , Queens Park Rangers ( 71 ) , Southampton ( 22 ) Moyes , David David Moyes 526 Everton ( 427 ) , Sunderland ( 38 ) , Manchester United ( 34 ) , West Ham United ( 27 ) 5 Allardyce , Sam Sam Allardyce 512 Bolton Wanderers ( 226 ) , West Ham United ( 114 ) , Blackburn Rovers ( 76 ) , Sunderland ( 30 ) , Everton ( 24 ) , Newcastle United ( 21 ) , Crystal Palace ( 21 ) 6 Hughes , Mark Mark Hughes 452 Stoke City ( 174 ) , Blackburn Rovers ( 148 ) , Manchester City ( 54 ) , Fulham ( 38 ) , Queens Park Rangers ( 30 ) , Southampton ( 8 ) 7 Bruce , Steve Steve Bruce 393 Birmingham City ( 165 ) , Sunderland ( 89 ) , Hull City ( 76 ) , Wigan Athletic ( 63 ) 8 O'Neill , Martin Martin O'Neill 359 Leicester City ( 152 ) , Aston Villa ( 152 ) , Sunderland ( 55 ) 9 Curbishley , Alan Alan Curbishley 328 Charlton Athletic ( 266 ) , West Ham United ( 62 ) 10 Pulis , Tony Tony Pulis 322 Stoke City ( 190 ) , West Bromwich Albion ( 106 ) , Crystal Palace ( 26 ) 11 Pardew , Alan Alan Pardew 320 Newcastle United ( 155 ) , Crystal Palace ( 74 ) , West Ham United ( 55 ) , Charlton Athletic ( 18 ) , West Bromwich Albion ( 18 ) 12 Souness , Graeme Graeme Souness 319 Blackburn Rovers ( 118 ) , Newcastle United ( 95 ) , Liverpool ( 68 ) , Southampton ( 38 ) = 13 Kinnear , Joe Joe Kinnear 302 Wimbledon ( 284 ) , Newcastle United ( 18 ) = 13 Benítez , Rafael Rafael Benítez 302 Liverpool ( 228 ) , Chelsea ( 26 ) , Newcastle United ( 42 ) ( Bold denotes manager currently managing a Premier League club ) Statistics correct at end of the 2017 -- 18 season . See also ( edit ) List of current Premier League and English Football League managers Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Brian Horton and Steve Ashton took charge of Hull for two days , however no fixtures were played in this time . Jump up ^ Phelan served as caretaker manager until 13 October 2016 , when he was given a long term appointment . Jump up ^ Shakespeare served as caretaker manager until 12 March 2017 , when he was given a long term appointment . Jump up ^ Ramsey served as caretaker manager until 12 February 2015 , when he was given a long term appointment . Jump up ^ Moore served as caretaker manager until 18 May 2018 , when he was given a long term appointment . References ( edit ) General `` Premier League managers '' . Retrieved 17 January 2012 . Specific Jump up ^ Ronay , Barney ( 29 December 2017 ) . `` Arsène Wenger overhauls Ferguson but legacy may prove a millstone '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 13 May 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Managers '' . Arsenal.com . Arsenal Football Club . Retrieved 17 January 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Stewart Houston '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 4 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Pat Rice '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 4 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Arsene Wenger : Arsenal boss to leave club at end of season '' . BBC Sport. 20 April 2018 . Retrieved 13 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Unai Emery : Arsenal name former PSG boss as successor to Arsene Wenger '' . BBC Sport. 23 May 2018 . Retrieved 23 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ron Atkinson '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 21 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Brian Little '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 21 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` John Gregory '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 21 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` John Deehan '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 4 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Stewart Grey '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 4 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Graham Taylor '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 21 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` David O'Leary '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 21 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Martin O'Neill '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 21 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Kevin MacDonald defends decision to pick James Milner '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . 14 August 2010 . Retrieved 4 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Gerard Houllier '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 21 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Aston Villa manager Gerard Houllier in hospital '' . BBC . British Broadcasting Corporation . 21 April 2011 . Retrieved 29 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Alex McLeish '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 21 January 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Culley , Jon ( 11 February 2015 ) . `` Paul Lambert sacked : Rising price of relegation pushes Villa into decision '' . The Independent . Retrieved 11 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tim Sherwood appointed as Aston Villa manager '' . The Daily Telegraph . 14 February 2015 . Retrieved 14 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Danny Wilson '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 21 January 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Birmingham City managers '' . Birmingham City FC . Archived from the original on 12 February 2012 . Retrieved 14 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Birmingham 0 - 2 Portsmouth '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . 24 November 2007 . Retrieved 21 January 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Blackburn Rovers managers '' . rovers.co.uk . Blackburn Rovers Football Club . Retrieved 14 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ian Holloway '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 4 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Roy McFarland '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 4 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Colin Todd '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 4 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sam Allardyce '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 4 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sammy Lee '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 4 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Bolton Wanderers sack manager Gary Megson '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . 30 December 2009 . Retrieved 30 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Owen Coyle appointed Bolton manager '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . 8 January 2010 . Retrieved 13 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Paul Jewell '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 4 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Hutchings '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 4 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Stuart McCall '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . 11 November 2000 . Retrieved 4 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Jim Jefferies '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 4 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Steve Davis steps in as caretaker manager at Burnley '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . 6 January 2010 . Retrieved 13 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Burnley appoint Brian Laws as new manager '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . 13 January 2010 . Retrieved 4 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Cardiff appoint Watford 's Malky Mackay as new manager '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . 17 June 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Premier League 's newest members will be fighting for survival '' . Sports Illustrated . 31 May 2013 . Archived from the original on 8 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cardiff Sunderland 28 December 2013 Match Report '' . BBC Sport. 28 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cardiff City : Neil Warnock named manager after Paul Trollope sacking '' . BBC Sport. 5 October 2016 . Retrieved 5 October 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Managerial history '' . Charlton Athletic FC. 18 January 2011 . Archived from the original on 23 March 2012 . Retrieved 14 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ian Porterfield '' . Chelseafc.com . Chelsea Football Club . Retrieved 14 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` David Webb '' . Chelseafc.com . Chelsea Football Club . Retrieved 14 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Glenn Hoddle '' . Chelseafc.com . Chelsea Football Club . Retrieved 14 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ruud Gullit '' . Chelseafc.com . Chelsea Football Club . Retrieved 14 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Gianluca Vialli '' . Chelseafc.com . Chelsea Football Club . Retrieved 14 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Claudio Ranieri '' . Chelseafc.com . Chelsea Football Club . Retrieved 14 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Jose Mourinho '' . Chelseafc.com . Chelsea Football Club . Retrieved 14 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Avram Grant '' . Chelseafc.com . Chelsea Football Club . Retrieved 14 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Luiz Felipe Scolari '' . Chelseafc.com . Chelsea Football Club . Retrieved 14 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Guus Hiddink '' . Chelseafc.com . Chelsea Football Club . Retrieved 14 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Carlo Ancelotti '' . Chelseafc.com . Chelsea Football Club . Retrieved 14 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Andre Villas - Boas - Manager '' . Chelseafc.com . Chelsea Football Club . Retrieved 14 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Jose Mourinho returns as Chelsea manager on four - year deal '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 27 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Managers '' . Crystal Palace FC . Archived from the original on 8 March 2012 . Retrieved 14 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ian Holloway appointed as Crystal Palace manager '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 27 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ian Holloway : Crystal Palace boss departs Premier League strugglers '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . 23 October 2013 . Retrieved 23 October 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Crystal Palace : Neil Warnock named as new manager '' . BBC Sport. 27 August 2013 . Retrieved 7 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jewell named as new Derby manager '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 28 November 2007 . Retrieved 7 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Jewell resigns as Derby manager '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 29 December 2008 . Retrieved 7 December 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Howard Kendall '' . Everton.com . Everton Football Club . Retrieved 15 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Jimmy Gabriel '' . Everton.com . Everton Football Club . Retrieved 17 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Mike Walker '' . Everton.com . Everton Football Club . Retrieved 17 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Joe Royle '' . Everton.com . Everton Football Club . Retrieved 17 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dave Watson '' . Everton.com . Everton Football Club . Retrieved 15 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Walter Smith '' . Everton.com . Everton Football Club . Retrieved 17 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` David Moyes '' . Everton.com . Everton Football Club . Retrieved 17 January 2012 . Jump up ^ BBC Sport . `` Roberto Martinez : Everton appoint former Wigan Manager '' . Retrieved 27 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jean Tigana '' . fulhamfc.com . Fulham Football Club . Retrieved 15 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Coleman '' . fulhamfc.com . Fulham Football Club . Retrieved 15 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lawrie Sanchez '' . fulhamfc.com . Fulham Football Club . Retrieved 15 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Roy Hodgson '' . fulhamfc.com . Fulham Football Club . Retrieved 15 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Mark Hughes '' . fulhamfc.com . Fulham Football Club . Retrieved 15 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Martin Jol -- Manager '' . fulhamfc.com . Fulham Football Club . Retrieved 15 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` René Meulensteen 2013 - 2014 '' . fulhamfc.com . Fulham Football Club . Retrieved 29 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Felix Magath : Struggling Fulham sack manager after poor start '' . BBC Sport. 18 September 2014 . Retrieved 29 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hull City relieve Phil Brown of his duties '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 15 March 2010 . Retrieved 17 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Iain Dowie confirmed as new Hull City manager '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 17 March 2010 . Retrieved 17 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Steve Bruce appointed Hull City manager on three - year deal '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 8 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Graeme Souness -- Liverpool FC '' . Liverpoolfc.tv . Liverpool Football Club . Archived from the original on 13 January 2016 . Retrieved 17 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Roy Evans -- Liverpool FC '' . Liverpoolfc.tv . Liverpool Football Club . Retrieved 17 January 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Gerard Houllier -- Liverpool FC '' . Liverpoolfc.tv . Liverpool Football Club . Retrieved 17 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Rafael Benitez -- Liverpool FC '' . Liverpoolfc.tv . Liverpool Football Club . Archived from the original on 12 September 2012 . Retrieved 17 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Roy Hodgson -- Liverpool FC '' . Liverpoolfc.tv . Liverpool Football Club . Retrieved 17 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Kenny Dalglish -- Liverpool FC '' . Liverpoolfc.tv . Liverpool Football Club . Retrieved 17 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Roberto Mancini , Manchester City manager '' . Manchester City Football Club . Archived from the original on 2 March 2013 . Retrieved 15 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Manuel Pellegrini : Manchester City appoint Chilean as manager '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 14 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sir Alex Ferguson '' . ManUtd.com . Manchester United . Archived from the original on 1 February 2013 . Retrieved 17 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Jamie Jackson ( 22 April 2014 ) . `` David Moyes sacked by Man Utd and replaced by Ryan Giggs '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 22 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Kevin Keegan ( 1992 - 97 ) and ( 2008 - 2008 ) '' . nufc.co.uk . Newcastle United Football Club . Retrieved 21 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Kenny Dalglish ( 1997 - 98 ) '' . nufc.co.uk . Newcastle United Football Club . Archived from the original on 30 April 2015 . Retrieved 21 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ruud Gullit ( 1998 - 99 ) '' . nufc.co.uk . Newcastle United Football Club . Archived from the original on 1 September 2014 . Retrieved 21 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sir Bobby Robson ( 1999 - 2004 ) '' . nufc.co.uk . Newcastle United Football Club . Archived from the original on 25 January 2013 . Retrieved 21 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Graeme Souness ( 2004 - 06 ) '' . nufc.co.uk . Newcastle United Football Club . Retrieved 21 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Glenn Roeder ( 2006 - 07 ) '' . nufc.co.uk . Newcastle United Football Club . Retrieved 21 January 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chris Hughton - Managers '' . Tottenhamhotspur.com . Archived from the original on 6 January 2011 . Retrieved 15 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Manager Ins and Outs January 2015 '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 1 February 2015 . Retrieved 22 February 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nottingham Forest 's Managers '' . nottinghamforest.co.uk . Archived from the original on 26 April 2012 . Retrieved 15 October 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Former Managers '' . nottinghamforest.co.uk . Retrieved 15 October 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Harry Redknapp '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 21 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Zajec named as Pompey boss '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . 21 December 2004 . Retrieved 17 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Pompey unveil Perrin as new boss '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . 7 April 2005 . Retrieved 17 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Portsmouth dismiss manager Perrin '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . 24 November 2005 . Retrieved 17 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Struggling Portsmouth part company with Hart '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . 24 November 2009 . Retrieved 26 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Portsmouth appoint Avram Grant as new manager '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . 26 November 2009 . Retrieved 26 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Mark Hughes sacked as Queens Park Rangers manager '' . BBC . BBC . 23 November 2012 . Retrieved 15 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` QPR : Harry Redknapp takes over as manager '' . bbc.co.uk . BBC . 24 November 2012 . Retrieved 28 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Derby County 0&emdash ; 1 Queens Park Rangers '' . BBC . 24 May 2014 . Retrieved 2 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Manager Ins and Outs December 2014 '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 1 January 2015 . Retrieved 22 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ian Bradfoot '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 17 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Alan Ball Jr '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 17 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dave Merrington '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 17 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Graeme Souness '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 17 January 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dave Jones '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 17 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Glenn Hoddle '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 17 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Stuart Gray '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 17 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Gordon Strachan '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 17 January 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Steve Wigley '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 17 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Paul Sturrock '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 17 January 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Southampton : Nigel Adkins sacked , Mauricio Pochettino in '' . BBC Sport. 18 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Mark Hughes : Stoke City appoint former QPR manager '' . BBC Sport. 30 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Paulo Di Canio : Sunderland Sack Head Coach After 13 Games '' . BBC Sport. 22 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sunderland interim boss Kevin Ball wants to be Di Canio successor '' . BBC Sport. 24 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sunderland : David Moyes replaces Sam Allardyce as manager '' . BBC . BBC . Retrieved 23 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Brendan Rodgers agrees deal to become new Liverpool manager '' . BBC . BBC . Retrieved 15 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Swansea sack Michael Laudrup and place Garry Monk in charge '' . BBC Sport. 4 February 2014 . Retrieved 4 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Doug Livermore - Managers '' . Tottenhamhotspur.com . Archived from the original on 11 August 2009 . Retrieved 15 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ossie Ardiles - Managers '' . Tottenhamhotspur.com . Archived from the original on 11 August 2009 . Retrieved 15 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Hall of Fame - Steve Perryman '' . Tottenhamhotspur.com . Tottenham Hotspur Football Club . Retrieved 15 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Gerry Francis - Managers '' . Tottenhamhotspur.com . Archived from the original on 6 January 2011 . Retrieved 15 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Christian Gross - Managers '' . Tottenhamhotspur.com . 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Archived from the original on 8 July 2010 . Retrieved 15 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Juande Ramos - Managers '' . Tottenhamhotspur.com . Archived from the original on 6 January 2011 . Retrieved 15 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Redknapp - Managers '' . Tottenhamhotspur.com . Archived from the original on 19 December 2011 . Retrieved 15 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` https://web.archive.org/web/20131024173435/http://www.tottenhamhotspur.com/coaching-staff/andre-villas-boas/ '' . Tottenham Hotspur Football Club . External link in title = ( help ) ; Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Andre Villas - Boas axed by ruthless Tottenham with Tim Sherwood set to step in for West Ham clash '' . Evening Standard . Retrieved 16 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor takes a bow after 29 years '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . 29 March 2001 . Retrieved 7 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Watford appoint Boothroyd as boss '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . 7 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Gary Megson '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 7 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Wes Brom hold fire on new boss '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . 3 November 2004 . Retrieved 7 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Bryan Robson '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 7 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Tony Mowbray '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 7 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Roberto Di Matteo '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 7 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Appleton '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 29 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Roy Hodgson '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 7 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Steve Clarke sacked as West Brom head coach '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 14 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Downing should oversee Hull clash '' . London Evening Standard . Retrieved 16 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Billy Bonds '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 7 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Redknapp '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 7 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Glenn Roeder '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 7 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Hammers appoint Brooking '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . 24 April 2003 . Retrieved 7 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Alan Pardew '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 7 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Alan Curbishley '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 7 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Curbishley quits as West Ham boss '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . 3 September 2008 . Retrieved 7 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Gianfranco Zola '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 7 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Avram Grant '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 7 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Defiant Keen wants to be West Ham manager '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . 22 May 2011 . Retrieved 7 March 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wigan Athletic managers '' . wiganlatics.co.uk . Wigan Athletic Football Club . Retrieved 15 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Roberto Martinez , manager '' . wiganlatics.co.uk ( Wigan Athletic Football Club ) . 20 July 2009 . Archived from the original on 3 December 2009 . Retrieved 15 October 2013 . Jump up ^ news.bbc.co.uk . `` Roberto Martinez to leave Wigan and head for Everton '' . BBC Sport . ^ Jump up to : `` Olsen down and out at Plough Lane '' . Guardian Online . Guardian News and Media . 1 May 2000 . Retrieved 7 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Mick McCarthy sacked as Wolves manager after West Brom defeat '' . bbc.co.uk . British Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 15 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Terry Connor named Wolves manager until end of season '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . 24 February 2012 . Retrieved 29 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Nuno Espirito Santo Appointed As Head Coach '' . Wolves Official . 31 May 2017 . Retrieved 31 May 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website ( hide ) Premier League Seasons 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 2000 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 2018 -- 19 Clubs 2018 -- 19 Arsenal Brighton & Hove Albion Bournemouth Burnley Cardiff City Chelsea Crystal Palace Everton Fulham Huddersfield Town Leicester City Liverpool Manchester City Manchester United Newcastle United Southampton Tottenham Hotspur Watford West Ham United Wolverhampton Wanderers Former Aston Villa Barnsley Birmingham City Blackburn Rovers Blackpool Bolton Wanderers Bradford City Charlton Athletic Coventry City Derby County Hull City Ipswich Town Leeds United Middlesbrough Norwich City Nottingham Forest Oldham Athletic Portsmouth Queens Park Rangers Reading Sheffield United Sheffield Wednesday Stoke City Sunderland Swansea City Swindon Town West Bromwich Albion Wigan Athletic Wimbledon ( defunct ) Competition Teams winners Players foreign foreign scorers winners Managers Stadia Founding Broadcasting foundation Broadcasters Referees Statistics and awards Records All - time table Hat - tricks Highest scores Golden Boot Golden Glove Manager of the Season Player of the Season Goal of the Season Playmaker of the Season Manager of the Month Player of the Month Goal of the Month Players with 500 + appearances Players with 100 + goals Top scorers by season Goalkeepers with 100 + clean sheets 10 Seasons Awards 20 Seasons Awards Finances Richest clubs : Deloitte list Forbes ' list Team owners Transfer records Game 39 Premier League -- Football League gulf Associated competitions Asia Trophy FA Community Shield FA Cup EFL Cup UEFA Champions League UEFA Europa League Premier League 2 U18 Premier League Premier League International Cup Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Premier_League_managers&oldid=843246546 '' Categories : Premier League managers Lists of Premier League managers Hidden categories : CS1 errors : external links Pages using web citations with no URL Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Use dmy dates from May 2018 Articles with hCards Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 27 May 2018 , at 21 : 46 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who has managed the most premier league teams | [
"Sam Allardyce has managed the most teams in the Premier League, having taken charge of seven different clubs: Bolton Wanderers, Newcastle United, Blackburn Rovers, West Ham United, Sunderland, Crystal Palace and Everton."
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"Sam Allardyce"
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-4389048718642626325 | Weaving the Web | Weaving the Web - Wikipedia Weaving the Web Jump to : navigation , search Weaving the Web : The Original Design and Ultimate Destiny of the World Wide Web by its inventor Author Tim Berners - Lee Subject World Wide Web Publisher Harper Published in English 1999 Pages 226 ISBN 0 - 06 - 251586 - 1 Weaving the Web : The Original Design and Ultimate Destiny of the World Wide Web by its inventor ( 1999 ) is a book written by Tim Berners - Lee describing how the world wide web was created and his role in it . It is the only book written by Berners - Lee . References ( edit ) Port , Otis . `` How the Net Was Born -- and Where It 's Headed '' . Books . Bloomberg Businessweek . ( November 1 , 1999 ) External links ( edit ) Weaving the Web This article about a computer book or series of books is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . This World Wide Web - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Weaving_the_Web&oldid=717795467 '' Categories : 1999 books Texts related to the history of the Internet Computer book stubs Hidden categories : Books with missing cover All stub articles World Wide Web stubs Talk About Wikipedia Bahasa Melayu 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 29 April 2016 , at 19 : 27 . About Wikipedia | who is the author of weaving the web | [
"Weaving the Web: The Original Design and Ultimate Destiny of the World Wide Web by its inventor (1999) is a book written by Tim Berners-Lee describing how the world wide web was created and his role in it. It is the only book written by Berners-Lee."
] | [
"Tim Berners-Lee"
] |
2926140523795825578 | EA Access | EA Access - wikipedia EA Access Jump to : navigation , search EA Access EA Access logo ( since 2016 ) Developer Electronic Arts Type Subscription gaming service Launch date August 11 , 2014 Platform Xbox One Status Released Website www.ea.com/eaaccess/ EA Access ( stylized as EA access ) is a subscription - based gaming service by Electronic Arts . Initially pitched to both Microsoft for use on the Xbox One and Sony for use on the Playstation 4 . Because Sony declined the offer , EA Access launched only on Xbox One on August 11 , 2014 . The service allows access to selected games published by Electronic Arts , along with additional incentives . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 2 Release and reception 3 Games in the Vault for Xbox One 4 Games with Origin Access 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links Structure ( edit ) EA Access logo used for 2014 - 16 Upon downloading the EA Access hub from the Xbox Games Store , users purchase a membership in either one - or 12 - month increments . Memberships can be purchased through the Games Store or from select retailers . During the membership period , users have unlimited access to the full versions of a selection of games published by EA , dubbed `` the Vault '' . The games are downloaded to the console 's storage device and remain available as long as users continue their membership . If membership is suspended , access to the games is restricted , but all progress and game saves are retained . Users may purchase games available in EA Access outright , along with other EA games , at a discounted price . EA Access members can purchase DLC for Access or other EA titles at the same discount . Games offered in the initial beta launch include Battlefield 4 , Madden NFL 25 , FIFA 14 and Peggle 2 . More games will be added in the future , with additions occurring at EA 's discretion as opposed to timed availability , such as making a title available on Access a set number of days after its retail launch . When a game is added to the Vault , EA has pledged that it will not be removed at a later date . However , the Terms of Service do state that EA does retain the right to remove titles with 30 days ' notice . On July 20 , 2017 , EA announced that FIFA 14 would be removed from the Vault on October 18 , 2017 due to their decision to end online support for the title . The game will remain playable in offline modes only , and users who install it through EA Access prior to its removal date can continue to play it through their subscription ; if the game is removed from the console after the removal date , it can not be recovered . EA officials called the removal a `` unique circumstance specific to the title '' and that it was not representative of their future plans for EA Access . Users interested in select upcoming titles and who pre-order them through Access will be able to download special limited versions of the games that are released five days prior to the retail launch . Any progress earned within the limited versions carries over to the full retail version . EA describes these early - release versions as not being more traditional demos , but instead full - featured versions that are time limited , with the exact extent of content varying from game to game . Games confirmed for this program include Madden NFL 15 , NHL 15 , NBA Live 15 , FIFA 15 , Dragon Age : Inquisition and Mass Effect : Andromeda . In the case of Madden NFL 15 , the Access early - release version will be the only planned way to sample the game prior to release . EA Access does not require users to have a paid Xbox Live membership , although a Gold - level membership is required for use of any multiplayer features that are included in Access - enabled games . Additionally , games published on the EA Partners and / or EA Originals labels are not eligible for EA Access benefits . However , Titanfall was added to the Vault in June 2015 , as part of an E3 2015 promotion that also enabled a free trial for all Xbox One owners . Titanfall 2 was also added to the vault on July 2017 . Additionally , EA Access subscribers are also able to receive downloadable content for games in the Vault free at during various limited time periods , such as the Naval Strike and Second Assault DLCs for Battlefield 4 . Subscribers who download the free DLCs offered during the free period are able to keep them regardless of subscription status . On May 3 , 2016 , Premium access for Battlefield 4 and Hardline were offered free for a limited period of time , enabling subscribers to download all released expansions for both games at no cost . While Battlefield 4 Premium content can be accessed with an active subscription , subscribers were allowed to keep Hardline Premium features regardless of subscription status . The season pass for Star Wars Battlefront was made available at no cost for subscribers on July 7 , 2017 . On February 29 , 2016 , EA Access has expanded to include Xbox 360 titles via the Xbox One 's backward compatibility feature , starting with the original Plants vs. Zombies . Dead Space was added ( without any official announcement ) on March 31 . On January 17 , 2018 , Black , released for the Xbox in 2006 , was added to the Vault . Release and reception ( edit ) EA Access debuted in beta form exclusively on Xbox One on July 29 , 2014 , and was officially launched on August 11 , 2014 . Electronic Arts approached both Sony and Microsoft with the service , but Sony declined to make it available on their PlayStation 4 console . A similar version called Origin Access launched in January 12 , 2016 on PC . Shares of video game retailer GameStop , which sells both new and used games , fell over five percent after Electronic Arts ' announcement . A similar price drop occurred after PlayStation Now was first announced and that the stock price subsequently recovered . GameStop will be one of the retailers selling EA Access memberships . Games in the Vault for Xbox One ( edit ) -- Xbox One -- Xbox 360 -- Xbox No . Title Date released Date added Ref . Battlefield 4 November 22 , 2013 July 29 , 2014 FIFA 14 November 22 , 2013 July 29 , 2014 Madden NFL 25 November 22 , 2013 July 29 , 2014 Peggle 2 December 9 , 2013 July 29 , 2014 5 Need for Speed Rivals November 22 , 2013 September 2 , 2014 6 Plants vs. Zombies : Garden Warfare February 25 , 2014 October 15 , 2014 7 EA Sports UFC June 17 , 2014 December 12 , 2014 8 NBA Live 15 October 28 , 2014 February 25 , 2015 9 Madden NFL 15 August 26 , 2014 March 5 , 2015 10 NHL 15 September 9 , 2014 April 9 , 2015 11 FIFA 15 September 23 , 2014 May 8 , 2015 12 Titanfall March 11 , 2014 June 15 , 2015 13 Dragon Age : Inquisition November 18 , 2014 August 4 , 2015 14 Battlefield Hardline March 17 , 2015 October 14 , 2015 15 Madden NFL 16 August 25 , 2015 February 2 , 2016 16 Plants vs. Zombies September 8 , 2010 February 29 , 2016 17 NHL 16 September 15 , 2015 March 29 , 2016 18 Dead Space October 14 , 2008 March 31 , 2016 19 FIFA 16 September 22 , 2015 April 19 , 2016 20 Rory McIlroy PGA Tour July 14 , 2015 May 10 , 2016 21 NBA Live 16 September 29 , 2015 May 25 , 2016 22 Need for Speed November 3 , 2015 July 12 , 2016 23 Unravel February 9 , 2016 July 12 , 2016 24 SSX February 28 , 2012 August 9 , 2016 25 Plants vs. Zombies : Garden Warfare 2 February 23 , 2016 August 30 , 2016 26 Bejeweled 2 Deluxe November 22 , 2005 October 6 , 2016 27 Zuma Deluxe November 22 , 2005 October 6 , 2016 28 Feeding Frenzy March 10 , 2006 October 6 , 2016 29 Heavy Weapon January 17 , 2007 October 6 , 2016 30 Feeding Frenzy 2 September 17 , 2008 October 6 , 2016 31 Bejeweled 3 October 19 , 2011 October 6 , 2016 32 Mass Effect November 20 , 2007 November 7 , 2016 33 Mass Effect 2 January 26 , 2010 November 7 , 2016 34 Mass Effect 3 March 6 , 2012 November 7 , 2016 35 Mirror 's Edge November 11 , 2008 November 9 , 2016 36 Mirror 's Edge Catalyst June 7 , 2016 November 9 , 2016 37 EA Sports UFC 2 March 15 , 2016 November 10 , 2016 38 Star Wars Battlefront November 17 , 2015 December 13 , 2016 39 Battlefield : Bad Company 2 March 2 , 2010 January 20 , 2017 40 Battlefield 3 October 25 , 2011 January 20 , 2017 41 Skate 3 May 11 , 2010 February 13 , 2017 42 Madden NFL 17 August 23 , 2016 February 24 , 2017 43 NHL 17 September 13 , 2016 March 28 , 2017 44 Zuma 's Revenge September 15 , 2009 March 30 , 2017 45 Dragon Age : Origins November 3 , 2009 April 10 , 2017 46 Dead Space Ignition October 12 , 2010 April 10 , 2017 47 FIFA 17 September 27 , 2016 April 21 , 2017 48 Medal of Honor Airborne August 28 , 2007 May 10 , 2017 49 Titanfall 2 October 28 , 2016 July 31 , 2017 50 Battlefield 1 October 21 , 2016 August 9 , 2017 51 NBA Live 14 November 22 , 2013 Unknown 52 Dead Space 2 January 25 , 2011 September 14 , 2017 53 Mass Effect : Andromeda March 21 , 2017 October 17 , 2017 54 Dead Space 3 February 5 , 2013 November 29 , 2017 55 Battlefield : Bad Company June 23 , 2008 December 20 , 2017 56 Black February 24 , 2006 January 17 , 2018 57 Madden NFL 18 August 25 , 2017 February 5 , 2018 58 NBA Live 18 September 15 , 2017 February 15 , 2018 Games with Origin Access ( edit ) No . Title Date released Date added Notes Ref . Battlefield 3 October 25 , 2011 January 12 , 2016 Battlefield 4 October 29 , 2013 January 12 , 2016 Battlefield Hardline March 17 , 2015 January 12 , 2016 Dead Space October 20 , 2008 January 12 , 2016 5 Dead Space 2 January 25 , 2011 January 12 , 2016 6 Dead Space 3 February 5 , 2013 January 12 , 2016 7 Dragon Age : Origins November 3 , 2009 January 12 , 2016 8 Dragon Age II March 8 , 2011 January 12 , 2016 9 Dragon Age : Inquisition November 18 , 2014 January 12 , 2016 10 FIFA 15 September 23 , 2014 January 12 , 2016 11 Need for Speed Rivals November 19 , 2013 January 12 , 2016 12 Plants vs. Zombies : Garden Warfare June 24 , 2014 January 12 , 2016 13 SimCity March 6 , 2013 January 12 , 2016 14 The Sims 3 Starter Pack June 2 , 2009 January 12 , 2016 15 This War of Mine November 14 , 2014 January 12 , 2016 16 Torchlight II September 20 , 2012 February 26 , 2016 Not available in France 17 Titanfall March 11 , 2014 March 22 , 2016 Not available in South Africa 18 The Banner Saga January 14 , 2014 April 5 , 2016 19 FIFA 16 September 22 , 2015 April 19 , 2016 20 Dungeons of Dredmor July 13 , 2011 May 25 , 2016 21 Mass Effect May 28 , 2008 May 25 , 2016 22 Mass Effect 2 January 26 , 2010 May 25 , 2016 23 Mass Effect 3 March 6 , 2012 May 25 , 2016 24 Medal of Honor : Allied Assault January 22 , 2002 May 25 , 2016 25 Peggle February 27 , 2007 May 25 , 2016 26 Trine July 3 , 2009 May 25 , 2016 27 Trine 2 December 7 , 2011 May 25 , 2016 28 Unravel February 9 , 2016 July 16 , 2016 29 Need for Speed March 15 , 2016 July 16 , 2016 30 Plants vs. Zombies : Garden Warfare 2 February 23 , 2016 August 30 , 2016 31 Mirror 's Edge January 12 , 2009 November 9 , 2016 32 Mirror 's Edge : Catalyst June 7 , 2016 November 9 , 2016 33 Star Wars Battlefront Ultimate Edition November 17 , 2015 December 13 , 2016 34 The Sims 4 Digital Deluxe Edition September 2 , 2014 July 12 , 2017 35 Oxenfree January 15 , 2016 July 12 , 2017 36 Rebel Galaxy October 20 , 2015 July 12 , 2017 37 Titanfall 2 October 28 , 2016 August 1 , 2017 38 Battlefield 1 October 21 , 2016 August 9 , 2017 Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ FIFA 14 will be delisted on October 18 , 2017 Jump up ^ Title added without announcement References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Lawler , Richard ( July 29 , 2014 ) . `` ' EA Access ' subscription on Xbox One brings all - you - can - eat gaming for $5 per month '' . Engadget . AOL . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2014 . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Moriarty , Colin ( July 29 , 2014 ) . `` EA Announces Subscription Service on Xbox One : EA Access '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2014 . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Pereira , Chris ( August 7 , 2014 ) . `` EA Promises Not to Remove Games From EA Access ' Free Games Vault '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on August 7 , 2014 . Retrieved August 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA 14 will leave EA Access on October 18 '' . ea.com . Electronic Arts . July 20 , 2017 . Retrieved August 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Chris Pereira ( August 2 , 2017 ) . `` EA Access Vault Removing A Game For The First Time ( UPDATE ) '' . gamespot.com . CBS Interactive , Inc . Retrieved August 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sirani , Jordan ( August 7 , 2014 ) . `` New Details Emerge on EA Access ' Game Selection and Trials '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Archived from the original on August 7 , 2014 . Retrieved August 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Mass Effect on Twitter '' . Twitter . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 25 . Jump up ^ Samit Sarkar ( August 11 , 2014 ) . `` Madden NFL 15 wo n't be playable early unless you pay for EA Access '' . polygon.com . Vox Media , Inc . Retrieved August 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Cavalli , Earnest ( July 30 , 2014 ) . `` EA unveils Xbox One subscription service , EA Access '' . Joystiq . AOL . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2014 . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Earnest Cavalli ( August 10 , 2014 ) . `` EA unveils Xbox One subscription service , EA Access ( update ) '' . Joystiq . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kyle Hilliard ( June 15 , 2015 ) . `` Titanfall And Dragon Age Inquisition Joining EA Access Vault , Vault Opening To All Gold Members This Week '' . gameinformer.com . GameStop . Retrieved June 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Saed , Sherif ( 2015 - 08 - 28 ) . `` Battlefield 4 DLC Naval Strike free this week for EA Access members '' . VG247 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 11 . Jump up ^ http://www.ea.com/eaaccess/battlefield?cid=4796&ts=1462313373634 Jump up ^ https://www.ea.com/eaaccess/news/swbf-dlc-in-the-vault Jump up ^ Saed , Sherif ( 2016 - 03 - 01 ) . `` EA Access adds first non-Xbox One game to the vault '' . VG247 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 11 . Jump up ^ Williatham , Atle ( 2016 - 04 - 01 ) . `` EA Access adds Backwards Compatible Dead Space to Xbox One '' . Gamezone.com . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 11 . Jump up ^ Eddie Makuch ( August 11 , 2014 ) . `` EA Access Now Available On Xbox One '' . gamespot.com . CBS Interactive . Retrieved August 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Karmali , Luke ( July 30 , 2014 ) . `` Sony Passed on EA Access for PS4 as It 's Not ' Good Value ' '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2014 . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` PC Game Subscription Origin Access Origin Games '' . Origin.com . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : Makuch , Eddie ( July 29 , 2014 ) . `` GameStop Shares Tumble After EA Access Announcement '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2014 . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Campbell , Evan ( September 2 , 2014 ) . `` Need for Speed Rivals , More 6 - Hour Trials , Coming to EA Access '' . IGN . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McWhertor , Michael ( October 15 , 2015 ) . `` Plants vs. Zombies : Garden Warfare is now part of EA Access '' . Polygon . Retrieved May 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Yin - Poole , Wesley ( December 12 , 2014 ) . `` EA Sports UFC joins EA Access next week '' . Eurogamer . Retrieved May 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Futter , Mike ( February 25 , 2015 ) . `` PSA : NBA Live 15 Joins EA Access Vault '' . Game Informer . Retrieved May 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Scammell , David ( March 5 , 2015 ) . `` Madden NFL 15 now free on EA Access '' . VideoGamer.com . Retrieved May 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sirani , Jordan ( April 9 , 2015 ) . `` NHL 15 Added to EA Access Vault '' . IGN . Retrieved May 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Devore , Jordan ( May 8 , 2015 ) . `` FIFA 15 now included in EA Access '' . Destructoid . Retrieved May 9 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Grant , Christopher ( June 15 , 2015 ) . `` EA Access Vault free this week , Titanfall and Dragon Age : Inquisition on the way '' . Polygon . Retrieved June 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Orry , James ( September 23 , 2015 ) . `` Battlefield Hardline to be added to the EA Access vault in October '' . VideoGamer.com . Retrieved September 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Madden NFL 16 Comes To The Vault On Feb. 2 '' . Ea.com. 2016 - 01 - 28 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter '' . Mobile.twitter.com. 2016 - 02 - 29 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` NHL 16 Now Available in The Vault on EA Access '' . Easports.com . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 11 . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( April 1 , 2016 ) . `` Xbox One EA Access Adds Second Backwards - Compatible Xbox 360 Game '' . GameSpot . Retrieved April 1 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` FIFA 16 Coming Soon to The Vault '' . Easports.com . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 11 . Jump up ^ S. Good , Owen ( May 2 , 2016 ) . `` EA Access adds golf to its lineup with Rory McIlroy PGA Tour '' . Polygon . Retrieved May 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sarkar , Samit ( May 6 , 2016 ) . `` NBA Live 16 coming to EA Access in late May '' . Polygon . Retrieved May 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Coming Soon to EA Access '' . www.ea.com . Electronic Arts . July 6 , 2016 . Retrieved July 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pereria , Chris ( August 10 , 2016 ) . `` Xbox One 's EA Access Adds Another Free Game to Its Vault Library '' . GameSpot . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` The EA Access Vault Expands this Year with Sports , Action and Arcade Titles '' . www.ea.com . Electronic Arts . October 6 , 2016 . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Grubb , Jeff ( November 7 , 2016 ) . `` Mass Effect 2 and Mass Effect 3 now work on Xbox One and are part of the EA Access vault '' . VentureBeat . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pereira , Chris ( November 2 , 2016 ) . `` Mirror 's Edge Catalyst Becomes an Xbox One EA Access Freebie Soon '' . GameSpot . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Orry , James ( November 4 , 2016 ) . `` Mirror 's Edge Catalyst and UFC 2 join EA Access next week '' . VideoGamer.com . Retrieved November 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars : Battlefront Goes Free With EA Access Next Week '' . GameSpot . December 6 , 2016 . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Vault Expands this Year with these EA Stalwarts '' . www.ea.com . Electronic Arts . January 19 , 2017 . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( February 13 , 2017 ) . `` Skate 3 Joins EA Access Library On Xbox One Today , It Seems '' . GameSpot . Retrieved February 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( February 24 , 2017 ) . `` Madden 17 Is Now Free On Xbox One With EA Access '' . GameSpot . Retrieved February 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Grubb , Jeff ( March 28 , 2017 ) . `` NHL 17 hits EA Access vault just in time for the playoffs '' . VentureBeat . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Access , EA ( @ EAAccess ) ( March 30 , 2017 ) . `` Surprise , members ! Zuma 's Revenge is now available in The Vault ! x.ea.com/30868 '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Onder , Cade ( April 10 , 2017 ) . `` Dead Space Ignition & Dragon Age : Origins now available through EA Access '' . GameZone . Retrieved April 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dayus , Oscar ( April 21 , 2017 ) . `` New EA / Origin Access Game Out Now For Xbox One And PC '' . GameSpot . Retrieved April 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` EA Sports FIFA 17 to join EA Access and Origin Access '' . ea.com . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 05 . Jump up ^ Sarkar , Samit ( July 31 , 2017 ) . `` Titanfall 2 goes free on EA and Origin Access '' . Polygon . Retrieved July 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Yin - Poole , Wesley ( August 10 , 2017 ) . `` Battlefield 1 now free to download from Origin and EA Access '' . Eurogamer . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Packard , Kelly ( September 14 , 2017 ) . `` Dead Space 2 Now in the EA Access Vault '' . TrueAchievements . Retrieved September 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pereira , Chris ( October 17 , 2017 ) . `` Mass Effect : Andromeda Now Available For Free Through EA / Origin Access Vault '' . GameSpot . Retrieved October 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ R. Miller , Daniel ( November 29 , 2017 ) . `` Dead Space 3 is now playable on EA Access '' . GameZone . Retrieved November 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Billcliffe , James ( December 21 , 2017 ) . `` Original Battlefield : Bad Company added to EA Access vault games library '' . VG247 . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( January 17 , 2018 ) . `` Next Free Xbox One Game For EA Access Subscribers Revealed '' . GameSpot . Retrieved January 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Donnellan , Jimmy ( February 6 , 2018 ) . `` Madden NFL 18 Joins The EA Access Vault '' . Cultured Vultures . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Noah , Steve ( February 15 , 2018 ) . `` NBA Live 18 Available Now in The Vault , Free For EA Access Subscribers '' . Operation Sports . Retrieved February 15 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Matulef , Jeffrey ( 2016 - 03 - 14 ) . `` Titanfall is coming to Origin Access next week '' . Eurogamer.net . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 11 . Jump up ^ Favis , Elise ( April 3 , 2016 ) . `` The Banner Saga Joins Origin Access Next Week '' . Game Informer . Retrieved May 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` EA Origin adds Mass Effect Trilogy '' . Eurogamer.net . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : `` Coming to ORIGIN ACCESS AND EA ACCESS : Star Wars TM Battlefront TM Expansions , Battlefield 1 , Titanfall 2 and more '' . ea.com . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 07 . External links ( edit ) Official website ( hide ) Electronic Arts Employees Founder Trip Hawkins Current Larry Probst ( Executive Chairman ) Andrew Wilson ( CEO ) Amy Hennig Jade Raymond Patrick Söderlund ( EVP ) Mike Verdu Former Louis Castle Steve Chiang Bing Gordon Don Mattrick Frank Gibeau Jeff Green Ralph Guggenheim Robin Hunicke Greg Kasavin Aaron Loeb Peter Moore John Riccitiello John Schappert ( video game executive ) Mark Skaggs Joe Ybarra Neil Young ( video game executive ) Will Wright Subsidiaries Current BioWare Criterion Games EA Canada EA DICE DICE Los Angeles EA Mobile EA Montreal EA Singapore EA Sports EA Tiburon European Integration Studio Firemonkeys Studios Ghost Games Maxis Motive Studios PopCap Games Respawn Entertainment The Sims Studio Defunct Bullfrog Productions Danger Close Games EA Black Box EA Bright Light EA Chicago EA Pacific EA Phenomic EA Salt Lake EA Sports Big Kesmai Mythic Entertainment Origin Systems Pandemic Studios Playfish Visceral Games Westwood Studios Franchises Alice Army of Two Battlefield Bejeweled Bookworm Boom Blox Burnout Command & Conquer Crysis Dead Space Dragon Age Feeding Frenzy FIFA Fight Night Madden NFL Mass Effect Medal of Honor Mirror 's Edge NBA Live NCAA Basketball NCAA Football Need for Speed NHL Peggle PGA Tour Plants vs. Zombies Rock Band Shank SimCity Skate Star Wars : Battlefront Spore SSX System Shock The Sims Titanfall UFC Ultima Unravel Wing Commander Zuma Related EA Access Origin Pogo.com RenderWare Frostbite Ignite List of acquisitions Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=EA_Access&oldid=826708899 '' Categories : Cloud gaming Electronic Arts Online gaming services Online - only retailers of video games Xbox One Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Edit links This page was last edited on 20 February 2018 , at 16 : 25 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when was fifa 17 added to ea access | [
"\n\nNo.\nTitle\nDate released\nDate added\nRef.\n\n\n1\nBattlefield 4\nNovember 22, 2013\nJuly 29, 2014\n[3]\n\n\n2\nFIFA 14[a]\nNovember 22, 2013\nJuly 29, 2014\n[3]\n\n\n3\nMadden NFL 25\nNovember 22, 2013\nJuly 29, 2014\n[3]\n\n\n4\nPeggle 2\nDecember 9, 2013\nJuly 29, 2014\n[3]\n\n\n5\nNeed for Speed Rivals\nNovember 22, 2013\nSeptember 2, 2014\n[21]\n\n\n6\nPlants vs. Zombies: Garden Warfare\nFebruary 25, 2014\nOctober 15, 2014\n[22]\n\n\n7\nEA Sports UFC\nJune 17, 2014\nDecember 12, 2014\n[23]\n\n\n8\nNBA Live 15\nOctober 28, 2014\nFebruary 25, 2015\n[24]\n\n\n9\nMadden NFL 15\nAugust 26, 2014\nMarch 5, 2015\n[25]\n\n\n10\nNHL 15\nSeptember 9, 2014\nApril 9, 2015\n[26]\n\n\n11\nFIFA 15\nSeptember 23, 2014\nMay 8, 2015\n[27]\n\n\n12\nTitanfall\nMarch 11, 2014\nJune 15, 2015\n[28]\n\n\n13\nDragon Age: Inquisition\nNovember 18, 2014\nAugust 4, 2015\n[28]\n\n\n14\nBattlefield Hardline\nMarch 17, 2015\nOctober 14, 2015\n[29]\n\n\n15\nMadden NFL 16\nAugust 25, 2015\nFebruary 2, 2016\n[30]\n\n\n16\nPlants vs. Zombies\nSeptember 8, 2010\nFebruary 29, 2016\n[31]\n\n\n17\nNHL 16\nSeptember 15, 2015\nMarch 29, 2016\n[32]\n\n\n18\nDead Space\nOctober 14, 2008\nMarch 31, 2016\n[33]\n\n\n19\nFIFA 16\nSeptember 22, 2015\nApril 19, 2016\n[34]\n\n\n20\nRory McIlroy PGA Tour\nJuly 14, 2015\nMay 10, 2016\n[35]\n\n\n21\nNBA Live 16\nSeptember 29, 2015\nMay 25, 2016\n[36]\n\n\n22\nNeed for Speed\nNovember 3, 2015\nJuly 12, 2016\n[37]\n\n\n23\nUnravel\nFebruary 9, 2016\nJuly 12, 2016\n[37]\n\n\n24\nSSX\nFebruary 28, 2012\nAugust 9, 2016\n[38]\n\n\n25\nPlants vs. Zombies: Garden Warfare 2\nFebruary 23, 2016\nAugust 30, 2016\n[37]\n\n\n26\nBejeweled 2 Deluxe\nNovember 22, 2005\nOctober 6, 2016\n[39]\n\n\n27\nZuma Deluxe\nNovember 22, 2005\nOctober 6, 2016\n[39]\n\n\n28\nFeeding Frenzy\nMarch 10, 2006\nOctober 6, 2016\n[39]\n\n\n29\nHeavy Weapon\nJanuary 17, 2007\nOctober 6, 2016\n[39]\n\n\n30\nFeeding Frenzy 2\nSeptember 17, 2008\nOctober 6, 2016\n[39]\n\n\n31\nBejeweled 3\nOctober 19, 2011\nOctober 6, 2016\n[39]\n\n\n32\nMass Effect\nNovember 20, 2007\nNovember 7, 2016\n[40]\n\n\n33\nMass Effect 2\nJanuary 26, 2010\nNovember 7, 2016\n[40]\n\n\n34\nMass Effect 3\nMarch 6, 2012\nNovember 7, 2016\n[40]\n\n\n35\nMirror's Edge\nNovember 11, 2008\nNovember 9, 2016\n[41]\n\n\n36\nMirror's Edge Catalyst\nJune 7, 2016\nNovember 9, 2016\n[42]\n\n\n37\nEA Sports UFC 2\nMarch 15, 2016\nNovember 10, 2016\n[42]\n\n\n38\nStar Wars Battlefront\nNovember 17, 2015\nDecember 13, 2016\n[43]\n\n\n39\nBattlefield: Bad Company 2\nMarch 2, 2010\nJanuary 20, 2017\n[44]\n\n\n40\nBattlefield 3\nOctober 25, 2011\nJanuary 20, 2017\n[44]\n\n\n41\nSkate 3\nMay 11, 2010\nFebruary 13, 2017\n[45]\n\n\n42\nMadden NFL 17\nAugust 23, 2016\nFebruary 24, 2017\n[46]\n\n\n43\nNHL 17\nSeptember 13, 2016\nMarch 28, 2017\n[47]\n\n\n44\nZuma's Revenge\nSeptember 15, 2009\nMarch 30, 2017\n[48]\n\n\n45\nDragon Age: Origins\nNovember 3, 2009\nApril 10, 2017\n[49]\n\n\n46\nDead Space Ignition\nOctober 12, 2010\nApril 10, 2017\n[49]\n\n\n47\nFIFA 17\nSeptember 27, 2016\nApril 21, 2017\n[50]\n\n\n48\nMedal of Honor Airborne\nAugust 28, 2007\nMay 10, 2017\n[51]\n\n\n49\nTitanfall 2\nOctober 28, 2016\nJuly 31, 2017\n[52]\n\n\n50\nBattlefield 1\nOctober 21, 2016\nAugust 9, 2017\n[53]\n\n\n51\nNBA Live 14\nNovember 22, 2013\nUnknown[b]\n\n\n\n52\nDead Space 2\nJanuary 25, 2011\nSeptember 14, 2017\n[54]\n\n\n53\nMass Effect: Andromeda\nMarch 21, 2017\nOctober 17, 2017\n[55]\n\n\n54\nDead Space 3\nFebruary 5, 2013\nNovember 29, 2017\n[56]\n\n\n55\nBattlefield: Bad Company\nJune 23, 2008\nDecember 20, 2017\n[57]\n\n\n56\nBlack\nFebruary 24, 2006\nJanuary 17, 2018\n[58]\n\n\n57\nMadden NFL 18\nAugust 25, 2017\nFebruary 5, 2018\n[59]\n\n\n58\nNBA Live 18\nSeptember 15, 2017\nFebruary 15, 2018\n[60]\n\n"
] | [
"April 21, 2017"
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3139072682835682175 | Bill of Rights 1689 | Bill of Rights 1689 - wikipedia Bill of Rights 1689 Jump to : navigation , search The Bill of Rights Parliament of England Long title An Act Declaring the Rights and Liberties of the Subject and Settling the Succession of the Crown . Citation 1 William & Mary Sess 2 c 2 Dates Royal assent 16 December 1689 Commencement 1689 Status : Amended Revised text of statute as amended The Bill of Rights Created 1689 Location Parliamentary Archives Author ( s ) Parliament of England Purpose Assert the rights of Parliament and the individual , and ensure a Protestant political supremacy The Bill of Rights , also known as the English Bill of Rights , is an Act of the Parliament of England that deals with constitutional matters and sets out certain basic civil rights . It received the Royal Assent on 16 December 1689 and is a restatement in statutory form of the Declaration of Right presented by the Convention Parliament to William III and Mary II in February 1689 , inviting them to become joint sovereigns of England . The Bill of Rights lays down limits on the powers of the monarch and sets out the rights of Parliament , including the requirement for regular parliaments , free elections , and freedom of speech in Parliament . It sets out certain rights of individuals including the prohibition of cruel and unusual punishment and reestablished the right of Protestants to have arms for their defence within the rule of law . Furthermore , the Bill of Rights described and condemned several misdeeds of James II of England . These ideas reflected those of the political thinker John Locke and they quickly became popular in England . It also sets out -- or , in the view of its drafters , restates -- certain constitutional requirements of the Crown to seek the consent of the people , as represented in Parliament . In the United Kingdom , the Bill of Rights is further accompanied by Magna Carta , the Petition of Right , the Habeas Corpus Act 1679 and the Parliament Acts 1911 and 1949 as some of the basic documents of the uncodified British constitution . A separate but similar document , the Claim of Right Act 1689 , applies in Scotland . The Bill of Rights 1689 was one of the inspirations for the United States Bill of Rights . Along with the Act of Settlement 1701 , the Bill of Rights is still in effect in all Commonwealth realms . Following the Perth Agreement in 2011 , legislation amending both of them came into effect across the Commonwealth realms on 26 March 2015 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Glorious Revolution 1.2 Declaration of Right 2 Provisions of the Act 3 Date and title 4 Augmentation and effect 5 Legal status 5.1 United Kingdom 5.2 Australia 5.3 Canada 5.4 New Zealand 5.5 Republic of Ireland 6 Modern recognition 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 Bibliography 11 External links Background ( edit ) During the 17th century , there was renewed interest in Magna Carta . The Parliament of England passed the Petition of Right in 1628 which established certain liberties for subjects . The English Civil War ( 1642 -- 1651 ) was fought between the King and an oligarchic but elected Parliament , during which the idea of a political party took form with groups debating rights to political representation during the Putney Debates of 1647 . Subsequently , the Protectorate ( 1653 - 59 ) and the English Restoration ( 1660 ) restored more autocratic rule although Parliament passed the Habeas Corpus Act in 1679 , which strengthened the convention that forbade detention lacking sufficient cause or evidence . Glorious Revolution ( edit ) Main article : Glorious Revolution Objecting to the policies of King James II of England ( James VII of Scotland and James II of Ireland ) , a group of English Parliamentarians invited the Dutch stadtholder William III of Orange - Nassau ( William of Orange ) to overthrow the King . William 's successful invasion with a Dutch fleet and army led to James fleeing to France . In December 1688 , William took over the provisional government by appointment of the peers of the realm , as was the legal right of the latter in circumstances when the King was incapacitated , and summoned an assembly of certain members of parliament . This assembly called for an English Convention Parliament to be elected , which convened on 22 January 1689 . Declaration of Right ( edit ) Main article : Declaration of Right , 1689 An 18th - century engraving , based on a drawing by Samuel Wale , of the Bill of Rights being presented to William III and Mary II The proposal to draw up a statement of rights and liberties and James 's violation of them was first made on 29 January 1689 in the House of Commons , with members arguing that the House `` can not answer it to the nation or Prince of Orange till we declare what are the rights invaded '' and that William `` can not take it ill if we make conditions to secure ourselves for the future '' in order to `` do justice to those who sent us hither '' . On 2 February a committee specially convened reported to the Commons 23 Heads of Grievances , which the Commons approved and added some of their own . However , on 4 February the Commons decided to instruct the committee to differentiate between `` such of the general heads , as are introductory of new laws , from those that are declaratory of ancient rights '' . On 7 February the Commons approved this revised Declaration of Right , and on 8 February instructed the committee to put into a single text the Declaration ( with the heads which were `` introductory of new laws '' removed ) , the resolution of 28 January and the Lords ' proposal for a revised oath of allegiance . It passed the Commons without division . On 13 February the clerk of the House of Lords read the Declaration of Right , and the Marquess of Halifax , in the name of all the estates of the realm , asked William and Mary to accept the throne . William replied for his wife and himself : `` We thankfully accept what you have offered us '' . They then went in procession to the great gate at Whitehall . The Garter King at Arms proclaimed them King and Queen of England , France and Ireland , whereupon they adjourned to the Chapel Royal , with the Bishop of London preaching the sermon . They were crowned on 11 April , swearing an oath to uphold the laws made by Parliament . The Coronation Oath Act 1688 had provided a new coronation oath , whereby the monarchs were to `` solemnly promise and swear to govern the people of this kingdom of England , and the dominions thereunto belonging , according to the statutes in parliament agreed on , and the laws and customs of the same '' . They were also to maintain the laws of God , the true profession of the Gospel , and the Protestant Reformed faith established by law . This replaced an oath which had deferred more to the monarch . The previous oath required the monarch to rule based on `` the laws and customs ... granted by the Kings of England '' . Provisions of the Act ( edit ) The Declaration of Right was enacted in an Act of Parliament , the Bill of Rights 1689 , which received the Royal Assent in December 1689 . The Act asserted `` certain ancient rights and liberties '' by declaring that : the pretended power of suspending the laws and dispensing with laws by regal authority without consent of Parliament is illegal ; the commission for ecclesiastical causes is illegal ; levying taxes without grant of Parliament is illegal ; it is the right of the subjects to petition the king , and prosecutions for such petitioning are illegal ; keeping a standing army in time of peace , unless it be with consent of Parliament , is against law ; Protestants may have arms for their defence suitable to their conditions and as allowed by law ; election of members of Parliament ought to be free ; the freedom of speech and debates or proceedings in Parliament ought not to be impeached or questioned in any court or place out of Parliament ; excessive bail ought not to be required , nor excessive fines imposed , nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted ; jurors in trials for high treason ought to be freeholders ; promises of fines and forfeitures before conviction are illegal and void ; for redress of all grievances , and for the amending , strengthening and preserving of the laws , Parliaments ought to be held frequently . The Act declared James ' flight from England following the Glorious Revolution to be an abdication of the throne . It listed twelve of James 's policies by which James designed to `` endeavour to subvert and extirpate the protestant religion , and the laws and liberties of this kingdom '' . These were : by assuming and exercising a power of dispensing with and suspending of laws and the execution of laws without consent of Parliament ; by prosecuting the Seven Bishops ; by establishing of the court of commissioners for ecclesiastical causes ; by levying taxes for the use of the Crown by pretence of prerogative as if the same was granted by Parliament ; by raising and keeping a standing army within this kingdom in time of peace without consent of Parliament ; by causing Protestants to be disarmed at the same time when papists were both armed and employed contrary to law ; by violating the freedom of election of members to serve in Parliament ; by prosecutions in the Court of King 's Bench for matters and causes cognizable only in Parliament , and by divers other arbitrary and illegal courses ; by employing unqualified persons on juries in trials , and jurors in trials for high treason which were not freeholders ; by imposing excessive bail on persons committed in criminal cases against the laws made for the liberty of the subjects ; by imposing excessive fines and illegal and cruel punishments ; by making several grants and promises made of fines and forfeitures before any conviction or judgment against the persons upon whom the same were to be levied ; all which are utterly and directly contrary to the known laws and statutes and freedom of this realm . In a prelude to the Act of Settlement to come twelve years later , the Bill of Rights barred Roman Catholics from the throne of England as `` it hath been found by experience that it is inconsistent with the safety and welfare of this Protestant kingdom to be governed by a papist prince '' ; thus William III and Mary II were named as the successors of James II and that the throne would pass from them first to Mary 's heirs , then to her sister , Princess Anne of Denmark and her heirs ( and , thereafter , to any heirs of William by a later marriage ) . Date and title ( edit ) The Bill of Rights is commonly dated in legal contexts to 1688 . This convention arises from the legal fiction ( prior to the passage of the Acts of Parliament ( Commencement ) Act 1793 ) that an Act of Parliament came into force on the first day of the session in which it was passed . The Bill was therefore deemed to be effective from 13 February 1689 ( New Style ) , or , under the Old Style calendar in use at the time , 13 February 1688 . Under the Short Titles Act 1896 , the Bill was given the official short title of `` The Bill of Rights '' , without a calendar year suffix . Augmentation and effect ( edit ) See also : Glorious Revolution § Legacy The Bill of Rights was later supplemented by the Act of Settlement 1701 ( which was agreed to by the Parliament of Scotland as part of the Treaty of Union ) . The Act of Settlement altered the line of succession to the throne laid out in the Bill of Rights . However , both the Bill of Rights and the Claim of Right contributed a great deal to the establishment of the concept of parliamentary sovereignty and the curtailment of the powers of the monarch . Leading , ultimately , to the establishment of constitutional monarchy , while also ( along with the penal laws ) settling the political and religious turmoil that had convulsed Scotland , England and Ireland in the 17th century . The Bill of Rights ( 1689 ) reinforced the Petition of Right ( 1628 ) and the Habeas Corpus Act ( 1679 ) by codifying certain rights and liberties . Described by William Blackstone as Fundamental Laws of England , the rights expressed in these Acts became associated with the idea of the rights of Englishmen. . The Bill of Rights directly influenced the 1776 Virginia Declaration of Rights , which in turn influenced the Declaration of Independence . Although not a comprehensive statement of civil and political liberties , the Bill of Rights stands as one of the landmark documents in the development of civil liberties in the United Kingdom and a model for later , more general , statements of rights ; these include the United States Bill of Rights , the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen , the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the European Convention on Human Rights . For example , as with the Bill of Rights 1689 , the US Constitution prohibits excessive bail and `` cruel and unusual punishment '' . Similarly , `` cruel , inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment '' is banned under Article 5 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and Article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights . Legal status ( edit ) The Bill of Rights remains in statute and continues to be cited in legal proceedings in the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth realms , particularly Article 9 on parliamentary freedom of speech . Following the Perth Agreement in 2011 , legislation amending the Bill of Rights and the Act of Settlement 1701 came into effect across the Commonwealth realms on 26 March 2015 which changed the laws of succession to the British throne . Part of the Bill of Rights remains in statute in the Republic of Ireland . United Kingdom ( edit ) The Bill of Rights applies in England and Wales ; it was enacted in the Kingdom of England which at the time included Wales . Scotland has its own legislation , the Claim of Right Act 1689 , passed before the Act of Union between England and Scotland . There are doubts as to whether , or to what extent , the Bill of Rights applies in Northern Ireland . On 21 July 1995 a libel case brought by Neil Hamilton ( then a member of parliament ) against The Guardian was stopped after Justice May ruled that the Bill of Rights ' prohibition on the courts ' ability to question parliamentary proceedings would prevent The Guardian from obtaining a fair hearing . Section 13 of the Defamation Act 1996 , was subsequently enacted to permit MPs to waive their parliamentary privilege and thus cite their own speeches if relevant to litigation . Following the United Kingdom European Union membership referendum in 2016 , the Bill of Rights was quoted in a court ruling on a legal challenge seeking a judicial declaration that triggering EU exit must first be authorised by an act of Parliament . Australia ( edit ) The ninth article , regarding parliamentary freedom of speech , is actively used in Australia . Canada ( edit ) The article on parliamentary freedom of speech is in active use in Canada . New Zealand ( edit ) The Bill of Rights was invoked in New Zealand in the 1976 case of Fitzgerald v Muldoon and Others , which centred on the purporting of newly appointed Prime Minister Robert Muldoon that he would advise the Governor - General to abolish a superannuation scheme established by the New Zealand Superannuation Act , 1974 , without new legislation . Muldoon felt that the dissolution would be immediate and he would later introduce a bill in parliament to retroactively make the abolition legal . This claim was challenged in court and the Chief Justice declared that Muldoon 's actions were illegal as they had violated Article 1 of the Bill of Rights , which provides `` that the pretended power of dispensing with laws or the execution of laws by regal authority ... is illegal . '' Republic of Ireland ( edit ) The Act was retained in the Republic of Ireland although sections were repealed by the Statute Law Revision Act 2007 section 2 ( 2 ) ( a ) , and Part 2 of Schedule 1 . Section 2 ( 3 ) of that Act repealed : all of the Preamble down to `` Upon which Letters Elections having been accordingly made '' the seventh paragraph `` Subjects ' Arms . That the Subjects which are Protestants may have Arms for their Defence suitable to their Conditions and as allowed by Law . '' all words from `` And they doe Claime Demand and Insist '' down to , but not including , section 2 , bars Roman Catholics from Crown or Government , succession et cetera . Modern recognition ( edit ) Two special designs of commemorative two pound coins were issued in the United Kingdom in 1989 to celebrate the tercentenary of the Glorious Revolution . One referred to the Bill of Rights and the other to the Claim of Right . Both depict the Royal Cypher of William and Mary and the mace of the House of Commons , one also shows a representation of the St Edward 's Crown and the other the Crown of Scotland . In May 2011 , the Bill of Rights was inscribed in UNESCO 's UK Memory of the World Register recognizing that : All the main principles of the Bill of Rights are still in force today , and the Bill of Rights continues to be cited in legal cases in the UK and in Commonwealth countries . It has a primary place in a wider national historical narrative of documents which established the rights of Parliament and set out universal civil liberties , starting with Magna Carta in 1215 . It also has international significance , as it was a model for the US Bill of Rights 1789 , and its influence can be seen in other documents which establish rights of human beings , such as the Declaration of the Rights of Man , the United Nations Declaration of Human Rights and the European Convention on Human Rights . As part of the Parliament in the Making programme , the Bill of Rights was on display at the Houses of Parliament in February 2015 and at the British Library from March through September 2015 . See also ( edit ) Crown and Parliament Recognition Act 1689 English Civil War Financial Revolution History of liberalism Toleration Act 1689 Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Act is cited as `` The Bill of Rights '' in the United Kingdom , as authorised by section 1 of , and the First Schedule to , the Short Titles Act 1896 . Owing to the repeal of those provisions , it is now authorised by section 19 ( 2 ) of the Interpretation Act 1978 . In the Republic of Ireland , it is cited as `` The Bill of Rights 1688 '' , as authorised by section 1 of , and the First Schedule to , the Short Titles Act 1896 ( as amended by section 5 ( a ) of the Statute Law Revision Act 2007 ) . The short title of this Act was previously `` The Bill of Rights '' . Jump up ^ i.e. ignoring Jump up ^ Arguably , this right is subject to continuing derogation in modern times ; see , for example , Armed Forces Act and discussion of the same in Military Covenant . Jump up ^ Section Seven of the Virginia Declaration of Rights reads , That all power of suspending laws , or the execution of laws , by any authority , without consent of the representatives of the people , is injurious to their rights and ought not to be exercised . which strongly echoes the first two `` ancient rights and liberties '' asserted in the Bill of Rights 1689 : That the pretended power of suspending the laws or the execution of laws by regal authority without consent of Parliament is illegal ; That the pretended power of dispensing with laws or the execution of laws by regal authority , as it hath been assumed and exercised of late , is illegal ; And the Virginia Declaration 's Section Nine , That excessive bail ought not to be required , nor excessive fines imposed , nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted . is borrowed word for word from the Bill of Rights 1689 . Jump up ^ In Quebec the validity of the Canadian parliament 's legislation is under judicial review . Blanchfield , Mike ( 22 July 2013 ) . `` Quebec government to mount legal challenge to new royal succession law '' . National Post ( 1 ) Jump up ^ The United Kingdom consists of four countries and three distinct legal systems : England and Wales , Scotland and Northern Ireland . These jurisdictions have particular legal considerations of their own , arising from differences in English law , Scots law and Northern Ireland law . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Britain 's unwritten constitution '' . British Library . Retrieved 27 November 2015 . The key landmark is the Bill of Rights ( 1689 ) , which established the supremacy of Parliament over the Crown ... The Bill of Rights ( 1689 ) then settled the primacy of Parliament over the monarch 's prerogatives , providing for the regular meeting of Parliament , free elections to the Commons , free speech in parliamentary debates , and some basic human rights , most famously freedom from ' cruel or unusual punishment ' . Jump up ^ Schwoerer 1990 , pp. 531 -- 548 . Jump up ^ Maurice Adams ; Anne Meuwese ; Ernst Hirsch Ballin ( 2017 ) . Constitutionalism and the Rule of Law : Bridging Idealism and Realism . Cambridge UP . p. 97 . Jump up ^ `` From legal document to public myth : Magna Carta in the 17th century '' . The British Library . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 16 ; `` Magna Carta : Magna Carta in the 17th Century '' . The Society of Antiquaries of London . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Origins and growth of Parliament '' . The National Archives . Retrieved 7 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rise of Parliament '' . The National Archives . Retrieved 7 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Putney debates '' . The British Library . Retrieved 22 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Anon. 2010 , pp. 2 -- 4 . Jump up ^ `` Bill of Rights '' . British Library . Retrieved 23 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Horwitz 1977 , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Carpenter 1956 , pp. 145 -- 46 . Jump up ^ Williams 1960 , pp. 37 -- 39 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Convention and Bill of Rights '' . UK Parliament . Retrieved 2 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Thatcher 1907 , pp. 10 . Jump up ^ Williams 1960 , pp. 28 -- 29 . Jump up ^ Williams 1960 , p. 26 . Jump up ^ Williams 1960 , p. 27 . Jump up ^ `` Bill of Rights ( 1688 ) '' . legislation.gov.uk . note X1 . Retrieved 14 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Act of Settlement '' . UK Parliament . Retrieved 8 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Bill of Rights '' . British Library . Retrieved 27 November 2015 . This vigorous assertion of the rights of the subject meant that the Bill of Rights is often seen as parallel in importance with Magna Carta itself . Jump up ^ `` Rise of Parliament '' . The National Archives . Retrieved 22 August 2010 . Although the Bill of Rights attacked the abuse of prerogative power rather than prerogative power itself , it had the virtue of enshrining in statute what many regarded as ancient rights and liberties . However , some historians maintain that a more profound change in the relationship between sovereign and Parliament emerged as a result of the financial settlement that Parliament negotiated with William and Mary . Jump up ^ `` Constitutionalism : America & Beyond '' . Bureau of International Information Programs ( IIP ) , U.S. Department of State . Archived from the original on 24 October 2014 . Retrieved 30 October 2014 . The earliest , and perhaps greatest , victory for liberalism was achieved in England . The rising commercial class that had supported the Tudor monarchy in the 16th century led the revolutionary battle in the 17th , and succeeded in establishing the supremacy of Parliament and , eventually , of the House of Commons . What emerged as the distinctive feature of modern constitutionalism was not the insistence on the idea that the king is subject to law ( although this concept is an essential attribute of all constitutionalism ) . This notion was already well established in the Middle Ages . What was distinctive was the establishment of effective means of political control whereby the rule of law might be enforced . Modern constitutionalism was born with the political requirement that representative government depended upon the consent of citizen subjects ... However , as can be seen through provisions in the 1689 Bill of Rights , the English Revolution was fought not just to protect the rights of property ( in the narrow sense ) but to establish those liberties which liberals believed essential to human dignity and moral worth . The `` rights of man '' enumerated in the English Bill of Rights gradually were proclaimed beyond the boundaries of England , notably in the American Declaration of Independence of 1776 and in the French Declaration of the Rights of Man in 1789 . Jump up ^ Walker 2009 , p. 2 : `` thereby establishing a constitutional monarchy '' . Jump up ^ Billias 2011 , p. 54 . Jump up ^ Maier 1997 , pp. 126 -- 28 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2011 UK Memory of the World Register '' . United Kingdom National Commission for UNESCO . 23 May 2011 . Retrieved 4 June 2011 . All the main principles of the Bill of Rights are still in force today , and the Bill of Rights continues to be cited in legal cases in the UK and in Commonwealth countries . It has a primary place in a wider national historical narrative of documents which established the rights of Parliament and set out universal civil liberties , starting with Magna Carta in 1215 . It also has international significance , as it was a model for the US Bill of Rights 1789 , and its influence can be seen in other documents which establish rights of human beings , such as the Declaration of the Rights of Man , the United Nations Declaration of Human Rights and the European Convention on Human Rights . Jump up ^ `` Facts About the Bill of Rights on Its 220th Anniversary '' . History.com. 15 December 2011 . Archived from the original on 4 October 2013 . Retrieved 29 September 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Lock 1989 , pp. 540 -- 561 . Jump up ^ Toporoski , Richard ( Summer 1996 ) . `` Monarchy Canada : The Invisible Crown '' . Archived from the original on 17 June 1997 . Jump up ^ `` A Guide to the UK Legal System '' . Hauser Global Law School Program , New York University School of Law . November 2005 . Retrieved 16 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Legal System of the United Kingdom '' . The Chartered Institute of Legal Executives . Archived from the original on 13 March 2016 . Retrieved 16 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Alexander Horne ; Oonagh Gay ( 21 May 2014 ) . `` Ending the Hamilton Affair ? '' . UK Constitutional Law Association Blog . Retrieved 19 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Miller & Anor , R ( On the Application Of ) v The Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union ( 2016 ) EWHC 2768 ( Admin ) ( 03 November 2016 ) '' . England and Wales High Court ( Administrative Court ) Decisions. 3 November 2016 . Retrieved 4 November 2016 . This subordination of the Crown ( i.e. the executive government ) to law is the foundation of the rule of law in the United Kingdom . It has its roots well before the war between the Crown and Parliament in the seventeenth century but was decisively confirmed in the settlement arrived at with the Glorious Revolution in 1688 and has been recognised ever since , Sir Edward Coke reports the considered view of himself and the senior judges of the time in The Case of Proclamations ( 1610 ) 12 Co . Rep. 74 , that : `` the King by his proclamation or other ways can not change any part of the common law , or statute law , or the customs of the realm '' and that : `` the King hath no prerogative , but that which the law of the land allows him . '' The position was confirmed in the first two parts of section 1 of the Bill of Rights 1688 : `` Suspending power - That the pretended power of suspending of laws or the execution of laws by regall authority without consent of Parlyament is illegall . Late dispensing power - That the pretended power of dispensing with laws or the execution of laws by regall authoritie as it hath beene assumed and exercised of late is illegall . '' Jump up ^ `` Brexit court ruling : Your questions answered '' . BBC . Retrieved 4 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Constitutional Setting '' . States Services Commission , New Zealand . Archived from the original on 16 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The legitimacy of judicial review of executive decision - making '' . New Zealand Law Society . Archived from the original on 4 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Statute Law Revision Act 2007 Section 2 '' . Irish Statute Book . Jump up ^ `` Statute Law Revision Act 2007 Schedule 1 '' . Irish Statute Book . Jump up ^ `` Two Pound Coin '' . The Royal Mint . Retrieved 15 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Life , death and everything in between '' . UK Parliament . 23 May 2011 . Retrieved 4 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Magna Carta & Parliament Exhibition '' . UK Parliament . Retrieved 15 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Magna Carta : Law , Liberty , Legacy '' . The British Library . Retrieved 24 January 2015 . Bibliography ( edit ) Anon. ( 2010 ) . `` The Glorious Revolution '' . Factsheet General Series . G4 . House of Commons Information Office . Billias , George Athan ( 2011 ) . American constitutionalism heard round the world , 1776 - 1989 : a global perspective . New York : New York University Press . ISBN 9780814725177 . Blick , Andrew ( 2015 ) . `` Magna Carta and contemporary constitutional change '' . History and Policy . Carpenter , Edward ( 1956 ) . The Protestant Bishop . Being the Life of Henry Compton , 1632 -- 1713 . Bishop of London . London : Longmans , Green and Co . OCLC 1919768 . Horwitz , Henry ( 1977 ) . Parliament , Policy and Politics in the Reign of William III . Manchester University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7190 - 0661 - 6 . Lock , Geoffrey ( 1989 ) . `` The 1689 Bill of Rights '' . Political Studies . 37 ( 4 ) : 540 -- 561 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1467 - 9248.1989. tb00288. x . Maier , Pauline ( 1997 ) . American Scripture : Making the Declaration of Independence . New York : Knopf . ISBN 0 - 679 - 45492 - 6 . Schwoerer , Lois G. ( 1990 ) . `` Locke , Lockean Ideas , and the Glorious Revolution '' . Journal of the History of Ideas . University of Pennsylvania Press . 51 ( 4 ) . JSTOR 2709645 . Thatcher , Oliver Joseph ( ed . ) ( 1907 ) . The library of original sources . University Research Extension . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Walker , Aileen ; Gay , Oonagh ; Maer , Lucinda ( 2009 ) . `` Bill of Rights 1689 '' . House of Commons Library . Williams , E.N. ( 1960 ) . The Eighteenth - Century Constitution . 1688 -- 1815 . Cambridge University Press . OCLC 1146699 . External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : Bill of Rights 1689 Wikimedia Commons has media related to English Bill of Rights of 1689 . Text of the Bill of Rights Yale Law School Law Library Text of the Bill of Rights 1689 as in force today ( including any amendments ) within the United Kingdom , from legislation.gov.uk The Parliamentary Archives holds the original document Succession to the British throne Legislation Succession Act 1533 Succession Act 1536 Succession Act 1543 Coronation Oath Act 1688 Bill of Rights 1689 Act of Settlement 1701 Act of Union 1706 Accession Declaration Act 1910 Perth Agreement 2011 Succession to the Crown Act 2013 Regency Acts United Kingdom legislation Pre-Parliamentary legislation List of English statutes Charter of Liberties Magna Carta Acts of Parliament by states preceding the Kingdom of Great Britain Parliament of England to 1483 1485 -- 1601 1603 -- 1641 Interregnum ( 1642 -- 1660 ) 1660 -- 1699 1700 -- 1706 Parliament of Scotland to 1706 Acts of Parliament of the Kingdom of Great Britain 1707 -- 1719 1720 -- 1739 1740 -- 1759 1760 -- 1779 1780 -- 1800 Acts of the Parliament of Ireland to 1700 1701 -- 1800 Acts of Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 1801 -- 1819 1820 -- 1839 1840 -- 1859 1860 -- 1879 1880 -- 1899 1900 -- 1919 1920 -- 1939 1940 -- 1959 1960 -- 1979 1980 -- 1999 2000 to date Halsbury 's Statutes Legislation.gov.uk Short titles relating to the European Union 1972 to date Church of England measures List Church of England Assembly ( Powers ) Act 1919 Legislation of devolved institutions Acts of the Scottish Parliament List Acts and Measures of the National Assembly for Wales List Acts of the Northern Ireland Assembly Acts of the Parliament of Northern Ireland Orders - in - Council / Orders in Council Orders - in - Council for Northern Ireland ( 1972 - 2009 ) Orders in Council for Northern Ireland Secondary legislation United Kingdom Statutory Instruments various Scottish Statutory Instruments Acts of Sederunt Acts of Adjournal all others Constitution of Canada List of constitutional documents Quasi-constitutional law ( hide ) Pre-Confederation constitutional documents Iroquois constitution Mi'kmaq constitution Constitution of New France Royal Proclamation of 1763 Quebec Act of 1774 Constitutional Act of 1791 Declaration of Independence of Lower Canada ( 1838 ) Report on the Affairs of British North America ( 1839 ) Act of Union 1840 Confederation Charlottetown Conference , 1864 Quebec Conference , 1864 Quebec Resolutions London Conference , 1866 Fathers of Confederation Constitution Act , 1867 Canadian federalism Preamble Section 121 Section 125 Powers under Section 91 Peace , order , and good government Trade and commerce Criminal law Matters excepted from s . 92 Powers under Section 92 Licensing Works and undertakings Property and civil rights Administration of justice Fines and penalties for provincial laws Matters of a local or private nature Amendments and other constitutional documents 1867 -- 1982 British North America Acts , 1867 -- 1982 Manitoba Act , 1870 Alberta Act , 1905 Saskatchewan Act , 1905 Statute of Westminster , 1931 Newfoundland Act , 1949 Patriation Fulton -- Favreau formula Victoria Charter Kitchen Accord / Night of the Long Knives Constitution Act , 1982 Part I -- Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms Preamble 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 16.1 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 Part II -- Rights of the Aboriginal peoples of Canada 35 Part III -- Equalization and regional disparities 36 Part VII -- General 52 59 Conventions At Her Majesty 's pleasure Cabinet collective responsibility Disallowance and reservation Responsible government Fusion of powers Queen - in - Parliament Implied repeal Individual ministerial responsibility Interpellation Question Period Parliamentary privilege Parliamentary sovereignty Reserve power Royal prerogative Constitutional debate since 1982 Triple - E Senate Meech Lake Accord Charlottetown Accord Calgary Declaration Other unsuccessful amendments Interpretation of the Constitution Aboriginal self - government Pith and substance Double aspect Equal authenticity rule Paramountcy Living tree Implied Bill of Rights Interjurisdictional immunity Purposive theory Dialogue principle Provincial constitutional law Constitution of Alberta Constitution of Quebec Constitution Act ( British Columbia ) WikiProject VIAF : 200966891 GND : 4145518 - 6 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bill_of_Rights_1689&oldid=836294689 '' Categories : Constitution of Canada Constitutional laws of England Constitution of the United Kingdom Succession to the British crown Succession to the Canadian Crown Acts of the Parliament of England Acts of the Parliament of England still in force 1689 in law 1689 in England Political charters History of human rights Christianity and law in the 17th century Glorious Revolution Mary II of England Civil rights and liberties legislation Civil rights and liberties in the United Kingdom Constitution of New Zealand Succession acts William III of England 1689 in politics Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Alemannisch Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Lumbaart Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Svenska ไทย Українська 中文 28 more Edit links This page was last edited on 13 April 2018 , at 21 : 45 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who passed the english bill of rights in 1689 | [
"The Bill of Rights, also known as the English Bill of Rights, is an Act of the Parliament of England that deals with constitutional matters and sets out certain basic civil rights. It received the Royal Assent on 16 December 1689 and is a restatement in statutory form of the Declaration of Right presented by the Convention Parliament to William III and Mary II in February 1689, inviting them to become joint sovereigns of England. The Bill of Rights lays down limits on the powers of the monarch and sets out the rights of Parliament, including the requirement for regular parliaments, free elections, and freedom of speech in Parliament. It sets out certain rights of individuals including the prohibition of cruel and unusual punishment and reestablished the right of Protestants to have arms for their defence within the rule of law. Furthermore, the Bill of Rights described and condemned several misdeeds of James II of England.[1]"
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"the Parliament of England"
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8687723302253803620 | Economic growth | Economic growth - wikipedia Economic growth Jump to : navigation , search Gross domestic product real growth rates , 1990 -- 1998 and 1990 -- 2006 , in selected countries . Rate of change of Gross domestic product , world and Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development , since 1961 . Economics A supply and demand diagram , illustrating the effects of an increase in demand . Index Outline Category History Types Classification History of economics Economic history ( academic study ) Schools of economics Microeconomics Macroeconomics Methodology Heterodox economics JEL classification codes Concepts Theory Techniques Econometrics Economic growth Economic system Experimental economics Mathematical economics Game theory Post-scarcity Market National accounting By application Agricultural Behavioral Business Computational Cultural Demographic Development Digitization Ecological Education Environmental Evolutionary Expeditionary Geography Health Industrial organization Information International Knowledge Labour Law Managerial Monetary / Financial Natural resource Organizational Personnel Public / Welfare economics Regional Rural Service Social Urban Welfare Lists Economists Publications ( journals ) Business and economics portal Public finance Policies ( show ) Agricultural Economic Energy Industrial Investment Social Trade Fiscal Monetary Policy mix Fiscal policy ( show ) Budget policy Debt external internal Deficit / Surplus Finance ministry Fiscal union Revenue Spending deficit Tax Monetary policy ( show ) Bank reserves ( requirements ) Discount window Gold reserves Interest rate Monetary authority central bank currency board Monetary base Monetary ( currency ) union Money supply Trade policy ( show ) Balance of trade Free trade Gains from trade Non-tariff barrier Protectionism Tariff Trade bloc Trade creation Trade diversion Trade / Commerce ministry Revenue Spending ( show ) Non-tax revenue Tax revenue Discretionary spending Mandatory spending Optimum ( show ) Balanced budget ( fiscal ) Growth ( trade and investment ) Price stability ( monetary ) Reform ( show ) Fiscal adjustment Monetary reform Economic growth is the increase in the inflation - adjusted market value of the goods and services produced by an economy over time . It is conventionally measured as the percent rate of increase in real gross domestic product , or real GDP . Growth is usually calculated in real terms -- i.e. , inflation - adjusted terms -- to eliminate the distorting effect of inflation on the price of goods produced . Measurement of economic growth uses national income accounting . Since economic growth is measured as the annual percent change of gross domestic product ( GDP ) , it has all the advantages and drawbacks of that measure . The economic growth rates of nations is commonly compared using the ratio of the GDP to population or per - capita income . The `` rate of economic growth '' refers to the geometric annual rate of growth in GDP between the first and the last year over a period of time . Implicitly , this growth rate is the trend in the average level of GDP over the period , which implicitly ignores the fluctuations in the GDP around this trend . An increase in economic growth caused by more efficient use of inputs ( such as labor productivity , physical capital , energy or materials ) is referred to as intensive growth . GDP growth caused only by increases in the amount of inputs available for use ( increased population , new territory ) is called extensive growth . Contents ( hide ) 1 Measuring economic growth 2 Determinants of per capita GDP growth 2.1 Productivity 2.1. 1 Historical sources of productivity growth 2.2 Intensity ( hours worked ) 2.3 Demographic changes 3 Other factors affecting growth 3.1 Political institutions , property rights , and rule of law 3.2 Capital 3.3 New products and services 3.4 Growth phases and sector shares 4 Theories and models 4.1 Classical growth theory 4.2 Solow - Swan model 4.3 Endogenous growth theory 4.4 Unified growth theory 4.5 The big push 4.6 Schumpeterian growth 4.7 Institutions and growth 4.8 Human capital and growth 4.9 Energy consumption and growth 5 Importance of long - run growth 5.1 Quality of life 5.2 Business cycle 5.3 Income equality 5.3. 1 Equitable growth 6 Environmental and physical constraints 6.1 Environmental impacts 6.1. 1 Global warming 6.2 Resource substitution 6.3 Declining resource quality 6.4 Physical constraints 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links 10.1 Articles and lectures 10.2 Data Measuring economic growth ( edit ) Main article : Gross domestic product The economic growth rate is calculated from data on GDP estimated by countries _́ statistical agencies . The rate of growth of GDP / capita is calculated from data on GDP and people for the initial and final periods included in the analysis . Determinants of per capita GDP growth ( edit ) In national income accounting , per capita output can be calculated using the following factors : output per unit of labor input ( labor productivity ) , hours worked ( intensity ) , the percentage of the working age population actually working ( participation rate ) and the proportion of the working - age population to the total population ( demography ) . `` The rate of change of GDP / population is the sum of the rates of change of these four variables plus their cross products . '' Productivity ( edit ) Increases in labor productivity ( the ratio of the value of output to labor input ) have historically been the most important source of real per capita economic growth . `` In a famous estimate , MIT Professor Robert Solow concluded that technological progress has accounted for 80 percent of the long - term rise in U.S. per capita income , with increased investment in capital explaining only the remaining 20 percent . '' ( Note : There are various measures of productivity . The term used here applies to a broad measure of productivity . By contrast , Total factor productivity ( TFP ) growth measures the change in total output relative to the change in capital and labor inputs . Many of the cited references use TFP . ) Increases in productivity lower the real cost of goods . Over the 20th century the real price of many goods fell by over 90 % . Historical sources of productivity growth ( edit ) Main article : Productivity improving technologies ( economic history ) Economic growth has traditionally been attributed to the accumulation of human and physical capital and the increase in productivity arising from technological innovation . Before industrialization technological progress resulted in an increase in the population , which was kept in check by food supply and other resources , which acted to limit per capita income , a condition known as the Malthusian trap . The rapid economic growth that occurred during the Industrial Revolution was remarkable because it was in excess of population growth , providing an escape from the Malthusian trap . Countries that industrialized eventually saw their population growth slow down , a phenomenon known as the demographic transition . Increases in productivity are the major factor responsible for per capita economic growth -- this has been especially evident since the mid-19th century . Most of the economic growth in the 20th century was due to increased output per unit of labor , materials , energy , and land ( less input per widget ) . The balance of the growth in output has come from using more inputs . Both of these changes increase output . The increased output included more of the same goods produced previously and new goods and services . During the Industrial Revolution , mechanization began to replace hand methods in manufacturing , and new processes streamlined production of chemicals , iron , steel , and other products . Machine tools made the economical production of metal parts possible , so that parts could be interchangeable . See : Interchangeable parts . During the Second Industrial Revolution , a major factor of productivity growth was the substitution of inanimate power for human and animal labor . Also there was a great increase in power as steam powered electricity generation and internal combustion supplanted limited wind and water power . Since that replacement , the great expansion of total power was driven by continuous improvements in energy conversion efficiency . Other major historical sources of productivity were automation , transportation infrastructures ( canals , railroads , and highways ) , new materials ( steel ) and power , which includes steam and internal combustion engines and electricity . Other productivity improvements included mechanized agriculture and scientific agriculture including chemical fertilizers and livestock and poultry management , and the Green Revolution . Interchangeable parts made with machine tools powered by electric motors evolved into mass production , which is universally used today . Productivity lowered the cost of most items in terms of work time required to purchase . Real food prices fell due to improvements in transportation and trade , mechanized agriculture , fertilizers , scientific farming and the Green Revolution . Great sources of productivity improvement in the late 19th century were railroads , steam ships , horse - pulled reapers and combine harvesters , and steam - powered factories . The invention of processes for making cheap steel were important for many forms of mechanization and transportation . By the late 19th century both prices and weekly work hours fell because less labor , materials , and energy were required to produce and transport goods . However , real wages rose , allowing workers to improve their diet , buy consumer goods and afford better housing . Mass production of the 1920s created overproduction , which was arguably one of several causes of the Great Depression of the 1930s . Following the Great Depression , economic growth resumed , aided in part by increased demand for existing goods and services , such as automobiles , telephones , radios , electricity and household appliances . New goods and services included television , air conditioning and commercial aviation ( after 1950 ) , creating enough new demand to stabilize the work week . The building of highway infrastructures also contributed to post World War II growth , as did capital investments in manufacturing and chemical industries . The post World War II economy also benefited from the discovery of vast amounts of oil around the world , particularly in the Middle East . By John W. Kendrick 's estimate , three - quarters of increase in U.S. per capita GDP from 1889 to 1957 was due to increased productivity . Economic growth in the United States slowed down after 1973 . In contrast growth in Asia has been strong since then , starting with Japan and spreading to Korea , China , the Indian subcontinent and other parts of Asia . In 1957 South Korea had a lower per capita GDP than Ghana , and by 2008 it was 17 times as high as Ghana 's . The Japanese economic growth has slackened considerably since the late 1980s . Productivity in the United States grew at an increasing rate throughout the 19th century and was most rapid in the early to middle decades of the 20th century . US productivity growth spiked towards the end of the century in 1996 -- 2004 , due to an acceleration in the rate of technological innovation known as Moore 's law . After 2004 U.S. productivity growth returned to the low levels of 1972 -- 96 . Intensity ( hours worked ) ( edit ) The work week declined considerably over the 19th century . By the 1920s the average work week in the U.S. was 49 hours , but the work week was reduced to 40 hours ( after which overtime premium was applied ) as part of the National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933 . Demographic changes ( edit ) Demographic factors may influence growth by changing the employment to population ratio and the labor force participation rate . Industrialization creates a demographic transition in which birth rates decline and the average age of the population increases . Women with fewer children and better access market employment tend to join the labor force in higher percentages . There is a reduced demand for child labor and children spend more years in school . The increase in the percentage of women in the labor force in the U.S. contributed to economic growth , as did the entrance of the baby boomers into the work force . See : Spending wave Other factors affecting growth ( edit ) Political institutions , property rights , and rule of law ( edit ) See also : Great Divergence § Property rights , Great Divergence § Efficiency of markets and state intervention , and Great Divergence § State prohibition of new technology `` As institutions influence behavior and incentives in real life , they forge the success or failure of nations . '' In economics and economic history , the transition to capitalism from earlier economic systems was enabled by the adoption of government policies that facilitated commerce and gave individuals more personal and economic freedom . These included new laws favorable to the establishment of business , including contract law and laws providing for the protection of private property , and the abolishment of anti-usury laws . When property rights are less certain , transaction costs can increase , hindering economic development . Enforcement of contractual rights is necessary for economic development because it determines the rate and direction of investments . When the rule of law is absent or weak , the enforcement of property rights depends on threats of violence , which causes bias against new firms because they can not demonstrate reliability to their customers . Much of this literature was built on the success story of the British state that after the Glorious Revolution of 1689 combined high fiscal capacity with constraints on the power of the king generating some respect for the rule of law . However , others have questioned that this institutional formula is not so easily replicable elsewhere as a change in the Constitution -- and the type of institutions created by that change -- does not necessarily create a change in political power if the economic powers of that society are not aligned with the new set of rule of law institutions . In England , a dramatic increase in the state 's fiscal capacity followed the creation of constraints on the crown , but elsewhere in Europe , increases in state capacity happened before major rule of law reforms . There are many different ways through which states achieved state ( fiscal ) capacity and this different capacity accelerated or hindered their economic development . Thanks to the underlying homogeneity of its land and people , England was able to achieve a unified legal and fiscal system since the Middle Ages that enabled it to substantially increase the taxes it raised after 1689 . On the other hand , the French experience of state building faced much stronger resistance from local feudal powers keeping it legally and fiscally fragmented until the French Revolution despite significant increases in state capacity during the seventeenth century . Furthermore , Prussia and the Habsburg empire -- much more heterogeneous states than England -- were able to increase state capacity during the eighteenth century without constraining the powers of the executive . Nevertheless , it is unlikely that a country will generate institutions that respect property rights and the rule of law without having had first intermediate fiscal and political institutions that create incentives for elites to support them . Many of these intermediate level institutions relied on informal private - order arrangements that combined with public - order institutions associated with states , to lay the foundations of modern rule of law states . In many poor and developing countries much land and housing is held outside the formal or legal property ownership registration system . In many urban areas the poor `` invade '' private or government land to build their houses , so they do not hold title to these properties . Much unregistered property is held in informal form through various property associations and other arrangements . Reasons for extra-legal ownership include excessive bureaucratic red tape in buying property and building . In some countries it can take over 200 steps and up to 14 years to build on government land . Other causes of extra-legal property are failures to notarize transaction documents or having documents notarized but failing to have them recorded with the official agency . Not having clear legal title to property limits its potential to be used as collateral to secure loans , depriving many poor countries one of their most important potential sources of capital . Unregistered businesses and lack of accepted accounting methods are other factors that limit potential capital . Businesses and individuals participating in unreported business activity and owners of unregistered property face costs such as bribes and pay - offs that offset much of any taxes avoided . `` Democracy Does Cause Growth , '' according to Acemoglu et al. Specifically , `` democracy increases future GDP by encouraging investment , increasing schooling , inducing economic reforms , improving public goods provision , and reducing social unrest . '' Capital ( edit ) Capital in economics ordinarily refers to physical capital , which consists of structures and equipment used in business ( machinery , factory equipment , computers and office equipment , construction equipment , business vehicles , etc . ) . Up to a point increases in the amount of capital per worker are an important cause of economic output growth . Capital is subject to diminishing returns because of the amount that can be effectively invested and because of the growing burden of depreciation . In the development of economic theory the distribution of income was considered to be between labor and the owners of land and capital . In recent decades there have been several Asian countries with high rates of economic growth driven by capital investment . New products and services ( edit ) Another major cause of economic growth is the introduction of new products and services and the improvement of existing products . New products create demand , which is necessary to offset the decline in employment that occurs through labor saving technology . Growth phases and sector shares ( edit ) Main article : Rostow 's stages of growth Economic growth in the U.S. and other developed countries went through phases that affected growth through changes in the labor force participation rate and the relative sizes of economic sectors . The transition from an agricultural economy to manufacturing increased the size of the sector with high output per hour ( the high - productivity manufacturing sector ) , while reducing the size of the sector with lower output per hour ( the lower productivity agricultural sector ) . Eventually high productivity growth in manufacturing reduced the sector size , as prices fell and employment shrank relative to other sectors . The service and government sectors , where output per hour and productivity growth is low , saw increases in their shares of the economy and employment during the 1990s . The public sector has since contracted , while the service economy expanded in the 2000s . Theories and models ( edit ) Classical growth theory ( edit ) In classical ( Ricardian ) economics , the theory of production and the theory of growth are based on the theory or law of variable proportions , whereby increasing either of the factors of production ( labor or capital ) , while holding the other constant and assuming no technological change , will increase output , but at a diminishing rate that eventually will approach zero . These concepts have their origins in Thomas Malthus 's theorizing about agriculture . Malthus 's examples included the number of seeds harvested relative to the number of seeds planted ( capital ) on a plot of land and the size of the harvest from a plot of land versus the number of workers employed . See : Diminishing returns Criticisms of classical growth theory are that technology , an important factor in economic growth , is held constant and that economies of scale are ignored . Natural rate of growth : According to Prof. Harrod , Natural growth rate which is the maximum rate of growth allowed by the increase of variables like population growth , technological improvement & growth in natural resources . In fact , Natural growth rate is the highest attainable growth rate which would bring about the fullest possible employment of the resources existing in the economy . Solow - Swan model ( edit ) This section is about a neoclassical growth model . It is not to be confused with Steady - state economy Robert Solow and Trevor Swan developed what eventually became the main model used in growth economics in the 1950s . This model assumes that there are diminishing returns to capital and labor . Capital accumulates through investment , but its level or stock continually decreases due to depreciation . Due to the diminishing returns to capital , with increases in capital / worker and absent technological progress , economic output / worker eventually reaches a point where capital per worker and economic output / worker remain constant because annual investment in capital equals annual depreciation . This condition is called the ' steady state ' . In the Solow - Swan model if productivity increases through technological progress , then output / worker increases even when the economy is in the steady state . If productivity increases at a constant rate , output / worker also increases at a related steady - state rate . As a consequence , growth in the model can occur either by increasing the share of GDP invested or through technological progress . But at whatever share of GDP invested , capital / worker eventually converges on the steady state , leaving the growth rate of output / worker determined only by the rate of technological progress . As a consequence , with world technology available to all and progressing at a constant rate , all countries have the same steady state rate of growth . Each country has a different level of GDP / worker determined by the share of GDP it invests , but all countries have the same rate of economic growth . Implicitly in this model rich countries are those that have invested a high share of GDP for a long time . Poor countries can become rich by increasing the share of GDP they invest . One important prediction of the model , mostly borne out by the data , is that of conditional convergence ; the idea that poor countries will grow faster and catch up with rich countries as long as they have similar investment ( and saving ) rates and access to the same technology . The Solow - Swan model is considered an `` exogenous '' growth model because it does not explain why countries invest different shares of GDP in capital nor why technology improves over time . Instead the rate of investment and the rate of technological progress are exogenous . The value of the model is that it predicts the pattern of economic growth once these two rates are specified . Its failure to explain the determinants of these rates is one of its limitations . Although the rate of investment in the model is exogenous , under certain conditions the model implicitly predicts convergence in the rates of investment across countries . In a global economy with a global financial capital market , financial capital flows to the countries with the highest return on investment . In the Solow - Swan model countries with less capital / worker ( poor countries ) have a higher return on investment due to the diminishing returns to capital . As a consequence , capital / worker and output / worker in a global financial capital market should converge to the same level in all countries . Since historically financial capital has not flowed to the countries with less capital / worker , the basic Solow - Swan model has a conceptual flaw . Beginning in the 1990s , this flaw has been addressed by adding additional variables to the model that can explain why some countries are less productive than others and , therefore , do not attract flows of global financial capital even though they have less ( physical ) capital / worker . Endogenous growth theory ( edit ) Main article : Endogenous growth theory Growth theory advanced again with theories of economist Paul Romer and Robert Lucas , Jr. in the late 1980s and early 1990s . Unsatisfied with the assumption of exogenous technological progress in the Solow - Swan model , economists worked to `` endogenize '' technology in the 1980s . They developed the endogenous growth theory that includes a mathematical explanation of technological advancement . This model also incorporated a new concept of human capital , the skills and knowledge that make workers productive . Unlike physical capital , human capital has increasing rates of return . Research done in this area has focused on what increases human capital ( e.g. education ) or technological change ( e.g. innovation ) . Unified growth theory ( edit ) Unified growth theory was developed by Oded Galor and his co-authors to address the inability of endogenous growth theory to explain key empirical regularities in the growth processes of individual economies and the world economy as a whole . Endogenous growth theory was satisfied with accounting for empirical regularities in the growth process of developed economies over the last hundred years . As a consequence , it was not able to explain the qualitatively different empirical regularities that characterized the growth process over longer time horizons in both developed and less developed economies . Unified growth theories are endogenous growth theories that are consistent with the entire process of development , and in particular the transition from the epoch of Malthusian stagnation that had characterized most of the process of development to the contemporary era of sustained economic growth . The Big Push ( edit ) One popular theory in the 1940s was the Big Push , which suggested that countries needed to jump from one stage of development to another through a virtuous cycle , in which large investments in infrastructure and education coupled with private investments would move the economy to a more productive stage , breaking free from economic paradigms appropriate to a lower productivity stage . The idea was revived and formulated rigorously , in the late 1980s by Kevin Murphy , Andrei Shleifer and Robert Vishny . Schumpeterian growth ( edit ) Schumpeterian growth is an economic theory named after the 20th - century Austrian economist Joseph Schumpeter . The approach explains growth as a consequence of innovation and a process of creative destruction that captures the dual nature of technological progress : in terms of creation , entrepreneurs introduce new products or processes in the hope that they will enjoy temporary monopoly - like profits as they capture markets . In doing so , they make old technologies or products obsolete . This can be seen as an annulment of previous technologies , which makes them obsolete , and `` ... destroys the rents generated by previous innovations . '' ( Aghion 855 ) A major model that illustrates Schumpeterian growth is the Aghion - Howitt model . Institutions and growth ( edit ) According to Acemoğlu , Simon Johnson and James Robinson , the positive correlation between high income and cold climate is a by - product of history . Europeans adopted very different colonization policies in different colonies , with different associated institutions . In places where these colonizers faced high mortality rates ( e.g. , due to the presence of tropical diseases ) , they could not settle permanently , and they were thus more likely to establish extractive institutions , which persisted after independence ; in places where they could settle permanently ( e.g. those with temperate climates ) , they established institutions with this objective in mind and modeled them after those in their European homelands . In these ' neo-Europes ' better institutions in turn produced better development outcomes . Thus , although other economists focus on the identity or type of legal system of the colonizers to explain institutions , these authors look at the environmental conditions in the colonies to explain institutions . For instance , former colonies have inherited corrupt governments and geo - political boundaries ( set by the colonizers ) that are not properly placed regarding the geographical locations of different ethnic groups , creating internal disputes and conflicts that hinder development . In another example , societies that emerged in colonies without solid native populations established better property rights and incentives for long - term investment than those where native populations were large . Human capital and growth ( edit ) Many theoretical and empirical analyses of economic growth attribute a major role to a country 's level of human capital , defined as the skills of the population or the work force . Human capital has been included in both neoclassical and endogenous growth models . A country 's level of human capital is difficult to measure , since it is created at home , at school , and on the job . Economists have attempted to measure human capital using numerous proxies , including the population 's level of literacy , its level of numeracy , its level of book production / capita , its average level of formal schooling , its average test score on international tests , and its cumulative depreciated investment in formal schooling . The most commonly - used measure of human capital is the level ( average years ) of school attainment in a country , building upon the data development of Robert Barro and Jong - Wha Lee . This measure is widely used because Barro and Lee provide data for numerous countries in five - year intervals for a long period of time . One problem with the schooling attainment measure is that the amount of human capital acquired in a year of schooling is not the same at all levels of schooling and is not the same in all countries . This measure also presumes that human capital is only developed in formal schooling , contrary to the extensive evidence that families , neighborhoods , peers , and health also contribute to the development of human capital . Despite these potential limitations , Theodore Breton has shown that this measure can represent human capital in log - linear growth models because across countries GDP / adult has a log - linear relationship to average years of schooling , which is consistent with the log - linear relationship between workers ' personal incomes and years of schooling in the Mincer model . Eric Hanushek and Dennis Kimko introduced measures of students ' mathematics and science skills from international assessments into growth analysis . They found that this measure of human capital was very significantly related to economic growth . Eric Hanushek and Ludger Woessmann have extended this analysis . Theodore Breton shows that the correlation between economic growth and students ' average test scores in Hanushek and Woessmann 's analyses is actually due to the relationship in countries with less than eight years of schooling . He shows that economic growth is not correlated with average scores in more educated countries . Hanushek and Woessmann further investigate whether the relationship of knowledge capital to economic growth is causal . They show that the level of students ' cognitive skills can explain the slow growth in Latin America and the rapid growth in East Asia . Energy consumption and growth ( edit ) For more details on Energy efficiency , see Productivity improving technologies ( historical ) § Energy efficiency . Energy economic theories hold that rates of energy consumption and energy efficiency are linked causally to economic growth . A fixed relationship between historical rates of global energy consumption and the historical accumulation of global economic wealth has been observed . Increases in energy efficiency were a portion of the increase in Total factor productivity . Some of the most technologically important innovations in history involved increases in energy efficiency . These include the great improvements in efficiency of conversion of heat to work , the reuse of heat , the reduction in friction and the transmission of power , especially through electrification . `` Electricity consumption and economic growth are strongly correlated '' . `` Per capita electric consumption correlates almost perfectly with economic development . '' Importance of long - run growth ( edit ) Over long periods of time , even small rates of growth , such as a 2 % annual increase , have large effects . For example , the United Kingdom experienced a 1.97 % average annual increase in its inflation - adjusted GDP between 1830 and 2008 . In 1830 , the GDP was 41,373 million pounds . It grew to 1,330,088 million pounds by 2008 . A growth rate that averaged 1.97 % over 178 years resulted in a 32-fold increase in GDP by 2008 . The large impact of a relatively small growth rate over a long period of time is due to the power of exponential growth . The rule of 72 , a mathematical result , states that if something grows at the rate of x % per year , then its level will double every 72 / x years . For example , a growth rate of 2.5 % per annum leads to a doubling of the GDP within 28.8 years , whilst a growth rate of 8 % per year leads to a doubling of GDP within 9 years . Thus , a small difference in economic growth rates between countries can result in very different standards of living for their populations if this small difference continues for many years . Quality of life ( edit ) One theory that relates economic growth with quality of life is the `` Threshold Hypothesis , '' which states that economic growth up to a point brings with it an increase in quality of life . But at that point -- called the threshold point -- further economic growth can bring with it a deterioration in quality of life . This results in an upside - down - U-shaped curve , where the vertex of the curve represents the level of growth that should be targeted . Happiness has been shown to increase with a higher GDP per capita , at least up to a level of $15,000 per person . Economic growth has the indirect potential to alleviate poverty , as a result of a simultaneous increase in employment opportunities and increased labor productivity . A study by researchers at the Overseas Development Institute ( ODI ) of 24 countries that experienced growth found that in 18 cases , poverty was alleviated . In some instances , quality of life factors such as healthcare outcomes and educational attainment , as well as social and political liberties , do not improve as economic growth occurs . Productivity increases do not always lead to increased wages , as can be seen in the United States , where the gap between productivity and wages has been rising since the 1980s . Business cycle ( edit ) For more details on this topic , see Business cycle . Economists distinguish between short - run economic changes in production and long - run economic growth . Short - run variation in economic growth is termed the business cycle . Generally , economists attribute the ups and downs in the business cycle to fluctuations in aggregate demand . In contrast , economic growth is concerned with the long - run trend in production due to structural causes such as technological growth and factor accumulation . Income equality ( edit ) The neutrality of this section is disputed . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met . ( September 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) For more details on this topic , see Economic inequality . Some theories developed in the 1970s suggested possible avenues through which inequality may have a positive effect on economic development . Savings by the wealthy , if these increase with inequality , were thought to offset reduced consumer demand . Later analysis , such as the political economy approach , developed by Alesina and Rodrik ( 1994 ) and Persson and Tabellini ( 1994 ) , stressed the negative impacts of inequality on economic development ; inequality generates a pressure to adopt redistributive policies that have an adverse effect on investment and economic growth . However , empirical tests of an extended version of Alesina and Rodrik 's model by Li and Zou found that `` income inequality is positively , and most of the time significantly , associated with economic growth '' . The credit market imperfection approach , developed by Galor and Zeira ( 1993 ) , argued that inequality in the presence of credit market imperfections has a long lasting detrimental effect on human capital formation and economic development . A study by Perotti ( 1996 ) showed that in accordance with the credit market imperfection approach , inequality is associated with lower level of human capital formation ( education , experience , apprenticeship ) and higher level of fertility , while lower level of human capital is associated with lower growth and lower levels of economic growth . In contrast , his examination of the political economy channel found no support for the political economy mechanism . A 1999 review in the Journal of Economic Literature stated that high inequality lowers growth , perhaps because it increases social and political instability ; however , changes in the degree of inequality have a relatively minor effect on growth . Research by Harvard economist Robert Barro , found that there is `` little overall relation between income inequality and rates of growth and investment '' . According to Barro , high levels of inequality reduce growth in relatively poor countries but encourage growth in richer countries . Princeton economist Roland Benabou 's research shows that inequality does not matter per se to growth , but `` inequality in the relative distribution of earnings and political power '' does matter . According to Andrew Berg and Jonathan Ostry ( 2011 ) of the International Monetary Fund , inequality in wealth and income is negatively correlated with subsequent economic growth . Likewise , economists Dierk Herzer and Sebastian Vollmer found that increased income inequality reduces economic growth , but growth itself also increases income inequality in the long run . In 2013 , French economist Thomas Piketty postulated that in periods when the average annual rate on return on investment in capital ( r ) exceeds the average annual growth in economic output ( g ) , the rate of inequality will increase . According to Piketty , this is the case because wealth that is already held or inherited , which is expected to grow at the rate r , will grow at a rate faster than wealth accumulated through labor , which is more closely tied to g . An advocate of reducing inequality levels , Piketty suggests levying a global wealth tax in order to reduce the divergence in wealth caused by inequality . Equitable growth ( edit ) Main article : Inclusive growth While acknowledging the central role economic growth can potentially play in human development , poverty reduction and the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals , it is becoming widely understood amongst the development community that special efforts must be made to ensure poorer sections of society are able to participate in economic growth . The effect of economic growth on poverty reduction -- the growth elasticity of poverty -- can depend on the existing level of inequality . For instance , with low inequality a country with a growth rate of 2 % per head and 40 % of its population living in poverty , can halve poverty in ten years , but a country with high inequality would take nearly 60 years to achieve the same reduction . In the words of the Secretary General of the United Nations Ban Ki - Moon : `` While economic growth is necessary , it is not sufficient for progress on reducing poverty . '' Environmental and physical constraints ( edit ) Although resource depletion in the past has been addressed by technological advances and substitution , emergent environmental and physical constraints may limit economic growth . Environmental impacts ( edit ) See also : The Limits to Growth Forest in Indonesia being cut for palm oil plantation . Critics such as the Club of Rome argue that a narrow view of economic growth , combined with globalization , is creating a scenario where we could see a systemic collapse of our planet 's natural resources . Concerns about negative environmental effects of growth have prompted some people to advocate lower levels of growth , or the abandoning of growth altogether . In academia , concepts like uneconomic growth , steady - state economy and degrowth have been developed in order to achieve this . In politics , green parties embrace the Global Greens Charter , recognising that `` ... the dogma of economic growth at any cost and the excessive and wasteful use of natural resources without considering Earth 's carrying capacity , are causing extreme deterioration in the environment and a massive extinction of species . '' Those more optimistic about the environmental impacts of growth believe that , though localized environmental effects may occur , large - scale ecological effects are minor . The argument , as stated by commentator Julian Lincoln Simon , states that if these global - scale ecological effects exist , human ingenuity will find ways to adapt to them . Global warming ( edit ) See also : Economics of global warming Up to the present , there is a close correlation between economic growth and the rate of carbon dioxide emissions across nations , although there is also a considerable divergence in carbon intensity ( carbon emissions per GDP ) . Up to the present , there is also a direct relation between global economic wealth and the rate of global emissions . The Stern Review notes that the prediction that , `` Under business as usual , global emissions will be sufficient to propel greenhouse gas concentrations to over 550 ppm CO by 2050 and over 650 -- 700 ppm by the end of this century is robust to a wide range of changes in model assumptions . '' The scientific consensus is that planetary ecosystem functioning without incurring dangerous risks requires stabilization at 450 -- 550 ppm . As a consequence , growth - oriented environmental economists propose government intervention into switching sources of energy production , favouring wind , solar , hydroelectric , and nuclear . This would largely confine use of fossil fuels to either domestic cooking needs ( such as for kerosene burners ) or where carbon capture and storage technology can be cost - effective and reliable . The Stern Review , published by the United Kingdom Government in 2006 , concluded that an investment of 1 % of GDP ( later changed to 2 % ) would be sufficient to avoid the worst effects of climate change , and that failure to do so could risk climate - related costs equal to 20 % of GDP . Because carbon capture and storage is as yet widely unproven , and its long term effectiveness ( such as in containing carbon dioxide ' leaks ' ) unknown , and because of current costs of alternative fuels , these policy responses largely rest on faith of technological change . British conservative politician and journalist Nigel Lawson has deemed carbon emission trading an ' inefficient system of rationing ' . Instead , he favours carbon taxes to make full use of the efficiency of the market . However , in order to avoid the migration of energy - intensive industries , the whole world should impose such a tax , not just Britain , Lawson pointed out . There is no point in taking the lead if nobody follows suit . Resource substitution ( edit ) See also : Energy returned on energy invested and Substitute good Many earlier predictions of resource depletion , such as Thomas Malthus ' 1798 predictions about approaching famines in Europe , The Population Bomb ( 1968 ) , and the Simon -- Ehrlich wager ( 1980 ) have not materialized . Diminished production of most resources has not occurred so far , one reason being that advancements in technology and science have allowed some previously unavailable resources to be produced . In some cases , substitution of more abundant materials , such as plastics for cast metals , lowered growth of usage for some metals . In the case of the limited resource of land , famine was relieved firstly by the revolution in transportation caused by railroads and steam ships , and later by the Green Revolution and chemical fertilizers , especially the Haber process for ammonia synthesis . Declining resource quality ( edit ) See also : Mining and Peak minerals Resource quality is composed of a variety of factors including ore grades , location , altitude above or below sea level , proximity to railroads , highways , water supply and climate . These factors affect the capital and operating cost of extracting resources . In the case of minerals , lower grades of mineral resources are being extracted , requiring higher inputs of capital and energy for both extraction and processing . Copper ore grades have declined significantly over the last century . Another example is natural gas from shale and other low permeability rock , which can be developed with much higher inputs of energy , capital , and materials than conventional gas in previous decades . Offshore oil and gas has exponentially increasing cost as water depth increases . Physical constraints ( edit ) Some physical scientists like Al Bartlett regard continuous economic growth as unsustainable . Several factors may constrain economic growth -- for example : finite , peaked , or depleted resources . In 1972 , The Limits to Growth study modeled limitations to infinite growth ; originally ridiculed , these models have been validated and updated . Malthusians such as William R. Catton , Jr. are skeptical of technological advances that improve resource availability . Such advances and increases in efficiency , they suggest , merely accelerate the drawing down of finite resources . Catton claims that increasing rates of resource extraction are `` ... stealing ravenously from the future '' . See also ( edit ) Degrowth Economic development Export - oriented industrialization Growth accounting The Limits to Growth List of countries by real GDP growth rate Post-growth Productivism Uneconomic growth References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Statistics on the Growth of the Global Gross Domestic Product ( GDP ) from 2003 to 2013 , IMF , October 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Bjork 1999 , p. 251 Jump up ^ Bjork 1999 , p. 67 Jump up ^ Bjork , Gordon J. ( 1999 ) . The Way It Worked and Why It Wo n't : Structural Change and the Slowdown of U.S. Economic Growth . Westport , CT ; London : Praeger . pp. 2 , 67 . ISBN 0 - 275 - 96532 - 5 . Jump up ^ Bjork 1999 , p. 68 ^ Jump up to : Bjork 1999 Jump up ^ Roubini , Nouriel ; Backus , David ( 1961 ) . `` Lectures in Macroeconomics '' < Chapter 4 . Productivity and Growth > Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Wang , Ping ( 2014 ) . `` Growth Accounting '' ( PDF ) . p. 2 . 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Jump up ^ Johnson , Noel D. and Mark Koyama , `` Tax Farming and the Origins of State Capacity in England and France '' , Explorations in Economic History , 2014 , 51 ( 1 ) , 1 -- 20 . ^ Jump up to : De Soto , Hernando ( 2000 ) . The Mystery of Capital : Why Capitalism Triumphs in the West and Fails Everywhere Else . Basic Books . ISBN 978 - 0465016143 . Jump up ^ Acemoglu , Daron ; Naidu , Suresh ; Restrepo , Pascual ; Robinson , James A. ( December 2015 ) . `` Democracy Does Cause Growth '' . MIT Department of Economics . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ Hunt , E.K. ; Lautzenheiser , Mark ( 2014 ) . History of Economic Thought : A Critical Perspective . PHI Learning . ISBN 978 - 0765625991 . Jump up ^ Krugman , Paul ( 1994 ) . `` The Myth of Asia 's Miracle '' . Foreign Affairs . 73 ( 6 ) : 62 -- 78 . Jump up ^ Ayres , Robert ( 1989 ) . `` Technological Transformations and Long Waves '' ( PDF ) : 9 < Attributed to Mensch who described new products as `` demand creating ''. > Jump up ^ `` Manufacturing 's declining share of GDP is a global phenomenon , and it 's something to celebrate '' . U.S. Chamber of Commerce Foundation . Jump up ^ `` All Employees : Manufacturing '' . Jump up ^ Bjork 1999 , pp. 297 -- 8 Jump up ^ Bjork 1999 , p. 298 Jump up ^ Robert M. Solow ( 1956 ) , `` A Contribution to the Theory of Economic Growth , '' Quarterly Journal of Economics , 70 ( 1 ) , p pp. 65 -- 94 . Jump up ^ Swan , Trevor W. ( 1956 ) . `` Economic Growth and Capital Accumulation ' '' . Economic Record . 32 : 334 -- 61 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1475 - 4932.1956. tb00434. x . Jump up ^ Lucas , Robert E. ( 1990 ) `` Why Does n't Capital Flow from Rich to Poor Countries ? '' American Economic Review , 80 ( 2 ) , pp. 92 -- 6 Jump up ^ D. Romer , 1986 Jump up ^ Lucas , 1988 Jump up ^ Elhanah Helpman , The Mystery of Economic Growth , Harvard University Press , 2004 . Jump up ^ Galor O. , 2005 , `` From Stagnation to Growth : Unified Growth Theory '' . Handbook of Economic Growth , Elsevier Jump up ^ Paul Rosenstein - Rodan Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Quote from Philippe Aghion , 2002 , Schumpeterian Growth Theory and the Dynamics of Income Inequality , Econometrica , 70 ( 3 ) , 855 -- 82 . Also see Wendy Carlin and David Soskice , 2006 , Macroeconomics : Imperfections , Institutions & Policies , specifically chapter 14 . Jump up ^ Philippe Aghion and Peter Howitt , 1992 , A Model of Growth Through Creative Destruction , Econometrica , 60 ( 2 ) , 323 -- 51 . Philippe Aghion , 2002 , Schumpeterian Growth Theory and the Dynamics of Income Inequality , Econometrica , 70 ( 3 ) , 855 -- 82 . Jump up ^ Daron Acemoğlu , Simon Johnson and James A. Robinson. The Colonial Origins of Comparative Development : An Empirical Investigation . American Economic Review 91 ( 5 ) : 1369 -- 401 . 2001 . Jump up ^ Mankiw , N. Gregory , David Romer , and David Weil . 1992 . `` A contribution to the empirics of economic growth . '' Quarterly Journal of Economics 107 , no . 2 ( May ) : pp. 407 -- 37 Sala - i - Martin , Xavier , Gernot Doppelhofer , and Ronald I. Miller . 2004 . `` Determinants of long - term growth : A Bayesian Averaging of Classical Estimates ( BACE ) approach . '' American Economic Review 94 , no . 4 ( September ) : 813 -- 35 . Lud Romer , Paul . 1990 . `` Human capital and growth : Theory and evidence . '' Carnegie - Rochester Conference Series on Public Policy 32 : 251 -- 86 . Jump up ^ Barro , Robert J. , and Jong - Wha Lee . 2001 . `` International data on educational attainment : Updates and implications . '' Oxford Economic Papers 53 , no . 3 ( July ) : 541 -- 63 . ^ Jump up to : Breton , Theodore R. 2015 . `` Higher Test Scores or More Schooling ? Another Look at the Causes of Economic Growth '' , Journal of Human Capital , v9 , n2 , 239 -- 63 . Jump up ^ Hanushek , Eric A. , and Dennis D. Kimko. 2000 . `` Schooling , labor force quality , and the growth of nations . '' American Economic Review 90 , no . 5 ( December ) : 1184 -- 208 ( 2 ) Jump up ^ Hanushek , Eric A. , and Ludger Woessmann. 2008 . `` The role of cognitive skills in economic development . '' Journal of Economic Literature 46 , no . 3 ( September ) : 607 -- 68 ( 3 ) . Hanushek , Eric A. , and Ludger Woessmann. 2011 . `` How much do educational outcomes matter in OECD countries ? '' Economic Policy , 26 , no . 67 : 427 -- 91. ( 4 ) Jump up ^ Hanushek , Eric ; Woessmann , Ludger ( 2015 ) . The Knowledge Capital of Nations : Education and the Economics of Growth . MIT Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 262 - 02917 - 9 . Jump up ^ Garrett , T.J. ( 2014 ) . `` Long - run evolution of the global economy : 1 . Physical basis '' . Earth 's Future . 2 ( 3 ) : 127 . doi : 10.1002 / 2013EF000171 . Jump up ^ Landes , David . S. ( 1969 ) . The Unbound Prometheus : Technological Change and Industrial Development in Western Europe from 1750 to the Present . Cambridge , New York : Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge . pp. 289 , 293 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 09418 - 6 . Jump up ^ Devine , Jr. , Warren D. ( 1983 ) . `` From Shafts to Wires : Historical Perspective on Electrification , Journal of Economic History , Vol. 43 , Issue 2 '' ( PDF ) : 355 . Jump up ^ Committee on Electricity in Economic Growth Energy Engineering Board Commission on Engineering and Technical Systems National Research Council ( 1986 ) . Electricity in Economic Growth . Washington , DC : National Academy Press . pp. 16 , 40 . ISBN 0 - 309 - 03677 - 1 < Available as free . pdf download > Jump up ^ Paepke , C. Owen ( 1992 ) . The Evolution of Progress : The End of Economic Growth and the Beginning of Human Transformation . New York , Toronto : Random House . p. 109 . ISBN 0 - 679 - 41582 - 3 . Jump up ^ Lawrence H. Officer , `` What Was the U.K. GDP Then ? '' MeasuringWorth , 2011 . URL : http://www.measuringworth.com/ukgdp/ Jump up ^ `` Economic Growth and Quality of Life : A Threshold Hypothesis '' . Jump up ^ `` In Pursuit of Happiness Research . Is It Reliable ? What Does It Imply for Policy ? '' The Cato institute . April 11 , 2007 ^ Jump up to : Claire Melamed , Renate Hartwig and Ursula Grant 2011 . Jobs , growth and poverty : what do we know , what do n't we know , what should we know ? London : Overseas Development Institute Jump up ^ Drèze , Jean ; Sen , Amartya ( 2013 ) . An uncertain glory India and its contradictions . Princeton : Princeton University Press . ISBN 9781400848775 . ^ Jump up to : Berg , Andrew G. ; Ostry , Jonathan D. ( 2011 ) . `` Equality and Efficiency '' . Finance and Development . International Monetary Fund . 48 ( 3 ) . Retrieved July 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Andrew Berg and Jonathan Ostry. ( 2011 ) `` Inequality and Unsustainable Growth : Two Sides of the Same Coin '' IMF Staff Discussion Note No . SDN / 11 / 08 ( International Monetary Fund ) Jump up ^ Kaldor , Nicoals , 1955 , Alternative Theories of Distribution , '' Review of Economic Studies , 23 ( 2 ) , 83 -- 100 . Jump up ^ Alesina , Alberto and Dani Rodrik , 1994 . `` Distributive Politics and Economic Growth , '' Quarterly Journal of Economics , 109 ( 2 ) , 65 -- 90 ; Persson , Torsten and Guido Tabellini , 1994 , `` Is Inequality Harmful for Growth ? '' American Economic Review 84 ( 3 ) , 600 -- 21 . Jump up ^ https://ideas.repec.org/p/cuf/wpaper/74.html Jump up ^ Galor , Oded and Joseph Zeira , 1993 , `` Income Distribution and Macroeconomics , '' Review of Economic Studies , 60 ( 1 ) , 35 -- 52 . Jump up ^ Perotti , Roberto , 1996 , `` Growth , Income Distribution , and Democracy : What the Data Say '' Journal of Economic Growth , 1 ( 2 ) , 149 -- 87 . Jump up ^ Temple , J ( 1999 ) . `` The New Growth Evidence '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Economic Literature. 37 ( 1 ) : 112 -- 56 . doi : 10.1257 / jel. 37.1. 112 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2015 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ ( 5 ) Jump up ^ http://www.nber.org/papers/w7038 Jump up ^ Herzer , Dierk ; Vollmer , Sebastian ( 2013 ) . `` Rising top incomes do not raise the tide '' . Journal of Policy Modeling. 35 ( 4 ) : 504 -- 19 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jpolmod. 2013.02. 011 . Jump up ^ Piketty , Thomas ( 2014 ) . Capital in the Twenty - first Century . Brilliance Audio . ISBN 1491534656 . ^ Jump up to : Claire Melamed , Kate Higgins and Andy Sumner ( 2010 ) Economic growth and the MDGs Overseas Development Institute Jump up ^ Anand , Rahul ; et al. ( 17 August 2013 ) . `` Inclusive growth revisited : Measurement and evolution '' . VoxEU.org . Centre for Economic Policy Research . Retrieved 13 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Anand , Rahul ; et al. ( May 2013 ) . `` Inclusive Growth : Measurement and Determinants '' ( PDF ) . IMF Working Paper . Asia Pacific Department : International Monetary Fund . Retrieved 13 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Ranieri , Rafael ; Ramos , Raquel Almeida ( March 2013 ) . `` Inclusive Growth : Building up a Concept '' ( PDF ) . Working Paper . 104 . Brazil : International Policy Centre for Inclusive Growth . ISSN 1812 - 108X . Retrieved 13 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Bourguignon , Francois , `` Growth Elasticity of Poverty Reduction : Explaining Heterogeneity across Countries and Time Periods '' in Inequality and Growth , Ch. 1 . Jump up ^ Ravallion , M. ( 2007 ) Inequality is bad for the poor in S. Jenkins and J. Micklewright , ( eds . ) Inequality and Poverty Re-examined , Oxford University Press , Oxford . Jump up ^ Elena Ianchovichina and Susanna Lundstrom , 2009 . `` Inclusive growth analytics : Framework and application '' , Policy Research Working Paper Series 4851 , The World Bank . Jump up ^ Donella H. Meadows , Jorgen Randers , Dennis L. Meadows . Limits to Growth : The 30 - Year Update . White River Junction , Vermont : Chelsea Green , 2004 . Jump up ^ Allan Schnaiberg . The Environment : From Surpus to Scarcity . New York : Oxford University Press . Jump up ^ `` Charter of the Global Greens '' ( PDF contains full charter ) . Global Greens . Dakar. 2012 . Jump up ^ The Ultimate Resource , Julian Simon , 1981 Jump up ^ Stern Review , Part III Stabilization . Table 7.1 p. 168 Jump up ^ Garrett , T.J. ( 2009 ) . `` Are there basic physical constraints on future anthropogenic emissions of carbon dioxide ? '' . Climatic Change . 104 ( 3 -- 4 ) : 437 . doi : 10.1007 / s10584 - 009 - 9717 - 9 . Jump up ^ Stern Review Economics of Climate Change . Part III Stabilization p. 183 Jump up ^ Jaccard , M. 2005 Sustainable Fossil Fuels . Cambridge University Press . Jump up ^ `` Examination of Witnesses ( Questions 32 -- 39 ) '' . 16 May 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chapter 17 : Growth and Productivity - The Long - Run Possibilities '' . Oswego.edu. 1999 - 06 - 10 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : Bailey , Ronald ( 2004 - 02 - 04 ) . `` Science and Public Policy '' . Reason.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : Regis , Ed . `` The Doomslayer '' . Wired . Archived from the original on 2008 - 05 - 18 . Jump up ^ Wells , David A. ( 1891 ) . Recent Economic Changes and Their Effect on Production and Distribution of Wealth and Well - Being of Society . New York : D. Appleton and Co . ISBN 0 - 543 - 72474 - 3 . Opening line of the Preface . Jump up ^ Smil , Vaclav ( 2004 ) . Enriching the Earth : Fritz Haber , Carl Bosch , and the Transformation of World Food Production . MIT Press . ISBN 0 - 262 - 69313 - 5 . Jump up ^ Hall , Charles A.S. ; Cleveland , Cutler J. ; Kaufmann , Robert ( 1992 ) . Energy and Resource Quality : The ecology of the Economic Process . Niwot , Colorado : University Press of Colorado . Jump up ^ Lyon , Christioher ( July 3 , 2015 ) . `` Declining South America copper ore grades require ingenuity '' . Mining Weekly . Jump up ^ Bartlett , Albert Allen ( 2013 ) . `` Arithmetic , Population and Energy '' . albartlett.org . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 22 . You can not sustain population growth and / or growth in the rates of consumption of resources . Jump up ^ Murphy , Tom ( 2011 - 07 - 12 ) . `` Galactic - Scale Energy '' . Do the Math . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 22 . continued growth in energy use becomes physically impossible within conceivable timeframes ... all economic growth must similarly end . Jump up ^ Hayward , Steven F. `` That Old Time Religion '' . AEI . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 22 . Jump up ^ Turner , Graham . A Comparison of the Limits of Growth with Thirty Years of Reality . CSIRO Working Paper Series , ( 2010 ) . Available at : `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2010 - 11 - 28 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ Hall , C. & Day , J. `` Revisiting the Limits to Growth After Peak Oil '' American Scientist 2009 ; 97 : pp. 230 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Meadows , DH ; Randers ( 2004 ) . Limits to Growth : The 30 - Year Update . Chelsea Green Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 931498 - 58 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Overshoot '' by William Catton , p. 3 ( 1980 ) Further reading ( edit ) Acemoglu , Daron ; Robinson , James A. ( 2012 ) . Why Nations Fail : The Origins of Power , Prosperity , and Poverty . Crown Business division of Random House . ISBN 978 0 307 71922 5 . Argyrous , G. , Forstater , M and Mongiovi , G. ( eds . ) ( 2004 ) Growth , Distribution , And Effective Demand : Essays in Honor of Edward J. Nell . New York : M.E. Sharpe . Barro , Robert J. ( 1997 ) Determinants of Economic Growth : A Cross-Country Empirical Study . MIT Press : Cambridge , MA . Galor , O. ( 2005 ) From Stagnation to Growth : Unified Growth Theory . Handbook of Economic Growth , Elsevier . Halevi , Joseph ; Laibman , David and Nell , Edward J. ( eds . ) ( 1992 ) Beyond the Steady State : Essays in the Revival of Growth Theory , edited with , London , UK : Jones , Charles I. ( 2002 ) Introduction to Economic Growth 2nd ed . W.W. Norton & Company : New York , N.Y. Lucas , Robert E. , Jr. ( 2003 ) The Industrial Revolution : Past and Future , Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis , Annual Report online edition Schumpeter , Jospeph A. ( 1912 ) The Theory of Economic Development 1982 reprint , Transaction Publishers Weil , David N. ( 2008 ) Economic Growth 2nd ed . Addison Wesley . External links ( edit ) Articles and lectures ( edit ) `` Economic growth . '' Encyclopædia Britannic. 2007 . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . 17 November 2007 . Beyond Classical and Keynesian Macroeconomic Policy . Paul Romer 's plain - English explanation of endogenous growth theory . CEPR Economics Seminar Series Two seminars on the importance of growth with economists Dean Baker and Mark Weisbrot On global economic history by Jan Luiten van Zanden . Explores the idea of the inevitability of the Industrial Revolution . The Economist Has No Clothes -- essay by Robert Nadeau in Scientific American on the basic assumptions behind current economic theory World Growth Institute . An organization dedicated to helping the developing world realize its full potential via economic growth . Why Does Growth Keep Slowing Down ? 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | why is gdp/capita not a sufficient measure of success of a nation | [
"In the Solow-Swan model if productivity increases through technological progress, then output/worker increases even when the economy is in the steady state. If productivity increases at a constant rate, output/worker also increases at a related steady-state rate. As a consequence, growth in the model can occur either by increasing the share of GDP invested or through technological progress. But at whatever share of GDP invested, capital/worker eventually converges on the steady state, leaving the growth rate of output/worker determined only by the rate of technological progress. As a consequence, with world technology available to all and progressing at a constant rate, all countries have the same steady state rate of growth. Each country has a different level of GDP/worker determined by the share of GDP it invests, but all countries have the same rate of economic growth. Implicitly in this model rich countries are those that have invested a high share of GDP for a long time. Poor countries can become rich by increasing the share of GDP they invest. One important prediction of the model, mostly borne out by the data, is that of conditional convergence; the idea that poor countries will grow faster and catch up with rich countries as long as they have similar investment (and saving) rates and access to the same technology."
] | [
"all countries have the same steady state rate of growth"
] |
-7093952749043359302 | Philadelphia Eagles | Philadelphia Eagles - Wikipedia Philadelphia Eagles Jump to : navigation , search Philadelphia Eagles Current season Established July 8 , 1933 ; 84 years ago ( July 8 , 1933 ) First season : 1933 Play in Lincoln Financial Field Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Headquartered in the NovaCare Complex Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Logo Wordmark League / conference affiliations National Football League ( 1933 -- present ) Eastern Division ( 1933 -- 1949 ) American Conference ( 1950 -- 1952 ) Eastern Conference ( 1953 -- 1969 ) Capitol Division ( 1967 -- 1969 ) National Football Conference ( 1970 -- present ) NFC East ( 1970 -- present ) Current uniform Team colors Midnight green , Silver , Black , White Fight song Fly , Eagles Fly Mascot Swoop Personnel Owner ( s ) Jeffrey Lurie Christina Weiss Lurie Chairman Jeffrey Lurie CEO Jeffrey Lurie President Don Smolenski General manager Howie Roseman Head coach Doug Pederson Team history Philadelphia Eagles ( 1933 -- 1942 ; 1944 -- present ) Phil - Pitt `` Steagles '' ( 1943 ) Team nicknames The Birds Championships League championships ( 4 ) NFL championships ( pre-1970 AFL -- NFL merger ) ( 3 ) 1948 , 1949 , 1960 Super Bowl championships ( 1 ) 2017 ( LII ) Conference championships ( 4 ) NFL Eastern : 1960 NFC : 1980 , 2004 , 2017 Division championships ( 13 ) NFL East : 1947 , 1948 , 1949 NFC East : 1980 , 1988 , 2001 , 2002 , 2003 , 2004 , 2006 , 2010 , 2013 , 2017 Playoff appearances ( 25 ) NFL : 1947 , 1948 , 1949 , 1960 , 1978 , 1979 , 1980 , 1981 , 1988 , 1989 , 1990 , 1992 , 1995 , 1996 , 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2003 , 2004 , 2006 , 2008 , 2009 , 2010 , 2013 , 2017 Home fields Baker Bowl ( 1933 -- 1935 ) Philadelphia Municipal Stadium ( 1936 -- 1939 , 1941 ) Connie Mack Stadium ( 1940 , 1942 -- 1957 ) Franklin Field ( 1958 -- 1970 ) Veterans Stadium ( 1971 -- 2002 ) Lincoln Financial Field ( 2003 -- present ) The Philadelphia Eagles are a professional American football franchise based in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . The Eagles compete in the National Football League ( NFL ) as a member club of the league 's National Football Conference ( NFC ) East division . They are Super Bowl champions , having won Super Bowl LII , their fourth NFL title , after winning in 1948 , 1949 , and 1960 . The franchise was established in 1933 as a replacement for the bankrupt Frankford Yellow Jackets , when a group led by Bert Bell secured the rights to an NFL franchise in Philadelphia . Bell , Chuck Bednarik , Bob Brown , Brian Dawkins , Reggie White , Steve Van Buren , Tommy McDonald , Greasy Neale , Pete Pihos , Sonny Jurgensen , and Norm Van Brocklin have been inducted to the Pro Football Hall of Fame . The team has an intense rivalry with the New York Giants . This rivalry is the oldest in the NFC East and is among the oldest in the NFL . It was ranked by NFL Network as the number one rivalry of all - time and Sports Illustrated ranks it amongst the Top 10 NFL rivalries of all - time at number four , and according to ESPN , it is one of the fiercest and most well - known rivalries in the American football community . They also have a bitter rivalry with the Dallas Cowboys , which has become more high - profile since the 1960s , as well as a historic rivalry with the Washington Redskins . Their rivalry with the Pittsburgh Steelers is another bitter rivalry , roughly dating back to 1933 , that mostly arises from the two teams ' statuses as being from opposite ends of the same state . The team consistently ranks in the top three in attendance and has sold out every game since the 1999 season . In a Sports Illustrated poll of 321 NFL players , Eagles fans were selected the most intimidating fans in the NFL . Contents ( hide ) 1 Franchise history 1.1 1931 -- 1960 1.2 1961 -- 1975 1.3 1976 -- 1984 1.4 1985 -- 1993 1.5 Lurie era ( 1994 -- present ) 1.5. 1 Andy Reid era ( 1999 -- 2012 ) 1.5. 1.1 2004 Season and Super Bowl XXXIX 1.5. 1.2 2005 - 2012 1.5. 2 Chip Kelly era ( 2013 -- 2015 ) 1.5. 3 Doug Pederson era ( 2016 -- present ) 1.5. 3.1 2017 : First Super Bowl championship 2 Season records 3 Rivalries 3.1 New York Giants 3.2 Dallas Cowboys 3.3 Washington Redskins 3.4 Pittsburgh Steelers 4 Logo and uniforms 5 Training camp 6 Fight song 7 Fans 7.1 Devotion 7.2 Bad behavior 8 Eagles cheerleaders 9 Current roster 10 List of Philadelphia Eagles players ( past and present ) 11 Awards and honors 11.1 Retired numbers 11.2 Pro Football Hall of Famers 11.3 Eagles Hall of Fame 11.4 75th anniversary team 11.5 John Wanamaker Athletic Award ( Philadelphia Sports Congress ) 11.6 Philadelphia Sports Hall of Fame 11.7 Pennsylvania Sports Hall of Fame 12 Franchise records 12.1 Passing 12.2 Rushing 12.3 Receiving 12.4 Other 12.5 Returning 12.6 Defense 12.7 Exceptional performances 13 Coaches of note 13.1 Current staff 14 Radio and television 14.1 Eagles radio affiliates 15 Media and cultural reference 16 See also 17 Notes and references 18 Sources 19 External links Franchise history Main article : History of the Philadelphia Eagles 1931 -- 1960 `` Concrete Charlie '' Midway through the 1931 season , the Frankford Yellow Jackets went bankrupt and ceased operations . After more than a year of searching for a suitable replacement , the NFL granted an expansion franchise to a syndicate headed by Bert Bell and Lud Wray and awarded them the franchise rights of the failed Yellow Jackets organization . The Bell - Wray group had to pay an entry fee of $3,500 ( equal to $40,230 today ) and assumed a total debt of $11,000 that was owed to three other NFL franchises . Drawing inspiration from the Blue Eagle insignia of the National Recovery Administration -- the centerpiece of President Franklin D. Roosevelt 's New Deal -- Bell and Wray named the new franchise the Philadelphia Eagles . Neither the Eagles nor the NFL officially regard the two franchises as the same , citing the aforementioned period of dormancy . Furthermore , almost no Yellow Jackets players were on the Eagles ' first roster . The Eagles , along with the Pittsburgh Steelers and the now - defunct Cincinnati Reds , joined the NFL as expansion teams . In 1937 , the Eagles moved to Shibe Park ( renamed Connie Mack Stadium in 1954 ) and played their home games at the stadium through 1957 , except for the 1941 season , which was played at Municipal Stadium , where they had played from 1936 to 1939 . To accommodate football at Shibe Park during the winter , management set up stands in right field , parallel to 20th Street . Some 20 feet high , these `` east stands '' had 22 rows of seats . The goalposts stood along the first base line and in left field . The uncovered east stands enlarged capacity of Shibe Park to over 39,000 , but the Eagles rarely drew more than 25 to 30,000 . The Eagles struggled over the course of their first decade , enduring repeated losing seasons . In December 1940 , Pittsburgh Steelers owner Art Rooney sold his franchise to Alexis Thompson for $160,000 and then used half of the proceeds to buy a half interest in the Eagles from Bell , his longtime friend . Soon after , Bell and Rooney traded the Eagles franchise to Thompson and moved it to Pittsburgh ( as the `` Steelers '' ) , while Thompson moved the Steelers franchise to Philadelphia ( as the `` Eagles '' ) . In 1943 , when manpower shortages stemming from World War II made it impossible to fill the roster , the team merged with the Pittsburgh Steelers forming the `` Phil - Pitt Eagles '' and were known as the `` Steagles . '' ( The merger , never intended as a permanent arrangement , was dissolved at the end of the 1943 season . ) By the late 1940s , head coach Earle `` Greasy '' Neale and running back Steve Van Buren led the team to three consecutive NFL Championship Games , winning two of them in 1948 and 1949 . Those two championships mark the Eagles as the only NFL team ever to win back - to - back championships by shutouts , defeating the Chicago Cardinals , 7 -- 0 , in 1948 -- in a blizzard -- and the Los Angeles Rams , 14 -- 0 , in 1949 . After the 1957 season , the Eagles moved from Connie Mack Stadium to Franklin Field at the University of Pennsylvania . Franklin Field would seat over 60,000 for the Eagles , whereas Connie Mack had a capacity of 39,000 . The stadium switched from grass to AstroTurf in 1969 . It was the first NFL stadium to use artificial turf . In 1960 , the Eagles won their third NFL championship , under the leadership of future Pro Football Hall of Famers Norm Van Brocklin and Chuck Bednarik ; the head coach was Buck Shaw . The 1960 Eagles , by a score of 17 -- 13 , became the only team to defeat Vince Lombardi and his Green Bay Packers in the playoffs . Dick Vermeil , Eagles head coach from 1976 to 1982 1961 -- 1975 The Eagles had a decent 1961 season and then fell on hard times in 1962 . Jerry Wolman , after consulting his longtime friend Brandon Sturrock , bought the franchise in 1963 from the `` Happy Hundred '' , a group of investors who owned the team from 1949 -- 1963 , for $5,505,000 ( equal to $44,004,098 today ) . In 1969 , Leonard Tose bought the Eagles from Wolman for $16,155,000 ( equal to $107,807,505 today ) , then a record for a professional sports franchise . Tose 's first official act was to fire Coach Joe Kuharich after a disappointing 24 -- 41 -- 1 record during his five - year reign . He followed this by naming former Eagles receiving great Pete Retzlaff as General Manager and Jerry Williams as coach . The Eagles defeated the Cowboys in the 1980 NFC Championship Game and earned their first Super Bowl appearance . With the merger of the NFL and AFL in 1970 , the Eagles were placed in the NFC East Division with their archrivals the New York Giants , the Washington Redskins , and the Dallas Cowboys . Their heated rivalry with the Giants is the oldest of the NFC East rivalries , dating all the way back to 1933 and is often named as one of the best rivalries in the NFL . 1976 -- 1984 In 1976 , Dick Vermeil was hired from UCLA to coach the Eagles , who had only one winning season from 1962 -- 1975 . Starting in 1978 , head coach Dick Vermeil and quarterback Ron Jaworski led the team to four consecutive playoff appearances . Vermeil 's 1980 team won their first NFC East title . They were matched up against their hated rival the Dallas Cowboys in the NFC Championship game , which they won 20 -- 7 . However , the Eagles lost to the Oakland Raiders in Super Bowl XV in 1981 . The following year , the Eagles were eliminated in the wildcard round at home against the New York Giants . In the aftermath of the disappointing and strike - shortened season of 1982 , head coach Dick Vermeil resigned , claiming that he was `` burned out '' . Vermeil was replaced by defensive coordinator Marion Campbell . In January 1983 , Tose announced that his daughter , Susan Fletcher , the Eagles ' vice president and legal counsel , would eventually succeed him as primary owner of the Eagles . Then in 1984 , rumors were circulating that Leonard Tose was thinking about moving the team to Phoenix , Arizona due to financial reasons . 1985 -- 1993 This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In 1985 , Tose was forced to sell the Eagles to Norman Braman and Ed Leibowitz , highly successful automobile dealers from Florida , for a reported $65 million ( equal to $147,899,134 today ) to pay off his more than $25 million ( equal to $56,884,282 today ) in gambling debts at Atlantic City casinos . Philadelphia football struggled through the Marion Campbell years of the mid-1980s and was marked by a malaise in fan participation . However , in the 1985 Supplemental draft , the Eagles acquired the rights to Memphis Showboats ' elite pass rusher Reggie White . In 1986 , the arrival of head coach Buddy Ryan and his fiery attitude rejuvenated team performance and ignited the fan base , but the Eagles failed to win a playoff game during Ryan 's tenure . Possibly the worst of these losses was the so - called Fog Bowl in 1988 against the Chicago Bears , which happened to be Ryan 's former team that he helped lead to a Super Bowl XX victory as defensive coordinator . Ryan was fired on January 7 , 1991 , after an upset home playoff loss to the Redskins . Offensive coordinator Rich Kotite was promoted to head coach three days later . After All Pro defensive tackle Jerome Brown was killed in an automobile accident , the team and fanbase became dedicated to `` bring it home for Jerome '' in the 1992 season . Kotite did lead the Eagles to a playoff victory against the New Orleans Saints during the 1992 season , but they lost all - time sacks leader Reggie White to free agency in the offseason . Kotie 's contract was not renewed after a disappointing 1994 season in which the Eagles went 7 -- 9 , losing their last seven games after starting the season 7 -- 2 . From 1988 to 1996 , the Eagles qualified for the playoffs during six out of those nine seasons , but they won the NFC East only once , in 1988 . Among the team 's offensive stars during that period were quarterback Randall Cunningham , tight end Keith Jackson , and running back Herschel Walker . But the `` Gang Green '' defense is possibly what defined the team , led by Reggie White , Jerome Brown , Clyde Simmons , Seth Joyner , Wes Hopkins , Mike Golic , Byron Evans , Eric Allen , Andre Waters and Mark McMillian . Lurie era ( 1994 -- present ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Andy Reid speaks with Jeff Garcia in a game against the Redskins . Jeffrey Lurie bought the Eagles on May 6 , 1994 from then - owner Norman Braman for an estimated $185 million . The club is now estimated to be the 17th most valuable sports team , worth $1.314 billion , as valuated in 2014 by Forbes . In Lurie 's first season as owner , the team only had 7 wins , but that was followed by a 10 win season in 1995 . Besides the 10 wins and a playoff berth , 1996 was an eventful year . The uniforms changed from the classic shade of Kelly Green to a darker midnight green , quarterback Randall Cunningham left after 11 seasons , and future fan favorite 13 - year starter Brian Dawkins was drafted in the 2nd round . After slipping to 6 -- 9 -- 1 , and then to 3 -- 13 , head coach Ray Rhodes was fired after four seasons . Andy Reid era ( 1999 -- 2012 ) Jeffrey Lurie has been owner since 1994 . In 1999 , the Eagles hired head coach Andy Reid and drafted quarterback Donovan McNabb . From 1999 until 2004 , the team continually improved , going from 5 -- 11 in 1999 , returning to the playoffs in with an 11 -- 5 record in 2000 , surpassing the Buccaneers in the Wild Card round before losing in the divisional . Moreover , the Eagles played in four straight NFC Championship Games between 2001 and 2004 . In 2001 , the Eagles stayed at 11 -- 5 , beating the Buccaneers and Bears to advance to the NFC championship , where they lost to the St. Louis Rams . In 2002 , the Eagles drafted running back Brian Westbrook , got the 1st round bye with the 2nd seed in the NFC with a 12 -- 4 record , but the Tampa Bay Buccaneers got their revenge in the Championship and eliminated the Eagles . In 2003 , they won the NFC first seed , but Westbrook went down in Week 17 , culminating in a loss to the Carolina Panthers in their 3rd straight NFC Championship . 2004 season and Super Bowl XXXIX In 2004 , the Philadelphia Eagles had their best season since 1960 , going 13 -- 1 before resting their starters and losing their next 2 , clinching the 1st seed for the second year in a row . McNabb set career highs , completing 64 % of his passes for 3,875 yards , though he did n't play all 16 games . McNabb became the first quarterback ever to throw more than 30 touchdowns and fewer than 10 interceptions in a season . His success could be attributed to the fact that he had a reliable receiver , Terrell Owens , who got 1,200 yards and 14 touchdowns in 14 games . After beating the Vikings and Falcons the Eagles advanced to Super Bowl XXXIX , where they dueled the New England Patriots . Although McNabb threw 3 touchdown passes and 357 yards in the game , and the score was tied 14 -- 14 going into the fourth quarter , the Patriots outscored the Eagles and scored ten straight points . McNabb completed a 30 - yard touchdown pass , and the Eagles defense held the Patriots to a 3 and out , but a crucial interception with 46 seconds left on the clock secured their fate . 2005 - 2012 Brian Dawkins was one of the premier safeties in the NFL , and earned him the role of Eagles ' defensive captain , and a mainstay on the Eagles . The team took a step back in 2005 with a 6 -- 10 record . McNabb had played with a sports hernia and a broken thumb , starting 4 -- 2 but losing three in a row , before McNabb finally succumbs to injury and is out for the rest of the season . For obnoxious behavior and a feud with McNabb , Owens was suspended after 7 games , eventually being cut . In 2006 , the team lost McNabb 10 games in and went into turmoil , but Westbrook stepped up , and the Eagles earned their fifth NFC East title under Coach Reid , with a 10 -- 6 record and a win in the wild card round , but they had an 8 -- 8 2007 season . In 2008 , the team won their 500th game , and they also drafted DeSean Jackson , a receiving threat when paired with McNabb . On January 11 , 2009 , the team defeated the defending Super Bowl champion and 1st seed New York Giants 23 -- 11 en route to their 5th NFC Championship Game in 8 years and 5th in the 10 years the Eagles have been coached by Andy Reid . In the 2008 NFC Championship Game , the Eagles made a rally , going from 24 -- 6 at halftime to 25 -- 24 with three minutes left in the 4th , but they lost to the Arizona Cardinals by a score of 32 -- 25 after quarterback Kurt Warner scored a last minute touchdown . As of the conclusion of the 2016 season , during the Lurie era , the Eagles are 1 -- 4 in conference championship games and 0 -- 1 in Super Bowls . On August 13 , 2009 , the Eagles signed quarterback Michael Vick . On December 6 , 2009 , Andy Reid became only the 5th coach in NFL history to win 100 or more games with a single team in a single decade . The other four are Tom Landry , Don Shula , Tony Dungy , and Bill Belichick , all Super Bowl winners . McNabb finally had a complete receiving corps , between first round draft pick Jeremy Maclin , DeSean Jackson 's 1,000 yard season , and Brent Celek ranking among the top 5 tight ends in the league . Without Brian Dawkins , defensive end Trent Cole stepped up and became the dominant force on defense with 12 sacks , earning him his second trip to the Pro Bowl and All - Pro honors . In 2009 , the Eagles started 5 -- 4 , but moved up to 11 -- 4 , and could clinch the NFC 2nd seed if they won their next game . After a shutout at the hands of the Dallas Cowboys in week 17 , the Eagles missed the 1st round bye. but with a record of 11 -- 5 , but they were the NFC 6th seed and they narrowly made the playoffs . In the 2009 NFC Wild Card Game , the Eagles played against the Cowboys for the second consecutive week and lost 34 -- 14 . Despite many errors from many players , and a great season before the breakdown in Dallas , McNabb took the brunt of the blow and was heavily criticized . Coach Andy Reid said up until April 1 , 2010 , that McNabb would remain the starter . On March 5 , 2010 , Brian Westbrook was cut from the Eagles after eight seasons with the team . On April 4 , 2010 , the team traded long - time starting quarterback Donovan McNabb to the Washington Redskins in exchange for a second round draft pick . Kevin Kolb was immediately named the starter , but after suffering a concussion in week 1 against the Packers , Vick took over as the starter . Vick led the Eagles to its sixth NFC East division title in ten seasons . With a record of 10 -- 6 the Eagles clinched the 3rd seed and had to play a Wild Card Playoff Game . During the 2010 NFC Wild Card Game , the Eagles faced off against the eventual Super Bowl champion Green Bay Packers and lost 21 -- 16 . The 2011 season for the Eagles was a major disappointment , as they only managed to finish 8 -- 8 and did not qualify for the playoffs , although they did win the last 4 games of the season . Because of several free agent acquisitions , Vince Young , a back up quarterback , stated that the Eagles were a Dream Team . The Philadelphia fan base and faithful never did concur with the comment as some national outlets may comment . Many Eagles fans believe that Vince Young saying that the Eagles were a ' Dream Team ' is the reason that the Eagles had such a horrible season . Eagles fans had high expectations going into the 2012 season . The Eagles started off winning three out of their four first games , but that changed when they lost the next eight games , and were eliminated from the playoff hunt . They only won one out of their last four games . After a loss to the New York Giants on December 30 , 2012 , longtime head coach Andy Reid was fired after fourteen seasons with the team . Chip Kelly era ( 2013 -- 2015 ) On January 16 , 2013 , the Eagles brought in University of Oregon head coach Chip Kelly to succeed Reid as head coach after a 4 -- 12 season . The Philadelphia Eagles named Michael Vick starting quarterback going into the 2013 season with much promise running Chip Kelly 's fast - paced spread offense . The 2013 season proved to be more successful for the Eagles . A hamstring injury took Michael Vick out after a 1 -- 3 start , but his backup , Nick Foles , led the team to a 10 -- 6 regular season record , and its seventh NFC East title in 13 seasons . Before throwing his first interception in Week 14 , Foles threw 19 touchdowns , which was just one shy of the all - time NFL record of consecutive touchdowns without an interception to start a season , set earlier in the season by Peyton Manning . Foles also tied Manning for most touchdown passes in a single - game with seven against the Oakland Raiders which also made him the youngest player in NFL history to throw that many touchdowns in a game . Foles finished the regular season with 27 touchdown passes and only 2 interceptions , giving him the then - best TD - INT ratio in NFL history . ( That record was later broken by Tom Brady , in the 2016 season . ) He also finished with a 119.0 passer rating , third highest in league history behind only Aaron Rodgers in 2011 and Peyton Manning in 2004 . He was also only the second quarterback in NFL history to have a game in which he topped 400 passing yards and a perfect passer rating . LeSean McCoy finished his Pro Bowl season as the league 's top rusher with 1,607 rushing yards ( also a franchise record ) and 2,146 total yards from scrimmage , also best in the NFL . As a whole , the Eagles offense scored 51 touchdowns , most in franchise history passing the previous season high set back in 1948 . The Eagles opened the 2014 season winning their first three games and making NFL history as the only team ever to trail by ten or more points in their first three games and come back to win . Nick Foles struggled with turnovers , but ultimately did well and led the Eagles to a 6 -- 2 record , before breaking his collarbone , resulting in his job getting taken over by Mark Sanchez , who outplayed Foles despite facing more playoff teams . The Eagles held the divisional title from week one to week 15 against the Cowboys . After going 9 -- 3 with their crucial win over the Cowboys , the Eagles lost their next 3 , and a week after losing the NFC East title , they lost an upset against the 3 -- 11 Redskins and were eliminated from playoff contention with the Cowboys ' win over the Colts . Following the 2014 season , Chip Kelly was given total control and made some controversial moves . He traded LeSean McCoy , who had become the team 's all - time leading rusher after the 2014 season , for linebacker Kiko Alonso , a player Kelly coached at Oregon who had missed the entire 2014 season . He also cut ten - year veteran and starter , Trent Cole , who was still a consistent threat on defense and was second only to legend Reggie White on the Eagles all - time sack list . He also made a trade where the highly successful Nick Foles was traded for Sam Bradford , who had missed the entire 2014 season with an ACL tear . Kelly tried to re-sign Jeremy Maclin , who had stepped up as the team 's leading wide receiver , but he signed with the Kansas City Chiefs instead . However , the Eagles also acquired league leading rusher DeMarco Murray , which not only helped the Eagles , but hurt their rivals , the Dallas Cowboys . They also obtained Super Bowl champion Byron Maxwell , who left the Seattle Seahawks in free agency to sign a six - year , $63 million contract . The first two games of the season were disastrous , as they started 0 -- 2 . Bradford had a 2 -- 4 TD - INT ratio , Maxwell was constantly beaten by Falcons receiver Julio Jones , and Murray was held to 11 yards on 21 carries . After Murray was injured , Ryan Mathews rushed for over 100 yards in a Week 3 win against the New York Jets . Kelly made Murray the unquestioned starter and although Murray 's play improved over the season , he never regained his dominant form and was held to a career low 3.6 yards per carry average . On December 29 , 2015 , with one game left in the season , head coach Chip Kelly was released by the Eagles . Offensive Coordinator Pat Shurmur was named Interim Coach for the final game against the rival New York Giants , which Shurmur won 35 -- 30 . Former player and current running backs coach Duce Staley was the first coach to be interviewed for the opening head coaching job on January 2 , 2016 . Doug Pederson era ( 2016 -- present ) Carson Wentz made his debut in the 2016 season The Eagles hired Chiefs offensive coordinator Doug Pederson as their next head coach . The team made the official announcement on January 18 , 2016 . Eagles owner Jeffrey Lurie said in a statement : `` Doug is a strategic thinker , a compelling leader and communicator , and someone who truly knows how to get the best out of his players . All of these factors were what initially attracted us to Doug and we believe that he is the right man to help us achieve our ultimate goal . '' Pederson had been with the Chiefs for the preceding three years after spending the four seasons previous to those with the Eagles . He served as a quality control assistant for the Eagles in 2009 and 2010 before being promoted to quarterbacks coach for the 2011 and 2012 seasons . He was praised for his work with Chiefs quarterback Alex Smith over the preceding few seasons , particularly 2015 , as the Chiefs moved into the top 10 in scoring offense . At the end of the 2015 season , the Eagles had the 13th pick in the 2016 NFL Draft . They traded Byron Maxwell , Kiko Alonso , and their pick to the Miami Dolphins for the # 8 pick . Later , they traded the # 8 pick , their third - round pick , their fourth - round pick , a 2017 first - round pick , and a 2018 second - round pick to the Cleveland Browns for the # 2 pick and a 2017 fourth - round pick . They used the # 2 pick to draft North Dakota State quarterback Carson Wentz . On September 3 , 2016 , the Eagles traded starting quarterback Sam Bradford to the Minnesota Vikings , who had lost Teddy Bridgewater for the season , for a 2017 first - round pick and a 2018 fourth - round pick . Following the trade , the Eagles named Wentz the starting quarterback for Week 1 of the 2016 season . First - time head coach Pederson led the Eagles to a 3 -- 0 start to the season . His rookie quarterback started with 5 touchdowns , no interceptions and over 255 yards per game . The Week 4 bye took a toll on the Eagles , and they lost four out of the next five games , including a loss to every rival team in their division . They also lost right tackle Lane Johnson to a 10 - game suspension following the Week 5 loss againist the Lions which damaged Carson Wentz 's hot start . In those four games , their average margin of loss was just under 5 points . Pederson and the Eagles won just 3 of their last 7 games . Those included gruesome road losses against the Seattle Seahawks , the Cincinnati Bengals , and the Baltimore Ravens . Although Wentz started off the season well , the 6 -- 5 quarterback finished with a TD -- INT ratio of 16 : 14 . The rookie head coach and rookie quarterback tandem led the Eagles to a disappointing year , finishing with a 7 -- 9 record and coming in last in the division . 2017 : first Super Bowl Championship During the following offseason , the team made several acquisitions on the offensive side of the ball . The Eagles either traded or released notable players from the Chip Kelly era like Ryan Mathews , Matt Tobin , Allen Barbre , Jordan Matthews and Marcus Smith II . They signed more notable players to improve its wide receiver corps that have struggled the last two seasons like Alshon Jeffery , and Torrey Smith as well as 2016 Super Bowl champion , Legarrette Blount . They also added veterans on defense such as Patrick Robinson , Chris Long , Corey Graham , Tim Jernigan and Ronald Darby . The team addressed its defense mostly in the draft , using its top three picks on defensive players . The Eagles drafted Derek Barnett with the 14th overall pick . The Eagles had completely revamped their offense and strengthened their defense heading into the 2017 season . They opened the season on the road versus the Washington Redskins and won the game 30 -- 17 . The team lost to the Kansas City Chiefs the following week , 27 -- 20 , in Pederson 's return to face Andy Reid . The Eagles then won six consecutive games , including signature wins at the Carolina Panthers , 28 -- 23 , and versus the Washington Redskins , 34 -- 24 , in a Monday Night contest . On the morning of October 31 , 2017 , just before the NFL trade deadline , the Eagles made a blockbuster move sending a fourth - round pick to the Miami Dolphins for star running back Jay Ajayi . The move immediately paid dividends for the Eagles heading into their next game versus the Denver Broncos as Ajayi rushed for 77 yards on just eight attempts including a 46 - yard TD near the end of the second quarter . Ajayi and Wentz led the Eagles to a 51 -- 23 rout of the top defense in the NFL . Foles in the Huddle before leaving the field before Super Bowl LII . The Eagles headed into their bye week with the best record in the NFL ( 8 -- 1 ) , and with Wentz leading the NFL MVP discussion with an NFL - leading 23 touchdowns to 5 interceptions . During their bye , the Eagles signed former Giants offensive tackle Will Beatty and former Saints linebacker Dannell Ellerbe to not only add depth but also players with Super Bowl experiences . Coming off of the bye week , the Philadelphia Eagles entered a Sunday night showdown with the defending NFC East champion Dallas Cowboys . The Eagles came out sluggish and trailed 9 -- 7 at the half . The team exploded in the second half though , rattling off 30 unanswered points to soundly defeat their rival by a final score of 37 -- 9 . The Eagles were rolling on a nine - game winning streak after a huge blowout win over the Chicago Bears . The Eagles traveled to Seattle in Week 13 in a huge Sunday Night showdown against Russell Wilson and the Seattle Seahawks . The Eagles struggled throughout the whole game , blowing many scoring opportunities and allowing Wilson to throw 3 touchdowns . The Eagles lost 24 -- 10 , ending their win streak . However , the Eagles bounced back in Week 14 win over the Los Angeles Rams in a tough 43 -- 35 win . However , Carson Wentz left the game in the third quarter with a knee injury . It was later found out that Wentz tore his ACL , ending his MVP caliber season . Backup Nick Foles would once again take over as starting quarterback . In Foles 's first start against the New York Giants , he would lead them back from a 20 -- 7 deficit and score 4 touchdowns and win the game 34 -- 29 . Foles struggled in the last two games of the season against the Oakland Raiders and the Dallas Cowboys , and threw a touchdown and 2 interceptions in that span . Despite this , the Eagles finished 13 -- 3 and secured the top seed in the NFC . The Eagles opened as the underdogs , the first time in history that a No. 1 seed has opened up the postseason as an underdog . Despite this , Foles would lead the Eagles past the Atlanta Falcons in the Divisional Round 15 -- 10 . In the next game Foles and the Eagles annihilated the Minnesota Vikings 38 -- 7 in the NFC Championship nicknamed the Minneapolis Massacre , mocking the Minneapolis Miracle from their previous playoff victory . Foles had his best game since week 15 and threw for 352 passing yards and 3 touchdowns including an impressive flea flicker touchdown pass . This win marked the franchise 's third Super Bowl appearance and a berth in Super Bowl LII for a 2005 rematch against Tom Brady and the New England Patriots . With Foles at the helm , the Eagles started off the game strong , leading the Patriots 22 -- 12 at halftime . In the second half the Patriots gained momentum and for the first time took the lead in the 4th quarter 33 -- 32 . The Eagles rallied back and scored an 11 - yard Touchdown to tight end Zach Ertz . Later the Eagles converted on a 46 - yard field goal by Jake Elliott to lead 41 -- 33 . On the final play of the game with 9 seconds left , Brady threw a hail - mary pass directed toward tight end Rob Gronkowski which was bobbled by Patrick Robinson before being dropped in the end - zone as time expired , securing the win for the Eagles 41 -- 33 , and ending the 58 - year long championship drought . This would be Philadelphia 's first Super Bowl win and their fourth league championship ( their first championship since 1960 ) . Foles won Super Bowl MVP going 28 -- 43 with 373 passing yards , 3 touchdowns , and an interception . Nick Foles became the first backup quarterback to start and win a Super Bowl since his opponent Tom Brady won as the backup for Drew Bledsoe in 2001 . Season records Main article : List of Philadelphia Eagles seasons Regular season record ( all - time ) : 568 -- 594 -- 26 Playoff record ( all - time ) : 22 -- 21 ( last appearance after beating New England Patriots in Super Bowl LII ) Most points in a season : 474 points ( 2014 ) NFL championships won : 4 ( 3 before the 1967 NFL - AFL merger created the Super Bowl ) Super Bowls won : 1 out of 3 appearances Passing leader ( all - time ) : Donovan McNabb -- 32,873 yards Rushing leader ( all - time ) : LeSean McCoy -- 6,792 yards Receiving leader ( all - time ) : Harold Carmichael -- 8,978 yards Winningest coach ( all - time ) : Andy Reid -- 130 wins Top player by approximate value ( all - time ) : Donovan McNabb -- 126 AV Rivalries New York Giants Main article : Eagles -- Giants rivalry One of the NFL 's oldest , this rivalry began on October 15 , 1933 when the Giants defeated the newly founded Eagles 56 -- 0 . The Giants lead the all - time series 84 -- 82 -- 2 . Three of the best known comebacks against the Giants are labeled as `` Miracle In The Meadowlands -- Herm Edwards '' , `` Miracle In The Meadowlands II -- Brian Westbrook '' and `` Miracle In The New Meadowlands -- DeSean Jackson '' . Dallas Cowboys Main article : Cowboys -- Eagles rivalry The Cowboys have been one of the Eagles ' biggest rivals . The Eagles won the first game in this rivalry 27 -- 25 on September 30 , 1960 . Dallas leads the all - time series 63 -- 51 -- 0 . They have been close in recent years , with Dallas winning 12 games from 2006 to the present while the Eagles have also won 12 . There is much hostility between the two teams ' fan bases , with incidents such as the 1989 Bounty Bowl . Washington Redskins Main article : Eagles -- Redskins rivalry Not as big as the rivalries between the Giants and Cowboys , that with division rivals Washington Redskins is still fierce . It started in 1934 when the Washington Redskins were first known as the Boston Redskin ; the Redskins defeated the Eagles 6 -- 0 , and lead the all - time series 85 -- 76 -- 6 . The rivalry has been very even since 2010 overall . However , the Eagles swept the Redskins during the 2017 season for the first time since the 2013 season . Pittsburgh Steelers Main article : Eagles -- Steelers rivalry The Eagles and Pittsburgh Steelers are both located in Pennsylvania and began play in 1933 . From that season , through 1966 , this was a major rivalry for both teams as both were part of the same division . In 1967 , they were placed in separate divisions but remained in the same conference for three years . Finally , in 1970 , the Steelers ( along with the Cleveland Browns and Baltimore Colts ) moved to the American Football Conference while the Eagles stayed with the rest of the old - line NFL teams in the National Football Conference . As a result , the Eagles and Steelers no longer played each other every year . Currently they are scheduled to meet once every four years in the regular season , the most recent meeting being in 2016 at Philadelphia , with the Eagles winning 34 - 3 . The Steelers have lost nine straight games on the road against the Eagles dating back to 1966 , which was also the start of the Super Bowl era . The Eagles lead the all - time series 47 -- 28 -- 3 . Logo and uniforms See also : Uniform ( American football ) and footnote about Eagles ' uniform numbers . For several decades , the Eagles ' colors were kelly green , silver , and white . In 1954 , the Eagles , along with the Baltimore Colts , became the second team ever in the NFL to put a logo on their helmets , with silver wings on a kelly green helmet . In 1969 , the team wore two helmet versions : Kelly green with white wings in road games , and white with kelly green wings at home . From 1970 to ' 73 , they wore the white helmets with Kelly green wings exclusively before switching back to Kelly green helmets with silver wings . By 1974 , Joseph A. Scirrotto Jr. designed the silver wings took on a white outline , and this style on a kelly green helmet became standard for over two decades . From 1948 -- 95 , the team logo was an eagle in flight carrying a football in its claws , although from ' 69 -- 72 , the eagle took on a more stylized look . As the design was similar to the Apollo 11 emblem , and its moon - landing craft was dubbed Eagle , players wore the flight 's mission patch on their jerseys during 1969 . In 1973 , the team 's name was added below the eagle , which returned to its pre - ' 69 look . However , both the logo and uniforms were radically altered in 1996 . The primary kelly green color was changed to a darker shade , officially described as `` midnight green . '' Silver was practically abandoned , as uniform pants moved to either white or midnight green . The traditional helmet wings were changed to a primarily white color , with silver and black accents . The team 's logo combination ( the eagle and club name lettering ) also changed in 1996 , with the eagle itself limited to a white ( bald eagle ) head , drawn in a less realistic , more cartoon - based style , and the lettering changing from calligraphic to block letters . Since the 1996 alterations , the team has made only minor alterations , mostly relating to jersey / pant combinations worn during specific games . For example , in 1997 , against the San Francisco 49ers , the team wore midnight green jerseys and pants for the first of only two occasions in team history . The second occasion was in 2002 , during the final regular season game at Veterans Stadium , a win over the division - rival Washington Redskins . A year later , in the first two games of the 2003 season ( both home losses to the Tampa Bay Buccaneers and New England Patriots ) , the Eagles wore white jerseys with white pants . Since 2003 , the white jerseys along with white pants have been worn during preseason games . The 2003 season also saw the first ( though only subtle ) change to the 1996 - style uniform . On both white and green jerseys , black shadows and silver trim were added to both the green and white numbering . The stripe on the pants changed from black - green - black to black - silver - green on the white pants , and from a solid black stripe to one stripe of black , another of silver , with one small white stripe in between for the midnight blue pants . The 2003 season also saw the team debut black alternate jerseys , with a green ( instead of black ) shadow on white numbers , and silver trim . These black jerseys have been worn for two selected home games each season ( usually the first home game after bye week and the season finale ) . In the 2003 and 2004 regular season home finales , the team wore the green road pants with the black alternate jerseys , but lost each game . Since then , the Eagles have only worn the black jerseys with the white pants . However , due to the special 75th anniversary uniforms serving as the `` alternates '' for one game in 2007 , the Eagles could not wear the alternate black jersey that season per league rules ( alternate uniforms are permitted twice per season but only one can be used ) . The black jerseys with white pants , however , re-appeared for the 2008 Thanksgiving night game against the Arizona Cardinals . The black jerseys were most recently used in a December 21 , 2016 game against the New York Giants , in which they won 24 - 19 . From 2006 -- 2013 , the Eagles have only worn the alternate black jerseys once a season and for the last November home game , but did not use them in 2007 , 2010 , and 2011 . For the 2007 and 2010 seasons , the Eagles used throwback uniforms in place of the black alternates for their anniversary to commemorate past teams . The team also started wearing black shoes exclusively in 2004 . Since 2014 , the Eagles have worn the black jersey twice per season . In 2016 , they wore the black jersey three times . To celebrate the team 's 75th anniversary , the 2007 uniforms featured a 75th - season logo patch on the left shoulder . In addition , the team wore `` throwback '' jerseys in a 2007 game against the Detroit Lions . The yellow and blue jerseys , the same colors found on Philadelphia 's city flag , are based on those worn by the Philadelphia Eagles in the team 's inaugural season , and were the same colors used by the former Frankford Yellow Jackets franchise prior to their suspension of operations in 1931 . The Eagles beat Detroit , 56 -- 21 . The Philadelphia Eagles wear their white jerseys at home for preseason games and daytime games in the first half of the regular season from September to mid-October when the temperature is warmer . In night contests in the first half of the regular season , the Eagles do not need to wear white at home since the temperature is cooler . However , there have been exceptions , such as the home opener against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers in 2003 and the Washington Redskins in 2007 that were played at night . In late October or beginning in November , the Eagles start to wear their colors at home ( although they have done it earlier before ) , be it the midnight green jerseys or a third jersey . On one occasion the Eagles wore white at home after October in a meeting against the Dallas Cowboys on November 4 , 2007 to make the Cowboys wear their road blue jerseys . Since moving to Lincoln Financial Field in 2003 , the Eagles have worn white at home for at least their home opener , with the exceptions for the 2010 home opener ( see next paragraph ) , the 2011 home opener against the New York Giants , the 2016 home opener against the Cleveland Browns , and the 2017 home opener against the Giants . In the 2010 season against the Green Bay Packers , on September 12 , 2010 , the Eagles wore uniforms similar to the ones that were worn by the 1960 championship team in honor the 50th anniversary of that team . In weeks 4 and 6 of the 2010 season , the Eagles wore their white jerseys in a match - up against the Washington Redskins and Atlanta Falcons respectively before reverting to their midnight green jerseys for the rest of their home games . For the 2011 season , the Eagles did not wear white for any of their home games . For the 2012 season Nike took over from Reebok as the NFL 's official apparel licensee but the Eagles decided that they would not be adopting Nike 's `` Elite 51 '' uniform technology . Aside from the Nike logo replacing the Reebok logo , the only other change is the league - wide revision of the NFL shield on the uniform ( replacing the NFL Equipment logo ) , other than that the uniforms essentially remain unchanged . The Eagles also revived their black alternate jersey . For the 2013 season , the Eagles started to wear white pants , as an alternate to their green pants , with their white jerseys , in the regular season . For the 2014 season the Eagles have officially adopted the `` Elite 51 '' style uniform from Nike . Recently the team has discussed bringing back the `` Kelly Green '' uniforms similar to the uniforms worn in the 1960 NFL Championship season and which were last worn in the 2010 season opener vs. Green Bay . Traditionally kelly green , silver and white had been the official team color until 1996 season when it switched to the current `` Midnight Green '' uniforms . But due to the NFL rules and restrictions having a team go through a waiting period before any major uniform changes and alterations can be made , it would most likely be quite some time before any uniform changes are officially made . In Week 6 of 2014 against the New York Giants , the team introduced black pants to complement their black jerseys , giving them a blackout uniform set , the Eagles won the game 27 -- 0 . The victory was their first shutout in 18 years . The blackout uniform was most recently worn in a Week 16 victory , 19 - 10 , against the Raiders in 2017 . The Eagles are 6 -- 3 in their blackout uniforms : winning three times against the Giants and once against each of the Minnesota Vikings , Denver Broncos , and Oakland Raiders , and losing against the Seattle Seahawks , Arizona Cardinals , and Green Bay Packers . Training camp The Eagles previously held their preseason training camp from the end of July through mid-August each year at Lehigh University in Bethlehem , Pennsylvania in the Lehigh Valley . With the addition of new head coach Chip Kelly , the Eagles recently moved their training camp to the NovaCare Complex in Philadelphia . Training camps were previously held at Chestnut Hill Academy in 1935 , Saint Joseph 's University in 1939 and 1943 , Saranac Lake from 1946 -- 1948 , Hershey from 1951 -- 1967 , Albright College from 1968 -- 1972 , Widener University from 1973 -- 1979 , and West Chester University from 1980 -- 1995 . Fight song Further information : Fly , Eagles Fly This fight song is heard during Eagles ' home games after touchdowns and before the team is introduced prior to kickoff . Fans Full house at `` The Linc '' for a playoff game in January 2011 An Eagles fan in attendance at U.S. Bank Stadium celebrates following the team 's victory at Super Bowl LII . Eagles fans celebrating along Benjamin Franklin Parkway at the Eagles victory parade Devotion Although the method may vary , studies that attempt to rank the 32 fan bases in the NFL consistently place Eagles fans among the best in the league , noting their `` unmatched fervor . '' Eagles fans have numerous dedicated web communities , ranking the Eagles just behind the Phillies as the dominant Philadelphia sports presence on the web . The American City Business Journals , which conducts a regular study to determine the most loyal fans in the NFL , evaluates fans based primarily on attendance - related factors , and ranked Eagles fans third in both 1999 and 2006 . The 2006 study called the fans `` incredibly loyal '' , noting that they filled 99.8 % of the seats in the stadium over the previous decade . Forbes placed the Eagles fans first in its 2008 survey , which was based on the correlation between team performance and fan attendance . ESPN.com placed Eagles fans fourth in the league in its 2008 survey , citing the connection between the team 's performance and the mood of the city . The last home game which was blacked out on television in the Philadelphia market as a result of not being sold out was against the Arizona Cardinals on Sunday , September 12 , 1999 , which was Andy Reid 's first home game as new head coach of the Eagles . The studies note that -- win or lose -- Eagles fans can be counted on to pack their stadium . As of August 2008 , the team had sold out 71 consecutive games , and 70,000 were on the team 's waiting list for season tickets . Despite finishing with a 6 -- 10 record in the 2005 season , the Eagles ranked second in the NFL in merchandise sales , and single - game tickets for the next season were sold out minutes after phone and Internet lines opened . Eagles fans have also been known to chant the famous , `` E-A-G-L-E-S -- Eagles ! ! '' at Flyers , Phillies , and 76ers games when the team is getting blown out late in a game and a loss is inevitable , signifying their displeasure with the given team 's performance , and that they are instead putting their hope into the Eagles . Bad behavior Along with their fierce devotion , Eagles fans have a reputation for bad behavior and sports - related violence , especially when the team plays its rivals . In If Football 's a Religion , Why Do n't We Have a Prayer ? , Jereé Longman described the fans of the 700 Level of Veterans Stadium as having a reputation for `` hostile taunting , fighting , public urination and general strangeness . '' So many incidents occurred at a 1997 game against the 49ers that at the following home game , Judge Seamus McCaffery began presiding over a temporary courtroom at the stadium ; 20 suspects came before him that day . Fan behavior improved after the team 's move to Lincoln Financial Field , and `` Eagles Court '' ended in December 2003 . Eagles Cheerleaders Eagles Cheerleaders doing a routine in 2008 . Main article : Philadelphia Eagles Cheerleaders The team also has its own cheerleading squad , which performs a variety of dance moves for the fans and the Eagles on the sideline . The squad also releases a swimsuit calendar each year , and is the first squad in the league to release the calendar on the Android and iOS mobile systems . Current roster Philadelphia Eagles roster view talk Quarterbacks 9 Nick Foles 7 Nate Sudfeld 11 Carson Wentz Running backs 26 Jay Ajayi 30 Corey Clement 34 Donnel Pumphrey 28 Wendell Smallwood Wide receivers 13 Nelson Agholor 19 Rashard Davis 18 Shelton Gibson 10 Mack Hollins 17 Alshon Jeffery 16 Bryce Treggs 14 Mike Wallace 89 Greg Ward Jr . -- Dom Williams -- Marquess Wilson Tight ends 85 Billy Brown 86 Zach Ertz -- Joshua Perkins -- Richard Rodgers -- Adam Zaruba Offensive linemen 79 Brandon Brooks G 78 Darrell Greene G -- Taylor Hart T 65 Lane Johnson T 62 Jason Kelce C 71 Jason Peters T 73 Isaac Seumalo G -- Jon Toth C 72 Halapoulivaati Vaitai T 67 Chance Warmack G 61 Stefen Wisniewski G Defensive linemen 96 Derek Barnett DE 77 Michael Bennett DE 91 Fletcher Cox DT -- Winston Craig DT 55 Brandon Graham DE 93 Timmy Jernigan DT 56 Chris Long DE 51 Steven Means DE -- Haloti Ngata DT 98 Elijah Qualls DT -- Aziz Shittu DT 97 Destiny Vaeao DT Linebackers 53 Nigel Bradham OLB 47 Nathan Gerry OLB 54 Kamu Grugier - Hill OLB 58 Jordan Hicks MLB 95 Mychal Kendricks OLB -- Paul Worrilow OLB -- Corey Nelson OLB 59 Joe Walker MLB Defensive backs -- De'Vante Bausby CB -- Elie Bouka CB 41 Ronald Darby CB 32 Rasul Douglas CB -- Randall Goforth CB 27 Malcolm Jenkins SS 22 Sidney Jones CB 35 D.J. Killings CB 23 Rodney McLeod FS 42 Chris Maragos FS 31 Jalen Mills CB 49 Tre Sullivan S Special teams 4 Jake Elliott K -- Cameron Johnston P 45 Rick Lovato LS Reserve lists Currently vacant Rookies in italics Roster updated April 16 , 2018 Depth chart Transactions 68 Active , Inactive → AFC rosters → NFC rosters AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA List of Philadelphia Eagles players ( past and present ) Main article : List of Philadelphia Eagles players Awards and honors Retired numbers Philadelphia Eagles retired numbers No . Player Position Years played 5 Donovan McNabb QB 1999 -- 2009 15 Steve Van Buren HB 1944 -- 1951 20 Brian Dawkins 1996 -- 2008 40 Tom Brookshier CB 1953 -- 1961 44 Pete Retzlaff RB , WR , TE 1956 -- 1966 60 Chuck Bednarik LB , C 1949 -- 1962 70 Al Wistert OT 1943 -- 1951 92 Reggie White DE 1985 -- 1992 99 Jerome Brown DT 1987 -- 1991 Notes : Posthumous honors . Despite not being retired , no one has worn Randall Cunningham 's No. 12 since he left the Eagles . Pro Football Hall of Famers Eagles legend Steve Van Buren Main article : List of Pro Football Hall of Fame inductees Eagles in the Pro Football Hall of Fame Players No . Name Positions Seasons Inducted No . Name Positions Seasons Inducted 60 Chuck Bednarik C -- LB 1949 -- 1962 1967 33 Ollie Matson RB 1964 -- 1966 1972 76 Bob Brown OT 1964 -- 1968 25 Tommy McDonald WR 1957 -- 1963 1998 80 Cris Carter WR 1987 -- 1989 2013 85 James Arthur `` Art '' Monk WR 1995 2008 95 Richard Dent DE 1997 2011 35 Pete Pihos TE -- DE 1947 -- 1955 1970 89 Mike Ditka TE 1967 -- 1968 1988 54 Jim Ringo 1964 -- 1967 1981 86 Bud Grant WR -- DE 1951 -- 1952 1994 11 Norm Van Brocklin QB 1958 -- 1960 1971 56 Bill Hewitt End - FB 1937 -- 1939 , 1943 1971 15 Steve Van Buren HB 1944 -- 1951 1965 87 Claude Humphrey DE 1979 -- 1981 2014 92 Reggie White DE 1985 -- 1992 2006 9 Sonny Jurgensen QB 1957 -- 1963 53 Alex Wojciechowicz C -- DT 1946 -- 1950 1968 80 James Lofton WR 1993 2003 20 Brian Dawkins 1996 - 2008 2018 Coaches and Executives Name Positions Seasons Inducted Bert Bell Owner / Founder 1933 -- 1940 1963 Wayne Millner Assistant Coach 1951 1968 Earle `` Greasy '' Neale Head Coach 1941 -- 1950 1969 Mike McCormack Head Coach 1973 -- 1975 1984 Eagles Hall of Fame See also : Category : American football museums and halls of fame . In 1987 , the Eagles Honor Roll was established . Every Eagles player who had by then been elected into the Pro Football Hall of Fame was among the inaugural induction class . By 2012 , the Honor Roll had been retitled as the Eagles Hall of Fame . Players are considered for induction three years after their retirement from the NFL , and there have been 41 inductees into the Eagles Hall of Fame as of 2015 . Eagles Hall of Fame Year No . Name Position ( s ) Tenure 60 Chuck Bednarik C -- LB 1949 -- 1962 -- Bert Bell Founder - Owner 1933 -- 1940 17 Harold Carmichael WR 1971 -- 1983 56 Bill Hewitt TE -- DE 1936 -- 1939 , 1943 9 Sonny Jurgensen QB 1957 -- 1963 33 Ollie Matson RB 1964 -- 1966 31 Wilbert Montgomery RB 1977 -- 1984 -- Earle `` Greasy '' Neale Head Coach 1941 -- 1950 35 Pete Pihos TE -- DE 1947 -- 1955 54 Jim Ringo 1964 -- 1967 11 Norm Van Brocklin QB 1958 -- 1960 15 Steve Van Buren HB 1944 -- 1951 53 Alex Wojciechowicz C -- DT 1946 -- 1950 1988 66 Bill Bergey LB 1974 -- 1980 25 Tommy McDonald WR 1957 -- 1963 1989 40 Tom Brookshier CB 1954 -- 1961 44 Pete Retzlaff TE 1956 -- 1966 1990 22 Timmy Brown RB 1960 -- 1967 1991 76 Jerry Sisemore OT 1973 -- 1987 75 Stan Walters OT 1975 -- 1983 1992 7 Ron Jaworski QB 1977 -- 1986 1993 28 Bill Bradley S -- P 1969 -- 1976 1994 -- Dick Vermeil Head Coach 1976 -- 1982 1995 -- Jim Gallagher Team Executive 1949 -- 1995 82 Mike Quick WR 1982 -- 1990 99 Jerome Brown DT 1987 -- 1991 1999 -- Otho Davis Head Trainer 1973 -- 1995 1948 NFL Championship team 1949 NFL Championship team 76 Bob Brown OT 1964 -- 1968 2005 92 Reggie White DE 1985 -- 1992 2009 70 Al Wistert OT 1943 -- 1951 12 Randall Cunningham QB -- P 1985 -- 1995 2011 21 Eric Allen CB 1988 -- 1994 -- Jim Johnson Defensive Coordinator 1999 -- 2008 2012 -- Leo Carlin Ticket Manager 1960 -- 2015 20 Brian Dawkins 1996 -- 2008 23 Troy Vincent CB 1996 -- 2003 2013 5 Donovan McNabb QB 1999 -- 2009 2015 36 Brian Westbrook RB 2002 -- 2009 55 Maxie Baughan LB 1960 -- 1965 2016 54 Jeremiah Trotter LB 1998 -- 2001 , 2004 -- 2006 , 2009 - Merrill Reese Radio Play by Play 1977 -- Present 2017 David Akers 1999 - 2010 75th anniversary team Philadelphia Eagles 75th Anniversary Team ( 2007 ) Offense McNabb ( QB ) Van Buren ( RB ) Byars ( FB ) Carmichael ( WR ) McDonald ( WR ) Pihos ( TE ) Thomas ( LT ) Key ( LG ) Bednarik ( C ) Andrews ( RG ) Runyan ( RT ) Defense Simmons ( DE ) White ( DE ) J. Brown ( DT ) Johnson ( DT ) Bednarik ( MLB ) Joyner ( OLB ) Wojciechowicz ( OLB ) Allen ( CB ) Vincent ( CB ) Waters ( SS ) Dawkins ( FS ) Special teams T. Brown ( KR ) Westbrook ( PR ) Akers ( PK ) Landeta ( P ) Papale ( ST ) Coach Andy Reid John Wanamaker Athletic Award ( Philadelphia Sports Congress ) See footnote Philadelphia Sports Hall of Fame Main article : Philadelphia Sports Hall of Fame Pennsylvania Sports Hall of Fame See : Pennsylvania Sports Hall of Fame # Football Franchise records Source : pro-football-reference.com Eagles Franchise Page Passing Statistic Regular season Playoffs Rookie Career Season Game Career Season Game Season Game Completions 2801 Donovan McNabb 379 Carson Wentz 2016 37 Mark Sanchez 2014 - 12 - 20 @ WAS Sam Bradford 2015 - 12 - 26 WAS 341 Donovan McNabb 73 Donovan McNabb 2008 30 Donovan McNabb 2005 - 02 - 06 NNWE 379 Carson Wentz 2016 36 Carson Wentz 2016 - 12 - 04 @ CIN Pass Attempts 4746 Donovan McNabb 607 Carson Wentz 2016 62 Randall Cunningham 1989 - 10 - 02 @ CHI Nick Foles 2014 - 10 - 26 @ ARI 577 Donovan McNabb 121 Donovan McNabb 2008 54 Randall Cunningham 1988 - 12 - 31 @ CHI 607 Carson Wentz 2016 60 Carson Wentz 2016 - 12 - 04 @ CIN Passing Yards 32873 Donovan McNabb 3916 Donovan McNabb 2008 464 Donovan McNabb 2004 - 12 - 05 GNB 3752 Donovan McNabb 892 Donovan McNabb 2008 407 Randall Cunningham 1988 - 12 - 31 @ CHI 3782 Carson Wentz 2016 381 Nick Foles 2012 - 12 - 09 @ TAM Passing TDs 216 Donovan McNabb 33 Carson Wentz 2017 7 Nick Foles 2013 - 11 - 03 @ OAK 24 Donovan McNabb 7 Donovan McNabb Ron Jaworski 1979 - 12 - 23 CHI Rodney Peete 1995 - 12 - 30 DET Donovan McNabb 2005 - 02 - 06 NNWE 2009 - 01 - 18 @ ARI / > Nick Foles 2018 - 01 - 21 MIN 2018 - 02 - 04 NNWE 16 Carson Wentz 2016 Scott Tinsley 1987 - 10 - 11 @ DAL Donovan McNabb 2000 - 01 - 02 STL Intercepted 151 Ron Jaworski 26 Sonny Jurgensen 1962 6 Bobby Thomason 1956 - 10 - 21 CRD Pete Liske 1971 - 09 - 26 DAL 17 Donovan McNabb 7 Ron Jaworski 1980 Ron Jaworski 1981 - 01 - 25 NOAK Randall Cunningham 1988 - 12 - 31 @ CHI Donovan McNabb 2004 - 01 - 18 CAR 2005 - 02 - 06 NNWE 17 Davey O'Brien 1939 Randall Cunningham 1985 - 09 - 15 RAM Scott Tinsley 1987 - 10 - 18 @ GNB Brad Goebel 1991 - 10 - 13 NOR Passer Rating 94.2 + Nick Foles 119.2 # Nick Foles 2013 158.3 * Donovan McNabb 2007 - 09 - 23 DET Nick Foles 2013 - 11 - 03 @ OAK 83.6 # Jeff Garcia 132.4 * Rodney Peete 1995 143.3 * Rodney Peete 1995 - 12 - 30 DET 79.3 # Carson Wentz 2016 131.7 * Scott Tinsley 1987 - 10 - 11 @ DAL Sacked 422 Randall Cunningham 72 Randall Cunningham 1986 12 Donovan McNabb 2007 - 09 - 30 @ NYG 48 Donovan McNabb 12 Donovan McNabb 2003 8 Donovan McNabb 2004 - 01 - 11 GNB 38 John Reaves 1972 7 Randall Cunningham 1985 - 09 - 29 NYG Yds / Pass Att 8.71 + Sonny Jurgensen 9.12 # Nick Foles 2013 16.29 * Sonny Jurgensen 1962 - 11 - 25 DAL 6.5 # Donovan McNabb Randall Cunningham 10.2 * Norm Van Brocklin 1960 10.8 * Rodney Peete 1995 - 12 - 30 DET 6.73 # John Reaves 1972 12.47 * Randall Cunningham 1985 - 09 - 22 @ WAS Pass Yds / Game 266.1 + Sam Bradford 278.6 # Donovan McNabb 2005 - 234.5 # Donovan McNabb 407 * Randall Cunningham 1988 - 242.7 # Nick Foles 2012 - + = min . 500 attempts , # = min . 100 attempts , ∗ = minimum 15 attempts , Rushing Statistic Regular season Playoffs Rookie Career Season Game Career Season Game Season Game Rush Attempts 1465 Wilbert Montgomery 353 Ricky Watters 35 Heath Sherman 1990 - 11 - 12 WAS 141 Wilbert Montgomery 68 Wilbert Montgomery 1980 26 Wilbert Montgomery 1979 - 12 - 23 CHI 1981 - 01 - 03 MIN 1981 - 01 - 11 DAL 182 Po James 1972 28 Charlie Garner 1994 - 10 - 09 WAS Rush Yards 6792 LeSean McCoy 1607 LeSean McCoy 2013 217 LeSean McCoy 2013 - 12 - 08 DET 591 Brian Westbrook 312 Wilbert Montgomery 1980 194 Wilbert Montgomery 1981 - 01 - 11 DAL 637 LeSean McCoy 2009 178 Bryce Brown 2012 - 11 - 26 CAR Rush Yds / Att 6.62 Randall Cunningham 7.98 Randall Cunningham 1990 11.63 Timmy Brown 1965 - 11 - 07 @ CLE 5.86 Donovan McNabb 7.79 Brian Westbrook 2006 7.46 Wilbert Montgomery 1981 - 01 - 11 DAL 4.9 Bryce Brown 2012 9.37 Bryce Brown 2012 - 11 - 26 CAR Rushing TDs 69 Steve Van Buren 17 LeSean McCoy 2011 Wilbert Montgomery 1979 - 10 - 07 WAS 1982 - 12 - 19 HOU LeSean McCoy 2010 - 09 - 19 @ DET 6 Wilbert Montgomery Wilbert Montgomery 1980 Brian Westbrook 2006 Wilbert Montgomery 1981 - 01 - 03 MIN 1981 - 12 - 27 NYG Ken Keller 1956 LeSean McCoy 2009 Bryce Brown 2012 Wilbert Montgomery 1977 - 12 - 18 NYJ James Joseph 1991 - 11 - 04 NYG Charlie Garner 1994 - 10 - 02 @ SFO Bryce Brown 2012 - 11 - 26 CAR 2012 - 12 - 02 @ DAL Rush Yds / Game 79 Ricky Watters 100.4 LeSean McCoy 2013 - 74 Wilbert Montgomery 128.5 Brian Westbrook 2006 - 70.1 Mike Hogan 1976 - ∗ = minimum 15 attempts , # = min . 100 attempts , + = min . 500 attempts Receiving Statistic Regular season Playoffs Rookie Career Season Game Career Season Game Season Game Receptions 589 Harold Carmichael 90 Brian Westbrook 2007 13 Jeremy Maclin 2011 - 09 - 18 @ ATL Zach Ertz 2017 - 01 - 01 DAL 38 Chad Lewis 19 Brent Celek 2008 10 Brent Celek 2009 - 01 - 18 @ ARI 81 Keith Jackson 1988 11 Junior Tautalatasi 1986 - 11 - 09 NYG Receiving Yds 8,978 Harold Carmichael 1409 Mike Quick 237 Tommy McDonald 1961 - 12 - 10 NYG 465 Harold Carmichael 211 Kevin Curtis 2008 146 Jeremy Maclin 2010 - 01 - 09 @ DAL 912 DeSean Jackson 2008 177 Hank Baskett 2006 - 12 - 31 ATL Yds / Rec 19.16 + Tommy McDonald 21.44 # Ben Hawkins 1967 52.5 * DeSean Jackson 2010 - 12 - 12 @ DAL 16.03 # Harold Carmichael 23.5 * Donte ' Stallworth 2006 30.5 * Kevin Curtis 2009 - 01 - 18 @ ARI 21.09 # Hank Baskett 2006 28.5 * Fred Barnett 1990 - 10 - 15 MIN Receiving TDs 79 Harold Carmichael 14 Terrell Owens Ben Hawkins 1969 - 09 - 28 PIT 6 Harold Carmichael Harold Carmichael 1979 Brent Celek 2008 Harold Carmichael 1979 - 12 - 23 CHI Fred Barnett 1993 - 01 - 03 @ NOR Chad Lewis 2005 - 01 - 23 ATL Brent Celek 2009 - 01 - 18 @ ARI 9 Calvin Williams 1990 ( 9 times ) Rec Yds / Game 70.3 + DeSean Jackson 90.4 # Ben Hawkins 1967 - 66.4 # Harold Carmichael 146 * Jeremy Maclin 2009 - 64.3 # Don Looney 1940 - ∗ = minimum 4 receptions , # = min . 20 receptions , + = min . 200 receptions Other Statistic Regular season Playoffs Rookie Career Season Game Career Season Game Season Game Total TDs 79 Harold Carmichael 20 LeSean McCoy 2011 Ben Hawkins 1969 - 09 - 28 PIT Wilbert Montgomery 1978 - 09 - 10 @ WAS 1979 - 10 - 07 WAS Brian Westbrook 2008 - 11 - 27 ARI 6 Brian Westbrook Wilbert Montgomery Harold Carmichael Harold Carmichael 1979 Wilbert Montgomery 1980 Duce Staley 2001 Brian Westbrook 2006 Brent Celek 2008 ( 8 times ) 9 Calvin Williams 1990 Corey Clement 2017 - 11 - 05 DEN Yds from Scrimmage 9,785 Brian Westbrook 2146 LeSean McCoy 2013 249 Timmy Brown 1962 - 12 - 16 @ STL 925 Brian Westbrook 443 Wilbert Montgomery 1980 208 Wilbert Montgomery 1981 - 01 - 11 DAL 878 Charle Young 1973 189 Bryce Brown 2012 - 11 - 26 CAR All Purpose Yds 12,049 Timmy Brown 2428 Timmy Brown 1963 341 Timmy Brown 1962 - 12 - 16 @ STL 953 Brian Westbrook 443 Wilbert Montgomery 1980 208 Wilbert Montgomery 1981 - 01 - 11 DAL 940 Steve Van Buren 1944 231 Kevin Bowman 1987 - 10 - 11 @ DAL Returning Statistic Regular season Playoffs Career Season Game Career Season Game Kick Returns 169 Timmy Brown 54 Allen Rossum 1999 8 Derrick Witherspoon 1996 - 11 - 24 @ ARI Allen Rossum 1999 - 11 - 21 IND Quintin Demps 2008 - 11 - 09 NYG 22 Brian Mitchell 11 Brian Mitchell 2001 6 Brian Mitchell 2002 - 01 - 27 @ STL Kick Ret Yds 4,483 Timmy Brown 1347 Allen Rossum 1999 253 Derrick Witherspoon 1996 - 11 - 24 @ ARI 522 Brian Mitchell 239 Brian Mitchell 2001 128 Brian Mitchell 2002 - 01 - 27 @ STL Yds / KR 27.74 Josh Huff 33.25 Steve Van Buren 1944 61 Jake Elliott 2017 - 09 - 24 25.29 J.R. Reed 26.8 Brian Mitchell 2002 31.25 Brian Mitchell 2003 - 01 - 19 TAM Kick Ret TDs 5 Timmy Brown Timmy Brown 1966 Derrick Witherspoon Timmy Brown 1966 - 11 - 06 DAL 0 Punt Returns 148 Wally Henry 54 Wally Henry 1981 9 Larry Marshall 1977 - 09 - 18 TAM 16 Brian Mitchell 8 Wally Henry 1979 John Sciarra 1980 6 John Sciarra 1981 - 01 - 11 DAL Punt Ret Yds 1369 Brian Mitchell 567 Brian Mitchell 2002 140 Alvin Haymond 1968 - 10 - 06 @ WAS 174 DeSean Jackson 122 DeSean Jackson 2008 109 DeSean Jackson 2009 - 01 - 04 @ MIN Yds / PR 14.71 Ernie Steele 20.44 Ernie Steele 1942 33 Brian Mitchell 2002 - 11 - 25 @ SFO 15.82 DeSean Jackson 17.43 DeSean Jackson 2008 21.8 DeSean Jackson 2009 - 01 - 04 @ MIN Punt Ret TDs DeSean Jackson Darren Sproles Brian Westbrook 2003 DeSean Jackson 2009 Darren Sproles 2014 , 2015 ( 8 times ) 0 Total Return Yds 4,997 Timmy Brown 1729 Brian Mitchell 2002 234 Vai Sikahema 1992 - 11 - 22 @ NYG 657 Brian Mitchell 296 Brian Mitchell 2001 159 Brian Mitchell 2003 - 01 - 19 TAM Defense Statistic Regular season Playoffs Career Season Game Career Season Game Interceptions 34 Bill Bradley Brian Dawkins Eric Allen 11 Bill Bradley 1971 Don Burroughs 1961 - 12 - 03 @ PIT Nate Ramsey 1965 - 11 - 28 @ STL Jim Nettles 1965 - 12 - 12 @ PIT Joe Scarpati 1966 - 10 - 23 @ NYG 5 Herm Edwards Roynell Young 1980 Damon Moore 2001 Herm Edwards 1981 - 01 - 03 MIN Roynell Young 1981 - 01 - 03 MIN Eric Allen 1993 - 01 - 03 @ NOR Damon Moore 2002 - 01 - 12 TAM Int Ret Yds 536 Bill Bradley 248 Bill Bradley 1971 114 Frank LeMaster 1975 - 12 - 21 @ WAS 77 Damon Moore 77 Damon Moore 2001 59 Damon Moore 2002 - 01 - 12 TAM Int Ret TDs 5 Eric Allen Eric Allen 1993 Eric Allen 1993 - 12 - 26 NOR ( 6 times ) Sacks ( since 1982 ) 124 Reggie White 21 Reggie White 4.5 Clyde Simmons 1991 - 09 - 15 @ DAL Hugh Douglas 1998 - 10 - 18 @ SDG Derrick Burgess Hugh Douglas Carl Hairston Reggie White Carl Hairston 1980 Derrick Burgess Carl Hairston 1981 - 01 - 03 MIN Hugh Douglas 2000 - 12 - 31 TAM Derrick Burgess 2005 - 01 - 23 ATL Darwin Walker 2007 - 01 - 13 @ NOR Exceptional performances Statistic Career Season Playoff Games Rookie Games 300 + yard passing games 30 Donovan McNabb 6 Donovan McNabb Donovan McNabb Carson Wentz 2016 100 + yard rushing games 26 Wilbert Montgomery 8 Wilbert Montgomery 1981 Brian Westbrook 2006 Brian Westbrook Don Johnson 1953 Mike Hogan 1976 Charlie Garner 1994 Bryce Brown 2012 100 + yard receiving games 23 Pete Retzlaff 8 Terrell Owens Fred Barnett Keith Jackson Charle Young 1973 Games with 1 + TD scored 69 Harold Carmichael 13 LeSean McCoy 2011 5 Harold Carmichael Duce Staley Brian Westbrook 9 Calvin Williams 1990 Games with 2 + TD scored 18 Brian Westbrook 6 LeSean McCoy 2011 Wilbert Montgomery Bryce Brown 2012 Jordan Matthews 2014 Games with 3 + TD scored 7 Brian Westbrook Pete Retzlaff 1965 Wilbert Montgomery 1982 Terrell Owens Brian Westbrook 2007 , 2008 - - Coaches of note Main article : List of Philadelphia Eagles head coaches Current staff Philadelphia Eagles staff Front Office Chairman / CEO -- Jeffrey Lurie President -- Don Smolenski Executive Vice President of Football Operations -- Howie Roseman Senior Football Advisor -- Tom Donahoe Vice President of Player Personnel -- Joe Douglas Assistant Director of Player Personnel -- Andy Weidl Vice President of Football Operations and Strategy -- Alec Halaby Senior Director of College Scouting -- Anthony Patch Director of College Scouting -- Ian Cunningham Assistant Director of College Scouting -- Mike Bradway Director of Pro Scouting -- Dwayne Joseph Assistant Director of Pro Scouting -- Brandon Brown Director of Football Administration -- Jake Rosenberg Football Operations Executive -- Brian Dawkins Player Personnel Executive -- T.J. McCreight Player Personnel Executive College / Pro -- Trey Brown Assistant Director of Football Analytics -- Taylor Rajack Head Coaches Head Coach -- Doug Pederson Assistant Head Coach / Running Backs -- Duce Staley Offensive Coaches Offensive Coordinator -- Mike Groh Quarterbacks -- Press Taylor Wide Receivers -- Gunter Brewer Assistant Wide Receivers - Carson Walch Tight Ends -- Justin Peelle Offensive Line / Run Game Coordinator -- Jeff Stoutland Assistant Offensive Line / Tight Ends / Run Game -- Eugene Chung Offensive Quality Control / Assistant Quarterbacks -- Spencer Phillips Offensive Quality Control / Assistant Running Backs - Trent Miles Offensive Quality Control / Assistant Offensive Line -- T.J. Paganetti Defensive Coaches Defensive Coordinator -- Jim Schwartz Defensive Line -- Chris Wilson Linebackers -- Ken Flajole Secondary -- Cory Undlin Safeties -- Tim Hauck Defensive Quality Control / Assistant Defensive Line -- Phillip Daniels Defensive Quality Control / Assistant Linebackers - Ryan Paganetti Defensive Quality Control / Assistant Secondary -- Dino Vasso Special Teams Coaches Special Teams Coordinator -- Dave Fipp Assistant Special Teams -- Matthew Harper Strength and Conditioning Head Strength Coach -- Josh Hingst Assistant Strength Coach -- Keith Gray Perfomance Nutrition Coordinator / Assistant Strength Coach - Michael Minnis Strength Assistant -- Ben Wagner Director of High Performance -- Shaun Huls → Coaching Staff → Management → More NFL staffs AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA Radio and television Main article : List of Philadelphia Eagles broadcasters Eagles Radio affiliates Map of radio affiliates . City Call Sign Frenquency Atlantic City , New Jersey WPGG 1450 AM Easton , Pennsylvania WCTO 96.1 FM Levittown , Pennsylvania WBCB 1490 AM Milford , Delaware WAFL 97.7 FM Millville , New Jersey WENJ 97.3 FM Philadelphia WTEL 610 AM WIP - FM 94.1 FM Pottsville , Pennsylvania WPPA 1360 AM Reading , Pennsylvania WEEU 830 AM Scranton , Pennsylvania WEJL 630 AM Sunbury , Pennsylvania WEGH 107.3 FM Williamsport , Pennsylvania WBZD - FM 93.3 FM Wilmington , Delaware WDEL 1150 AM York , Pennsylvania WSOX 96.1 FM From 2008 through 2010 , Eagles games were broadcast on both rock - formatted WYSP and sports - talk Sports Radio 610 WIP , as both stations are owned and operated by CBS Radio . In 2011 , CBS dropped the music on WYSP , renaming it WIP - FM and making it a full simulcast of WIP . Later , 610 AM became a CBS Sports Radio national broadcast , and 94 WIP was broadcast on WIP FM . The Eagles extended their broadcasting contract with WIP - FM through 2024 . Merrill Reese , who joined the Eagles in 1976 , is the play - by - play announcer , and former Eagles wide receiver Mike Quick , who replaced the offense lineman Stan Walters beginning in 1998 , is the color analyst . The post game show , which has consisted of many Philadelphia sports personalities , as of the 2014 season is hosted by Kevin Riley , a former Eagles linebacker and special - teamer , and Rob Ellis . Riley was the former post-game host for the show on 94 WYSP before the WIP change over ; Rob Ellis hosts a weekly show nightly from 6 -- 10 on 94.1 WIP - FM . No announcement was made prior to the start of preseason regarding who would be the host ( s ) for 2015 . In 2015 , the preseason games are being televised on WCAU , the local NBC owned and operated station . Television announcers for these preseason games were not announced prior to the start of preseason . During the regular season , games are governed by the NFL 's master broadcasting contract with FOX , CBS , NBC , and ESPN . Most games can be seen on FOX - owned WTXF - TV . When hosting an AFC team , those games can be seen on CBS - owned KYW - TV . Media and cultural reference In the book MASH : A Novel About Three Army Doctors , the character Captain Oliver Wendell `` Spearchucker '' Jones fictionally played for the Philadelphia Eagles , though in the movie this was changed to San Francisco . The 1976 draw was the subject of the movie Invincible . The movie stars Mark Wahlberg as Vince Papale , a 30 - year - old bartender and part - time school teacher , and also a diehard Eagles fan who became an Eagles player . The film differs slightly from true events as the selection process was invitation only , and Papale had at least some previous playing experience . The film Silver Linings Playbook highlights the 2008 Philadelphia Eagles season . The film was critically acclaimed and nominated for several awards including 8 Academy Awards . In the 1978 Academy Award - winning movie The Deer Hunter , the Eagles are referenced when Nick talks to Stan in the bar , saying : `` Hey , I got a hundred bucks says the Eagles never cross the fifty in the next half and Oakland wins by 20 ! '' Stan responds ; `` And I got an extra twenty says the Eagles ' quarterback wears a dress ! '' The award - winning comedy series It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia starring Danny DeVito makes several references to the Philadelphia Eagles , most notably Season 3 , Episode 2 -- `` The Gang Gets Invincible , '' the title being a reference to the Wahlberg film . See also Philadelphia portal Sports portal South Philadelphia Sports Complex Sports in Philadelphia The Michael Vick Project Forbes ' list of the most valuable sports teams Notes and references Jump up ^ `` Philadelphia Eagles Team Facts '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Team Information '' ( PDF ) . 2016 Philadelphia Eagles Training Camp Media Guide . Philadelphia Eagles . September 9 , 2016 . Retrieved September 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Philadelphia Eagles Team Capsule '' ( PDF ) . 2017 Official National Football League Record and Fact Book . National Football League . August 22 , 2017 . Retrieved September 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 NFL Rivalries Of All Time : No. 4 Giants - Eagles '' . Sports Illustrated . December 15 , 2005 . Retrieved September 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chadiha , Jeffri ( October 31 , 2007 ) . `` Ranking the NFL 's best rivalries : Where does Colts - Pats fit ? '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved April 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Bryan , Dave ( September 20 , 2016 ) . `` After 8 Straight Losses , Steelers Looking For Philadelphia Freedom Sunday Against Eagles '' . SteelersDepot.com . Retrieved September 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fox , Ashley ( January 4 , 2014 ) . `` Fans always have Eagles ' back '' . ESPN . Retrieved September 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Clark , Kevin ( July 2 , 2012 ) . `` Game Changer : NFL Scrambles to Fill Seats '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved September 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Smith , Howard ( December 7 , 2011 ) . `` NFL Players Poll : Most Intimidating Fans '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved September 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lyons , 2010 pg. 81 ^ Jump up to : Lyons , 2010 pg. 82 Jump up ^ Kuklick , Bruce ( 1993 ) . To Every Thing a Season : Shibe Park and Urban Philadelphia , 1909 -- 1976 . Princeton University Press . p. 86 . ISBN 0 - 691 - 02104 - X . Retrieved May 27 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : See : History of the Pittsburgh Steelers # 1940 -- 41 : A new name and a `` new '' team . ^ Jump up to : Didinger , Ray ; Robert S. Lyons ( 2005 ) . The Eagles Encyclopedia . Temple University Press . ISBN 1 - 59213 - 449 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Year - by - Year History '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 29 , 2006 . Retrieved December 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Brookover , Bob ( September 17 , 2006 ) . `` The Birds ' Biggest Rival -- In a division of fierce foes , the Giants have battled the Eagles as tough as anyone '' . Philadelphia Inquirer . p . D1 . Jump up ^ Brookover , Bob ( November 6 , 2008 ) . `` Eagles -- Giants among top rivalries '' . Philadelphia Inquirer . p . D6 . Jump up ^ `` Eagles search ends with Vermeil '' . St Petersburg Times . February 9 , 1976 . Retrieved November 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The World 's Most Valuable Sports Teams No. 11 Philadelphia Eagles '' . Forbes.com . July 12 , 2011 . Retrieved February 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Heath , John . `` Denver 's Brian Dawkins : An Ageless Wolverine '' . BroncoTalk . Retrieved 24 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Dan Gelston ( Oct 26 , 2008 ) . `` Westbrook Helps Eagles Soar Above Falcons , Win 500th Game '' . NBC 10 Philadelphia . Retrieved February 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Vick , Eagles agree to 2 - year deal '' . ESPN.com . August 14 , 2009 . Retrieved February 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Eagles sign Reid through 2013 '' . ESPN.com . December 9 , 2009 . Retrieved February 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Maese , Rick ( April 5 , 2010 ) . `` Washington Redskins acquire quarterback Donovan McNabb from Philadelphia Eagles '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved April 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Eagles fire Reid '' . USA Today . Philadelphia . December 30 , 2012 . Retrieved December 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Eagles hire Chip Kelly as coach '' . ESPN.com . January 16 , 2013 . Retrieved February 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sports . Rocky Mount Telegram . Retrieved on August 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Eagles Acquire LB Alonso For RB McCoy '' . PhiladelphiaEagles.com . March 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Patra , Kevin ( March 10 , 2015 ) . `` Indianapolis Colts to sign Trent Cole '' . NFL.com . Retrieved March 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sessler , Marc . `` Rams trading Sam Bradford to Eagles for Nick Foles '' . NFL.com . Retrieved March 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` It 's Official : RB Murray Signs With Eagles '' . PhiladelphiaEagles.com . March 12 , 2015 . Retrieved March 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` CB Byron Maxwell joins Eagles via FA '' . PhiladelphiaEagles.com . Retrieved March 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Eagles Release Head Coach Chip Kelly '' . PhiladelphiaEagles.com . December 29 , 2015 . Retrieved January 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Duce Staley interviews for Philadelphia Eagles ' vacant coaching job . Espn.go.com ( January 2 , 2016 ) . Retrieved on 2016 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ Wesseling , Chris ( January 18 , 2016 ) . `` Philadelphia Eagles hire Doug Pederson as coach '' . National Football League . Retrieved January 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Eagles Name Doug Pederson Head Coach '' . Philadelphia Eagles . January 18 , 2016 . Retrieved January 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Reimer , Alex ( September 5 , 2016 ) . `` Carson Wentz will start for Eagles '' . sbnation.com . Jump up ^ Pennington , Tom ( November 11 , 2016 ) . `` The Eagles Should Be Better Than 4 - 4 '' . fivethirtyeight.com . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Philadelphia Eagles Media Guide Archived February 1 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine ... Legacy.philadelphiaeagles.com . Retrieved on August 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Berman , Zach ( November 18 , 2016 ) . `` What 's in a number ? Eagles tell their stories : Some are chosen , some are random '' . Philadelphia Media Network ( Digital ) , LLC . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 30 . See also : National Football League uniform numbers . Jump up ^ `` Eagles Unveil 75th Anniversary Plans '' . Philadelphia Eagles. April 25 , 2007 . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2010 . Retrieved December 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Eagles Announce Plans to Honor 1960 Title Team '' . Csnphilly.com . May 3 , 2010 . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2012 . Retrieved December 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Training Camp , '' . Philadelphiaeagles.com . Archived from the original on August 18 , 2010 . Retrieved December 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Eagles move training camp from Lehigh . Foxnews.com ( March 15 , 2013 ) . Retrieved on 2016 - 08 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : Frank , Reuben ( July 10 , 2012 ) . `` Eagles to keep training camp at Lehigh in 2013 '' . CSN Philly . Archived from the original on January 21 , 2013 . Retrieved July 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Woolsey , Matt ( September 1 , 2008 ) . `` In Depth : America 's Most Die - Hard Football Fans '' . Forbes . Retrieved February 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Phillies Pass Eagles In Google Ranking . myfoxphilly.com ( July 2 , 2011 ) Jump up ^ Thomas , G. Scott ( September 4 , 2006 ) . `` NFL Fan Loyalty : Methodology '' . Bizjournals . Archived from the original on May 26 , 2008 . Retrieved February 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ George , John ( February 5 , 1999 ) . `` Proven : Eagles ' fans are fanatics '' . Philadelphia Business Journal . Philadelphia ; Pennsylvania . p. 3 . Jump up ^ Thomas , G. Scott ( September 4 , 2006 ) . `` Full fan loyalty rankings '' . Bizjournals . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2009 . Retrieved February 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Thomas , G. Scott ( September 4 , 2006 ) . `` NFL Fan Support Rankings '' . Bizjournals . Archived from the original on December 26 , 2009 . Retrieved February 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Woolsey , Matt ( September 1 , 2008 ) . `` America 's Most Die - Hard Football Fans '' . Forbes . Retrieved February 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Woolsey , Matt ( September 1 , 2008 ) . `` America 's Most Die - Hard Football Fans : Methodology '' . Forbes . Retrieved February 8 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Mosley , Matt ( August 29 , 2008 ) . `` NFL 's best fans ? We got ta hand it to Steelers barely '' . ESPN . Retrieved August 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Berman , Zack ( June 14 , 2006 ) . `` Single Game Tickets Sold Out ! '' . PhiladelphiaEagles.com . Archived from the original on December 9 , 2008 . Retrieved June 22 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Anderson , Dave ( October 29 , 2002 ) . `` To Eagles , Shockey Is Public Enemy No. 1 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Longman , Jeré ( 2006 ) . If Football 's a Religion , Why Do n't We Have a Prayer ? . New York : HarperCollins Publishers . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 084373 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Court at Eagles ' games is out of session Sunday '' . Sports Illustrated . Associated Press . December 6 , 2003 . Retrieved December 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Cheerleaders '' . Philadelphia Eagles . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Cheerleaders -- Swimsuit Calendar '' . Philadelphia Eagles . Retrieved July 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Eagles Cheerleaders Swimsuit -- Android - apps op Google Play '' . Play.google.com . November 28 , 2011 . Retrieved July 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Didinger , Ray ( July 21 , 2012 ) . `` Ray 's QB Notes 4 : Randall 's No. 12 retired ? '' . CSN Philly . Archived from the original on January 20 , 2013 . Retrieved August 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Weinberg , David ( July 20 , 2012 ) . `` Leo Carlin , Troy Vincent headed to Eagles Hall of Fame '' . pressofatlanticcity.com . Retrieved July 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Eagles Hall of Fame Inductees '' ( PDF ) . philadelphiaeagles.com . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 25 , 2014 . Retrieved August 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ And The Winners Were ... See all the John Wanamaker Athletic Award - recipients since 1961 Archived July 24 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . webpage . Philadelphia Sports Congress website ( Philadelphia Convention & Visitors Bureau ) . Retrieved July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Sportsradio WIP - Entercom Communications CEO David Field '' . Facebook.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ Invincible on IMDb Jump up ^ Cimino , Michael . `` The Deer Hunter Final Screenplay '' ( PDF ) . drexel.edu . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ Savage , Fred ( 13 September 2007 ) . `` The Gang Gets Invincible '' . IMDB . IMDB . Retrieved 27 September 2016 . Sources Lyons , Robert S. ( 2010 ) . On Any Given Sunday : A Life of Bert Bell . Philadelphia : Temple University Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59213 - 731 - 2 . OCLC 607553558 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Philadelphia Eagles . Official website Philadelphia Eagles Founded in 1933 Based and headquartered in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Franchise Franchise History Seasons Coaches Quarterbacks Players Stadiums Baker Bowl Philadelphia Municipal Stadium Connie Mack Stadium Franklin Field Veterans Stadium Lincoln Financial Field Culture Fly , Eagles Fly Swoop Curse of Billy Penn The Lombardi Curse Invincible Philadelphia Sports Hall of Fame Matt Guokas Sr . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when was the last superbowl the eagles played | [
"\n\nPhiladelphia Eagles\n\n\n Current season\n\n\nEstablished July 8, 1933; 84 years ago (July 8, 1933)[1]\nFirst season: 1933\nPlay in Lincoln Financial Field\nPhiladelphia, Pennsylvania\nHeadquartered in the NovaCare Complex\nPhiladelphia, Pennsylvania\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nLogo\nWordmark\n\n\n\n\n\nLeague/conference affiliations\n\n\n\n\nNational Football League (1933–present)\n\nEastern Division (1933–1949)\nAmerican Conference (1950–1952)\nEastern Conference (1953–1969)\n\nCapitol Division (1967–1969)\n\n\nNational Football Conference (1970–present)\n\nNFC East (1970–present)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCurrent uniform\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nTeam colors\n\nMidnight green, Silver, Black, White[2][3]\n \n\n\nFight song\nFly, Eagles Fly\n\n\nMascot\nSwoop\n\n\nPersonnel\n\n\nOwner(s)\nJeffrey Lurie\nChristina Weiss Lurie\n\n\nChairman\nJeffrey Lurie\n\n\nCEO\nJeffrey Lurie\n\n\nPresident\nDon Smolenski\n\n\nGeneral manager\nHowie Roseman\n\n\nHead coach\nDoug Pederson\n\n\nTeam history\n\n\n\n\n\nPhiladelphia Eagles (1933–1942; 1944–present)\nPhil-Pitt \"Steagles\" (1943)\n\n\n\n\n\nTeam nicknames\n\n\n\n\nThe Birds\n\n\n\n\nChampionships\n\n\n\nLeague championships (4)\n\nNFL championships (pre-1970 AFL–NFL merger) (3)\n1948, 1949, 1960\n\n\nSuper Bowl championships (1)\n2017 (LII)\n\n\n\n\n\nConference championships (4)\n\nNFL Eastern: 1960\nNFC: 1980, 2004, 2017\n\n\n\n\n\nDivision championships (13)\n\nNFL East: 1947, 1948, 1949\nNFC East: 1980, 1988, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2006, 2010, 2013, 2017\n\n\n\n\nPlayoff appearances (25)\n\n\n\n\nNFL: 1947, 1948, 1949, 1960, 1978, 1979, 1980, 1981, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1992, 1995, 1996, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2006, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2013, 2017\n\n\n\n\nHome fields\n\n\n\n\nBaker Bowl (1933–1935)\nPhiladelphia Municipal Stadium (1936–1939, 1941)\nConnie Mack Stadium (1940, 1942–1957)\nFranklin Field (1958–1970)\nVeterans Stadium (1971–2002)\nLincoln Financial Field (2003–present)\n\n\n\n"
] | [
"2017"
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914145989084181571 | Deamination | Deamination - wikipedia Deamination Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Deamination is the removal of an amino group from a molecule . Enzymes that catalyse this reaction are called deaminases . In the human body , deamination takes place primarily in the liver , however glutamate is also deaminated in the kidneys . In situations of excess protein intake , deamination is used to break down amino acids for energy . The amino group is removed from the amino acid and converted to ammonia . The rest of the amino acid is made up of mostly carbon and hydrogen , and is recycled or oxidized for energy . Ammonia is toxic to the human system , and enzymes convert it to urea or uric acid by addition of carbon dioxide molecules ( which is not considered a deamination process ) in the urea cycle , which also takes place in the liver . Urea and uric acid can safely diffuse into the blood and then be excreted in urine . Contents ( hide ) 1 Deamination reactions in DNA 1.1 Cytosine 1.2 5 - methylcytosine 1.3 Guanine 1.4 Adenine 2 Additional proteins performing this function 3 See also 4 References Deamination reactions in DNA ( edit ) Cytosine ( edit ) Spontaneous deamination is the hydrolysis reaction of cytosine into uracil , releasing ammonia in the process . This can occur in vitro through the use of bisulfite , which deaminates cytosine , but not 5 - methylcytosine . This property has allowed researchers to sequence methylated DNA to distinguish non-methylated cytosine ( shown up as uracil ) and methylated cytosine ( unaltered ) . In DNA , this spontaneous deamination is corrected for by the removal of uracil ( product of cytosine deamination and not part of DNA ) by uracil - DNA glycosylase , generating an abasic ( AP ) site . The resulting abasic site is then recognised by enzymes ( AP endonucleases ) that break a phosphodiester bond in the DNA , permitting the repair of the resulting lesion by replacement with another cytosine . A DNA polymerase may perform this replacement via nick translation , a terminal excision reaction by its 5 ' -- > 3 ' exonuclease activity , followed by a fill - in reaction by its polymerase activity . DNA ligase then forms a phosphodiester bond to seal the resulting nicked duplex product , which now includes a new , correct cytosine . ( See Base excision repair . ) 5 - methylcytosine ( edit ) Spontaneous deamination of 5 - methylcytosine results in thymine and ammonia . This is the most common single nucleotide mutation . In DNA , this reaction , if detected prior to passage of the replication fork , can be corrected by the enzyme thymine - DNA glycosylase , which removes the thymine base in a G / T mismatch . This leaves an abasic site that is repaired by AP endonucleases and polymerase , like with uracil - DNA glycosylase . Guanine ( edit ) Deamination of guanine results in the formation of xanthine . Xanthine , in a manner analogous to the enol tautomer of guanine , selectively base pairs with thymine instead of cytosine . This results in a post-replicative transition mutation , where the original G-C base pair transforms into an A-T base pair . Correction of this mutation involves the use of alkyladenine glycosylase ( Aag ) during base excision repair . Adenine ( edit ) Deamination of adenine results in the formation of hypoxanthine . Hypoxanthine , in a manner analogous to the imine tautomer of adenine , selectively base pairs with cytosine instead of thymine . This results in a post-replicative transition mutation , where the original A-T base pair transforms into a G-C base pair . Additional proteins performing this function ( edit ) APOBEC1 APOBEC3A - H , APOBEC3G - affects HIV Activation - induced ( cytidine ) deaminase ( AICDA ) AMP deaminase ( AMPD1 ) Cytodine deaminase of mononucelotides ( CDA ) Adenosine Deaminase acting on tRNA ( ADAT ) Adenosine Deaminase acting on dsRNA ( ADAR ) Adenosine Deaminase acting on mononucleotides ( ADA ) Guanine Deaminase ( GDA ) See also ( edit ) Adenosine monophosphate deaminase deficiency type 1 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Gallinari , P. ( 1996 ) . `` Cloning and Expression of Human G / T Mismatch - specific Thymine - DNA Glycosylase '' . Journal of Biological Chemistry . 271 ( 22 ) : 12767 -- 74 . doi : 10.1074 / jbc. 271.22. 12767 . PMID 8662714 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deamination&oldid=811544648 '' Categories : Metabolism Substitution reactions Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from March 2014 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Français Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 22 November 2017 , at 08 : 57 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where are unwanted amino acids converted into urea | [
"In the human body, deamination takes place primarily in the liver, however glutamate is also deaminated in the kidneys. In situations of excess protein intake, deamination is used to break down amino acids for energy. The amino group is removed from the amino acid and converted to ammonia. The rest of the amino acid is made up of mostly carbon and hydrogen, and is recycled or oxidized for energy. Ammonia is toxic to the human system, and enzymes convert it to urea or uric acid by addition of carbon dioxide molecules (which is not considered a deamination process) in the urea cycle, which also takes place in the liver. Urea and uric acid can safely diffuse into the blood and then be excreted in urine."
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"liver"
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6015243526821272545 | Little Boy | Little Boy - wikipedia Little Boy Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Little boy ( disambiguation ) . Little Boy A post-war Little Boy model Type Nuclear weapon Place of origin United States Production history Designer Los Alamos Laboratory Produced 1945 No. built 26 Specifications Weight 9,700 pounds ( 4,400 kg ) Length 10 feet ( 3.0 m ) Diameter 28 inches ( 71 cm ) Filling Uranium - 235 Filling weight 140 lb ( 64 kg ) Blast yield 15 kilotons of TNT ( 63 TJ ; 0.7 g mass equivalent ) `` Little Boy '' was the codename for the atomic bomb dropped on the Japanese city of Hiroshima on 6 August 1945 during World War II by the Boeing B - 29 Superfortress Enola Gay , piloted by Colonel Paul W. Tibbets , Jr. , commander of the 509th Composite Group of the United States Army Air Forces . It was the first atomic bomb to be used in warfare . The Hiroshima bombing was the second artificial nuclear explosion in history , after the Trinity test , and the first uranium - based detonation . It exploded with an energy of approximately 15 kilotons of TNT ( 63 TJ ) . The bomb caused significant destruction to the city of Hiroshima and its occupants . Little Boy was developed by Lieutenant Commander Francis Birch 's group of Captain William S. Parsons 's Ordnance ( O ) Division at the Manhattan Project 's Los Alamos Laboratory during World War II . Parsons flew on the Hiroshima mission as weaponeer . The Little Boy was a development of the unsuccessful Thin Man nuclear bomb . Like Thin Man , it was a gun - type fission weapon , but derived its explosive power from the nuclear fission of uranium - 235 , whereas Thin Man was based on fission of plutonium - 239 . Fission was accomplished by shooting a hollow cylinder of enriched uranium ( the `` bullet '' ) onto a solid cylinder of the same material ( the `` target '' ) by means of a charge of nitrocellulose propellant powder . It contained 64 kg ( 141 lb ) of enriched uranium , of which less than a kilogram underwent nuclear fission . Its components were fabricated at three different plants so that no one would have a copy of the complete design . After the war ended , it was not expected that the inefficient Little Boy design would ever again be required , and many plans and diagrams were destroyed , but by mid-1946 the Hanford Site reactors were suffering badly from the Wigner effect , so six Little Boy assemblies were produced at Sandia Base . The Navy Bureau of Ordnance built another 25 Little Boy assemblies in 1947 for use by the Lockheed P2V Neptune nuclear strike aircraft ( which could be launched from , but not land on , the Midway - class aircraft carriers ) . All the Little Boy units were withdrawn from service by the end of January 1951 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Naming 2 Development 3 Design 3.1 Assembly details 3.2 Counter-intuitive design 3.3 Fuze system 4 Rehearsals 5 Bombing of Hiroshima 5.1 Project Ichiban 6 Physical effects of the bomb 6.1 Blast 6.2 Fire 6.3 Radiation 6.4 Conventional weapon equivalent 7 Post-war 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Naming ( edit ) The names for all three atomic bomb design projects during World War II -- Fat Man , Thin Man , and Little Boy -- were created by Robert Serber , a former student of Los Alamos Laboratory director Robert Oppenheimer who worked on the Manhattan Project . According to Serber , he chose them based on their design shapes . The `` Thin Man '' was a long device , and its name came from the Dashiell Hammett detective novel and series of movies of the same name . The `` Fat Man '' was round and fat , and was named after Kasper Gutman , Sydney Greenstreet 's character in The Maltese Falcon . Little Boy came last , and was named after Elisha Cook , Jr. 's character in the same film , as referred to by Humphrey Bogart . Development ( edit ) Main article : Manhattan Project Because uranium - 235 was known to be fissionable , it was the first material pursued in the approach to bomb development . As the first design developed ( as well as the first deployed for combat ) , it is sometimes known as the Mark I . The vast majority of the work came in the form of the isotope enrichment of the uranium necessary for the weapon , since uranium - 235 makes up only 1 part in 140 of natural uranium . Enrichment was performed at Oak Ridge , Tennessee , where the electromagnetic separation plant , known as Y - 12 , became fully operational in March 1944 . The first shipments of highly enriched uranium were sent to the Los Alamos Laboratory in June 1944 . Most of the uranium necessary for the production of the bomb came from the Shinkolobwe mine and was made available thanks to the foresight of the CEO of the High Katanga Mining Union , Edgar Sengier , who had 1,000 long tons ( 1,000 t ) of uranium ore transported to a New York warehouse in 1939 . At least part of the 1,200 long tons ( 1,200 t ) of uranium ore and uranium oxide captured by the Alsos Mission in 1944 and 1945 was used in the bomb . As part of Project Alberta , Commander A. Francis Birch ( left ) assembles the bomb while physicist Norman Ramsey watches . This is one of the rare photos where the inside of the bomb can be seen . Little Boy was a simplification of Thin Man , the previous gun - type fission weapon design . Thin Man , 17 feet ( 5.2 m ) long , was designed to use plutonium , so it was also more than capable of using enriched uranium . The Thin Man design was abandoned after experiments by Emilio G. Segrè and his P - 5 Group at Los Alamos on the newly reactor - produced plutonium from Oak Ridge and the Hanford site showed that it contained impurities in the form of the isotope plutonium - 240 . This has a far higher spontaneous fission rate and radioactivity than the cyclotron - produced plutonium on which the original measurements had been made , and its inclusion in reactor - bred plutonium ( needed for bomb making due to the quantities required ) appeared unavoidable . This meant that the background fission rate of the plutonium was so high that it would be highly likely the plutonium would predetonate and blow itself apart in the initial forming of a critical mass . In July 1944 , almost all research at Los Alamos was redirected to the implosion - type plutonium weapon . Overall responsibility for the uranium gun - type weapon was assigned to Captain William S. Parsons 's Ordnance ( O ) Division . All the design , development , and technical work at Los Alamos was consolidated under Lieutenant Commander Francis Birch 's group . In contrast to the plutonium implosion - type nuclear weapon and the plutonium gun - type fission weapon , the uranium gun - type weapon was straightforward if not trivial to design . The concept was pursued so that in case of a failure to develop a plutonium bomb , it would still be possible to use the gun principle . The gun - type design henceforth had to work with enriched uranium only , and this allowed the Thin Man design to be greatly simplified . A high - velocity gun was no longer required , and a simpler weapon could be substituted . The simplified weapon was short enough to fit into a B - 29 bomb bay . The design specifications were completed in February 1945 , and contracts were let to build the components . Three different plants were used so that no one would have a copy of the complete design . The gun and breech were made by the Naval Gun Factory in Washington , D.C. ; the target case and some other components were by the Naval Ordnance Plant in Center Line , Michigan ; and the tail fairing and mounting brackets by the Expert Tool and Die Company in Detroit , Michigan . The bomb , except for the uranium payload , was ready at the beginning of May 1945 . The uranium - 235 projectile was completed on 15 June , and the target on 24 July . The target and bomb pre-assemblies ( partly assembled bombs without the fissile components ) left Hunters Point Naval Shipyard , California , on 16 July aboard the heavy cruiser USS Indianapolis , arriving on 26 July . The target inserts followed by air on 30 July . Although all of its components had been tested , no full test of a gun - type nuclear weapon occurred before the Little Boy was dropped over Hiroshima . The only test explosion of a nuclear weapon concept had been of an implosion - type device employing plutonium as its fissile material , and took place on 16 July 1945 at the Trinity nuclear test . There were several reasons for not testing a Little Boy type of device . Primarily , there was little uranium - 235 as compared with the relatively large amount of plutonium which , it was expected , could be produced by the Hanford Site reactors . Additionally , the weapon design was simple enough that it was only deemed necessary to do laboratory tests with the gun - type assembly . Unlike the implosion design , which required sophisticated coordination of shaped explosive charges , the gun - type design was considered almost certain to work . The danger of accidental detonation made safety a concern . Little Boy incorporated basic safety mechanisms , but an accidental detonation could still occur . Tests were conducted to see whether a crash could drive the hollow `` bullet '' onto the `` target '' cylinder resulting in a massive release of radiation , or possibly nuclear detonation . These showed that this required an impact of 500 times the force of gravity , which made it highly unlikely . There was still concern that a crash and a fire could trigger the explosives . If immersed in water , the uranium halves were subject to a neutron moderator effect . While this would not have caused an explosion , it could have created widespread radioactive contamination . For this reason , pilots were advised to crash on land rather than at sea . Design ( edit ) The `` gun '' assembly method . When the hollow uranium projectile was driven onto the target cylinder , a nuclear explosion resulted . The Little Boy was 120 inches ( 300 cm ) in length , 28 inches ( 71 cm ) in diameter and weighed approximately 9,700 pounds ( 4,400 kg ) . The design used the gun method to explosively force a hollow sub-critical mass of uranium - 235 and a solid target cylinder together into a super-critical mass , initiating a nuclear chain reaction . This was accomplished by shooting one piece of the uranium onto the other by means of four cylindrical silk bags of cordite . The bomb contained 64 kg ( 141 lb ) of enriched uranium . Most was enriched to 89 % but some was only 50 % uranium - 235 , for an average enrichment of 80 % . Less than a kilogram of uranium underwent nuclear fission , and of this mass only 0.6 g ( 0.021 oz ) was transformed into several forms of energy , mostly kinetic energy , but also heat and radiation . Assembly details ( edit ) Inside the weapon , the uranium - 235 material was divided into two parts , following the gun principle : the `` projectile '' and the `` target '' . The projectile was a hollow cylinder with 60 % of the total mass ( 38.5 kg ( 85 lb ) ) . It consisted of a stack of 9 uranium rings , each 6.25 - inch ( 159 mm ) in diameter with a 4 - inch ( 100 mm ) bore in the center , and a total length of 7 inches ( 180 mm ) , pressed together into the front end of a thin - walled projectile 16.25 inches ( 413 mm ) long . Filling in the remainder of the space behind these rings in the projectile was a tungsten carbide disc with a steel back . At ignition , the projectile slug was pushed 42 inches ( 1,100 mm ) along the 72 - inch ( 1,800 mm ) long , 6.5 - inch ( 170 mm ) smooth - bore gun barrel . The slug `` insert '' was a 4 inches ( 100 mm ) cylinder , 7 inches ( 180 mm ) in length with a 1 inch ( 25 mm ) axial hole . The slug comprised 40 % of the total fissile mass ( 25.6 kg or 56 lb ) . The insert was a stack of 6 washer - like uranium discs somewhat thicker than the projectile rings that were slid over a 1 inch ( 25 mm ) rod . This rod then extended forward through the tungsten carbide tamper plug , impact - absorbing anvil , and nose plug backstop , eventually protruding out of the front of the bomb casing . This entire target assembly was secured at both ends with locknuts . When the hollow - front projectile reached the target and slid over the target insert , the assembled super-critical mass of uranium would be completely surrounded by a tamper and neutron reflector of tungsten carbide and steel , both materials having a combined mass of 2,300 kg ( 5,100 lb ) . Neutron initiators at the base of the projectile were activated by the impact . Counter-intuitive design ( edit ) For the first fifty years after 1945 , every published description and drawing of the Little Boy mechanism assumed that a small , solid projectile was fired into the center of a larger , stationary target . However , critical mass considerations dictated that in Little Boy the larger , hollow piece would be the projectile . The assembled fissile core had more than two critical masses of uranium - 235 . This required one of the two pieces to have more than one critical mass , with the larger piece avoiding criticality prior to assembly by means of shape and minimal contact with the neutron - reflecting tungsten carbide tamper . A hole in the center of the larger piece dispersed the mass and increased the surface area , allowing more fission neutrons to escape , thus preventing a premature chain reaction . But , for this larger , hollow piece to have minimal contact with the tamper , it must be the projectile , since only the projectile 's back end was in contact with the tamper prior to detonation . The rest of the tungsten carbide surrounded the sub-critical mass target cylinder ( called the `` insert '' by the designers ) with air space between it and the insert . This arrangement packs the maximum amount of fissile material into a gun - assembly design . Fuze system ( edit ) Arming plugs for a Little Boy type atomic bomb on display at the National Air and Space Museum 's Steven F. Udvar - Hazy Center . The bomb employed a fusing system that was designed to detonate the bomb at the most destructive altitude . Calculations showed that for the largest destructive effect , the bomb should explode at an altitude of 580 metres ( 1,900 ft ) . The resultant fuze design was a three - stage interlock system : A timer ensured that the bomb would not explode until at least fifteen seconds after release , one - quarter of the predicted fall time , to ensure safety of the aircraft . The timer was activated when the electrical pull - out plugs connecting it to the airplane pulled loose as the bomb fell , switching it to internal ( 24V battery ) power and starting the timer . At the end of the 15 seconds , the radar altimeters were powered up and responsibility was passed to the barometric stage . The purpose of the barometric stage was to delay activating the radar altimeter firing command circuit until near detonation altitude . A thin metallic membrane enclosing a vacuum chamber ( a similar design is still used today in old - fashioned wall barometers ) gradually deformed as ambient air pressure increased during descent . The barometric fuze was not considered accurate enough to detonate the bomb at the precise ignition height , because air pressure varies with local conditions . When the bomb reached the design height for this stage ( reportedly 2,000 metres , 6,600 ft ) , the membrane closed a circuit , activating the radar altimeters . The barometric stage was added because of a worry that external radar signals might detonate the bomb too early . Two or more redundant radar altimeters were used to reliably detect final altitude . When the altimeters sensed the correct height , the firing switch closed , igniting the three BuOrd Mk15 , Mod 1 Navy gun primers in the breech plug , which set off the charge consisting of four silk powder bags each containing two pounds of WM slotted - tube cordite . This launched the uranium projectile towards the opposite end of the gun barrel at an eventual muzzle velocity of 300 metres per second ( 980 ft / s ) . Approximately 10 milliseconds later the chain reaction occurred , lasting less than 1 microsecond . The radar altimeters used were modified U.S. Army Air Corps APS - 13 tail warning radars , nicknamed `` Archie '' , normally used to warn a fighter pilot of another plane approaching from behind . Rehearsals ( edit ) Little Boy in the bomb pit on Tinian island , before being loaded into Enola Gay 's bomb bay . A section of the bomb bay door is visible on the top right . The Little Boy pre-assemblies were designated L - 1 , L - 2 , L - 3 , L - 4 , L - 5 , L - 6 , L - 7 , and L - 11 . L - 1 , L - 2 , L - 5 , and L - 6 were expended in test drops . The first drop test was conducted with L - 1 on 23 July 1945 . It was dropped over the sea near Tinian in order to test the radar altimeter by the B - 29 later known as Big Stink , piloted by Colonel Paul W. Tibbets , the commander of the 509th Composite Group . Two more drop tests over the sea were made on 24 and 25 July , using the L - 2 and L - 5 units in order to test all components . Tibbets was the pilot for both missions , but this time the bomber used was the one subsequently known as Jabit . L - 6 was used as a dress rehearsal on 29 July . The B - 29 Next Objective , piloted by Major Charles W. Sweeney , flew to Iwo Jima , where emergency procedures for loading the bomb onto a standby aircraft were practiced . This rehearsal was repeated on 31 July , but this time L - 6 was reloaded onto a different B - 29 , Enola Gay , piloted by Tibbets , and the bomb was test dropped near Tinian . L - 11 was the assembly used for the Hiroshima bomb . Bombing of Hiroshima ( edit ) Main article : Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki § Bombing of Hiroshima Parsons , the Enola Gay 's weaponeer , was concerned about the possibility of an accidental detonation if the plane crashed on takeoff , so he decided not to load the four cordite powder bags into the gun breech until the aircraft was in flight . Parsons and his assistant , Second Lieutenant Morris R. Jeppson , made their way into the bomb bay along the narrow catwalk on the port side . Jeppson held a flashlight while Parsons disconnected the primer wires , removed the breech plug , inserted the powder bags , replaced the breech plug , and reconnected the wires . Before climbing to altitude on approach to the target , Jeppson switched the three safety plugs between the electrical connectors of the internal battery and the firing mechanism from green to red . The bomb was then fully armed . Jeppson monitored the bomb 's circuits . The mushroom cloud over Hiroshima after the dropping of Little Boy The bomb was dropped at approximately 08 : 15 ( JST ) 6 August 1945 . After falling for 44.4 seconds , the time and barometric triggers started the firing mechanism . The detonation happened at an altitude of 1,968 ± 50 feet ( 600 ± 15 m ) . It was less powerful than the Fat Man , which was dropped on Nagasaki , but the damage and the number of victims at Hiroshima were much higher , as Hiroshima was on flat terrain , while the hypocenter of Nagasaki lay in a small valley . According to figures published in 1945 , 66,000 people were killed as a direct result of the Hiroshima blast , and 69,000 were injured to varying degrees . Of those deaths , 20,000 were members of the Imperial Japanese Army . The exact measurement of the yield was problematic , since the weapon had never been tested . President Harry S. Truman officially announced that the yield was 20 kilotons of TNT ( 84 TJ ) . This was based on Parsons 's visual assessment that the blast was greater than what he had seen at the Trinity nuclear test . Since that had been estimated at 18 kilotons of TNT ( 75 TJ ) , speech writers rounded up to 20 kilotons . Further discussion was then suppressed , for fear of lessening the impact of the bomb on the Japanese . Data had been collected by Luis Alvarez , Harold Agnew , and Lawrence H. Johnston on the instrument plane , The Great Artiste , but this was not used to calculate the yield at the time . After hostilities ended , a survey team from the Manhattan Project that included William Penney , Robert Serber , and George T. Reynolds was sent to Hiroshima to evaluate the effects of the blast . From evaluating the effects on objects and structures , Penney concluded that the yield was 12 ± 1 kilotons . Later calculations based on charring pointed to a yield of 13 to 14 kilotons . In 1953 , Frederick Reines calculated the yield as 13 kilotons . This figure became the official yield . Project Ichiban ( edit ) In 1962 , scientists at Los Alamos created a mockup of Little Boy known as `` Project Ichiban '' in order to answer some of the unanswered questions , but it failed to clear up all the issues . In 1982 , Los Alamos created a replica Little Boy from the original drawings and specifications . This was then tested with enriched uranium but in a safe configuration that would not cause a nuclear explosion . A hydraulic lift was used to move the projectile , and experiments were run to assess neutron emission . Based on this and the data from The Great Artiste , the yield was estimated at 16.6 ± 0.3 kilotons . After considering many estimation methods , a 1985 report concluded that the yield was 15 kilotons ± 20 % . When 1 pound ( 0.45 kg ) of uranium - 235 undergoes complete fission , the yield is 8 kilotons . The 16 kiloton yield of the Little Boy bomb was therefore produced by the fission of 2 pounds ( 0.91 kg ) of uranium - 235 , out of the 141 pounds ( 64 kg ) in the pit . The remaining 139 pounds ( 63 kg ) , 98.5 % of the total , contributed nothing to the energy yield . Physical effects of the bomb ( edit ) Play media The General Effects of the Atomic Bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki , a US Air Force film . After being selected in April 1945 , Hiroshima was spared conventional bombing to serve as a pristine target , where the effects of a nuclear bomb on an undamaged city could be observed . While damage could be studied later , the energy yield of the untested Little Boy design could be determined only at the moment of detonation , using instruments dropped by parachute from a plane flying in formation with the one that dropped the bomb . Radio - transmitted data from these instruments indicated a yield of about 15 kilotons . Comparing this yield to the observed damage produced a rule of thumb called the 5 psi lethal area rule . Approximately 100 % of people inside the area where the shock wave carries an overpressure of 5 psi or greater would be killed . At Hiroshima , that area was 3.5 kilometres ( 2.2 mi ) in diameter . The damage came from three main effects : blast , fire , and radiation . Blast ( edit ) The blast from a nuclear bomb is the result of X-ray - heated air ( the fireball ) sending a shock wave or pressure wave in all directions , initially at a velocity greater than the speed of sound , analogous to thunder generated by lightning . Knowledge about urban blast destruction is based largely on studies of Little Boy at Hiroshima . Nagasaki buildings suffered similar damage at similar distances , but the Nagasaki bomb detonated 3.2 kilometres ( 2.0 mi ) from the city center over hilly terrain that was partially bare of buildings . Frame house in 1953 nuclear test , 5 psi overpressure In Hiroshima almost everything within 1.6 kilometres ( 1.0 mi ) of the point directly under the explosion was completely destroyed , except for about 50 heavily reinforced , earthquake - resistant concrete buildings , only the shells of which remained standing . Most were completely gutted , with their windows , doors , sashes , and frames ripped out . The perimeter of severe blast damage approximately followed the 5 psi ( 34 kPa ) contour at 1.8 kilometres ( 1.1 mi ) . Later test explosions of nuclear weapons with houses and other test structures nearby confirmed the 5 psi overpressure threshold . Ordinary urban buildings experiencing it will be crushed , toppled , or gutted by the force of air pressure . The picture at right shows the effects of a nuclear - bomb - generated 5 psi pressure wave on a test structure in Nevada in 1953 . A major effect of this kind of structural damage was that it created fuel for fires that were started simultaneously throughout the severe destruction region . Fire ( edit ) The first effect of the explosion was blinding light , accompanied by radiant heat from the fireball . The Hiroshima fireball was 370 metres ( 1,200 ft ) in diameter , with a surface temperature of 6,000 ° C ( 10,830 ° F ) . Near ground zero , everything flammable burst into flame . One famous , anonymous Hiroshima victim , sitting on stone steps 260 metres ( 850 ft ) from the hypocenter , left only a shadow , having absorbed the fireball heat that permanently bleached the surrounding stone . Simultaneous fires were started throughout the blast - damaged area by fireball heat and by overturned stoves and furnaces , electrical shorts , etc . Twenty minutes after the detonation , these fires had merged into a firestorm , pulling in surface air from all directions to feed an inferno which consumed everything flammable . Hiroshima blast and fire damage , U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey map The Hiroshima firestorm was roughly 3.2 kilometres ( 2.0 mi ) in diameter , corresponding closely to the severe blast damage zone . ( See the USSBS map , right . ) Blast - damaged buildings provided fuel for the fire . Structural lumber and furniture were splintered and scattered about . Debris - choked roads obstructed fire fighters . Broken gas pipes fueled the fire , and broken water pipes rendered hydrants useless . At Nagasaki , the fires failed to merge into a single firestorm , and the fire - damaged area was only one fourth as great as at Hiroshima , due in part to a southwest wind that pushed the fires away from the city . As the map shows , the Hiroshima firestorm jumped natural firebreaks ( river channels ) , as well as prepared firebreaks . The spread of fire stopped only when it reached the edge of the blast - damaged area , encountering less available fuel . Accurate casualty figures are impossible to determine , because many victims were cremated by the firestorm , along with all record of their existence . The Manhattan Project report on Hiroshima estimated that 60 % of immediate deaths were caused by fire , but with the caveat that `` many persons near the center of explosion suffered fatal injuries from more than one of the bomb effects . '' In particular , many fire victims also received lethal doses of nuclear radiation . Radiation ( edit ) Local fallout is dust and ash from a bomb crater , contaminated with radioactive fission products . It falls to earth downwind of the crater and can produce , with radiation alone , a lethal area much larger than that from blast and fire . With an air burst , the fission products rise into the stratosphere , where they dissipate and become part of the global environment . Because Little Boy was an air burst 580 metres ( 1,900 ft ) above the ground , there was no bomb crater and no local radioactive fallout . However , a burst of intense neutron and gamma radiation came directly from the fireball . Its lethal radius was 1.3 kilometres ( 0.8 mi ) , covering about half of the firestorm area . An estimated 30 % of immediate fatalities were people who received lethal doses of this direct radiation , but died in the firestorm before their radiation injuries would have become apparent . Over 6,000 people survived the blast and fire , but died of radiation injuries . Among injured survivors , 30 % had radiation injuries from which they recovered , but with a lifelong increase in cancer risk . To date , no radiation - related evidence of heritable diseases has been observed among the survivors ' children . Conventional weapon equivalent ( edit ) See also : Operation Meetinghouse Although Little Boy exploded with the energy equivalent of 16,000 tons of TNT , the Strategic Bombing Survey estimated that the same blast and fire effect could have been caused by 2,100 tons of conventional bombs : `` 220 B - 29s carrying 1,200 tons of incendiary bombs , 400 tons of high - explosive bombs , and 500 tons of anti-personnel fragmentation bombs . '' Since the target was spread across a two - dimensional plane , the vertical component of a single spherical nuclear explosion was largely wasted . A cluster bomb pattern of smaller explosions would have been a more energy - efficient match to the target . Post-war ( edit ) One of five casings built for the Little Boy bomb used on Hiroshima on display at the Imperial War Museum in London during 2015 When the war ended , it was not expected that the inefficient Little Boy design would ever again be required , and many plans and diagrams were destroyed . However , by mid-1946 the Hanford Site reactors were suffering badly from the Wigner effect . Faced with the prospect of no more plutonium for new cores and no more polonium for the initiators for the cores that had already been produced , Groves ordered that a number of Little Boys be prepared as an interim measure until a cure could be found . No Little Boy assemblies were available , and no comprehensive set of diagrams of the Little Boy could be found , although there were drawings of the various components , and stocks of spare parts . At Sandia Base , three Army officers , Captains Albert Bethel , Richard Meyer , and Bobbie Griffin attempted to re-create the Little Boy . They were supervised by Harlow W. Russ , an expert on Little Boy who served with Project Alberta on Tinian , and was now leader of the Z - 11 Group of the Los Alamos Laboratory 's Z Division at Sandia . Gradually , they managed to locate the correct drawings and parts , and figured out how they went together . Eventually , they built six Little Boy assemblies . Although the casings , barrels , and components were tested , no enriched uranium was supplied for the bombs . By early 1947 , the problem caused by the Wigner effect was on its way to solution , and the three officers were reassigned . The Navy Bureau of Ordnance built 25 Little Boy assemblies in 1947 for use by the nuclear - capable Lockheed P2V Neptune aircraft carrier aircraft ( which could be launched from but not land on the Midway - class aircraft carriers ) . Components were produced by the Naval Ordnance Plants in Pocatello , Idaho , and Louisville , Kentucky . Enough fissionable material was available by 1948 to build ten projectiles and targets , although there were only enough initiators for six . All the Little Boy units were withdrawn from service by the end of January 1951 . The Smithsonian Institution displayed a Little Boy ( complete , except for enriched uranium ) , until 1986 . The Department of Energy took the weapon from the museum to remove its inner components , so the bombs could not be stolen and detonated with fissile material . The government returned the emptied casing to the Smithsonian in 1993 . Three other disarmed bombs are on display in the United States ; another is at the Imperial War Museum in London . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Serber & Crease 1998 , p. 104 . Jump up ^ Hansen 1995 , p . V - 105 . Jump up ^ Jones 1985 , p. 9 . Jump up ^ Jones 1985 , p. 138 . Jump up ^ Jones 1985 , p. 143 . Jump up ^ Jones 1985 , p. 25 . Jump up ^ Rhodes 1995 , pp. 160 -- 161 . Jump up ^ Hoddeson et al. 1993 , p. 228 . Jump up ^ Hoddeson et al. 1993 , pp. 245 -- 249 . Jump up ^ Rhodes 1986 , p. 541 . Jump up ^ Hoddeson et al. 1993 , p. 257 . Jump up ^ Hoddeson et al. 1993 , p. 262 . ^ Jump up to : Hoddeson et al. 1993 , p. 265 . Jump up ^ Coster - Mullen 2012 , p. 30 . Jump up ^ Hansen 1995 , pp. 111 -- 112 . Jump up ^ Hoddeson et al. 1993 , p. 293 . ^ Jump up to : Hansen 1995 , p. 113 . Jump up ^ Hoddeson et al. 1993 , p. 333 . Jump up ^ Gosling 1999 , p. 51 . Jump up ^ Coster - Mullen 2012 , p. 18 . Jump up ^ Glasstone & Dolan 1977 , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Sublette , Carey . `` Nuclear Weapons Frequently Asked Questions , Section 8.0 : The First Nuclear Weapons '' . Retrieved 29 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Coster - Mullen 2012 , pp. 18 -- 19 , 27 . Jump up ^ Bernstein 2007 , p. 133 . Jump up ^ Hoddeson et al. 1993 , pp. 263 -- 265 . ^ Jump up to : Samuels 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Coster - Mullen 2012 , pp. 23 -- 24 . ^ Jump up to : Hansen 1995a , pp. 2 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Campbell 2005 , pp. 46 , 80 . Jump up ^ Coster - Mullen 2012 , pp. 100 -- 101 . Jump up ^ Coster - Mullen 2012 , pp. 34 -- 35 . Jump up ^ The Manhattan Engineer District ( 29 June 1945 ) . `` The Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki '' . Project Gutenberg Ebook . docstoc.com . p. 3 . Jump up ^ Alan Axelrod ( 6 May 2008 ) . The Real History of World War II : A New Look at the Past . Sterling . p. 350 . ^ Jump up to : Hoddeson et al. 1993 , p. 393 . Jump up ^ Malik 1985 , pp. 18 -- 20 . Jump up ^ Malik 1985 , p. 21 . ^ Jump up to : Malik 1985 , p. 1 . Jump up ^ Coster - Mullen 2012 , pp. 86 -- 87 . Jump up ^ Malik 1985 , p. 16 . Jump up ^ Glasstone & Dolan 1977 , pp. 5 , 6 . Jump up ^ Groves 1962 , p. 267 , `` To enable us to assess accurately the effects of the ( nuclear ) bomb , the targets should not have been previously damaged by air raids . '' Four cities were chosen , including Hiroshima and Kyoto . War Secretary Stimson vetoed Kyoto , and Nagasaki was substituted . p. 275 , `` When our target cities were first selected , an order was sent to the Army Air Force in Guam not to bomb them without special authority from the War Department . '' . Jump up ^ Glasstone 1962 , p. 629 . ^ Jump up to : Glasstone & Dolan 1977 , p . Nuclear Bomb Effects Computer . Jump up ^ Glasstone & Dolan 1977 , p. 1 . Jump up ^ Diacon 1984 , p. 18 . Jump up ^ Glasstone & Dolan 1977 , pp. 300 , 301 . Jump up ^ The Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki , 1946 , p. 14 . Jump up ^ Glasstone & Dolan 1977 , p. 179 . Jump up ^ Nuclear Weapon Thermal Effects 1998 . Jump up ^ Human Shadow Etched in Stone . ^ Jump up to : Glasstone & Dolan 1977 , pp. 300 -- 304 . Jump up ^ D'Olier 1946 , pp. 22 -- 25 . Jump up ^ Glasstone & Dolan 1977 , p. 304 . Jump up ^ The Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki , 1946 , pp. 21 -- 23 . ^ Jump up to : The Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki , 1946 , p. 21 . Jump up ^ Glasstone & Dolan 1977 , p. 409 `` An air burst , by definition , is one taking place at such a height above the earth that no appreciable quantities of surface material are taken up into the fireball ... the deposition of early fallout from an air burst will generally not be significant . An air burst , however , may produce some induced radioactive contamination in the general vicinity of ground zero as a result of neutron capture by elements in the soil . '' p. 36 , `` at Hiroshima ... injuries due to fallout were completely absent . '' . Jump up ^ Glasstone & Dolan 1977 , pp. 545 , 546 . Jump up ^ Richardson RR 2009 . Jump up ^ Genetic Effects . Jump up ^ Izumi BJC 2003 . Jump up ^ Izumi IJC 2003 . ^ Jump up to : D'Olier 1946 , p. 24 . ^ Jump up to : Coster - Mullen 2012 , p. 85 . ^ Jump up to : Abrahamson & Carew 2002 , pp. 41 -- 42 . Jump up ^ Hansen 1995 , pp. 116 -- 118 . Jump up ^ Hansen 1995 , p. 3 . Jump up ^ `` Chart of Strategic Nuclear Bombs '' . strategic-air-command.com . References ( edit ) Abrahamson , James L. ; Carew , Paul H. ( 2002 ) . Vanguard of American Atomic Deterrence . Westport , Connecticut : Praeger . ISBN 0 - 275 - 97819 - 2 . OCLC 49859889 . `` The Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki '' ( PDF ) . The Manhattan Engineer District . 29 Jun 1946 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 06 . This report can also be found here and here . Bernstein , Jeremy ( 2007 ) . Nuclear Weapons : What You Need to Know . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 88408 - X . Campbell , Richard H. ( 2005 ) . The Silverplate Bombers : A History and Registry of the Enola Gay and Other B - 29s Configured to Carry Atomic Bombs . Jefferson , North Carolina : McFarland & Company . ISBN 0 - 7864 - 2139 - 8 . OCLC 58554961 . Coster - Mullen , John ( 2012 ) . Atom Bombs : The Top Secret Inside Story of Little Boy and Fat Man . Waukesha , Wisconsin : J. Coster - Mullen . OCLC 298514167 . Diacon , Diane ( 1984 ) . Residential Housing and Nuclear Attack . London : Croom Helm . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7099 - 0868 - 5 . D'Olier , Franklin , ed. ( 1946 ) . United States Strategic Bombing Survey , Summary Report ( Pacific War ) . Washington : United States Government Printing Office . Retrieved 6 November 2013 . This report can also be found here . `` Genetic Effects : Question # 7 '' . Radiation Effects Research Foundation . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 06 . Glasstone , Samuel ( 1962 ) . The Effects of Nuclear Weapons , Revised Edition . United States : United States Department of Defense and United States Atomic Energy Commission . ISBN 978 - 1258793555 . Glasstone , Samuel ; Dolan , Philip J. ( 1977 ) . The Effects of Nuclear Weapons , Third Edition . United States : United States Department of Defense and United States Department of Energy . ISBN 978 - 1603220163 . Gosling , F.G. ( 1999 ) . The Manhattan Project : Making the Atomic Bomb . Diane Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7881 - 7880 - 1 . Groves , Leslie R. ( 1962 ) . Now it Can Be Told : the Story of the Manhattan Project . New York : Da Capo Press ( 1975 reprint ) . ISBN 0 - 306 - 70738 - 1 . Hansen , Chuck ( 1995 ) . Volume V : US Nuclear Weapons Histories . Swords of Armageddon : US Nuclear Weapons Development since 1945 . Sunnyvale , California : Chuckelea Publications . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9791915 - 0 - 3 . OCLC 231585284 . Hansen , Chuck ( 1995a ) . Volume VII : The Development of US Nuclear Weapons . Swords of Armageddon : US Nuclear Weapons Development since 1945 . Sunnyvale , California : Chuckelea Publications . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9791915 - 7 - 2 . OCLC 231585284 . Hoddeson , Lillian ; Henriksen , Paul W. ; Meade , Roger A. ; Westfall , Catherine L. ( 1993 ) . Critical Assembly : A Technical History of Los Alamos During the Oppenheimer Years , 1943 -- 1945 . New York : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 44132 - 3 . OCLC 26764320 . `` Human Shadow Etched in Stone '' . Photographic Display . Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 06 . Izumi S , Koyama K , Soda M , Suyama A ( November 2003 ) . `` Cancer incidence in children and young adults did not increase relative to parental exposure to atomic bombs '' . British Journal of Cancer . 89 ( 9 ) : 1709 -- 13 . PMC 2394417 . PMID 14583774 . doi : 10.1038 / sj. bjc. 6601322 . Izumi S , Suyama A , Koyama K ( November 2003 ) . `` Radiation - related mortality among offspring of atomic bomb survivors : a half - century of follow - up '' . International Journal of Cancer . 107 ( 2 ) : 292 -- 7 . PMID 12949810 . doi : 10.1002 / ijc. 11400 . Jones , Vincent ( 1985 ) . Manhattan : The Army and the Atomic Bomb ( PDF ) . Washington , D.C. : United States Army Center of Military History . OCLC 10913875 . Retrieved 25 August 2013 . Malik , John S. ( 1985 ) . `` The yields of the Hiroshima and Nagasaki nuclear explosions '' ( PDF ) . Los Alamos National Laboratory report number LA - 8819 . Retrieved 6 November 2013 . `` Nuclear Weapon Thermal Effects '' . Special Weapons Primer , Weapons of Mass Destruction . Federation of American Scientists . 1998 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 05 . Rhodes , Richard ( 1986 ) . The Making of the Atomic Bomb . New York : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 684 - 81378 - 5 . OCLC 13793436 . Rhodes , Richard ( 1995 ) . Dark Sun : The Making of the Hydrogen Bomb . New York : Touchstone . ISBN 0 - 684 - 82414 - 0 . Richardson , David ; et al. ( September 2009 ) . `` Ionizing Radiation and Leukemia Mortality among Japanese Atomic Bomb Survivors , 1950 -- 2000 '' . Radiation Research . 172 ( 3 ) : 368 -- 382 . PMID 19708786 . doi : 10.1667 / RR1801. 1 . Samuels , David ( 15 December 2008 ) . `` Atomic John : A truck driver uncovers secrets about the first nuclear bombs '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved 30 August 2013 . Serber , Robert ; Crease , Robert P. ( 1998 ) . Peace & War : Reminiscences of a Life on the Frontiers of Science . New York : Columbia University Press . ISBN 9780231105460 . OCLC 37631186 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Little Boy . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how long was the little boy atomic bomb | [
"\nLength\n10 feet (3.0 m)\n"
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"10 feet (3.0 m)"
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-684943165006867206 | Oogenesis | Oogenesis - wikipedia Oogenesis Jump to : navigation , search Oogenesis Identifiers MeSH D009866 Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) Oogenesis , ovogenesis , or oögenesis / ˌoʊ. əˈdʒɛnɪsɪs / is the differentiation of the ovum ( egg cell ) into a cell competent to further development when fertilized . It is developed from the primary oocyte by maturation . Contents ( hide ) 1 Oogenesis in mammals 1.1 The creation of oogonia 2 Human oogenesis 2.1 Oogenesis 2.1. 1 Number of primary oocytes 2.2 Ootidogenesis 2.2. 1 Meiosis I 2.2. 2 Meiosis II 2.2. 3 Folliculogenesis 2.3 Maturation into ovum 2.4 In vitro maturation 3 Oogenesis in non-mammals 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Oogenesis in mammals ( edit ) Diagram showing the reduction in number of the chromosomes in the process of maturation of the ovum . ( In mammals , the first polar body normally disintegrates before dividing , so only two polar bodies are produced . ) In mammals , the first part of oogenesis starts in the germinal epithelium , which gives rise to the development of ovarian follicles , the functional unit of the ovary . Oogenesis consists of several sub-processes : oocytogenesis , ootidogenesis , and finally maturation to form an ovum ( oogenesis proper ) . Folliculogenesis is a separate sub-process that accompanies and supports all three oogenetic sub-processes . Cell type ploidy / chromosomes chromatids Process Time of completion Oogonium diploid / 46 ( 2N ) 2C Oocytogenesis ( mitosis ) Third trimester primary oocyte diploid / 46 ( 2N ) 4C Ootidogenesis ( meiosis I ) ( Folliculogenesis ) Dictyate in prophase I for up to 50 years secondary oocyte haploid / 23 ( 1N ) 2C Ootidogenesis ( meiosis II ) Halted in metaphase II until fertilization Ootid haploid / 23 ( 1N ) 1C Ootidogenesis ( meiosis II ) Minutes after fertilization Ovum haploid / 23 ( 1N ) 1C Oogonium -- ( Oocytogenesis ) -- > Primary Oocyte -- ( Meiosis I ) -- > First Polar Body ( Discarded afterward ) + Secondary oocyte -- ( Meiosis II ) -- > Second Polar Body ( Discarded afterward ) + Ovum Oocyte meiosis , important to all animal life cycles yet unlike all other instances of animal cell division , occurs completely without the aid of spindle - coordinating centrosomes . The creation of oogonia ( edit ) The creation of oogonia traditionally does n't belong to oogenesis proper , but , instead , to the common process of gametogenesis , which , in the female human , begins with the processes of folliculogenesis , oocytogenesis , and ootidogenesis . Human oogenesis ( edit ) Oogenesis ( edit ) Oogenesis starts with the process of developing primary oocytes , which occurs via the transformation of oogonia into primary oocytes , a process called oocytogenesis . Oocytogenesis is complete either before or shortly after birth . Number of primary oocytes ( edit ) It is commonly believed that , when oocytogenesis is complete , no additional primary oocytes are created , in contrast to the male process of spermatogenesis , where gametocytes are continuously created . In other words , primary oocytes reach their maximum development at ~ 20 weeks of gestational age , when approximately seven million primary oocytes have been created ; however , at birth , this number has already been reduced to approximately 1 - 2 million . Recently , however , two publications have challenged the belief that a finite number of oocytes are set around the time of birth . The renewal of ovarian follicles from germline stem cells ( originating from bone marrow and peripheral blood ) has been reported in the postnatal mouse ovary . In contrast , DNA clock measurements do not indicate ongoing oogenesis during human females ' lifetimes . Thus , further experiments are required to determine the true dynamics of small follicle formation . Ootidogenesis ( edit ) The succeeding phase of ootidogenesis occurs when the primary oocyte develops into an ootid . This is achieved by the process of meiosis . In fact , a primary oocyte is , by its biological definition , a cell whose primary function is to divide by the process of meiosis . However , although this process begins at prenatal age , it stops at prophase I. In late fetal life , all oocytes , still primary oocytes , have halted at this stage of development , called the dictyate . After menarche , these cells then continue to develop , although only a few do so every menstrual cycle . Meiosis I ( edit ) Meiosis I of ootidogenesis begins during embryonic development , but halts in the diplotene stage of prophase I until puberty . The mouse oocyte in the dictyate ( prolonged diplotene ) stage actively repairs DNA damage , whereas DNA repair is not detectable in the pre-dictyate ( leptotene , zygotene and pachytene ) stages of meiosis . For those primary oocytes that continue to develop in each menstrual cycle , however , synapsis occurs and tetrads form , enabling chromosomal crossover to occur . As a result of meiosis I , the primary oocyte has now developed into the secondary oocyte and the first polar body . Meiosis II ( edit ) Immediately after meiosis I , the haploid secondary oocyte initiates meiosis II . However , this process is also halted at the metaphase II stage until fertilization , if such should ever occur . When meiosis II has completed , an ootid and another polar body have now been created . Folliculogenesis ( edit ) Main article : Folliculogenesis Synchronously with ootidogenesis , the ovarian follicle surrounding the ootid has developed from a primordial follicle to a preovulatory one . Maturation into ovum ( edit ) Both polar bodies disintegrate at the end of Meiosis II , leaving only the ootid , which then eventually undergoes maturation into a mature ovum . The function of forming polar bodies is to discard the extra haploid sets of chromosomes that have resulted as a consequence of meiosis . In vitro maturation ( edit ) Main article : In vitro maturation In vitro maturation ( IVM ) is the technique of letting ovarian follicles mature in vitro . It can potentially be performed before an IVF . In such cases , ovarian hyperstimulation is n't essential . Rather , oocytes can mature outside the body prior to IVF . Hence , no ( or at least a lower dose of ) gonadotropins have to be injected in the body . Immature eggs have been grown until maturation in vitro at a 10 % survival rate , but the technique is not yet clinically available . With this technique , cryopreserved ovarian tissue could possibly be used to make oocytes that can directly undergo in vitro fertilization . Oogenesis in non-mammals ( edit ) Diagram of oogenesis in a digenean ( Platyhelminthes ) Main article : Evolution of sexual reproduction Some algae and the oomycetes produce eggs in oogonia . In the brown alga Fucus , all four egg cells survive oogenesis , which is an exception to the rule that generally only one product of female meiosis survives to maturity . In plants , oogenesis occurs inside the female gametophyte via mitosis . In many plants such as bryophytes , ferns , and gymnosperms , egg cells are formed in archegonia . In flowering plants , the female gametophyte has been reduced to an eight - celled embryo sac within the ovule inside the ovary of the flower . Oogenesis occurs within the embryo sac and leads to the formation of a single egg cell per ovule . In ascaris , the oocyte does not even begin meiosis until the sperm touches it , in contrast to mammals , where meiosis is completed in the estrus cycle . See also ( edit ) Anisogamy Archegonium Evolution of sexual reproduction Female infertility Female reproductive system Meiosis Oncofertility Oogonium Oocyte Origin and function of meiosis Sexual reproduction Spermatogenesis References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Merriam - Webster Online Dictionary Definition : Oogenesis Jump up ^ Gilbert , Scott F. ( 2000 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Oogenesis '' . Jump up ^ Szollosi D , Calarco P , Donahue RP ( 1972 ) . `` Absence of centrioles in the first and second meiotic spindles of mouse oocytes '' . J Cell Sci. 11 ( 2 ) : 521 -- 541 . PMID 5076360 . Jump up ^ Manandhar G , Schatten H , Sutovsky P ( January 2005 ) . `` Centrosome reduction during gametogenesis and its significance '' . Biol. Reprod. 72 : 2 -- 13 . doi : 10.1095 / biolreprod. 104.031245 . PMID 15385423 . Jump up ^ NCBI - The saga of the germ line Jump up ^ Lobo RA ( September 2003 ) . `` Early ovarian ageing : a hypothesis . What is early ovarian ageing ? '' . Hum . Reprod. 18 ( 9 ) : 1762 -- 4 . doi : 10.1093 / humrep / deg377 . PMID 12923124 . Jump up ^ Johnson J , Bagley J , Skaznik - Wikiel M , et al. ( July 2005 ) . `` Oocyte generation in adult mammalian ovaries by putative germ cells in bone marrow and peripheral blood '' . Cell. 122 ( 2 ) : 303 -- 15 . doi : 10.1016 / j. cell. 2005.06. 031 . PMID 16051153 . Jump up ^ Johnson J , Canning J , Kaneko T , Pru J , Tilly J ( 2004 ) . `` Germline stem cells and follicular renewal in the postnatal mammalian ovary '' . Nature . 428 ( 6979 ) : 145 -- 50 . doi : 10.1038 / nature02316 . PMID 15014492 . Jump up ^ Forster P , Hohoff C , Dunkelmann B , Schürenkamp M , Pfeiffer H , Neuhuber F , Brinkmann B ( 2015 ) . `` Elevated germline mutation rate in teenage fathers '' . Proc R Soc B. 282 : 20142898 . doi : 10.1098 / rspb. 2014.2898 . PMC 4345458 . PMID 25694621 . Jump up ^ Biochem Jump up ^ Guli CL , Smyth DR ( 1988 ) . `` UV - induced DNA repair is not detectable in pre-dictyate oocytes of the mouse '' . Mutat Res. 208 ( 2 ) : 115 -- 119 . doi : 10.1016 / s0165 - 7992 ( 98 ) 90010 - 0 . PMID 3380109 . Jump up ^ Vejledning om kunstig befrugtning 2006 ( Danish ) ^ Jump up to : McLaughlin , M ; Albertini , DF ; Wallace , WHB ; Anderson , RA ; Telfer , EE ( 2018 ) . `` Metaphase II oocytes from human unilaminar follicles grown in a multi-step culture system '' . MHR : Basic science of reproductive medicine . doi : 10.1093 / molehr / gay002 . ISSN 1360 - 9947 . Further comments in BBC news article : James Gallagher ( 2018 - 02 - 09 ) . `` First human eggs grown in laboratory '' . Bibliography Manandhar G , Schatten H and Sutovsky P ( 2005 ) . Centrosome reduction during gametogenesis and its significance . Biol Reprod , 72 ( 1 ) 2 - 13 . External links ( edit ) Reproductive Physiology ( hide ) Female reproductive system Internal Adnexa Ovaries Follicles corpus hemorrhagicum luteum albicans Theca of follicle externa interna Follicular antrum Follicular fluid Corona radiata Zona pellucida Membrana granulosa Perivitelline space Other Germinal epithelium Tunica albuginea cortex Cumulus oophorus Stroma Medulla Fallopian tubes Isthmus Ampulla Infundibulum Fimbria Ostium Ligaments Ovarian ligament Suspensory ligament Wolffian vestiges Gartner 's duct Epoophoron Vesicular appendages of epoophoron Paroophoron Uterus Regions Body Uterine cavity Fundus Cervix External orifice Cervical canal Internal orifice Supravaginal portion Vaginal portion Uterine horns Layers Endometrium epithelium Myometrium Perimetrium Parametrium Ligaments Round ligament Broad ligament Cardinal ligament Uterosacral ligament Pubocervical ligament General Uterine glands Vagina Fossa of vestibule of vagina Vaginal fornix Hymen Vaginal rugae Support structures Vaginal epithelium External Vulva Labia Mons pubis Labia majora Anterior commissure Posterior commissure Pudendal cleft Labia minora Frenulum of labia minora Frenulum of clitoris Vulval vestibule Interlabial sulci Bulb of vestibule Vaginal orifice vestibular glands / ducts Bartholin 's glands / Bartholin 's ducts Skene 's glands / Skene 's ducts Clitoris Crus of clitoris Corpus cavernosum Clitoral glans Hood Urethra Urethral crest Other G - spot Urethral sponge Perineal sponge Human physiology of sexual reproduction Menstrual cycle Menarche Menstruation Follicular phase Ovulation Luteal phase Gametogenesis Spermatogenesis ( spermatogonium spermatocyte spermatid sperm ) Oogenesis ( oogonium oocyte ootid ovum ) Germ cell ( gonocyte gamete ) Human sexual behavior Sexual arousal Sexual intercourse Masturbation Erection Orgasm Ejaculation Insemination Fertilisation / Fertility Implantation Pregnancy Postpartum period Mechanics of sex Life span Prenatal development / Sexual dimorphism / Sexual differentiation ( Feminization Virilization ) Puberty ( Gonadarche Pubarche Menarche Spermarche Adrenarche ) Maternal age / Paternal age Climacteric ( Menopause Late - onset hypogonadism ) Tanner scale Egg Ovum Oviposition Oviparity Ovoviviparity Vivipary Reproductive endocrinology and infertility Hypothalamic -- pituitary -- gonadal axis Hypothalamic -- pituitary -- prolactin axis Andrology Hormone Breast Thelarche Breast development Lactation Breastfeeding Sex Biological terms Sexual dimorphism Male Female Sexual differentiation Feminization Virilization Sex - determination system XY ZW XO Temperature - dependent Haplodiploidy Heterogametic sex Homogametic sex Sex chromosome X chromosome Y chromosome Testis - determining factor Hermaphrodite Sequential hermaphroditism Intersex parasexuality Sexual reproduction Evolution of sexual reproduction Anisogamy Isogamy Germ cell Reproductive system Sex organ Meiosis Gametogenesis Spermatogenesis Oogenesis Gamete spermatozoon ovum Fertilization External Internal Sexual selection Plant reproduction Fungal reproduction Sexual reproduction in animals Sexual intercourse Copulation Human reproduction Sexuality Plant sexuality Animal sexuality Human sexuality Mechanics Differentiation Activity Sex portal Biology portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oogenesis&oldid=830260843 '' Categories : Developmental biology Genetics Human female endocrine system Meiosis Hidden categories : Pages with unresolved properties Talk Contents About Wikipedia Aragonés বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Català Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego Հայերեն Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Latviešu Lietuvių Nederlands Polski Português Русский Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Українська 中文 26 more Edit links This page was last edited on 13 March 2018 , at 19 : 07 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | in oogenesis what is the end result of the two meiotic divisions | [
"Immediately after meiosis I, the haploid secondary oocyte initiates meiosis II. However, this process is also halted at the metaphase II stage until fertilization, if such should ever occur. When meiosis II has completed, an ootid and another polar body have now been created."
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"an ootid and another polar body have now been created"
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-4518641861241155444 | Home by Spring | Home by Spring - wikipedia Home by Spring Jump to : navigation , search Home by Spring Screenplay by Eric Brooks ( screenplay ) Dustin Rikert ( story ) William Shockley ( story ) Kix Brooks ( story ) Directed by Dwight H. Little Starring Poppy Drayton Steven R. McQueen Music by Tommy Fields Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English Production Producer ( s ) Kix Brooks John Kuelbs Tiiu Loigu Tim Mudd Dustin Rikert William Shockley Ryan Westheimer Cinematography Rafael Leyva Editor ( s ) Bill Lynch Running time 83 minutes Production company ( s ) Hallmark Channel Team 2 Entertainment Distributor Hallmark Channel Release Original network Hallmark Channel Original release March 31 , 2018 Home by Spring is a 2018 romantic drama film directed by Dwight H. Little for the Hallmark Channel . Contents ( hide ) 1 Synopsis 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Broadcast 5 References 6 External links Synopsis ( edit ) An event planner poses as her boss and returns to her home town for a big opportunity . With the help of her family and her ex-boyfriend she works to pull off the event and decide where her heart really belongs . Cast ( edit ) Poppy Drayton as Loretta Johnson Steven R. McQueen as Wayne Hancock Mary - Margaret Humes as Susan Johnson Kix Brooks as Arthur Walters William Shockley as Burt Michael Welch as Howard Scott Bailey as Paul Vernee Watson as Mrs. Wilson Mia Matthews as Amy Bennett Christopher Mychael Watson as Turner Katrina Norman as Michelle Stephanie Honoré as Elizabeth Nash Production ( edit ) Filming took place in Baton Rouge and St. Francisville , Louisiana as well as Los Angeles , California . Broadcast ( edit ) The TV movie was broadcast on the Hallmark Channel at 9 p.m. on March 31 , 2018 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Dwilson , Stephanie Dube ( 31 March 2018 ) . `` Where Was Hallmark 's ' Home By Spring ' Filmed ? '' . Jump up ^ `` What to Watch on Saturday : Hallmark 's ' Home by Spring ' and the NCAA Final Four games '' . Jump up ^ Desk , BWW News . `` Hallmark Channel Blooms in Spring : ' Spring Fever ' Features Four All - New Movie Premieres in March and April '' . External links ( edit ) Official website Home by Spring on IMDb ( hide ) Films directed by Dwight H. Little KGB : The Secret War ( 1985 ) Getting Even ( 1986 ) Bloodstone ( 1988 ) Halloween 4 : The Return of Michael Myers ( 1988 ) The Phantom of the Opera ( 1989 ) Marked for Death ( 1990 ) Rapid Fire ( 1992 ) Free Willy 2 : The Adventure Home ( 1995 ) Murder at 1600 ( 1997 ) Deep Blue ( 2001 ) Boss of Bosses ( 2001 ) Anacondas : The Hunt for the Blood Orchid ( 2004 ) Tekken ( 2009 ) Last Rampage ( 2017 ) Home by Spring ( 2018 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Home_by_Spring&oldid=840242501 '' Categories : 2018 television films 2010s drama films American films American drama films American romantic drama films American romance films American television films Romance television films Drama television films English - language films Films set in Louisiana Films shot in Louisiana Films shot in Los Angeles Hallmark Channel original films Films directed by Dwight H. Little Hidden categories : Pages using infobox television with alias parameters Pages using infobox television with editor parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 8 May 2018 , at 16 : 51 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where was the movie home by spring filmed at | [
"Filming took place in Baton Rouge and St. Francisville, Louisiana as well as Los Angeles, California.[1]"
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"Baton Rouge and St. Francisville, Louisiana as well as Los Angeles, California"
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-8818973393505305149 | Beauty and the Beast (2017 soundtrack) | Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 Soundtrack ) - wikipedia Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 Soundtrack ) Jump to : navigation , search Beauty and the Beast : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Soundtrack album by Various artists Released March 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 10 ) Recorded 2015 -- 2016 Genre Film soundtrack Length 53 : 31 2 : 11 : 26 ( Deluxe Edition ) Label Walt Disney Producer Alan Menken Matt Sullivan Mitchell Leib Singles from Beauty and the Beast : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack `` Beauty and the Beast '' Released : February 2 , 2017 `` Evermore '' Released : March 3 , 2017 Beauty and the Beast : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack is the soundtrack album to the 2017 film Beauty and the Beast . In the film , Belle is taken prisoner by a fearsome Beast in his enchanted castle and learns to look beyond his appearance while evading a narcissistic hunter who seeks to take Belle for himself . The album , largely based on material from Disney 's previous animated version , features songs and instrumental score composed by Alan Menken with lyrics by Howard Ashman and three new songs composed by Alan Menken with lyrics by Tim Rice . The songs feature vocal performances by the film 's ensemble cast including Emma Watson , Dan Stevens , Luke Evans , Kevin Kline , Josh Gad , Ewan McGregor , Stanley Tucci , Audra McDonald , Gugu Mbatha - Raw , Nathan Mack , Ian McKellen , and Emma Thompson . Contents ( hide ) 1 Track listing 2 Commercial performance 3 Charts 4 Certifications 5 See also 6 References Track listing ( edit ) All music composed by Alan Menken . Songs originally written for the 1991 version by Menken and Howard Ashman . Lyrics for original songs are written by Tim Rice . No . Title Performer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Overture '' ( Score ) Alan Menken 3 : 05 2 . `` Main Title : Prologue Pt. 1 '' Hattie Morahan ( narration ) 0 : 42 3 . `` Aria '' Audra McDonald 1 : 02 4 . `` Main Title : Prologue Pt. 2 '' Hattie Morahan ( narration ) 2 : 21 5 . `` Belle '' Emma Watson , Luke Evans , Ensemble 5 : 33 6 . `` How Does a Moment Last Forever ( Music Box ) '' Kevin Kline 1 : 03 7 . `` Belle ( Reprise ) '' Emma Watson 1 : 15 8 . `` Gaston '' Luke Evans , Josh Gad , Ensemble 4 : 25 9 . `` Be Our Guest '' Ewan McGregor , Emma Thompson , Gugu Mbatha - Raw and Ian McKellen 4 : 48 10 . `` Days in the Sun '' Adam Mitchell , Stanley Tucci , Ewan McGregor , Gugu Mbatha - Raw , Emma Thompson , Audra McDonald , Emma Watson , Ian McKellen , Clive Rowe 2 : 40 11 . `` Something There '' Emma Watson , Dan Stevens , Emma Thompson , Nathan Mack , Ian McKellen , Ewan McGregor , Gugu Mbatha - Raw 2 : 54 12 . `` How Does a Moment Last Forever ( Montmartre ) '' Emma Watson 1 : 55 13 . `` Beauty and the Beast '' Emma Thompson 3 : 19 14 . `` Evermore '' Dan Stevens 3 : 14 15 . `` The Mob Song '' Luke Evans , Josh Gad , Ensemble , Emma Thompson , Ian McKellen , Stanley Tucci , Nathan Mack , Gugu Mbatha - Raw , Ewan McGregor , Gerard Horan , Haydn Gwynne 2 : 28 16 . `` Beauty and the Beast ( Finale ) '' Audra McDonald , Emma Thompson , Ensemble 2 : 14 17 . `` How Does a Moment Last Forever '' Celine Dion 3 : 37 18 . `` Beauty and the Beast '' Ariana Grande & John Legend 3 : 47 19 . `` Evermore '' Josh Groban 3 : 09 Total length : 53 : 31 ( show ) Deluxe edition -- Disc one ( Bonus Tracks ) No . Title Performer ( s ) Length 20 . `` Aria '' ( Demo ) Menken 0 : 36 21 . `` How Does a Moment Last Forever '' ( Demo ) Menken 0 : 59 22 . `` Days in the Sun '' ( Demo ) Menken 3 : 30 23 . `` How Does a Moment Last Forever '' ( Demo ) Menken 1 : 21 24 . `` Evermore '' ( Demo ) Menken 2 : 55 Total length : 62 : 52 ( show ) Deluxe edition -- Disc two No . Title Performer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Main Title : Prologue '' ( Score ) Menken 3 : 01 2 . `` Belle Meets Gaston '' ( Score ) Menken 0 : 54 3 . `` Your Mother '' ( Score ) Menken 2 : 13 4 . `` The Laverie '' ( Score ) Menken 1 : 22 5 . `` Wolf Chase '' ( Score ) Menken 3 : 14 6 . `` Entering the Castle '' ( Score ) Menken 1 : 18 7 . `` A White Rose '' ( Score ) Menken 3 : 57 8 . `` The Beast '' ( Score ) Menken 4 : 03 9 . `` Meet the Staff '' ( Score ) Menken 1 : 00 10 . `` Home '' ( extended mix ) ( Score ) Menken 2 : 04 11 . `` Madame de Garderobe '' ( Score ) Menken 1 : 28 12 . `` There 's a Beast '' ( Score ) Menken 2 : 02 13 . `` A Petal Drops '' ( Score ) Menken 1 : 02 14 . `` A Bracing Cup of Tea '' ( Score ) Menken 2 : 06 15 . `` The West Wing '' ( Score ) Menken 2 : 58 16 . `` Wolves Attack Belle '' ( Score ) Menken 3 : 17 17 . `` The Library '' ( Score ) Menken 3 : 05 18 . `` Colonnade Chat '' ( Score ) Menken 2 : 54 19 . `` The Plague '' ( Score ) Menken 0 : 51 20 . `` Maurice Accuses Gaston '' ( Score ) Menken 2 : 01 21 . `` Beast Takes a Bath '' ( Score ) Menken 1 : 21 22 . `` The Dress '' ( Score ) Menken 1 : 01 23 . `` You Must Go to Him '' ( Score ) Menken 2 : 50 24 . `` Belle Stops the Wagon '' ( Score ) Menken 2 : 42 25 . `` Castle Under Attack '' ( Score ) Menken 4 : 20 26 . `` Turret Pursuit '' ( Score ) Menken 2 : 12 27 . `` You Came Back '' ( Score ) Menken 5 : 13 28 . `` Transformations '' ( Score ) Menken 4 : 06 Total length : 68 : 34 The Spotify version of the album instead opens with Celine Dion 's `` How Does a Moment Last Forever '' , followed by Ariana Grande and John Legend 's `` Beauty and the Beast '' , and Josh Groban 's `` Evermore '' , with the rest of the songs in the same order . Commercial performance ( edit ) The album debuted at No. 3 on the Billboard 200 chart with 57,000 units , 48,000 of which are traditional album sales . It has sold 337,000 copies in the United States as of July 2017 . Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2017 ) Peak position Australian Albums ( ARIA ) Austrian Albums ( Ö3 Austria ) 10 Belgian Albums ( Ultratop Flanders ) 5 Belgian Albums ( Ultratop Wallonia ) 26 Canadian Albums ( Billboard ) 7 Danish Albums ( Hitlisten ) 32 Dutch Albums ( MegaCharts ) 44 Finnish Albums ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 23 Irish Albums ( IRMA ) 8 Mexican Albums ( AMPROFON ) ( Spanish version ) 11 New Zealand Albums ( RMNZ ) 7 Norwegian Albums ( VG - lista ) 12 Polish Albums ( ZPAV ) 46 Scottish Albums ( OCC ) 6 South Korean Albums ( Gaon ) 34 South Korean Albums International ( Gaon ) Spanish Albums ( PROMUSICAE ) 60 Swiss Albums ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 19 UK Albums ( OCC ) 8 UK Soundtrack Albums ( OCC ) US Billboard 200 US Soundtrack Albums ( Billboard ) Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales United Kingdom ( BPI ) Silver 60,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone See also ( edit ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 soundtrack ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Coggan , Devan ( January 19 , 2017 ) . `` Celine Dion to perform new song for live - action Beauty and the Beast '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Evermore from beauty and the beast single '' . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` Ed Sheeran 's ' Divide ' Spends Second Week at No. 1 on Billboard 200 , ' Beauty and the Beast ' Debuts at No. 3 '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( July 4 , 2017 ) . `` Kendrick Lamar 's ' DAMN . ' & Ed Sheeran 's ' Shape of You ' Lead Nielsen Music 's Mid-Year 2017 Charts '' . Billboard . Retrieved 4 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Australian Top 50 Albums '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . April 3 , 2017 . Retrieved April 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Soundtrack -- Die Schöne und das Biest % 5B2017 % 5D '' ( in German ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Soundtrack -- Beauty and the Beast % 5B2017 % 5D '' ( in Dutch ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Soundtrack -- Beauty and the Beast % 5B2017 % 5D '' ( in French ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved March 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` On The Charts ... This Week '' . FYIMusicNews . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hitlisten.NU -- Album Top - 40 Uge 12 , 2017 '' . Hitlisten . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Soundtrack -- Beauty and the Beast % 5B2017 % 5D '' ( in Dutch ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Elokuvamusiikkia : Beauty And The Beast ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved April 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Irish Albums Chart : 21 April 2017 '' . Irish Recorded Music Association . Retrieved April 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top Album - Semanal ( del 24 de Marzo al 30 de Marzo ) '' ( in Spanish ) . Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas . Archived from the original on April 26 , 2017 . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NZ Top 40 Albums Chart '' . Recorded Music NZ. April 10 , 2017 . Retrieved April 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` VG - lista -- Topp 40 Album uke 13 , 2017 '' . VG - lista . Retrieved April 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Oficjalna lista sprzedaży : : OLiS - Official Retail Sales Chart '' . OLiS . Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Albums Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved March 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 년 10 주차 Album Chart '' ( in Korean ) . Gaon Music Chart . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 년 12 주차 Album Chart '' ( in Korean ) . Gaon Music Chart . Retrieved April 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Albumes -- Semana 11 : del 10.03. 2017 al 16.03. 2017 '' ( in Spanish ) . Productores de Música de España . Retrieved March 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Soundtrack -- Beauty and the Beast % 5B2017 % 5D '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official Albums Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved March 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official Soundtrack Albums Chart Top 50 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran 's ' Divide ' Spends Second Week at No. 1 on Billboard 200 , ' Beauty and the Beast ' Debuts at No. 3 '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Soundtrack Albums : The Week of April 1 , 2017 '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` British album certifications -- Motion Picture Cast Recording -- Beauty and the Beast '' . British Phonographic Industry . Enter Beauty and the Beast in the search field and then press Enter . Disney 's Beauty and the Beast Films Animation Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas ( 1997 ) Belle 's Magical World ( 1998 ) Belle 's Tales of Friendship ( 1999 ) Live - action Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Adaptations Musical ( 1994 ) The Fire Rose ( novel ) 1995 Live on Stage ( 1991 ) Sing Me a Story with Belle ( 1995 -- 1999 ) Be Our Guest Restaurant ( 2012 ) Video games Beauty & The Beast : Belle 's Quest ( 1993 ) Beauty & The Beast : Roar of the Beast ( 1993 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1994 ; NES ) Disney 's Beauty and the Beast ( 1994 ; Super NES ) Disney 's Beauty and the Beast Print Kit ( 1994 ) Disney 's Beauty & The Beast : A Boardgame Adventure ( 1999 ) Disney 's Beauty and the Beast Magical Ballroom ( 2000 ) Music 1991 film soundtrack `` Belle '' `` Gaston '' `` Be Our Guest '' `` Something There '' `` Beauty and the Beast '' `` The Mob Song '' 1994 musical soundtrack `` If I Ca n't Love Her '' `` Human Again '' `` A Change in Me '' 2017 film soundtrack `` How Does a Moment Last Forever '' `` Days in the Sun '' `` Evermore '' Related The Music Behind the Magic Characters Belle Beast Gaston Gabrielle - Suzanne Barbot de Villeneuve 's Beauty and the Beast Film La Belle et la Bête ( 1946 ) The Scarlet Flower ( 1952 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1962 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1976 ) Panna a netvor ( 1978 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1987 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) soundtrack Beauty and the Beast ( 1992 ) Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas ( 1997 ) Beauty and the Beast ( or Blood of Beasts , 2005 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2009 ) Beastly ( 2011 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2014 ) Little Miss Perfect ( 2016 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) soundtrack Television Series Beauty and the Beast , ( 1987 ) Exile ( 2003 ) Beauty & the Beast ( 2012 ) episodes Brahmarakshas ( 2016 ) Episodes `` Reptar on Ice '' ( 1992 ) `` Skin Deep '' ( 2012 ) `` Her Handsome Hero '' ( 2016 ) Literature The Scarlet Flower ( 1858 ) Beauty : A Retelling of the Story of Beauty and the Beast ( 1978 ) Lord of Scoundrels ( 1995 ) Rose Daughter ( 1997 ) The Quantum Rose ( 2000 ) Beastly ( 2007 ) Fashion Beast ( 2012 ) Stage Zémire et Azor ( opera ) Beauty and the Beast Live on Stage ( stage ) Beauty and the Beast ( musical ) Songs `` Beauty and the Beast '' ( 1983 ) `` Election Day '' ( 1985 ) `` Beauty and the Beast '' ( 1991 ) Other Disney Characters Disney 's Beauty and the Beast ( video game ) Beauty and the Beast ( Disney franchise ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beauty_and_the_Beast_(2017_soundtrack)&oldid=794925928 '' Categories : 2017 soundtracks Disney film soundtracks Walt Disney Records soundtracks Soundtracks produced by Alan Menken Disney 's Beauty and the Beast Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 Korean - language sources ( ko ) Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Track listings with deprecated parameters Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Nederlands Português Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 10 August 2017 , at 21 : 54 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who sang for beast in beauty and the beast 2017 | [
"The album, largely based on material from Disney's previous animated version, features songs and instrumental score composed by Alan Menken with lyrics by Howard Ashman and three new songs composed by Alan Menken with lyrics by Tim Rice. The songs feature vocal performances by the film's ensemble cast including Emma Watson, Dan Stevens, Luke Evans, Kevin Kline, Josh Gad, Ewan McGregor, Stanley Tucci, Audra McDonald, Gugu Mbatha-Raw, Nathan Mack, Ian McKellen, and Emma Thompson."
] | [
"The songs feature vocal performances by the film's ensemble cast including Emma Watson, Dan Stevens, Luke Evans, Kevin Kline, Josh Gad, Ewan McGregor, Stanley Tucci, Audra McDonald, Gugu Mbatha-Raw, Nathan Mack, Ian McKellen, and Emma Thompson"
] |
-6087137877964435662 | Lawsuit | Lawsuit - wikipedia Lawsuit Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Lawsuit ( disambiguation ) . `` Civil action '' redirects here . For the book of the same name , see A Civil Action . For the film of the same name , see A Civil Action ( film ) . `` Litigators '' redirects here . For the novel by John Grisham , see The Litigators . `` Suing '' redirects here . For other uses , see Sue ( disambiguation ) . ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article is written like a personal reflection or opinion essay that states a Wikipedia editor 's personal feelings about a topic . Please help improve it by rewriting it in an encyclopedic style . ( February 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject . You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page , or create a new article , as appropriate . ( December 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Civil procedure in the United States Federal Rules of Civil Procedure Doctrines of civil procedure Jurisdiction Subject - matter ( Federal - question Diversity Supplemental Removal ) Personal ( In personam In rem Quasi in rem ) Venue Change of venue Forum non conveniens Pleadings Complaint ( Cause of action Case Information Statement Class action ( 2005 Act ) ) Demurrer Answer ( affirmative defense ) Reply Counterclaim Crossclaim Joinder Indispensable party Impleader Interpleader Intervention Other motions Pre-trial procedure Discovery Initial conference Interrogatories Depositions Request for admissions Request for production Resolution without trial Default judgment Summary judgment Voluntary dismissal Involuntary dismissal Settlement Trial Parties plaintiff defendant Pro se Jury ( voir dire ) Burden of proof Judgment ( As a matter of law ( JMOL ) Renewed JMOL Notwithstanding verdict ( JNOV ) Motion to set aside De novo ( new trial ) ) Remedy ( Injunction Damages Attorney 's fee ( American rule English rule ) Declaratory judgment ) Appeal Mandamus Certiorari A lawsuit ( or suit in law ) is `` a vernacular term for a suit , action , or cause instituted or depending between two private persons in the courts of law . '' The term refers to any proceeding by a party or parties against another in a court of law . Sometimes , the term `` lawsuit '' is in reference to a civil action brought in a court of law in which a plaintiff , a party who claims to have incurred loss as a result of a defendant 's actions , demands a legal or equitable remedy . The defendant is required to respond to the plaintiff 's complaint . If the plaintiff is successful , judgment is in the plaintiff 's favor , and a variety of court orders may be issued to enforce a right , award damages , or impose a temporary or permanent injunction to prevent an act or compel an act . A declaratory judgment may be issued to prevent future legal disputes . A lawsuit may involve dispute resolution of private law issues between individuals , business entities or non-profit organizations . A lawsuit may also enable the state to be treated as if it were a private party in a civil case , as plaintiff , or defendant regarding an injury , or may provide the state with a civil cause of action to enforce certain laws . The conduct of a lawsuit is called litigation . The plaintiffs and defendants are called litigants and the attorneys representing them are called litigators . The term litigation may also refer to criminal trial . Contents ( hide ) 1 Rules of procedure and complications 2 Procedure 2.1 Pleading 2.2 Pretrial discovery 2.3 Resolution 2.4 Appeal 2.5 Enforcement 3 Etymology 4 Financing 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References Rules of procedure and complications ( edit ) Rules of criminal or civil procedure govern the conduct of a lawsuit in the common law adversarial system of dispute resolution . Procedural rules are constrained and informed by separate statutory laws , case laws , and constitutional provisions that define the rights of the parties to a lawsuit ( see especially due process ) , though the rules generally reflect this legal context on their face . The details of the procedure differ greatly from jurisdiction to jurisdiction , and often from court to court even within the same jurisdiction . These rules of the particular procedures are very important for litigants to know , because the litigants are the ones who dictate the timing and progression of the lawsuit . Litigants are responsible to obtain the suited result and the timing of reaching this result . Failure to comply with the procedural rules may result in serious limitations that can affect the ability of one to present claims or defenses at any subsequent trial , or even promote the dismissal of the lawsuit altogether . Though the majority of lawsuits are settled before ever reaching a state of trial , they can still be very complicated to litigate . This is particularly true in federal systems , where a federal court may be applying state law ( e.g. the Erie doctrine , for example in the United States ) , or vice-versa . It is also possible for one state to apply the law of another in cases where additionally it may not be clear which level ( or location ) of court actually has jurisdiction over the claim or personal jurisdiction over the defendant , or whether the plaintiff has standing to participate in a lawsuit . About 98 percent of civil cases in the United States federal courts are resolved without a trial . Domestic courts are also often called upon to apply foreign law , or to act upon foreign defendants , over whom they may not even have the ability to even enforce a judgment if the defendant 's assets are theoretically outside their reach . Lawsuits can become additionally complicated as more parties become involved ( see joinder ) . Within a `` single '' lawsuit , there can be any number of claims and defenses ( all based on numerous laws ) between any number of plaintiffs or defendants . Each of these participants can bring any number of cross claims and counterclaims against each other , and even bring additional parties into the suit on either side after it progresses . In reality however , courts typically have some power to sever claims and parties into separate actions if it is more efficient to do so . A court can do this if there is not a sufficient overlap of factual issues between the various associates , separating the issues into different lawsuits . The official ruling of a lawsuit can be somewhat misleading because post-ruling outcomes are often not listed on the internet . For example , in the case of William J. Ralph Jr. v. Lind - Waldock & Company ( September 1999 ) , one would assume that Mr. Ralph lost the case when in fact , upon review of the evidence , it as found that Mr. Ralph was correct in his assertion that improper activity took place on the part of Lind - Waldock , and Mr. Ralph settled with Lind - Waldock . Cases such as this illustrate the need for more comprehensive information than mere internet searches when researching legal decisions . While online searches are appropriate for many legal situations , they are not appropriate for all . Procedure ( edit ) The following is a generalized description of how a lawsuit may proceed in a common law jurisdiction : Pleading ( edit ) Main article : Pleading A lawsuit begins when a complaint or petition is filed with the court . This complaint should explicitly state that one or more plaintiffs seek ( s ) damages or equitable relief from one or more stated defendants , and also should identify the legal and factual bases for doing so . It is important that the `` plaintiff selects the proper venue with the proper jurisdiction to bring his lawsuit . '' The clerk of a court signs or stamps the court seal upon a summons or citation , which is then served by the plaintiff upon the defendant , together with a copy of the complaint . This service notifies the defendants that they are being sued and that they are limited in the amount of time of a reply . The service provides a copy of the complaint in order to notify the defendants of the nature of the claims . Once the defendants are served with the summons and complaint , they are subject to a time limit to file an answer stating their defenses to the plaintiff 's claims , which includes any challenges to the court 's jurisdiction , and any counterclaims they wish to assert against the plaintiff . In a handful of jurisdictions ( notably , the U.S. state of New York ) a lawsuit begins when one or more plaintiffs properly serve a summons and complaint upon the defendant ( s ) . In such jurisdictions , nothing must be filed with the court until a dispute develops requiring actual judicial intervention . A complaint can be considered one of the more important steps in pleading during a civil case . This document states the actions that the plaintiff intends to take and also the factual and reasonable basis for the actions . This essentially sets the framework for the entire case and the claim that will be held noteworthy throughout the entire lawsuit . If the defendant chooses to file an answer within the time permitted , the answer must address each of the plaintiffs ' allegations . The defendant has three choices to make , which include either admitting to the allegation , denying it , or pleading a lack of sufficient information to admit or deny the allegation . Some jurisdictions , like California , still authorize general denials of each and every allegation in the complaint . At the time the defendant files an answer , the defendant also raises all `` affirmative '' defenses . The defendant may also assert counterclaims for damages or equitable relief against the plaintiff . For example , in the case of `` compulsory counterclaims , '' the defendant must assert some form of counterclaim or risk having the counterclaim barred in any subsequent proceeding . In the case of making a counterclaim , the defendant is making a motion directed towards the plaintiff claiming that he / she was injured in some way or would like to sue the plaintiff . The plaintiff in this example would then receive some amount of time to make a reply to this counterclaim . The defendant may also file a `` third party complaint '' , which is the defendant 's privilege to join another party or parties in the action with the belief that those parties may be liable for some or all of the plaintiff 's claimed damages . An answer from the defendant in response to the claims made against him / her , can also include additional facts or a so - called `` excuse '' for the plead . Filing an answer `` joins the cause '' and moves the case into the pre-trial phase . Instead of filing an answer within the time specified in the summons , the defendant can choose to dispute the validity of the complaint by filing a demurrer ( in the handful of jurisdictions where that is still allowed ) or one or more `` pre-answer motions , '' such as a motion to dismiss . It is important that the motion be filed within the time period specified in the summons for an answer . If all of the above motions are denied by the trial court , and the defendant loses on all appeals from such denials ( if that option is available ) , and finally the defendant must file an answer . Usually the pleadings are drafted by a lawyer , but in many courts persons can file papers and represent themselves , which is called appearing pro se . Many courts have a pro se clerk to assist people without lawyers . Pretrial discovery ( edit ) Main article : Discovery ( law ) A pretrial discovery can be defined as `` the formal process of exchanging information between the parties about the witnesses and evidence they 'll present at trial '' and allows for the evidence of the trial to be presented to the parties before the initial trial begins . The early stages of the lawsuit may involve initial disclosures of evidence by each party and discovery , which is the structured exchange of evidence and statements between the parties . Discovery is meant to eliminate surprises , clarify what the lawsuit is about , and also to make the parties decide if they should settle or drop frivolous claims and / or defenses . At this point the parties may also engage in pretrial motions to exclude or include particular legal or factual issues before trial . There is also the ability of one to make an under oath statement during the pretrial , also known as a deposition . The deposition can be used in the trial or just in the pretrial , but this allows for both parties to be aware of the arguments or claims that are going to be made by the other party in the trial . It is notable that the depositions can be written or oral . At the close of discovery , the parties may either pick a jury and then have a trial by jury or the case may proceed as a bench trial . A bench trial is only heard by the judge if the parties waive a jury trial or if the right to a jury trial is not guaranteed for their particular claim ( such as those under equity in the U.S. ) or for any lawsuits within their jurisdiction . Resolution ( edit ) Main articles : Trial , Judgment ( law ) , and Settlement ( litigation ) Usually , lawsuits end in a settlement , with an empirical analysis finding that less than 2 % of cases end with a trial . It is sometimes said that 95 % of cases end in settlement ; few jurisdictions report settlements , but empirical analysis suggests that the settlement rate varies by type of lawsuit , with torts settling around 90 % of the time and overall civil cases settling 50 % of the time ; other cases end due to default judgment , lack of a valid claim , and other reasons . At trial , each person presents witnesses and the evidence collected is recorded . After this occurs , the judge or jury renders their decision . Generally speaking , the plaintiff has the burden of proof in making his claims , however , the defendant may have the burden of proof on other issues , such as affirmative defenses . The attorneys are held responsible in devising a trial strategy that ensures they meet the necessary elements of their case or ( when the opposing party has the burden of proof ) to ensure the opponent will not be able to meet his or her burden . There are numerous motions that either party can file throughout the lawsuit to terminate it `` prematurely '' -- before submission to the judge or jury for final consideration . These motions attempt to persuade the judge , through legal argument and sometimes accompanying evidence , that there is no reasonable way that the other party could legally win and therefore there is no sense in continuing with the trial . Motions for summary judgment , for example , can usually be brought before , after , or during the actual presentation of the case . Motions can also be brought after the close of a trial to undo a jury verdict contrary to law or against the weight of the evidence , or to convince the judge to change the decision or grant a new trial . Also , at any time during this process from the filing of the complaint to the final judgment , the plaintiff may withdraw the complaint and end the whole matter , or the defendant may agree to a settlement . If the case settles , the parties might choose to enter into a stipulated judgment with the settlement agreement attached , or the plaintiff may simply file a voluntary dismissal , so that the settlement agreement is never entered into the court record . The decisions that the jury makes are not put into effect until the judge makes a judgment , which is the approval to have this trial information be filed in public records . In a civil case , the judge is allowed at this time to make changes to the verdict that the jury came up with by either adding on or reducing the punishment . In criminal cases the situation is a little different , because in this case the judge does not have the authority to change the jury decision . Appeal ( edit ) Main article : Appeal After a final decision has been made , either party or both may appeal from the judgment if they believe there had been a procedural error made by the trial court . It is n't necessarily an automatic appeal after every judgment has been made , however , if there is a legal basis for the appeal , then one has the right to do so . The prevailing party may appeal , for example , if they wanted a larger award than was granted . The appellate court ( which may be structured as an intermediate appellate court ) and / or a higher court then affirms the judgment , declines to hear it ( which effectively affirms it ) , reverses -- or vacates and remands . This process would then involve sending the lawsuit back to the lower trial court to address an unresolved issue , or possibly request for a whole new trial . Some lawsuits go up and down the appeals ladder repeatedly before final resolution . The appeal is a review for errors rather than a new trial , so the appellate court will defer to the discretion of the original trial court if an error is not clear . The initial step in making an appeal consists of the petitioner filing a notice of appeal and then sending in a brief , a written document stating reason for appeal , to the court . Decisions of the court can be made immediately after just reading the written brief , or there can also be oral arguments made by both parties involved in the appeal . The appellate court then makes the decision about what errors were made when the law was looked at more closely in the lower court . There were no errors made , the case would then end , but if the decision was reversed , the appellate court would then send the case back down to the lower court level . There , a new trial will be held and new information taken into account . Some jurisdictions , notably the United States , but prevalent in many other countries , prevent parties from relitigating the facts on appeal , due to a history of unscrupulous lawyers deliberately reserving such issues in order to ambush each other in the appellate courts ( the `` invited error '' problem ) . The idea is that it is more efficient to force all parties to fully litigate all relevant issues of fact before the trial court . Thus , a party who does not raise an issue of fact at the trial court level generally can not raise it on appeal . When the lawsuit is finally resolved , or the allotted time to appeal has expired , the matter is res judicata , meaning the plaintiff may not bring another action based on the same claim again . In addition , other parties who later attempt to re-litigate a matter already ruled on in a previous lawsuit will be estopped from doing so . Enforcement ( edit ) When a final judgment is entered , the plaintiff is usually barred under the doctrine of res judicata from relitigating any of the issues , even under different legal theories . Judgments are typically a monetary award . If the defendant fails to pay , the court has various powers to seize any of the defendant 's assets located within its jurisdiction , such as : Writ of execution Bank account garnishment Liens Wage garnishment If all assets are located elsewhere , the plaintiff must file another suit in the appropriate court to seek enforcement of the other court 's previous judgment . This can be a difficult task when crossing from a court in one state or nation to another , however , courts tend to grant each other respect when there is not a clear legal rule to the contrary . A defendant who has no assets in any jurisdiction is said to be `` judgment - proof . '' The term is generally a colloquialism to describe an impecunious defendant . Indigent judgment - proof defendants are no longer imprisoned ; debtor 's prisons have been outlawed by statute , constitutional amendment , or international human rights treaties in the vast majority of common law jurisdictions . Etymology ( edit ) During the 18th and 19th centuries , it was common for lawyers to speak of bringing an `` action '' at law and a `` suit '' in equity . An example of that distinction survives today in the text of the Civil Rights Act of 1871 . The fusion of common law and equity in England in the Judicature Acts of 1873 and 1875 led to the collapse of that distinction , so it became possible to speak of a `` lawsuit . '' In the United States , the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure ( 1938 ) abolished the distinction between actions at law and suits in equity in federal practice , in favor of a single form referred to as a `` civil action . '' In England and Wales the term `` claim '' is far more common ; the person initiating proceedings is called the claimant . American terminology is slightly different , in that the term `` claim '' refers only to a particular count ( or cause of action ) in a lawsuit . Americans also use `` claim '' to describe a demand filed with an insurer or administrative agency . If the claim is denied , then the claimant ( or policyholder or applicant ) files a lawsuit with the courts and later participates in the lawsuit . In medieval times , both `` action '' and `` suit '' had the approximate meaning of some kind of legal proceeding , but an action terminated when a judgment was rendered , while a suit also included the execution of the judgment . Financing ( edit ) Particularly in the United States , plaintiffs and defendants who lack financial resources for litigation or other attorney 's fees may be able to obtain legal financing . Legal financing companies can provide a cash advance to litigants in return for a share of the ultimate settlement or award . If the case ultimately loses , the litigant does not have to pay any of the money funded back . Legal financing is different from a typical bank loan in that the legal financing company does not look at credit history or employment history . Litigants do not have to repay the cash advance with monthly payments , but do have to fill out an application so that the legal financing company can review the merits of the case . Legal financing can be a practical means for litigants to obtain financing while they wait for a monetary settlement or an award in their personal injury , workers ' compensation , or civil rights lawsuit . Often , plaintiffs who were injured or forced to leave their jobs still have mortgages , rent , medical expenses , or other bills to pay . Other times , litigants may simply need money to pay for the costs of litigation and attorneys ' fees , and for this reason , many litigants turn to reputable legal financing companies to apply for a cash advance to help pay for bills . Defendants , civil rights organizations , public interest organizations , and government public officials can all set up an account to pay for litigation costs and legal expenses . These legal defense funds can have large membership counts where the members contribute to the fund . Unlike legal financing from legal financing companies , legal defense funds provide a separate account for litigation rather than a one - time cash advancement , nevertheless , both are used for purposes of financing litigation and legal costs . There was a study conducted in the Supreme Court Economic Review that shows why litigation financing can be practical and beneficial to the overall court system and lawsuits within the court . This study concluded that the new rules that were set for litigation financing actually did produce more settlements . Under conservative rules , there tended to be fewer settlements , however under the older rules they tended to be larger on average . Legal financing can become an issue in some cases , varying from case to case and person to person . It can be beneficial in many situations , however also detrimental in others . See also ( edit ) Look up lawsuit or actio popularis in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Lawsuit Actio popularis Civil law Compensation culture Divorce List of environmental lawsuits Private prosecution Restorative justice Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The archaic term `` suit in law '' is found in only a small number of laws still in effect today , such as the Eleventh Amendment to the United States Constitution . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` What is LAWSUIT ? '' . Thelawdictionary.org . Retrieved June 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Brian A. Garner , ed. ( 2014 ) . `` '' Suit `` '' . Black 's Law Dictionary ( 10th ed . ) . West . Jump up ^ Abram , Lisa L. ( 2000 ) . `` Civil Litigation '' . The Official Guide to Legal Specialties . Chicago : National Association for Law Placement , Harcourt Legal & Professional Publications . p. 71 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 15 - 900391 - 6 . Jump up ^ Matthews , Joseph L. ( 2001 ) . The Lawsuit Survival Guide . Nolo.com . ISBN 0 - 87337 - 760 - 5 . Jump up ^ http://www.cftc.gov/ucm/groups/public/@lrdispositions/documents/legalpleading/idralph092100.pdf Jump up ^ http://www.cftc.gov/ucm/groups/public/@lrdispositions/documents/legalpleading/idralph32402.pdf Jump up ^ `` How Courts Work : Steps in a Trial - Discovery '' . American Bar Association . Retrieved June 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Glossary D: Deposition '' . American Bar Association . Retrieved June 23 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Barkai , John ; Kent , Elizabeth ( 2014 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Let 's Stop Spreading Rumors About Settlement and Litigation : A Comparative Study of Settlement and Litigation in Hawaii Courts '' . Rochester , NY : Social Science Research Network . SSRN 2398550 . Jump up ^ Dionne , Georges ( 1992 ) . Foundations of Insurance Economics : Readings in Economics and Finance . Springer . ISBN 0 - 7923 - 9204 - 3 . Jump up ^ Inglis , Laura ; McCabe , Kevin ( 2010 ) . `` The Effects of Litigation Financing Rules on Settlement Rates '' . Supreme Court Economic Review . University of California , Santa Barbara . 18 ( 1 ) : 135 -- 15 . JSTOR 10.1086 / 659984 . doi : 10.1086 / 659984 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lawsuit&oldid=797237085 '' Categories : Lawsuits Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing style editing from February 2015 All articles needing style editing Articles needing additional references from February 2015 All articles needing additional references Articles with limited geographic scope from December 2014 USA - centric Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Беларуская Български Bosanski Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Italiano עברית ქართული Lietuvių 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Tagalog Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 August 2017 , at 19 : 28 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who are the two sides involved in a civil lawsuit | [
"Lawsuits can become additionally complicated as more parties become involved (see joinder). Within a \"single\" lawsuit, there can be any number of claims and defenses (all based on numerous laws) between any number of plaintiffs or defendants. Each of these participants can bring any number of cross claims and counterclaims against each other, and even bring additional parties into the suit on either side after it progresses. In reality however, courts typically have some power to sever claims and parties into separate actions if it is more efficient to do so. A court can do this if there is not a sufficient overlap of factual issues between the various associates, separating the issues into different lawsuits.",
"Lawsuits can become additionally complicated as more parties become involved (see joinder). Within a \"single\" lawsuit, there can be any number of claims and defenses (all based on numerous laws) between any number of plaintiffs or defendants. Each of these participants can bring any number of cross claims and counterclaims against each other, and even bring additional parties into the suit on either side after it progresses. In reality however, courts typically have some power to sever claims and parties into separate actions if it is more efficient to do so. A court can do this if there is not a sufficient overlap of factual issues between the various associates, separating the issues into different lawsuits."
] | [
"plaintiffs",
"defendants"
] |
4885636425023512972 | Academy Award for Best Animated Feature | Academy award for Best animated Feature - wikipedia Academy award for Best animated Feature Jump to : navigation , search Academy Award for Best Animated Feature Awarded for The best animated film with a running time of more than 40 minutes , a significant number of the major characters animated , and at least 75 percent of the picture 's running time including animation . Country United States Presented by Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) First awarded 2001 ( for Shrek ) Currently held by Coco ( 2017 ) Website oscars.org The Academy Awards are given each year by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS or the Academy ) for the best films and achievements of the previous year . The Academy Award for Best Animated Feature is given each year for animated films . An animated feature is defined by the Academy as a film with a running time of more than 40 minutes in which characters ' performances are created using a frame - by - frame technique , a significant number of the major characters are animated , and animation figures in no less than 75 percent of the running time . The Academy Award for Best Animated Feature was first awarded in 2002 for films made in 2001 . The entire AMPAS membership has been eligible to choose the winner since the award 's inception . If there are sixteen or more films submitted for the category , the winner is voted from a shortlist of five films , which has happened eight times , otherwise there will only be three films on the shortlist . Additionally , eight eligible animated features must have been theatrically released in Los Angeles County within the calendar year for this category to be activated . Animated films can be nominated for other categories , but have rarely been so ; Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) was the first animated film ever nominated for Best Picture . Up ( 2009 ) and Toy Story 3 ( 2010 ) also received Best Picture nominations after the Academy expanded the number of nominees from five to ten . Waltz with Bashir ( 2008 ) is the only animated film ever nominated for Best Foreign Language Film ( though it did not receive a nomination for Best Animated Feature ) . The Nightmare Before Christmas ( 1993 ) and Kubo and the Two Strings ( 2016 ) are the only two animated films to ever be nominated for Best Visual Effects . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Winners and nominees 2.1 2000s 2.2 2010s 2.3 Wins 2.4 Multiple nominations 3 Studios with multiple nominations 4 Medium breakdown 4.1 Computer - animated nominees 4.1. 1 Pixar 4.1. 2 Disney 4.1. 3 DreamWorks Animation 4.1. 4 Nickelodeon 4.1. 5 Blue Sky 4.1. 6 Sony Pictures Animation 4.1. 7 Other films 4.2 Stop - motion nominees 4.2. 1 Aardman 4.2. 2 Laika 4.2. 3 Tim Burton 4.2. 4 Other films 4.3 Traditionally - animated nominees 4.3. 1 Disney 4.3. 2 Studio Ghibli 4.3. 3 Les Armateurs 4.3. 4 Cartoon Saloon 4.3. 5 Other films 5 Foreign language films 6 References 7 See also 8 External links History ( edit ) For much of the Academy Awards ' history , AMPAS was resistant to the idea of a regular Oscar for animated features , considering there were simply too few produced to justify such consideration . Instead , the Academy occasionally bestowed special Oscars for exceptional productions , usually for Walt Disney Pictures , such as for Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs in 1938 , and the Special Achievement Academy Award for the live action / animated hybrid Who Framed Roger Rabbit in 1989 and Toy Story in 1996 . In fact , prior to the creation of the award , only one animated film received a Best Picture nomination : 1991 's Beauty and the Beast , also by Walt Disney Pictures . By 2001 , the rise of sustained competitors to Disney in the feature animated film market , such as DreamWorks Animation ( founded by former Disney executive Jeffrey Katzenberg ) , created an increase of film releases of significant annual number enough for AMPAS to reconsider . The Academy Award for Best Animated Feature was first given out at the 74th Academy Awards , held on March 24 , 2002 . The Academy included a rule that stated that the award would not be presented in a year in which fewer than eight eligible films opened in theaters . People in the animation industry and fans expressed hope that the prestige from this award and the resulting boost to the box office would encourage the increased production of animated features . Some members and fans have criticized the award , however , saying it is only intended to prevent animated films from having a chance of winning Best Picture . DreamWorks had advertised heavily during the holiday 2001 season for Shrek , but was disappointed when the rumored Best Picture nomination did not materialize , though it was nominated for and ended up winning the inaugural Best Animated Feature award . The criticism of Best Animated Feature was particularly prominent at the 81st Academy Awards , in which WALL - E won the award but was not nominated for Best Picture , despite receiving widespread acclaim from critics and audiences and being generally considered one of the best films of 2008 . This led to controversy over whether the film was deliberately snubbed of the nomination by the Academy . Film critic Peter Travers commented that `` If there was ever a time where an animated feature deserved to be nominated for Best Picture , it 's WALL - E . '' However , official Academy Award regulations state that any movie nominated for this category can still be nominated for Best Picture . There have been complaints that the Best Animated Feature award is held in unfairly low regard by Academy members with many members refusing to vote for films they consider mere children 's fare beneath them , or letting their own children see the films and go with their opinions instead . The dominance of Disney and Pixar allegedly as a result of this bias is suggested to be injuring the credibility of the award . In 2009 , when the nominee slots for Best Picture were doubled to ten , Up was nominated for both Best Animated Feature and Best Picture at the 82nd Academy Awards , the first film to do so since the creation of the Animated Feature category . This feat was repeated the following year by Toy Story 3 . Since 2010 onward , with the increasing competitiveness of the Animated Feature category , Pixar ( a perennial nominee ) did not receive nominations for several recent films considering the studio has released films of more mixed critical reaction and box office earnings , while Pixar 's sister studio Disney Animation won their first three awards . In 2010 , the Academy enacted a new rule regarding the performance capture technique employed in films such as Disney 's A Christmas Carol from Robert Zemeckis and The Adventures of Tintin from Steven Spielberg , and how they might not be eligible in this category in the future . This rule was possibly made to prevent nominations of live - action films that rely heavily on motion capture , such as James Cameron 's Avatar . When the category was first instated , the nomination went to the person ( s ) most involved in creating the winning film . This could be the producer , the director , or both . For the 76th Academy Awards in 2004 , only the director ( s ) of the film received the nomination . For the 86th Academy Awards ten years later , this was amended to include one producer and up to two directors . Winners and nominees ( edit ) 2000s ( edit ) Year Film Nominees 2001 ( 74th ) Shrek Aron Warner Jimmy Neutron : Boy Genius Steve Oedekerk and John A. Davis Monsters , Inc . Pete Docter and John Lasseter 2002 ( 75th ) Spirited Away Hayao Miyazaki Ice Age Chris Wedge Lilo & Stitch Chris Sanders Spirit : Stallion of the Cimarron Jeffrey Katzenberg Treasure Planet Ron Clements 2003 ( 76th ) Finding Nemo Andrew Stanton Brother Bear Aaron Blaise and Robert Walker The Triplets of Belleville Sylvain Chomet ( 77th ) The Incredibles Brad Bird Shark Tale Bill Damaschke Shrek 2 Andrew Adamson 2005 ( 78th ) Wallace & Gromit : The Curse of the Were - Rabbit Nick Park and Steve Box Corpse Bride Mike Johnson and Tim Burton Howl 's Moving Castle Hayao Miyazaki 2006 ( 79th ) Happy Feet George Miller Cars John Lasseter Monster House Gil Kenan 2007 ( 80th ) Ratatouille Brad Bird Persepolis Marjane Satrapi and Vincent Paronnaud Surf 's Up Ash Brannon and Chris Buck 2008 ( 81st ) WALL - E Andrew Stanton Bolt Chris Williams and Byron Howard Kung Fu Panda John Stevenson and Mark Osborne 2009 ( 82nd ) Up Pete Docter Coraline Henry Selick Fantastic Mr. Fox Wes Anderson The Princess and the Frog John Musker and Ron Clements The Secret of Kells Tomm Moore 2010s ( edit ) Year Film Nominees ( 83rd ) Toy Story 3 Lee Unkrich How to Train Your Dragon Chris Sanders and Dean DeBlois The Illusionist Sylvain Chomet 2011 ( 84th ) Rango Gore Verbinski A Cat in Paris Alain Gagnol and Jean - Loup Felicioli Chico & Rita Fernando Trueba and Javier Mariscal Kung Fu Panda 2 Jennifer Yuh Nelson Puss in Boots Chris Miller 2012 ( 85th ) Brave Mark Andrews and Brenda Chapman Frankenweenie Tim Burton ParaNorman Sam Fell and Chris Butler The Pirates ! Band of Misfits Peter Lord Wreck - It Ralph Rich Moore 2013 ( 86th ) Frozen Chris Buck , Jennifer Lee , and Peter Del Vecho The Croods Kirk DeMicco , Chris Sanders , and Kristine Belson Despicable Me 2 Pierre Coffin , Chris Renaud , and Chris Meledandri Ernest & Celestine Benjamin Renner and Didier Brunner The Wind Rises Hayao Miyazaki and Toshio Suzuki 2014 ( 87th ) Big Hero 6 Don Hall , Chris Williams , and Roy Conli The Boxtrolls Graham Annable , Anthony Stacchi , and Travis Knight How to Train Your Dragon 2 Dean DeBlois and Bonnie Arnold Song of the Sea Tomm Moore and Paul Young The Tale of the Princess Kaguya Isao Takahata and Yoshiaki Nishimura 2015 ( 88th ) Inside Out Pete Docter and Jonas Rivera Anomalisa Charlie Kaufman , Duke Johnson , and Rosa Tran Boy and the World Alê Abreu Shaun the Sheep Movie Mark Burton and Richard Starzak When Marnie Was There Hiromasa Yonebayashi and Yoshiaki Nishimura 2016 ( 89th ) Zootopia Byron Howard , Rich Moore , and Clark Spencer Kubo and the Two Strings Travis Knight and Arianne Sutner Moana John Musker , Ron Clements , and Osnat Shurer My Life as a Zucchini Claude Barras and Max Karli The Red Turtle Michaël Dudok de Wit and Toshio Suzuki 2017 ( 90th ) Coco Lee Unkrich and Darla K. Anderson The Boss Baby Tom McGrath and Ramsey Ann Naito The Breadwinner Nora Twomey and Anthony Leo Ferdinand Carlos Saldanha and Lori Forte Loving Vincent Dorota Kobiela , Hugh Welchman , and Ivan Mactaggart Wins ( edit ) 2 wins Brad Bird Pete Docter Andrew Stanton Lee Unkrich 1 win Chris Buck Byron Howard Hayao Miyazaki Rich Moore Chris Williams Multiple nominations ( edit ) 3 nominations Ron Clements Pete Docter Hayao Miyazaki Chris Sanders 2 nominations Brad Bird Chris Buck Tim Burton Sylvain Chomet Dean DeBlois Byron Howard Travis Knight John Lasseter Rich Moore Tomm Moore John Musker Yoshiaki Nishimura Andrew Stanton Toshio Suzuki Lee Unkrich Chris Williams Studios with multiple nominations ( edit ) Studio Wins Nominations Films Pixar 9 11 Monsters , Inc. , Finding Nemo , The Incredibles , Cars , Ratatouille , WALL - E , Up , Toy Story 3 , Brave , Inside Out , Coco Disney 10 Lilo & Stitch , Treasure Planet , Brother Bear , Bolt , The Princess and the Frog , Wreck - It Ralph , Frozen , Big Hero 6 , Zootopia , Moana DreamWorks Animation 11 Shrek , Spirit : Stallion of the Cimarron , Shrek 2 , Shark Tale , Kung Fu Panda , How to Train Your Dragon , Kung Fu Panda 2 , Puss in Boots , The Croods , How to Train Your Dragon 2 , The Boss Baby Studio Ghibli 6 Spirited Away , Howl 's Moving Castle , The Wind Rises , The Tale of the Princess Kaguya , When Marnie Was There , The Red Turtle ( co-production ) Aardman Wallace & Gromit : The Curse of the Were - Rabbit , The Pirates ! Band of Misfits , Shaun the Sheep Movie Nickelodeon Jimmy Neutron : Boy Genius , Rango Laika 0 Coraline , ParaNorman , The Boxtrolls , Kubo and the Two Strings Cartoon Saloon The Secret of Kells , Song of the Sea , The Breadwinner Les Armateurs The Triplets of Belleville , Ernest & Celestine Blue Sky Ice Age , Ferdinand Tim Burton Corpse Bride , Frankenweenie Medium breakdown ( edit ) Computer - animated nominees ( edit ) Pixar ( edit ) Monsters , Inc . Finding Nemo The Incredibles Cars Ratatouille WALL - E Up Toy Story 3 Brave Inside Out Coco Disney ( edit ) Bolt Wreck - It Ralph Frozen Big Hero 6 Zootopia Moana DreamWorks Animation ( edit ) Shrek Shrek 2 Shark Tale Kung Fu Panda How to Train Your Dragon Kung Fu Panda 2 Puss in Boots The Croods How to Train Your Dragon 2 The Boss Baby Nickelodeon ( edit ) Jimmy Neutron : Boy Genius Rango Blue Sky ( edit ) Ice Age Ferdinand Sony Pictures Animation ( edit ) Surf 's Up Other films ( edit ) Monster House Happy Feet Despicable Me 2 Stop - motion nominees ( edit ) Aardman ( edit ) Wallace & Gromit : The Curse of the Were - Rabbit The Pirates ! Band of Misfits Shaun the Sheep Movie Laika ( edit ) Coraline ParaNorman The Boxtrolls Kubo and the Two Strings Tim Burton ( edit ) Corpse Bride Frankenweenie Other films ( edit ) Fantastic Mr. Fox Anomalisa My Life as a Zucchini Traditionally - animated nominees ( edit ) Disney ( edit ) Lilo & Stitch Treasure Planet Brother Bear The Princess and the Frog Studio Ghibli ( edit ) Spirited Away Howl 's Moving Castle The Wind Rises The Tale of the Princess Kaguya When Marnie Was There The Red Turtle ( co-production ) Les Armateurs ( edit ) The Triplets of Belleville Ernest & Celestine Cartoon Saloon ( edit ) The Secret of Kells Song of the Sea The Breadwinner Other films ( edit ) Spirit : Stallion of the Cimarron Persepolis The Illusionist Chico and Rita A Cat in Paris Boy and the World Loving Vincent Foreign language films ( edit ) The Academy Awards have also nominated a number of non-English - language films . Spirited Away ( Japanese ) The Triplets of Belleville ( French ) Howl 's Moving Castle ( Japanese ) Persepolis ( French ) The Illusionist ( French ) Chico and Rita ( Spanish ) A Cat in Paris ( French ) Ernest & Celestine ( French ) The Wind Rises ( Japanese ) The Tale of the Princess Kaguya ( Japanese ) Boy and the World ( Portuguese ) When Marnie Was There ( Japanese ) My Life as a Zucchini ( French ) All the Japanese films on this list have also been released with English - language dubbing . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` 15 Amazing Animated Movies That Were Snubbed By The Oscars '' . 7 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Shrek ' wins for animated feature '' . USA Today . Associated Press . March 25 , 2002 . Retrieved March 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 100 Greatest Movies , TV Shows , and More '' . Entertainment Weekly . December 4 , 2009 . Retrieved March 29 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rule Seven : Special Rules for the Animated Feature Film Award '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Archived from the original on June 5 , 2011 . Retrieved April 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Osbourne , Robert ( 2013 ) . 85 Years of the Oscar . Abberville Press . p. 357 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7892 - 1142 - 2 . Jump up ^ Osbourne. 85 Years . p. 58 . Jump up ^ Osbourne. 85 Years . p. 298 . Jump up ^ Osbourne. 85 Years . p. 327 . Jump up ^ Osbourne. 85 Years . p. 357 . Jump up ^ `` History of the Academy Awards '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Retrieved August 23 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` 74th Academy Awards Nominees '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Retrieved November 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 5 Reasons the Academy Overlooked ' The LEGO Movie ' '' . Retrieved 18 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The 2008 Top Tens '' . Archived from the original on 31 May 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 27 . Jump up ^ Keegan Winters , Rebecca ( July 7 , 2008 ) . `` Can WALL - E Win Best Picture ? '' . Time . Retrieved April 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bandyk , Matthew ( January 22 , 2009 ) . `` Academy Awards Controversy : Wall - E Gets Snubbed For Best Picture Oscar '' . US News . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2011 . Retrieved April 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( July 2 , 2008 ) . `` Is the best - picture Oscar within WALL - E 's reach ? '' . USA Today . Retrieved April 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Amidi , Amid . `` Academy Members Do n't Care About Animation : 2017 Edition '' . Cartoon Brew . Retrieved 2 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Why Disney Fired John Lasseter - And How He Came Back to Heal the Studio '' . 21 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 75th Academy Awards Nominees '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Retrieved November 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 76th Academy Awards Nominees '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Retrieved November 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 77th Academy Awards Nominees '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Retrieved November 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 78th Academy Awards Nominees '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Retrieved November 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 79th Academy Awards Nominees '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Retrieved November 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 80th Academy Awards Nominees '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Retrieved November 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 81st Academy Awards Nominees '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Retrieved November 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 82nd Academy Awards Nominees '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Retrieved November 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 83rd Academy Awards Nominees '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Retrieved November 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 84th Academy Awards Nominees '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Retrieved November 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 85th Academy Awards Nominees '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Retrieved January 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 86th Academy Awards Nominees '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Retrieved January 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 87th Academy Awards Nominees '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 88th Academy Awards Nominees '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Retrieved January 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 89th Academy Awards Nominees '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Retrieved January 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 90th Academy Awards Nominees '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . See also ( edit ) Lists of animated feature films BAFTA Award for Best Animated Film Annie Award for Best Animated Feature Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film Golden Globe Award for Best Animated Feature Film Critics ' Choice Movie Award for Best Animated Feature Annie Award for Best Animated Feature -- Independent List of animated feature films nominated for Academy Awards Producers Guild of America Award for Best Animated Motion Picture Saturn Award for Best Animated Film Japan Media Arts Festival Animation Kobe Tokyo Anime Award External links ( edit ) Academy Awards Database -- AMPAS Academy Award WInning Feature Films at BCDB Best Animated Picture Submissions for 2011 Oscars Academy Awards Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) Records Most wins per ceremony Oscar season Governors Awards Nicholl Fellowships in Screenwriting Pre-show Awards of Merit Best Picture Director Actor Actress Supporting Actor Supporting Actress Adapted Screenplay Original Screenplay Animated Feature Documentary Feature Foreign Language Film Animated Short Film Documentary Short Subject Live Action Short Film Cinematography Costume Design Film Editing Makeup and Hairstyling Original Score Original Song Production Design Sound Editing Sound Mixing Visual Effects Special awards Governors Awards Academy Honorary Award Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award Special Achievement Academy Award Academy Scientific and Technical Awards Academy Award of Merit ( non-competitive ) Scientific and Engineering Award Technical Achievement Award John A. Bonner Medal of Commendation Gordon E. Sawyer Award Student Awards Student Academy Award Former awards Merit Awards Assistant Director Dance Direction Story Special Awards Academy Juvenile Award Ceremonies ‡ ( List Book ) 1927 / 28 1928 / 29 1929 / 30 1930 / 31 1931 / 32 1932 / 33 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 2001 2017 Footnote ‡ Dates and years listed for each ceremony were the eligibility period of film release in Los Angeles County . For the first five ceremonies , the eligibility period was done on a seasonal basis , from August to July . For the 6th ceremony , held in 1934 , the eligibility period lasted from August 1 , 1932 to December 31 , 1933 . Since the 7th ceremony held in 1935 , the period of eligibility became the full previous calendar year from January 1 to December 31 . Book Portal Academy Award for Best Animated Feature 2000s Shrek -- Aron Warner ( 2001 ) Spirited Away -- Hayao Miyazaki ( 2002 ) Finding Nemo -- Andrew Stanton ( 2003 ) The Incredibles -- Brad Bird ( 2004 ) Wallace & Gromit : The Curse of the Were - Rabbit -- Nick Park and Steve Box ( 2005 ) Happy Feet -- George Miller ( 2006 ) Ratatouille -- Brad Bird ( 2007 ) WALL - E -- Andrew Stanton ( 2008 ) Up -- Pete Docter ( 2009 ) 2010s Toy Story 3 -- Lee Unkrich ( 2010 ) Rango -- Gore Verbinski ( 2011 ) Brave -- Mark Andrews and Brenda Chapman ( 2012 ) Frozen -- Chris Buck , Jennifer Lee , and Peter Del Vecho ( 2013 ) Big Hero 6 -- Don Hall , Chris Williams , and Roy Conli ( 2014 ) Inside Out -- Pete Docter and Jonas Rivera ( 2015 ) Zootopia -- Byron Howard , Rich Moore , and Clark Spencer ( 2016 ) Coco -- Lee Unkrich and Darla K. Anderson ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Academy_Award_for_Best_Animated_Feature&oldid=842216838 '' Categories : Academy Awards Awards for best animated feature film Lists of animated films Animation awards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latviešu Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Piemontèis Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 36 more Edit links This page was last edited on 21 May 2018 , at 00 : 56 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | which film won the oscar for best animated feature in 2012 | [
"\n\nYear\nFilm\nNominees\n\n\n2010\n(83rd)\n[27]\n\n\nToy Story 3\nLee Unkrich\n\n\nHow to Train Your Dragon\nChris Sanders and Dean DeBlois\n\n\nThe Illusionist\nSylvain Chomet\n\n\n2011\n(84th)\n[28]\n\n\nRango\nGore Verbinski\n\n\nA Cat in Paris\nAlain Gagnol and Jean-Loup Felicioli\n\n\nChico & Rita\nFernando Trueba and Javier Mariscal\n\n\nKung Fu Panda 2\nJennifer Yuh Nelson\n\n\nPuss in Boots\nChris Miller\n\n\n2012\n(85th)\n[29]\n\n\nBrave\nMark Andrews and Brenda Chapman\n\n\nFrankenweenie\nTim Burton\n\n\nParaNorman\nSam Fell and Chris Butler\n\n\nThe Pirates! Band of Misfits\nPeter Lord\n\n\nWreck-It Ralph\nRich Moore\n\n\n2013\n(86th)\n[30]\n\n\nFrozen\nChris Buck, Jennifer Lee, and Peter Del Vecho\n\n\nThe Croods\nKirk DeMicco, Chris Sanders, and Kristine Belson\n\n\nDespicable Me 2\nPierre Coffin, Chris Renaud, and Chris Meledandri\n\n\nErnest & Celestine\nBenjamin Renner and Didier Brunner\n\n\nThe Wind Rises\nHayao Miyazaki and Toshio Suzuki\n\n\n2014\n(87th)\n[31]\n\n\nBig Hero 6\nDon Hall, Chris Williams, and Roy Conli\n\n\nThe Boxtrolls\nGraham Annable, Anthony Stacchi, and Travis Knight\n\n\nHow to Train Your Dragon 2\nDean DeBlois and Bonnie Arnold\n\n\nSong of the Sea\nTomm Moore and Paul Young\n\n\nThe Tale of the Princess Kaguya\nIsao Takahata and Yoshiaki Nishimura\n\n\n2015\n(88th)\n[32]\n\n\nInside Out\nPete Docter and Jonas Rivera\n\n\nAnomalisa\nCharlie Kaufman, Duke Johnson, and Rosa Tran\n\n\nBoy and the World\nAlê Abreu\n\n\nShaun the Sheep Movie\nMark Burton and Richard Starzak\n\n\nWhen Marnie Was There\nHiromasa Yonebayashi and Yoshiaki Nishimura\n\n\n2016\n(89th)\n[33]\n\n\nZootopia\nByron Howard, Rich Moore, and Clark Spencer\n\n\nKubo and the Two Strings\nTravis Knight and Arianne Sutner\n\n\nMoana\nJohn Musker, Ron Clements, and Osnat Shurer\n\n\nMy Life as a Zucchini\nClaude Barras and Max Karli\n\n\nThe Red Turtle\nMichaël Dudok de Wit and Toshio Suzuki\n\n\n2017\n(90th)\n[34]\n\n\nCoco\nLee Unkrich and Darla K. Anderson\n\n\nThe Boss Baby\nTom McGrath and Ramsey Ann Naito\n\n\nThe Breadwinner\nNora Twomey and Anthony Leo\n\n\nFerdinand\nCarlos Saldanha and Lori Forte\n\n\nLoving Vincent\nDorota Kobiela, Hugh Welchman, and Ivan Mactaggart\n\n"
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"Brave"
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4581840402476623599 | Gathering of the Juggalos | Gathering of the Juggalos - wikipedia Gathering of the Juggalos Jump to : navigation , search Gathering of the Juggalos Genre Hip Hop , Rock , Nü Metal , Heavy Metal , Horrorcore , Professional Wrestling Dates Varies annually Location ( s ) Cave - In - Rock , Illinois ( former ) Thornville , Ohio ( former ) Oklahoma City , Oklahoma ( 2017 ) Years active 2000 -- present Founded by Robert Bruce , Joseph Bruce , Joseph Utsler Website Official website Broadcast website The Gathering of the Juggalos ( The Gathering or GOTJ ) is an annual festival put on by Psychopathic Records , featuring performances by the entire label roster as well as numerous well - known musical groups and underground artists . It was founded by Robert Bruce , Insane Clown Posse ( Joseph Bruce and Joseph Utsler ) , and their label in 2000 . Described by Joseph Bruce as a `` Juggalo Woodstock '' ( Juggalo being a nickname for fans of the Insane Clown Posse ) , the Gathering of the Juggalos spans five days and includes concerts , wrestling , games , contests , autograph sessions , karaoke , and seminars with artists . Over its first eleven events , the festival has drawn a total attendance of about 107,500 fans . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Early years ( 2000 -- 2002 ) 1.2 Expansion and development ( 2003 -- 2006 ) 1.3 Cave - In - Rock ( 2007 -- 2013 ) 1.4 Legend Valley Ohio , and Oklahoma City ( 2014 - present ) 2 Performers 3 Activities 4 Popular media 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External links History ( edit ) Early years ( 2000 -- 2002 ) ( edit ) The Gathering of the Juggalos was created in 2000 when Rob Bruce organized an event for all Juggalos , a concept long talked about by Insane Clown Posse . The first Gathering took place in Novi , Michigan at the Expo Center and lasted for two days , with over 7,000 fans in attendance . The festival featured concert performances and wrestling hosted by Juggalo Championship Wrestling While performing on the final night , Insane Clown Posse asked the Juggalos to join them onstage , and about 300 fans rushed onto the stage . After performing for almost 30 more minutes , the concert was abruptly stopped by the venue 's management . Vanilla Ice has performed at most of the Gathering of the Juggalos events . The second Gathering of the Juggalos was held in Toledo , Ohio at the Seagate Center for three days , with approximately 6,600 in attendance . Outside artists included Suicide Machines , Marz , Three 6 Mafia , Vanilla Ice , and Bone Thugs - n - Harmony . Juggalo Championship wrestling hosted several matches , with the main event pitting Sabu against Vampiro for the JCW Heavyweight Championship . Like the previous year , hundreds of fans charged the main stage during Insane Clown Posse 's performance . However , this time the group was forced to flee the stage before it collapsed . The festival was ended early , before the duo could reveal their Sixth Joker 's Card . The next day , local newspapers reported the rush as a `` riot '' . The third annual Gathering of the Juggalos was held in the Civic Center in Peoria , Illinois for four days , with over 8,000 in attendance . Esham , Ghoultown , Mack 10 , Primer 55 , and Bubba Sparxxx were among the guest performers . Bubba Sparxxx was booed offstage and has since left a mark on future Gatherings , as acts sharing similar fates have been said to receive the `` Bubba Sparxxx award . '' Esham announced at the event that he had signed with Psychopathic Records . The Sixth Joker 's Card was unveiled in two separate seminars , The Wraith : Shangri - La and Hell 's Pit , given by Violent J. The second seminar , detailing Insane Clown Posse 's entire rise to fame , was captured on video and released with The Wraith : Shangri - La on DVD . A riot occurred after police tried to stop female attendees from showing their breasts . The police released tear gas and pepper balls into the surrounding crowd , causing mass confusion . Psychopathic Record employees Rob Bruce and Alex Abbiss negotiated with police , and the festival continued after airing out for 30 minutes . Expansion and development ( 2003 -- 2006 ) ( edit ) In 2003 , the Juggalo Gathering was held outdoors for the first time . The event took place at Nelson Ledges Quarry Park , known as `` the Crystal Forest '' , near Garrettsville , Ohio in Nelson Township , and lasted five days . It was also the first time the festival went on for 24 hours every day . Guest performers included Bushwick Bill , Dope , and Killah Priest . In addition to the wrestling matches , Mad Man Pondo hosted Mad Man Pondo 's Wrestling School . Though multiple police were called to watch over the event by Garrettsville residents , the Gathering went off without any problems . Tech N9ne has become a staple performer of the festival since 2004 . The fifth annual Gathering of the Juggalos returned to Garrettsville the following year , with over 5,000 in attendance . Ol ' Dirty Bastard , Kurupt , Tech N9ne , and Wolfpac were among those who performed . Kurupt got booed off the stage by the attendees , and retaliated by throwing a microphone into the audience . Bone Thugs - n - Harmony also re-united for the first time in several months by making a surprise performance on opening night . Juggalo Championship Wrestling hosted matches every day , and featured several established wrestlers . The Gathering of the Juggalos returned to Garrettsville for a third time in 2005 . Guest performers included 2 Live Crew , Powerman 5000 , Manntis , and Mini Kiss . Charlie Murphy was also brought in as one of the stand - up comedians . The Gathering hosted the final round of the Underground Psychos contest , in which the winner , Axe Murder Boyz , was signed to Psychopathic Records . Juggalo Championship Wrestling held the event `` JCW vs. TNA '' which pitted JCW wrestlers against TNA wrestlers . Quarry Park 's owner , Evan Kelley , kicked the festival off his grounds later that year . He stated that , `` Psychopathic Records broke some of the rules set down for the 2005 event , including blasting music all night long . '' He also explained that , `` Drugs , alcohol , nudity , profanity and trash also became serious problems . '' The seventh annual Gathering of the Juggalos was set to take place in Brooklyn , Michigan , however , the board of Woodstock Township , Michigan denied the label the permits needed to hold the event . On April 18 , Psychopathic Records announced that the Gathering would be held in Pataskala , Ohio at Frontier Ranch . The festival featured over 100 bands . Those playing at the main and second stages included Drowning Pool , Digital Underground , Rehab , Too $ hort , Intricate Unit , Bobaflex , and Vile . Cave - in - Rock ( 2007 -- 2013 ) ( edit ) Ice Cube was the opener for the tenth Gathering of the Juggalos . Cave - In - Rock , Illinois hosted the eighth Gathering of the Juggalos at Hogrock Campgrounds , with over 8,000 fans attending the four - day event . Like the previous year , over 100 bands were featured . Performances on the main and second stages included Ying Yang Twins , Necro , Haystak , Zug Izland , Prozak , Mushroomhead , and Insane Poetry . Comedians included Joey Gay . Bloodymania , the culmination of Juggalo Championship Wrestling 's web show , SlamTV ! , debuted at the event . Anybody Killa was also announced to have signed back with Psychopathic Records . Charlie Sheen hosted Saturday night 's main stage at the 2011 event . Cave - In - Rock , Illinois also hosted the ninth Gathering of the Juggalos included guest performances Afroman , Andrew W.K. , Ice - T , and Bizarre . Both Bloodymania II and the debut of Oddball Wrestling were presented by Juggalo Championship Wrestling . The Gathering was filmed by Psychopathic Video for the documentary A Family Underground , which was released on May 12 , 2009 . The tenth Gathering of the Juggalos had the largest attendance in Gathering history with over 20,000 people . Over 120 musical artists performed at the event , including Ice Cube , Gwar , Coolio , and Scarface . During their set , Insane Clown Posse debuted the songs `` Juggalo Island '' and `` Bang ! Pow ! Boom ! '' from their then - upcoming album Bang ! Pow ! Boom ! Juggalo Championship Wrestling hosted Bloodymania III , Oddball Wrestling , and Flashlight Wrestling . Stand - up comedians included Jimmie Walker and Pauly Shore . The trailer for Big Money Rustlas also premiered during the event , where it was screened twice . In honor of the Western comedy film Big Money Rustlas being released at the event , the eleventh Gathering of the Juggalos featured a `` Best in the West '' West Coast hip hop theme . Guest performances include Naughty by Nature , Spice 1 , Method Man & Redman , Above the Law , and Warren G. A `` Ladies ' Night '' , hosted by Sugar Slam , featured performances by Kisa , Lil V , Ill E. Gal , and Tila Tequila . Shaggy 2 Dope hosted `` Shaggy 's Old School Super Jam '' , featuring DJing by 2 Dope and performances by Tone Lōc and Rob Base . Comedy was provided by Tom Green , Gallagher , and Ron Jeremy . Five wrestling shows were booked for the event ; Oddball Wrestling , Bloodymania IV , two Flashlight Wrestling events , and an event featuring the cast of Half Pint Brawlers . The twelfth event debuted the use of a celebrity host for each night 's main stage with Dustin Diamond , Jumpsteady , Charlie Sheen , and Flavor Flav . Guest acts included artists Busta Rhymes , Mystikal , Juvenile , Lil Jon , George Clinton and Parliament Funkadelic , Saliva , Ice Cube , Xzibit , and Paris . All of the main stage performances , as well as the wrestling events Bloodymania 5 and Legends & Icons , were broadcast live on internet pay - per - view . It was also announced that Vanilla Ice had signed with Psychopathic Records . The thirteenth annual gathering took place from August 8 through 12 , 2012 at Cave - In - Rock and featured Insane Clown Posse , Twiztid , Psychopathic Rydas , Dark Lotus , Blaze Ya Dead Homie , ABK , comedian Ralphie May , DJ Clay , Mike E. Clark , and Cold 187 AKA Big Hutch . Some other guest artists and groups included Tech N9ne , The Pharcyde , Soulfly , Fear Factory , Cheech & Chong , Danny Brown , Slaine , ¡ Mayday ! & the Geto Boys . A volume of photographs by Daniel Cronin from the event has been published , showing predominantly the people attending the event , not the performers . The fourteenth annual gathering took place from August 7 through 11 , 2013 at Cave - In - Rock . This was the final time the event was held at Cave - In - Rock . Legend Valley Ohio , and Oklahoma City ( 2014 - present ) ( edit ) In February 2014 , it was announced that the Gathering would be moving from its home at Cave - in - Rock to a family Campground in Kaiser , Missouri . However , several local citizens vigorously protested the Gathering being held in this location and the event had to be moved once more . It was reported by Insane Clown Posse themselves that locals had started a petition to keep the Gathering out of their area and flooded the owners of the campground with angry phone calls . Finally , a self - professed Juggalo referred to as Steve ( who had previously been to the Gathering himself ) contacted Psychopathic Records and offered the 120 - acre Legend Valley as a place to host the event . Legend Valley ( located in Thornville , Ohio ) was officially chosen as the Gathering 's venue for 2014 . In a statement by Psychopathic Records in the February 28 , 2014 edition of the Hatchet Herald , it was said that `` Mere hours after the news begin spreading that Kaiser , Missouri would not welcome the Juggalo Family , we began receiving phone calls and emails from interested land owners and promoters who wanted to help ensure that the Gathering of the Juggalos found a home . One of the calls we got was from a down ass ninja named Steve who owns the Legend Valley . ( ... ) Steve has actually been to the Gathering of the Juggalos before and is not buying into the media 's portrayal of what the Gathering is because he has been there . He has expressed to us that he is super down to host the Gathering this year and has always found Juggalos to be cool ass people . He also believes in our fight alongside the ACLU to have Juggalos removed from the FBI gang list , which is still on the list as a `` loosely organized hybrid gang '' because their sorry ass case was thrown out of court in 2014 . In other words , he has our backs and is the perfect ninja we needed to ensure an awesome , trouble - free Gathering this year . '' Legend Valley , Ohio hosted the fifteenth annual Gathering of the Juggalos , which took place between July 23 , 2014 and July 27 , 2014 . Advertised as `` Shangri - La on Earth '' , this Gathering has over 70 artists scheduled to perform , including the entire Psychopathic Records roster and several notable guests such as Twiztid , Blaze Ya Dead Homie , Cypress Hill , Cannibal Corpse , Kottonmouth Kings , Tech N9ne , Da Mafia 6ix , and other artists . Also scheduled to perform are several comedians , including ( most notably ) Gilbert Gottfried . Three special parties are planned for the gathering : Kuma 's Psychopathic All - Star Party , DJ Clay 's Horney Nuts and Big Butts Party , and the Frothy Murder Mix Foam Party . Alongside all these events will be dance competitions , several contests , and Juggalo Championship Wrestling events ( including JCW 's Road to Bloodymania and Bloodymania 8 ) , plus carnival rides , the annual ICP seminar , auctions , and more . In addition , it was announced via the Insane Clown Posse 's Twitter account that there was to be a new Dark Lotus album slated for the 2014 Gathering . 2016 was the last year the Gathering of the Juggalos was to be held at Legend Valley . It was announced at the Insane Clown Posse seminar at Legend Valley , they are pursuing the Gathering of the Juggalos to be held in Colorado in 2017 . On April 11 , 2017 , Faygoluvers.net announced that GOTJ18 will be held in Oklahoma City , Oklahoma at the Lost Lakes Ampitheater on July 26th through July 29th . Performers ( edit ) Kottonmouth Kings performed at the first festival and numerous others since . Main article : Gathering of the Juggalos lineups by year Over the years , several hundred artists have performed at the Gathering of the Juggalos . Outside of the label 's roster , regular performers include : Project Born , Kottonmouth Kings , Bone Thugs - n - Harmony , Vanilla Ice , Zug Izland , Esham , Natas , Tech N9ne , Wolfpac , 2 Live Crew , Rehab , Necro , Haystak , King Gordy , Brotha Lynch Hung , Prozak , Three 6 Mafia , Afroman , Bizarre , Big B , George Clinton and Parliament , Mack 10 , Delusional , and Coolio . Notable guest performances have included Bubba Sparxxx , Dope , Lil Wyte , Killah Priest , Bushwick Bill , Ol ' Dirty Bastard , Kurupt , Powerman 5000 , Digital Underground , Drowning Pool , Too $ hort , Ying Yang Twins , Mushroomhead , Andrew W.K. , Ice Cube , Gwar , Scarface , Naughty by Nature , Spice 1 , Ralphie May , Method Man & Redman , Above the Law , Warren G , Tila Tequila , Tone Lōc , Rob Base , Busta Rhymes , Hopsin , Mystikal , Juvenile , Lil Jon , Saliva , Xzibit , Paris , Soulfly , Fear Factory , Static - X , P.O.D. , Cheech & Chong , The Pharcyde , The Fat Boys , Millionaires , Kool Keith , Onyx , Danny Brown , Slaine , Master P , Raekwon , Swollen Members , DMIZE and Geto Boys . Activities ( edit ) In addition to musical concerts , the Gathering of the Juggalos features multiple activities . Throughout the site there are carnival rides , Midway Games , and helicopter rides . Other events include Juggalo Karaoke , an Open mic , comedy , ladies oil wrestling , a wet T - shirt contest , a Ms. Juggalette competition , and Hog Daddy 's Hellfire . Autograph signings and seminars are held by Juggalo Championship Wrestling , Mike E. Clark , Axe Murder Boyz , Blaze Ya Dead Homie , Anybody Killa , Boondox , Twiztid , and Insane Clown Posse . Several late night parties also occur , including Ladies Night hosted by Sugar Slam , Mike E. Clark 's Murder Mix Party , DJ Clay 's Bubble Houseparty , Shaggy 's Old School Super Jam , and Violent J 's Michael Jackson Moonwalk BBQ Blowout Pajama Jam . Professional wrestling has been a prevalent feature of the event since its inception . Juggalo Championship Wrestling currently hosts JCW Try - Outs , Oddball Wrestling , Flashlight Wrestling , and Bloodymania at every Gathering event . Popular media ( edit ) Psychopathic Records ' infomercial for the 2009 Gathering of the Juggalos was parodied on the television sketch comedy Saturday Night Live . The sketch , titled `` Kickspit Underground Rock Festival '' , aired on the December 5 edition of the show . Joseph Bruce stated that he was not offended by the parody , and that he thought that the sketch was `` hilarious '' and `` a humongous compliment '' . The `` Kickspit Underground Rock Festival '' has since become a recurring series of sketches . Performer Tila Tequila was hit with bottles at the 2010 event , which resulted in coverage by numerous media outlets . Tila claimed that she would sue Juggalo Gathering LLC , but never did . In 2011 , the hit television show Workaholics aired an episode called `` Straight Up Juggahos '' . The episode revolved around an Insane Clown Posse concert , which acted as a direct parody of the Gathering of the Juggalos . In June 2011 , comedy troupe Upright Citizens Brigade received a cease and desist from Insane Clown Posse for titling one of their performances `` The Gathering Of The Juggalos For A Mother Fucking Baby Funeral . '' In an episode of The Simpsons titled The Saga of Carl , the character Carl wins the lottery alongside his friends Moe , Homer , and Lenny . After a deal was made to split the lottery money between the four friends , Carl abandoned the group , cashed in the money , and left Springfield . When the other three discovered this , they were enraged . Within the episode , after finding out that Carl had ditched them , Moe said that if he ever saw Carl again , he would `` freeze him , chop him up into ice cubes , and scoop him into the urinal trough at the Gathering of the Juggalos . '' In 2013 , the FilmDrunk Frotcast launched a successful Kickstarter campaign to create a documentary studying the Gathering from an outsider 's perspective . The group consisted of photographer Ben Kaplan , comedian Matt Lieb , and film critics Vince Mancini and Laremy Legel . The film , titled Whoop Dreams , premiered in 2014 to decent reviews , and Mancini and Legel have written articles and essays about their experiences . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Neely , Anthony ; Marone , Vittorio ( 2014 ) . `` From fan to fam : The bonding ' counters ' in the Juggalo culture '' ( PDF ) . Communication and Culture Online . 5 ( 1 ) : 252 -- 266 . ^ Jump up to : Bruce , Joseph ; Hobey Echlin ( 2003 ) . `` Hatchet Rising '' . In Nathan Fostey . ICP : Behind the Paint ( 2nd ed . ) . Royal Oak , Michigan : Psychopathic Records . pp. 470 -- 496 . ISBN 0 - 9741846 - 0 - 8 . Jump up ^ Gary Graff ( 2011 - 07 - 29 ) . `` Insane Clown Posse : Juggalos Will Love Charlie Sheen , Bobby Brown at Gathering '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : Adam Graham ( 2000 - 06 - 15 ) . `` Insane Clown Posse Fans Rush Stage At Convention '' . MTV . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : Brian Hiatt ( 2001 - 06 - 16 ) . `` ICP 's Juggalos Riot , Punch Police Horse , Cut Clowns ' Set Short At Fan Convention '' . MTV . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ Joe D'Angelo ( 2001 - 06 - 14 ) . `` ICP 's Juggalo Gathering Promises Faygo Armageddon , Juggalette Bride '' . MTV . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` Gathering of the Juggalos 2002 '' . Psychopathic Records . 2002 - 08 - 02 . Archived from the original on 2002 - 08 - 02 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Gathering of the Juggalos -- 2002 '' . Psychopathic Records . 2002 - 06 - 02 . Archived from the original on 2002 - 06 - 02 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ Joe D'Angelo ( 2002 - 10 - 04 ) . `` Insane Clown Posse Find Light ( And Hotties , Homies , Faygo ) At End Of Tunnel '' . MTV . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : Ben Sisario ( 2003 - 05 - 04 ) . `` SUMMER FESTIVALS ; POP / JAZZ '' . NY Times . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` Gathering of the Juggalos 2003 '' . Psychopathic Records . 2003 - 06 - 11 . Archived from the original on 2003 - 06 - 11 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Gathering of the Juggalos -- 2003 '' . Psychopathic Records . 2003 - 08 - 04 . Archived from the original on 2003 - 08 - 04 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ Laurie Borslien ( 2004 - 12 - 15 ) . `` The faces of an ICP fan '' . The Roanoke Times . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Gathering of the Juggalos -- Shows '' . Psychopathic Records . 2004 - 06 - 07 . Archived from the original on 2004 - 06 - 07 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Gathering of the Juggalos -- Gathering News '' . Psychopathic Records . 2004 - 07 - 10 . Archived from the original on 2004 - 07 - 10 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Gathering of the Juggalos -- Latest 2005 Gathering News '' . Psychopathic Records . 2005 - 07 - 24 . Archived from the original on 2005 - 07 - 24 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ David O'Brien ( 2006 - 02 - 04 ) . `` Rappers wo n't return to Nelson Insane Clown Posse uninvited '' ( PDF ) . Record - Courier . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` G7 -- Gathering 2006 News '' . Psychopathic Records . 2006 - 04 - 23 . Archived from the original on 2006 - 04 - 23 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The 7th Annual Gathering of the Juggalos 2006 '' . Psychopathic Records . 2006 - 07 - 12 . Archived from the original on 2006 - 07 - 12 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ Bethany Krajelis ( 2007 - 08 - 11 ) . `` Police report few arrests , several citations so far at four - day ICP festival '' . The Southerner . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` 2007 Gathering of the Juggalos -- Live Performances '' . Psychopathic Records . 2007 - 08 - 19 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 08 - 19 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ A Family Underground ( DVD ) . Royal Oak , Michigan : Psychopathic Video . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Graham , Adam ( October 30 , 2008 ) . `` ICP 's annual Halloween bash brings the insane circus to town '' . The Detroit News . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 02 . Jump up ^ Insane Clown Posse ( presenters ) ( 2009 - 01 - 27 ) . Weekly Freekly Weekly January Edition ( internet news ) . Detroit , Michigan : Psychopathic Records . Event occurs at 7 : 45 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ Fats Pepper ( presenter ) ( 2009 - 04 - 11 ) . Weekly Freekly Weekly April 2009 ( internet news ) . Detroit : Psychopathic Records . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 12 . Jump up ^ Howard Stern ( host ) and Insane Clown Posse ( guests ) ( 1 September 2009 ) . ICP on Howard Stern 9.1. 09 . The Howard Stern Show . 3 : 00 minutes in . Sirius Satellite Radio . Howard 100 . ^ Jump up to : DJ Clay and Sugar Slam ( Presenters ) ( 17 July 2009 ) . 2009 Gathering Of The Juggalos Infomercial ( internet production ) . Psychopathic Records . Retrieved 18 July 2009 . Jump up ^ The Rude Boy ( Presenters ) ( 28 July 2009 ) . Bloodymania 3 Infomercial ( internet production ) . Psychopathic Records . Retrieved 28 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Get Schooled With This News , Right From Violent J ! '' . Psychopathic Records . June 5 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Gathering News From Violent J ! '' . Psychopathic Records . May 22 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : DJ Clay , Sugar Slam , Awesome Dre , and Corporal Robinson ( Presenters ) ( 17 July 2010 ) . 11th Annual Gathering of the Juggalos ( internet production ) . Psychopathic Records . Retrieved 17 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Presenters : DJ Fillin and Corporal Robinson ( 2010 - 07 - 08 ) . `` The Main Event '' . WFKO . Missing or empty series = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` The 12 Annual Gathering of the Juggalos -- LIVE INTERNET PAY - PER - VIEWS ! '' . Psychopathic Records . Retrieved 7 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Fats Pepper ( presenter ) , Guy Gorfey ( 2009 - 04 - 11 ) . Weekly Freekly Weekly Special 2011 Gathering Edition ( internet news ) . Detroit , Michigan : Psychopathic Records . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 12 . Jump up ^ Kevin Rutherford ( 2011 - 08 - 13 ) . `` Down With the Clown : ICP Gathering of the Juggalos Diary , Day 2 '' . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 16 . Jump up ^ The Gathering of the Juggalos Photographs by Daniel Cronin , with a foreword by Camille Dodero . Munich : Prestel , 2013 ( ? ) . ISBN 978 - 3 - 7913 - 4752 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Insane Clown Posse 's Gritty Festival for Juggalos Moving to Missouri '' . Billboard . Associated Press . February 6 , 2014 . Retrieved May 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Young , Alex ( February 14 , 2014 ) . `` Citizens of Kaiser , Missouri successfully protest Gathering of the Juggalos , force festival to move '' . Consequence of Sound . Townsquare Music . Retrieved May 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The 15th Annual Gathering of the Juggalos Is Moving ... But NOT Cancelled ! '' . Insane Clown Posse . Psychopathic Records . Jump up ^ http://www.thewire.com/national/2014/07/insane-clown-posse-loses-fbi-lawsuit-juggalos-a-gang/374093/ Jump up ^ Webber , Jason ( February 28 , 2014 ) . `` Hatchet Herald -- February 28 , 2014 '' . Hatchet Herald . Psychopathic Records . Retrieved May 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kaye , Ben ( March 6 , 2014 ) . `` Sorry , Ohio : Insane Clown Posse 's Gathering of the Juggalos has chosen you as its new home '' . Consequence of Sound . Townsquare Music . Retrieved May 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 15th Annual Gathering of the Juggalos '' . Psychopathic Records . Jump up ^ `` The 15th Annual Gathering of the Juggalos Infomercial ( Now With A List of Artists , Shows , more ! ) '' . Faygoluvers.net . Faygoluvers.net . May 11 , 2014 . Retrieved May 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Gathering of the Juggalos 2014 Infomercial -- July 23 -- July 27 , 2014 '' . YouTube . Google . May 11 , 2014 . Retrieved May 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` NEW Dark Lotus album Dropping at the Gathering of the Juggalos '' . Faygoluvers.net . Faygoluvers.net . February 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ http://www.faygoluvers.net/v5/2017/04/new-gathering-location-revealed-tickets-on-sale-now/ ^ Jump up to : `` Events '' . Psychopathic Records . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : Hammerstein , B.J. ( December 8 , 2009 ) . `` Detroit rappers ICP amused by recent SNL skit '' . Detroit Free Press . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Dave Itzkoff ( 2011 - 05 - 01 ) . `` Beneath the Greasepaint , the Roar of ' Fam - i - ly ! ' '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : TMZ Staff ( 2010 - 08 - 15 ) . `` Tila Tequila Attack -- Caught on Tape '' . TMZ.com . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 16 . Jump up ^ Alan Duke ( 2010 - 08 - 15 ) . `` Tila Tequila suffers cuts , but escapes juggalos attack '' . Turner Broadcasting System , Inc . Retrieved August 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Kyle Anderson ( 2010 - 08 - 16 ) . `` Tila Tequila 's Juggalo Disaster Joins The List Of Wildest Stage Attacks '' . MTV Networks . Retrieved August 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Edecio Martinez ( 2010 - 08 - 16 ) . `` Tila Tequila Attacked Video : Did Juggalos Throw Rocks , Feces ? '' . CBS Interactive Inc . Retrieved August 7 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Camille Dodero ( 2011 - 05 - 19 ) . `` Q&A : Workaholics Director Kyle Newacheck On Setting His Comedy Central Show At The Gathering Of The Juggalos '' . Village Voice , LLC . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 26 . Jump up ^ Sean O'Neal ( June 20 , 2011 ) . `` Insane Clown Posse puts a stop to Upright Citizens Brigade show mocking Juggalos '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved 31 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Simpsons 5 - 19 - 13 gathering of the Juggalos '' . May 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.imdb.com/title/tt3432194/ Further reading ( edit ) Rabin , Nathan ( 2016 ) . 7 Days In Ohio : Trump , the Gathering of the Juggalos and The Summer Everything Went Insane : If We Make It Through November Hugely Expanded Edition ( Kindle ed . ) . Declan - Haven Books . ASIN B01LVV94LB . External links ( edit ) Official website Broadcast website ( hide ) Psychopathic Records Films and videos Shockumentary Big Money Hustlas Born Twiztid The Purple Show Psychopathic : The Videos A Family Underground Big Money Rustlas Related articles Discography Filmography Psychopathic Rydas Hatchet House ( Discography ) Juggalo Juggalo Championship Wrestling Gathering of the Juggalos Lineups by year Book : Psychopathic Records Category : Psychopathic Records Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gathering_of_the_Juggalos&oldid=800090859 '' Categories : Hardin County , Illinois Insane Clown Posse Music festivals in the United States Psychopathic Records Recurring events established in 2000 2000 establishments in Illinois Music festivals established in 2000 Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Pages with citations lacking titles Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 11 September 2017 , at 13 : 20 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where is the gathering of the juggalos being held this year | [
"2016 was the last year the Gathering of the Juggalos was to be held at Legend Valley. It was announced at the Insane Clown Posse seminar at Legend Valley, they are pursuing the Gathering of the Juggalos to be held in Colorado in 2017. On April 11, 2017, Faygoluvers.net announced that GOTJ18 will be held in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma at the Lost Lakes Ampitheater on July 26th through July 29th.[47]"
] | [
"Oklahoma City, Oklahoma"
] |
1034840130713072693 | Free Bird | Free Bird - wikipedia Free Bird Jump to : navigation , search `` Freebird '' redirects here . For other uses , see Freebird ( disambiguation ) . For the Beatles song , see Free as a Bird . For the Germanic legal concept , see Vogelfrei . `` Free Bird '' 1976 UK issue Single by Lynyrd Skynyrd from the album ( Pronounced ' Lĕh - ' nérd ' Skin - ' nérd ) Released November 1974 ( 1974 - 11 ) Format 7 '' 12 '' Recorded April 3 , 1973 Studio Studio One , Doraville , Georgia , U.S. Genre Southern rock hard rock Length 9 : 08 ( album version ) 4 : 41 ( single version ) Label MCA Songwriter ( s ) Allen Collins Ronnie Van Zant Producer ( s ) Al Kooper Lynyrd Skynyrd singles chronology `` Sweet Home Alabama '' ( 1974 ) `` Free Bird '' ( 1974 ) `` Saturday Night Special '' ( 1975 ) `` Sweet Home Alabama '' ( 1974 ) `` Free Bird '' ( 1974 ) `` Saturday Night Special '' ( 1975 ) Audio sample file help `` Free Bird '' , or `` Freebird '' , is a power ballad performed by American rock band Lynyrd Skynyrd . The song was first featured on the band 's debut album in 1973 and has been included on subsequent albums released by the band , including the previously unreleased , unfaded - ending version of the original recording ( featured on Skynyrd 's Innyrds ) . Released as a single in November 1974 , `` Free Bird '' bowed at No. 87 on the Billboard Hot 100 on November 23 and became the band 's second Top 40 hit in early 1975 , where it peaked at No. 19 . A live version of the song also reached the Billboard Hot 100 chart in 1977 , peaking at No. 38 . `` Free Bird '' also achieved the No. 3 spot on Guitar World 's 100 Greatest Guitar Solos . It is used as a finale by Lynyrd Skynyrd during their live performances and is their longest song , often going well over 14 minutes when played live . It is considered to be Lynyrd Skynyrd 's signature song . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origins 2 Reception 3 Legacy 4 In popular culture 5 Chart and sales performance 6 Personnel 6.1 Lynyrd Skynyrd 6.2 Additional personnel 7 Cover versions 8 References Origins ( edit ) According to guitarist Gary Rossington , for two years after Allen Collins wrote the initial chords , vocalist Ronnie Van Zant insisted that there were too many for him to create a melody in the belief that the melody needed to change alongside the chords . After Collins played the unused sequence at rehearsal one day , Van Zant asked him to repeat it , then wrote out the melody and lyrics in three or four minutes . The guitar solos that finish the song were added originally to give Van Zant a chance to rest , as the band was playing several sets per night at clubs at the time . Soon afterward , the band learned piano - playing roadie Billy Powell had written an introduction to the song ; upon hearing it , they included it as the finishing touch and had him formally join as their keyboardist . Allen Collins 's girlfriend , Kathy , whom he later married , asked him , `` If I leave here tomorrow , would you still remember me ? '' Collins noted the question and it eventually became the opening line of `` Free Bird '' . The song is dedicated to the memory of Duane Allman by the band in their live shows . During their 1975 performance on The Old Grey Whistle Test , Ronnie dedicated the song to both Allman and Berry Oakley , commenting , `` they 're both free birds '' . Reception ( edit ) `` Free Bird '' is included in The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame 's 500 Songs that Shaped Rock and Roll and at number 193 in Rolling Stone 's 500 Greatest Songs of All Time . In 2009 , it was named the 26th best hard rock song of all time by VH1 . The song -- half ballad , half up - tempo guitar solo -- quickly became a staple for Lynyrd Skynyrd at their live performances . Many recognize its 5 : 12 triple guitar solo section that closes it out . It often turned into an extended jam session at concerts . The band would consistently play it as the last song of every show , as it was their biggest crowd pleaser . Overall the song proved to be a huge hit for Lynyrd Skynyrd and it remains a fan favorite to this day . It is also a classic rock radio staple . Following the plane crash in 1977 in which several band members were killed , all the songs played by surviving members were performed as instrumentals beginning with the Charlie Daniels Volunteer Jam V in 1979 . When `` Free Bird '' came up , a solitary microphone with a single spotlight would be at center stage while the band played the instrumental version . This tradition lasted until 1989 , when an almost - rioting audience coerced Rossington to urge Johnny Van Zant to sing the song for the first time -- something he had vowed never to do on stage during the Tribute Tour . The current version has a shortened solo similar to the original studio version . Legacy ( edit ) It has become something of a humorous tradition for audience members at concerts to shout `` Free Bird '' as a request to hear the song , regardless of the performer or style of music . The phenomenon began earlier in the 1970s with The Allman Brothers Band 's `` Whipping Post '' and Deep Purple 's `` Smoke on the Water '' but then took off with `` Free Bird '' by 1979 . On Skynyrd 's first live album , 1976 's One More from the Road , Van Zant can be heard asking the crowd , `` What song is it you wan na hear ? '' The deafening calls for `` Free Bird '' led into a 14 - minute rendition of the song . Kevin Matthews claimed to have further popularized it in the 1980s from his Chicago - area radio show . In recent tours , since the song returned to their set list , it has become common for the band to close concerts with it , with photos and film of the former band members being shown on a screen behind them , while lead singer Johnny Van Zant points his microphone to the sky as a tribute . This can be seen on the band 's 2003 Vicious Cycle Tour concert video . In popular culture ( edit ) An all - star band performed the song to conclude the final episode of The Tonight Show with Conan O'Brien . Will Ferrell sang lead vocals and played cowbell , and was backed by Beck , ZZ Top 's Billy Gibbons , Ben Harper , and O'Brien himself on guitar , drummer Max Weinberg and the rest of the show 's house band . Some commentators found the lyrics especially resonant due to Conan 's decision to leave the show rather than allow it to be aired in a later time slot . The song was featured in several video games , films , and television series , including Guitar Hero II , Forrest Gump , House of Cards , The Devil 's Rejects , Guitar Hero : Smash Hits , Rock Band 3 , That ' 70s Show , Grand Theft Auto : San Andreas , `` Californication '' , Kingsman : The Secret Service and Family Guy . `` Free Bird '' was used as The Fabulous Freebirds ' theme song and video package for their induction into the WWE Hall of Fame in 2016 . Chart and sales performance ( edit ) The song has sold 2,111,000 downloads in the digital era . Chart ( 1974 -- 1975 ) Peak position Canada RPM Top Singles 47 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 19 Chart ( 1979 -- 1980 ) Peak position UK Singles Chart 43 Chart ( 1982 ) Peak position UK Singles Chart 21 Personnel ( edit ) Lynyrd Skynyrd ( edit ) Studio version ( 1973 ) Ronnie Van Zant -- vocals Allen Collins -- lead & acoustic guitars Gary Rossington -- rhythm & slide guitars Ed King -- bass guitar Billy Powell -- piano Bob Burns -- drums `` Roosevelt Gook '' ( Producer Al Kooper ) -- organ , mellotron Additional personnel ( edit ) Steve Gaines -- Addition of lead and rhythm guitars The addition of Steve Gaines returned Lynyrd Skynyrd to the formula that Ronnie Van Zant felt gave the band its first road to success with a three - headed lead guitar sound . Collins ' `` Free Bird '' solo at the end was changed so that the two guitars were complementing and challenging each other throughout that solo . Cover versions ( edit ) The American dance - pop group Will to Power created a medley of this song and the 1976 Peter Frampton song `` Baby , I Love Your Way '' in 1988 . Titled `` Baby , I Love Your Way / Freebird Medley '' , it spent one week at No. 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart . Molly Hatchet covered the song on their 1985 live album Double Trouble Live . It was released as a promo single . It was also covered by Wynonna Judd on the 1994 tribute album Skynyrd Frynds . The song was also covered by Bronx Casket Co. on their 2005 album Hellectric in Goth style . American jam band Phish has performed an a cappella version of the song live , most frequently throughout 1993 -- 94 and 1998 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Lynyrd Skynyrd . ( Pronounced ' Lĕh - ' nérd ' Skin - ' nérd ) . Songs of the South ( Universal City ) , 1973 . Hosted at Discogs Archived April 24 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved June 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lynyrd Skynyrd . `` Free Bird / Searching '' . MCA Records ( Universal City ) , 1976 . Hosted at Discogs Archived April 24 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved June 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel . The Billboard Book of Top 40 Hits , 9th ed. , p. 403 . Billboard Books ( New York ) , 2010 . Retrieved June 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lynyrd Skynyrd . `` Free Bird / Sweet Home Alabama / Double Trouble '' . Leeds Music Ltd . ( London ) , 1976 . Hosted at Discogs Archived April 24 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved June 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lynyrd Skynyrd . Official Website . `` ( pronounced leh - nerd skin - nerd ) Archived February 27 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . '' . Retrieved June 9 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Fry , Jason . `` Rock 's Oldest Joke : Yelling ' Freebird ! ' In a Crowded Theater '' in The Wall Street Journal . March 17 , 2005 . Retrieved June 9 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . The Billboard Book of Top 40 Hits , 8th Edition ( Billboard Publications ) Jump up ^ `` 100 Greatest Guitar Solos : 3 ) `` Free Bird '' ( Allen Collins , Gary Rossington ) `` . Guitar World . October 14 , 2008 . Retrieved March 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Lynyrd Skynyrd Biography '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved November 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Free Bird by Lynyrd Skynyrd Songfacts '' . Songfacts.com . Retrieved March 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Paul , Alan ( March 4 , 2009 ) . `` Prime Cuts : Lynyrd Skynyrd '' . Guitar World . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2013 . Retrieved September 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lynyrd Skynyrd - Free Bird Live Old Grey Whistle Test 1975 '' . YouTube . Jump up ^ The Old Grey Whistle Test ( DVD ) . Warner Home Video . 2003 . Jump up ^ `` spreadit.org music '' . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2009 . Retrieved February 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ YouTube - `` Free Bird '' Live 2003 Jump up ^ Daniel Kreps ( January 23 , 2010 ) . `` Conan O'Brien Recruits Will Ferrell , Beck for Final Episode Free Bird Music News '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved July 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Conan Says Goodbye with Will Ferrell & Freebird from TubularGoldmine '' . Funnyordie.com . January 23 , 2010 . Retrieved July 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lynyrd Skynyrd 's ' Free Bird ' a fitting end to Conan O'Brien's run '' . members.jacksonville.com . Retrieved July 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Kingsman : The Secret Service soundtracks '' . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved May 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Kingsman : The Secret Service ( 2015 ) '' . Soundtrack.Net . Retrieved May 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Grein , Paul ( November 27 , 2013 ) . `` Chart Watch : Eminem Returns to # 1 , Gaga Sinks to # 8 '' . Yahoo Music . Retrieved November 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Molly Hatchet -- Freebird '' . discogs . Retrieved November 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Free Bird Every Time Played '' . Phish.net . Retrieved 3 June 2016 . Lynyrd Skynyrd Gary Rossington Rickey Medlocke Johnny Van Zant Michael Cartellone Mark Matejka Peter Keys Johnny Colt Ronnie Van Zant Allen Collins Bob Burns Larry Junstrom Greg T. Walker Leon Wilkeson Billy Powell Ed King Artimus Pyle Steve Gaines Randall Hall Kurt Custer Mike Estes Owen Hale Hughie Thomasson Jeff McAllister Kenny Aronoff Ean Evans Robert Kearns Studio albums ( Pronounced ' Lĕh - ' nérd ' Skin - ' nérd ) Second Helping Nuthin ' Fancy Gimme Back My Bullets Street Survivors Lynyrd Skynyrd 1991 The Last Rebel Endangered Species Twenty Edge of Forever Christmas Time Again Vicious Cycle God & Guns Last of a Dyin ' Breed Live albums One More from the Road Southern by the Grace of God Southern Knights Lyve from Steel Town Lynyrd Skynyrd Lyve : The Vicious Cycle Tour Authorized Bootleg Lynyrd Skynyrd Live / Cardiff Capitol Theater - Cardiff , Wales Nov. 04 1975 Authorized Bootleg Live In Winterland , San Francisco , CA , March 07 , 1976 Live from Freedom Hall Compilations Skynyrd 's First and ... Last Gold & Platinum Best of the Rest Legend Skynyrd 's Innyrds Lynyrd Skynyrd ( Box Set ) A Retrospective What 's Your Name Old Time Greats Extended Versions : The Encore Collection The Essential Lynyrd Skynyrd Skynyrd 's First : The Complete Muscle Shoals Album 20th Century Masters : The Best of Lynyrd Skynyrd Solo Flytes All Time Greatest Hits Collectybles Then and Now Lynyrd Skynyrd : The Collection Thyrty Greatest Hits Then and Now Volume Two Greatest Hits Icon Video Lynyrd Skynyrd Tribute Tour Freebird ... The Movie Lyve From Steel Town Lynyrd Skynyrd Lyve : The Vicious Cycle Tour Lynyrd Skynyrd : Live from Austin , TX Live from Freedom Hall Songs `` Tuesday 's Gone '' `` Gimme Three Steps '' `` Simple Man '' `` Things Goin ' On '' `` Free Bird '' `` Mr. Banker '' `` Do n't Ask Me No Questions '' `` Sweet Home Alabama '' `` Saturday Night Special '' `` Double Trouble '' `` All I Can Do Is Write About It '' `` What 's Your Name '' `` That Smell '' `` You Got That Right '' `` Red White & Blue '' Tours Pronounced ' Lĕh - ' nérd ' Skin - ' nérd Tour Second Helping Tour Nuthin ' Fancy Tour Gimme Back My Bullets Tour One More From The Road Tour Street Survivors Tour Lynyrd Skynyrd Tribute Tour Lynyrd Skynyrd 1991 Tour The Last Rebel Tour Lynyrd Skynyrd Twenty Tour Edge of Forever Tour Vicious Cycle Tour Rebels and Bandoleros Tour Spin - off bands Rossington Collins Band The Rossington Band Allen Collins Band Artimus Pyle Band Van Zant Related articles Discography Band Members Skynyrd Frynds 1977 Convair CV - 240 crash Ronnie Van Zant Memorial Park Leonard Skinner `` All Summer Long '' Lynyrd Skynyrd singles Singles ( 1968 ) `` Michelle / Need All My Friends '' ( 1971 ) `` I 've Been Your Fool / Gotta Go '' ( 1973 ) `` Gimme Three Steps / Mr. Banker '' ( 1974 ) `` Do n't Ask Me No Questions / Take Your Time '' `` Sweet Home Alabama / Take Your Time ( demo ) '' `` Free Bird / Down South Jukin '' ( 1975 ) `` Saturday Night Special / Made in the Shade '' ( 1976 ) `` Double Trouble / Roll Gypsy Roll '' `` Gimme Back My Bullets / All I Can Do Is Write About It '' `` Gimme Three Steps ( Live ) / Travelin ' Man ( Live ) '' ( 1977 ) `` What 's Your Name / I Know A Little '' ( 1978 ) `` You Got That Right / Ai n't No Good Life '' `` Down South Jukin / Wino '' ( 1987 ) `` Truck Drivin ' Man '' ( 1988 ) `` Swamp Music '' ( 1991 ) `` Smokestack Lightning '' ( 1993 ) `` Keeping The Faith '' `` Good Lovin 's Hard To Find '' `` Born To Run '' ( 1997 ) `` Travelin ' Man '' `` Bring It On '' ( 1999 ) `` Preacher Man '' ( 2003 ) `` Red White & Blue ( Love it or Leave ) '' ( 2009 ) `` Still Unbroken '' `` Simple Life '' ( 2010 ) `` Skynyrd Nation '' `` That Ai n't My America '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Free_Bird&oldid=804204212 '' Categories : 1973 songs 1974 singles Lynyrd Skynyrd songs Blues rock songs Songs in memory of deceased persons Number - one singles in Norway Joey + Rory songs Rock ballads 1970s ballads Song recordings produced by Al Kooper Songs written by Allen Collins Songs written by Ronnie Van Zant MCA Records singles Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from June 2015 Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Dansk Español فارسی Français Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 7 October 2017 , at 13 : 22 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did the song free bird come out | [
"\"Free Bird\",[1][2][3] or \"Freebird\",[4][5][6] is a power ballad performed by American rock band Lynyrd Skynyrd. The song was first featured on the band's debut album in 1973 and has been included on subsequent albums released by the band, including the previously unreleased, unfaded-ending version of the original recording (featured on Skynyrd's Innyrds)."
] | [
"1973"
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5609241984915230809 | Sam Hunt | Sam Hunt - wikipedia Sam Hunt Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the American musician . For other people of the name , see Samuel Hunt . Sam Hunt Hunt performing at Rockin ' River Music Festival , July 2016 Background information Birth name Sam Lowry Hunt ( 1984 - 12 - 08 ) December 8 , 1984 ( age 32 ) Cedartown , Georgia , United States Origin Nashville , Tennessee , United States Genres Country country pop R&B Occupation ( s ) Singer songwriter Instruments Vocals guitar Years active 2009 -- present Labels MCA Nashville Associated acts Lady Antebellum Carrie Underwood Website samhunt.com Sam Lowry Hunt ( born December 8 , 1984 ) is an American singer and songwriter . Born in Cedartown , Georgia , Hunt played football in his high school and college years and once attempted to pursue a professional sports career before signing with MCA Nashville in 2014 . Prior to his successful solo career , Hunt was credited for writing singles for Kenny Chesney , Keith Urban , Billy Currington , and Reba McEntire . His debut studio album , Montevallo , broke several chart records with five singles spawned from the record , including three consecutive Hot Country Songs chart and four Country Airplay chart number ones . The lead single from the album , `` Leave the Night On '' , peaked concurrently on the Hot Country Songs and Country Airplay charts , making Hunt the first country music artist in 22 years , since Billy Ray Cyrus , to reach the top of three country music charts simultaneously in the Nielsen SoundScan - era . He is also the first country music artist since Clint Black to occupy both year - end number one album and single with Montevallo and `` Take Your Time '' . The fifth single `` Make You Miss Me '' from Montevallo , hit number one on the Country Airplay chart , thus making Hunt the first solo male artist to land four number ones on the Country Airplay chart from a debut studio album . Since the launch of his career , Hunt has quickly assumed recognition from both inside and outside the country music community for his boundary - breaking artistry , incorporating use of R&B and pop into the production and songwriting of his songs . He has been honored with numerous awards , including one American Music Award , and one CMT Music Award , as well as nominations for Billboard Music Awards and Grammy Awards . Contents ( hide ) 1 Life and career 1.1 Early life and football career 1.2 2014 -- 2016 : X2C and Montevallo 1.3 2017 -- present : Upcoming second studio album 2 Artistry 2.1 Vocals 2.2 Influences 2.3 Lyrical and musical style 3 Personal life 4 Tours 4.1 Headlining 4.2 Supporting 5 Awards 5.1 Academy of Country Music Awards 5.2 American Country Countdown Awards 5.3 American Music Awards 5.4 ASCAP Country Music Awards 5.5 Billboard Music Awards 5.6 Country Music Association Awards 5.7 CMT Music Awards 5.8 Grammy Awards 5.9 Music Biz Awards 5.10 People 's Choice Awards 5.11 Taste of Country Music Awards 5.12 Teen Choice Awards 6 Discography 7 References Life and career Early life and football career Sam Hunt UAB Blazers -- No. 3 Position Quarterback Career history College Middle Tennessee ( 2003 -- 2004 ) UAB ( 2005 -- 2007 ) High school Cedartown ( GA ) Height 6 ft 3 in ( 1.91 m ) Weight 215 lb ( 98 kg ) Hunt was born on December 8 , 1984 , in Cedartown , Georgia , United States , the eldest of three children born to Allen and Joan Hunt , an insurance agent and a teacher respectively . He studied at Cedartown High School where he played football . He was named 2002 Co-Offensive Player of the Year , was selected for the Georgia Sportswriters Association All - State Class AAA first - team as an all - purpose player , and was a Wendy 's High School Heisman nominee . He was a quarterback at Middle Tennessee State University from 2003 to 2004 . He dressed for every game in 2003 but did not play in any . He had limited action in six games in 2004 , attempting one pass and rushing once for one yard . Hunt transferred to at UAB in 2005 and redshirted his first season there . He played in only 7 games during the 2006 season due to injuries , completing 48 of 82 passes for 655 yards , 2 touchdowns and 5 interceptions . He also rushed 69 times for 159 yards and 1 touchdown . Hunt completed 155 of 331 passes for 1,905 yards , 10 touchdowns and 14 interceptions in 2007 . He also rushed 68 times for 287 yards and 2 touchdowns . At UAB , he majored in philosophy before graduating with a business degree in economics . After practice every day , he would teach himself how to play acoustic guitar . With respect to the root of his interest in music , Hunt recalled between stops in tour , `` I never saw myself as a musician or having any musical talent ... I was just killing time that summer , and a buddy had recently bought a guitar . I picked it up one day and on a whim thought , ' You know , I think I want to buy a guitar . ' '' Hunt 's college roommates , having listened to a few songs he wrote , encouraged him to book shows at bars , marking the start of his pursuit of a career in music . After graduating from UAB in 2007 , he had a tryout with the Kansas City Chiefs of the National Football League in 2008 . `` I knew this was a once - in - a-lifetime opportunity , and I needed to find out if I could take it all the way , '' Hunt said . In 2008 , two months after the unsuccessful attempt to impress the football team , to the surprise of his family and friends , he left to pursue a music career , and moved to Nashville along with a friend with only `` some food and two mattresses and ( ... ) his mom 's minivan '' . Hunt co-wrote Kenny Chesney 's 2012 hit `` Come Over '' , for which he received an ASCAP award . He also wrote two singles released in 2014 : Keith Urban 's `` Cop Car '' and Billy Currington 's `` We Are Tonight '' . Hunt independently released the single `` Raised on It '' in September 2013 and in October 2013 , he released via his website a free 12 - song mixtape titled Between the Pines . Hunt also co-wrote `` Love Somebody '' , the title track from Reba McEntire 's twenty - seventh studio album of the same name . 2014 -- 2016 : X2C and Montevallo Hunt performing at C2C Festival in London 's O2 Arena , 2015 In January 2014 , it was confirmed that he had signed a recording contract with MCA Nashville . On August 12 , 2014 , he released X2C , a four - song EP , intended as a preview of his debut studio album . The EP debuted at number 36 on the US Billboard 200 and number five on the Billboard Top Country Albums chart , selling 8,000 copies in its first week . Hunt 's first single for MCA Nashville was `` Leave the Night On '' , which went to number one on the Country Airplay chart in October 2014 and has since been certified Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) . The music video for the song earned Hunt two CMT Music Awards nominations , winning him Breakthrough Video of the Year , as well as one Billboard Music Award nomination . His debut studio album Montevallo , was released on October 27 , 2014 . On the same day , Sam Hunt released Between the Pines : Acoustic Mixtape . The album is made up of acoustic versions of his hit songs , including his versions of ones that he wrote for other artists . Universal Music Group Nashville president Cindy Mabe explained the date of the release : `` The idea was to release it on the same date that Montevallo was released ( in 2014 ) as a one - year anniversary gift to fans and Sam 's way to offer more music and a thanks for the support . '' On November 5 , 2014 , Montevallo debuted at number one on the Top Country Albums chart and number three on the US Billboard 200 . It opened with 70,000 units sold . The album included his own version of `` Cop Car '' . The second single from the album `` Take Your Time '' , peaked at number 20 on the US Billboard Hot 100 . The track spent 11 weeks at number one of Hunt 's 17 weeks in 2015 on the Billboard Hot Country Songs chart , making him the sixteenth artist in the chart 's 57 - year history -- and the fifth in the past 50 years -- to rule for 10 weeks or more . With Montevallo and `` Take Your Time '' , Hunt became the first country music artist since Clint Black to have his debut studio album and single to peak atop the year - end charts in the same year . Five days after the release of Montevallo , Hunt announced his first tour Lipstick Graffiti . Tickets went on sale on November 14 , 2014 . Within a short time of going on sale , the tour sold out at 15 of the venues . In 2015 , he served as an opening act ( alongside Hunter Hayes ) for Lady Antebellum 's Wheels Up Tour . Hunt was featured on Billboard for the issue of August 29 , 2015 , where he opened about breaking down country music stereotypes . He served as a background vocalist on Carrie Underwood 's song `` Heartbeat '' , which was released in October 2015 . To commemorate the one - year anniversary of Hunt 's debut studio album Montevallo , Between the Pines was re-released on October 27 , 2015 , peaking at number 31 on the US Billboard 200 . Hunt won his first American Music Award for New Artist of the Year on November 22 , 2015 in Los Angeles , California . For the week of September 10 , 2016 , Hunt 's fifth single `` Make You Miss Me '' from Montevallo , hit number one on the Country Airplay chart , thus making him the first solo male artist to land four number ones on the Country Airplay chart from a debut studio album . 2017 -- present : upcoming second studio album On February 1 , 2017 , Hunt released the lead single from his upcoming second studio album , `` Body Like a Back Road '' . Artistry Vocals Writing for Billboard , Elias Leight observed on Hunt 's vocal performance , describing his vocal performance in studio sessions as a `` rough , heartthrob voice ( that ) shines clearly '' , but noted that his live vocals `` ( were n't ) always easy to hear . '' Leight furthered by praising Hunt 's delivery to be `` a mix of speaking and rapid - fire singing that sets him apart from other country singers , '' but commented its impact was diminished because of his live singing . Finally , Hunt 's live performance of `` Make You Miss Me '' rendered the music writer `` the clearest glimpse of his husky mid-range , smooth but rugged voice '' in a setting where `` there were no beats crowding him or guitars to compete with . '' Influences Hunt 's music contains elements of country , R&B and pop . Dwight Yoakam , while speaking to Entertainment Tonight , commented on Hunt 's music , saying `` It reminds me a little bit of , with the infusion of soul and southern R&B , with the things that happened surrounding the album that Ray Charles put out -- the very historic album The Modern Sounds of Country Music back in the early ' 60s ( ... ) It was a reinterpretation that not only intrigued country audiences at the time , but it brought a brand new audience to the country music world . '' His songwriting was heavily influenced by Brad Paisley , whose early hit `` He Did n't Have to Be '' had a big impact on him as a kid growing up in Georgia : `` I remember being at church on Wednesday night at Wednesday night supper , and getting the keys from my mom well before it was over to just go sit in the car and to turn the radio on and hopefully wait and catch that song . '' He also cites Billy Currington , Usher , K - Ci & JoJo , R. Kelly , Ginuwine and Alice Cooper as musical influences . Lyrical and musical style Hunt told Taste of Country that he does not write his songs with a specific genre in mind , but rather follows his instinct . `` I want to sound different than everybody else , '' said Hunt talking about his musical style . `` To use a football phrase , I try to zig when other people zag . '' Commenting on his interpretation of country music , he told Rolling Stone Country , `` I think country songs are truthful songs about life written by country people , but the beats and sounds will continue to evolve . '' Billy Dukes of Taste of Country , on observing `` Break Up in a Small Town '' , referred the song as `` likely the wordiest song of 2015 '' and Hunt 's `` most genre - bending release to country radio '' , adding `` Any talk of which genre Hunt belongs in misses the point . His story hits hard . It 's deep and emotional and sincere and all the things we expect from a great country song . '' In a 2015 interview with Billboard , Hunt remarked on the position of women in his music , `` Respect for women was a very important part of my upbringing , '' and added , `` The women in my life demanded that from me . '' Hunt even named his album Montevallo , after the hometown of a former girlfriend and consulted her in the lyrical production : `` I spent a lot of time talking to her about the songs and asking , ' What do you think about this ? ' Her perspective was a powerful part of me being able to connect with a female audience , not just a male audience . '' Personal life In January 2017 , it was announced that Hunt became engaged to Hannah Lee Fowler . Fowler , whom Hunt had been dating on - and - off since 2008 , was the main inspiration behind his album Montevallo . Her name and their story are also referenced in his song `` Drinkin ' Too Much . '' They were married on April 15 , 2017 in Hunt 's hometown of Cedartown , Georgia . Tours Headlining Lipstick Graffiti Tour ( 2015 ) with Michael Ray 15 in a 30 Tour ( 2017 ) with Maren Morris , Chris Janson , and Ryan Follesé Supporting Wheels Up Tour ( 2015 ) with Lady Antebellum , Hunter Hayes , and Kelsea Ballerini Farm Tour ( 2015 ) with Luke Bryan C2C : Country to Country ( 2015 -- 16 ) with Carrie Underwood , Little Big Town , and Maddie & Tae Spread the Love Tour ( 2016 ) with Kenny Chesney , Miranda Lambert , and Old Dominion Awards Academy of Country Music Awards Year Nominee / work Award Result 2015 Himself New Artist of the Year Nominated 2016 Montevallo Album of the Year Nominated `` Take Your Time '' Single Record of the Year Nominated American Country Countdown Awards Year Nominee / work Award Result 2016 Himself Artist of the Year Nominated Himself Male Vocalist of the Year Nominated Himself Breakthrough Male of the Year Won Montevallo Album of the Year Nominated Montevallo Digital Album of the Year Won American Music Awards Year Nominee / work Award Result 2015 Himself New Artist of The Year Won Favorite Male Artist -- Country Nominated Montevallo Favorite Album -- Country Nominated ASCAP Country Music Awards Year Nominee / work Award Result 2015 Himself Songwriter - artist of the Year Won Billboard Music Awards Year Nominee / work Award Result 2015 `` Leave the Night On '' Top Country Song Nominated 2016 Himself Top Country Artist Nominated Montevallo Top Country Album Nominated `` Break Up in a Small Town '' Top Country Song Nominated `` Take Your Time '' Nominated Country Music Association Awards Year Nominee / work Award Result 2015 `` Take Your Time '' Single of the Year Nominated Song of the Year Nominated Himself New Artist of the Year Nominated 2017 `` Body Like a Back Road '' Single of the Year Pending Song of the Year Pending CMT Music Awards Year Nominee / work Award Result 2015 `` Leave the Night On '' Breakthrough Video of the Year Won Video of the Year Nominated Grammy Awards Year Nominee / work Award Result 2016 Himself Best New Artist Nominated Montevallo Best Country Album Nominated Music Biz Awards Year Nominee / work Award Result 2016 Himself Breakthrough Artist Won People 's Choice Awards Year Nominee / work Award Result 2017 Himself Favorite Male Country Artist Nominated Taste of Country Music Awards Year Nominee / work Award Result 2015 Himself New Artist of the Year Won Teen Choice Awards Year Nominee / work Award Result 2015 `` Take Your Time '' Choice Country Song Nominated 2016 Himself Choice Country Artist Nominated `` Make You Miss Me '' Choice Country Song Nominated 2017 Himself Choice Country Artist Nominated `` Body Like a Back Road '' Choice Song : Male Artist Nominated Choice Country Song Won 15 in a 30 Tour Choice Summer Tour Nominated Discography Main article : Sam Hunt discography Montevallo ( 2014 ) References Jump up ^ `` Sam Hunt on Twitter : `` My middle name is Lowry '' `` . Twitter . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sam Hunt '' . UAB Sports.com . Retrieved January 21 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sam Hunt '' . Allmusic . Retrieved September 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Easton , Anthony ( 19 November 2014 ) . `` Sam Hunt : Montevallo '' . Popmatters . Retrieved December 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wade Jessen ( November 7 , 2014 ) . `` Sam Hunt Scores Country Charts Feat Last Achieved 22 Years Ago '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) ^ Jump up to : `` Year End Charts - Year - end Singles - Hot Country Songs '' . Billboard.com . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` Year End Charts - Year - end Albums - Top Country Albums '' . Billboard.com . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ Keith Caulfield ( 2016 - 08 - 26 ) . `` 200 Chart Moves : ' Stranger Things ' Soundtrack Makes Strong Debut '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ Marissa R Moss ( October 28 , 2014 ) . `` Sam Hunt Defends His Country Cred on New Album ' Montevallo ' '' . Rolling Stone . Jump up ^ `` Sam Hunt : Debut Spotlight '' . CMA Close Up Magazine . October 28 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sam Hunt '' . sports-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved October 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott T. Sterling ( November 14 , 2014 ) . `` Musicians + Sports : Sam Hunt On His College Quarterback Years '' . CBS New York . Jump up ^ Wendy Geller ( August 13 , 2014 ) . `` Sam Hunt Scores a Touchdown as Nashville 's Newest Hot Singer - Songwriter '' . Rolling Stone . Jump up ^ Murray , Nick . `` Sam Hunt : How a Former College Football Star Is Making Over Country Music '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 27 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bio : Sam Hunt '' . Retrieved January 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Irvine , Steve ( June 23 , 2012 ) . `` Former UAB quarterback Sam Hunt finding success in country music '' . al.com . Retrieved October 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tannenbaum , Rob ( August 20 , 2015 ) . `` Billboard Cover : Sam Hunt on Breaking Down Stereotypes , Teaming With Taylor Swift and Recruiting a ' Team of Misfits ' on His Rise to Country Fame '' . billboard.com . Retrieved October 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Naomi Zeichner ( September 9 , 2014 ) . `` Sam Hunt Is A Country Star for the Instagram Age '' . BuzzFeed . ^ Jump up to : Payne , Chris . `` Billboard Cover Sneak Peek : 5 Ways Sam Hunt Is Breaking Down Country Stereotypes '' . Billboard . Retrieved 27 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Morris , Edward ( August 22 , 2012 ) . `` ASCAP Honors Writers of Kenny Chesney 's `` Come Over '' Hit `` . Country Music Television . Retrieved January 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Chris Richards ( November 4 , 2014 ) . `` Another country : Sam Hunt maps out Nashville 's bold new future '' . Washington Post . Jump up ^ Love Somebody ( CD booklet and backing card ) . Reba McEntire . Nash Icon. 2015 . NICR0300A . Jump up ^ Sarah Wyland ( August 17 , 2014 ) . `` Sam Hunt Releases X2C Album Preview '' . Great American Country . Jump up ^ Wade Jessen ( August 21 , 2014 ) . `` Sam Hunt Scores Highest Debut on Top Country Albums With ' X2C ' '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Sam Hunt Is # 1 With ' Leave The Night On ' '' . AllAccess.com. 2014 - 11 - 03 . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Industry Ink : Sam Hunt Goes Gold , Jason Isbell , SAE Nashville , Taryn Pray '' . Music Row . September 18 , 2014 . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2014 . Retrieved October 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sam Hunt Reveals ' Montevallo ' Album Details '' . Taste of Country . September 16 , 2014 . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2014 . Retrieved October 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Asker , Jim . `` Rhett , Old Dominion Dominate . '' Billboard - The International Newsweekly of Music , Video and Home Entertainment Nov 14 2015 : 65. ProQuest. 14 Feb. 2016 . Jump up ^ `` MONTEVALLO is Country Music 's Best - Selling Debut Album Since 2011 '' . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2014 . Retrieved February 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hodak , Brittany . `` How Sam Hunt Won Country Music In 2015 '' . Forbes . Retrieved 31 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` LIPSTICK GRAFFITI Tour Sells Out 15 Shows Within Minutes of Going On Sale '' . Archived from the original on November 23 , 2014 . Retrieved November 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Tannanbaum , Rob . `` Billboard Cover : Sam Hunt on Breaking Down Stereotypes , Teaming With Taylor Swift and Recruiting a ' Team of Misfits ' on His Rise to Country Fame '' . Retrieved 2 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sam Hunt confirmed as background vocalist on Carrie Underwood 's ' Heartbeat ' '' . Therowdy.com. 2015 - 10 - 13 . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 05 . Jump up ^ Laura McClellan ( October 28 , 2015 ) . `` Sam Hunt Reissues Acoustic Record Montevallo 's Birthday '' . Taste of Country . Jump up ^ References confirming release of `` Body Like a Back Road '' : Dukes , Billy ( January 25 , 2017 ) . `` Sam Hunt 's New Song ' Body Like a Back Road ' Written After Engagement ( Listen ) '' . Taste of Country . Townsquare Media . Retrieved January 25 , 2017 . Casey , Jim ( January 25 , 2017 ) . `` Sam Hunt Announces New `` Body Like a Back Road '' Single ( Listen ) , New `` 15 in a 30 Tour '' & Talks `` Spiritual '' Engagement Details `` . Nash Country Weekly . American Media , Inc . Retrieved January 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Leight , Elias . `` Sam Hunt Erases Boundaries Between Country & Other Genres at NYC Show '' . Billboard . Retrieved 27 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Schillaci , Sophie . `` Dwight Yoakam Compares Sam Hunt to Ray Charles : He 's Bringing ' A Brand New Audience ' to Country '' . Entertainment Tonight . Retrieved 15 December 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sam Hunt Opens Up About His Unlikely Classic Country Influences '' . Nash FM 101.1 . October 28 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Billy Dukes ( August 14 , 2014 ) . `` Sam Hunt Interview : ' Leave the Night On ' Singer Shares His R&B Influences '' . Taste of Country . Jump up ^ Moss , Marissa R. `` Watch Sam Hunt Throw a ' House Party ' on ' Fallon ' '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 27 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Dukes , Billy . `` Sam Hunt , ' Break Up in a Small Town ' ( Listen ) '' . Retrieved 23 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Chiu , Melody . `` Sam Hunt Is Engaged to Hannah Lee Fowler '' . People . Retrieved 2 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , Lindsey . `` Meet Sam Hunt -- Country Music 's Hottest New Star Dishes on Montevallo '' . E ! Online . Retrieved 2 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Hudak , Joseph . `` Hear Sam Hunt 's Repentant New Song ' Drinkin ' Too Much ' '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 2 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Mizoguchi , Karen . `` Sam Hunt Marries Hannah Lee Fowler in Intimate Georgia Wedding '' . People . Retrieved 15 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sam Hunt Shares Plans for 2017 15 in a 30 Tour '' . The Boot . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Enlists Chris Janson , Sam Hunt for Farm Tour '' . Retrieved 27 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sam Hunt 's ACM Awards Photo Gallery '' . Retrieved August 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Angela Stefano ( May 1 , 2016 ) . `` 2016 American Country Countdown Awards Winners List '' . The Boot . Jump up ^ `` American Music Awards Nominations 2015 : The Complete List '' . Retrieved October 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Roland , Tom . `` Sam Hunt Wins Top Songwriter Honors at ASCAP Country Music Awards '' . Billboard . Retrieved November 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 CMA Awards nominations '' . E ! Online . NBC Universal . Retrieved September 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` CMA Awards 2017 : Miranda Lambert Tops List of Nominees '' . PEOPLE.com. 4 September 2017 . Retrieved 6 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sam Hunt Wins Big at the 2015 CMT Music Awards '' . Taste of Country . Retrieved July 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Final Nomination List : 58th Grammy Awards '' ( PDF ) . Grammy Award . Retrieved December 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` COUNTRY STAR SAM HUNT TO RECEIVE BREAKTHROUGH ARTIST AWARD AT MUSIC BIZ 2016 '' . Music Business Association . Retrieved January 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` People 's Choice Awards 2017 : Full List Of Winners '' . People 's Choice . 19 January 2017 . Retrieved 19 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sam Hunt Earns New Artist of the Year at 2015 ToC Awards Read More : Sam Hunt Earns New Artist of the Year at 2015 ToC Awards '' . Jump up ^ `` 2015 Teen Choice Award Winners -- Full List '' . Variety . Penske Media Corporation . August 16 , 2015 . Retrieved August 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Goodman , Jessica ( July 31 , 2016 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards 2016 : See the full list of winners '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved August 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ceron , Ella . `` The Pretty Little Liars Were ALL Nominated for the Same EXACT Award '' . Teen Vogue . Retrieved 20 June 2017 . Sam Hunt Discography Studio albums Montevallo ( 2014 ) EPs X2C ( 2014 ) Mixtapes Between the Pines ( 2013 ) Notable singles `` Raised on It '' `` Leave the Night On '' `` Take Your Time '' `` House Party '' `` Break Up in a Small Town '' `` Make You Miss Me '' `` Body Like a Back Road '' Other songs `` Cop Car '' `` Heartbeat '' Related articles MCA Nashville `` Come Over '' `` We Are Tonight '' `` I Met a Girl '' UAB Blazers starting quarterbacks Darrell Hackney ( 2002 -- 2005 ) Sam Hunt ( 2006 -- 2007 ) Joe Webb ( 2006 , 2008 -- 2009 ) Jeremiah Briscoe ( 2014 ) VIAF : 313292564 LCCN : no2014165378 GND : 1068294973 MusicBrainz : b27229bb - 5669 - 4e98 - b4ce - 0158b2451fe8 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sam_Hunt&oldid=806268380 '' Categories : 1984 births 21st - century American singers American country singers American country singer - songwriters American football quarterbacks American male singers Living people MCA Records artists Middle Tennessee Blue Raiders football players People from Cedartown , Georgia Players of American football from Georgia ( U.S. state ) Country musicians from Georgia ( U.S. state ) UAB Blazers football players Songwriters from Georgia ( U.S. state ) Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2017 Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Use mdy dates from April 2011 Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español فارسی 한국어 Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Português Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 20 October 2017 , at 21 : 12 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did the song body like a backroad come out | [
"On February 1, 2017, Hunt released the lead single from his upcoming second studio album, \"Body Like a Back Road\".[36]"
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"February 1, 2017"
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-6320223360214138885 | Dagen H | Dagen H - Wikipedia Dagen H This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article may be expanded with text translated from the corresponding article in Swedish . ( December 2014 ) Click ( show ) for important translation instructions . View a machine - translated version of the Swedish article . Google 's machine translation is a useful starting point for translations , but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate , rather than simply copy - pasting machine - translated text into the English Wikipedia . Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low - quality . If possible , verify the text with references provided in the foreign - language article . You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation . A model attribution edit summary ( using German ) : Content in this edit is translated from the existing German Wikipedia article at ( ( : de : Exact name of German article ) ) ; see its history for attribution . You should also add the template ( ( Translated sv Högertrafikomläggningen ) ) to the talk page . For more guidance , see Wikipedia : Translation . Kungsgatan , Stockholm , on Dagen H. , 3 September 1967 , during the night Sweden had changed from left - side traffic to right - side traffic . Dagen H logo Left - hand traffic in Stockholm in 1966 Dagen H ( H day ) , today usually called `` Högertrafikomläggningen '' ( `` The right - hand traffic diversion '' ) , was the day on 3 September 1967 , in which the traffic in Sweden switched from driving on the left - hand side of the road to the right . The `` H '' stands for `` Högertrafik '' , the Swedish word for `` right traffic '' . It was by far the largest logistical event in Sweden 's history . Headlamp sold in Sweden not long before Dagen H. Opaque decal blocks the lens portion that would provide low beam upkick to the right , and bears warning `` Not to be removed before 3 September 1967 '' . A pair of colored gloves used in 1967 by Swedish authorities in order to remind drivers they should drive on the right as the traffic was changed Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 The switch 3 Results 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Background ( edit ) There were various major arguments for the change : All of Sweden 's neighbours ( including Norway and Finland , with which Sweden has land borders ) drove on the right , with 5 million vehicles crossing those borders annually . Approximately 90 percent of Swedes drove left - hand drive ( LHD ) vehicles . This led to many head - on collisions when passing on narrow two - lane highways , which were common in Sweden due to the fact that the country 's low population density and traffic levels made road - building expensive in per capita terms . City buses were among the very few vehicles that conformed to the normal opposite - steering wheel rule , being right - hand drive ( RHD ) . However , the change was widely unpopular ; in a 1955 referendum , 83 percent voted to keep driving on the left . Nevertheless , on May 10 , 1963 , the Swedish Parliament ( Riksdagen ) approved the Prime Minister Tage Erlander 's government proposal of an introduction of right hand traffic in 1967 , as the number of cars on the road tripled from 500,000 to 1.5 million , and was expected to reach 2.8 million by 1975 . A body known as Statens Högertrafikkommission ( HTK ) ( `` the state right - hand traffic commission '' ) was established to oversee the changeover . It also began implementing a four - year education programme , with the advice of psychologists . The campaign included displaying the Dagen H logo on various commemorative items , including milk cartons and underwear . Swedish television held a contest for songs about the change ; the winning entry was `` Håll dig till höger , Svensson '' ( ' Keep to the right , Svensson ' ) written by Expressen journalist by Peter Himmelstrand and performed by The Telstars . As Dagen H neared , every intersection was equipped with an extra set of poles and traffic signals wrapped in black plastic . Workers roamed the streets early in the morning on Dagen H to remove the plastic . Similarly , a parallel set of lines were painted on the roads with white paint , then covered with black tape . Before Dagen H , Swedish roads had used yellow lines . The switch ( edit ) On Dagen H , Sunday , 3 September , all non-essential traffic was banned from the roads from 01 : 00 to 06 : 00 . Any vehicles on the roads during that time had to follow special rules . All vehicles had to come to a complete stop at 04 : 50 , then carefully change to the right - hand side of the road and stop again ( to give others time to switch sides of the road and avoid a head on collision ) before being allowed to proceed at 05 : 00 . In Stockholm and Malmö , however , the ban was longer -- from 10 : 00 on Saturday until 15 : 00 on Sunday -- to allow work crews to reconfigure intersections . Certain other towns also saw an extended ban , from 15 : 00 on Saturday until 15 : 00 on Sunday . One - way streets presented unique problems . Bus stops had to be constructed on the other side of the street . Intersections had to be reshaped to allow traffic to merge . Results ( edit ) The relatively smooth changeover saw a reduction in the number of accidents . On the day of the change , only 157 minor accidents were reported , of which only 32 involved personal injuries , with only a handful serious . On the Monday following Dagen H , there were 125 reported traffic accidents , compared to a range of 130 to 198 for previous Mondays , none of them fatal . Experts suggested that changing to driving on the right reduced accidents while overtaking , as people already drove left - hand drive vehicles , thereby having a better view of the road ahead ; additionally , the change made a marked surge in perceived risk that exceeded the target level and thus was followed by very cautious behaviour that caused a major decrease in road fatalities . Indeed , fatal car - to - car and car - to - pedestrian accidents dropped sharply as a result , and the number of motor insurance claims went down by 40 % . These initial improvements did not last , however . The number of motor insurance claims returned to ' normal ' over the next six weeks and , by 1969 , the accident rates were back to the levels seen before the change . Trams in central Stockholm , in Helsingborg and most lines in Malmö were withdrawn and replaced by buses , and over one thousand new buses were purchased with doors on the right - hand side . Some 8,000 older buses were retrofitted to provide doors on both sides , while Gothenburg and Malmö exported their right - hand drive ( RHD ) buses to Pakistan and Kenya . The modification of buses , paid by the state , was the largest cost of the change . In Gothenburg and Norrköping , and in two Stockholm suburbs , tram networks continued to operate . Although all road traffic in Sweden became right handed , metro and railway systems did not switch to new rules and continue to drive on the left , with the exception of tram systems . Additionally , many of them were abandoned as a result of Dagen H ; only the trams in Norrköping and Gothenburg and three suburban lines in the Stockholm area ( Nockebybanan and Lidingöbanan ) survived . Gothenburg had high cost for rebuilding trams , while Stockholm had cost only for bus purchasing , since the remaining lines had bidirectional trams with doors on both sides . In any event , most trams in Stockholm were replaced by the metro , a decision made long before the Dagen H decision . Fellow Nordic country Iceland changed to driving on the right in May 1968 , on a day known as H - dagurinn . See also ( edit ) 730 ( transport ) Switch to right - hand traffic in Czechoslovakia Transport in Sweden References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : 50 år sedan : Så gick det till när Sverige fick högertrafik , Expressen , 1 September 2017 Jump up ^ Kommer du ihåg när Sverige fick högertrafik 1967 ? , Året Runt , 1 September 2017 ^ Jump up to : Réalités , Issues 200 - 205 , Société d'études et publications économiques , 1967 , page 95 ^ Jump up to : Switch to the Right , TIME , 15 Sep. 1967 Jump up ^ `` Transport in Stockholm in the 1960s '' . Includes photographs of a RHD bus in Odenplan , 1962 and a RHD trolleybus in Vattugatan in 1964 . Jump up ^ News from Sweden , Issues 840 - 858 , Swedish Information Service , Swedish Consulate General , 1963 , page 35 Jump up ^ Riksdagens protokoll , Kungl . Boktr. , 1966 , page 8 Jump up ^ `` Dagen H '' . Retrieved 2 October 2014 . Jump up ^ The Telstars - Håll dig till höger , Svensson , YouTube , 23 February 2013 Jump up ^ Sweden Makes Change - Over to Driving on Right , Glasgow Herald , 4 September 1967 ^ Jump up to : Et tu , Iceland ? Another change to right hand driving , Autocar , 23 May 1968 Jump up ^ `` Swedish Motorists Move To Right '' . Montreal Gazette. 5 September 1967 . Jump up ^ Adams , John ( 1985 ) . Risk and Freedom : Record of Road Safety Regulation . Brefi Press . ISBN 978 - 0948537059 . Jump up ^ `` Dagen H : The day Sweden switched sides of the road '' . Washington Post . February 17 , 2012 . Retrieved 2 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Behavioural Adaptation and Road Safety : Theory , Evidence and Action . CRC Press . p. 67 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4398 - 5667 - 3 . Jump up ^ Public transport was affected , 22 February 1997 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dagen H . Television coverage of changeover , Sveriges Television The Day Sweden Turned Right , BBC World Service , 2 September 2016 Border crossing between Sweden and Finland , 1967 `` A ' thrilling ' mission to get the Swedish to change overnight '' , BBC , 18 April 2018 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dagen_H&oldid=841619042 '' Categories : Transport articles needing translation from Swedish Wikipedia Traffic law Transport in Sweden 1967 in Sweden 1967 in transport Driving in Sweden Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from June 2013 Articles needing additional references from August 2010 All articles needing additional references Articles to be expanded from December 2014 All articles to be expanded Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 22 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 May 2018 , at 23 : 18 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did norway change to driving on the right | [
"Dagen H (H day), today usually called \"Högertrafikomläggningen\" (\"The right-hand traffic diversion\"), was the day on 3 September 1967, in which the traffic in Sweden switched from driving on the left-hand side of the road to the right.[1] The \"H\" stands for \"Högertrafik\", the Swedish word for \"right traffic\". It was by far the largest logistical event in Sweden's history.[2]"
] | [
"3 September 1967"
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-7465394108372605334 | Super Mario Bros. theme | Super Mario Bros. theme - wikipedia Super Mario Bros. theme Jump to : navigation , search Super Mario Bros. theme The above three bars of the theme in its original appearance from Super Mario Bros . Problems playing this file ? See media help . The `` Super Mario Bros. theme '' , officially known as the `` Ground Theme '' ( 地上 BGM , Chijō BGM , lit . `` Aboveground BGM '' ) or Overworld Theme , is a musical theme originally heard in the first stage of the 1985 Nintendo Entertainment System video game Super Mario Bros ... It was one of six themes composed for the game by Nintendo sound designer Koji Kondo , who found it to be the most difficult track to compose for it . The theme has a calypso rhythm and usually receives a corresponding orchestration in games whose sound synthesizers can imitate steel drums . Since being included in Super Mario Bros. , it went on to become the theme of the series , and has been a fixture in most of its titles . It has been reused and remixed in other Nintendo - published games , including Tetris DS , Nintendogs : Chihuahua and Friends , WarioWare , Inc. : Mega Microgames ! , and every entry in the Super Smash Bros. series . Contents ( hide ) 1 Composition 1.1 Use in other media 2 Concerts and performances 3 Lyrics 4 Sheet music 5 Legacy 6 References Composition ( edit ) This theme took the longest of the six tracks of Super Mario Bros. to compose , according to its composer Koji Kondo . He stated that he would write one piece , and the team would put it in the game . If it did not accentuate the action , did not time up with Mario running and jumping , or did not harmonize with the sound effects well enough , he would scrap it . He used only a small keyboard to compose the music . The first theme he made for Super Mario Bros. was based on an early prototype of the game , which simply showed Mario running around a big empty area . Kondo described this early theme as a bit lazier , slower tempo , and more laid back . As the game underwent changes , he realized that his theme no longer fit , so he increased the pace and changed it around to fit better . In an interview , Kondo explained that when coming up with music compositions , they come to him during everyday activities . Kondo was given complete creative freedom over the soundtrack of Super Mario Bros. , and would collaborate with Shigeru Miyamoto , the game 's director , through their daily interactions . Miyamoto would share his records and music scores of the type of themes he liked with Kondo , but did not tell him exactly what he wanted . It was composed with a Latin rhythm . Should the stage 's clock to run down to less than 100 seconds , the tempo will accelerate . At the Game Developers Conference in 2007 , Kondo commented that the theme features rhythm , balance , and interactivity . He demonstrated this with a short clip of Super Mario Bros. , showing the character 's movements and players ' button presses syncing with the beat of the music . He also added that the theme reflects the action - oriented gameplay of the series . Kondo states that he does n't know if he could make a theme that is catchier than this one , but he would like to try . Use in other media ( edit ) The theme was reused in multiple other media , including the anime film Super Mario Bros. : Peach - Hime Kyushutsu Dai Sakusen ! and The Super Mario Bros. Super Show ! television series . Japanese lyrics were originally submitted in 1985 by fans of the Japanese radio program Takao Komine All Night Nippon . The recorded version of the song with lyrics was released under the name `` Go Go Mario ! ! '' . The theme song in The Super Mario Bros. Super Show ! , titled `` Do the Mario '' included lyrics , and was performed by Lou Albano , who also portrayed the character in the show . The song can be heard briefly at the very beginning of the Super Mario Bros. film . The theme was also used as a dance number on the U.S. television series Dancing with the Stars . Concerts and performances ( edit ) The song was first performed live on All Night Nippon in 1986 . The theme has been featured in many concerts , including `` PLAY ! Chicago '' , the Columbus Symphony , the Mario & Zelda Big Band Live , Play ! A Video Game Symphony , and others . The Video Games Live concert featured the theme performed by Kondo . In December 2016 , Mario series creator Shigeru Miyamoto performed the theme on guitar with American hip hop group The Roots on The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon . Lyrics ( edit ) A version of the song accompanied by lyrics was released in 1986 . The song was called Go Go Mario , and is accredited to Princess Peach . The song was also released on vinyl , called Mario No Daibouken . Sheet music ( edit ) For decades , Nintendo had not published official sheet music for Kondo 's compositions , but high demand for Mario sheet music led a number of fans to release their own arrangements online , often simplifying or interpreting the original version rather than accurately transcribing it . Notation of the theme 's first three bars , which have become well known In 2011 , Alfred Music published three officially licensed music folios of the music from Super Mario Bros. , one for easy piano , one for intermediate / advanced piano , and one for guitar . These were followed in 2013 by three more Super Mario folios , an easy piano and an intermediate / advanced piano version of the music from Super Mario Bros. Wii , and a folio of jazz styled arrangements of many of the key Super Mario Bros. themes . All six folios contain sheet music arrangements approved by Nintendo of the Super Mario Bros. theme . Legacy ( edit ) Nintendo sound designer Koji Kondo was responsible for composing the theme In an article about Kondo , Wired.com editor Chris Kohler described the theme as one of the most famous in the world , and that it gets into your head quickly and wo n't leave . Jeremy Parish of 1UP.com called it one of the most memorable tracks in video game history . Netjak editor Rick Healey commented that though MTV tried to make the quintessential song of the ' 80s , Nintendo beat them to the punch with the Super Mario Bros. theme . Editors Jeff Dickerson and Luke Smith of The Michigan Daily newspaper commented that if you were to ask a random student to hum the theme , they would likely know every note . Sam Kennedy , also an editor for 1UP.com , stated that anyone who lived through the ' 80s can hum the theme , and that most people remember it to this day . Video game music composer Tommy Tallarico cited Kondo as his inspiration for why he got into music , commenting that when he first heard this theme , it was the first time he thought music in video games really existed . Mario voice actor Charles Martinet commented that `` The first time I ever played a Mario game , I started at about 4 in the evening and played until daylight . I laid down on the bed , closed my eyes , and I could hear that music -- ba dum bum ba dum DUM ! '' Former Final Fantasy series composer Nobuo Uematsu called Kondo one of the best video game composers in the industry , commenting that he was sure everyone in the world who has come across the Super Mario Bros. theme , regardless of borderlines or age , will never forget it , while also adding that it should become the new national anthem of Japan . In an interview with Kondo , 1UP.com editor Sam Kennedy stated that Paul and Linda McCartney visited Kondo in Japan and enjoyed the theme . The ringtone version of the theme has proven very popular in the United States , having been on the top ten most downloaded ringtones for 112 straight weeks as of November 2004 . It sold approximately 747,900 in the United States in 2006 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Masahiro Sakurai ( 2008 - 01 - 23 ) . `` Super Mario Bros. : Ground Theme '' . Smash Bros. Dojo ! ! . Nintendo , HAL Laboratory , Inc . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 12 . Jump up ^ Masahiro Sakurai ( 2008 - 01 - 23 ) . `` スーパー マリオ ブラザーズ : 地上 BGM '' . スマブラ 拳 ! ! . Nintendo , HAL Laboratory , Inc . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : `` Behind the Mario Maestro 's Music '' . Wired. 2007 - 03 - 15 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Interview with Koji Kondo ( Electronic Gaming Monthly ) '' . Square Enix Music Online . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : `` Super Mario Bros. Composer Koji Kondo Interview '' . 1UP.com. 2007 - 10 - 19 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Super Mario Bros. Composer Koji Kondo Pt. 2 '' . 1UP.com. 2007 - 10 - 19 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ Brophy - Warren , Jamin ( 2008 - 10 - 24 ) . `` A New Game for Super Mario 's maestro '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : `` GDC 2007 : Mario Maestro Shares His Secrets '' . 1UP.com. 2007 - 03 - 07 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` The Mario Bros. Theme Has Lyrics '' . Kotaku. 2015 - 12 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` You can now sing the Super Mario Bros. theme at karaoke boxes in Japan '' . RocketNews24. 2015 - 12 - 01 . Jump up ^ Brasted , Chelsea ( 24 November 2014 ) . `` Sadie Robertson heads to ' Dancing With The Stars ' finale with Super Mario Bros. freestyle '' . NOLA Media Group . Retrieved 25 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 「 スーパー マリオ 」 意外 に 知ら ない '' 名前 の 秘密 `` ニフティ ニュース '' . Nifty Corporation ( in Japanese ) . May 8 , 2017 . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kohler , Chris ( June 14 , 2017 ) . `` I Ca n't Stop Listening To The Mario Odyssey Theme Song '' . Kotaku . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Super Mario Bros. and Zelda composer Koji Kondo to attend PLAY ! Chicago '' . Music 4 Games . 2006 - 04 - 14 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 02 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Symphony piles up points with video - game concert '' . The Columbus Dispatch. 2007 - 04 - 27 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Mario & Zelda Big Band Live '' . The Mushroom Kingdom . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` I hear a video game symphony '' . Pop Journalism. 2006 - 09 - 27 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 13 . Jump up ^ Ricker , Thomas . `` Watch Miyamoto play the Super Mario Bros theme song with The Roots '' . The Verge . Retrieved 10 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Super Mario Brothers -- Mario No Daibouken ( Mario 's Big Adventure ) '' . Discogs.com . Jump up ^ http://entertainment.ie/gaming/Wait-the-Super-Mario-Bros-theme-song-had-lyrics/390874.htm Jump up ^ `` MarHIio Piano Sheet Music '' . MarioPiano.com . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Super Mario TM Series for Easy Piano '' . alfred.com . Jump up ^ `` Super Mario TM Series for Guitar '' . alfred.com . Jump up ^ `` Super Mario TM Jazz Piano Arrangements '' . alfred.com . Jump up ^ `` Gaming 's Greatest Hits '' . Netjak. 2004 - 08 - 19 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Underworld theme , Aeris theme video games are more than scores '' . The Michigan Daily . 2001 - 11 - 15 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` A Day in the Life of Nobuo Uematsu '' . 1UP.com. 2008 - 02 - 15 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Mario ringtone marks over two years on charts . Who knew ? '' . Joystiq. 2006 - 12 - 07 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Top selling ring tones in the US for 2006 '' . Moco News . 2007 - 01 - 04 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 10 - 08 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 22 . Mario franchise List of video games featuring Mario Game series Main Super Mario Mario Kart Mario Party Mario Artist Mario vs. Donkey Kong Genre Educational games Puzzle games Racing games Role - playing games Sports games Sub-series Donkey Kong Luigi Wario Yoshi LCD games Game & Watch Other games Mario Bros . Pinball Mario Paint Hotel Mario Mario 's Game Gallery Mario Clash Mario Pinball Land Super Princess Peach Captain Toad : Treasure Tracker Cancelled games Super Mario 's Wacky Worlds Super Mario 128 Super Mario Spikers Universe Characters Mario Donkey Kong Luigi Toad Bowser Princess Peach Birdo Koopalings Princess Daisy Yoshi Wario Diddy Kong Waluigi Bowser Jr . Fawful Rosalina Other Mushroom Kingdom Recurring enemies Goomba Koopa Troopa Hammer Bro . Lakitu Boo Super Mario Bros. theme `` World 1 - 1 '' Other media TV series Nintendo Comics System Film Anime film Super Mario Adventures Gamebooks Unofficial media People Satoru Iwata Yoshiaki Koizumi Koji Kondo Charles Martinet Shigeru Miyamoto Takashi Tezuka Mahito Yokota See also Nintendo Super Smash Bros . Mario video games Mario characters Mario category Mario portal Video game music Composers Japanese Takeshi Abo Yoshino Aoki Kenichiro Fukui Masashi Hamauzu Norihiko Hibino Miki Higashino Wataru Hokoyama Shinji Hosoe Kenji Ito Noriyuki Iwadare Akari Kaida Yoko Kanno Hiroshi Kawaguchi Motohiro Kawashima Hiroki Kikuta Koji Kondo Yuzo Koshiro Jun Maeda Junichi Masuda Manami Matsumae Shoji Meguro Yasunori Mitsuda Takenobu Mitsuyoshi Yuu Miyake Akihiko Mori Masato Nakamura Junya Nakano Manabu Namiki Michiko Naruke Hisayoshi Ogura Hitoshi Sakimoto Motoi Sakuraba Nobuyoshi Sano Tsuyoshi Sekito Yoko Shimomura Koichi Sugiyama Keiichi Suzuki Masafumi Takada Hirokazu Tanaka Kazumi Totaka Nobuo Uematsu Ryu Umemoto Ippo Yamada Michiru Yamane Akira Yamaoka Kinuyo Yamashita Kenji Yamazaki Western Neal Acree Clint Bajakian Danny Baranowsky Michiel van den Bos Alexander Brandon Russell Brower Bill Brown Jessica Curry Ben Daglish Rom Di Prisco Eveline Fischer Tim Follin Dan Gardopée Michael Giacchino Mick Gordon Jason Graves Peter Hajba James Hannigan Rob Hubbard Chris Huelsbeck Richard Jacques Jake Kaufman Grant Kirkhope Frank Klepacki Darren Korb Jesper Kyd Michael Land Peter McConnell Spencer Nilsen Graeme Norgate Martin O'Donnell Bobby Prince Winifred Phillips Marcin Przybyłowicz Kevin Riepl Michael Salvatori George Sanger Garry Schyman Andrew Sega Jeremy Soule Tommy Tallarico Chance Thomas Jonne Valtonen Jack Wall David Wise Austin Wintory Inon Zur Sound teams and bands Alph Lyla The Black Mages Earthbound Papas Gamadelic Konami Kukeiha Club SoundTeMP S.S.T. Band Straylight Productions Terra Zuntata Compositions and scores `` Baba Yetu '' Final Fantasy Grand Theft Auto : San Andreas Grand Theft Auto V Halo Hitman : Codename 47 / Hitman 2 : Silent Assassin Mass Effect 2 Mass Effect 3 Resident Evil `` Still Alive '' Super Mario Bros. theme Concert series and festivals Active Final Fantasy concerts The Legend of Zelda : Symphony of the Goddesses MAGFest Pokémon : Symphonic Evolutions Press Start : Symphony of Games Symphonic Game Music Concerts Video Games Live Inactive Eminence Symphony Orchestra Game Music Concert PLAY ! A Video Game Symphony Scenes Demoscene Dōjin music OverClocked ReMix VGMusic.com Technology Adaptive music Audiokinetic Wwise FMOD iMUSE Music Macro Language Music tracker Sound chips Streaming audio in video games Sound formats GBS IMF MOD Portable Sound Format SAP SID SPC VGM Related genres Chiptune Bitpop Nintendocore Tracker ( MOD ) music Mario portal Nintendo portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Super_Mario_Bros._theme&oldid=810725236 '' Categories : 1985 songs Compositions in C major Mario Nintendo music Video game theme songs Hidden categories : CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) Articles with hAudio microformats Articles containing Japanese - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia 한국어 Italiano Polski Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 17 November 2017 , at 01 : 35 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who made the super mario bros theme song | [
"The \"Super Mario Bros. theme\", officially known as the \"Ground Theme\" (地上BGM, Chijō BGM, lit. \"Aboveground BGM\") or Overworld Theme,[1][2] is a musical theme originally heard in the first stage of the 1985 Nintendo Entertainment System video game Super Mario Bros.. It was one of six themes composed for the game by Nintendo sound designer Koji Kondo, who found it to be the most difficult track to compose for it. The theme has a calypso rhythm and usually receives a corresponding orchestration in games whose sound synthesizers can imitate steel drums."
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"Koji Kondo"
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4979446950153682040 | School corporal punishment | School corporal punishment - wikipedia School corporal punishment 1888 cartoon depicting J.S. Kerr , an Australian proponent of punishment by caning Part of a series on Corporal punishment By place Domestic School Judicial By implementation Belting Birching Caning Cat o ' nine tails Flagellation Foot whipping Knout Paddle Scourge Slippering Spanking Strapping Switch Tawse Riding crop Whip By country Afghanistan Brunei Iran Malaysia Saudi Arabia Qatar Singapore Taiwan United Arab Emirates Court cases CFCYL v. Canada Ingraham v. Wright Politics Campaigns against corporal punishment School corporal punishment refers to causing deliberate pain or discomfort in response to undesired behaviour by students in schools . It often involves striking the student either across the buttocks or on the hands , with an implement such as a rattan cane , wooden paddle , slipper , leather strap or wooden yardstick . Less commonly , it could also include spanking or smacking the student with the open hand , especially at the elementary school level . In the English - speaking world , the use by schools of corporal punishment has historically been justified by the common - law doctrine in loco parentis , whereby teachers are considered authority figures granted the same rights as parents to punish children in their care . Advocates of school corporal punishment argue that it provides an immediate response to indiscipline and that the student is quickly back in the classroom learning , as opposed to suspension from school . Opponents , including a number of medical and psychological societies , along with human - rights groups , argue that physical punishment is ineffective in the long term , interferes with learning , leads to antisocial behavior as well as various forms of mental distress , disproportionately affects students of color , and is a form of violence that breaches the rights of children . Poland was the first nation to outlaw corporal punishment in schools in 1783 . School corporal punishment is no longer practised in any European country . As of 2016 , an estimated 128 countries have prohibited corporal punishment in schools , including all of Europe , and most of South America and East Asia . Approximately 69 countries still allow for corporal punishment in schools , including parts of the United States , some Australian states , and a number of countries in Africa and Asia . Contents 1 Definitions 2 Prevalence 3 Effects on students 3.1 Injuries to students 3.2 Promotion of violence 4 Alternatives 5 Student rights 6 By country 6.1 Argentina 6.2 Australia 6.3 Austria 6.4 Bolivia 6.5 Brazil 6.6 Burma ( Myanmar ) 6.7 Canada 6.7. 1 School Corporal Punishment Bans in Canadian Provinces 6.8 China 6.9 Colombia 6.10 Costa Rica 6.11 Czech Republic 6.12 Denmark 6.13 Egypt 6.14 Finland 6.15 France 6.16 Germany 6.17 Greece 6.18 India 6.19 Ireland 6.20 Italy 6.21 Japan 6.22 Luxembourg 6.23 Malaysia 6.24 Netherlands 6.25 New Zealand 6.26 Norway 6.27 Pakistan 6.28 Philippines 6.29 Poland 6.30 Russia 6.31 Serbia 6.32 Singapore 6.33 South Africa 6.34 South Korea 6.35 Spain 6.36 Sweden 6.37 Taiwan 6.38 Thailand 6.39 Ukraine 6.40 United Arab Emirates 6.41 United Kingdom 6.42 United States 6.43 Venezuela 6.44 Uganda 7 See also 8 References Definitions ( edit ) Medieval schoolboy birched on the bare buttocks Corporal punishment in the context of schools in the late 20th and early 21st centuries has been variously defined as : causing deliberate pain to a child in response to the child 's undesired behavior and / or language , `` purposeful infliction of bodily pain or discomfort by an official in the educational system upon a student as a penalty for unacceptable behavior '' , and `` intentional application of physical pain as a means of changing behavior '' ( not the occasional use of physical restraint to protect student or others from immediate harm ) . Prevalence ( edit ) Corporal punishment used to be prevalent in schools in many parts of the world , but in recent decades it has been outlawed in 128 countries including all of Europe , most of South America , as well as in Canada , Japan , South Africa , New Zealand and several other countries . It remains commonplace in a number of countries in Africa , Southeast Asia , and the Middle East ( see list of countries , below ) . While most U.S. states have outlawed corporal punishment in state schools , it continues to be allowed mainly in the Southern and Western United States . According to the United States Department of Education , more than 216,000 students were subjected to corporal punishment during the 2008 -- 09 school year . Much of the traditional culture that surrounds corporal punishment in school , at any rate in the English - speaking world , derives largely from British practice in the 19th and 20th centuries , particularly as regards the caning of teenage boys . There is a vast amount of literature on this , in both popular and serious culture . Britain itself outlawed the practice in 1987 for state schools and more recently for all schools . The doctrine of in loco parentis lets school officials stand in for parents as comparable authority figures . The doctrine has its origins in an English common - law precedent of 1770 . 1839 caricature by George Cruikshank of a school flogging Many schools in Singapore and Malaysia use caning ( for boys ) as a routine official punishment for misconduct , as also some African countries . In some Middle Eastern countries whipping is used . ( See list of countries , below . ) In most of continental Europe , school corporal punishment has been banned for several decades or longer , depending on the country ( see the list of countries below ) . From the 1917 Russian revolution onwards , corporal punishment was outlawed in the Soviet Union , because it was deemed contrary to communist ideology . Communists in other countries such as Britain took the lead in campaigning against school corporal punishment , which they viewed as a symptom of the decadence of capitalist education systems . In the 1960s , Soviet visitors to western schools expressed shock at the caning of boys there . Other communist regimes followed suit : for instance , corporal punishment was `` unknown '' by students in North Korea in 2007 . In mainland China , corporal punishment in schools was outlawed in 1986 , although the practice remains common , especially in rural areas . According to the American Academy of Pediatrics , there are three broad rationales for the use of corporal punishment in schools : beliefs , based in traditional religion , that adults have a right , if not a duty , to physically punish misbehaving children ; a disciplinary philosophy that corporal punishment builds character , being necessary for the development of a child 's conscience and their respect for adult authority figures ; and beliefs concerning the needs and rights of teachers , specifically that corporal punishment is essential for maintaining order and control in the classroom . Effects on students ( edit ) School officials and policymakers often rely on personal anecdotes to argue that school corporal punishment improves students ' behavior and achievement . However , there is a lack of empirical evidence showing that corporal punishment leads to better control in the classroom . In particular , evidence does not suggest that it enhances moral character development , increases students ' respect for teachers or other authority figures , or offers greater security for teachers . A number of medical , pediatric or psychological societies have issued statements opposing all corporal punishment in schools , citing such outcomes as poorer academic achievement , increases in antisocial behaviour , injuries to students , and an unwelcoming learning environment . They include the American Medical Association , the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry , the American Academy of Pediatrics ( AAP ) , the Society for Adolescent Medicine , the American Psychological Association , the Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health , the Royal College of Psychiatrists , the Canadian Paediatric Society and the Australian Psychological Society , as well as the United States ' National Association of Secondary School Principals . According to the AAP , research shows that corporal punishment is less effective than other methods of behaviour management in schools , and `` praise , discussions regarding values , and positive role models do more to develop character , respect , and values than does corporal punishment '' . They say that evidence links corporal punishment of students to a number of adverse outcomes , including : `` increased aggressive and destructive behaviour , increased disruptive classroom behaviour , vandalism , poor school achievement , poor attention span , increased drop - out rate , school avoidance and school phobia , low self - esteem , anxiety , somatic complaints , depression , suicide and retaliation against teachers '' . The AAP recommends a number of alternatives to corporal punishment including various nonviolent behaviour - management strategies , modifications to the school environment , and increased support for teachers . Injuries to students ( edit ) An estimated 1 to 2 percent of physically punished students in the United States are seriously injured , to the point of needing medical attention . According to the AAP and the Society for Adolescent Medicine , these injuries have included bruises , abrasions , broken bones , whiplash injury , muscle damage , brain injury , and even death . Other reported injuries to students include `` sciatic nerve damage '' `` extensive hematomas '' , and `` life - threatening fat hemorrhage '' . Promotion of violence ( edit ) The AAP cautions that there is a risk of corporal punishment in schools fostering the impression among students that violence is an appropriate means for managing others ' behaviour . According to the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry , `` Corporal punishment signals to the child that a way to settle interpersonal conflicts is to use physical force and inflict pain '' . And according to the Society for Adolescent Medicine , `` The use of corporal punishment in schools promotes a very precarious message : that violence is an acceptable phenomenon in our society . It sanctions the notion that it is meritorious to be violent toward our children , thereby devaluing them in society 's eyes . It encourages children to resort to violence because they see their authority figures or substitute parents doing it ( ... ) Violence is not acceptable and we must not support it by sanctioning its use by such authority figures as school officials '' . Alternatives ( edit ) The Society for Adolescent Medicine recommends developing `` a milieu of effective communication , in which the teacher displays an attitude of respect for the students '' , as well as instruction that is stimulating and appropriate to student 's abilities , various nonviolent behaviour modification techniques , and involving students and parents in making decisions about school matters such as rules and educational goals . They suggest that student self - governance can be an effective alternative for managing disruptive classroom behaviour , while stressing the importance of adequate training and support for teachers . The AAP remarks that there has been `` no reported increase in disciplinary problems in schools following the elimination of corporal punishment '' according to evidence . Student rights ( edit ) A number of international human - rights organizations including the UN Committee on the Rights of the Child , the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe , and the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights have stated that physical punishment of any kind is a violation of children 's human rights . According to the Committee on the Rights of the Child , `` Children do not lose their human rights by virtue of passing through the school gates ( ... ) the use of corporal punishment does not respect the inherent dignity of the child nor the strict limits on school discipline '' . The Committee interprets Article 19 of the Convention on the rights of the child , which obliges member states to `` take all appropriate legislative , administrative , social and educational measures to protect the child from all forms of physical or mental violence , injury or abuse ( ... ) while in the care of parent ( s ) , legal guardian ( s ) or any other person who has the care of the child '' , to imply a prohibition on all forms of corporal punishment . Other international human - rights bodies supporting prohibition of corporal punishment of children in all settings , including schools , include the European Committee of Social Rights and the African Committee of Experts on the Rights and Welfare of the Child . In addition , the obligation of member states to prohibit corporal punishment in schools and elsewhere was affirmed in the 2009 Cairo Declaration on the Convention on the Rights of the Child and Islamic Jurisprudence . By Country ( edit ) School corporal punishment in the United States Corporal punishment of minors in the United States Corporal punishment illegal in schools only Corporal punishment not illegal Legality of corporal punishment of minors in Europe Corporal punishment illegal in both schools and the home Corporal punishment illegal in schools only Corporal punishment legal in schools and in the home According to the Global Initiative to End All Corporal Punishment of Children , all forms of corporal punishment in schools are outlawed in 128 countries as of 2016 . ( 46 of these countries also prohibited corporal punishment of children in the home as of May 2015 ) . Argentina ( edit ) Banned in 1813 , corporal punishment was re-legalised in 1817 and punishments by physical pain lasted until the 1980s . The instruments were rebenques , slappings in the face and others . All corporal punishment has now been prohibited ; the ban came into effect in 2016 . Australia ( edit ) In Australia , laws on corporal punishment in schools are determined at individual state or territory level . While still legal in private schools in some states , in practice , very few schools impose corporal punishment . State Government schools Non-government schools Victoria Banned in 1888 . Banned in 1990 . Queensland Banned in 1994 . Not banned . New South Wales First banned in 1987 . Ban repealed in 1989 but was in disuse . Banned again in 1995 . Banned in 1997 . Tasmania Banned in 1999 . Banned in 1999 . Australian Capital Territory Banned in 1988 . Banned in 1997 . Northern Territory Banned in 2016 . Banned in 2009 . South Australia Banned in 1991 . Not banned Western Australia Banned in 1999 . Effectively abolished by Education Department policy in 1987 . Banned in 2015 . Austria ( edit ) Corporal punishment in schools was banned in Austria in 1974 . Bolivia ( edit ) Corporal punishment in all settings , including schools , was prohibited in Bolivia in 2014 . According to the Children and Adolescents Code , `` The child and adolescent has the right to good treatment , comprising a non-violent upbringing and education ... Any physical , violent and humiliating punishment is prohibited '' . Brazil ( edit ) Corporal punishment in all settings , including schools , was prohibited in Brazil in 2014 . According to an amendment to the Code on Children and Adolescents 1990 , `` Children and Adolescents are entitled to be educated and cared for without the use of physical punishment or cruel or degrading treatment as forms of correction , discipline , education or any other pretext '' . Burma ( Myanmar ) ( edit ) Caning is commonly used by teachers as a punishment in schools . The cane is applied on the students ' buttocks , calves or palms of the hands in front of the class . Tramline cane marks could be left . Sit - ups with ears pulled and arms crossed , kneeling , and standing on the bench in the classroom are other forms of corporal punishments used in schools . Common reasons for punishment include talking in class , not finishing homework , mistakes made with classwork , fighting and truancy . Canada ( edit ) In Canadian Foundation for Children , Youth and the Law v. Canada ( 2004 ) the Supreme Court outlawed school corporal punishment . In public schools , the usual implement was a rubber / canvas strap applied to the hands , while private schools often used a paddle or cane administered to the student 's posterior . In many parts of Canada , ' the strap ' had not been used in public schools since the 1970s or even earlier : thus , it has been claimed that it had not been used in Quebec since the 1960s , and in Toronto it was banned in 1971 . However , some schools in Alberta had been using the strap up until the ban in 2004 . School corporal punishment bans in Canadian provinces ( edit ) In 2004 , the Supreme Court of Canada outlawed corporal punishment in all schools , public or private . The practice itself had largely been abandoned in the 1970s when parents placed greater scrutiny on the treatment of children at school . The subject received extensive media coverage , and corporal punishment became obsolete as the practice was widely seen as degrading and inhumane . Despite the fact that the tradition had been forgone for nearly 30 years , legislation banning the practice entirely by law was not implemented until 2004 . Some Canadian provinces banned corporal punishment in public schools prior to the national ban in 2004 . They are , in chronological order by year of provincial ban : British Columbia - 1973 Nova Scotia - 1989 New Brunswick - 1990 Yukon - 1990 Prince Edward Island - 1993 Northwest Territories - 1995 Nunavut - 1995 * ( banned while Nunavut was still part of Northwest Territories . Remained banned in Nunavut when it became a separate Territory in 1999 . ) Newfoundland and Labrador - 1997 Quebec - 1998 China ( edit ) Corporal punishment in China was officially banned after the communist revolution in 1949 . The Compulsory Education Law of 1986 states : `` It shall be forbidden to inflict physical punishment on students '' . In practice , beatings by schoolteachers are common , especially in rural areas . Colombia ( edit ) Colombian private and public schools were banned from using `` penalties involving physical or psychological abuse '' through the Children and Adolescents Code 2006 , though it is not clear whether this also applies to indigenous communities . Costa Rica ( edit ) All corporal punishment , both in school and in the home , has been banned since 2008 . Czech Republic ( edit ) Corporal punishment is outlawed under Article 31 of the Education Act . Denmark ( edit ) Corporal punishment was prohibited in the public schools in Copenhagen Municipality in 1951 and by law in all schools of Denmark in 1967 . Egypt ( edit ) A 1998 study found that random physical punishment ( not proper formal corporal punishment ) was being used extensively by teachers in Egypt to punish behavior they regarded as unacceptable . Around 80 % of the boys and 60 % of the girls were punished by teachers , using their hands , sticks , straps , shoes , punches and kicks as most common methods of administration . The most common reported injuries were bumps and contusions . Finland ( edit ) Corporal punishment in public schools was banned in 1914 , but remained de facto commonplace until 1984 , when a law banning all corporal punishment of minors , even by parents , was introduced . France ( edit ) The systematic use of corporal punishment has been absent from French schools since the 19th century . There is no explicit legal ban on it , but in 2008 a teacher was fined € 500 for what some people describe as slapping a student . Germany ( edit ) School corporal punishment , historically widespread , was outlawed in different states via their administrative law at different times . It was not completely abolished everywhere until 1983 . Since 1993 , use of corporal punishment by a teacher has been a criminal offence . In that year a sentence by the Federal Court of Justice of Germany ( Bundesgerichtshof , case number NStZ 1993.591 ) was published which overruled the previous powers enshrined in unofficial customary law ( Gewohnheitsrecht ) and upheld by some regional appeal courts ( Oberlandesgericht , Superior State Court ) even in the 1970s . They assumed a right of chastisement was a defense of justification against the accusation of `` causing bodily harm '' per Paragraph ( = Section ) 223 Strafgesetzbuch ( Federal Penal Code ) . Greece ( edit ) Corporal punishment in Greek primary schools was banned in 1998 , and in secondary schools in 2005 . India ( edit ) See also : Socio - economic issues in India Corporal punishment is still used in most of India . The Delhi High Court banned its use in Delhi schools in 2000 . 17 out of 29 states claim to apply the ban , though enforcement is lax . A number of social and cultural groups , including Shankaracharya , are campaigning against corporal punishment in India . In many states , corporal punishment is still practised within most schools . Society for Prevention of Injuries & Corporal Punishment ( SPIC ) is actively running awareness campaigns to educate the teachers and students through conferences and scientific publications . Ireland ( edit ) In the law of the Republic of Ireland , corporal punishment was prohibited in 1982 by an administrative decision of John Boland , the Minister for Education , which applied to national schools ( most primary schools ) and to secondary schools receiving public funding ( practically all of them ) . Teachers were not liable to criminal prosecution until 1997 , when the rule of law allowing `` physical chastisement '' was explicitly abolished . Italy ( edit ) Corporal punishment in Italian schools was banned in 1928 . Japan ( edit ) Although banned in 1947 , corporal punishment is still commonly found in schools in the 2010s and particularly widespread in school sports clubs . In late 1987 , about 60 % of junior high school teachers felt it was necessary , with 7 % believing it was necessary in all conditions , 59 % believing it should be applied sometimes and 32 % disapproving of it in all circumstances ; while at elementary ( primary ) schools , 2 % supported it unconditionally , 47 % felt it was necessary and 49 % disapproved . As recent as December 2012 , a high school student committed suicide after having been constantly beaten by his basketball coach . An education ministry survey found that more than 10,000 students received illegal corporal punishment from more than 5,000 teachers across Japan in 2012 fiscal year alone . Luxembourg ( edit ) Corporal punishment in schools was banned in 1845 and became a criminal offence in 1974 ( Aggravated Assault on Minors under Authority ) . Malaysia ( edit ) See also : Caning in Malaysia A picture showing the marks left on a Malaysian female student 's palm after a caning Caning is a common form of discipline in many Malaysian schools . Legally it should be applied only to male students , but the idea of making the caning of girls lawful has recently been debated . This would be applied to the palm of the hand , whereas boys are typically caned across the seat of the trousers . Netherlands ( edit ) Banned in 1920 . New Zealand ( edit ) Corporal punishment in New Zealand schools was abolished in 1987 , but was n't abolished legislatively until 23 July 1990 , when Section 139A of the Education Act 1989 was inserted by the Education Amendment Act 1990 . Section 139A prohibits anyone employed by a school or ECE provider , or anyone supervising or controlling students on the school 's behalf , from using force by way of correction or punishment towards any student at or in relation to the school or the student under their supervision or control . Teachers who administer corporal punishment can be found guilty of physical assault , resulting in termination and cancellation of teacher registration , and possibly criminal charges , with a maximum penalty of five years ' imprisonment . As enacted , the law had a loophole : parents , provided they were not school staff , could still discipline their children on school grounds . In early 2007 , a southern Auckland Christian school was found to be using this loophole to discipline students by corporal punishment , by making the student 's parents administer the punishment . This loophole was closed in May 2007 by the Crimes ( Substituted Section 59 ) Amendment Act 2007 , which enacted a blanket ban on parents administering corporal punishment to their children . Norway ( edit ) Corporal punishment in Norwegian schools was strongly restricted in 1889 , and was prohibited outright in 1936 . Pakistan ( edit ) School corporal punishment in Pakistan is not very common in modern educational institutions although it is still used in schools across the rural parts of the country as a means of enforcing student discipline . The method has been criticised by some children 's rights activists who claim that many cases of corporal punishment in schools have resulted in physical and mental abuse of schoolchildren . According to one report , corporal punishment is a key reason for school dropouts and subsequently , street children , in Pakistan ; as many as 35,000 high school pupils in Pakistan are said to drop out of the education system each year because they have been punished or abused in school . Philippines ( edit ) Corporal punishment is prohibited in private and public schools . Poland ( edit ) In 1783 , Poland became the first country in the world to prohibit corporal punishment . Peter Newell assumes that perhaps the most influential writer on the subject was the English philosopher John Locke , whose Some Thoughts Concerning Education explicitly criticised the central role of corporal punishment in education . Locke 's work was highly influential , and may have helped influence Polish legislators to ban corporal punishment from Poland 's schools in 1783 . Today , the ban of corporal punishment in all forms is vested in Constitution of Poland Russia ( edit ) Corporal punishment was banned in USSR ( and hence , Russian ) schools in 1917 . In addition , the Article 336 ( since 2006 ) of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation states that any teacher who has used corporal punishment on a pupil shall be dismissed . Serbia ( edit ) Corporal punishment was first explicitly prohibited in schools in article 67 of the Law on Public Schools 1929 , passed in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia , of which Serbia was then a part . Other now independent countries which belonged to Yugoslavia then and to which the 1929 Law applied are : Bosnia and Herzegovina , Croatia , Macedonia , Montenegro , Kosovo , and Slovenia . In Serbia , corporal punishment in schools is now unlawful under the Law on Secondary Schools 1992 , the Law on Elementary Schools 1992 and the Law on the Foundations of Education and Upbringing 2003 / 2009 . Singapore ( edit ) Main article : Caning in Singapore § School caning Corporal punishment is legal in Singapore schools ( for male students only , it is illegal to inflict it on female students ) and fully encouraged by the government in order to maintain strict discipline . Only a light rattan cane may be used . This must be administered in a formal ceremony by the school management after due deliberation , not by classroom teachers . Most secondary schools ( whether independent , autonomous or government - controlled ) , and also some primary schools , use caning to deal with misconduct by boys . At the secondary level , the rattan strokes are nearly always delivered to the student 's clothed buttocks . The Ministry of Education has stipulated a maximum of six strokes per occasion . In some cases the punishment is carried out in front of the rest of the school instead of in private . South Africa ( edit ) The use of corporal punishment in schools was prohibited by the South African Schools Act , 1996 . According to section 10 of the act : ( 1 ) No person may administer corporal punishment at a school to a learner . ( 2 ) Any person who contravenes subsection ( 1 ) is guilty of an offence and liable on conviction to a sentence which could be imposed for assault . In the case of Christian Education South Africa v Minister of Education the Constitutional Court rejected a claim that the constitutional right to religious freedom entitles private Christian schools to impose corporal punishment . South Korea ( edit ) Liberal regions in South Korea have completely banned all forms of caning beginning with Gyeonggi Province in 2010 , followed by Seoul Metropolitan City , Gangwon Province , Gwangju Metropolitan City and North Jeolla Province in 2011 . Other more conservative regions are governed by a national law enacted in 2011 which states that while caning is generally forbidden , it can be used indirectly to maintain school discipline . but it is still known to be practised Spain ( edit ) Corporal punishment in Spanish schools was banned in 1985 . Sweden ( edit ) Corporal punishment at school has been prohibited in folkskolestadgan ( the elementary school ordinance ) since 1 January 1958 . Its use by ordinary teachers in grammar schools had been outlawed in 1928 . Taiwan ( edit ) In 2006 Taiwan made corporal punishment in the school system illegal , but it is still known to be practised ( see Corporal punishment in Taiwan ) . Thailand ( edit ) Corporal punishment in schools is illegal under the Ministry of Education Regulation on Student Punishment ( 2005 ) and the National Committee on Child Protection Regulation on Working Procedures of Child Protection Officers Involved in Promoting Behaviour of Students ( 2005 ) , pursuant to article 65 of the Child Protection Act . Thai proverb `` If you love your cow , tie it up ; if you love your child , beat him . '' is still considered `` wisdom '' and is held by many parents and teachers . Ukraine ( edit ) Corporal punishment was banned in USSR ( and hence , Ukrainian ) schools in 1917 . In Ukraine , `` physical or mental violence '' against children is forbidden by the Constitution ( Art. 52.2 ) and the Law on Education ( Art. 51.1 , since 1991 ) which states that students and other learners have the right `` to the protection from any form of exploitation , physical and psychological violence , actions of pedagogical and other employees who violate the rights or humiliate their honour and dignity '' . Standard instructions for teachers provided by the Ministry of Science and Education state that a teacher who has used corporal punishment to a pupil ( even once ) , shall be dismissed . United arab emirates ( edit ) A federal law was implemented in 1998 which banned school corporal punishment . The law applied to all schools , both public and private . Any teacher who engages in the practice would not only lose their job and teaching license , but will also face criminal prosecution for engaging in violence against minors and will also face child abuse charges . United Kingdom ( edit ) Excerpt from a caning record of a British school ( 1970 ) In state - run schools , and in private schools where at least part of the funding came from government , corporal punishment was outlawed by the British Parliament in 1986 , following a 1982 ruling by the European Court of Human Rights that such punishment could not be administered without parental consent , and that a child 's `` right to education '' could not be infringed by suspending children who , with parental approval , refused to submit to corporal punishment . In other private schools , it was banned in 1998 ( England and Wales ) , 2000 ( Scotland ) and 2003 ( Northern Ireland ) . Schools had to keep a record of punishments inflicted , and there are occasional press reports of examples of these `` punishment books '' having survived . The implement used in many state and private schools in England and Wales was often a rattan cane , struck either across the student 's hands or ( especially in the case of teenage boys ) the clothed buttocks . `` Slippering '' -- striking the buttocks with a rubber - soled gym shoe , or plimsoll shoe -- was widely used in many schools , for example King 's School , Macclesfield , a boys grammar school in Cheshire . In a few English cities , a strap was used instead of the cane . In Scotland a leather strap , the tawse , administered to the palms of the hands , was universal in state schools , but some private schools used the cane . Prior to the ban in private schools in England , the `` slippering '' of a student at an independent boarding school was challenged in 1993 before the European Court of Human Rights . The Court ruled 5 -- 4 in that case that the punishment was not severe enough to infringe the student 's `` freedom from degrading punishment '' under article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights . The dissenting judges argued that the ritualised nature of the punishment , given after several days and without parental consent , should qualify it as `` degrading punishment '' . R ( Williamson ) v Secretary of State for Education and Employment ( 2005 ) was an unsuccessful challenge to the prohibition of corporal punishment contained in the Education Act 1996 , by several headmasters of private Christian schools who argued that it was a breach of their religious freedom . In response to a 2008 poll of 6,162 UK teachers by the Times Educational Supplement , 22 % of secondary school teachers and 16 % of primary school teachers supported `` the right to use corporal punishment in extreme cases '' . The National Union of Teachers said that it `` could not support the views expressed by those in favour of hitting children '' . United states ( edit ) Main article : School corporal punishment in the United States There is no federal law addressing corporal punishment in public or private schools . In 1977 , the Supreme Court ruling in Ingraham v. Wright held that the Eighth Amendment clause prohibiting `` cruel and unusual punishments '' did not apply to school students , and that teachers could punish children without parental permission . As of 2015 , 31 states and the District of Columbia have banned corporal punishment in public schools , though in some of these there is no explicit prohibition . Corporal punishment is also unlawful in private schools in Iowa and New Jersey . In 19 U.S. states , corporal punishment is lawful in both public and private schools . It is still common in some schools in the South , and more than 167,000 students were paddled in the 2011 - 2012 school year in American public schools . Students can be physically punished from kindergarten to the end of high school , meaning that even legal adults who have reached the age of majority are sometimes spanked by school officials . Venezuela ( edit ) Corporal punishment in all settings , including schools , was prohibited in Venezuela in 2007 . According to the Law for the Protection of Children and Adolescents , `` All children and young people have a right to be treated well . This right includes a non-violent education and upbringing ... Consequently , all forms of physical and humiliating punishment are prohibited '' . Uganda ( edit ) In Uganda , teachers usually keep their huge classes calm by corporal punishment . However , there is some movement , who wants them to change disciplining methods by using positive discipline . Teachers should better teach them how to improve , when they performed badly See also ( edit ) Corporal punishment in the home Campaigns against corporal punishment Blab school School bullying School discipline References ( edit ) Jump up ^ See e.g. Student / Parent Information Guide and Code of Conduct 2008 - 2009 Archived 24 August 2009 at the Wayback Machine. , Alexander City Schools , Alabama , USA , p. 44 . ^ Jump up to : `` Toronto abolishes the strap '' . Globe and Mail ( Toronto ) . 23 July 1971 . Jump up ^ Gershoff , E.T. & Font , S.A. ( 2016 ) . `` Corporal punishment in U.S. public schools : Prevalence , disparities in use , and status in state and federal policy '' ( PDF ) . Society for Research and Child Development . 30 : 1 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Gershoff , Elizabeth ( 2017 ) . `` School corporal punishment in global perspective : prevalence , outcomes , and efforts at intervention '' . Psychology , Health & Medicine . 22 : sup1 , 224 -- 239 . doi : 10.1080 / 13548506.2016. 1271955 . ^ Jump up to : `` Corporal Punishment in Schools '' . American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry . September 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Poole , Steven R. ; et al. ( July 1991 ) . `` The role of the pediatrician in abolishing corporal punishment in schools '' . Pediatrics. 88 ( 1 ) : 162 -- 7 . PMID 2057255 . ^ Jump up to : Greydanus , D.E. ; Pratt , H.D. ; Spates , Richard C. ; Blake - Dreher , A.E. ; Greydanus - Gearhart , M.A. ; Patel , D.R. ( May 2003 ) . `` Corporal punishment in schools : position paper of the Society for Adolescent Medicine '' ( PDF ) . J Adolesc Health . 32 ( 5 ) : 385 -- 93 . doi : 10.1016 / S1054 - 139X ( 03 ) 00042 - 9 . PMID 12729988 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 19 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Spanking Lives On In Rural Florida Schools '' ( 15 March 2012 ) . NPR . Jump up ^ `` Spare the rod '' ( 15 November 2014 ) . The Economist . Jump up ^ United Kingdom : Corporal punishment in schools at World Corporal Punishment Research . Jump up ^ Quigly , Isabel ( 1984 ) . The Heirs of Tom Brown : The English School Story . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 281404 - 4 Jump up ^ Chandos , John ( 1984 ) . Boys Together : English Public Schools 1800 - 1864 . London : Hutchinson , esp . chapter 11 . ISBN 0 - 09 - 139240 - 3 Jump up ^ UK Parliament . Education ( No. 2 ) Act 1986 as amended ( see also enacted form ) , from legislation.gov.uk . Section 47 for England and Wales and section 48 for Scotland , brought into force in 1987 . Jump up ^ Privy Council of the United Kingdom . Education ( Corporal Punishment ) ( Northern Ireland ) Order 1987 . Jump up ^ Gould , Mark ( 9 January 2007 ) . `` Sparing the rod '' . The Guardian ( London ) . Jump up ^ UK Parliament . School Standards and Framework Act 1998 as amended ( see also enacted form ) , from legislation.gov.uk . Section 131 , for England and Wales , brought into force in 1999 . Jump up ^ Brown , Colin ( 25 March 1998 ) . `` Last vestiges of caning swept away '' . The Independent ( London ) . ^ Jump up to : Teitelbaum , Salomon M. `` Parental Authority in the Soviet Union '' , in American Slavic and East European Review , Vol. 4 , No. 3 / 4 ( December 1945 ) , pp. 54 - 69 . Jump up ^ Linehan , Thomas P. ( 2007 ) . Communism in Britain , 1920 - 39 : From the cradle to the grave , Manchester University Press . pp. 32 ff . ISBN 0 - 7190 - 7140 - 2 Jump up ^ `` Caning ? It 's not cricket , say the Russians at Rugby '' . Daily Mail ( London ) . 22 November 1960 . Jump up ^ `` North Korean Defectors Face Huge Challenges '' . Radio Free Asia . 21 March 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Country report for China '' . Global Initiative to End All Corporal Punishment of Children . ^ Jump up to : Paul Wiseman , `` Chinese schools try to unlearn brutality '' , USA Today , Washington D.C. , 9 May 2000 . Jump up ^ Gershoff , Elizabeth T. ( Spring 2010 ) . `` More Harm Than Good : A Summary of Scientific Research on the Intended and Unintended Effects of Corporal Punishment on Children '' . Law & Contemporary Problems . Duke University School of Law . 73 ( 2 ) : 31 -- 56 . Jump up ^ `` Corporal Punishment in Schools and its Effect on Academic Success : Testimony by Donald E. Greydanus MD '' ( PDF ) . Healthy Families and Communities Subcommittee , United States House of Representatives . 15 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` H - 515.995 Corporal Punishment in Schools '' . American Medical Association . Jump up ^ American Academy of Pediatrics , Committee on School Health ( February 1984 ) . `` Corporal punishment in schools '' . Pediatrics. 73 ( 2 ) : 258 . PMID 6599942 . Jump up ^ Stein , M.T. ; Perrin , E.L. ( April 1998 ) . `` Guidance for effective discipline . American Academy of Pediatrics . Committee on Psychosocial Aspects of Child and Family Health '' . Pediatrics. 101 ( 4 Pt 1 ) : 723 -- 8 . PMID 9521967 . Jump up ^ `` Corporal punishment in schools . A position paper of the Society for Adolescent Medicine '' . J Adolesc Health . 13 ( 3 ) : 240 -- 6 . May 1992 . PMID 1498122 . Jump up ^ `` Corporal Punishment '' . Council Policy Manual . American Psychological Association . 1975 . Jump up ^ `` Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health Position Statement on corporal punishment '' ( PDF ) . November 2009 . Jump up ^ Lynch , M. ( September 2003 ) . `` Community pediatrics : role of physicians and organizations '' . Pediatrics. 112 ( 3 Part 2 ) : 732 -- 4 . doi : 10.1542 / peds. 112.3. S1. 732 ( inactive 2017 - 01 - 16 ) . PMID 12949335 . Jump up ^ `` Memorandum on the Use of Corporal Punishment in Schools '' . Psychiatric Bulletin . 2 ( 4 ) : 62 -- 64 . 1978 . doi : 10.1192 / pb. 2.4. 62 . Jump up ^ Psychosocial Paediatrics Committee ; Canadian Paediatric Society ( 2004 ) . `` Effective discipline for children '' . Paediatrics & Child Health . 9 ( 1 ) : 37 -- 41 . PMC 2719514 . PMID 19654979 . Jump up ^ `` Legislative assembly questions # 0293 - Australian Psychological Society : Punishment and Behaviour Change '' . Parliament of New South Wales . 20 October 1996 . Archived from the original on 3 May 2008 . Retrieved 6 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Corporal punishment '' . National Association of Secondary School Principals . February 2009 . Archived from the original on 3 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` General comment No. 8 ( 2006 ) : The right of the child to protection from corporal punishment and or cruel or degrading forms of punishment ( articles 1 , 28 ( 2 ) , and 37 , inter alia ) '' . United Nations Committee on the Rights of the Child , 42nd Sess. , U.N. Doc . CRC / C / GC / 8 . 2 March 2007 . Retrieved January 2015 . Check date values in : accessdate = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Europe - Wide Ban on Corporal Punishment of Children , Recommendation 1666 '' . Parliamentary Assembly , Council of Europe ( 21st Sitting ) . 23 June 2004 . Archived from the original on 20 February 2015 . Retrieved January 2015 . Check date values in : accessdate = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Report on Corporal Punishment and Human Rights of Children and Adolescents '' . Inter-American Commission on Human Rights , Rapporteurship on the Rights of the Child , Organization of American States . 5 August 2009 . Retrieved January 2015 . Check date values in : accessdate = ( help ) Jump up ^ Committee on the Rights of the Child ( 2001 ) . General Comment No. 1 , The Aims of Education . U.N. Doc . CRC / GC / 2001 / 1 . ^ Jump up to : Towards Non-violent Schools : Prohibiting All Corporal Punishment : Global Report 2015 ( PDF ) , London : Global Initiative to End All Corporal Punishment of Children ; Save the Children , May 2015 Jump up ^ `` Diálogo , premios y penitencias : cómo poner límites sin violencia '' . El Clarín ( Buenos Aires ) . 17 December 2005 . ( in Spanish ) Jump up ^ `` En Argentina , del golpe a la convivencia '' . El Clarín ( Buenos Aires ) . 10 February 1999 . ( in Spanish ) Jump up ^ `` Country report for Argentina '' . Global Initiative to End All Corporal Punishment of Children . Jump up ^ Child Family Community Australia ( March 2014 ) , Corporal punishment : Key issues - Resource Sheet , Australian Government , archived from the original on 11 September 2015 Jump up ^ `` Federal Government rules out return of corporal punishment , after curriculum adviser says it can be ' very effective ' '' . Australian Broadcasting Corporation . 16 July 2014 . Archived from the original on 14 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Barrett , Rosanne ( 25 June 2012 ) . `` States refuse to buckle amid calls to ban cane '' . The Australian . Sydney . Retrieved 15 February 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Ruff , Marcia ( 19 December 1905 ) . `` Senator keeps up fight against cane in schools '' . The Canberra Times . p. 2 . Jump up ^ Criminal Code Act ( Qld ) , s280 . Jump up ^ `` Qld schools consign cane to history '' . The Canberra Times . 27 May 1992 . p. 20 . Corporal punishment will be phased out by the end of the 1994 school year Jump up ^ Pavey , Ainsley ( 11 November 2009 ) . `` Teachers given the cane go - ahead in some Queensland schools '' . news.com.au . Archived from the original on 11 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Education Act 1960 ( NSW ) , s47 ( h ) , s3 and s 35 ( 2A ) Jump up ^ `` Caning gets the cut from 1987 '' . The Canberra Times . 13 December 1985 . p. 18 . Jump up ^ `` WA to decide on caning of girls '' . The Canberra Times . 24 May 1987 . p. 3 . Following the decision , the NSW State Government banned the use of canes in all schools in that state . Jump up ^ `` NSW schools say no to use of the cane '' . The Canberra Times . 20 June 1989 . p. 11 . The Fair Discipline Code ... reversed the NSW Labor Government 's two - year - old ban on the cane for the state 's 2300 schools ^ Jump up to : `` NSW vetoes school cane '' . The Canberra Times . 6 December 1995 . p. 8 . NSW Education Minister John Aquilina said corporal punishment would be outlawed in public schools from today , and in non-government schools from 1997 Jump up ^ `` Cane ban no bar to discipline : Carr '' . The Canberra Times . 17 December 1995 . p. 2 . Jump up ^ Education Act 1994 ( Tas ) , s82A . ^ Jump up to : Haley , Martine ( 8 April 2001 ) . `` Spank curb Bid for child punishment laws '' . Sunday Tasmanian . p. 1 . Jump up ^ Habel , Bernadette ( 2 June 2014 ) . `` Leaders against return to corporal punishment '' . The Examiner . Launceston , Tasmania . p. 6 . Jump up ^ Education Act 2004 ( ACT ) , s7 ( 4 ) . Jump up ^ Zakharov , Jeannie ( 20 November 1987 ) . `` ACT Schools Authority decides to abolish cane '' . The Canberra Times . p. 14 . Jump up ^ Hobson , Karen ( 13 July 1991 ) . `` Libs push for discipline codes , including corporal punishment , in ACT schools '' . The Canberra Times . p. 1 . Jump up ^ Criminal Code Act ( NT ) , s11 . Jump up ^ School Education Regulations , s40 , cf Criminal Code Act , s257 . Jump up ^ `` School Education Bill - Committee '' . Hansard . Parliament of Western Australia . Retrieved 15 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Last WA school using corporal punishment forced to end practice from next term '' . Australian Broadcasting Corporation . 7 January 2015 . Archived from the original on 30 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Burrell , Andrew ( 8 January 2015 ) . `` Corporal punishment ban widened '' . The Australian . p. 3 . Jump up ^ Austria State Report Archived 20 August 2008 at the Wayback Machine. , GITEACPOC . Jump up ^ `` Prohibition of all corporal punishment in Bolivia ( 2014 ) '' . Global Initiative to End All Corporal Punishment of Children . Jump up ^ `` Brazil Prohibits All Corporal Punishment '' . Save the Children . 2 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Shwe Gaung , Juliet ( 26 January 2009 ) . `` Corporal punishment ' common practice ' : author '' . The Mayanmar Times . Yangon . Archived from the original on 24 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Mudditt , Jessica ( 13 May 2013 ) . `` Against the cane : corporal punishment in Myanmar '' . The Mayanmar Times . Archived from the original on 24 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Ohmar , Ma ( 23 April 2002 ) . `` Slate & Slate Pencil - Computer & Keyboard '' . The New Light of Myanmar . Archived from the original on 25 April 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Supreme Court takes strap out of teachers ' hands '' . Edmonton Journal ( Alberta ) . 1 February 2004 . Jump up ^ Moyers school supplies catalogue , 1971 . Jump up ^ FitzGerald , James ( 1994 ). Old Boys : The Powerful Legacy of Upper Canada College . Toronto : Macfarlane Walter & Ross . ISBN 0 - 921912 - 74 - 9 Jump up ^ Byfield , Ted ( 21 October 1996 ) . `` Do our new - found ideas on children maybe explain the fact we ca n't control them ? '' . Alberta Report ( Edmonton ) . Jump up ^ `` Spanking still legal in Canada '' . Montreal Gazette. 23 February 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Peace Wapiti scraps strap '' . Daily Herald - Tribune ( Grande Prairie , Alberta ) . 19 November 2004 . Jump up ^ http://www.corpun.com/cad00502.htm#16725 Jump up ^ http://historyofrights.ca/encyclopaedia/main-events/corporal-punishment/ Jump up ^ `` New measures taken in schools to improve teacher - student relations '' , People 's Daily , Beijing , 31 July 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Colombia country report - Global Initiative to End All Corporal Punishment of Children '' . www.endcorporalpunishment.org . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 22 . Jump up ^ Gillers , Gillian ( 27 June 2008 ) . `` Costa Rica lawmakers ban spanking '' . The Tico Times . Retrieved 6 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Czech Republic State Report Archived 8 July 2009 at the Wayback Machine. , GITEACPOC , June 2011 . Jump up ^ Danish School History 1814 - 2014 , Danmarkshistorien.dk , 2014 . Jump up ^ Danish School History , Den Store Danske Encyklopædi . Jump up ^ Illegal corporal punishment , Folkeskolen , 3 October 2002 . Jump up ^ Youssef RM , Attia MS , Kamel MI ; Attia ; Kamel ( October 1998 ) . `` Children experiencing violence . II : Prevalence and determinants of corporal punishment in schools '' . Child Abuse Negl. 22 ( 10 ) : 975 -- 85 . doi : 10.1016 / S0145 - 2134 ( 98 ) 00084 - 2 . PMID 9793720 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Kolsi , Eeva - Kaarina ( 11 June 2016 ) . `` Kansakoulun perustamisesta 150 vuotta -- lukemisen pelättiin laiskistavan '' . Ilta - Sanomat ( in Finnish ) . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Autio , Raisa ( 9 April 2014 ) . `` Lasten ruumiillinen kuritus kiellettiin 30 vuotta sitten -- vielä joka neljäs tukistaa '' . YLE Uutiset ( in Finnish ) . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The punishments in French schools are impositions and confinements . '' -- Matthew Arnold ( 1861 ) cited in Robert McCole Wilson , A Study of Attitudes Towards Corporal Punishment as an Educational Procedure From the Earliest Times to the Present , Nijmegen University , 1999 , 4.3 . Jump up ^ France State Report Archived 20 November 2008 at the Wayback Machine. , GITEACPOC . Jump up ^ `` Teacher Fined , Praised for Slap '' , Time ( New York ) , 14 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Desnos , Marie ( 13 August 2008 ) . `` Une gifle à 500 euros '' . Le Journal du Dimanche ( Paris ) . Jump up ^ Rosenczveig , Jean - Pierre ( 1 February 2008 ). `` Violences non retenues au collège '' . Jump up ^ `` It 's 40 years since corporal punishment got a general boot '' , translated from Saarbrücker Zeitung , 19 June 1987 . Jump up ^ Greece State Report Archived 8 September 2008 at the Wayback Machine. , GITEACPOC , November 2006 . Jump up ^ Nilanjana Bhowmick ( 2 May 2009 ) . `` Why India 's Teachers Do Not Spare the Rod '' . Time ( New York ) . Jump up ^ http://forensicwayout.com/SPIC/tabid/127/Default.aspx Jump up ^ `` Children First Bill 2014 : Report '' . Seanad debates . KildareStreet.com. 21 Oct 2015 . Retrieved 21 November 2017 . Primary Branch ( January 1982 ) . `` R.R. 144329 / Circular 9 / 82 / Re : The Abolition of Corporal Punishment in National Schools '' ( PDF ) . Circulars . Department of Education . Retrieved 21 November 2017 . Post-Primary Branch ( January 1982 ) . `` Circular M5 / 82 / Abolition of Corporal Punishment in Schools in respect of Financial Aid from the Department of Education '' ( PDF ) . Circulars . Department of Education . Retrieved 21 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Non-Fatal Offences Against the Person Act , 1997 , Section 24 '' . Irish Statute Book . Retrieved 21 November 2017 . `` Non-Fatal Offences Against the Person Bill , 1997 : Second Stage '' . Seanad Éireann Debates. 7 May 1997 . Retrieved 21 November 2017 . The use of force by teachers , following the enactment of the Bill , will be governed , as in the case of other people , by the rules set out in sections 18 and 19 . Jump up ^ Italy State Report Archived 25 July 2008 at the Wayback Machine. , GITEACPOC . Jump up ^ `` Many Japanese Teachers Favor Corporal Punishment '' , Nichi Bei Times , San Francisco , 21 November 1987 . Jump up ^ `` Student commits suicide after being beaten by school basketball coach `` Japan Today : Japan News and Discussion '' . Retrieved 25 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Corporal punishment rife in schools in 2012 : survey '' . The Japan Times . Retrieved 25 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Global Initiative to End All Corporal Punishment of Children , Report of corporal punishment of children in Luxembourg 2013 Jump up ^ Legilux , Législation sur les mesures de discipline dans les écoles 2015 Jump up ^ School corporal punishment in Malaysia at World Corporal Punishment Research . Jump up ^ Netherlands State Report Archived 3 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine. , GITEACPOC . Jump up ^ `` Education Act 1989 - New Zealand Legislation '' . New Zealand Parliamentary Counsel Office . Retrieved 9 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` § 202C : Assault with weapon - Crimes Act 1961 No 43 as of 18 April 2012 - New Zealand Legislation '' . Parliamentary Counsel Office ( New Zealand ) . 18 April 2012 . Retrieved 11 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` School in corporal punishment spotlight '' . Television New Zealand . 18 February 2007 . Retrieved 9 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` PAKISTAN : Corporal punishment key reason for school dropouts '' . IRIN Asia . 18 May 2008 . 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Retrieved 25 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Singapore school handbooks on line at World Corporal Punishment Research . Jump up ^ Farrell , C. ( June 2014 ) . `` Singapore : Corporal punishment in schools '' . World Corporal Punishment Research . Retrieved 12 November 2015 . Jump up ^ South African Schools Act , 1996 , Chapter 2 : Learners , Section 10 : Prohibition of corporal punishment Archived 27 August 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ http://news.naver.com/main/read.nhn?mode=LSD&mid=sec&sid1=102&oid=001&aid=0004972496 Jump up ^ 진보 교육감 들 `` 학생 간접 체벌 불허 '' , 《 한겨레 》 , 2011.3. 23 Jump up ^ 학교 체벌 일상화 , hankukilbosouth korea , 2014.06. 27 Jump up ^ Spain State Report Archived 3 November 2008 at the Wayback Machine. , GITEACPOC . Jump up ^ `` Changing concepts of Grammar School teacher authority in Sweden 1927 - 1965 '' . Australian Association for Research in Education . 1997 . Jump up ^ `` Taiwan corporal punishment banned '' , BBC News On Line , London , 29 December 2006 . 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The Observer ( London ) . Jump up ^ Sage , Adam ( 26 March 1993 ) . `` Private schools ' can beat pupils ' : European Court of Human Rights expresses misgivings on corporal punishment '' . The Independent . Retrieved 30 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Ying Hui Tan ( 26 March 1993 ) . `` Law Report : ' Slippering ' pupil is not degrading punishment : Costello - Roberts v The United Kingdom . European Court of Human Rights , Strasbourg , 25 March 1993 '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 30 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A ' fifth of teachers back caning ' '' . BBC News Online . 3 October 2008 . Jump up ^ Bloom , Adi ( 10 October 2008 ) . `` Survey whips up debate on caning '' , Times Educational Supplement ( London ) . Jump up ^ `` Country report for USA '' ( November 2015 ) . ' Global Initiative to End All Corporal Punishment of Children . Jump up ^ Anderson , Melinda D . `` The States Where Teachers Can Still Spank Students '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved 10 May 2016 . Jump up ^ C. Farrell ( October 2016 ) . `` Corporal punishment in US schools '' . www.corpun.com . Jump up ^ `` Prohibition of all corporal punishment in Venezuela ( 2007 ) '' Global Initiative to End All Corporal school Punishment of Children . Jump up ^ `` End pupils'fear of teachers ' canes ( 2018 ) '' in D + C Vol. 45 05 - 06 / 2018 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=School_corporal_punishment&oldid=856152669 '' Categories : Corporal punishments School punishments Spanking Youth rights Children 's rights Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Pages with DOIs inactive since 2017 CS1 errors : dates Articles with Spanish - language external links CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty CS1 Finnish - language sources ( fi ) All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2009 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from March 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2011 Use dmy dates from August 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano مصرى 日本 語 Русский Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 23 August 2018 , at 07 : 05 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when was the strap banned in ontario schools | [
"In 2004, the Supreme Court of Canada outlawed corporal punishment in all schools, public or private. The practice itself had largely been abandoned in the 1970s when parents placed greater scrutiny on the treatment of children at school.[81] The subject received extensive media coverage, and corporal punishment became obsolete as the practice was widely seen as degrading and inhumane. Despite the fact that the tradition had been forgone for nearly 30 years, legislation banning the practice entirely by law was not implemented until 2004.[82]\n"
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"2004"
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-6675487447448869656 | List of most streamed artists on Spotify | List of most streamed artists on Spotify - wikipedia List of most streamed artists on Spotify No. 1 is Drake with 60 million monthly listeners . No. 2 is J Balvin with 49 million monthly listeners . No. 3 is Calvin Harris with 43 million monthly listeners . This list of most - streamed artists on Spotify contains the top 20 artists with the most monthly streams , as derived from Spotify charts in July 2018 . Drake is currently the most streamed artist on Spotify with over 60 million monthly listeners and also the most streamed artist of all time with over 12 billion combined streams . Ed Sheeran is the artist with the most followers with over 27 million . Contents ( hide ) 1 Most streamed artists 1.1 Monthly 1.2 All - time 2 Most followers 3 Peak position on chart 4 Most streamed artists by year 4.1 2017 4.2 2016 4.3 2015 4.4 2014 4.5 2013 5 See also 6 References Most streamed artists ( edit ) Non-English speaking Monthly ( edit ) Rank Artist Monthly listeners ( millions ) Country Ref ( s ) 1 . Drake 60 CAN 2 . J Balvin 49 COL 3 . Calvin Harris 43 GBR 4 . Dua Lipa 5 . Maroon 5 42 USA 6 . Post Malone 41 7 . Ed Sheeran 39 GBR 8 . Bad Bunny PRI 9 . Khalid USA 10 . Demi Lovato 38 11 . Imagine Dragons 37 12 . David Guetta FRA 13 . Sia 36 AUS 14 . Cardi B USA 15 . Ariana Grande 35 16 . Nicki Minaj TTO 17 . Selena Gomez USA 18 . Clean Bandit 33 GBR 19 . XXXTentacion USA 20 . Kanye West 32 As of July 16 , 2018 All - time ( edit ) This list enumerates the streams artists ' song accrued on the Spotify Global Top 200 , which is less than the artist 's total streams . Rank Artist Total streams ( billions ) Country 1 . Drake 12.75 CAN 2 . Ed Sheeran 9.05 GBR 3 . Justin Bieber 8.69 CAN 4 . The Weeknd 5.81 5 . Post Malone 5.70 USA 6 . J Balvin 5.40 COL 7 . The Chainsmokers 5.16 USA 8 . Kendrick Lamar 4.57 9 . Rihanna 4.49 BAR 10 . Ozuna 4.41 PRI 11 . Daddy Yankee 4.38 12 . Calvin Harris 4.29 GBR 13 . Future 3.75 USA 14 . Selena Gomez 3.66 15 . Bad Bunny 3.57 PRI 16 . Ariana Grande 3.46 USA 17 . Nicki Minaj 3.43 TTO 18 . Sia 3.43 AUS 19 . Khalid 3.40 USA 20 . Imagine Dragons 3.34 As of July 15 , 2018 Most followers ( edit ) It has been suggested that this section be split out into another article titled List of most followed artists on Spotify . ( Discuss ) ( July 2018 ) No. 1 is Ed Sheeran with over 28 million followers . No. 2 is Rihanna with over 24 million followers . No. 3 is Justin Bieber with over 23 million followers . Also among the 20 most streamed artists Rank Artist Followers ( millions ) Country Ref ( s ) 1 . Ed Sheeran 28.6 GBR 2 . Rihanna 25.1 BAR 3 . Justin Bieber 23.7 CAN 4 . Drake 23.4 5 . Eminem 18.3 USA 6 . Ariana Grande 16.7 7 . David Guetta 15.2 FRA 8 . Bruno Mars 14.6 USA 9 . Beyoncé 14.5 10 . Taylor Swift 13.7 11 . Coldplay 13.1 GBR 12 . Calvin Harris 12.5 13 . Shakira 12.4 COL 14 . Maroon 5 12.2 USA 15 . Nicki Minaj 11.8 TTO 16 . The Weeknd 11.4 CAN 17 . Imagine Dragons 10.8 USA 18 . Maluma COL 19 . Selena Gomez 10.7 USA 20 . Katy Perry 10.6 As of July 16 , 2018 Peak position on chart ( edit ) Timeline of artists who have held the peak position each month as the most streamed artist since September 2015 , when the feature was first made public . Indicates most streamed artist of the year Year Month Artist Ref ( s ) 2015 September The Weeknd October November December Justin Bieber 2016 January February March April Rihanna May Drake June . July August September October November December The Weeknd 2017 January February Ed Sheeran March April May June July August September October November December 2018 January Ed Sheeran February March Drake April May June J Balvin July Drake Most streamed artists by year ( edit ) Ed Sheeran was the most streamed artist of 2014 and 2017 . Macklemore & Ryan Lewis were the most streamed artists of 2013 . 2017 ( edit ) Spotify 's most streamed artist of 2017 was Ed Sheeran with 6.3 billion streams that year . This was his second year topping the list . Rank Chg Artist Country 1 . Ed Sheeran GBR 2 . Drake CAN 3 . The Weeknd 4 . Kendrick Lamar USA 5 . The Chainsmokers 2016 ( edit ) Spotify 's most streamed artist of 2016 was Drake with 4.7 billion streams that year . He topped the list for a second year in a row . Rank Chg Artist Country 1 . Drake CAN 2 . Justin Bieber 3 . Rihanna BAR 4 . Twenty One Pilots USA 5 . Kanye West 2015 ( edit ) Spotify 's most streamed artist of 2015 was Drake with 1.8 billion streams that year . Rank Chg Artist Country 1 . Drake CAN 2 . Ed Sheeran GBR 3 . The Weeknd CAN 4 . Maroon 5 USA 5 . Kanye West 2014 ( edit ) Spotify 's most streamed artist of 2014 was Ed Sheeran with 860 million streams that year . Rank Chg Artist Country 1 . Ed Sheeran GBR 2 . Eminem USA 3 . Coldplay GBR 4 . Calvin Harris 5 . Katy Perry USA 2013 ( edit ) Spotify 's most streamed artists of 2013 were Macklemore & Ryan Lewis . Rank Artist Country 1 . Macklemore & Ryan Lewis USA 2 . Avicii SWE 3 . Daft Punk FRA 4 . Eminem USA 5 . Imagine Dragons 6 . Jay - Z 7 . Bruno Mars 8 . Rihanna BAR 9 . Calvin Harris GBR 10 . Drake CAN See also ( edit ) List of most streamed songs on Spotify List of most - subscribed YouTube channels List of most - followed Twitter accounts List of most - followed Instagram accounts References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Drake '' . Spotify . Retrieved March 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` J Balvin '' . Spotify . Retrieved April 17 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Calvin Harris '' . Spotify . Retrieved March 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Dua Lipa '' . Spotify . Retrieved March 28 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Maroon 5 '' . Spotify . Retrieved June 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Post Malone '' . Spotify . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ed Sheeran '' . Spotify . Retrieved March 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bad Bunny '' . Spotify . Retrieved July 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Khalid '' . Spotify . Retrieved March 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Demi Lovato '' . Spotify . Retrieved June 11 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Imagine Dragons '' . Spotify . Retrieved June 15 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` David Guetta '' . Spotify . Retrieved June 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sia '' . Spotify . Retrieved June 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Cardi B '' . Spotify.com . Retrieved March 28 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ariana Grande '' . Spotify . Retrieved June 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nicki Minaj '' . Spotify . Retrieved June 25 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Selena Gomez '' . Spotify . Retrieved June 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Clean Bandit '' . Spotify . Retrieved June 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` XXXTentacion '' . Spotify . Retrieved April 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Kanye West '' . Spotify . Retrieved June 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Spotify Chart History Jump up ^ `` Rihanna '' . Spotify . Retrieved June 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber '' . Spotify . Retrieved March 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Eminem '' . Spotify . Retrieved May 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bruno Mars '' . Spotify . Retrieved April 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Beyoncé '' . Spotify . Retrieved March 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift '' . Spotify . Retrieved March 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Coldplay '' . Spotify . Retrieved March 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Shakira '' . Spotify . Retrieved March 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Weeknd '' . Spotify . Retrieved June 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Maluma '' . Spotify . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Katy Perry '' . Spotify . Retrieved March 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Spotify 's new About tab reveals artists ' monthly listeners Jump up ^ The Weeknd tops Spotify artists chart with 24m monthly listeners Jump up ^ Spotify 's new Number of Monthly Listeners stat / chart is pretty interesting ( The Weeknd currently # 1 in the world ) . Jump up ^ Jump up ^ The most listened artist on Spotify is Justin Bieber . And you still ask why the aliens did n't come to Earth . Jump up ^ Justin Bieber ranks the # 1 most popular artist on Spotify w / over 4 million followers & 31 million monthly listeners Jump up ^ Justin Bieber is most popular Spotify artist with 31.7 million monthly listeners . Can you guess who is in second and third ? Hint : Adele 4th Jump up ^ Justin Bieber got the most number of monthly listener in spotify . Jump up ^ Jump up ^ Rihanna has bypassed Justin Bieber as the number one artist on Spotify , with over 31 million monthly listeners ! Jump up ^ Ingham , Tim ( December 1 , 2016 ) . `` Drake finally loses his Spotify crown to record - breaking The Weeknd '' . Music Business Worldwide . Retrieved March 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ed Sheeran is now officially the biggest artist on Spotify worldwide Jump up ^ Artists with the most monthly listeners on Spotify currently : Ed Sheeran , The Chainsmokers , Drake , Coldplay Jump up ^ Taylor is now the second most listened to artist on Spotify with 36M+ monthly listeners - right behind Ed Sheeran 🎶 🎵 Jump up ^ Jump up ^ Drake is back in 1st place with more monthly listeners on Spotify . Jump up ^ J Balvin Is the Most Streamed Artist Worldwide on Spotify , Replacing Drake Jump up ^ Associated Press ( December 12 , 2017 ) . `` Ed Sheeran Tops Spotify 's 2017 Most - Streamed List '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Stutz , Colin ( December 1 , 2016 ) . `` Drake & Rihanna Top Spotify 's Year - End Lists '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ The Spotify Team ( December 1 , 2015 ) . `` Drake Is The World 's Most Streamed Artist on Spotify for 2015 '' . Spotify . Retrieved March 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran is Spotify 's most - streamed artist of 2014 '' . BBC News . December 3 , 2014 . Retrieved March 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ The Spotify Team ( December 17 , 2013 ) . `` Spotify reveals Macklemore & Ryan Lewis are 2013 's most - streamed artists '' . Spotify . Retrieved March 29 , 2018 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_most_streamed_artists_on_Spotify&oldid=850479776 '' Categories : 21st century - related lists Music - related lists Hidden categories : Articles to be split from July 2018 All articles to be split Talk Contents About Wikipedia ไทย Edit links This page was last edited on 16 July 2018 , at 03 : 47 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | who is the most listened to on spotify 2018 | [
"This list of most-streamed artists on Spotify contains the top 20 artists with the most monthly streams, as derived from Spotify charts in July 2018. Drake is currently the most streamed artist on Spotify with over 60 million monthly listeners and also the most streamed artist of all time with over 12 billion combined streams. Ed Sheeran is the artist with the most followers with over 27 million.\n"
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"Drake"
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4719508265044511327 | Flag of the United States | Flag of the United States - wikipedia Flag of the United States `` American Flag '' and `` Flag of the USA '' redirect here . For other uses , see American Flag ( disambiguation ) . For the flag of the Union of South Africa , see Flag of South Africa ( 1928 -- 1994 ) . United States of America Names The American flag , The Stars and Stripes ; Red , White , and Blue ; Old Glory ; The Star - Spangled Banner ; US flag ; United States flag Use National flag and ensign Proportion 10 : 19 Adopted June 14 , 1777 ( original 13 - star version ) July 4 , 1960 ( current 50 - star version ) Design Thirteen horizontal stripes alternating red and white ; in the canton , 50 white stars of alternating numbers of six and five per horizontal row on a blue field The flag of the United States of America , often referred to as the American flag , is the national flag of the United States . It consists of thirteen equal horizontal stripes of red ( top and bottom ) alternating with white , with a blue rectangle in the canton ( referred to specifically as the `` union '' ) bearing fifty small , white , five - pointed stars arranged in nine offset horizontal rows , where rows of six stars ( top and bottom ) alternate with rows of five stars . The 50 stars on the flag represent the 50 states of the United States of America , and the 13 stripes represent the thirteen British colonies that declared independence from the Kingdom of Great Britain , and became the first states in the U.S. Nicknames for the flag include the Stars and Stripes , Old Glory , and the Star - Spangled Banner . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 First flag 1.2 The Flag Resolution of 1777 1.3 Designer of the first stars and stripes 1.4 Later flag acts 1.5 The `` Flower Flag '' arrives in Asia 1.6 Historical progression of designs 2 Future of the flag 3 Symbolism 4 Design 4.1 Specifications 4.2 Colors 4.3 The 49 - and 50 - star unions 4.4 Decoration 5 Display and use 5.1 Flag etiquette 5.2 Display on vehicles 5.3 Display on uniforms 5.4 Postage stamps 5.5 Display in museums 5.6 Places of continuous display 5.7 Particular days for display 5.8 Display at half - staff 6 Folding for storage 7 Use in funerals 8 Related flags 8.1 Gallery of related flags 9 See also 9.1 Article sections 9.2 Associated people 9.3 Bibliography 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links History See also : Timeline of the flag of the United States The current design of the U.S. flag is its 27th ; the design of the flag has been modified officially 26 times since 1777 . The 48 - star flag was in effect for 47 years until the 49 - star version became official on July 4 , 1959 . The 50 - star flag was ordered by the then president Eisenhower on August 21 , 1959 , and was adopted in July 1960 . It is the longest - used version of the U.S. flag and has been in use for over 57 years . First flag Main article : Grand Union Flag The Continental Colors ( aka the `` Grand Union Flag '' ) Flag of the British East India Company , 1707 -- 1801 At the time of the Declaration of Independence in July 1776 , the Continental Congress would not legally adopt flags with `` stars , white in a blue field '' for another year . The flag contemporaneously known as `` the Continental Colors '' has historically been referred to as the first national flag . The Continental Navy raised the Colors as the ensign of the fledgling nation in the American War for Independence -- likely with the expedient of transforming their previous British red ensigns by adding white stripes -- and would use this flag until 1777 , when it would form the basis for the subsequent de jure designs . The name `` Grand Union '' was first applied to the Continental Colors by George Preble in his 1872 history of the U.S. flag . The flag closely resembles the British East India Company flag of the era , and Sir Charles Fawcett argued in 1937 that the company flag inspired the design . Both flags could have been easily constructed by adding white stripes to a British Red Ensign , one of the three maritime flags used throughout the British Empire at the time . However , an East India Company flag could have from nine to 13 stripes , and was not allowed to be flown outside the Indian Ocean . Benjamin Franklin once gave a speech endorsing the adoption of the Company 's flag by the United States as their national flag . He said to George Washington , `` While the field of your flag must be new in the details of its design , it need not be entirely new in its elements . There is already in use a flag , I refer to the flag of the East India Company . '' This was a way of symbolising American loyalty to the Crown as well as the United States ' aspirations to be self - governing , as was the East India Company . Some colonists also felt that the Company could be a powerful ally in the American War of Independence , as they shared similar aims and grievances against the British government tax policies . Colonists therefore flew the Company 's flag , to endorse the Company . However , the theory that the Grand Union Flag was a direct descendant of the flag of the East India Company has been criticised as lacking written evidence . On the other hand , the resemblance is obvious , and a number of the Founding Fathers of the United States were aware of the East India Company 's activities and of their free administration of India under Company rule . In any case , both the stripes ( barry ) and the stars ( mullets ) have precedents in classical heraldry . Mullets were comparatively rare in early modern heraldry , but an example of mullets representing territorial divisions predating the U.S. flag are those in the coat of arms of Valais of 1618 , where seven mullets stood for seven districts . The flag resolution of 1777 On June 14 , 1777 , the Second Continental Congress passed the Flag Resolution which stated : `` Resolved , That the flag of the thirteen United States be thirteen stripes , alternate red and white ; that the union be thirteen stars , white in a blue field , representing a new constellation . '' Flag Day is now observed on June 14 of each year . While scholars still argue about this , tradition holds that the new flag was first hoisted in June 1777 by the Continental Army at the Middlebrook encampment . The first official U.S. flag flown during battle was on August 3 , 1777 , at Fort Schuyler ( Fort Stanwix ) during the Siege of Fort Stanwix . Massachusetts reinforcements brought news of the adoption by Congress of the official flag to Fort Schuyler . Soldiers cut up their shirts to make the white stripes ; scarlet material to form the red was secured from red flannel petticoats of officers ' wives , while material for the blue union was secured from Capt . Abraham Swartwout 's blue cloth coat . A voucher is extant that Capt . Swartwout of Dutchess County was paid by Congress for his coat for the flag . Francis Hopkinson 's flag for the U.S. Navy , featuring 13 six - pointed stars arranged in rows . 13 - star so - called `` Betsy Ross '' variant The 1777 resolution was most probably meant to define a naval ensign . In the late 18th century , the notion of a national flag did not yet exist , or was only nascent . The flag resolution appears between other resolutions from the Marine Committee . On May 10 , 1779 , Secretary of the Board of War Richard Peters expressed concern `` it is not yet settled what is the Standard of the United States . '' However , the term , `` Standard , '' referred to a national standard for the Army of the United States . Each regiment was to carry the national standard in addition to its regimental standard . The national standard was not a reference to the national or naval flag . The Flag Resolution did not specify any particular arrangement , number of points , nor orientation for the stars and the arrangement or whether the flag had to have seven red stripes and six white ones or vice versa . The appearance was up to the maker of the flag . Some flag makers arranged the stars into one big star , in a circle or in rows and some replaced a state 's star with its initial . One arrangement features 13 five - pointed stars arranged in a circle , with the stars arranged pointing outwards from the circle ( as opposed to up ) , the so - called Betsy Ross flag . This flag , however , is more likely a flag used for celebrations of anniversaries of the nation 's birthday . Experts have dated the earliest known example of this flag to be 1792 in a painting by John Trumbull . Despite the 1777 resolution , the early years of American independence featured many different flags . Most were individually crafted rather than mass - produced . While there are many examples of 13 - star arrangements , some of those flags included blue stripes as well as red and white . Benjamin Franklin and John Adams , in a letter dated October 3 , 1778 , to Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies , described the American flag as consisting of `` 13 stripes , alternately red , white , and blue , a small square in the upper angle , next the flag staff , is a blue field , with 13 white stars , denoting a new Constellation . '' John Paul Jones used a variety of 13 - star flags on his U.S. Navy ships including the well - documented 1779 flags of the Serapis and the Alliance . The Serapis flag had three rows of eight - pointed stars with stripes that were red , white , and blue . The flag for the Alliance , however , had five rows of eight - pointed stars with 13 red and white stripes , and the white stripes were on the outer edges . Both flags were documented by the Dutch government in October 1779 , making them two of the earliest known flags of 13 stars . Designer of the first stars and stripes Francis Hopkinson of New Jersey , a naval flag designer , and a signer of the Declaration of Independence , designed the 1777 flag while he was the Chairman of the Continental Navy Board 's Middle Department , sometime between his appointment to that position in November 1776 and the time that the flag resolution was adopted in June 1777 . The Navy Board was under the Continental Marine Committee . Not only did Hopkinson claim that he designed the U.S. flag , but he also claimed that he designed a flag for the U.S. Navy . Hopkinson was the only person to have made such a claim during his own lifetime , when he sent a letter and several bills to Congress for his work . These claims are documented in the Journals of the Continental Congress and George Hasting 's biography of Hopkinson . Hopkinson initially wrote a letter to Congress , via the Continental Board of Admiralty , on May 25 , 1780 . In this letter , he asked for a `` Quarter Cask of the Public Wine '' as payment for designing the U.S. flag , the seal for the Admiralty Board , the seal for the Treasury Board , Continental currency , the Great Seal of the United States , and other devices . However , in three subsequent bills to Congress , Hopkinson asked to be paid in cash , but he did not list his U.S. flag design . Instead , he asked to be paid for designing the `` great Naval Flag of the United States '' in the first bill ; the `` Naval Flag of the United States '' in the second bill ; and `` the Naval Flag of the States '' in the third , along with the other items . The flag references were generic terms for the naval ensign that Hopkinson had designed , that is , a flag of seven red stripes and six white ones . The predominance of red stripes made the naval flag more visible against the sky on a ship at sea . By contrast , Hopkinson 's flag for the United States had seven white stripes , and six red ones -- in reality , six red stripes laid on a white background . Hopkinson 's sketches have not been found , but we can make these conclusions because Hopkinson incorporated different stripe arrangements in the Admiralty ( naval ) Seal that he designed in the Spring of 1780 and the Great Seal of the United States that he proposed at the same time . His Admiralty Seal had seven red stripes ; whereas , his second U.S. Seal proposal had seven white ones . Hopkinson 's flag for the Navy is the one that the Nation preferred as the national flag . Remnants of Hopkinson 's U.S. flag of seven white stripes can be found in the Great Seal of the United States and the President 's seal . When Hopkinson was chairman of the Navy Board , his position was like that of today 's Secretary of the Navy . The payment was not made , however , because it was determined he had already received a salary as a member of Congress . This contradicts the legend of the Betsy Ross flag , which suggests that she sewed the first Stars and Stripes flag by request of the government in the Spring of 1776 . Furthermore , a letter from the War Board to George Washington on May 10 , 1779 , documents that there was still no design established for a national flag for the Army 's use in battle . The origin of the stars and stripes design has been muddled by a story disseminated by the descendants of Betsy Ross . The apocryphal story credits Betsy Ross for sewing the first flag from a pencil sketch handed to her by George Washington . No evidence for this exists either in the diaries of George Washington nor in the records of the Continental Congress . Indeed , nearly a century passed before Ross ' grandson , William Canby , first publicly suggested the story in 1870 . By her family 's own admission , Ross ran an upholstery business , and she had never made a flag as of the supposed visit in June 1776 . Furthermore , her grandson admitted that his own search through the Journals of Congress and other official records failed to find corroboration of his grandmother 's story . The family of Rebecca Young claimed that she sewed the first flag . Young 's daughter was Mary Pickersgill , who made the Star Spangled Banner Flag . According to rumor , the Washington family coat of arms , shown in a 15th - century window of Selby Abbey , was the origin of the stars and stripes . Later flag acts 15 - star , 15 - stripe Star Spangled Banner Flag The 48 - star flag was in use from 1912 to 1959 , the second longest - used U.S. flag . The current U.S. flag is the longest - used flag , having surpassed the 1912 version in 2007 . See also : Flag Acts ( U.S. ) In 1795 , the number of stars and stripes was increased from 13 to 15 ( to reflect the entry of Vermont and Kentucky as states of the Union ) . For a time the flag was not changed when subsequent states were admitted , probably because it was thought that this would cause too much clutter . It was the 15 - star , 15 - stripe flag that inspired Francis Scott Key to write `` Defence of Fort M'Henry '' , later known as `` The Star Spangled Banner '' , which is now the American national anthem . The flag is currently on display in the exhibition , `` The Star - Spangled Banner : The Flag That Inspired the National Anthem '' at the Smithsonian Institution National Museum of American History in a two - story display chamber that protects the flag while it is on view . Oil painting depicting the 39 historical U.S. flags On April 4 , 1818 , a plan was passed by Congress at the suggestion of U.S. Naval Captain Samuel C. Reid in which the flag was changed to have 20 stars , with a new star to be added when each new state was admitted , but the number of stripes would be reduced to 13 so as to honor the original colonies . The act specified that new flag designs should become official on the first July 4 ( Independence Day ) following admission of one or more new states . The most recent change , from 49 stars to 50 , occurred in 1960 when the present design was chosen , after Hawaii gained statehood in August 1959 . Before that , the admission of Alaska in January 1959 prompted the debut of a short - lived 49 - star flag . Prior to the adoption of the 48 - star flag in 1912 , there was no official arrangement of the stars in the canton , although the U.S. Army and U.S. Navy used standardized designs . Throughout the 19th century there was an abundance of different star patterns , rectangular and circular . On July 4 , 2007 , the 50 - star flag became the version of the flag in longest use , surpassing the 48 - star flag that was used from 1912 to 1959 . The `` flower flag '' arrives in asia The U.S. flag was brought to the city of Canton ( Guǎngzhōu ) in China in 1784 by the merchant ship Empress of China , which carried a cargo of ginseng . There it gained the designation `` Flower Flag '' ( Chinese : 花旗 ; pinyin : huāqí ; Cantonese Yale : fākeì ) . According to a pseudonymous account first published in the Boston Courier and later retold by author and U.S. naval officer George H. Preble : When the thirteen stripes and stars first appeared at Canton , much curiosity was excited among the people . News was circulated that a strange ship had arrived from the further end of the world , bearing a flag `` as beautiful as a flower '' . Every body went to see the kwa kee chuen ( 花旗 船 ; Fākeìsyùhn ) , or `` flower flagship '' . This name at once established itself in the language , and America is now called the kwa kee kwoh ( 花旗 國 ; Fākeìgwok ) , the `` flower flag country '' -- and an American , kwa kee kwoh yin ( 花旗 國人 ; Fākeìgwokyàhn ) -- `` flower flag countryman '' -- a more complimentary designation than that of `` red headed barbarian '' -- the name first bestowed upon the Dutch . In the above quote , the Chinese words are written phonetically based on spoken Cantonese . The names given were common usage in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries . Vietnam has borrowed the term for the United States , as Hoa Kỳ or 花旗 ( `` Flower Flag '' ) in Vietnamese language . Chinese now refer to the United States as simplified Chinese : 美国 ; traditional Chinese : 美國 ; pinyin : Měiguó . Měi is short for Měilìjiān ( simplified Chinese : 美利坚 ; traditional Chinese : 美利堅 , phono - semantic matching of `` American '' ) and `` guó '' means `` country '' , so this name is unrelated to the flag . However , the `` flower flag '' terminology persists in some places today : for example , American Ginseng is called flower flag ginseng ( simplified Chinese : 花旗 参 ; traditional Chinese : 花旗 參 ) in Chinese , and Citibank , which opened a branch in China in 1902 , is known as Flower Flag Bank ( 花旗 银行 ) . The U.S. flag took its first trip around the world in 1787 -- 90 on board the Columbia . William Driver , who coined the phrase `` Old Glory '' , took the U.S. flag around the world in 1831 -- 32 . The flag attracted the notice of Japanese when an oversized version was carried to Yokohama by the steamer Great Republic as part of a round - the - world journey in 1871 . Historical progression of designs See also : List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union In the following table depicting the 28 various designs of the United States flag , the star patterns for the flags are merely the usual patterns , often associated with the United States Navy . Canton designs , prior to the proclamation of the 48 - star flag , had no official arrangement of the stars . Furthermore , the exact colors of the flag were not standardized until 1934 . Number of stars Number of stripes Design ( s ) States represented by new stars Dates in use Duration 0 13 Union Jack instead of stars , red and white stripes represent Connecticut , Delaware , Georgia , Maryland , Massachusetts , New Hampshire , New Jersey , New York , North Carolina , Pennsylvania , Rhode Island , South Carolina , Virginia 000000001775 - 12 - 03 - 0000 December 3 , 1775 -- June 14 , 1777 018 ! 1 ⁄ years 13 13 Connecticut , Delaware , Georgia , Maryland , Massachusetts , New Hampshire , New Jersey , New York , North Carolina , Pennsylvania , Rhode Island , South Carolina , Virginia 000000001777 - 06 - 14 - 0000 June 14 , 1777 -- May 1 , 1795 215 ! 18 years 15 15 Vermont , Kentucky 000000001795 - 05 - 01 - 0000 May 1 , 1795 -- July 3 , 1818 278 ! 23 years 20 13 Indiana , Louisiana , Mississippi , Ohio , Tennessee 000000001818 - 07 - 04 - 0000 July 4 , 1818 -- July 3 , 1819 012 ! 1 year 21 13 Illinois 000000001819 - 07 - 04 - 0000 July 4 , 1819 -- July 3 , 1820 012 ! 1 year 23 13 Alabama , Maine 000000001820 - 07 - 04 - 0000 July 4 , 1820 -- July 3 , 1822 024 ! 2 years 24 13 Missouri 000000001822 - 07 - 04 - 0000 July 4 , 1822 -- July 3 , 1836 1831 term `` Old Glory '' coined 168 ! 14 years 25 13 Arkansas 000000001836 - 07 - 04 - 0000 July 4 , 1836 -- July 3 , 1837 012 ! 1 year 26 13 Michigan 000000001837 - 07 - 04 - 0000 July 4 , 1837 -- July 3 , 1845 096 ! 8 years 27 13 Florida 000000001845 - 07 - 04 - 0000 July 4 , 1845 -- July 3 , 1846 012 ! 1 year 28 13 Texas 000000001846 - 07 - 04 - 0000 July 4 , 1846 -- July 3 , 1847 012 ! 1 year 29 13 Iowa 000000001847 - 07 - 04 - 0000 July 4 , 1847 -- July 3 , 1848 012 ! 1 year 30 13 Wisconsin 000000001848 - 07 - 04 - 0000 July 4 , 1848 -- July 3 , 1851 036 ! 3 years 31 13 California 000000001851 - 07 - 04 - 0000 July 4 , 1851 -- July 3 , 1858 084 ! 7 years 32 13 Minnesota 000000001858 - 07 - 04 - 0000 July 4 , 1858 -- July 3 , 1859 012 ! 1 year 33 13 Oregon 000000001859 - 07 - 04 - 0000 July 4 , 1859 -- July 3 , 1861 024 ! 2 years 34 13 Kansas 000000001861 - 07 - 04 - 0000 July 4 , 1861 -- July 3 , 1863 024 ! 2 years 35 13 West Virginia 000000001863 - 07 - 04 - 0000 July 4 , 1863 -- July 3 , 1865 024 ! 2 years 36 13 Nevada 000000001865 - 07 - 04 - 0000 July 4 , 1865 -- July 3 , 1867 024 ! 2 years 37 13 Nebraska 000000001867 - 07 - 04 - 0000 July 4 , 1867 -- July 3 , 1877 120 ! 10 years 38 13 Colorado 000000001877 - 07 - 04 - 0000 July 4 , 1877 -- July 3 , 1890 156 ! 13 years 43 13 Idaho , Montana , North Dakota , South Dakota , Washington 000000001890 - 07 - 04 - 0000 July 4 , 1890 -- July 3 , 1891 012 ! 1 year 44 13 Wyoming 000000001891 - 07 - 04 - 0000 July 4 , 1891 -- July 3 , 1896 060 ! 5 years 45 13 Utah 000000001896 - 07 - 04 - 0000 July 4 , 1896 -- July 3 , 1908 144 ! 12 years 46 13 Oklahoma 000000001908 - 07 - 04 - 0000 July 4 , 1908 -- July 3 , 1912 048 ! 4 years 48 13 Arizona , New Mexico 000000001912 - 07 - 04 - 0000 July 4 , 1912 -- July 3 , 1959 564 ! 47 years 49 13 Alaska 000000001959 - 07 - 04 - 0000 July 4 , 1959 -- July 3 , 1960 012 ! 1 year 50 13 Hawaii 000000001960 - 07 - 04 - 0000 July 4 , 1960 -- present 590 ! 57 years Future of the flag See also : 51st state 51 - star flags have been designed and used as a symbol by supporters of statehood in various areas . Above is one possible design for a 51 - star flag . In the November 2012 U.S. election , Puerto Rico voted to become a U.S. state . However , the legitimacy of the result of this election was disputed . On June 11 , 2017 , another referendum was held , this time with the result that 97 % of voters in Puerto Rico voted for statehood , but it had a turnout of only 23 % . Similarly in November 2016 , a statehood referendum was held in the District of Columbia where 86 % of voters approved the proposal . If a new U.S. state were to be admitted , it would require a new design on the flag to accommodate the additional star . Symbolism The modern signficance of the flag was forged in April 1861 , when Major Robert Anderson defended Fort Sumter in Charleston Harbor . The Confederates shot at the Fort Sumter Flag and forced Anderson to surrender . The modern meaning of the flag was forged by Anderson 's stand at Fort Sumter ; he was celebrated in the North as a hero . Harold Holzer states that New York City : responded with a `` feast of the American flag . '' Eyewitnesses estimated that as many as 100,000 flags quickly went on display across the city . To punctuate this feast of national colors , New York 's graphic artists rushed out patriotic engravings and lithographs depicting avenging soldiers or gowned goddesses , bayonets upthrust , carrying `` The Flag of Our Union '' into future battles ... Composers dedicated songs like `` Our Countries Flag '' to President Lincoln , and adorned their published sheet music with colorful images of resolute soldiers gripping the national banner . Adam Goodheart argues that after this opening event of the American Civil War , U.S. citizens throughout northern states co-opted the national flag to symbolize U.S. nationalism and rejection of secessionism . Before that day , the flag had served mostly as a military ensign or a convenient marking of American territory , flown from forts , embassies , and ships , and displayed on special occasions like American Independence day . But in the weeks after Major Anderson 's surprising stand , it became something different . Suddenly the Stars and Stripes flew -- as it does today , and especially as it did after the September 11 attacks in 2001 -- from houses , from storefronts , from churches ; above the village greens and college quads . For the first time American flags were mass - produced rather than individually stitched and even so , manufacturers could not keep up with demand . As the long winter of 1861 turned into spring , that old flag meant something new . The abstraction of the Union cause was transfigured into a physical thing : strips of cloth that millions of people would fight for , and many thousands die for . -- Adam Goodheart . U.S. flag being burned in protest on the eve of the 2008 election . The flag of the United States is one of the nation 's most widely recognized symbols . Within the United States , flags are frequently displayed not only on public buildings but on private residences . The flag is a common motif on decals for car windows , and on clothing ornamentation such as badges and lapel pins . Throughout the world the flag has been used in public discourse to refer to the United States . The flag has become a powerful symbol of Americanism , and is flown on many occasions , with giant outdoor flags used by retail outlets to draw customers . Reverence for the flag has at times reached religion - like fervor : in 1919 William Norman Guthrie 's book The Religion of Old Glory discussed `` the cult of the flag '' and formally proposed vexillolatry . Desecration of the flag is considered a public outrage , but remains protected as free speech . Scholars have noted the irony that `` ( t ) he flag is so revered because it represents the land of the free , and that freedom includes the ability to use or abuse that flag in protest '' . Comparing practice worldwide , Testi noted in 2010 that the United States was not unique in adoring its banner , for the flags of Scandinavian countries are also `` beloved , domesticated , commercialized and sacralized objects '' . Design Specifications The basic design of the current flag is specified by 4 U.S.C. § 1 ; 4 U.S.C. § 2 outlines the addition of new stars to represent new states . The specification gives the following values : Hoist ( height ) of the flag : A = 1.0 Fly ( width ) of the flag : B = 1.9 Hoist ( height ) of the canton ( `` union '' ) : C = 0.5385 ( A × 7 / 13 , spanning seven stripes ) Fly ( width ) of the canton : D = 0.76 ( B × 2 / 5 , two - fifths of the flag width ) E = F = 0.0538 ( C / 10 , One - tenth of the height of the canton ) G = H = 0.0633 ( D / 12 , One twelfth of the width of the canton ) Diameter of star : K = 0.0616 ( L × 4 / 5 , four - fifths of the stripe width , the calculation only gives 0.0616 if L is first rounded to 0.077 ) Width of stripe : L = 0.0769 ( A / 13 , One thirteenth of the flag height ) These specifications are contained in an executive order which , strictly speaking , governs only flags made for or by the U.S. federal government . In practice , most U.S. national flags available for sale to the public have a different width - to - height ratio ; common sizes are 2 × 3 ft. or 4 × 6 ft. ( flag ratio 1.5 ) , 2.5 × 4 ft. or 5 × 8 ft. ( 1.6 ) , or 3 × 5 ft. or 6 × 10 ft. ( 1.667 ) . Even flags flown over the U.S. Capitol for sale to the public through Representatives or Senators are provided in these sizes . Flags that are made to the prescribed 1.9 ratio are often referred to as `` G - spec '' ( for `` government specification '' ) flags . Colors The exact red , white , and blue colors to be used in the flag are specified with reference to the CAUS Standard Color Reference of America , 10th edition . Specifically , the colors are `` White '' , `` Old Glory Red '' , and `` Old Glory Blue '' . The CIE coordinates for the colors of the 9th edition of the Standard Color Card were formally specified in JOSA in 1946 . These colors form the standard for cloth , and there is no perfect way to convert them to RGB for display on screen or CMYK for printing . The `` relative '' coordinates in the following table were found by scaling the luminous reflectance relative to the flag 's `` white '' . Official colors Name Absolute Relative CIELAB D Munsell CIELAB D sRGB GRACoL 2006 L * a * b * V / C L * a * b * 8 - bit hex Y White 88.7 − 0.2 5.4 2.5 Y 8.8 / 0.7 100.0 0.0 0.0 1.000 1.000 1.000 # FFFFFF . 000 . 000 . 000 . 000 Old Glory Red 33.9 51.2 24.7 5.5 R 3.3 / 11.1 39.9 57.3 28.7 . 698 . 132 . 203 # B22234 . 196 1.000 . 757 . 118 Old Glory Blue 23.2 13.1 − 26.4 8.2 PB 2.3 / 6.1 26.9 11.5 − 30.3 . 234 . 233 . 430 # 3C3B6E . 886 . 851 . 243 . 122 A darker version of the flag using the official Pantone specifications As with the design , the official colors are only officially required for flags produced for the U.S. federal government , and other colors are often used for mass - market flags , printed reproductions , and other products intended to evoke flag colors . The practice of using more saturated colors than the official cloth is not new . As Taylor , Knoche , and Granville wrote in 1950 : `` The color of the official wool bunting ( of the blue field ) is a very dark blue , but printed reproductions of the flag , as well as merchandise supposed to match the flag , present the color as a deep blue much brighter than the official wool . '' Sometimes , Pantone Matching System ( PMS ) approximations to the flag colors are used . One set was given on the website of the U.S. embassy in London as early as 1998 ; the website of the U.S. embassy in Stockholm claimed in 2001 that those had been suggested by Pantone , and that the U.S. Government Printing Office preferred a different set . A third red was suggested by a California Military Department document in 2002 . In 2001 , the Texas legislature specified that the colors of the Texas flag should be `` ( 1 ) the same colors used in the United States flag ; and ( 2 ) defined as numbers 193 ( red ) and 281 ( dark blue ) of the Pantone Matching System . '' Pantone approximations Source PMS CIELAB D sRGB GRACoL 2006 L * a * b * 8 - bit hex Y Safe 100.0 0.0 0.0 1.000 1.000 1.000 # FFFFFF . 000 . 000 . 000 . 000 U.S. Emb. , London 193 C 42.1 64.4 26.7 . 756 . 076 . 238 # C1133D . 165 1.000 . 678 . 063 281 C 15.4 7.0 − 41.8 . 000 . 149 . 388 # 002663 1.000 . 906 . 388 . 231 U.S. Emb. , Stockholm 186 C 44.1 67.8 37.9 . 800 . 048 . 185 # CC0C2F . 122 1.000 . 796 . 035 288 C 18.0 7.6 − 50.3 . 000 . 172 . 466 # 002C77 1.000 . 863 . 357 . 141 CA Mil . Dept . 200 C 41.1 64.2 30.8 . 745 . 051 . 203 # BE0D34 . 169 1.000 . 749 . 074 A subdued - color flag patch , similar to style worn on the United States Army 's ACU uniform . The patch is normally worn reversed on the right upper sleeve . See explanation in `` Display on uniforms '' section below . The 49 - and 50 - star unions A U.S. flag with gold fringe and a gold eagle on top of the flag pole . When Alaska and Hawaii were being considered for statehood in the 1950s , more than 1,500 designs were submitted to President Dwight D. Eisenhower . Although some of them were 49 - star versions , the vast majority were 50 - star proposals . At least three of these designs were identical to the present design of the 50 - star flag . At the time , credit was given by the executive department to the United States Army Institute of Heraldry for the design . Of these proposals , one created by 17 - year - old Robert G. Heft in 1958 as a school project received the most publicity . His mother was a seamstress , but refused to do any of the work for him . He originally received a B -- for the project . After discussing the grade with his teacher , it was agreed ( somewhat jokingly ) that if the flag was accepted by Congress , the grade would be reconsidered . Heft 's flag design was chosen and adopted by presidential proclamation after Alaska and before Hawaii was admitted into the Union in 1959 . According to Heft , his teacher did keep to their agreement and changed his grade to an A for the project . The 49 - and 50 - star flags were each flown for the first time at Fort McHenry on Independence Day , in 1959 and 1960 respectively . Decoration Traditionally , the flag may be decorated with golden fringe surrounding the perimeter of the flag as long as it does not deface the flag proper . Ceremonial displays of the flag , such as those in parades or on indoor posts , often use fringe to enhance the appearance of the flag . The first recorded use of fringe on a flag dates from 1835 , and the Army used it officially in 1895 . No specific law governs the legality of fringe , but a 1925 opinion of the attorney general addresses the use of fringe ( and the number of stars ) `` ... is at the discretion of the Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy ... '' as quoted from footnote in previous volumes of Title 4 of the United States Code law books and is a source for claims that such a flag is a military ensign not civilian . However , according to the Army Institute of Heraldry , which has official custody of the flag designs and makes any change ordered , there are no implications of symbolism in the use of fringe . Several federal courts have upheld this conclusion , most recently and forcefully in Colorado v. Drew , a Colorado Court of Appeals judgment that was released in May 2010 . Traditionally , the Army and Air Force use a fringed National Color for parade , color guard and indoor display , while the Sea Services ( Navy , Marine Corps and Coast Guard ) use a fringeless National Color for all occasions . Display and use A boy holds an American flag during the 2009 National Memorial Day Concert in Washington , D.C. The flag is customarily flown year - round at most public buildings , and it is not unusual to find private houses flying full - size ( 3 by 5 feet ( 0.91 by 1.52 m ) ) flags . Some private use is year - round , but becomes widespread on civic holidays like Memorial Day , Veterans Day , Presidents ' Day , Flag Day , and on Independence Day . On Memorial Day it is common to place small flags by war memorials and next to the graves of U.S. war veterans . Also on Memorial Day it is common to fly the flag at half staff , until noon , in remembrance of those who lost their lives fighting in U.S. wars . Flag etiquette Main article : United States Flag Code The proper stationary vertical display . The canton ( blue box of stars ) should always be in the upper - left corner . The United States Flag Code outlines certain guidelines for the use , display , and disposal of the flag . For example , the flag should never be dipped to any person or thing , unless it is the ensign responding to a salute from a ship of a foreign nation . This tradition may come from the 1908 Summer Olympics in London , where countries were asked to dip their flag to King Edward VII : the American flag bearer did not . Team captain Martin Sheridan is famously quoted as saying `` this flag dips to no earthly king '' , though the true provenance of this quotation is unclear . A tattered flag at Spokane Valley Police Headquarters , Spokane , Washington The flag should never be allowed to touch the ground and , if flown at night , must be illuminated . If the edges become tattered through wear , the flag should be repaired or replaced . When a flag is so tattered that it can no longer serve as a symbol of the United States , it should be destroyed in a dignified manner , preferably by burning . The American Legion and other organizations regularly conduct flag retirement ceremonies , often on Flag Day , June 14 . ( The Boy Scouts of America recommends that modern nylon or polyester flags be recycled instead of burned , due to hazardous gases being produced when such materials are burned . ) LDS Boy Scouts retiring an American Flag at a scout campout The Flag Code prohibits using the flag `` for any advertising purpose '' and also states that the flag `` should not be embroidered , printed , or otherwise impressed on such articles as cushions , handkerchiefs , napkins , boxes , or anything intended to be discarded after temporary use '' . Both of these codes are generally ignored , almost always without comment . Section 8 , entitled Respect For Flag states in part : `` The flag should never be used as wearing apparel , bedding , or drapery '' , and `` No part of the flag should ever be used as a costume or athletic uniform '' . Section 3 of the Flag Code defines `` the flag '' as anything `` by which the average person seeing the same without deliberation may believe the same to represent the flag of the United States of America '' . An additional part of Section 8 Respect For Flag , that is frequently violated at sporting events is part ( c ) `` The flag should never be carried flat or horizontally , but always aloft and free . '' Although the Flag Code is U.S. federal law , there is no penalty for a private citizen or group failing to comply with the Flag Code and it is not widely enforced -- indeed , punitive enforcement would conflict with the First Amendment right to freedom of speech . Passage of the proposed Flag Desecration Amendment would overrule legal precedent that has been established . Display on vehicles When the flag is affixed to the right side of a vehicle of any kind ( e.g. : cars , boats , planes , any physical object that moves ) , it should be oriented so that the canton is towards the front of the vehicle , as if the flag were streaming backwards from its hoist as the vehicle moves forward . Therefore , U.S. flag decals on the right sides of vehicles may appear to be reversed , with the union to the observer 's right instead of left as more commonly seen . The flag has been displayed on every U.S. spacecraft designed for manned flight , including Mercury , Gemini , Apollo Command / Service Module , Apollo Lunar Module , and the Space Shuttle . The flag also appeared on the S - IC first stage of the Saturn V launch vehicle used for Apollo . But since Mercury , Gemini , and Apollo were launched and landed vertically and were not capable of horizontal atmospheric flight as the Space Shuttle did on its landing approach , the `` streaming '' convention was not followed and these flags were oriented with the stripes running horizontally , perpendicular to the direction of flight . Display on uniforms The crew of Apollo 1 wore their flags on the right shoulder , unlike all other US astronaut flight crews Flag of the United States on American astronaut Neil Armstrong 's space suit Astronaut Buzz Aldrin salutes the United States flag on the surface of the moon during the Apollo 11 mission . On some U.S. military uniforms , flag patches are worn on the right shoulder , following the vehicle convention with the union toward the front . This rule dates back to the Army 's early history , when both mounted cavalry and infantry units would designate a standard bearer , who carried the Colors into battle . As he charged , his forward motion caused the flag to stream back . Since the Stars and Stripes are mounted with the canton closest to the pole , that section stayed to the right , while the stripes flew to the left . Several US military uniforms , such as flight suits worn by members of the United States Air Force and Navy , have the flag patch on the left shoulder . Other organizations that wear flag patches on their uniforms can have the flag facing in either direction . The congressional charter of the Boy Scouts of America stipulates that Boy Scout uniforms should not imitate U.S. military uniforms ; consequently , the flags are displayed on the right shoulder with the stripes facing front , the reverse of the military style . Law enforcement officers often wear a small flag patch , either on a shoulder , or above a shirt pocket . Every U.S. astronaut since the crew of Gemini 4 has worn the flag on the left shoulder of his or her space suit , with the exception of the crew of Apollo 1 , whose flags were worn on the right shoulder . In this case , the canton was on the left . Postage stamps Flags depicted on U.S. postage stamp issues The flag did not appear on U.S. postal stamp issues until the Battle of White Plains Issue was released in 1926 , depicting the flag with a circle of 13 stars . The 48 - star flag first appeared on the General Casimir Pulaski issue of 1931 , though in a small monochrome depiction . The first U.S. postage stamp to feature the flag as the sole subject was issued July 4 , 1957 , Scott catalog number 1094 . Since that time the flag has frequently appeared on U.S. stamps . Display in museums In 1907 Eben Appleton , New York stockbroker and grandson of Lieutenant Colonel George Armistead ( the commander of Fort McHenry during the 1814 bombardment ) loaned the Star Spangled Banner Flag to the Smithsonian Institution , and in 1912 he converted the loan to a gift . Appleton donated the flag with the wish that it would always be on view to the public . In 1994 , the National Museum of American History determined that the Star Spangled Banner Flag required further conservation treatment to remain on public display . In 1998 teams of museum conservators , curators , and other specialists helped move the flag from its home in the Museum 's Flag Hall into a new conservation laboratory . Following the reopening of the National Museum of American History on November 21 , 2008 , the flag is now on display in a special exhibition , `` The Star - Spangled Banner : The Flag That Inspired the National Anthem , '' where it rests at a 10 degree angle in dim light for conservation purposes . Places of continuous display By presidential proclamation , acts of Congress , and custom , U.S. flags are displayed continuously at certain locations . Replicas of the Star Spangled Banner Flag ( 15 stars , 15 stripes ) are flown at two sites in Baltimore , Maryland : Fort McHenry National Monument and Historic Shrine and Flag House Square . Marine Corps War Memorial ( Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima ) , Arlington , Virginia . The Battle Green in Lexington , Massachusetts , site of the first shots fired in the Revolution The White House , Washington , D.C. Fifty U.S. flags are displayed continuously at the Washington Monument , Washington , D.C. Marine Corps War Memorial , Arlington , Virginia At U.S. Customs and Border Protection Ports of Entry that are continuously open . A Civil War era flag ( for the year 1863 ) flies above Pennsylvania Hall ( Old Dorm ) at Gettysburg College . This building , occupied by both sides at various points of the Battle of Gettysburg , served as a lookout and battlefield hospital . Grounds of the National Memorial Arch in Valley Forge NHP , Valley Forge , Pennsylvania By custom , at the Maryland home , birthplace , and grave of Francis Scott Key ; at the Worcester , Massachusetts war memorial ; at the plaza in Taos , New Mexico ( since 1861 ) ; at the United States Capitol ( since 1918 ) ; and at Mount Moriah Cemetery in Deadwood , South Dakota . Newark Liberty International Airport 's Terminal A , Gate 17 and Boston Logan Airport 's Terminal B , Gate 32 and Terminal C , Gate 19 in memoriam of the events of September 11 , 2001 . Slover Mountain ( Colton Liberty Flag ) , in Colton , California . July 4 , 1917 , to circa 1952 & 1997 to 2012 . At the ceremonial South Pole as one of the 12 flags representing the signatory countries of the original Antarctic Treaty . On the Moon : six manned missions successfully landed at various locations and each had a flag raised at the site . Exhaust gases when the Ascent Stage launched to return the astronauts to their Command Module Columbia for return to Earth blew over the flag the Apollo 11 mission had placed . Particular days for display Flags covering the National Mall The New York Stock Exchange at Christmas time . The flag should especially be displayed at full staff on the following days : January : 1 ( New Year 's Day ) , third Monday of the month ( Martin Luther King Jr . Day ) , and 20 ( Inauguration Day , once every four years , which , by tradition , is postponed to the 21st if the 20th falls on a Sunday ) February : 12 ( Lincoln 's birthday ) and the third Monday ( legally known as Washington 's Birthday but more often called Presidents ' Day ) March -- April : Easter Sunday ( date varies ) May : Second Sunday ( Mothers Day ) , third Saturday ( Armed Forces Day ) , and last Monday ( Memorial Day ; half - staff until noon ) June : 14 ( Flag Day ) , third Sunday ( Fathers Day ) July : 4 ( Independence Day ) and 27 ( National Korean War Veterans Armistice Day ) September : First Monday ( Labor Day ) , 17 ( Constitution Day ) , and last Sunday ( Gold Star Mother 's Day ) October : Second Monday ( Columbus Day ) and 27 ( Navy Day ) November : 11 ( Veterans Day ) and fourth Thursday ( Thanksgiving Day ) December : 25 ( Christmas Day ) and such other days as may be proclaimed by the President of the United States ; the birthdays of states ( date of admission ) ; and on state holidays . Display at half - staff An American flag now flies over Gate 17 of Terminal A at Newark Liberty International Airport in Newark , New Jersey , departure gate of United Airlines Flight 93 on 9 / 11 . The flag is displayed at half - staff ( half - mast in naval usage ) as a sign of respect or mourning . Nationwide , this action is proclaimed by the president ; statewide or territory - wide , the proclamation is made by the governor . In addition , there is no prohibition against municipal governments , private businesses or citizens flying the flag at half - staff as a local sign of respect and mourning . However , many flag enthusiasts feel this type of practice has somewhat diminished the meaning of the original intent of lowering the flag to honor those who held high positions in federal or state offices . President Dwight D. Eisenhower issued the first proclamation on March 1 , 1954 , standardizing the dates and time periods for flying the flag at half - staff from all federal buildings , grounds , and naval vessels ; other congressional resolutions and presidential proclamations ensued . However , they are only guidelines to all other entities : typically followed at state and local government facilities , and encouraged of private businesses and citizens . To properly fly the flag at half - staff , one should first briefly hoist it top of the staff , then lower it to the half - staff position , halfway between the top and bottom of the staff . Similarly , when the flag is to be lowered from half - staff , it should be first briefly hoisted to the top of the staff . Federal statutes provide that the flag should be flown at half - staff on the following dates : May 15 : Peace Officers Memorial Day ( unless it is the third Saturday in May , Armed Forces Day , then full - staff ) Last Monday in May : Memorial Day ( until noon ) September 11 : Patriot Day First Sunday in October : Start of Fire Prevention Week , in honor of the National Fallen Firefighters Memorial Service . December 7 : National Pearl Harbor Remembrance Day For 30 days : Death of a president or former president For 10 days : Death of a vice president , Supreme Court chief justice / retired chief justice , or speaker of the House of Representatives . From death until the day of interment : Supreme Court associate justice , member of the Cabinet , former vice president , president pro tempore of the Senate , or the majority and minority leaders of the Senate and House of Representatives . Also for federal facilities within a state or territory , for the governor . On the day after the death : Senators , members of Congress , territorial delegates or the resident commissioner of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico National Korean War Veterans Armistice Day , on July 27 , was formerly a day of half - staff observance until the law expired in 2003 . In 2009 , it became a day of full - staff observance . Folding for storage Folding the U.S. flag Though not part of the official Flag Code , according to military custom , flags should be folded into a triangular shape when not in use . To properly fold the flag : Begin by holding it waist - high with another person so that its surface is parallel to the ground . Fold the lower half of the stripe section lengthwise over the field of stars , holding the bottom and top edges securely . Fold the flag again lengthwise with the blue field on the outside . Make a rectangular fold then a triangular fold by bringing the striped corner of the folded edge to meet the open top edge of the flag , starting the fold from the left side over to the right . Turn the outer end point inward , parallel to the open edge , to form a second triangle . The triangular folding is continued until the entire length of the flag is folded in this manner ( usually thirteen triangular folds , as shown at right ) . On the final fold , any remnant that does not neatly fold into a triangle ( or in the case of exactly even folds , the last triangle ) is tucked into the previous fold . When the flag is completely folded , only a triangular blue field of stars should be visible . There is also no specific meaning for each fold of the flag . However , there are scripts read by non-government organizations and also by the Air Force that are used during the flag folding ceremony . These scripts range from historical timelines of the flag to religious themes . Use in funerals A flag prepared for presentation to the next of kin Traditionally , the flag of the United States plays a role in military funerals , and occasionally in funerals of other civil servants ( such as law enforcement officers , fire fighters , and U.S. presidents ) . A burial flag is draped over the deceased 's casket as a pall during services . Just prior to the casket being lowered into the ground , the flag is ceremonially folded and presented to the deceased 's next of kin as a token of respect . Related flags This section possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The flag of Bikini Atoll is symbolic of the islanders ' belief that a great debt is still owed to the people of Bikini because in 1954 the United States government detonated a thermonuclear bomb on the island as part of the Castle Bravo test . The flag of Liberia bears a close resemblance , showing the ex-American - slave origin of the country . The Liberian flag has 11 similar red and white stripes , which stand for the 11 signers of the Liberian Declaration of Independence , as well as a blue square with only a single large white star for the canton . The flag of Liberia is the only flag in the world that was modeled after and resembles the American flag because Liberia was the only nation in the world that was founded , colonized , established , and controlled by freed African American and ex-caribbean slaves as settlers who came from the United States and the Caribbean islands as a homeland to live , with the help and support from the American Colonization Society on January 7 , 1822 . Despite Malaysia having no historical connections with the U.S. , the flag of Malaysia greatly resembles the U.S. flag . It is possible that the flag of the British East India Company influenced both the Malaysian and U.S. flag . The flag of El Salvador from 1865 to 1912 . A different flag was in use , based on the flag of the United States , with a field of alternating blue and white stripes and a red canton containing white stars . The flag of Brittany was inspired in part by the American flag . Gallery of related flags Flag of Bikini Atoll Flag of Liberia Flag of Malaysia Flag of El Salvador 1875 -- 1912 Flag of Brittany See also Book : Flags of the United States Ensign of the United States Great Seal of the United States Flag Desecration Flags of the Confederate States Flags of the United States of America Flags of the United States Armed Forces Flags of the U.S. states Flags of United States cities Jack of the United States Nationalism in the United States Article sections Colors , standards and guidons : United States Flag desecration : United States Associated people Francis Bellamy ( 1855 -- 1931 ) , creator of the Pledge of Allegiance William Driver ( 1803 -- 1886 ) , who owned and named `` Old Glory '' Thomas E. Franklin ( 1966 -- present ) , photographer of Ground Zero Spirit , better known as Raising the Flag at Ground Zero Christopher Gadsden ( 1724 -- 1805 ) , after whom the Gadsden flag is named Robert G. Heft ( 1941 -- 2009 ) , a designer of the current flag 's canton Francis Hopkinson ( 1737 -- 1791 ) , designer of the first stars and stripes flag Jasper Johns ( born 1930 ) , painter of Flag ( 1954 -- 55 ) , inspired by a dream of the flag John Paul Jones ( 1747 -- 1792 ) , who claimed to have first raised the Grand Union Flag aboard the Alfred in 1775 Francis Scott Key ( 1779 -- 1843 ) , writer of `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' Katha Pollitt ( 1949 -- present ) , author of a controversial essay on post-9 / 11 America and her refusal to fly a U.S. flag George Preble ( 1816 -- 1885 ) , author of History of the American Flag ( 1872 ) and photographer of the Fort McHenry flag Joe Rosenthal ( 1911 -- 2006 ) , photographer of Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima Bibliography Allentown Art Museum . The American Flag in the Art of Our Country . Allentown Art Museum , 1976 . Herbert Ridgeway Collins . Threads of History : Americana Recorded on Cloth 1775 to the Present . Smithsonian Institution Press , 1979 . Grace Rogers Cooper . Thirteen - star Flags : Keys to Identification . Smithsonian Institution Press , 1973 . David D. Crouthers . Flags of American History . Hammond , 1978 . Louise Lawrence Devine . The Story of Our Flag . Rand McNally , 1960 . William Rea Furlong , Byron McCandless , and Harold D. Langley . So Proudly We Hail : The History of the United States Flag . Smithsonian Institution Press , 1981 . Scot M. Guenter , The American Flag , 1777 -- 1924 : Cultural Shifts from Creation to Codification . Fairleigh Dickinson University Press . 1990 . online George E. Hastings . The Life and Works of Francis Hopkinson . University of Chicago Press , 1926 . Kevin Keim & Peter Keim . A Grand Old Flag : A History of the United States through its Flags . DK Publishing . 2007 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7566 - 2847 - 5 . Flag : An American Biography . Thomas Dunne Books / St. Martin 's Press , 2005 . David Roger Manwaring . Render Unto Caesar : The Flag - Salute Controversy . University of Chicago Press , 1962 . Boleslaw Mastai and Marie - Louise D'Otrange Mastai . The Stars and the Stripes : The American Flag as Art and as History from the Birth of the Republic to the Present . Knopf , 1973 . Henry W. Moeller , Ph. D. `` Two Early American Ensigns on the Pennsylvania State Arms . '' NAVA News , Issue 173 , Jan. -- Mar. 2002 . Milo Milton Quaife . The Flag of the United States . 1942 . Milo Milton Quaife , Melvin J. Weig , and Roy Applebaum . The History of the United States Flag , from the Revolution to the Present , Including a Guide to Its Use and Display. Harper , 1961 . Richard S. Patterson and Richardson Dougall . The Eagle and the Shield : A History of the Great Seal of the United States . U.S. Government Printing Office , 1978 . Albert M. Rosenblatt . `` Flag Desecration Statutes : History and Analysis '' , Washington University Law Quarterly 1972 : 193 -- 237 . George and Virginia Schaun . `` Historical Portrait of Mrs. Mary Young Pickersgill . '' The Greenberry Series on Maryland , Greenberry Publications . Volume 5 . Leonard A. Stevens . Salute ! The Case of The Bible vs. The Flag . Coward , McCann & Geoghegan , 1973 . Arnaldo Testi . Capture the Flag : The Stars and Stripes in American History ( New York University Press ; 2010 ) 192 pages . A European perspective on the symbolism and political , social , and cultural significance of the flag . Earl P. Williams Jr . `` '' NAVA News , Issue 216 , Oct. -- Dec. 2012 . Paul M. Zall . `` Comical Spirit of Seventy - Six : The Humor of Francis Hopkinson . '' The Huntington Library , 1976 . References Jump up ^ John Warner ( 1998 ) . `` Senate Concurrent Resolution 61 '' ( PDF ) . U.S Government Printing Office . Retrieved April 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` History of the American Flag '' . www.infoplease.com . Retrieved December 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` USFlag.org : A website dedicated to the Flag of the United States of America - `` OLD GLORY ! '' `` . www.usflag.org . Retrieved December 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Duane Streufert . `` A website dedicated to the Flag of the United States of America -- The 50 Star Flag '' . USFlag.org . Retrieved September 12 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Leepson , Marc ( 2004 ) . Flag : An American Biography . ^ Jump up to : Ansoff , Peter ( 2006 ) . `` The Flag on Prospect Hill '' ( PDF ) . Raven : A Journal of Vexillology. 13 : 91 -- 98 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on February 5 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : The Striped Flag of the East India Company , and its Connexion with the American `` Stars and Stripes '' at Flags of the World Jump up ^ East India Company ( United Kingdom ) at Flags of the World Jump up ^ Johnson , Robert ( 2006 ) . Saint Croix 1770 -- 1776 : The First Salute to the Stars and Stripes . AuthorHouse . p. 71 . ISBN 1425970087 . Jump up ^ Horton , Tom ( 2014 ) . `` Exposing the Origins of Old Glory 's stripes '' . History 's Lost Moments : The Stories Your Teacher Never Told You . 5 . Trafford Publishing . ISBN 149074469X . ^ Jump up to : `` Saltires and Stars & Stripes '' . The Economic Times . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Journals of the Continental Congress , 1774 -- 1789 , 8 : 464 '' . Jump up ^ Guenter ( 1990 ) . Jump up ^ Connell , R.W ; Mack , W.P ( 2004 ) . Naval Ceremonies , Customs , and Traditions . Naval Institute Press . p. 140 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55750 - 330 - 5 . Retrieved October 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mastai , 60 . Jump up ^ Furlong , Rear Admiral William Rea ; McCandless , Commodore Byron ( 1981 ) . So Proudly We Hail . Washington , D.C : Smithsonian Institution Press . pp. 115 -- 16 . ^ Jump up to : Williams Jr. , Earl P. ( October 2012 ) . `` Did Francis Hopkinson Design Two Flags ? '' ( PDF ) . NAVA News ( 216 ) : 7 -- 9 . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lane , Megan ( November 14 , 2011 ) . `` Five hidden messages in the American flag '' . BBC News . Retrieved October 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cooper , Grace Rogers ( 1973 ) . Thirteen - Star Flags . Washington , D.C. : Smithsonian Institution Press . Jump up ^ Cooper , Grace Rogers ( 1973 ) . Thirteen - Star Flags . Washington , D.C. : Smithsonian Institution Press . pp. 9 ( in paper ) ; pp. 21 / 80 ( in pdf ) . In 1792 , Trumbull painted thirteen stars in a circle in his General George Washington at Trenton in the Yale University Art Gallery . In his unfinished rendition of the Surrender of Cornwallis at Yorktown , 8 date not established , the circle of stars is suggested and one star shows six points while the thirteen stripes are of red , white , and blue . How accurately the artist depicted the star design that he saw is not known . At times , he may have offered a poetic version of the flag he was interpreting which was later copied by the flag maker . The flag sheets and the artists do not agree . Jump up ^ Cooper , Grace Rogers ( 1973 ) . Thirteen - Star Flags . Washington , D.C : Smithsonian Institution Press . p. 3 . Jump up ^ Furlong , p. 130 . Jump up ^ Moeller , Henry W ( 1992 ) . Unfurling the History of the Stars and Stripes . Mattituck , NY : Amereon House . pp. 25 -- 26 , color plates 5A , 5B . Jump up ^ Hess , Debra ( 2008 ) . The American Flag . Benchmark Books . p. 21 . ISBN 0 - 7614 - 3389 - 9 . Jump up ^ Hastings , George E. ( 1926 ) . The Life and Works of Francis Hopkinson . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . p. 218 . Jump up ^ Hastings , p. 240 . ^ Jump up to : Williams , pp. 7 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Moeller , Henry W. , Ph. D. ( January 2002 ) . `` Two Early American Ensigns on the Pennsylvania State Arms '' . NAVA News ( 173 ) : 4 . Jump up ^ Patterson , Richard S. ; Dougall , Richardson ( 1978 ) . The Eagle and the Shield : A History of the Great Seal of the United States . Washington , D.C. : U.S. Government Printing Office . p. 37 . Jump up ^ Zall , Paul M. ( 1976 ) . Comical Spirit of Seventy - Six : The Humor of Francis Hopkinson . San Marino , California : Huntington Library . p. 10 . Jump up ^ `` Journals of the Continental Congress -- Friday , October 27 , 1780 '' . Library of Congress . Retrieved September 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Furlong , William Rea ; McCandless , Byron ( 1981 ) . So Proudly We Hail : The History of the United States Flag . Washington , D.C. : Smithsonian Institution Press . pp. 98 -- 101 . ISBN 0 - 87474 - 448 - 2 . Jump up ^ Federal Citizen Information Center : The History of the Stars and Stripes . Retrieved June 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Embassy of the United States of America ( 1 ) . Retrieved April 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Furlong , William Rea ; McCandless , Byron ( 1981 ) . So Proudly We Hail : The History of the United States Flag . Washington , D.C. : Smithsonian Institution Press . pp. 117 -- 118 . ISBN 0 - 87474 - 448 - 2 . Jump up ^ Crews , Ed . `` The Truth About Betsy Ross '' . Retrieved June 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Canby , George ; Balderston , Lloyd ( 1917 ) . The Evolution of the American flag . Philadelphia : Ferris and Leach . pp. 48 , 103 . Jump up ^ Canby , William J. `` The History of the Flag of the United States : A Paper read before the Historical Society of Pennsylvania ( March 1870 ) '' . Independence Hall Association . Archived from the original on February 20 , 2015 . Retrieved February 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Schaun , George and Virginia . `` Historical Portrait of Mrs. Mary Young Pickersgill '' . The Greenberry Series on Maryland . Annapolis , MD : Greenberry Publications . 5 : 356 . Jump up ^ Furlong , William Rea ; McCandless , Byron ( 1981 ) . So Proudly We Hail : The History of the United States Flag . Washington , D.C. : Smithsonian Institution Press . p. 137 . ISBN 0 - 87474 - 448 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` The Star - Spangled Banner : Making the Flag '' . National Museum of American History . Smithsonian Institution . Retrieved October 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Washington Window '' . Retrieved April 25 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Star - Spangled Banner Online Exhibition '' . National Museum of American History , Smithsonian Institution . Retrieved April 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ United States Government ( 1861 ) . Our Flag ( PDF ) . Washington D.C. : United States Government Printing Office . S. Doc 105 - 013 . Jump up ^ `` United States Flag History '' . United States Embassy . Archived from the original on February 25 , 2008 . Retrieved February 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Preble , George Henry ( 1880 ) . History of the Flag of the United States of America ( second revised ed . ) . Boston : A. Williams and Co. p. 298 . ^ Jump up to : Tappan , Eva March ( 1917 ) . The Little Book of the Flag . Boston : Houghton Mifflin Company . p. 92 . Jump up ^ Kwoh , Choong ( June 15 , 1843 ) . `` Curiosa Sinica '' . Boston Courier . Jump up ^ `` Chinese Etymologies '' . Kendall 's Expositor. 3 ( 14 ) . Washington , D.C. : William Greer . June 27 , 1843 . p. 222 -- via Google Books . ^ Jump up to : See Chinese English Dictionary Olsen , Kay Melchisedech , Chinese Immigrants : 1850 -- 1900 ( 2001 ) , p. 7 . `` Philadelphia 's Chinatown : An Overview '' , The Historical Society of Pennsylvania . Leonard , Dr. George , `` The Beginnings of Chinese Literature in America : the Angel Island Poems '' . Jump up ^ `` American Flag Raised Over Buddhist Temple in Japan on July 4 , 1872 '' Archived February 2 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ ( For alternate versions of the flag of the United States , see the Stars of the U.S. Flag page Archived February 22 , 2005 , at the Wayback Machine . at the Flags of the World website . ) Further information : Territorial evolution of the United States Jump up ^ Leepson , Marc . ( 2005 ) . Flag : An American Biography . New York : St. Martin 's Press . Jump up ^ `` Puerto Rico approves statehood '' . November 7 , 2012 . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2012 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` CEE Event '' . resultados2017.ceepur.org . Retrieved October 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Puerto Rico Overwhelmingly Votes On U.S. Statehood In Nonbinding Referendum '' . Npr.org . Retrieved October 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 4 U.S. Code § 2 - Same ; additional stars '' . LII / Legal Information Institute . Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Harold Holzer in Robert W. Watson , ed. ( 2007 ) . White House Studies Compendium . Nova Publishers . p. 316 . ISBN 9781600215339 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Adam Goodheart ( 2011 ) . Prologue. 1861 : The Civil War Awakening . Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 59666 - 6 . Retrieved July 31 , 2015 -- via adamgoodheart.com . Jump up ^ Guthrie , William Norman ( 1919 ) . The Religion of Old Glory ( reprint ed . ) . New York : George H. Doran Company . p. 370 . ISBN 9781178236354 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ The Flag Bulletin . 23 . Winchester , Massachusetts : Flag Research Center . 1984 . p. 107 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 27 . ( ... ) a formal book - length proposal for vexillolatry was made by William Norman Guthrie in his The Religion of Old Glory ( New York : Doran , l9l9 ) . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) This Is Why It 's Legal to Burn the American Flag Jump up ^ Arnaldo Testi , Capture the Flag : The Stars and Stripes in American History ( New York University Press , 2010 ) , p. 2 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8147 - 8322 - 1 . Jump up ^ Note that the flag ratio ( B / A in the diagram ) is not absolutely fixed . Although the diagram in Executive Order 10834 gives a ratio of 1.9 , earlier in the order is a list of flag sizes authorized for executive agencies . This list permits eleven specific flag sizes ( specified by height and width ) for such agencies : 20.00 × 38.00 ; 10.00 × 19.00 ; 8.95 × 17.00 ; 7.00 × 11.00 ; 5.00 × 9.50 ; 4.33 × 5.50 ; 3.50 × 6.65 ; 3.00 × 4.00 ; 3.00 × 5.70 ; 2.37 × 4.50 ; and 1.32 × 2.50 . Eight of these sizes conform to the 1.9 ratio , within a small rounding error ( less than 0.01 ) . However , three of the authorized sizes vary significantly : 1.57 ( for 7.00 × 11.00 ) , 1.27 ( for 4.33 × 5.50 ) and 1.33 ( for 3.00 × 4.00 ) . Jump up ^ Ex . Ord . No. 10834 , August 21 , 1959 , 24 F.R. 6865 ( governing flags `` manufactured or purchased for the use of executive agencies '' , Section 22 ) . Section 32 explains that , `` As used in this order , the term ' executive agencies ' means the executive departments and independent establishments in the executive branch of the Government , including wholly owned Government corporations . '' Jump up ^ Architect of the Capitol : `` Flag Request Form '' , retrieved on July 1st , 2017 . Jump up ^ General Services Administration `` Federal Specification DDD - F - 416F : Flag , National , United States of America and Flag , Union Jack '' . March 31 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Genevieve Reimann , Deane B. Judd , and Harry J. Keegan ( 1946 ) . `` Spectrophotometric and Colorimetric Determination of the Colors of the TCCA Standard Color Cards '' . JOSA 36 ( 3 ) , 128 -- 159 . Jump up ^ In the 9th edition of the Standard Color Card of America , `` White '' , `` Old Glory Red '' , and `` Old Glory Blue '' were , respectively , Cable No. 70001 , Cable No. 70180 , and Cable No. 70075 . The Munsell renotation coordinates for these were taken directly from the Reimann et al. paper , the CIELAB D coordinates were found by converting the xyY values in that paper to be relative to CIE Illuminant D from Illuminant C using the CAT02 chromatic adaptation transform , and relative to a perfect diffuse reflector as white . The `` relative '' values in the table were found by taking Cable No. 70001 's luminosity to be that of the white point , and were converted to D or D also using the CAT02 transformation . The values for CMYK were found by converting from the CIELAB D values using the Adobe CMM and the GRACoL 2006 ICC profile in Adobe Photoshop . Jump up ^ Helen Taylor , Lucille Knoche , and Walter Granville , eds. ( 1950 ) , Descriptive Color Names Dictionary . Container Corporation of America . Jump up ^ In 1998 , `` U.S. Flag Facts '' at the website of the U.S. embassy in London listed the colors red PMS 193 and blue PMS 282 ( presumably PMS solid coated colors ) . By October 2002 , these had changed to red PMS 193 and blue PMS 281 . These latter PMS equivalents are listed on many websites including various other U.S. Government organizations , such as the Millennium Challenge Corporation 's website Archived May 22 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine ... See also `` United States of America '' Archived July 13 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine. , Flags of the World . The website of the U.S. Embassy in Stockholm instead lists PMS 186 and PMS 288 as the colors specified by the U.S. Government Printing Office : `` Colors of the U.S. Flag '' . United States Embassy Stockholm . November 2001 . The Military Department of the State of California suggested PMS 200 for red in a 2002 document , `` Flags over California , a history and guide '' . Jump up ^ The Government Code ; Title 11 . State Symbols and Honors ; Subtitle A ; Chapter 3100 . Statutes.legis.state.tx.us . Retrieved on May 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ The values in this table were taken by converting the CIELAB D coordinates for PMS 193 C , 200 C , and 281 C given in the Pantone color palettes of Adobe Photoshop to sRGB and GRACoL using the Adobe CMM and the GRACoL 2006 and sRGB profiles in Photoshop . Since PMS 281 C ( blue ) is outside the gamut of sRGB , and both PMS 281 C and PMS 183 C ( red ) are outside the gamut of GRACoL , the RGB and CMYK values for those in the table below are necessarily less - colorful approximations to the colors of the Pantone swatches . Jump up ^ These designs are in the Eisenhower Presidential Archives in Abilene , Kansas . Only a small fraction of them have ever been published . Jump up ^ `` Robert G. Heft : Designer of America 's Current National Flag '' . USFlag.org : A website dedicated to the Flag of the United States of America . Retrieved December 7 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Rasmussen , Frederick N. ( July 3 , 2010 ) . `` A half - century ago , new 50 - star American flag debuted in Baltimore '' . The Baltimore Sun . Jump up ^ `` Fringe on the American Flag '' . Archived from the original on September 11 , 2006 . Retrieved June 27 , 2006 . Jump up ^ See McCann v. Greenway , 952 F. Supp. 647 ( W.D. Mo . 1997 ) , which discusses various court opinions denying any significance related to trim used on a flag . Jump up ^ Rebuttal of `` martial law flag '' claims by tax protesters . Evans-legal.com . Retrieved on May 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` state.co.us : `` COLORADO COURT OF APPEALS -- ORDER AFFIRMED : Colorado v Drew '' ( Munsinger ) 13 May 2010 '' ( PDF ) . courts.state.co.us . Retrieved April 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ LA84 Foundation . ( PDF ) . Retrieved on May 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ London Olympics 1908 & 1948 . Web.archive.org . Retrieved on May 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Consider Recycling , not Burning , a Retired Flag '' . Boy Scouts of America . 2012 . Retrieved July 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ 4 U.S. Code Sec. 8 ( i ) . Jump up ^ 4 U.S. Code Chapter 1 Sec. 3 . Jump up ^ Texas v. Johnson , 491 U.S. 397 ( 1989 ) ; United States v. Eichman , 496 U.S. 310 ( 1990 ) . Jump up ^ About.com . Usmilitary.about.com ( October 1 , 2005 ) . Retrieved on May 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` SUBJECT : Air Force Guidance Memorandum to AFI 36 - 2903 , Dress and Personal Appearance of Air Force Personnel '' ( PDF ) . Static.e-publishing.af.mil . Retrieved 15 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Navy aviators ditch new flight suit wear rules '' . Navytimes.com . Retrieved October 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Self , Peter ( March 11 , 2014 ) . `` Is the American flag ' backward ' on Scout uniforms ? '' . Scoutingmagazine.org . Scouting . Retrieved November 18 , 2014 . Imitation of United States Army , Navy or Marine Corps uniforms is prohibited , in accordance with the provisions of the organization 's Congressional Charter . Jump up ^ Scott 's Specialized Catalogue of United States Postage Stamps . Jump up ^ Presidential Proclamation No. 2795 , July 2 , 1948 Code of Federal Regulations of the United States , Title 3 Compilation ( 1943 -- 1948 ) , HathiTrust , Google Books / University of Michigan scan , pages 212 -- 213 . Jump up ^ Public Law 83 - 319 , approved March 26 , 1954 . Jump up ^ Presidential Proclamation No. 3418 , June 12 , 1961 . Jump up ^ Public Law 89 - 335 , approved November 8 , 1965 . Jump up ^ Presidential Proclamation No. 4000 , September 4 , 1970 . Jump up ^ Presidential Proclamation No. 4064 , July 6 , 1971 , effective July 4 , 1971 . Jump up ^ Presidential Proclamation No. 4131 , May 5 , 1972 . Jump up ^ Gettysburg College -- News Detail . Gettysburg.edu . Retrieved on May 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Pub . L. 94 − 53 , 89 Stat. 259 , S.J. Res. 98 , approved July 4 , 1975 . Jump up ^ `` Patrick Madrid : My visit to Gate 32 at Boston 's Logan Airport '' . patrickmadrid.blogspot.com . Retrieved October 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ With the consent of Congress , Old Glory kept perpetual shine Archived July 17 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine. , PE Press Archive . Jump up ^ With the consent of Congress , Slover Mountain , The Sun , May 14 , 2008 Archived May 18 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ By Act of Congress . California Portland Cement Co Jump up ^ `` Calportland Media Center '' . Calportland.com . Retrieved October 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Irene Klotz ( July 31 , 2012 ) . `` Apollo flags on the Moon still standing '' . Discovery News . Retrieved November 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 4 U.S. Code § 6 - Time and occasions for display '' . LII / Legal Information Institute . Retrieved October 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Pub. L. 111 - 41 . 123 Stat. 1962 , H.R. 2632 , approved July 27 , 2009 . Retrieved on October 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 36 U.S. Code § 111 - Gold Star Mother 's Day '' . LII / Legal Information Institute . Retrieved October 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ MDVA : Flag Information . Mdva.state.mn.us . Retrieved on May 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ US Code , Title 4 , Chapter 1 , § 7 . Jump up ^ 36 U.S.C. Sec. 136 . None . Retrieved on May 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Patriot Day , 2005 . Georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov . Retrieved on May 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Public Law 107 - 51 . Ushistory.org . Retrieved on May 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Presidential Proclamation Fire Prevention Week The White House Archived October 31 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine ... Whitehouse.gov . Retrieved on May 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ National Pearl Harbor Remembrance Day , 2007 . Georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov . Retrieved on May 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Pub. L. 104 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on February 17 , 2013 . Retrieved December 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Flag - Folding Procedures The American Legion '' . Legion.org . Retrieved September 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sequence of Events for an Army Honors Funeral At Arlington National Cemetery '' . Arlington National Cemetery . Archived from the original on January 25 , 2009 . Retrieved February 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Flag Presentation Protocol '' . Virginia Army National Guard . Archived from the original on May 11 , 2009 . Retrieved February 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Bikinian Anthem & Flag '' . Bikiniatoll.com . March 1 , 1954 . Retrieved September 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` President Sirleaf Worships at Abyssinian Baptist Church ; Pleads with African Americans to Serve as Ambassadors for Liberia '' . Ministry of State Presidential Affairs , Executive Mansion , Government of Liberia . September 23 , 2012 . Retrieved July 16 , 2014 . Further reading `` Identity and Marking Standards '' ( PDF ) . Office of the Under Secretary for Public Diplomacy and Public Affairs . Washington , D.C. : United States Department of State . June 2012 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on February 14 , 2013 . Retrieved February 14 , 2013 . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | the united states flag of 1777 was used until | [
"\nUnited States of America\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nNames\nThe American flag, The Stars and Stripes; Red, White, and Blue; Old Glory; The Star-Spangled Banner; US flag; United States flag\n\n\nUse\nNational flag and ensign\n\n\nProportion\n10:19\n\n\nAdopted\n\n\n\nJune 14, 1777 (original 13-star version)\nJuly 4, 1960 (current 50-star version)\n\n\n\n\n\nDesign\nThirteen horizontal stripes alternating red and white; in the canton, 50 white stars of alternating numbers of six and five per horizontal row on a blue field\n\n\n\n\n"
] | [
"July 4, 1960"
] |
1613769535042109378 | List of That '70s Show characters | List of that ' 70s show characters - Wikipedia List of that ' 70s show characters hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia 's notability guideline for stand - alone lists . Please help to establish notability by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond its mere trivial mention . If notability can not be established , the article is likely to be merged , redirected , or deleted . Find sources : `` List of That ' 70s Show characters '' -- news newspapers books scholar JSTOR ( September 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . No cleanup reason has been specified . Please help improve this article if you can . ( September 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) It has been suggested that List of That ' 70s Show cast members be merged into this article . ( Discuss ) Proposed since May 2018 . This is a list of characters appearing in the series That ' 70s Show . Contents ( hide ) 1 Main characters 2 Recurring characters 3 Intended recurring roles 4 References Main characters ( edit ) Eric Forman ( portrayed by Topher Grace ) : The protagonist ; Eric is a nice guy , generally geeky , physically slight , and somewhat clumsy . He is a smart - aleck with a fast wit and a deadpan sense of humor . He convinces his parents to let his best friend Steven Hyde move in with them , making Hyde like a brother . His father , Red , is always hard on him . Eric is in a relationship with his longtime love and neighbor Donna Pinciotti . He decides to become a teacher after high school , and he leaves the series at the end of the seventh season to teach in Africa , and returns at the series finale , reuniting with Donna . Jackie Burkhart ( portrayed by Mila Kunis ) : The youngest member of the group , Jackie starts the series as the pretty , rich , spoiled , selfish , conceited , annoying , and immature girl . She makes thoughtless and superficial comments , which occasionally turns out to be correct . As the series progresses , after her wealthy father is jailed and her mother ( first played by Eve Plumb in an early episode , and later , permanently , by Brooke Shields ) abandons Point Place , Jackie becomes less self - centered and is forced to take a job . She becomes more needy of genuine love and affection . Partly as a result of these changes , she and Donna become better friends . By the end of the series , Jackie has dated three of the four males of the original group : Kelso , Hyde , and Fez . Michael Kelso ( portrayed by Ashton Kutcher ) : The dim - witted pretty boy of the group who wants to coast through life on his good looks . He spends the first half of the series in a relationship with the equally vapid Jackie but their relationship comes to an end when Jackie wants to marry him and he is n't ready , so he runs away to California with Donna in the Season 4 finale . His best friend is Fez . He fathers a baby girl named Betsy during the seventh season . He becomes a police officer but gets kicked off the force because he does just about everything wrong . He gets a job as a security guard at a Playboy Club in Chicago , and leaves the series during the eighth and final season . He only appears in five episodes during season eight , including the series finale . Steven Hyde ( portrayed by Danny Masterson ) : Eric 's best friend and the anti-establishment member of the group . By the end of season one , Kitty Forman prevails on her husband to allow Hyde to move in after he was abandoned by his mother ( played by Katey Sagal ) and living in squalor . Hyde has a witty , blunt , and sarcastic sense of humor , and a rebellious personality . He is also smart and realistic , and the other group members often ask for his advice . Although Hyde dates Jackie for three seasons , they eventually part and in the final season he marries an exotic dancer named Samantha , who , unknown to Hyde was still wed to her first husband ( Sam McMurray ) when she married him . As Donna points out in `` My Fairy King '' , that means Hyde and Samantha are not legally married . In the seventh season , Hyde meets his biological father ( William Barnett , played by Tim Reid ) , a wealthy black businessman . Hyde gets an attractive , straight - laced step - sister from this newfound relationship . Barnett , who owns a chain of record stores , makes Hyde first the manager , and later the owner , of the Point Place store . Donna Pinciotti ( portrayed by Laura Prepon ) : Eric 's longtime girlfriend ( and briefly fiancée ) . Donna is intelligent , good - looking , and a feminist . Although she does not agree with what Jackie represents in the beginning of the series , they become friends . Donna is in a relationship with Eric for seven seasons ( despite their break - up during season 4 ) . She has brief romances with Casey , Michael 's brother , and with Randy during the final season and quickly ends it . She rekindles her relationship with Eric at the end of the show 's finale . Fez ( portrayed by Wilmer Valderrama ) : The foreign exchange student of the group whose hormones seem to be out of control . His secret country of origin is one of the longest - running gags on the show . He is sweet , friendly , perverted , gullible , and rather odd . He enjoys eating candy , drinking beer , and looking at pornography . His best friend is Michael Kelso , and he shares a `` younger brother '' type relationship with Hyde and Eric . He constantly flirts with Jackie and Donna and often makes romantic advances toward them . Initially , he has a lot of trouble getting attention from girls , but during the eighth season he becomes a ladies ' man . He is in love with Jackie throughout the series , but his love is not reciprocated until the eighth season when they become a couple . Kitty Forman ( portrayed by Debra Jo Rupp ) : Eric 's mother and Red 's wife , Kitty is a cheerful , doting , often oversolicitous mother , who can turn cold and assertive when pushed too far . A nurse and former smoker , she drinks far too much . Her major mood swings are usually attributed to menopause . She is also an overly nurturing mother figure to Eric 's friends , especially Fez and Hyde . Red Forman ( portrayed by Kurtwood Smith ) : Kitty 's husband , Eric 's and Laurie 's father , and Hyde 's adoptive father . Red is a Navy combat veteran , having served in World War II and the Korean War . Impatient , short - tempered , often mean - spirited and constantly threatening to stick his foot up his son ( Eric ) 's ass , he occasionally displays a soft side . His hobbies include working with his power tools , drinking beer , watching television , reading the newspaper , hunting , and fishing . Midge Pinciotti ( portrayed by Tanya Roberts ) : Bob 's wife , Donna 's mother , and Kitty 's best friend . Midge was the sexy neighborhood mom Eric and his male friends fantasized about when coming of age . Although often dim - witted , she is also a kind - hearted woman who develops feminist ideals . She and Bob divorce when she is written out of the series after the third season , however , returns during the sixth and seventh seasons in a recurring role where she and Bob almost reunite . Bob Pinciotti ( portrayed by Don Stark ) : Midge 's husband , Donna 's father . Bob often brags about his service in the National Guard , which invariably irritates Red . Bob is also known for walking around his house with his robe wide open and no underwear . He eats constantly , even in bed . Bob is almost always in a good mood and is a ladies ' man . His best friend is Red , even though Red sees him as a nuisance . He usually takes the brunt of Red 's abuse in a jolly manner . Laurie Forman ( portrayed by Lisa Robin Kelly / Christina Moore ) : Eric 's beautiful but evil older sister . Laurie enjoys tormenting Eric and manipulating her father . She is promiscuous , often seen with various men , mainly Eric 's friend Kelso , who cheats on his girlfriend , Jackie . Eric , Hyde , and Donna often mock her promiscuity . Laurie has a strained relationship with her mother , who , unlike Red , sees Laurie for what she really is . Laurie leaves the series during the third season but returns in a recurring role during the fifth , somewhat chastened . At one point , she genuinely seeks out a loving relationship , rather than merely a physical one , with Kelso , who is dumbfounded . She also becomes attached to a baby for whom she is babysitting , and feels quasi-maternal pangs , which soon disappear . In season five , she and Fez marry to prevent him from getting deported . In season six , due to Kelly 's health issues , Laurie was portrayed by a different actress , Christina Moore . Leo ( portrayed by Tommy Chong ) : A hippie , and the owner of a Foto Hut at which Hyde once worked . Leo is an Army veteran who served in World War II , where he was awarded a Purple Heart . Leo often puts play before work and maintains an easy - going attitude in most things , business included . He disappears from the series after season four but is later referenced in season five 's `` The Battle of Evermore '' when the gang goes on a mission to find him , but with no luck . He returns in season seven and remains on the series until the show 's end . In season 8 , he gets a new job working for Hyde at Grooves . Randy Pearson ( portrayed by Josh Meyers ) : The newest member of the group , Randy is introduced in the final season . Tall and handsome , he is laid back , polite , and forms a friendship with Red who is impressed at Randy 's skill at fixing things . While Hyde , Jackie , Donna , and Kelso accept him as a new member of their group , Fez does not . Randy dates Donna for the majority of season eight , causing Kitty to be infuriated with both of them . Donna eventually breaks up with him , and reconciles with Eric when he returns in the last episode of the series . Recurring characters ( edit ) Suzy Simpson ( played by Alyson Hannigan ) appears in three episodes of season 6 . She is Kelso 's buddy from the police academy who is also attracted to him . Fez has a crush on Suzy and it is because of her that he and Kelso fight after Kelso lies to Fez saying that Suzy has agreed to go on a date with him when really she thinks that she is dating Kelso . Angie Barnett ( played by Megalyn Echikunwoke ) is Steven Hyde 's half - sister . Hyde did not know he had a sister until the 7th season . Angie graduated from college as a mathematics major . Angie and Hyde worked together managing their father 's record store , but Angie did not always like working with him . She dated Kelso , which sometimes annoyed Hyde . Angie got her name because , in the seventh season , all episodes were named after Rolling Stones songs , and `` Angie '' was a song by the Stones . Annette Berkardt ( played by Jessica Simpson ) was Michael Kelso 's girlfriend for a brief period of time in season 5 . She acts and talks very similar to Jackie , constantly bossing Kelso around . Eric and Donna once referred to her as a blonde version of Jackie , or `` Blackie . '' Despite this , Jackie and Annette hated each other . Once at The Hub , Jackie said to Annette `` I did not know they let ' slutballs ' in here '' . Annette said since she saw Jackie in there she thought it was okay . Later in the episode , when Annette and Kelso were kissing , Jackie yelled `` Get off my boyfriend ! '' to Annette , even though it was months after Kelso and Jackie broke up . This led to Hyde wanting to break up with Jackie . Beatrice Dorothy `` Bea '' Sigurdson ( née Heprage ) ( played by Betty White ) is Kitty Forman 's mother . Bea seems like a friendly old lady , but is cold and critical , especially of Kitty . She appeared in a few episodes in season five , often nagging at Burt or saying something rude to Kitty in a faux - friendly manner . She was widowed in `` Your Time is Gonna Come '' when Burt collapses in the driveway and is rushed to the hospital where he dies . She stays with the Formans for a while after Burt 's death . Bernice Rose Forman ( née Larson ) ( played by Marion Ross ) is Red Forman 's mother . Bernice hated Kitty , and she was always mean to her , because Red married Kitty instead of another woman Bernice liked . She appeared in the episodes `` Sunday , Bloody Sunday '' , `` The Best Christmas Ever '' and `` Grandma 's Dead '' of season 1 , and flashback in the episode `` Halloween '' of season two . In the episode Grandma 's Dead she dies in Eric 's car while he is driving her home . Brooke Leslie Rockwell ( played by Shannon Elizabeth ) was the valedictorian of the high school class two years before Eric 's class . The summer after Kelso 's graduation , she had sex with him at a Molly Hatchet concert in a bathroom stall and got pregnant . Initially , Brooke did not trust Kelso because of his immaturity and did not want him in the child 's life . Eventually , Kelso convinced her to give him another chance . Brooke gave birth to their daughter , Betsy in 1979 . Steven James `` Bud '' Hyde Jr. ( played by Robert Hays ) is Steven Hyde 's stepfather . Bud Hyde worked as a bartender and is an alcoholic . Until the end of the 6th season , Steven Hyde thought Bud was his biological father . Bud Hyde abandoned Steven when he was a child and Steven was always angry at Bud for this . They temporarily reconciled in season 3 , with Hyde even moving in with him . However , he would leave again at the beginning of season 4 after getting back together with Edna -- forcing Hyde to move back to the Forman house . Hyde mentioned that Bud did attempt to get in touch with him again . ( Bud was passed out drunk on Hyde 's car . ) Bertrum Wayne `` Burt '' Sigurdson ( played by Tom Poston ) is Kitty Forman 's father . He is often seen avoiding his wife , Bea . In one episode , he bought an ostrich farm , which was right next to a coyote farm . The coyotes ate all the ostriches and the Sigurdsons had to sell the house . Burt died in the episode Your Time is Gonna Come . Caroline `` Crazy Caroline '' Dupree ( played by Allison Munn ) was Fez 's girlfriend in season 3 . Fez quickly learned Caroline is very jealous and paranoid . She made threats against Donna and Jackie because Caroline felt they were going to steal Fez from her , when in fact Jackie and Donna had no intention of doing so . Caroline was once found hiding in the men 's bathroom looking for Fez . Fez did not want to be with someone that aggressive and paranoid so he broke up with her . Fez and Caroline were together one last time in the eighth season . She got extremely angry when she found out that Fez had lied to her about Jackie being his roommate , and when she found nude photos of Donna in Fez 's Barry White album ( Leo hid the nude photos in the album without Fez 's knowledge , but Caroline believed they were put there by Fez ) . Caroline appeared again in `` Sheer Heart Attack '' . Fez was having sex with women once and not seeing them again and then decided that he wanted to be with only one woman , so he called Caroline . Later in the episode , Jackie told Fez that she loved him and then kissed him as Caroline walked in . This , as always , made Caroline angry with Fez and attack him viciously . Casey ( played by Luke Wilson ) is Michael Kelso 's brother who was in the military . Towards the end of season 4 he was dating Donna Pinciotti . During their relationship , there were instances of them engaging in bad behavior , such as Donna drinking and skipping school to hang out with Casey . Donna 's father , Bob , felt that Casey was a bad influence and did not want Donna to date him anymore . Eric was jealous of Casey because he wanted to be with Donna , so Eric wanted them to break up . When Red Forman and Bob were discussing Casey 's negative influence with Donna and Casey , Casey broke up with Donna , deciding the conflict with Bob and Red to be too much hassle . Donna felt that she and Casey were in love , but Casey felt `` I love you '' is just something you could say and do not have to really mean . Michael Kelso said that his brother Casey got bored with his girlfriends and broke up with them . During the summer of 1979 , Casey was teaching physical education at Eric 's old high school , and Eric was in Casey 's class . He likes to call Eric `` Foreplay '' . his last episode was Season 7 's 2120 So . Michigan Ave . Charlie Richardson ( played by Bret Harrison ) is the son of one of Red 's war buddies . Eric held a grudge against him from the time that he let some sick children win `` Eric 's '' goldfish in an egg toss . Charlie only appeared in about three episodes towards the end of Season 7 . Before the beginning of Season 8 , Charlie accidentally fell off the water tower and died . The water tower is named the Charlie Richardson Memorial Water Tower in his honor . The original idea was to have Charlie stay on the show the entire 8th season as a replacement for Eric , but the actor got an offer for his own show so they killed his character off . Christine St. George ( played by Mary Tyler Moore ) is a talk show host of What 's Up Wisconsin . In the episode `` Sweet Lady '' , Jackie felt she was destined to be Christine 's co-host on the show . She persistently tries to get the job , but Christine St. George makes Jackie her assistant instead . After a few episodes , Jackie was fired for knowing too much about her . Earl ( played by Robert Clendenin ) is a friend of Red 's who worked for Red at Price Mart . Earl frequently came to work late and slacked off on his job , so Red fired him . After that , Earl sued Red for wrongful termination , however , Earl arrived too late to his own hearing , so the judge ruled in favor of Red . Later , Earl got a job working at a fast food restaurant , where he is again fired for his poor work ethic ( this time for repeatedly eating the restaurant 's food while on work ) . Earl appears in the episodes `` Red Fired Up '' , `` Roller Disco '' and `` Radio Daze '' . Edna Hyde ( played by Katey Sagal ) is Steven Hyde 's biological mother . She is only in the Season 1 episodes `` Career Day '' , `` Prom Night '' , and `` Punk Chick '' , though she only appears in `` Career Day '' . She plays a large part in `` Career Day '' , playing opposite Hyde when on Career Day , he has to help her in the kitchen ( she was the school chef , `` Gross Edna '' at the time ) . In other episodes she only has lines yelling at Hyde on the porch from the inside of the house such as : In Prom Night Edna : `` They 're all gon na laugh at you ! '' ( a reference to the 1976 film Carrie ) Steven : `` Shut up ma , you 're makin ' the night too damn special ! '' In Punk Chick Steven : `` It 's still my suitcase ! '' Edna : `` Nothing in this house is yours ! '' Steven : `` Shut up ! '' Edna then ran off and left Hyde alone , which is why he moved in with the Formans and she is not heard of again until the 4th season where Hyde confesses that his parents got back together and ran off . Fenton , also known as Clerk in Season 5 , ( played by Jim Rash ) is someone with whom Fez has a feud due to a `` half - off sale , a crowded parking lot and a pair of pants that made Fez 's ass look like an oil painting '' in Fez 's own words . In the fifth season , he was an employee at the jewelry store where Eric bought Donna 's engagement ring . He is also the landlord of the apartment that Fez and Kelso moved into in the seventh season , which later became Fez and Jackie 's apartment when Kelso moved to Chicago . At first , Fenton did not want to let Kelso and Fez move in because of his feud with Fez , but later when he found out Kelso wanted the apartment to have a place to take care of his daughter , and Fenton got the impression that Kelso and Fez were `` life partners '' , he let them have it . Though Fenton does not state this explicitly , his frequent innuendos about men and his lack of experience with women imply he is gay . Whenever he sees Fez , he says `` Oh , It 's you '' in an evil manner . Fenton later becomes good friends with Jackie , who persuades him not to evict Fez and end their feud when she accidentally floods their apartment . Hilary Robinson ( played by Lara Everly ) is Fez 's co-worker at the salon where Fez works in season 8 . Fez tried to impress her by trying to look cool which intimidated her , but when Jackie explained to her who Fez really was , she fell in love with him . Fez and Hilary dated for a few weeks , before Hilary suddenly decided to become a nun and left Fez . Jack Burkhart ( played by Paul Kreppel ) is the father of Jackie Burkhart . He was arrested for bribery and embezzling $60,000 . Joanne ( played by Mo Gaffney ) is a girlfriend of Bob Pinciotti , who appears in Seasons 4 and 5 . She met Bob at the supermarket when Bob , being unable to cook , was about to buy a dozen TV dinners . Joanne decided to teach Bob to make a meatloaf so he would not have to buy the TV dinners . She does not get along well with Red . When Red and Joanne first met , they got into an argument about who would cook the meat and who would make the salad . Joanne works at the dog food factory and hires Eric to work there to put coupons in the dog food bags . Eric would eventually lose that job after Joanne broke up with Bob . Mitch Miller ( played by Seth Green ) is a student in the same class as Eric . Mitch had a feud with Fez and because of this conflict , Mitch published a photo of Fez and Kelso kissing each other in the school newspaper . Mitch had a crush on Donna Pinciotti , and one time Donna went to a wedding with Mitch . Eric was angered when Mitch embarrassed Donna , and Eric and Mitch agreed to fight each other the next day at 5 : 15 PM . Not wanting to fight , Mitch persuaded Eric not to fight with him by offering him a French - made GI Joe called `` GI Jacques '' . Mitch has a father , Charlie Miller , played by Fred Willard . Nina Jo Bartell ( played by Joanna Canton ) is a girlfriend of Fez in season 5 who worked with him at the DMV . Fez lost his virginity to her , but it went badly , so she suggested they needed to do it more often to get better . They broke up a while later because Nina thought he was too needy . Officer Phillip Otis Kennedy II ( played by James Avery ) is Kelso 's training officer when he joins the police force . He appears mostly in the 6th season , playing a straight ace to the bumbling Kelso . Pam Burkhart ( played by Eve Plumb in Season 1 and Brooke Shields in Season 6 ) is the mother of Jackie Burkhart who was dating Bob Pinciotti in season 6 . Once a serious business lady , she fled to Mexico when Jackie 's councilman father was arrested for bribery and embezzling $60,000 . She returned to try to fix her relationship between her and Jackie . Pam Macy ( played by Jennifer Lyons ) is a classmate of the main characters of the show . She has been mentioned in more episodes than she appeared . She appeared in the episodes `` Prom Night '' , `` Romantic Weekend '' , and `` It 's a Wonderful life '' . In `` Prom Night '' , Michael Kelso took Pam to the prom while temporarily broken up with Jackie . In `` Romantic Weekend '' , Kelso was about to have sex with Pam but was unable to perform , telling his friends `` The buffer would n't buff '' . Pam told this to the whole school , which caused everyone to tease Kelso about it . Pastor Dave ( played by Kevin McDonald ) , Pastor Dave is the local pastor at the church . He is overly cheerful and ( incorrectly ) thinks he is up to date with the trends , and is `` hip and cool '' . He is often greeted by Eric and his friends with deadpan voices , and they typically just agree with Dave in the hopes he 'll go away . Dave is good friends with Kitty , who helps with the church fundraisers , and has an uneasy friendship with Red ( mostly because Red is not used to having friends ) . His friendship with Red seems to have brought out a less - pure side of Dave , as he spends a day with Red watching football and drinking beer , and once even quit the church because he wanted to watch more football on Sundays ( he later rejoins as the pastor again ) . He appears primarily in Season 3 and 4 , but has a few cameos in Season 2 . Rhonda ( played by Cynthia Lamontagne ) Often called Big Rhonda by her classmates , she was a recurring character during season 4 . She was Fez 's girlfriend during this season . When she and Fez were stuck in the school during a tornado , he was about to have sex with Big Rhonda , but after the tornado was gone , she did not want to anymore . She broke up with Fez after she choked him after he wanted to get to third base , which came from bad advice from Casey Kelso . Like Fez , she loves candy . The episode `` It 's a Wonderful Life '' featured an alternate timeline , where Rhonda went to the prom with Eric ( in this timeline , Eric and Donna were never in a relationship ) . Later in the same episode , she is seen at their 10 - year reunion but now as a trim and beautiful woman ( which Rhonda attributes to being dumped by a gigantic loser like Eric ) . It was also mentioned in the season three episode `` Kitty 's Birthday '' that she was hit by a car but was apparently uninjured . Roy Keen ( played by Jim Gaffigan ) is the kitchen manager of the Holliday Hotel who employed Eric , Hyde , and Kelso to work as waiters in the hotel 's restaurant during seasons 5 and 6 . The character serves as the replacement of Leo who was written out during season 5 , although he had been absent for several episodes . It was mentioned by Hyde that Roy was like a father figure when his father abandoned him . Roy has stated that his standards for food service are low and he goes days without washing his hands . Roy served in the Vietnam War , once describing Eric as `` scrawny , but strong ... like the Vietcong '' . He suffers from serious trouble connecting to people . At one time he got the impression a woman was in love with him , after she insulted him when he got her some butter , and hid in her shower to surprise her with flowers . He once mentioned he was living with a woman , but moved out when she found out he was living with her in secret . It is revealed in the season 6 episode `` A Legal Matter '' that he was a police cadet who was oust of the police academy for shooting a police horse . Samantha Hyde ( played by Judy Tylor ) is Hyde 's wife during season 8 . They got married while Hyde was drunk in Las Vegas . The two barely knew each other when they got married . Hyde did not even remember the wedding and did not know he was married until after Samantha came to Point Place to see Hyde . In the episode `` My Fairy King '' , Hyde learned that Samantha was already married to someone else . After this , Hyde and Samantha 's relationship ended . Schatzie is a Dachshund that Red gave Kitty in an attempt to make her happy . Schatzie was in several episodes of season 5 , was absent for all of season 6 , then returned for only one episode towards the beginning of season 7 . Red claimed that his absence was due to hiding under the house because he was afraid of the garden hose . `` Schatzie '' is German and means `` little treasure '' or `` darling '' ( diminutive of `` Schatz '' ) . Timmy Thompson ( played by Paul Connor ) is a student who went to high school with Eric , Donna , Hyde , Fez , Kelso , and Jackie . To the annoyance of some of the gang , he announces comments to the room that start with `` Heeey ... '' , such as : `` Heeey , Forman and Donna got a motel room and they 're going to do it ! '' `` Heeey , I 'm taking off my pants ! '' `` Heeey , Forman 's on a date with his mom ! '' `` Heeey , Donna 's showed her ass ! '' ( while showing everyone a yearbook photo where Donna mooned the camera ) . He only has real dialogue in the episode `` Burning Down The House '' . William James `` WB '' Barnett ( played by Tim Reid ) is Steven Hyde 's biological father . Hyde originally thought Bud Hyde was his biological father until the cliffhanger between the 6th and 7th seasons , where Kitty discovers that Steven 's real father is a man who lives in Milwaukee . Sometimes people call William Barnett by his initials , WB . Barnett is wealthy and owns Grooves , a chain of record stores . Barnett put Steven in charge of the Point Place record store along with his daughter ( and Hyde 's half sister ) , Angie . Barnett is black , which Hyde believes explains his `` coolness , afro and suspicion of the man '' ( it can also be noted that when Hyde asked him who killed Kennedy his father stated `` I do n't know , because they do n't want me to know '' ) . WB 's last on - screen appearance is in the first half of the series finale which is the twenty - first episode of the eighth season , `` Love of My Life '' ( WB had already appeared in the fourteenth episode of that season , `` Son and Daughter '' ) . Intended recurring roles ( edit ) Several characters on the series were written as recurring , but made only one appearance . Among them : Tina Pinciotti ( played by Amanda Fuller ) was the younger sister of regular Donna Pinciotti . She first appeared in `` Eric 's Burger Job '' , but made no appearances following that , except for a brief mention in the episode `` Vanstock '' . A similar situation occurred with unseen Valerie Pinciotti . The two are later written out with no explanation , as demonstrated in the season seven premiere , when Kitty refers to Donna as Bob and Midge 's only daughter Valerie Pinciotti was the older sister of Donna Pinciotti and Tina Pinciotti , who in `` Eric 's Birthday '' was said to be away at college but never mentioned again . Matthew and Rebecca Erdman ( played by Kevin Farley and Shannon Holt ) were the prudish host parents of Fez . They first appeared in `` Drive - In '' and convince Fez the rock they detest is diabolical by playing KISS album backwards . Fez 's host parents make no further appearances in the show . Buddy Morgan ( played by Joseph Gordon - Levitt ) was introduced in `` Eric 's Buddy '' , and was intended to become a recurring character . However , the introduction of homosexual Buddy as a love interest for Eric ( at a time when both Eric and Hyde were competing for Donna ) did not go over well with audiences , and Buddy was cut from the show . Melissa ( played by Reagan Gomez - Preston ) appeared in `` Hyde Gets the Girl '' as a potential love interest for Hyde . She was intended to become his on - off girlfriend . Patty ( played by Lindsay Sloane ) appeared in two episodes in the series ' second season . She is introduced in `` Eric Gets Suspended '' along with her best friend , Mary ( played by Melissa Joan Hart ) . The two go on a double blind date with Hyde and Fez . Hyde initially pairs with Mary , and Fez with Patty ; but in the course of the date Hyde tells Fez to swap dates because he is hitting it off with Patty . Patty then returned in `` Eric and Kitty 's Night Out '' . In the episode , Fez and Patty become boyfriend and girlfriend . Patty 's role and impact in the episode implies an intention to continue the character 's appearance in the series . However , with no explanation in the show Patty is not seen or mentioned again . References ( edit ) hide That ' 70s Show Characters Teenagers Eric Forman Donna Pinciotti Steven Hyde Michael Kelso Jackie Burkhart Fez Adults Kitty Forman Red Forman Seasons 6 7 8 Related articles Home video That ' 80s Show Days Like These Point Place Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_That_%2770s_Show_characters&oldid=844729878 '' Categories : Fictional characters from Wisconsin Lists of American sitcom television characters That ' 70s Show characters Hidden categories : Articles with topics of unclear notability from September 2009 All articles with topics of unclear notability Articles needing cleanup from September 2009 All pages needing cleanup Cleanup tagged articles without a reason field from September 2009 Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from September 2009 Articles with multiple maintenance issues Articles to be merged from May 2018 All articles to be merged Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Français Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 6 June 2018 , at 19 : 17 . About Wikipedia | who played jackie's mom on that 70 show | [
"Pam Burkhart (played by Eve Plumb in Season 1 and Brooke Shields in Season 6) is the mother of Jackie Burkhart who was dating Bob Pinciotti in season 6. Once a serious business lady, she fled to Mexico when Jackie's councilman father was arrested for bribery and embezzling $60,000. She returned to try to fix her relationship between her and Jackie."
] | [
"Eve Plumb in Season 1 and Brooke Shields in Season 6)"
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7482703598797613900 | Waivers (NHL) | Waivers ( NHL ) - wikipedia Waivers ( NHL ) Former NHL All - Star Wade Redden was waived in 2010 by the New York Rangers Waivers is a National Hockey League ( NHL ) labor management procedure by which an NHL team makes a professional ice hockey player 's contract and rights available to all other NHL teams . Other NHL teams `` waive '' any claim to a player designated for assignment in the American Hockey League ( AHL ) or designated for release . The process is typically referred to as `` being placed on waivers . '' Contents 1 Minor league assignment procedure 2 Re-entry waivers 3 Return waivers 4 Unconditional waivers 5 Use of waivers in salary cap era 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Minor league assignment procedure ( edit ) In the NHL , each player signs what is , or is a variation of , a standard NHL player 's contract . The contract specifies that the team has exclusive rights to the player playing in the NHL . Once an NHL player has played in a certain number of games or a set number of seasons has passed since the signing of his first NHL contract ( see here ) , that player must be offered to all of the other NHL teams before he can be assigned to a minor league affiliate . In the 2005 Collective Bargaining Agreement ( CBA ) assignment waivers applies only to loans from an NHL club to its American Hockey League ( AHL ) affiliate . After a player has been designated for assignment , the other 30 NHL teams can put in a claim or waive their claim for that player . The claims process starts at noon Eastern Time and ends 24 hours later . If only one team makes a claim for the player , then he will be transferred to the claiming team . If more than one team makes a claim , then the player will be transferred to the team having the lowest percentage of possible points in league standings at the time of the request for waivers . When a waiver claim has been secured , the claiming team must pay a transfer fee to the original club , though this fee is not counted against the salary cap . If waivers are requested outside the playing season , or before November 1 , then the player shall be transferred to the team with the lowest points in the preceding season . If no team places a claim , the player can be sent to a minor league affiliate . When a player clears waivers and is sent down and then is called up again , he does not have to clear waivers to be sent down again unless he has played ten games or has been `` up '' for 30 days . Re-entry waivers ( edit ) The 2005 NHL - NHLPA collective bargaining agreement ( CBA ) introduced `` re-entry waivers . '' With limited exceptions , any player who was subject to waivers before assignment to the minors must clear re-entry waivers before being called back up if said player is on a one - way contract or a two - way contract with an AHL salary in excess of $105,000 . Exceptions are players who have played in over 320 professional games ( 180 for goaltenders ) and have not spent more than 80 games on an NHL roster in the past two seasons or 40 games during the previous season . The procedure to make a claim on re-entry waivers is the same ; however , teams who claim players on re-entry waivers are only responsible for half the salary and cap hit , while the original team is responsible for the other half , unless the claimed player is later assigned to the AHL again before his contract has expired , in which case the salary and cap hit comes off the books of both teams . The CBA ratified in January 2013 eliminated re-entry waivers . Return waivers ( edit ) Players who play ice hockey outside North America during a regular season and who are not on loan from or whose playing rights are not already owned by an NHL club ( that is , the player is not already on a team 's 90 - player reserve list such as a qualified restricted free agent or a draft pick ) must also be placed on waivers if they are signed to play in the NHL . If the player is picked up by another NHL club on waivers , the player must be placed on waivers again before a further trade or loan can take place . Unconditional waivers ( edit ) A third type of waivers , `` unconditional waivers , '' applies when a player is to be given an unconditional release from his contract . NHL teams give notice to the player and the league that they intend to buy - out a player 's rights under the terms of the CBA . In this case , the waiver period is 48 hours . These waivers can only be requested during two periods : Between June 15 , or 48 hours after the conclusion of the Stanley Cup Final series if it ends later , and June 30 of each year . If a club has team - or player - elected salary arbitration cases , within 48 hours of the last arbitration award or settlement of the last arbitration case prior to the arbitration hearing . Such a player must have been on a club 's 90 - player reserve list at the previous trade deadline . Use of waivers in salary cap era ( edit ) Further information : NHL salary cap Salaries of players playing for an NHL team count against its salary cap , while the salaries of players playing for a team 's minor league affiliates do not . NHL teams have waived players with high salaries , thereby freeing up salary cap space for other signings . In 2010 , Wade Redden of the New York Rangers , Sheldon Souray of the Edmonton Oilers and Jeff Finger of the Toronto Maple Leafs were all assigned to their team 's AHL affiliate without any other team putting in a claim . In a more interesting case , following the 2011 NHL pre-season , forward Sean Avery of the New York Rangers was waived to the AHL . As Avery had been claimed off re-entry waivers from the Dallas Stars , the cap hit had been split between the Rangers and Stars , but when Avery was demoted to the AHL again , the cap hit came off both teams ' books . As a result , the Stars , who had been using Avery 's re-entry waiver loss to reach the salary floor for the 2011 -- 12 season , had to trade for winger Eric Nystrom to reach the salary floor . Under the 2005 CBA , if an NHL player is being sent to an NHL affiliate team in the AHL and is put through waivers and clears successfully , then his salary will not count against the respective NHL team 's salary cap . The player is still paid his full salary . There is an exception to this rule ; if the player has a contract that took effect after a player 's 35th birthday , then that player 's salary would still count against the NHL cap . Under the 2013 CBA , a team only derives a specific savings from demoting a player on a one - way contract to the AHL . This savings is calculated as league minimum plus $375,000 . If a player is claimed on waivers , then the claiming team is responsible for the rest of their contract . Re-entry waivers had existed under the 2005 CBA , under which if a player cleared waivers and was sent down to the minors , and then recalled during the season , and his salary was more than $105,000 in the AHL ( essentially , any player not on an entry - level or two - way contract ) , he was subject to re-entry waivers where if a team claimed him they are only responsible for half the salary for the remainder of the contract . Re-entry waivers were eliminated in the 2013 CBA . See also ( edit ) Waivers ( disambiguation ) NHL salary cap NHL Collective Bargaining Agreement References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Rangers Waive Redden '' . NHL.com . September 25 , 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ Podnieks 2007 , p. 235 . Jump up ^ NHL & NHLPA 2005 , p. 70 . ^ Jump up to : `` NHLSCAP.com -- Information on Waivers '' . nhlscap.com . Retrieved November 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Mirtle , James ( January 8 , 2013 ) . `` Lesser known gains for NHL players in the new CBA '' . Globe & Mail . Retrieved September 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ NHL & NHLPA 2005 , p. 77 . Jump up ^ NHL & NHLPA 2005 , p. 251 . Jump up ^ Hockey 411 : Roster Limits -- Committed Indians Committed Indians Jump up ^ `` Finger Being A Mentor For Young Marlies '' . Toronto Maple Leafs . November 18 , 2010 . Retrieved November 29 , 2010 . Podnieks , Andrew ( 2007 ) . The Complete Hockey Dictionary . Fenn Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55168 - 309 - 6 . NHL ; NHLPA ( 2005 ) , Collective Bargaining Agreement Between National Hockey League and National Hockey League Players ' Association ( PDF ) External links ( edit ) Collective Bargaining Agreement between the NHL and the NHLPA NHLSCAP.com : Waivers and re-entry waivers Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Waivers_(NHL)&oldid=803633809 '' Categories : National Hockey League labor relations Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from September 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 3 October 2017 , at 18 : 21 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what does putting a player on waivers mean | [
"Waivers is a National Hockey League (NHL) labor management procedure by which an NHL team makes a professional ice hockey player's contract and rights available to all other NHL teams. Other NHL teams \"waive\" any claim to a player designated for assignment in the American Hockey League (AHL) or designated for release. The process is typically referred to as \"being placed on waivers.\"\n"
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"a National Hockey League (NHL) labor management procedure by which an NHL team makes a professional ice hockey player's contract and rights available to all other NHL teams"
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1712156837540388885 | Curling | Curling - wikipedia Curling Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the sport . For other uses , see Curling ( disambiguation ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Curling Curling games taking place during the 2005 Tim Hortons Brier Highest governing body World Curling Federation Nicknames Chess On Ice , The Roaring Game First played Approximately late medieval Scotland Registered players est . 1,500,000 Characteristics Contact No Team members 4 or 3 per team ( 2 in mixed doubles ) Mixed gender Yes ; see mixed curling Type Precision and accuracy Equipment Curling brooms , stones ( rocks ) , curling shoes Venue Curling sheet Glossary Glossary of curling Presence Olympic First event in 1924 ( retroactively made official in 2006 ) . Demonstration sport in 1932 , 1988 and 1992 . Officially added in 1998 . Paralympic Wheelchair curling officially added in 2006 . Curling is a sport in which players slide stones on a sheet of ice towards a target area which is segmented into four concentric circles . It is related to bowls , boules and shuffleboard . Two teams , each with four players , take turns sliding heavy , polished granite stones , also called rocks , across the ice curling sheet towards the house , a circular target marked on the ice . Each team has eight stones , with each player throwing two . The purpose is to accumulate the highest score for a game ; points are scored for the stones resting closest to the centre of the house at the conclusion of each end , which is completed when both teams have thrown all of their stones . A game usually consists of eight or ten ends . The curler can induce a curved path by causing the stone to slowly turn as it slides , and the path of the rock may be further influenced by two sweepers with brooms who accompany it as it slides down the sheet , using the brooms to alter the state of the ice in front of the stone . Sweeping a rock makes it curl less , and decreases the friction that slows the rock down . A great deal of strategy and teamwork go into choosing the ideal path and placement of a stone for each situation , and the skills of the curlers determine the degree to which the stone will achieve the desired result . This gives curling its nickname of `` chess on ice '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Olympic curling 2 Equipment 2.1 Curling sheet 2.2 Curling stone 2.3 Curling broom 2.4 Shoes 2.5 Other equipment 3 Gameplay 3.1 Delivery 3.2 Sweeping 3.3 Burning a stone 3.4 Types of shots 3.5 Free guard zone 3.6 Hammer 3.7 Strategy 3.8 Conceding a game 3.9 Dispute resolution 4 Scoring 5 Curling culture 5.1 Good sportsmanship 5.2 Accessibility in curling 6 Terminology 7 Champions and major championships 8 Notable curling clubs 9 In popular culture 10 See also 11 Notes 12 Further reading 13 External links History ( edit ) Detail from a reproduction of Winter Landscape with a Bird Trap ( Bruegel , 1565 ) Evidence that curling existed in Scotland in the early 16th century includes a curling stone inscribed with the date 1511 uncovered ( along with another bearing the date 1551 ) when an old pond was drained at Dunblane , Scotland . The world 's oldest curling stone and the world 's oldest football are now kept in the same museum ( the Stirling Smith Art Gallery and Museum ) in Stirling . The first written reference to a contest using stones on ice coming from the records of Paisley Abbey , Renfrewshire , in February 1541 . Two paintings , `` Winter Landscape with a Bird Trap '' and `` The Hunters in the Snow '' ( both dated 1565 ) by Pieter Bruegel the Elder depict Flemish peasants curling , albeit without brooms ; Scotland and the Low Countries had strong trading and cultural links during this period , which is also evident in the history of golf . A curling match at Eglinton Castle , Ayrshire , Scotland in 1860 . The curling house is located to the left of the picture . The word curling first appears in print in 1620 in Perth , Scotland , in the preface and the verses of a poem by Henry Adamson . The sport was ( and still is , in Scotland and Scottish - settled regions like southern New Zealand ) also known as `` the roaring game '' because of the sound the stones make while traveling over the pebble ( droplets of water applied to the playing surface ) . The verbal noun curling is formed from the Scots ( and English ) verb curl , which describes the motion of the stone . Group of people curling on a lake in Dartmouth , Nova Scotia , Canada , c. 1897 Kilsyth Curling Club claims to be the first club in the world , having been formally constituted in 1716 ; it is still in existence today . Kilsyth also claims the oldest purpose - built curling pond in the world at Colzium , in the form of a low dam creating a shallow pool some 100 by 250 metres ( 330 by 820 ft ) in size . The International Olympic Committee recognises the Royal Caledonian Curling Club ( founded as the Grand Caledonian Curling Club in 1838 ) as developing the first official rules for the sport . Men curling in Toronto , Ontario , Canada , in 1909 In the early history of curling , the playing stones were simply flat - bottomed stones from rivers or fields , which lacked a handle and were of inconsistent size , shape and smoothness . Some early stones had holes for a finger and the thumb , akin to ten - pin bowling balls . Unlike today , the thrower had little control over the ' curl ' or velocity and relied more on luck than on precision , skill and strategy . The sport was often played on frozen rivers although purpose - built ponds were later created in many Scottish towns . For example , the Scottish poet David Gray describes whisky drinking curlers on the Luggie Water at Kirkintilloch . Curling on Lake of Menteith from 2010 . The last official Grand Match was held here in 1979 . In Darvel , East Ayrshire , the weavers relaxed by playing curling matches using the heavy stone weights from the looms ' warp beams , fitted with a detachable handle for the purpose . Many a wife would keep her husband 's brass curling stone handle on the mantelpiece , brightly polished until the next time it was needed . Central Canadian curlers often used ' irons ' rather than stones until the early 1900s ; Canada is the only country known to have done so , while others experimented with wood or ice - filled tins . Outdoor curling was very popular in Scotland between the 16th and 19th centuries because the climate provided good ice conditions every winter . Scotland is home to the international governing body for curling , the World Curling Federation in Perth , which originated as a committee of the Royal Caledonian Curling Club , the mother club of curling . Today , the sport is most firmly established in Canada , having been taken there by Scottish emigrants . The Royal Montreal Curling Club , the oldest established sports club still active in North America , was established in 1807 . The first curling club in the United States was established in 1830 , and the sport was introduced to Switzerland and Sweden before the end of the 19th century , also by Scots . Today , curling is played all over Europe and has spread to Brazil , Japan , Australia , New Zealand , China , and Korea . The first world championship for curling was limited to men and was known as the Scotch Cup , held in Falkirk and Edinburgh , Scotland , in 1959 . The first world title was won by the Canadian team from Regina , Saskatchewan , skipped by Ernie Richardson . ( The skip is the team member who calls the shots ; see below . ) Curling was one of the first sports that was popular with women and girls . Olympic curling ( edit ) Curling at Youth Olympic Games 2012 Main article : Curling at the Winter Olympics Curling pictogram Curling has been a medal sport in the Winter Olympic Games since the 1998 Winter Olympics . It currently includes men 's , women 's and mixed doubles tournaments ( the mixed tournament was held for the first time in 2018 ) . In February 2002 , the International Olympic Committee retroactively decided that the curling competition from the 1924 Winter Olympics ( originally called Semaine des Sports d'Hiver , or International Winter Sports Week ) would be considered official Olympic events and no longer be considered demonstration events . Thus , the first Olympic medals in curling , which at the time was played outdoors , were awarded for the 1924 Winter Games , with the gold medal won by Great Britain and Ireland , two silver medals by Sweden , and the bronze by France . A demonstration tournament was also held during the 1932 Winter Olympic Games between four teams from Canada and four teams from the United States , with Canada winning 12 games to 4 . Since the 1998 Olympics , Canada has dominated the sport with their men 's teams winning gold in 2006 , 2010 , and 2014 , and silver in 1998 and 2002 . The women 's team won gold in 1998 and 2014 , a silver in 2010 , and a bronze in 2002 and 2006 . The mixed doubles team won gold in 2018 . Equipment ( edit ) The playing area in curling is shown here . Stones must land between the hog line ( bottom of photo ) and the back line ( behind the rings ) and may not contact boards or out lines ( on the sides ) at any time during travel . Curling sheet ( edit ) The playing surface or curling sheet is defined by the World Curling Federation Rules of Curling . It is a rectangular area of ice , carefully prepared to be as flat and level as possible , 146 to 150 feet ( 45 to 46 m ) in length by 14.5 to 16.5 feet ( 4.4 to 5.0 m ) in width . The shorter borders of the sheet are called the backboards . Because of the elongated shape , several sheets may be laid out side by side in the same arena , allowing multiple games to be played simultaneously . A target , the house , is centred on the intersection of the centre line , drawn lengthwise down the centre of the sheet and the tee line , drawn 16 feet ( 4.9 m ) from , and parallel to , the backboard . These lines divide the house into quarters . The house consists of a centre circle ( the button ) and three concentric rings , of diameters 4 , 8 and 12 feet , formed by painting or laying coloured vinyl sheet under the ice and are usually distinguished by colour . A stone must at least touch the outer ring in order to score ( see Scoring below ) ; otherwise the rings are merely a visual aid for aiming and judging which stone is closer to the button . Two hog lines are drawn 37 feet ( 11 m ) from , and parallel to , the backboard . The hacks are fixed 12 feet ( 3.7 m ) behind each button ; a hack gives the thrower something to push against when making the throw . On indoor rinks , there are usually two fixed hacks , rubber - lined holes , one on each side of the centre line , with the inside edge no more than 3 inches ( 76 mm ) from the centre line and the front edge on the hack line . A single moveable hack may also be used . The ice may be natural but is usually frozen by a refrigeration plant pumping a brine solution through numerous pipes fixed lengthwise at the bottom of a shallow pan of water . Most curling clubs have an ice maker whose main job is to care for the ice . At the major curling championships , ice maintenance is extremely important . Large events , such as the Brier or other national / international championships , are typically held in an arena that presents a challenge to the ice maker , who must constantly monitor and adjust the ice and air temperatures as well as air humidity levels to ensure a consistent playing surface . It is common for each sheet of ice to have multiple sensors embedded in order to monitor surface temperature , as well as probes set up in the seating area ( to monitor humidity ) and in the compressor room ( to monitor brine supply and return temperatures ) . The surface of the ice is maintained at a temperature of around 23 ° F ( − 5 ° C ) . A key part of the preparation of the playing surface is the spraying of water droplets onto the ice , which form pebble on freezing . The pebbled ice surface resembles an orange peel , and the stone moves on top of the pebbled ice . As the stone moves over the pebble , any rotation of the stone causes it to curl to the inside or outside . The amount of curl ( commonly referred to as the feet of curl ) can change during a game as the pebble wears ; the ice maker must monitor this and be prepared to scrape and re-pebble the surface prior to each game . A curling sheet , with dimensions in feet ( 1 ' = 1 ft = 0.3 m ) . CL : Centreline HOL : Hogline TL : Teeline BL : Backline HA : Hackline with Hacks FGZ : Free Guard Zone Curling stone ( edit ) The curling stone ( also sometimes called a rock in North America ) is made of granite and is specified by the World Curling Federation , which requires a weight between 38 and 44 pounds ( 17.24 and 19.96 kg ) , a maximum circumference of 36 inches ( 914.4 mm ) and a minimum height of 4.5 inches ( 114.3 mm ) . The only part of the stone in contact with the ice is the running surface , a narrow , flat annulus or ring , 0.25 to 0.50 inches ( 6.4 to 12.7 mm ) wide and about 5 inches ( 130 mm ) in diameter ; the sides of the stone bulge convex down to the ring and the inside of the ring is hollowed concave to clear the ice . This concave bottom was first proposed by J.S. Russell of Toronto , Ontario , Canada sometime after 1870 , and was subsequently adopted by Scottish stone manufacturer Andrew Kay . The curling stone or rock is made of granite An old - style curling stone The granite for the stones comes from two sources : Ailsa Craig , an island off the Ayrshire coast of Scotland , and the Trefor Granite Quarry in Wales . Ailsa Craig is the traditional source and produces two types of granite , Blue Hone and Ailsa Craig Common Green . Blue Hone has very low water absorption , which prevents the action of repeatedly freezing water from eroding the stone . Ailsa Craig Common Green is a lesser quality granite than Blue Hone . In the past , most curling stones were made from Blue Hone but the island is now a wildlife reserve and the quarry is restricted by environmental conditions that exclude blasting . Kays of Scotland has been making curling stones in Mauchline , Ayrshire , since 1851 and has the exclusive rights to the Ailsa Craig granite , granted by the Marquess of Ailsa , whose family has owned the island since 1560 . According to the 1881 Census , Andrew Kay employed 30 people in his curling stone factory in Mauchline . The last harvest of Ailsa Craig granite by Kays took place in 2013 , after a hiatus of 11 years ; 2,000 tons were harvested , sufficient to fill anticipated orders through at least 2020 . Kays have been involved in providing curling stones for the Winter Olympics since Chamonix in 1924 and has been the exclusive manufacturer of curling stones for the Olympics since the 2006 Winter Olympics . Trefor granite comes from the Yr Eifl or Trefor Granite Quarry in the village of Trefor on the north coast of the Llŷn Peninsula in Gwynedd , Wales and has produced granite since 1850 . Trefor granite comes in shades of pink , blue and grey . The quarry supplies curling stone granite exclusively to the Canadian , Canada Curling Stone Co. , which has been producing stones since 1992 and supplied the stones for the 2002 Winter Olympics . A handle is attached by a bolt running vertically through a hole in the centre of the stone . The handle allows the stone to be gripped and rotated upon release ; on properly prepared ice the rotation will bend ( curl ) the path of the stone in the direction in which the front edge of the stone is turning , especially as the stone slows . Handles are coloured to identify each team , two popular colours in major tournaments being red and yellow . In competition , an electronic handle known as the eye on the hog may be fitted to detect hog line violations . This electronically detects whether the thrower 's hand is in contact with the handle as it passes the hog line and indicates a violation by lights at the base of the handle . The eye on the hog eliminates human error and the need for hog line officials . It is mandatory in high - level national and international competition , but its cost , around US $ 650 each , currently puts it beyond the reach of most club curling . Curling broom ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Curling broom The curling broom , or brush , is used to sweep the ice surface in the path of the stone ( see sweeping ) and is also often used as a balancing aid during delivery of the stone . Prior to the 1950s , most curling brooms were made of corn strands and were similar to household brooms of the day . In 1958 , Fern Marchessault of Montreal inverted the corn straw in the centre of the broom . This style of corn broom was referred to as the Blackjack . Artificial brooms made from man - made fabrics rather than corn , such as the Rink Rat , also became common later during this time period . Prior to the late sixties , Scottish curling brushes were used primarily by some of the Scots , as well as by recreational and elderly curlers , as a substitute for corn brooms , since the technique was easier to learn . In the late sixties , competitive curlers from Calgary , Alberta , such as John Mayer , Bruce Stewart , and , later , the world junior championship teams skipped by Paul Gowsell , proved that the curling brush could be just as ( or more ) effective without all the blisters common to corn broom use . During that time period , there was much debate in competitive curling circles as to which sweeping device was more effective : brush or broom . Eventually , the brush won out with the majority of curlers making the switch to the less costly and more efficient brush . Today , brushes have replaced traditional corn brooms at every level of curling ; it is rare now to see a curler using a corn broom on a regular basis . Curling brushes may have fabric , hog hair , or horsehair heads . Modern curling brush handles are usually hollow tubes made of fibreglass or carbon fibre instead of a solid length of wooden dowel . These hollow tube handles are lighter and stronger than wooden handles , allowing faster sweeping and also enabling more downward force to be applied to the broom head with reduced shaft flex . New , `` directional fabric '' brooms , which players are worried will alter the fundamentals of the sport by reducing the level of skill required , have been accused of giving players an unfair advantage . The new brooms were temporarily banned by the World Curling Federation and Curling Canada for the 2015 -- 2016 season . The new brooms give sweepers unprecedented control over the direction the stone goes . Shoes ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Curling shoes , showing a slider sole Curling shoes are similar to ordinary athletic shoes except that they have dissimilar soles ; the slider shoe ( usually known as a `` slider '' ) is designed for the sliding foot and the `` gripper shoe '' ( usually known as a gripper ) for the hack foot . The slider is designed to slide and typically has a Teflon sole . It is worn by the thrower during delivery from the hack and by sweepers or the skip to glide down the ice when sweeping or otherwise traveling down the sheet quickly . Stainless steel was once common for slider soles , and `` red brick '' sliders with lateral blocks of PVC on the sole are also available . Most shoes have a full - sole sliding surface , but some shoes have a sliding surface covering only the outline of the shoe and other enhancements with the full - sole slider . Some shoes have small disc sliders covering the front and heel portions or only the front portion of the foot , which allow more flexibility in the sliding foot for curlers playing with tuck deliveries . When a player is not throwing , the player 's slider shoe can be temporarily rendered non-slippery by using a slip - on gripper . Ordinary athletic shoes may be converted to sliders by using a step - on or slip - on Teflon slider or by applying electrical or gaffer tape directly to the sole or over a piece of cardboard . This arrangement often suits casual or beginning players . The gripper is worn by the thrower on the hack foot during delivery and is designed to grip the ice . It may have a normal athletic shoe sole or a special layer of rubbery material applied to the sole of a thickness to match the sliding shoe . The toe of the hack foot shoe may also have a rubberised coating on the top surface or a flap that hangs over the toe to reduce wear on the top of the shoe as it drags on the ice behind the thrower . Other equipment ( edit ) Other types of equipment include : Curling pants , made to be stretchy to accommodate the curling delivery . A stopwatch to time the stones over a fixed distance to calculate their speed . Stopwatches can be attached either to clothing or the broom . Curling gloves and mittens , to keep the hands warm and improve grip on the broom . Gameplay ( edit ) At the 2006 Winter Olympics , Mark Nichols from Team Canada delivers a stone while his teammates look on , ready to begin sweeping . The curler uses his broom to help keep his balance during delivery . The purpose of a game is to score points by getting stones closer to the house centre , or the `` button '' , than the other team 's stones . Players from either team alternate in taking shots from the far side of the sheet . An end is complete when all eight rocks from each team have been delivered , a total of sixteen stones . If the teams are tied at the end of the game , play continues for as many ends as may be required to break the tie . The winner is the team with the highest score after all ends have been completed ( see Scoring below ) . A game may be conceded if considered unwinnable . International competitive games are generally ten ends , so most of the national championships that send a representative to the World Championships or Olympics also play ten ends . However , there is a movement on the World Curling Tour to make the games only eight ends . Most tournaments on that tour are eight ends , as are the vast majority of recreational games . In international competition , each side is given 73 minutes to complete all of its throws . Each team is also allowed two minute - long timeouts per 10 - end game . If extra ends are required , each team is allowed 10 minutes of playing time to complete its throws and one added 60 - second timeout for each extra end . However , the `` thinking time '' system , in which the delivering team 's game timer stops as soon as the shooter 's rock crosses the t - line during the delivery , is becoming more popular , especially in Canada . This system allows each team 38 minutes per 10 ends , or 30 minutes per 8 ends , to make strategic and tactical decisions , with 4 minutes and 30 seconds an end for extra ends . The `` thinking time '' system was implemented after it was recognized that teams playing aggressively ( using draws and other low - weight shots which take more time for the stones to come to rest ) were essentially being penalized in terms of the time they had available compared to teams which primarily use hits which require far less time per shot . Delivery ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The process of sliding a stone down the sheet is known as the delivery . The skip , or the captain of the team , will usually determine the required weight , turn , and line of the stone . These will be influenced by the tactics at this point in the game , which may involve taking out , blocking or tapping another stone . The weight of the stone is its velocity , which depends on the leg drive of the delivery rather than the arm . The turn or curl is the rotation of the stone , which gives it a curved trajectory . The line is the direction of the throw ignoring the effect of the turn . The skip may communicate the weight , turn , line , and other tactics by calling or tapping a broom on the ice . In the case of a takeout , guard , or a tap , the skip will indicate the stones involved . Before delivery , the running surface of the stone is wiped clean and the path across the ice swept with the broom if necessary , because any dirt on the bottom of a stone or in its path can alter the trajectory and ruin the shot . Intrusion by a foreign object is called a pick - up or pick . Players must push out of the hack to deliver their stones . 95 % of hacks in use around the world are Marco Hacks , which were invented in the 1980s by Marco Ferraro . Outdoor curling on Stormont Loch . The stone is delivered from an iron crampit rather than the hack used indoors The thrower throws from the hack . Another player , usually the skip , is stationed behind the button to determine the tactics , weight , turn , and line , and the other two may sweep in front of the stone to influence the trajectory ( see Sweeping , below ) . The players , with the exception of the skip , take turns throwing and sweeping ; when one player ( e.g. , the lead ) throws , the players not throwing ( the second and third ) sweep . When the skip throws , the third , or vice-skip , takes his role . The thrower 's gripper shoe ( with the non-slippery sole ) is positioned against one of the hacks ; for a right - handed curler the right foot is placed against the left hack and vice versa for a left - hander . The thrower , now in the hack , lines the body up with shoulders square to the skip 's broom at the far end for line . The stone is placed in front of the foot now in the hack . Rising slightly from the hack , the thrower pulls the stone back ( some older curlers may actually raise the stone in this backward movement ) then lunges smoothly out from the hack pushing the stone ahead while the slider foot is moved in front of the gripper foot , which trails behind . The thrust from this lunge determines the weight and hence the distance the stone will travel . While not compulsory , most curlers deliver the stone while sliding out from the hack . Balance may be assisted by a broom held in the free hand with the back of the broom down so that it slides . One older writer suggests the player keep `` a basilisk glance '' at the mark . There are two current types of delivery , the common flat - foot deliver as well as the Manitoba tuck delivery where the curler slides on the front ball of his foot . The stone is released as the thrower approaches the hog line , at which point the turn is imparted by a slight clockwise or counter-clockwise twist of the handle from around the two or ten o'clock position to the twelve o'clock on release . A typical rate of turn is about 2 ⁄ rotations before coming to a rest . The stone must be released before its front edge crosses the near hog line , and it must clear the far hog line or else be removed from play ( hogged ) ; an exception is made if a stone fails to come to rest beyond the far hog line after rebounding from a stone in play just past the hog line . The release rule is rarely enforced in club play unless abuse is suspected . However , in major tournaments it is strictly enforced ; the `` eye on the hog '' sensor in the stone will indicate whether the stone has been legally thrown or not . The lights on the stone handle will either light up green , indicating that the stone has been legally thrown , or red , in which case the illegally thrown stone will be immediately pulled from play instead of waiting for the stone to come to rest . Sweeping ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The skip of Team Sweden joins the front end in sweeping a stone into the house at the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver After the stone is delivered , its trajectory is still influenced by the two sweepers under instruction from the skip . Sweeping is done for several reasons : to reduce friction underneath the stone , to decrease the amount of curl , and to clean debris from the stone 's path . The stones curl more as they slow down , so sweeping early in travel tends to increase distance as well as straighten the path , and sweeping after sideways motion is established can increase the sideways distance . When sweeping , pressure and speed of the brush head are key in slightly increasing the layer of moisture that builds up under the stone . One of the basic technical aspects of curling is knowing when to sweep . When the ice in front of the stone is swept , a stone will usually travel both farther and straighter . In some situations , one of the two alterations in path is not desirable . For example , a stone may have too much weight , but require sweeping to prevent curling into a guard . The team must decide which is better : getting by the guard but traveling too far , or hitting the guard . Much of the yelling that goes on during a curling game is the skip calling the line of the shot and the sweepers calling the weight . The skip evaluates the path of the stone and calls to the sweepers to sweep as necessary to maintain the intended track . The sweepers themselves are responsible for judging the weight of the stone , ensuring the length of travel is correct and communicating the weight of the stone back to the skip . Some teams use stopwatch timing , from back line to the nearest hog line as a sweeping aid . Many teams use the Number System to communicate in which of 10 playable zones it is estimated the stone will stop . Usually , the two sweepers will be on opposite sides of the stone 's path , although depending on which side the sweepers ' strengths lie this may not always be the case . Speed and pressure are vital to sweeping . In gripping the broom , one hand should be one third of the way from the top ( non-brush end ) of the handle while the other hand should be one third of the way from the head of the broom . The angle of the broom to the ice should be so that the most force possible can be exerted on the ice . The precise amount of pressure may vary from relatively light brushing ( `` just cleaning '' - to ensure debris will not alter the stone 's path ) to maximum - pressure scrubbing . Sweeping is allowed anywhere on the ice up to the tee line , as long as it is only for one 's own team stones . Once the leading edge of a team stone crosses the tee line only one player may sweep it . Additionally , when a stone crosses the tee line , one player from the other team is allowed to sweep it . This is the only case that a stone may be swept by an opposing team member . In international rules , this player must be the skip ; or if the skip is throwing , then the sweeping player must be the third . Burning a stone ( edit ) Occasionally , players may accidentally touch a stone with their broom or a body part . This is often referred to as burning a stone . Players touching a stone in such a manner are expected to call their own infraction as a matter of good sportsmanship . Touching a stationary stone when no stones are in motion ( there is no delivery in progress ) is not an infraction ( unless the stationary stone is struck in such a manner that its position is altered ) , and is a common way for the skip to indicate a stone that is to be taken out . When a stone is touched when stones are in play , the remedies vary between placing the stones as they end up after the touch , replacing the stones as they would have been if no stone were touched , or removal of the touched stone from play . In non-officiated league play , the skip of the non-offending team has the final say on where the stones are placed after the infraction . Types of shots ( edit ) Two ways to get the end with the last stone , playing a draw Many different types of shots are used to carefully place stones for strategic or tactical reasons ; they fall into three fundamental categories as follows : Guards are thrown in front of the house in the free guard zone , usually to protect the shot - rock ( the stone closest to the button at the time ) or to make the opposing team 's shot difficult . Guard shots include the centre - guard , on the centreline and the corner - guards to the left or right sides of the centre line . See Free Guard Zone below . Draws are thrown only to reach the house . Draw shots include raise and angle - raise , come - around , and freeze shots . Takeouts are intended to remove stones from play and include the peel , hit - and - roll and double shots . For a more complete listing , see Glossary of curling terms . Free guard zone ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Until four stones have been played ( two from each side ) , stones in the free guard zone ( those stones left in the area between the hog and tee lines , excluding the house ) may not be removed by an opponent 's stone ( although they can be moved as long as they are not taken out of play ) . These are known as guard rocks . If the guard rocks are removed , they are placed back in the positions they were before the shot was thrown , and the opponent 's stone is removed from play and can not be replayed . This rule is known as the four - rock rule or the free guard zone rule ( for a while in Canada , a `` three - rock rule '' was in place , but that rule has been replaced by the four - rock rule ) . This rule , a relatively recent addition to curling , was added in response to a strategy of `` peeling '' opponents ' guard stones ( knocking them out of play at an angle that caused the shooter 's stone to also roll out of play , leaving no stones on the ice ) . A team in the lead would often employ this strategy during the game . By knocking all stones out , the opponents could at best score one point ( if they had the hammer ) . Alternatively , the team with the hammer could peel rock after rock , which would blank the end , keeping the last rock advantage for another end . This strategy had developed ( mostly in Canada ) as ice - makers had become skilled at creating a predictable ice surface and the adoption of brushes allowed greater control over the rock . While a sound strategy , this made for an unexciting game . Observers at the time noted that if two teams equally skilled in the peel game faced each other on good ice , the outcome of the game would be predictable from who won the coin flip to have last rock ( or had earned it in the schedule ) at the beginning of the game . The 1990 Brier was considered by many curling fans as boring to watch because of the amount of peeling and the quick adoption of the Free Guard Zone the following year reflected how disliked this aspect of the game had become . The free guard zone was originally called the Modified Moncton Rule and was developed from a suggestion made by Russ Howard for the Moncton 100 cashspiel ( with the richest prize ever awarded at the time in a tournament ) in Moncton , New Brunswick , in January 1990 . `` Howard 's Rule '' ( later known as the Moncton Rule ) , used for the tournament and based on a practice drill his team used , had the first four rocks in play unable to be removed no matter where they were at any time during the end . This method of play was altered by restricting the area in which a stone was protected to the free guard zone only for the first four rocks thrown and adopted as a Four - rock Free Guard Zone for international competition shortly after . Canada kept to the traditional rules until a three - rock Free Guard Zone rule was adopted for the 1993 -- 94 season . After several years of having the three - rock rule used for the Canadian championships and the winners then having to adjust to the four - rock rule in the World Championships , the Canadian Curling Association adopted the now - standard Free Guard Zone in the 2002 -- 2003 season . One strategy that has been developed by curlers in response to the Free Guard Zone ( Kevin Martin from Alberta is one of the best examples ) is the `` tick '' game , where a shot is made attempting to knock ( tick ) the guard to the side , far enough that it is difficult or impossible to use but still remaining in play while the shot itself goes out of play . The effect is functionally identical to peeling the guard but significantly harder , as a shot that hits the guard too hard ( knocking it out of play ) results in its being replaced , while not hitting it hard enough can result in its still being tactically useful for the opposition . There is also a greater chance that the shot will miss the guard entirely because of the greater accuracy required to make the shot . Because of the difficulty of making this type of shot , only the best teams will normally attempt it , and it does not dominate the game the way the peel formerly did . Steve Gould from Manitoba popularized ticks played across the face . These are easier to make because they impart less speed on the object stone , therefore increasing the chance that it remains in play even if a bigger chunk of it is hit . Hammer ( edit ) Last - rock or last - stone advantage in an end is called the hammer . Before the game , teams typically decide who gets the hammer in the first end either by chance ( such as a coin toss ) , by a `` draw - to - the - button '' contest , where a representative of each team shoots to see who gets closer to the centre of the rings , or , particularly in tournament settings like the Winter Olympics , by a comparison of each team 's win - loss record . In all subsequent ends , the hammer belongs to the team that did not score in the preceding end . In the event that neither team scores , the hammer remains with the same team . Naturally , it is easier to score points with the hammer than without ; in tournament play , the team with the hammer generally tries to score two or more points . If only one point is possible , the skip will often try to avoid scoring at all in order to retain the hammer until the next end , when two or more points may lie . This is called a blank end . Scoring without the hammer is commonly referred to as stealing , or a steal , and is much more difficult . Strategy ( edit ) Diagram of the play area in curling , showing the four - foot zone , corner guard , and centre line guard Curling is a game of strategy , tactics and skill . The strategy depends on the team 's skill , the opponent 's skill , the conditions of the ice , the score of the game , how many ends remain and whether the team has last - stone advantage ( the hammer ) . A team may play an end aggressively or defensively . Aggressive playing will put a lot of stones in play by throwing mostly draws ; this makes for an exciting game and is very risky but the reward can be very great . Defensive playing will throw a lot of hits preventing a lot of stones in play ; this tends to be less exciting and less risky . A good drawing team will usually opt to play aggressively , while a good hitting team will opt to play defensively . If a team does not have the hammer in an end , it will opt to try to clog up the four - foot zone in the house to deny the opposing team access to the button . This can be done by throwing `` centre line '' guards in front of the house on the centre line , which can be tapped into the house later or drawn around . If a team has the hammer , they will try to keep this four - foot zone free so that they have access to the button area at all times . A team with the hammer may throw a corner guard as their first stone of an end placed in front of the house but outside the four - foot zone to utilize the free guard zone . Corner guards are key for a team to score two points in an end , because they can either draw around it later or hit and roll behind it , making the opposing team 's shot to remove it more difficult . Ideally , the strategy in an end for a team with the hammer is to score two points or more . Scoring one point is often a wasted opportunity , as they will then lose last - rock advantage for the next end . If a team can not score two points , they will often attempt to `` blank an end '' by removing any leftover opposition rocks and rolling out ; or , if there are no opposition rocks , just throwing the rock through the house so that no team scores any points , and the team with the hammer can try again the next end to score two or more with it . Generally , a team without the hammer would want to either force the team with the hammer to only one point ( so that they can get the hammer back ) or `` steal '' the end by scoring one or more points of their own . Generally , the larger the lead a team will have in a game , the more defensively they should play . By hitting all of the opponent 's stones , it removes opportunities for their getting multiple points , therefore defending the lead . If the leading team is quite comfortable , leaving their own stones in play can also be dangerous . Guards can be drawn around by the other team , and stones in the house can be tapped back ( if they are in front of the tee line ) or frozen onto ( if they are behind the tee line ) . A frozen stone is difficult to remove , because it is `` frozen '' ( in front of and touching ) to the opponents stone . At this point , a team will opt for `` peels '' , meaning that the stones they throw will be to not only hit their opposition stones , but to roll out of play as well . Peels are hits that are thrown with the most amount of power . Conceding a game ( edit ) It is not uncommon at any level for a losing team to terminate the match before all ends are completed if it believes it no longer has a realistic chance of winning . Competitive games end once the losing team has `` run out of rocks '' -- that is , once it has fewer stones in play and available for play than the number of points needed to tie the game . Dispute resolution ( edit ) Measuring which stone is closest to the centre of the house Most decisions about rules are left to the skips , although in official tournaments , decisions may be left to the officials . However , all scoring disputes are handled by the vice skip . No players other than the vice skip from each team should be in the house while score is being determined . In tournament play , the most frequent circumstance in which a decision has to be made by someone other than the vice skip is the failure of the vice skips to agree on which stone is closest to the button . An independent official ( supervisor at Canadian and World championships ) then measures the distances using a specially designed device that pivots at the centre of the button . When no independent officials are available , the vice skips measure the distances . Scoring ( edit ) A typical curling scoreboard used at clubs , which use a method of scoring different from the ones used on television The winner is the team having the highest number of accumulated points at the completion of ten ends . Points are scored at the conclusion of each of these ends as follows : when each team has thrown its eight stones , the team with the stone closest to the button wins that end ; the winning team is then awarded one point for each of its own stones lying closer to the button than the opponent 's closest stone . Only stones that are in the house are considered in the scoring . A stone is in the house if it lies within the 12 - foot ( 3.7 m ) zone or any portion of its edge lies over the edge of the ring . Since the bottom of the stone is rounded , a stone just barely in the house will not have any actual contact with the ring , which will pass under the rounded edge of the stone , but it still counts . This type of stone is known as a biter . It may not be obvious to the eye which of two rocks is closer to the button ( centre ) or if a rock is actually biting or not . There are specialized devices to make these determinations , but these can not be brought out until after an end is completed . Therefore , a team may make strategic decisions during an end based on assumptions of rock position that turn out to be incorrect . The score is marked on a scoreboard , of which there are two types ; the baseball type and the club scoreboard . The baseball - style scoreboard was created for televised games for audiences not familiar with the club scoreboard . The ends are marked by columns 1 through 10 ( or 11 for the possibility of an extra end to break ties ) plus an additional column for the total . Below this are two rows , one for each team , containing the team 's score for that end and their total score in the right hand column . The club scoreboard is traditional and used in most curling clubs . Scoring on this board only requires the use of ( up to ) 11 digit cards , whereas with baseball - type scoring an unknown number of multiples of the digits ( especially low digits like 1 ) may be needed . The numbered centre row represents all possible accumulated scores , and the numbers placed in the team rows represent the end in which that team achieved that cumulative score . If the red team scores three points in the first end ( called a three - ender ) , then a 1 ( indicating the first end ) is placed beside the number 3 in the red row . If they score two more in the second end , then a 2 will be placed beside the 5 in the red row , indicating that the red team has five points in total ( 3 + 2 ) . This scoreboard works because only one team can get points in an end . However , some confusion may arise if neither team scores points in an end , this is called a blank end . The blank end numbers are usually listed in the farthest column on the right in the row of the team that has the hammer ( last rock advantage ) , or on a special spot for blank ends . The following example illustrates the difference between the two types . The example illustrates the men 's final at the 2006 Winter Olympics . Baseball - style scoreboard Team 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final Canada 0 0 6 0 0 x x 10 Finland 0 0 0 0 0 x x Curling club - style scoreboard Canada 6 Points 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Blank ends Finland 5 8 7 Eight points -- all the rocks thrown by one team counting -- is the highest score possible in an end , and is known as an `` eight - ender '' or `` snowman '' . Scoring an eight - ender against a relatively competent team is very difficult ; in curling , it is considered the equivalent of pitching a perfect game in baseball . Probably the best - known snowman came at the 2006 Players ' Championships . Future ( 2007 ) World Champion Kelly Scott scored eight points in one of her games against 1998 World bronze medalist Cathy King . Curling culture ( edit ) The Curlers ( 1835 ) by Sir George Harvey Curling ; -- a Scottish Game , at Central Park ( 1862 ) by John George Brown Curling at Carsebreck ( 1899 ) by Charles Martin Hardie Competition teams are normally named after the skip , for example , Team Martin after skip Kevin Martin . Amateur league players can ( and do ) creatively name their teams , but when in competition ( a bonspiel ) the official team will have a standard name . Top curling championships are typically played by all - male or all - female teams . It is known as mixed curling when a team consists of two men and two women . For many years , in the absence of world championship or Olympic mixed curling events , national championships ( of which the Canadian Mixed Curling Championship was the most prominent ) were the highest - level mixed curling competitions . However , a European Mixed Curling Championship was inaugurated in 2005 , a World Mixed Doubles Curling Championship was established in 2008 , and the European Mixed Championship was replaced with the World Mixed Curling Championship in 2015 . A mixed tournament was held at the Olympic level for the first time in 2018 , although it was a doubles tournament , not a four - person . Curling tournaments may use the Schenkel system for determining the participants in matches . Curling is played in many countries , including Canada , the United Kingdom ( especially Scotland ) , the United States , Norway , Sweden , Switzerland , Denmark , Finland and Japan , all of which compete in the world championships . Curling has been depicted by many artists including : George Harvey , John Levack , The Dutch School , Charles Martin Hardie , John Elliot Maguire , John McGhie , and John George Brown . Curling is particularly popular in Canada . Improvements in ice making and changes in the rules to increase scoring and promote complex strategy have increased the already high popularity of the sport in Canada , and large television audiences watch annual curling telecasts , especially the Scotties Tournament of Hearts ( the national championship for women ) , the Tim Hortons Brier ( the national championship for men ) , and the women 's and men 's world championships . Despite the Canadian province of Manitoba 's small population ( ranked 5th of 10 Canadian provinces ) , Manitoban teams have won the Brier more times than teams from any other province . The Tournament of Hearts and the Brier are contested by provincial and territorial champions , and the world championships by national champions . Curling is the provincial sport of Saskatchewan . From there Ernie Richardson and his family team dominated Canadian and international curling during the late 1950s and early 1960s and have been considered to be the best male curlers of all time . Sandra Schmirler led her team to the first ever gold medal in women 's curling in the 1998 Winter Olympics . When she died two years later from cancer , over 15,000 people attended her funeral , and it was broadcast on national television . Good sportsmanship ( edit ) More so than in many other team sports , good sportsmanship , often referred to as the `` Spirit of Curling '' , is an integral part of curling . In the United States there was even a theology of curling . The Spirit of Curling also leads teams to congratulate their opponents for making a good shot , strong sweeping or spectacular form . Perhaps most importantly , the Spirit of Curling dictates that one never cheers mistakes , misses or gaffes by one 's opponent ( unlike most team sports ) and one should not celebrate one 's own good shots during the game beyond modest acknowledgement of the shot such as a head nod , fist bump or thumbs - up gesture . Modest congratulation , however , may be exchanged between winning team members after the match . On - the - ice celebration is usually reserved for the winners of a major tournament after winning the final game of the championship . It is completely unacceptable to attempt to throw opposing players off their game by way of negative comment , distraction or heckling . A match traditionally begins with players shaking hands with and saying `` good curling '' or `` have a pleasant game '' to each member of the opposing team . It is also traditional in some areas for the winning team to buy the losing team a drink after the game . Even at the highest levels of play , players are expected to call their own fouls . It is not uncommon for a team to concede a curling match after it believes it no longer has any hope of winning . Concession is an honourable act and does not carry the stigma associated with quitting , and also allows for more socializing . To concede a match , members of the losing team offer congratulatory handshakes to the winning team . Thanks , wishes of future good luck and hugs are usually exchanged between the teams . To continue playing when a team has no realistic chance of winning can be seen as a breach of etiquette . Accessibility in curling ( edit ) Main article : Wheelchair curling Team China at WWHCC 2009 Curling has been adapted for wheelchair users and people otherwise unable to throw the stone from the hack . These curlers may use a device known as a `` delivery stick '' . The cue holds on to the handle of the stone and is then pushed along by the curler . At the end of delivery , the curler pulls back on the cue , which releases it from the stone . The Canadian Curling Association Rules of Curling allows the use of a delivery stick in club play but does not permit it in championships . The delivery stick was specifically invented for elderly curlers in Canada in 1999 . In early 2016 an international initiative started to allow use of the delivery sticks by players over 60 years of age in World Curling Federation Senior Championships , as well as in any projected Masters ( 60 + ) Championship that develops in the future . Terminology ( edit ) For an extensive glossary of terminology , see Glossary of curling . Terms used to describe the game include : The ice in the game may be fast ( keen ) or slow . If the ice is keen , a rock will travel farther with a given amount of weight ( throwing force ) on it . The speed of the ice is measured in seconds . One such measure , known as `` hog - to - hog '' time , is the speed of the stone and is the time in seconds the rock takes from the moment it crosses the near hog line till it crosses the far hog line . If this number is lower , the rock is moving faster , so again low numbers mean more speed . The ice in a match will be somewhat consistent and thus this measure of speed can also be used to measure how far down the ice the rock will travel . Once it is determined that a rock taking ( for example ) 13 seconds to go from hog line to hog line will stop on the tee line , the curler can know that if the hog - to - hog time is matched by a future stone , that stone will likely stop at approximately the same location . As an example , on keen ice , common times might be 16 seconds for guards , 14 seconds for draws , and 8 seconds for peel weight . The back line to hog line speed is used principally by sweepers to get an initial sense of the weight of a stone . As an example , on keen ice , common times might be 4.0 seconds for guards , 3.8 seconds for draws , 3.2 for normal hit weight , and 2.9 seconds for peel weight . Especially at the club level , this metric can be misleading , due to amateurs sometimes pushing stones on release , causing the stone to travel faster than the back - to - hog speed . Champions and major championships ( edit ) World Women 's Championship trophy Curling at the Winter Olympics World Curling Championships World Junior Curling Championships World Senior Curling Championships World Mixed Doubles Curling Championship European Curling Championships Continental Cup of Curling Tim Hortons Brier Scotties Tournament of Hearts United States Men 's Curling Championship United States Women 's Curling Championship Canada Cup of Curling European Mixed Curling Championship Notable curling clubs ( edit ) Main article : List of curling clubs Notable curling clubs Bemidji Curling Club -- Bemidji , Minnesota , Home of the 2006 United States Men 's & Women 's Olympic Curling Teams Broomstones Curling Club -- Wayland , Massachusetts Chicago Curling Club -- Chicago , Illinois Dakota Curling Club -- Burnsville , Minnesota -- a leading example of the development of new curling clubs on arena ice in the USA Detroit Curling Club -- Ferndale , Michigan Garrison Golf and Curling Club , Kingston , Ontario Grand National Curling Club -- Organization in the United States covering clubs on the east coast Granite Curling Club -- Winnipeg , Manitoba Granite Curling Club -- Seattle , Washington , the only dedicated curling facility on the west coast of the United States Ice Melters Curling Club -- England Markinch Curling Club -- Fife , Scotland Mayflower Curling Club -- Halifax , Nova Scotia Milwaukee Curling Club -- Mequon , Wisconsin -- The oldest curling club in the U.S. -- Since 1845 Ottawa Curling Club -- Ottawa , Ontario Potomac Curling Club -- Laurel , Maryland -- Near Washington , D.C Pittsburgh Curling Club -- Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania -- Established in 2002 Plainfield Curling Club -- South Plainfield , New Jersey Rideau Curling Club -- Ottawa , Ontario Royal Caledonian Curling Club -- Scotland , the official Mother Club of curling Royal Montreal Curling Club -- Montreal , Quebec , the oldest active athletic club in North America Royal City Curling Club -- New Westminster , British Columbia Saint Paul Curling Club -- St. Paul , Minnesota -- Founded in 1885 . Club with largest active membership in the United States ( over 1000 members ) . Utica Curling Club -- Utica , New York Kilsyth Curling Club -- the first constituted curling club in the world Wausau Curling Club -- Wausau , Wisconsin -- Home of the Tietge Bonspiel , the oldest and largest high school curling bonspiel in the U.S. In popular culture ( edit ) Curling is featured prominently in `` Boy Meets Curl '' , the twelfth episode of the comedy series The Simpsons ' twenty - first season . The episode aired on the Fox network in the United States on 14 February 2010 . Men with Brooms is a 2002 Canadian film that takes a satirical look at curling . A TV adaptation , also titled Men with Brooms , debuted in 2010 on CBC Television . The Corner Gas episode `` Hurry Hard '' involves the townspeople of Dog River competing in a local curling bonspiel for the fictitious `` Clavet Cup '' . The episode also features cameos by Canadian curlers Randy Ferbey and Dave Nedohin . See also ( edit ) Scotland portal Sport portal Olympics portal Glossary of curling Grand Slam of Curling List of curlers United States Curling Association University and college curling Women 's curling Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Curling Makes Gains in U.S. Popularity '' . Yahoo ! Sports . 19 November 2011 . Archived from the original on 2 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Wetzel , Dan ( 19 February 2010 ) . `` Do n't take curling for granite '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Archived from the original on 25 February 2010 . Retrieved 4 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' Chess on ice ' '' . Princeton Allumni Weekly . 28 January 2009 . Archived from the original on 23 July 2011 . Retrieved 10 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Chess on ice '' . The Curling News . 22 June 2007 . Archived from the original on 15 May 2011 . Retrieved 10 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Wooden Curling Stone '' . Wisconsin Historical Society . 23 February 2006 . Archived from the original on 5 November 2010 . Retrieved 14 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The world 's oldest curling stone '' . The Stirling Smith Art Gallery and Museum . Retrieved 15 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` History of the Game '' . Scottish Curling . Retrieved 14 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Eberlin , Amy . `` The Flemish and the game of ' curling ' '' . Scotland and the Flemish People . University of St Andrews . Retrieved 16 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Kerr , John ( 1890 ) . The History of Curling : And Fifty Years of the Royal Caledonian Curling Club . Edinburgh : David Douglas . p. 79 . Retrieved 14 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Adamson , Henry . `` The muses threnodie , or , mirthfull mournings , on the death of Master Gall Containing varietie of pleasant poëticall descriptions , morall instructions , historiall narrations , and divine observations , with the most remarkable antiquities of Scotland , especially at Perth By Mr. H. Adamson . '' Jump up ^ `` Curling '' . Olympic Games . Retrieved 14 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` SND '' . Dsl.ac.uk . Archived from the original on 7 March 2012 . Retrieved 4 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Kerr , John ( 1890 ) . History of curling , Scotland 's ain game , and fifty years of the Royal Caledonian Curling Club . Edinburgh : David Douglas . p. 115 . Retrieved 16 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Kilsyth Curling History '' . Paperclip.org.uk . Archived from the original on 5 February 2012 . Retrieved 4 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Curling : History '' . Olympic Sport History . International Olympic Committee . 4 February 2018 . Retrieved 7 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Ramsay , John ( 1882 ) . An Account of the Game of Curling , with Songs for the Canon - Mills Curling Club . Edinburgh . Retrieved 16 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Wooden Curling Stone '' . Wisconsin Historical Society ( in Lodi ) . 23 April 2013 . Retrieved 14 February 2018 . CS1 maint : Unrecognized language ( link ) Jump up ^ Kerr , John ( 1890 ) . History of curling , Scotland 's ain game , and fifty years of the Royal Caledonian Curling Club . Edinburgh : David Douglas . Retrieved 16 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Cairnie , J. ( 1833 ) . Essay on curling , and artificial pond making . Glasgow : W.R. McPhun . Retrieved 16 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Watson , Thomas ( 1894 ) . Kirkintilloch , town and parish . Glasgow : J. Smith . p. 312 . Retrieved 13 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Bell , Henry Glassford ( 1874 ) . The Poetical Works of David Gray . J. Maclehose . pp. 16 -- 17 . Retrieved 11 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Schorstein , Jon ( director ) . `` The Grand Match '' . Moving Image Archive . National Library of Scotland . Retrieved 19 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Nate Baker ( ed . ) . The Book of Old Darvel and Some of its Famous Sons . Darvel : Walker & Connell . pp. 12 -- 13 . ^ Jump up to : Doug Maxwell . Canada Curls - An Illustrated History of Curling in Canada . Whitecap Books . Jump up ^ `` The Royal Montreal Curling Club '' . Archived from the original on 6 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` WCF rankings '' . Archived from the original on 20 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Campbell , Scott ( 22 April 2015 ) . `` A brief curling club history '' . Arnprior Chronicle - Guide . Ontario . Retrieved 19 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Mixed Doubles curling confirmed for PyeongChang 2018 Olympics '' . World Curling Federation . Retrieved 18 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Lattimer , George M. , ed. ( 1932 ) . `` III Winter Olympic Games , Lake Placid 1932 , Official Report '' ( PDF ) . pp. 255 -- 258 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 10 April 2008 . Retrieved 14 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Canadians Win At Curling : Beat United States , 12 Games to 3 , in Exhibition Series and after all olympic matches they have a giant ice orgy with all the countries ! '' . The New York Times . 6 February 1932 . Sports , p. 20 . Archived from the original on 15 June 2011 . Retrieved 13 August 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Rules of Curling and Rules of Competition '' . World Curling Federation . June 2008 . Archived from the original on 12 March 2010 . Retrieved 7 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Branch , John ( 17 August 2009 ) . `` Curlers Are Finicky When It Comes to Their Olympic Ice '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 6 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` USA - Today : Curlers Play Nice and Leave No Stone Unturned '' ( Press release ) . Twin Cities Curling Association . Archived from the original on 2 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Smooth operators : They make Olympic ice nice '' . Today in Vancouver . MSNBC. 23 February 2010 . Archived from the original on 4 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` About Curling / Stones '' . Anchorage Curling Club . Archived from the original on 15 April 2012 . Retrieved 4 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1881 Census entry for Haugh , Mauchline , Ayrshire GRO Ref Volume 604 EnumDist 1 Page 3 '' . Scotland 's People . Retrieved 19 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` News '' . Kays of Scotland . Archived from the original on 26 February 2013 . Retrieved 4 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Mauchline , 9 Barskimming Road , Kay 's Curling Stone Factory '' . Canmore . Retrieved 19 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Welsh Stone Forum newsletter '' ( PDF ) . October 2004 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2 February 2014 . Retrieved 26 January 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The History of Curling '' . Canadian Curling Association . 18 January 2013 . Archived from the original on 10 February 2014 . Retrieved 10 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top curling teams say they wo n't use high - tech brooms '' . CBC News . 16 October 2015 . Archived from the original on 22 October 2015 . Retrieved 21 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Curling Canada bans broom heads with ' directional fabric ' '' . Ctvnews.ca . Archived from the original on 1 January 2016 . Retrieved 7 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Ouellette , Jennifer ( 12 June 2016 ) . `` Here 's the Physics Behind the ' Broomgate ' Controversy Rocking the Sport of Curling '' . Gizmodo . Archived from the original on 12 June 2016 . Retrieved 13 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Curling Shoes : Choosing a Slider '' . Archived from the original on 18 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Curling Explained to non Curlers by Cameron Scott '' . Sporting Life 360 . 14 February 2010 . Archived from the original on 9 February 2014 . Retrieved 10 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Eight is Great ! Asham World Curling Tour Events , Including Grand Slams , move to Eight - End Format '' . World Curling Tour . World Curling Tour . Archived from the original on 19 September 2016 . Retrieved 18 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rules of Curling for General Play '' . Canadian Curling Association . October 2014 . Archived from the original on 29 November 2014 . Retrieved 20 November 2014 . Jump up ^ DeSaulniers , Darren ( 26 March 2010 ) . `` Ferraro 's hack innovation remains curling standard '' . Ottawa Citizen . Pressreader.com . p . B5 . Archived from the original on 4 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Bannerman , Gordon ( 11 November 2013 ) . `` Curling : Stormont Loch hosts outdoor bonspiel '' . Daily Record . Retrieved 20 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Syers , Edgar and Madge ( 1908 ) . The book of winter sports . London : Edward Arnold . p. 29 . Retrieved 17 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Kerr , John ( 1890 ) . History of curling , Scotland 's ain game , and fifty years of the Royal Caledonian Curling Club . Edinburgh : David Douglas . p. 402 . Retrieved 16 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Paul Wiecek ( 7 March 2016 ) . `` Team of ' tuckers ' '' . Winnipeg Free Press . Archived from the original on 8 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` '' Why Curlers Sweep the Ice `` '' . Business Insider. 14 February 2014 . Archived from the original on 20 August 2017 . Retrieved 20 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rules of Curling for General Play '' ( PDF ) . Canadian Curling Association . September 2007 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 23 May 2016 . Retrieved 7 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Section 7 Basic Strategy '' . The Curling Manual . Retrieved 16 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Shooting Percentages '' . CurlingZone . Archived from the original on 27 September 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Curling 8 Ender '' . YouTube . Archived from the original on 22 September 2011 . Retrieved 20 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Harvey , George . `` The Curlers '' . ArtUK . Retrieved 15 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Harvey , George . `` The Curlers '' . ArtUK . Retrieved 15 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Levack , John . `` The Curlers at Rawyards '' . ArtUK . Retrieved 15 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Dutch School '' . ArtUK . Retrieved 15 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Hardie , Charles Martin . `` Curling at Carsebreck '' . ArtUK . Retrieved 15 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Maguire , John Elliot . `` Curling Stone Workshop '' . ArtUK . Retrieved 15 February 2018 . Jump up ^ McGhie , John . `` The Curlers '' . ArtUK . Retrieved 15 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Curling ; -- a Scottish Game , at Central Park '' . The Museum of Fine Arts , Houston . Retrieved 16 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Kings of the World : The Curling Richardsons '' . CBC Television . 13 March 2004 . Archived from the original on 28 April 2007 . Jump up ^ Rossiter , S. B ( 1898 ) . Curler 's sermons : preached before the Grand National Curling Club . New York : Bonnell , Silver & Co . Retrieved 16 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Spirit of Curling '' . RCMP Curling Club , Ottawa . Archived from the original on 17 May 2013 . Retrieved 23 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Pearson , Patricia ( March -- April 2009 ) . `` How one woman fell in love with curling '' . Best Health . Archived from the original on 9 February 2010 . Retrieved 1 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Section 4 - Using a Throwing Device '' . The Curling School . Curltech . Archived from the original on 16 January 2017 . Retrieved 16 December 2017 . Jump up ^ World Masters Curling World Masters Curling Archived 10 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Catch the fanfare of Fox February '' . The Futon Critic. 25 January 2010 . Retrieved 25 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Men With Brooms IMDB Entry '' . Retrieved 8 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Glennon , Morgan ( 5 January 2012 ) . `` Men With Brooms : Requiem for an Obscure Canadian Sitcom '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved 7 August 2012 . Further reading ( edit ) Mott , Morris ; Allardyce , John ( 1989 ) . Curling Capital Winnipeg and the Roarin ' Game , 1876 to 1988 . Winnipeg : University of Manitoba Press . ISBN 0 - 88755 - 145 - 9 . Richard , Pierre ( 2006 ) . Une Histoire Sociale du Curling au Québec , de 1807 à 1980 ( in French ) . Trois - Rivières : Université du Québec . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Curling . Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Curling . World Curling Federation CBC Digital Archives -- Curling : Sweeping the Nation Bonspiel ! The History of Curling in Canada at Library and Archives Canada curling stones , Smithsonian Center for Folklife and Cultural Heritage . 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"The granite for the stones comes from two sources: Ailsa Craig, an island off the Ayrshire coast of Scotland, and the Trefor Granite Quarry in Wales.",
"The granite for the stones comes from two sources: Ailsa Craig, an island off the Ayrshire coast of Scotland, and the Trefor Granite Quarry in Wales."
] | [
"Ailsa Craig",
"the Trefor Granite Quarry"
] |
9153969368589599627 | The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King | The Lord of the Rings : the Return of the King - wikipedia The Lord of the Rings : the Return of the King Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the 2003 live - action film . For the book from which it was adapted , see The Return of the King . For other uses , see The Return of the King ( disambiguation ) . The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King Theatrical release poster Directed by Peter Jackson Produced by Barrie M. Osborne Fran Walsh Peter Jackson Screenplay by Fran Walsh Philippa Boyens Peter Jackson Based on The Return of the King by J.R.R. Tolkien Starring Elijah Wood Ian McKellen Viggo Mortensen Liv Tyler Sean Astin Cate Blanchett John Rhys - Davies Bernard Hill Billy Boyd Dominic Monaghan Orlando Bloom Hugo Weaving Miranda Otto David Wenham Karl Urban John Noble Andy Serkis Ian Holm Sean Bean Music by Howard Shore Cinematography Andrew Lesnie Edited by Jamie Selkirk Production companies WingNut Films The Saul Zaentz Company Distributed by New Line Cinema Release date 1 December 2003 ( 2003 - 12 - 01 ) ( Wellington ) 17 December 2003 ( 2003 - 12 - 17 ) ( United States ) 18 December 2003 ( 2003 - 12 - 18 ) ( New Zealand ) Running time 201 minutes ( Theatrical ) 251 minutes ( Extended ) Country New Zealand United States Language English Budget $94 million Box office $1.120 billion The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King is a 2003 New Zealand - American epic high fantasy adventure film produced , written and directed by Peter Jackson based on the second and third volumes of J.R.R. Tolkien 's The Lord of the Rings . It is the third and final installment in The Lord of the Rings trilogy , following The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2001 ) and The Two Towers ( 2002 ) , preceding The Hobbit film trilogy ( 2012 -- 14 ) . Released on 17 December 2003 , The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King received widespread acclaim and became one of the most critically and commercially successful films of all time . It was the second film to gross $1 billion worldwide ( $1.12 billion ) , becoming the highest - grossing film released by New Line Cinema , as well as the biggest financial success for Time Warner in general at the time . The film was the highest - grossing film of 2003 and , by the end of its theatrical run , the second highest - grossing film in history . As of November 2017 , it is the sixteenth highest - grossing film of all time . At the 76th Academy Awards , it won all 11 Academy Awards for which it was nominated , therefore holding the record for highest Oscar sweep . The wins included the awards for Best Picture , the first and only time a fantasy film has done so ; it was also the second sequel to win a Best Picture Oscar ( following The Godfather Part II ) and Best Director . The film jointly holds the record for the largest number of Academy Awards won with Ben - Hur ( 1959 ) and Titanic ( 1997 ) . The film has been re-released twice , in 2011 and 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Comparison with the source material 4 Production 4.1 Design 4.2 Principal photography 4.3 Pick - ups 4.4 Editing 4.5 Visual effects 4.6 Sound effects 4.7 Score 5 Release 5.1 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Accolades 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) Many years ago , two Hobbits , Smeagol and Déagol , are playfully fishing when Déagol discovers the One Ring beneath the river . The two quickly begin to fight over the ring , and Smeagol kills his friend . Retreating into the mountains , Smeagol gradually becomes an animalistic creature called Gollum , forgetting his old identity and becoming obsessed with the ring . Gandalf leads Aragorn , Legolas , Gimli , and King Théoden to Isengard where they reunite with Merry and Pippin . With Saruman defeated , Gandalf retrieves Saruman 's palantír . Pippin later steals a glance into the seeing - stone , and suffers a mental attack from Sauron himself . Gandalf deduces that Sauron will attack Gondor 's capital Minas Tirith . He rides there to warn them , taking Pippin with him because Sauron believes Pippin is the ring bearer . Meanwhile , Frodo Baggins and Samwise Gamgee are led by Gollum to Minas Morgul where they witness the Witch - king of Angmar leading an Orc army to drive Denethor 's younger son Faramir from Gondor 's final defences along the river Anduin . The hobbits begin climbing a precarious stair carved in the cliff face that will take them into Mordor via a ' secret way ' . But having overheard Gollum 's plot to regain the Ring , Sam keeps a suspicious eye on him . Sauron 's army strikes and overwhelms the city of Osgiliath , forcing Faramir and his garrison to retreat back to Minas Tirith . While helping Théoden gather his forces , Aragorn is approached by Elrond who informs him Arwen is dying . Following a vision of her son , she refused to leave Middle Earth . Elrond gives Aragorn the sword Andúril , Isildur 's sword Narsil reforged , so he can reclaim his birthright while gaining reinforcements from the Dead Men of Dunharrow . Joined by Legolas and Gimli , Aragorn travels to the Paths of the Dead , recruiting the Army of the Dead . Faramir is gravely wounded after a futile effort to retake Osgiliath , and believing his son to be dead , Denethor falls into madness . Gandalf is left to command the city defences against the Orc army led by Gothmog . But as Gothmog 's forces eventually force their way into the city , Denethor attempts to kill himself and Faramir on a pyre . Pippin alerts Gandalf and they save Faramir , but Denethor leaps to his death from the top of Minas Tirith just before Théoden and his nephew , Éomer , arrive with the Rohirrim . Initially , the Rohirrim have the advantage at the Battle of the Pelennor Fields , but are eventually overwhelmed by the Oliphaunt - riding Haradrim while the Witch - king mortally wounds Théoden . Though Théoden 's niece Éowyn , having posed as a male soldier , battles and slays the Witch - King with Merry 's help , Théoden dies of his wounds . Aragorn arrives with the Army of the Dead , they overcome the Orcs and win the battle . Aragorn and the other captains of Men decide to lead all who can march upon the Black Gate as a distraction , so Frodo and Sam can get to Mount Doom . Gollum disposes of the last of the pair 's food , blaming Sam . Frodo leaves Sam behind before they arrive at the tunnel leading to Mordor , and is then tricked into venturing into the lair of the giant spider Shelob . Frodo narrowly escapes but is confronted by Gollum . Frodo tells Gollum that he must destroy the Ring for both of their sakes . Enraged , Gollum falls down a chasm after trying to take the Ring . Frodo continues on but is soon discovered by Shelob , who paralyses and binds Frodo . However , Sam arrives and drives Shelob away . Believing Frodo to be dead , Sam hides as orcs appear and learns from them that his friend is still alive , before the goblins take Frodo 's body with them . Sam follows the Orcs into the Tower of Cirith Ungol , determined to rescue Frodo . Once there , he finds that competing bands of Uruks and Morgul Orcs had rioted and killed one another over the possession of Frodo 's Mithril coat , thus providing an opportunity for Sam to escape the tower with Frodo who had awoken shortly before . Aragorn 's army draw out Sauron 's forces and empties Mordor , allowing the exhausted Hobbits to stagger to the volcano , but they are attacked by Gollum just as they reach Mount Doom . Frodo finally succumbs to the Ring 's power and claims it as his own , refusing to destroy it . Gollum attacks Frodo and bites his finger off to reclaim the Ring , but Frodo fights back and knocks Gollum , who is holding the Ring , into the volcano . Both Frodo and Sam then escape the volcano . The Ring and Sauron are both destroyed , causing a chain - reaction that consumes the mountain , topples Barad - dûr , and kills most of the fleeing Orcs as the ground crumbles beneath them . Gandalf flies in with eagles to rescue the Hobbits , who awaken later in Rivendell and are reunited with the surviving Fellowship members . Aragorn is crowned King of Gondor and takes Arwen as his queen . The Hobbits then return to the Shire where Sam marries Rosie Cotton . Frodo , unable to cope with the traumas of his journey , departs Middle Earth for the Undying Lands with his uncle Bilbo , Gandalf , and the Elves . He leaves Sam the Red Book of Westmarch which details their adventures . Though saddened by Frodo 's departure , Sam is gladdened by the warm welcome he receives from his new family upon returning home . Cast ( edit ) Further information : Cast of The Lord of the Rings film series Like the preceding films in the trilogy , The Return of the King has an ensemble cast , and some of the cast and their respective characters include : Elijah Wood as Frodo Baggins : a young hobbit who continues his quest to destroy the One Ring . Sean Astin as Samwise `` Sam '' Gamgee : Frodo 's loyal hobbit gardener and companion . Ian McKellen as Gandalf the White : a wizard ( one of the Istari ) who travels to aid the Men of Gondor , acting as a general at the Siege of Gondor . Viggo Mortensen as Aragorn II Elessar : a Dúnedain ranger with claims to the throne of Gondor . Liv Tyler as Arwen Undomiel : Elrond 's daughter and Aragorn 's true love . Sala Baker as Sauron : the Dark Lord of Mordor and the Ring 's true master , who is waging war across Middle - Earth once more . Cate Blanchett as Galadriel : the Elven - Queen of Lothlórien and Arwen 's maternal grandmother , who is aware the time of the elves is at an end . John Rhys - Davies as Gimli : a dwarf warrior and companion to Aragorn along with Legolas . Rhys - Davies also voices Treebeard : the ent leader . Bernard Hill as Théoden : the King of Rohan who , after triumphing at Helm 's Deep , is preparing his troops for the Battle of the Pelennor Fields . Billy Boyd as Peregrin `` Pippin '' Took : a hobbit who came along with his cousin Frodo and is now caught in the wars . Dominic Monaghan as Meriadoc `` Merry '' Brandybuck : another cousin of Frodo 's who becomes an esquire of Rohan . Orlando Bloom as Legolas Greenleaf : an elven prince of Mirkwood and skilled archer who aids Aragorn in his quest to reclaim the throne . Hugo Weaving as Elrond : the Elven - King of Rivendell and father of Arwen . Miranda Otto as Éowyn : Théoden 's niece , who wishes to prove herself in battle and starts to fall in love with Aragorn . David Wenham as Faramir : a prince of the Stewards of Gondor and Captain of the Rangers defending Osgiliath , who seeks his father 's love in vain . Karl Urban as Éomer : Éowyn 's brother , who serves as Chief Marshal of the Riders of Rohan and heir to his uncle 's throne . John Noble as Denethor II : the Steward of Gondor and father of Faramir and Boromir , whose grief over Boromir 's death and despair over Mordor 's superior numbers drive him into madness during the Siege of Gondor . Andy Serkis as Sméagol / Gollum : a wretched and treacherous hobbit - like creature who kept the Ring for centuries and now guides Frodo and Sam into Mordor . Ian Holm as Bilbo Baggins : Frodo 's elderly uncle , who has rapidly aged after giving away the Ring . Marton Csokas as Celeborn : the Elven - King of Lothlórien . Lawrence Makoare as Witch - King of Angmar : the lord of the Nazgûl , who leads Mordor 's assault on Minas Tirith . Makoare also plays Gothmog : an Orc commander , who is voiced by Craig Parker . Thomas Robins as Déagol : Sméagol 's cousin . The following appear only in the Extended Edition Christopher Lee as Saruman the White : an Istari wizard , formerly the head of the Istari Order and its White Council , who is now trapped by Treebeard until he is killed by his own servant , Gríma . Brad Dourif as Gríma Wormtongue : Saruman 's sycophantic , treacherous servant , who is shot by Legolas after stabbing his own master . Bruce Spence as The Mouth of Sauron : Sauron 's ambassador at the Black Gate . Sean Bean as Boromir : Faramir 's older brother , who appears in a flashback to The Fellowship of the Ring when Pippin explains to Denethor that he died to save him and Merry ; and very briefly in the Extended Edition as an illusion to Denethor , smiling and walking proudly towards him before vanishing . There are also cameos from Peter Jackson , Richard Taylor , Gino Acevedo , Rick Porras and Andrew Lesnie on the Corsair ship , although all of them but Jackson appear only in the Extended Edition . Jackson also has another unofficial cameo , as Sam 's hand stepping into view when he confronts Shelob . Sean Astin 's daughter played Sam and Rosie 's older daughter Elanor in the last scene of the film ; in the same scene , Sarah McLeod 's daughter plays their younger daughter . Jackson 's children also cameo as Gondorian extras , while Christian Rivers played a Gondorian soldier guarding the Beacon Pippin lights , and is later seen wounded . Royd Tolkien cameos as a Ranger in Osgiliath , while in the Extended Edition Howard Shore appears as a celebrating soldier at Edoras . Additionally , four of the designers of The Lord of the Rings Strategy Battle Game are featured as Rohirrim at the Pelennor . At the end of the film , during the closing credits , each cast member gets a sketched portrait morphed with the real photograph beside their name , which were sketched by Alan Lee , an idea suggested by Ian McKellen . Comparison with the source material ( edit ) As with all of Peter Jackson 's movie adaptions of The Lord of the Rings , many events , timelines , and geographic distances are compressed or simplified . Most major events from the books are included , though some are omitted , others altered , and a few additional events and details are invented . The film version of The Return of the King contains major scenes that occurred in the middle portion of the novel The Two Towers but were not included in the film version , such as the attack by Shelob and the palantír subplot , owing to Jackson 's realigning events of the film to fit the timeline as described in the book 's Appendices , rather than the main prose . However , it is notable that the plot of the second half of Book III is either completely omitted ( chapter `` The Road to Isengard '' ) or only shown in one scene ( chapter `` The Voice of Saruman '' ) . Saruman 's murder by Gríma ( seen only in the Extended Edition ) is moved into the Isengard visit because of the cutting of the Scouring of the Shire . In the film , Saruman drops the palantír when he is fatally attacked , whereas in the book Gríma throws it at the Fellowship , unaware of its value . In the film , all journeys of the companions from Isengard to Minas Tirith are compressed and simplified , as the entire company travels from Isengard to Edoras and arrives there simultaneously to recuperate after the Battle of Helm 's Deep . Pippin 's looking into the palantír happens in Edoras , and he and Gandalf leave for Minas Tirith from there , but in the book this takes place at Dol Baran with the appearance of a Nazgûl on a winged steed , and they stay at Edoras only one night . In contrast to the film , Aragorn and Théoden march from Dol Baran to Helm 's Deep to take a night 's rest . It is in the Hornburg where Aragorn looks into the Palantír ( as opposed to the film 's Extended Edition , in which he does so much later in Minas Tirith after the Battle of the Pelennor Fields ) and decides to take the Paths of the Dead . In the film , Aragorn and Theóden depart not before their encampment at Dunharrow , but in the book , Aragorn and the Dúnedain ( which are absent in the film ) ride from Helm 's Deep over the fields to Edoras and then to Dunharrow and the Dimholt , whereas in the book , Théoden takes slower mountain paths and arrives in Dunharrow after Aragorn and his companions have already left . Théoden is seen to set out directly from Dunharrow to Minas Tirith , omitting his brief return to Edoras from Dunharrow to muster all remaining forces there , as told in the book . The sequence of the Paths of the Dead adds a conversation between Aragorn and the King of the Dead ( in the book the Dead do n't speak at all ) and a scene where the companions must flee an avalanche of skulls , but leaves out the encounter with Baldor 's skeleton . In contrast to the book , the viewer does n't get told what happened in Lebennin between Aragorn and the Corsairs of Umbar . The film version ( Extended Edition ) does n't correspond with the map of Gondor , as the company sees a near river with Corsair ships immediately after leaving the Haunted Mountain . In the book , the River Anduin lies several hundred miles farther east , requiring a much longer journey with the Army of the Dead following behind , bringing terror to the towns they pass along the way . The basis of Elrond and Arwen 's subplot arguing about Arwen 's fate is derived from the Appendices , but it is largely extended in the film , as is Arwen and Elrond 's relevance to the story . Denethor , the Steward of Gondor , was a more tragic character in the book . In the film , overwhelming grief over the death of Boromir has driven him to despair , and he has given up any hope of defeating Sauron before Gandalf arrives in Minas Tirith . Thus , the muster of Gondor is absent from the film , and major captains and generals ( including Imrahil of the Tower Guard and the Knights of Dol Amroth ) are not present . In the book , he has already ordered the lighting of the beacons before Gandalf 's arrival , while he refuses to light them in the film , and the sequence where Pippin secretly lights them himself was invented for the movie . The film only hints at Denethor 's use of the palantír which drives him mad , information revealed in the Pyre scene , which includes Shadowfax and is more violent than the book . Aware of the very long distance between Rath Dínen and the front of the out - thrust battlement , Jackson has Denethor jump off the Citadel in addition to burning himself on the Pyre , one of the earliest changes . The Rammas Echor which encircles the Pelennor Fields is n't shown in the film , and the fields themselves are empty grassland in the films , instead of being rich farmland dotted with small villages in the book . The Battle of the Pelennor Fields is also altered : though Faramir goes on a suicide mission , the conflict is a simplification of the siege of Osgiliath . With generals such as Forlong and Imrahil absent , Gandalf commands the defence of Minas Tirith owing to Denethor 's despair . While Denethor gives command to Gandalf in the book , in this film Gandalf forcibly takes control after Denethor tells his men to flee rather than fight . The Orcs and Trolls also never get into the city in the book . The Witch - king enters and stands off against Gandalf before the Rohirrim arrive , but in the film Orcs invade the city after Grond breaks the Gate . The confrontation takes place while Gandalf journeys to save Faramir , during which Gandalf has his staff broken in the film ( but not in the book ) . A subplot in which the Rohirrim are aided by the primitive Drúedain during their journey to the besieged Gondor is excised from the film . The Red Arrow brought by a messenger from Gondor to ask for aid is absent . Éowyn 's presence on the battlefield is unknown to the reader until she takes off her helmet , but in the film the audience is aware , as it would have been difficult to have Miranda Otto playing a man . When hope seems lost , Gandalf comforts Pippin with a description of the Undying Lands , which is a descriptive passage in the book 's final chapter . The film depicts the Army of the Dead fighting in the Battle , whereas in the book they are released from service prior to this , after helping Aragorn defeat the Corsairs of Umbar at the port city of Pelargir in Lebennin ; Aragorn 's reinforcements are merely more Gondorians , and the Dúnedain , Aragorn 's people ( the rangers of the North ) . An unstoppable and invulnerable force , the Dead wipe out Sauron 's forces . The film also cuts out several supporting characters , such as Halbarad , a friend of Aragorn 's , who helps lead the Dúnedain , Beregond , a member of the Citadel Guard of Gondor , whom Pippin befriends , and Elladan and Elrohir , the twin sons of Elrond who deliver Aragorn 's banner and accompany him to the Pelennor Fields . Elladan and Elrohir are replaced by Elrond in the film , instead delivering Andúril in Dunharrow , and then returning to Rivendell . In the books Aragorn is n't doubtful about his destiny , but had already decided to claim the throne of Gondor from the beginning of the Quest ; thus , it was he who had the shards of Narsil forged to Andúril in Rivendell , carrying it from there on the whole journey . The film also altered the circumstances of Théoden 's death ; his death speech , in which he names Éomer the new king in the book , is trimmed and delivered to Éowyn instead of Merry , with an earlier scene in the Extended Edition even implying that Éowyn is next in line for the throne . Théoden 's rallying speech ( `` To death ! '' ) before the initial charge in the film are spoken by Éomer in the book when he believes that both Théoden and Éowyn have been killed in combat with the Witch King . The Extended Edition presents shortened scenes from the book 's chapters in the Houses of Healing : The Warden , the talk of Athelas , the comical conversation with the herb - master , the woman Ioreth and her saying about a King 's healing hands and the subsequent realizing of Aragorn 's true identity are left out altogether . In the film Aragorn leads the entire remaining force of Rohan and Gondor 's men to the Black Gate without incident . In the book tactics are discussed , forces divide and fight smaller skirmishes in Anórien and Ithilien before the army ( only a fraction of the full remaining strength of the nations of men ) reach the Morannon . The romance that develops between Éowyn and Faramir during their recoveries in the Houses of Healing is also largely cut , presumably to keep the focus on Aragorn and Arwen ; the subplot is only briefly referenced in the Extended Edition with a scene where the two hold hands . Sam and Frodo 's major rift in their friendship , due to Gollum 's machinations , never takes place in the book , but was added by the writers in believing that it added drama and more complexity to the character of Frodo . Frodo enters Shelob 's lair alone in the film , whereas in the book he and Sam entered together . This was done to make the scene more horrific with Frodo being alone , and Sam 's rescue at the last minute more dramatic . Frodo 's ordeal in the Tower of Cirith Ungol and subsequent rescue by Sam are also changed ; in the book , Frodo is stripped , beaten , and cruelly interrogated by the Orcs , while in the film , he is tied up but only briefly threatened by an Orc moments before Sam 's arrival . The reunion of Frodo and Sam in the film is also shorter and less emotional than in the book ; rather than comforting the physically injured and severely traumatized Frodo as in the book , Sam , after killing the Orc that was threatening Frodo but had not struck him , briefly accepts his apology for having doubted him and returns the Ring to him before suggesting that they find some Orc clothing for Frodo to wear . In the film , Sam also does not experience `` delusions of grandeur '' about what he could do if he took the Ring for himself , like he does in the book . Sam instead overcomes a very brief moment of temptation which , instead of stemming from thoughts of how he could use the Ring for himself , seems to come from his concern for Frodo and wish to reduce the Ring 's harm to his friend by sharing the burden . Also , in the film viewers do not know that Sam has the Ring until he gives it back to Frodo , whereas in the book the reader knows that Sam has the Ring . When Sam and Frodo are diverted into the Orc march in Mordor and are about to collapse , in the film 's Extended Edition they start a fake combat between each other and thus provoke some chaos during which they manage to escape , instead of slipping off during a congestion caused by several armies trying to get through the narrow Isenmouthe , as told in the novel . Gollum 's fall into the lava of Mount Doom was also rewritten for the film , as the writers felt Tolkien 's original idea ( Gollum simply slips and falls off ) was anti-climactic . Originally , an even greater deviation was planned : Frodo would heroically push Gollum over the ledge to destroy him and the Ring , but the production team eventually realised that it looked more like Frodo murdering Gollum . As a result , they had Frodo and Gollum struggle for possession of the Ring and both slip over the edge by accident . In addition to the absent footage from the film are the other major attacks by Sauron on various regions of Middle - earth , referenced only briefly in the main text of The Return of the King , and expanded upon in the Appendices ; the invasion of Rohan by the Orcs of Moria , the attacks on Lothlórien and the Woodland Realm of Thranduil by the forces of Dol Guldur , and the attack on Dale and the Lonely Mountain by a force of Easterlings . These events are hinted at in a comment by Legolas ( also in the book ) that the other peoples of Middle Earth will are unlikely to ride to war in Gondor because war has already arrived in their own lands . There are several changes in the Battle of the Black Gate : Merry is not present there in the book , Pippin does not kill a troll as he does in the novel ( instead , Aragorn does ) , the eagles fight and defeat some of the mounted Nazgûl ( while Frodo putting on the One Ring distracted the Nazgûl , who raced away to Mount Doom in the book before a confrontation could occur ) , and Aragorn kills the Mouth of Sauron in the extended edition of the film but not in the book . There was an even larger change planned : Sauron himself would come out in physical form to battle Aragorn , who would only be saved by the destruction of the Ring. Jackson eventually realised it ignored the point of Aragorn 's true bravery in distracting Sauron 's army against overwhelming odds , and a computer generated Troll was placed over footage of Sauron in the finished film . In the book , after the destruction of the Ring the spirit of Sauron rises like a black cloud from the ruin of Barad - dûr before being blown away by the wind , but in the film the Eye of Sauron erupts in flame and then explodes as Barad - dûr collapses . As in all of Jackson 's Middle - earth adaptions , the eagles do not speak . During the Battle for Minas Tirith , the White Tree of Gondor is shown to bear one white blossom , thus blooming by itself at Aragorn 's coronation . Thereby the film ignores the book 's story where Gandalf and Aragorn find a seedling of the white tree up in the mountains and plant in the courtyard in place of the still - dead tree . Although the film runs for another approximately 20 minutes after the climactic Downfall of Barad - dûr , many following events from the book are omitted or significantly altered in the film . Aragorn 's coronation takes place in form of a great ceremony in the Citadel of Minas Tirith , opposed to the book , where Aragorn is crowned in his tent on the Pelennor Fields before entering the City . Omitted entirely are the camp at the Field of Cormallen , Aragorn 's business in Minas Tirith , Aragorn and Arwen 's wedding , Galadriel and Celeborn being present at the ceremonies and their subsequent travelling along the company , Théoden 's funeral at Edoras , the complete journey back to the Shire with stops at Rivendell and Bree , and the Scouring of the Shire , which was always seen by the screenwriters as anti-climactic . Since Saruman is killed long before , after the battle at Helm 's Deep in the film , he is unable to exact revenge on Frodo and the hobbits by ruining the Shire as depicted in the books . In the film , the Shire is virtually unchanged when they return , and their friends and neighbors seem unaware of the climactic events that have taken place outside of their borders . Thus , the esteem earned by Merry and Pippen at the Battle of Bywater and the work to restore the Shire using Galadriel 's gift do n't appear in the film . At the end of the book , Frodo and Sam leave the Shire alone , meet Galadriel , Elrond and Bilbo along the way at the Woody End , and meet Gandalf at the Grey Havens , with Merry and Pippin arriving just in time to say their farewells and accompany Sam back to Bag End . In the film , however , all of the Hobbits travel with Gandalf to the Havens to find Bilbo and the Elves waiting there , including Celeborn , who remains in Middle - Earth in the book . When Sam returns to the Shire , he is n't shown to live in Bag End ( where he dwells with Rose in the book ) , but in a different Hobbit - hole of his own . Production ( edit ) The Lord of the Rings film trilogy is unusual in that it was , up until the release of Jackson 's prequel trilogy The Hobbit , the only series whose separate instalments were written and shot simultaneously ( excluding pick up shoots ) . Jackson found The Return of the King the easiest of the films to make , because it contained the climax of the story , unlike the other two films . The Return of the King was originally the second of two planned films under Miramax from January 1997 to August 1998 , and more or less in its finished structure as the first film was to end with The Two Towers ' Battle of Helm 's Deep . Filming took place under multiple units across New Zealand , between 11 October 1999 and 22 December 2000 , with pick up shoots for six weeks in 2003 before the film 's release . Design ( edit ) Main article : Production design of The Lord of the Rings film series The city of Minas Tirith was built from parts of the set of Helm 's Deep , while the wide shots were from miniatures . Middle - earth as envisioned by Jackson was primarily designed by Alan Lee and John Howe , former Tolkien illustrators , and created by Weta Workshop , who handled all the trilogy 's weapons , armour , miniatures , prosthetics and creatures , as well as the Art Department which built the sets . Richard Taylor headed Weta , while Grant Major and Dan Hennah organised the planning and building respectively . The city of Minas Tirith , glimpsed briefly in both the previous two films , is seen fully in this film , and with it the Gondorian civilisation . The enormous soundstage was built at Dry Creek Quarry , outside Wellington , from the Helm 's Deep set . That set 's gate became Minas Tirith 's second , while the Hornburg exterior became that of the Extended Edition 's scene where Gandalf confronts the Witch - king . New structures included the 8m tall Gate , with broken and unbroken versions , with a working opening and closing mechanism , with its engravings inspired by the Baptistry of San Giovanni . There were also four levels of streets with heraldic motifs for every house , as inspired by Siena . There was also the Citadel , the exterior of which was in the Stone Street Studios backlot , using forced perspective . It contains the withered White Tree , built from polystyrene by Brian Massey and the Greens Department with real branches , influenced by ancient and gnarled Lebanese olive trees . The interior was within a three - story former factory in Wellington , and colour wise is influenced by Charlemagne 's Chapel , with a throne for Denethor carved from stone and polystyrene statues of past Kings . The Gondorian armour is designed to represent an evolution from the Númenóreans of the first film 's prologue , with a simplified sea bird motif . 16th - century Italian and German armour served as inspiration , while civilians wear silver and blacks as designed by Ngila Dickson , continuing an ancient / medieval Mediterranean Basin look . Minas Morgul , the Staircase and Tower of Cirith Ungol as well as Shelob 's Lair were designed by Howe , with the Morgul road using forced perspective into a bluescreened miniature . Howe 's design of Minas Morgul was inspired from the experience of having a wisdom tooth pulled out : in the same way , the Orcs have put their twisted designs on to a former Gondorian city . Cirith Ungol was based on Tolkien 's design , but when Richard Taylor felt it as `` boring '' , it was redesigned with more tipping angles . The interior set , like Minas Tirith , was built as a few multiple levels that numerous camera takes would suggest a larger structure . The third film introduces the enormous spider Shelob . Shelob was designed in 1999 , with the body based on a tunnelweb spider and the head with numerous growths selected by Peter Jackson 's children from one of many sculpts. Jackson himself took great joy in planning the sequence , being an arachnophobe himself . Shelob 's Lair was inspired by sandstone and sculpted from the existing Caverns of Isengard set . The Return of the King also brings into focus the Dead Men of Dunharrow and the evil Haradrim from the south of Middle - earth , men who ride the mûmakil . The Dead Men have a Celtic influence , as well as lines and symmetry to reflect their morbid state , while their underground city is influenced by Petra . The Haradrim were highly influenced by African culture , until Philippa Boyens expressed concern over the possibility of offensiveness , so the finished characters instead bear influence from Kiribati , in terms of weaving armour from bamboo , and the Aztecs , in use of jewellery . Also built was a single dead mûmak . Other minor cultures include the Corsairs , with an exotic , swarthy look , and the Grey Havens , Elven structures adapted to stone , with influence from J.M.W. Turner paintings . Principal Photography ( edit ) The Return of the King was shot during 2000 , though Astin 's coverage from Gollum 's attempt to separate Frodo and Sam was filmed on 24 November 1999 , when floods in Queenstown interrupted the focus on The Fellowship of the Ring . Some of the earliest scenes shot for the film were in fact the last . Hobbiton , home of the Hobbits , was shot in January 2000 with early scenes from The Fellowship of the Ring , with the exterior shot at a Matamata farm , while interior scenes shot at Stone Street Studios in Wellington , shared with the Grey Havens sequence . Due to the high emotions of filming the scene , the cast were in despair when they were required to shoot it three times , due to a continuity flaw in Sean Astin 's costume , and then negatives producing out - of - focus reels . Also shared with the previous films was the Rivendell interior in May . The Battle of the Black Gate was filmed in April at the Rangipo Desert , a former minefield . New Zealand soldiers were hired as extras while guides were on the lookout for unexploded mines . Also a cause for concern were Monaghan and Boyd 's scale doubles during a charge sequence . In the meantime , Wood , Astin and Serkis filmed at Mount Ruapehu for the Mount Doom exteriors . In particular , they spent two hours shooting Sam lifting Frodo on to his back with cross-camera coverage . Scenes shot in June were the Paths of the Dead across various locations , including Pinnacles . In July the crew shot some Shelob scenes , and in August and September time was spent on the scenes in Isengard . Monaghan and Boyd tried numerous takes of their entrance , stressing the word `` weed '' as they smoked pipe - weed . Christopher Lee spent his part of his scene mostly alone , though McKellen and Hill arrived on the first day for a few lines to help . Edoras exteriors were shot in October . The Ride of the Rohirrim , where Théoden leads the charge into the Orc army , was filmed in Twizel with 150 extras on horseback . The Battle of the Pelennor Fields has more extensive use of computer - generated imagery , in contrast to the more extensive use of live action in the Battle of Helm 's Deep in the second film . Also filmed were the attempts by Faramir to recapture Osgiliath , as were scenes in the city itself . At this point production was very hectic , with Jackson moving around ten units per day , and production finally wrapped on the Minas Tirith sets , as well as second units shooting parts of the siege . Just as the Hobbit actors ' first scene was hiding from a Ringwraith under a tree , their last scene was the bluescreened reaction shot of the inhabitants of Minas Tirith bowing to them . Pick - ups ( edit ) The 2003 pick - ups were filmed in the Wellington studio car park , with many parts of sets and blue - screens used to finish off scenes , which the design team had to work 24 hours to get the right sets ready for a particular day . The shoot continued for two months , and became an emotional time of farewells for the cast and crew . The film has the most extensive list of re-shoots given for the trilogy. Jackson took his time to re-shoot Aragorn 's coronation , rushed into a single day under second unit director Geoff Murphy on 21 December 2000 . Jackson also re-shot scenes in and around Mount Doom , and Théoden 's death , right after Bernard Hill was meant to wrap . There was also the new character of Gothmog . This was a major new design addition for the film , as Jackson felt the Mordor Orcs were `` pathetic '' compared to the Uruk - hai of the second film after watching assembly cuts , and thus Weta created grotesque new `` über Orcs '' as antagonists for the audience to focus on . Christian Rivers also redesigned the Witch - king and all of his scenes were re-shot , because of confusion from non-readers over whether or not Sauron was on the battlefield . With the positive response to Bloom , Legolas was given a fight with a mûmak , and Howard Shore also appeared in a cameo during Legolas and Gimli 's drinking game at Edoras . The final scenes shot were Aragorn escaping the Skull avalanche , and Frodo finishing his book . The cast also received various props associated with their characters , although John Rhys - Davies burned his final Gimli prosthetic . Viggo Mortensen headbutted the stunt team goodbye . Pick - ups ended on 27 June 2003 . Scenes shot afterwards included various live - action shots of Riders for the Battle of the Pelennor Fields and a reaction shot of Serkis as Gollum finally realises Frodo intends to destroy the Ring , shot in Jackson 's house . For the Extended DVD , in March 2004 Jackson created a few shots of skulls rolling over for the avalanche scene ; this was the final piece of footage ever shot for the trilogy , and Jackson noted that it must be the first time a director had shot scenes for a film after it had already won the Oscar . Editing ( edit ) Post-production began in November 2002 , with the completion of the 41⁄2 hour assembly cut of the film that Annie Collins had been completing over 2001 and 2002 , from 4 - hour dailies . For example , Théoden leading the charge went from 150 minutes of takes to a finished 90 seconds . Jackson reunited with longtime collaborator Jamie Selkirk to edit the final film . Like The Two Towers , they would have to deal with multiple storylines , and Jackson paid attention to each storyline at a time before deciding where to intercut . Most importantly they spent three weeks working on the last 45 minutes of the film , for appropriate intercutting and leaving out scenes such as the Mouth of Sauron , and the fates of characters like Legolas , Gimli , Éowyn and Faramir . The film inherited scenes originally planned to go into the second film , including the reforging of Narsil , Gollum 's backstory , and Saruman 's exit . But the Saruman scene posed a structural problem : killing off the second film 's villain when the plot has Sauron as the main villain . Despite pick - ups and dubs , the scene was cut , causing controversy with fans and Saruman actor Christopher Lee , as well as a petition to restore the scene . Lee nonetheless contributed to the DVDs and was at the Copenhagen premiere , although he said he would never understand the reason for the cut and his relationship with Jackson was chilly . They would , however , later reconcile upon Lee 's casting in Jackson 's Hobbit films . Jackson only had a lock on 5 out of 10 reels , and had to churn out 3 reels in 3 weeks to help finish the film . It was finally completed on 12 November 2003 . Jackson never had a chance to view the film in full due to the hectic schedule , and only saw the film from beginning to end on 1 December at the Wellington premiere ; according to Elijah Wood , his response was `` yup , it 's good , pretty good '' . Visual effects ( edit ) Main article : Special effects of The Lord of the Rings film series The Return of the King contains 1,488 visual effect shots , nearly three times the number from the first film and almost twice that of the second . Visual effects work began with Alan Lee and Mark Lewis compositing various photographs of New Zealand landscape to create the digital arena of the Pelennor Fields in November 2002 . Gary Horsfield also created a digital version of the Barad - dûr during his Christmas break at home by himself , for the film 's climax . In the meantime , Jackson and Christian Rivers used computers to plan the enormous battle up until February 2003 , when the shots were shown to Weta Digital . To their astonishment , 60 planned shots had gone up to 250 , and 50,000 characters were now 200,000 . Nevertheless , they pressed on , soon delivering 100 shots a week , 20 a day , and as the deadline neared within the last two months , often working until 2 am . For the battle , they recorded 450 motions for the MASSIVE digital horses ( though deaths were animated ) , and also had to deal with late additions in the film , such as Trolls bursting through Minas Tirith 's gates as well as the creatures that pull Grond to the gate , and redoing a shot of two mûmakil Éomer takes down that had originally taken six months in two days . On a similar note of digital creatures , Shelob 's head sculpture was scanned by a Canadian company for 10 times more detail than Weta had previously been able to capture . Like the previous films , there are also extensive morphs between digital doubles for the actors . This time , there was Sam falling off Shelob , where the morph takes place as Astin hits the ground . Legolas attacking a mûmak required numerous transitions to and fro , and Gollum 's shots of him having recovered the One Ring and falling into the Crack of Doom were fully animated . The King of the Dead is played by an actor in prosthetics , and his head occasionally morphs to a more skull - like digital version , depending on the character 's mood . The Mouth of Sauron also had his mouth enlarged 200 % for unsettling effect . The Return of the King also has practical effects . In the Pyre of Denethor sequence , as the Steward of Gondor throws Pippin out of the Tomb , John Noble threw a size double named Fon onto a prostrate Billy Boyd , who immediately pushed his head into camera to complete the illusion . A few burning torches were also reflected off a plate of glass and into the camera for when Gandalf 's horse Shadowfax kicks Denethor onto the pyre . Because of Jackson 's requirement for complete representation of his fantasy world , numerous miniatures were built , such as 1 : 72 scale miniature of Minas Tirith , which rises 7m high and is 6.5 m in diameter . 1 : 14 scale sections of the city were also required , and the Extended Edition scene of the collapsing City of the Dead has 80,000 small skulls , amounting in total to a single cubic meter . The miniatures team concluded in November with the Black Gate , after 1000 days of shooting , and the final digital effects shot done was the Ring 's destruction , on 25 November . Sound effects ( edit ) The Sound department spent the early part of the year searching for the right sounds . A Tasmanian devil was Shelob 's shriek , which in turn gave inspiration for Weta 's animators , while the mûmakil is the beginning and end of a lion roar . Human screams and a donkey screech were mixed into Sauron 's fall and broken glass was used for the collapsing sounds . For missile trading during Minas Tirith 's siege , construction workers dropped actual 2 ton stone blocks previously lifted by a construction crane . Mixing began at a new studio on 15 August , although unfinished building work caused some annoyances . The mixers finished on 15 November , after three months of non-stop work . Score ( edit ) Main article : The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( soundtrack ) See also : Music of The Lord of the Rings film series `` Into the West '' ( performed by Annie Lennox ) Written by Fran Walsh , Howard Shore , and Annie Lennox , this selected song won the Oscar for Best Original Song at the 76th Academy Awards . It also won a Grammy for Best Film Song . Problems playing this file ? See media help . The music was composed by Howard Shore , who previously composed the first two parts of the trilogy . Shore watched the assembly cut of the film , and had to write seven minutes of music per day to keep up with the schedule . The score sees the full introduction of the Gondor theme , originally heard during Boromir 's speeches at the Council of Elrond in The Fellowship of the Ring and at Osgiliath in The Two Towers ' Extended Edition . Shore also used the Gondor theme with the new ascending coda ( which is unique to this film ) in his score for the trailer of the film . The score features the London Philharmonic Orchestra , London Voices , London Oratory School Schola and featured vocal soloists . The score is the most expansive of the three : scoring effectivelly the entire movie length , not including additional music written for the trailer and various alternate versions released to the public . It also uses the biggest forces in the series : sections of the score call for two sets of timpani , eight trumpets ( and possibly a similar increase in the size of the horn , trombone and tuba section , as well ) , 85 singers in the mixed choir with additional players for all - male and all - female sections , over fifty in the boy choir and many instrumentalist `` bands '' playing Celtic and eastern instruments such as tin whistle or pan flute , on stage or off of it . One piece of music required an instrument invented and crafted especially for the film : a fiddle with four pairs of strings instead of single strings . Actors Billy Boyd , Viggo Mortensen and Liv Tyler also contributed to the film 's music . Boyd sings on screen as Faramir charges towards Osgiliath , Mortensen sings on screen as he is crowned King , and in the Extended Edition Tyler sings as Aragorn heals Éowyn . Renée Fleming , Ben Del Maestro , Sissel Kyrkjebø and James Galway also contribute to the soundtrack as featured soloists . Fleming sings as Arwen has a vision of her son and when Gollum recovers the One Ring . Del Maestro sings when Gandalf lights his staff to save fleeing Gondorian soldiers from Osgiliath as the Nazgûl attack and as the eagles arrive at the Black Gates . Galway plays the flute and whistle as Frodo and Sam climb Mount Doom and as they return to the shire . Sissel sings `` Asea Aranion '' , which was originally meant the score the Houses of Healing scene . The end title song , `` Into the West '' , was composed by Shore with lyrics by Fran Walsh . Annie Lennox ( formerly of Eurythmics ) performed it and also received songwriting credit . The song was partially inspired by the premature death from cancer of a young New Zealand filmmaker named Cameron Duncan who had befriended Peter Jackson . Release ( edit ) After two years of attention and acclaim since the release of The Fellowship of the Ring , audience and critical anticipation for the final instalment was extremely high . The world premiere was held in Wellington 's Embassy Theatre , on 1 December 2003 , and was attended by the director and many of the stars . It was estimated that over 100,000 people lined the streets , more than a quarter of the city 's population . Home media ( edit ) The theatrical edition of the film was released on VHS and DVD in May 25 , 2004 . The DVD was a 2 - disc set with extras on the second disc . The theatrical DVD sets for the two previous films were released eight months after the films were released , but Return of the King 's set was completed in five because it did not have to market a sequel ( the previous films had to wait for footage of their sequels to become available for a ten - minute preview ) . However , it contained a seven - minute trailer of the entire trilogy . The Return of the King followed the precedent set by its predecessors by releasing an Extended Edition ( 251 minutes ) with new editing and added special effects and music , along with four commentaries and six hours of supplementary material , plus 10 minutes of fan - club credits . However , this set took longer to produce than the others because the cast and crew , no longer based in New Zealand for the trilogy , were spread all over the world working on other projects . The set was finally released in December 14 , 2004 in the UK and US . The final ten minutes comprises a listing of the charter members of the official fan club who had paid for three - year charter membership . A collectors ' box set was also released , which included the Extended Set plus a sculpture of Minas Tirith and a bonus 50 - minute music documentary DVD , Howard Shore : Creating The Lord of the Rings Symphony : A Composer 's Journey Through Middle - earth . The DVD has a DTS - ES soundtrack . The DVD also features two humorous Easter Eggs , one where Dominic Monaghan plays a German interviewer with Elijah Wood via satellite and another where Vince Vaughn and Ben Stiller attempt to convince Jackson to make a sequel , originally shown at the 2004 MTV Movie Awards . Both can be accessed via a Ring icon on the last page of both Disc 1 and 2 's scene indexes . In August 2006 , a Limited Edition of The Return of the King was released . This Limited Edition contains two discs ; the first is a two - sided DVD containing both the Theatrical and Extended editions of the film . The second disc is a bonus disc that contains a new behind - the - scenes documentary . The theatrical Blu - ray release was released in the United States in April 2010 . The individual Blu - ray disc of The Return of the King was released in September 2010 with the same special features as the complete trilogy release , except there was no digital copy . The Extended Edition was released in the United States in June 2011 . It has a runtime of 263 minutes . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) The film earned $377,845,905 in the United States and Canada and $742,083,616 in other countries for a worldwide total of $1,119,929,521 . Worldwide , it is the 14th highest - grossing film when not adjusted for inflation , the highest - grossing film of 2003 , and the highest - grossing instalment in The Lord of the Rings trilogy . It was the second film in history to earn over $1 billion , making it the second highest - grossing film at the time . Box Office Mojo estimates that the film had sold over 61 million tickets in the US in its initial theatrical run . In the US and Canada , it is the 27th highest - grossing film , the highest - grossing 2003 film , and the highest - grossing installment in The Lord of the Rings trilogy . The film set an opening Wednesday record with $34.5 million . This record was first surpassed by Spider - Man 2 and ranks as the seventh largest Wednesday opening . The film opened a day earlier for a midnight showing and accounted for about $8 million . This was nearly twice the first - day total of The Fellowship of the Ring -- which earned $18.2 million on its opening day in 2001 -- as well as a significant increase over The Two Towers -- which earned $26.1 million on its debut in 2002 . Part of the grosses came from the Trilogy Tuesday event , in which the Extended Editions of the two previous films were played on 16 December before the first midnight screening . It went on to make an opening weekend of $72.6 million ( $124.1 million with weekday previews ) . Its Friday - Sunday opening weekend was a record - high for December ( first surpassed by I Am Legend ) . The film also set single - day records for Christmas Day and New Year 's Day ( both first surpassed by Meet the Fockers ) . Outside the US and Canada , it is the 17th highest - grossing film , the highest - grossing 2003 film and the highest - grossing film of the series . On its first day ( Wednesday , 17 December 2003 ) , the film earned $23.5 million from 19 countries and it set an opening - weekend record outside the US and Canada with $125.9 million during the 5 - day weekend as a whole . It set opening - day records in 13 of them , including the United Kingdom , Germany , Austria , Belgium , the Netherlands , Spain , Greece , Switzerland , Scandinavia ( as well as separately in Sweden , Finland , Norway , and Denmark ) , Mexico , Chile , and Puerto Rico . It set opening - weekend records in the United Kingdom ( $26.5 million in five days ) , Germany , Spain , Sweden , Denmark , and Switzerland . In New Zealand , where filming took place , the film set opening day , opening weekend , single - day , Friday gross , Saturday gross , and Sunday gross records with $1.7 million in four days . The substantial increase in initial box office totals caused optimistic studio executives to forecast that The Return of the King would surpass The Two Towers in total earnings . If this proved to be true , then this would be the first blockbuster movie trilogy for each successive film to earn more at the box office than its predecessor , when all three films were blockbuster successes . The Return of the King has helped The Lord of the Rings franchise to become the highest - grossing motion picture trilogy worldwide of all time with $2,917,506,956 , beating other notable ones such as the Star Wars trilogies , and surviving from being out - grossed by subsequent trilogies like Pirates of the Caribbean and Harry Potter , despite ticket price inflation . These figures do not include income from DVD sales , TV rights , etc . It has been estimated that the gross income from non-box office sales and merchandise has been at least equal to the box office for all three films . If this is so , the total gross income for the trilogy would be in the region of $6 billion following an investment of $300 million ( $426 million including marketing costs ) . Critical response ( edit ) The Return of the King holds a 95 % `` Fresh '' rating on the aggregate review site Rotten Tomatoes , based on 262 reviews , with an average score of 8.7 / 10 . The site 's main consensus reads `` Visually breathtaking and emotionally powerful , The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King is a moving and satisfying conclusion to a great trilogy '' . The film holds a score of 94 out of 100 on Metacritic , based on 41 reviews , indicating `` universal acclaim '' . Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun - Times gave three and a half stars out of four saying , `` '' Return of the King '' is such a crowning achievement , such a visionary use of all the tools of special effects , such a pure spectacle , that it can be enjoyed even by those who have not seen the first two films . '' Richard Corliss of Time named it the best film of the year . The main criticism of The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King was its running time , particularly the epilogue ; even rave reviews for the film commented on its length . Joel Siegel of Good Morning America said in his review for the film ( which he gave an ' A ' ) : `` If it did n't take forty - five minutes to end , it 'd be my best picture of the year . As it is , it 's just one of the great achievements in film history . '' There was also criticism regarding the Army of the Dead 's appearance , rapidly ending the Battle of the Pelennor Fields . In February 2004 , a few months following release , the film was voted as No. 8 on Empire 's 100 Greatest Movies of All Time , compiled from readers ' top 10 lists . This forced the magazine to abandon its policy of only allowing films being older than 12 months to be eligible . In 2007 , Total Film named The Return of the King the third best film of the past decade ( Total Film 's publication time ) , behind The Matrix and Fight Club . In CinemaScore polls conducted during the opening weekend , cinema audiences gave the film an average grade of `` A + '' on an A+ to F scale . Accolades ( edit ) Academy Awards 1 . Best Picture 2 . Best Director 3 . Best Adapted Screenplay 4 . Best Original Score 5 . Best Original Song 6 . Best Visual Effects 7 . Best Art Direction 8 . Best Costume Design 9 . Best Make - up 10 . Best Sound Mixing 11 . Best Film Editing Main article : List of accolades received by The Lord of the Rings film series The film was nominated for eleven Academy Awards : Best Picture , Best Director , Best Adapted Screenplay , Best Original Score , Best Original Song , Best Visual Effects , Best Art Direction , Best Costume Design , Best Make - up , Best Sound Mixing and Best Film Editing . At the 76th Academy Awards in 2004 , the film won all the categories for which it was nominated and it holds the record for highest Academy Award totals along with Titanic and Ben Hur . The film also won four Golden Globes ( including Best Picture for Drama and Best Director ) , five BAFTAs , two MTV Movie Awards , two Grammy Awards , nine Saturn Awards , the New York Film Critics Circle award for Best Picture , the Nebula Award for Best Script , and the Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation , Long Form . The film was nominated for the 10th Anniversary Edition of AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies . See also ( edit ) Book : The Lord of the Rings film trilogy Middle - earth portal Book : The Lord of the Rings film series The Hobbit ( film series ) The Hobbit ( 1977 film ) The Lord of the Rings ( 1978 film ) The Return of the King ( 1980 film ) List of films considered the best List of Academy Award records References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` THE LORD OF THE RINGS -- THE RETURN OF THE KING '' . British Board of Film Classification . Archived from the original on 5 July 2015 . Retrieved 4 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Lord of the Rings The Return of the King '' . British Film Institute . Archived from the original on 27 November 2016 . Retrieved 27 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Lord of the Rings The Return of the King ( 2003 ) '' . American Film Institute . Archived from the original on 2 April 2014 . Retrieved 6 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Lord of the Rings The Return of the King ( 2003 ) '' . Turner Classic Movies . Archived from the original on 15 September 2011 . 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New Line Cinema . ^ Jump up to : Big - atures ( Special Extended Edition documentary ) ( DVD ) . New Line Cinema. 2004 . ^ Jump up to : Russell , Gary ( 2004 ) . The Lord of the Rings : The Art of the Return of the King . Harpercollins . ISBN 0 - 00 - 713565 - 3 . Jump up ^ Cameras in Middle - earth : Filming the Fellowship of the Ring ( DVD ) . New Line Cinema. 2002 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tehanu '' ( 11 October 2000 ) . `` One Year of Principal Photography '' . The One Ring.net . Archived from the original on 12 September 2006 . Retrieved 22 October 2006 . Jump up ^ Samantha Sofka ( 15 March 2015 ) . `` Peter Jackson Filmed Part of RETURN OF THE KING on a Mine Field '' . nerdist.com . Archived from the original on 22 October 2015 . Retrieved 23 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 Filming Locations '' . imdb.com . Archived from the original on 15 January 2016 . Retrieved 23 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Home of the Horse Lords ( DVD ) . New Line Cinema. 2004 . Jump up ^ Davidson , Paul ( 14 November 2000 ) . `` A Slew of The Lord of the Rings news '' . IGN . Archived from the original on 31 August 2011 . Retrieved 24 October 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Davidson , Paul ( 27 June 2003 ) . `` A new Return of the King poster '' . IGN . Archived from the original on 18 January 2012 . Retrieved 21 October 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Music for Middle - earth ( DVD ) . New Line Cinema. 2004 . ^ Jump up to : Editorial : Completing the Trilogy ( Special Extended Edition documentary ) ( DVD ) . New Line Cinema. 2004 . ^ Jump up to : The Passing of an Age ( Special Extended Edition documentary ) ( DVD ) . New Line Cinema. 2004 . Jump up ^ Sibley , Brian ( 2002 ) . The Lord of the Rings : The Making of the Movie Trilogy . Harpercollins. 158 . ISBN 0 - 00 - 713567 - X . Jump up ^ `` Rings director cuts wizard scenes '' . BBC News online . 12 November 2003 . Archived from the original on 17 March 2006 . Retrieved 17 October 2006 . Jump up ^ Wootton , Dan ( 30 April 2006 ) . `` I will never forgive Jackson , says LOTR actor '' . New Zealand Herald . Retrieved 17 October 2006 . ^ Jump up to : The End of All Things ( Special Extended Edition documentary ) ( DVD ) . New Line Cinema. 2004 . ^ Jump up to : Weta Digital ( Special Extended Edition documentary ) ( DVD ) . New Line Cinema. 2004 . Jump up ^ The Soundscapes of Middle - earth ( DVD ) . New Line Cinema. 2004 . Jump up ^ The `` fondest recollections '' of the principal fiddler , Dermot Crehan , were from `` an eight strong trumpet session . '' Jump up ^ http://www.amagpiesnest.com/source_songs/index_source_songs.htm#choirs Jump up ^ http://www.filmmusicsociety.org/news_events/features/2014/121714.html Jump up ^ Doug Adams , The Annotated Score Part III : The Return of the King , pp. 15 , 50 . Jump up ^ Mercer , Phil ( 1 December 2003 ) . `` How hobbits took over NZ 's capital '' . BBC News . Archived from the original on 15 January 2009 . Retrieved 24 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Gary Susman ( 9 June 2004 ) . `` Hobbits for the Holidays '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on 16 June 2007 . Retrieved 17 February 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Lord of the Rings : The Motion Picture Trilogy Blu - ray : Theatrical Editions '' . Blu-ray.com . Archived from the original on 25 February 2010 . Retrieved 18 February 2010 . Jump up ^ Calogne , Juan ( 23 June 2010 ) . `` Lord of the Rings Movies Get Separate Blu - ray editions '' . Blu-ray.com . Archived from the original on 26 June 2010 . Retrieved 28 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Lord of the Rings Pre-order Now Available '' . Amazon.com. 31 May 2011 . Archived from the original on 30 May 2011 . Retrieved 31 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King '' . IMDb.com . Archived from the original on 24 November 2012 . Retrieved 26 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Box Office Grosses '' . boxofficemojo.com . 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Archived from the original on 29 October 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Gray , Brandon ( 22 December 2003 ) . `` ' King ' of the World : $250 M in 5 Days '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on 19 June 2012 . Retrieved 20 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Top Box Office Earning Trilogies Worldwide '' . Box Office Mojo.com . Archived from the original on 29 January 2007 . Retrieved 10 February 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Time Warner : New Line Cinema '' . timewarner.com. 2 August 2006 . Archived from the original on 26 January 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King '' . Flixster . Archived from the original on 17 January 2013 . Retrieved 22 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King '' . Metacritic . Archived from the original on 27 December 2012 . Retrieved 1 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King -- Roger Ebert 's review '' . www.rogerebert.com . Archived from the original on 3 June 2013 . Retrieved 1 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Richard Corliss ( 18 December 2003 ) . `` The Best Movies '' . Time . Archived from the original on 11 November 2007 . Retrieved 9 November 2007 . Jump up ^ Joel Siegel ( 19 December 2003 ) . `` Jackson Brings Lord of the Rings to Historic Completion '' . ABC News . Archived from the original on 13 March 2006 . Retrieved 16 February 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The best -- and worst -- movie battle scenes '' . CNN . 30 March 2007 . Archived from the original on 8 April 2007 . Retrieved 1 April 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The 100 Greatest Movies of All Time '' . Empire . 30 January 2004 . p. 96 . Jump up ^ `` Ten Greatest Films of the Past Decade '' . Total Film . April 2007 . p. 98 . Jump up ^ `` Cinemascore '' . Cinemascore.com . Archived from the original on 19 January 2015 . Retrieved 22 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The 76th Academy Awards ( 2004 ) Nominees and Winners '' . oscars.org . Archived from the original on 15 October 2012 . Retrieved 20 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Crean , Ellen ( 25 January 2004 ) . `` Golden Globe Spins For ' Rings ' '' . CBS News . Archived from the original on 29 January 2011 . Retrieved 10 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Hail to the ' King ' at Golden Globes '' . MSNBC. 26 January 2004 . Archived from the original on 25 September 2012 . Retrieved 10 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Armstrong , Mark ( 25 January 2004 ) . `` ' Rings , ' ' Translation ' Rule the Globes '' . People . Archived from the original on 9 March 2011 . Retrieved 10 March 2011 . Jump up ^ AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies ( 10th Anniversary Edition ) Ballot Archived 28 March 2014 at the Wayback Machine . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( film ) Official website The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King script at the Internet Movie Script Database The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King on IMDb The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King at AllMovie The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King at the TCM Movie Database The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King at Rotten Tomatoes The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King at Box Office Mojo The Lord of the Rings and The Hobbit film series The Lord of the Rings Films The Fellowship of the Ring The Two Towers The Return of the King Music The Fellowship of the Ring The Two Towers The Return of the King `` Aníron '' `` Concerning Hobbits '' `` Into the West '' `` May It Be '' `` A Walking Song '' Production Original characters ( Figwit ) Production design Principal photography Special effects Accolades The Exhibition Gollum : How We Made Movie Magic The Long and Short of It The Hobbit Films An Unexpected Journey The Desolation of Smaug The Battle of the Five Armies Production Original characters Tauriel Music `` I See Fire '' Accolades Video games The Two Towers The Return of the King The Third Age The Third Age ( GBA ) Tactics The Battle for Middle - earth The Battle for Middle - earth II The Battle for Middle - earth II : The Rise of the Witch - king Conquest Aragorn 's Quest War in the North Lego The Lord of the Rings Guardians of Middle - earth Lego The Hobbit Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor J.R.R. Tolkien 's The Lord of the Rings The Fellowship of the Ring The Two Towers The Return of the King Production and reception Composition Themes Influences Translations Russian Swedish Reception Fandom Study Related works The Hobbit The Adventures of Tom Bombadil The Road Goes Ever On The Silmarillion Unfinished Tales The History of Middle - earth The History of The Lord of the Rings Bilbo 's Last Song The Children of Húrin The History of The Hobbit The Tale of Beren and Lúthien Characters Aragorn Arwen Bilbo Boromir Butterbur Celeborn Ceorl Denethor Elladan and Elrohir Elrond Éomer Éowyn Faramir Frodo Galadriel Gandalf Gildor Gimli Glorfindel Gollum Legolas Merry Mouth of Sauron Old Man Willow Pippin Radagast Sam Saruman Sauron Shelob Théoden Tom Bombadil Treebeard Witch - king Wormtongue Adaptations and other derivative works Books Bored of the Rings ( 1969 ) The Last Ringbearer ( 1999 ) Muddle Earth ( 2003 ) Theatre Fellowship ! ( 2005 ) Lord of the Rings ( 2006 ) Radio The Lord of the Rings ( 1955 ) The Lord of the Rings ( 1979 ) Hordes of the Things ( 1980 ) The Lord of the Rings ( 1981 ) Der Herr der Ringe ( 1992 ) Film Animated The Lord of the Rings ( 1978 ) The Return of the King ( 1980 ) Peter Jackson series The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2001 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) Fan - made The Hunt for Gollum ( 2009 ) Born of Hope ( 2009 ) Video games Journey to Rivendell Game One Game Two : Shadows of Mordor War in Middle Earth Vol . I ( 1990 ) Vol . I ( SNES ) Riders of Rohan Elendor Volume II The Fellowship of the Ring The Two Towers The Return of the King War of the Ring The Third Age The Battle for Middle - earth Tactics The Battle for Middle - earth II The Rise of the Witch - king The Lord of the Rings Online Mines of Moria Siege of Mirkwood Rise of Isengard Riders of Rohan Helm 's Deep Conquest Aragorn 's Quest War in the North Lego The Lord of the Rings Guardians of Middle - earth Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor Middle - earth : Shadow of War Tabletop role - playing games The Lord of the Rings Roleplaying Game Middle - earth Role Playing The One Ring Roleplaying Game Board games Middle Earth Lord of the Rings Risk : The Lord of the Rings Trilogy Edition War of the Ring Other games The Lord of the Rings Strategy Battle Game The Lord of the Rings : The Card Game The Lord of the Rings Trading Card Game Middle - earth Collectible Card Game Toys Middle - earth Lego sets Middle - earth in film Middle - earth Enterprises Animated films The Hobbit ( 1977 ) The Lord of the Rings ( 1978 ) The Return of the King ( 1980 ) Live - action films Sagan om ringen ( 1971 ) The Hobbit ( 1985 ) Hobitit ( 1993 ) Peter Jackson series The Lord of the Rings The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2001 ) The Two Towers ( 2002 ) The Return of the King ( 2003 ) The Hobbit An Unexpected Journey ( 2012 ) The Desolation of Smaug ( 2013 ) The Battle of the Five Armies ( 2014 ) Fan films The Hunt for Gollum ( 2009 ) Born of Hope ( 2009 ) Book Peter Jackson Films directed Bad Taste ( 1987 ) Meet the Feebles ( 1989 ) Braindead ( 1992 ) Heavenly Creatures ( 1994 ) The Frighteners ( 1996 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2001 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) King Kong ( 2005 ) The Lovely Bones ( 2009 ) The Hobbit : An Unexpected Journey ( 2012 ) The Hobbit : The Desolation of Smaug ( 2013 ) The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies ( 2014 ) Other films The Valley ( 1976 ) Forgotten Silver ( 1995 ) Crossing the Line ( 2008 ) Produced only Valley of the Stereos ( 1992 ) Jack Brown Genius ( 1997 , also writer ) District 9 ( 2009 ) The Adventures of Tintin ( 2011 ) West of Memphis ( 2012 ) Mortal Engines ( 2018 , also writer ) Companies WingNut Films Weta Workshop Weta Digital Park Road Post Related The Lord of the Rings ( film series ) The Hobbit ( film series ) Awards for The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King Academy Award for Best Picture 1927 / 28 -- 1950 Wings ( 1927 / 28 ) The Broadway Melody ( 1928 / 29 ) All Quiet on the Western Front ( 1929 / 30 ) Cimarron ( 1930 / 31 ) Grand Hotel ( 1931 / 32 ) Cavalcade ( 1932 / 33 ) It Happened One Night ( 1934 ) Mutiny on the Bounty ( 1935 ) The Great Ziegfeld ( 1936 ) The Life of Emile Zola ( 1937 ) You Ca n't Take It with You ( 1938 ) Gone with the Wind ( 1939 ) Rebecca ( 1940 ) How Green Was My Valley ( 1941 ) Mrs. Miniver ( 1942 ) Casablanca ( 1943 ) Going My Way ( 1944 ) The Lost Weekend ( 1945 ) The Best Years of Our Lives ( 1946 ) Gentleman 's Agreement ( 1947 ) Hamlet ( 1948 ) All the King 's Men ( 1949 ) All About Eve ( 1950 ) 1951 -- 1975 An American in Paris ( 1951 ) The Greatest Show on Earth ( 1952 ) From Here to Eternity ( 1953 ) On the Waterfront ( 1954 ) Marty ( 1955 ) Around the World in 80 Days ( 1956 ) The Bridge on the River Kwai ( 1957 ) Gigi ( 1958 ) Ben - Hur ( 1959 ) The Apartment ( 1960 ) West Side Story ( 1961 ) Lawrence of Arabia ( 1962 ) Tom Jones ( 1963 ) My Fair Lady ( 1964 ) The Sound of Music ( 1965 ) A Man for All Seasons ( 1966 ) In the Heat of the Night ( 1967 ) Oliver ! ( 1968 ) Midnight Cowboy ( 1969 ) Patton ( 1970 ) The French Connection ( 1971 ) The Godfather ( 1972 ) The Sting ( 1973 ) The Godfather Part II ( 1974 ) One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest ( 1975 ) 1976 -- 2000 Rocky ( 1976 ) Annie Hall ( 1977 ) The Deer Hunter ( 1978 ) Kramer vs. Kramer ( 1979 ) Ordinary People ( 1980 ) Chariots of Fire ( 1981 ) Gandhi ( 1982 ) Terms of Endearment ( 1983 ) Amadeus ( 1984 ) Out of Africa ( 1985 ) Platoon ( 1986 ) The Last Emperor ( 1987 ) Rain Man ( 1988 ) Driving Miss Daisy ( 1989 ) Dances with Wolves ( 1990 ) The Silence of the Lambs ( 1991 ) Unforgiven ( 1992 ) Schindler 's List ( 1993 ) Forrest Gump ( 1994 ) Braveheart ( 1995 ) The English Patient ( 1996 ) Titanic ( 1997 ) Shakespeare in Love ( 1998 ) American Beauty ( 1999 ) Gladiator ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present A Beautiful Mind ( 2001 ) Chicago ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) Million Dollar Baby ( 2004 ) Crash ( 2005 ) The Departed ( 2006 ) No Country for Old Men ( 2007 ) Slumdog Millionaire ( 2008 ) The Hurt Locker ( 2009 ) The King 's Speech ( 2010 ) The Artist ( 2011 ) Argo ( 2012 ) 12 Years a Slave ( 2013 ) Birdman or : ( The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance ) ( 2014 ) Spotlight ( 2015 ) Moonlight ( 2016 ) BAFTA Award for Best Film Best Film from Any Source 1947 -- 1967 The Best Years of Our Lives ( 1947 ) Hamlet ( 1948 ) Bicycle Thieves ( 1949 ) All About Eve ( 1950 ) La Ronde ( 1951 ) The Sound Barrier ( 1952 ) Forbidden Games ( 1953 ) The Wages of Fear ( 1954 ) Richard III ( 1955 ) Gervaise ( 1956 ) The Bridge on the River Kwai ( 1957 ) Room at the Top ( 1958 ) Ben - Hur ( 1959 ) The Apartment ( 1960 ) Ballad of a Soldier ( 1961 ) The Hustler ( 1961 ) Lawrence of Arabia ( 1962 ) Tom Jones ( 1963 ) Dr. Strangelove or : How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb ( 1964 ) My Fair Lady ( 1965 ) Who 's Afraid of Virginia Woolf ? ( 1966 ) A Man for All Seasons ( 1967 ) Best Film 1968 -- present The Graduate ( 1968 ) Midnight Cowboy ( 1969 ) Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid ( 1970 ) Sunday Bloody Sunday ( 1971 ) Cabaret ( 1972 ) Day for Night ( 1973 ) Lacombe , Lucien ( 1974 ) Alice Does n't Live Here Anymore ( 1975 ) One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest ( 1976 ) Annie Hall ( 1977 ) Julia ( 1978 ) Manhattan ( 1979 ) The Elephant Man ( 1980 ) Chariots of Fire ( 1981 ) Gandhi ( 1982 ) Educating Rita ( 1983 ) The Killing Fields ( 1984 ) The Purple Rose of Cairo ( 1985 ) A Room with a View ( 1986 ) Jean de Florette ( 1987 ) The Last Emperor ( 1988 ) Dead Poets Society ( 1989 ) Goodfellas ( 1990 ) The Commitments ( 1991 ) Howards End ( 1992 ) Schindler 's List ( 1993 ) Four Weddings and a Funeral ( 1994 ) Sense and Sensibility ( 1995 ) The English Patient ( 1996 ) The Full Monty ( 1997 ) Shakespeare in Love ( 1998 ) American Beauty ( 1999 ) Gladiator ( 2000 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2001 ) The Pianist ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) The Aviator ( 2004 ) Brokeback Mountain ( 2005 ) The Queen ( 2006 ) Atonement ( 2007 ) Slumdog Millionaire ( 2008 ) The Hurt Locker ( 2009 ) The King 's Speech ( 2010 ) The Artist ( 2011 ) Argo ( 2012 ) 12 Years a Slave ( 2013 ) Boyhood ( 2014 ) The Revenant ( 2015 ) La La Land ( 2016 ) Critics ' Choice Movie Award for Best Picture Sense and Sensibility ( 1995 ) Fargo ( 1996 ) L.A. Confidential ( 1997 ) Saving Private Ryan ( 1998 ) American Beauty ( 1999 ) Gladiator ( 2000 ) A Beautiful Mind ( 2001 ) Chicago ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) Sideways ( 2004 ) Brokeback Mountain ( 2005 ) The Departed ( 2006 ) No Country for Old Men ( 2007 ) Slumdog Millionaire ( 2008 ) The Hurt Locker ( 2009 ) The Social Network ( 2010 ) The Artist ( 2011 ) Argo ( 2012 ) 12 Years a Slave ( 2013 ) Boyhood ( 2014 ) Spotlight ( 2015 ) La La Land ( 2016 ) Critics ' Choice Movie Award for Best Acting Ensemble ( 2001 -- 2009 ) Gosford Park ( 2001 ) : Eileen Atkins , Bob Balaban , Alan Bates , Charles Dance , Stephen Fry , Michael Gambon , Richard E. Grant , Tom Hollander , Derek Jacobi , Kelly Macdonald , Helen Mirren , Jeremy Northam , Clive Owen , Ryan Phillippe , Maggie Smith , Geraldine Somerville , Kristin Scott Thomas , Sophie Thompson , Emily Watson , James Wilby Chicago ( 2002 ) : Christine Baranski , Ekaterina Shchelkanova , Taye Diggs , Denise Faye , Colm Feore , Richard Gere , Deidre Goodwin , Queen Latifah , Lucy Liu , Susan Misner , Mýa , John C. 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Grant , Tom Hollander , Derek Jacobi , Kelly Macdonald , Helen Mirren , Jeremy Northam , Clive Owen , Ryan Phillippe , Maggie Smith , Geraldine Somerville , Kristin Scott Thomas , Sophie Thompson , Emily Watson , James Wilby 2002 Chicago Christine Baranski , Ekaterina Shchelkanova , Taye Diggs , Denise Faye , Colm Feore , Richard Gere , Deidre Goodwin , Queen Latifah , Lucy Liu , Susan Misner , Mýa , John C. 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how long is lotr return of the king extended edition | [
"The Return of the King followed the precedent set by its predecessors by releasing an Extended Edition (251 minutes) with new editing and added special effects and music, along with four commentaries and six hours of supplementary material, plus 10 minutes of fan-club credits. However, this set took longer to produce than the others because the cast and crew, no longer based in New Zealand for the trilogy, were spread all over the world working on other projects.[48] The set was finally released in December 14, 2004 in the UK and US. The final ten minutes comprises a listing of the charter members of the official fan club who had paid for three-year charter membership."
] | [
"251 minutes"
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6526903318360505878 | Do Not Stand at My Grave and Weep | Do Not Stand at My Grave and Weep - wikipedia Do Not Stand at My Grave and Weep Jump to : navigation , search `` Do Not Stand at My Grave and Weep '' is a poem written in 1932 by Mary Elizabeth Frye . Although the origin of the poem was disputed until later in her life , Mary Frye 's authorship was confirmed in 1998 after research by Abigail Van Buren , a newspaper columnist . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origins 2 BBC poll 3 Translations 4 Derivative works 5 In popular culture 6 References 7 External links Origins ( edit ) There have been many claimants to the poem 's authorship , including attributions to traditional and Native American origins . Dear Abby author Abigail Van Buren researched the poem 's history and concluded in 1998 that Mary Elizabeth Frye , who was living in Baltimore at the time , had written the poem in 1932 . According to Van Buren 's research , Frye had never written any poetry , but the plight of a German Jewish woman , Margaret Schwarzkopf , who was staying with her and her husband , had inspired the poem . Margaret Schwarzkopf was concerned about her mother , who was ill in Germany , but she had been warned not to return home because of increasing unrest . When her mother died , the heartbroken young woman told Frye that she never had the chance to `` stand by my mother 's grave and shed a tear '' . Frye , according to Van Buren 's research , found herself composing a piece of verse on a brown paper shopping bag . Later she said that the words `` just came to her '' and expressed what she felt about life and death . Frye circulated the poem privately , never publishing or copyrighting it . She wrote other poems , but this , her first , endured . Her obituary in The Times stated that she was the author of the famous poem , which has been recited at funerals and on other appropriate occasions around the world for 60 years . The poem was introduced to many in the United Kingdom when it was read by the father of a soldier killed by a bomb in Northern Ireland . The soldier 's father read the poem on BBC radio in 1995 in remembrance of his son , who had left the poem among his personal effects in an envelope addressed ' To all my loved ones ' . The poem is common reading for funerals . BBC poll ( edit ) To coincide with National Poetry Day 1995 , the British television programme The Bookworm conducted a poll to discover the nation 's favourite poems , and subsequently published the winning poems in book form . The book 's preface stated that `` Do Not Stand at My Grave and Weep '' was `` the unexpected poetry success of the year from Bookworm 's point of view '' ; the poem had `` provoked an extraordinary response ... the requests started coming in almost immediately and over the following weeks the demand rose to a total of some thirty thousand . In some respects it became the nation 's favourite poem by proxy ... despite it being outside the competition . '' This was all the more remarkable , since the name and nationality of the American poet did not become known until several years later . In 2004 The Times wrote : `` The verse demonstrated a remarkable power to soothe loss . It became popular , crossing national boundaries for use on bereavement cards and at funerals regardless of race , religion or social status '' . Translations ( edit ) The poem has been translated into Danish , Dutch , French , German , Hebrew , Ilocano , Japanese , Korean , Russian , Spanish , Swedish , Tagalog , and other languages . Several Swedish versions exist . One version starts : `` Gråt ej vid min grav ... '' Translated , it reads : `` Do not weep at my grave - I am not there / I am in the sun 's reflection in the sea / I am in the wind 's play above the grain fields / I am in the autumn 's gentle rain / I am in the Milky Way 's string of stars / And when on an early morning you are awaked by bird 's song / It is my voice that you are hearing / So do not weep at my grave - we shall meet again . '' ( Instead of these last four words there is also this version : `` I am not dead . I only left '' . ) Every so often the poem and similar variations appear in death and funeral announcements in Swedish morning papers ( such as Svenska Dagbladet August 14 , 2010 ) . On August 29 , 2010 , the Swedish newspaper Dagens Nyheter carried the following short English version : `` I am thousand winds that blow / I am the diamond glints on snow / I am the sunlight , I am the rain / Do not stand on my grave and cry / I am not there / I did not die '' . Derivative works ( edit ) Several notable choral compositions , pop songs , and other creative works have been based on `` Do Not Stand at My Grave and Weep '' , adapting lines from Frye 's poem as lyrics . The Better Angels of Our Nature ( song by Monks of Doom ) : Parts of `` Do Not Stand at My Grave and Weep '' are interpolated with the lyrics to the rock song `` The Better Angels of Our Nature , '' from the 1991 Monks of Doom album Meridian . Requiem ( composition by Eleanor Joanne Daley ) : Eleanor Joanne Daley 's Requiem ( 1993 ) includes a movement titled `` In Remembrance '' , which uses the poem as its text . The movement has also been published as a stand - alone work . `` Do Not Stand at My Grave and Weep '' ( Epitaph by Maria Newman ) : The poem was set by violinist / violist & composer Maria Newman in 1998 for soprano , violin , viola & piano and subsequently set in 2014 for mezzo - soprano , violin , viola & piano . It is part of Newman 's song cycle , Songs On Motherhood in G Major , Op. 36 , No. 2 : V. In Newman 's setting the poem clearly states that death is not an end , but a metamorphosis that makes possible a melding with our physical earth and metaphysical surroundings . In this final movement , the voice emerges with a prayerful plainchant , as the tutti ensemble blossoms into the movement proper . `` The Ballad of Mairéad Farrell '' ( song by Seanchai and the Unity Squad ) : On Seanchai and the Unity Squad 's 1998 album Rebel Hip Hop , the song `` The Ballad of Mairéad Farrell '' tells the story of Mairéad Farrell , a member of the Irish Republican Army , and her imprisonment and eventual death at the hands of British security forces in Gibraltar . The song uses the opening couplet from the poem , and alters the closing couplet to say , `` Do not stand at my grave and cry / When Ireland lives , I do not die . '' `` Do Not Stand at My Grave and Weep '' ( song by Alias Grace ) : On Embers , the 1998 debut album by British ambient folk duo Alias Grace ( Peter Chilvers and Sandra O'Neill ) , the closing track is a straight setting of the original poem for piano , voice , guitar and Chapman Stick . `` Do Not Stand at My Grave and Weep '' ( composition by Paul K. Joyce ) : At the request of a friend who had been diagnosed with cancer , composer Paul K. Joyce wrote a song for her funeral , setting the text of `` Do Not Stand at My Grave and Weep '' to music . Joyce subsequently incorporated the composition into a larger oratorio ( 1998 ) and the score for a BBC adaptation of Hans Christian Andersen 's The Snow Queen ( 2005 ) . `` Prayer '' ( song by Lizzie West ) : Songwriter Lizzie West recorded a modified version of the poem in her 2003 album Holy Road : Freedom Songs . To All My Loved Ones ( `` Do Not Stand At My Grave And Weep '' ) : The words were set to music by songwriter Geoff Stephens and the song was first performed at the 2003 Royal British Legion Festival of Remembrance at the Royal Albert Hall . It was recorded by classical singer Katherine Jenkins and released on her album Living a Dream . In Every Lovely Thing ( `` Do Not Stand At My Grave And Weep '' ) : In 2003 songwriter Timothy J. Erskine set a modified version of the poem including a new final stanza to music and produced a recording sung by Holly Phaneuf Erskine . The recording was re-released for download in 2017 . `` Do Not Stand at My Grave and Weep '' ( choral composition by Joseph Twist ) : In 2004 , Australian composer Joseph Twist set the poem to music for a cappella voices ( SATB div ) with slight alterations to the words . This arrangement was commissioned by and subsequently dedicated to Graeme Morton and the National Youth Choir of Australia . `` Do Not Stand at My Grave and Weep '' ( choral song by Libera ) : Robert Prizeman , musical director of the all - boy English vocal group Libera , set this poem to music . The song used the same title as the poem and was included on Libera 's 2004 album Free . `` A Thousand Winds '' ( song by Man Arai ) : Japanese singer - songwriter Man Arai translated the poem into Japanese and composed the song `` 千 の 風 に なっ て '' ( translation : `` Become A Thousand Winds '' ) , originally sung by Man Arai himself . Other singers later covered the song , among them Japanese tenor Masafumi Akikawa . The tenor made the song popular after performing it during the 57th NHK Kōhaku Uta Gassen on December 31 , 2006 . In January 2007 , it became the first classical music piece to top the Oricon weekly singles chart and became the first classical music piece to top the Oricon yearly singles chart . Another version of this song appeared on Hayley Westenra 's 2008 album Hayley Sings Japanese Songs ( with the title `` Sen No Kaze Ni Natte '' ) . `` The Soft Stars that Shine at Night '' ( choral composition by David Bedford ) : In 2006 , several choirs in the United Kingdom commissioned a choral work from David Bedford through the organization Making Music . The resulting piece , entitled The Soft Stars that Shine at Night , was first performed in 2007 . Its last movement is a setting of this poem , with slight alterations to the words . Eternal Light : A Requiem ( composition by Howard Goodall ) : Howard Goodall 's choral orchestral work Eternal Light : A Requiem was recorded in 2008 with the Choir of Christ Church Cathedral , Oxford . `` Do not stand '' is in the Lacrymosa which is track 5 . `` Do Not Stand at My Grave and Weep '' ( song by Harry Manx and Kevin Breit ) : A song of this title , with lyrics adapted from the poem , appears on the album Strictly Whatever by the duo Harry Manx and Kevin Breit . The album was released in May 2011 . `` You Will Make It '' ( song by Jem ) : The poem appears at the end of the song `` You Will Make It '' by Welsh singer - songwriter Jem . This song , which appeared on the 2011 album Ten Years On : A Collection of Songs In Remembrance of September 11th 2001 , is a duet with South African singer - songwriter and poet - activist Vusi Mahlasela . `` Do Not Stand at My Grave and Weep '' ( music by Rudi Tas ) : Rudi Tas Pie Jesu for mixed choir `` Do Not Stand At My Grave '' ( song by Caitlin Canty ) : The poem is the lyrics , with music by Caitlin Canty . It appears on her CD Golden Hour . `` Do Not Stand at My Grave and Weep '' ( song by Anna - Mari Kähärä ) : Finnish musician Anna - Mari Kähärä sang the words of the poem in this song on her 2015 album Another Song . `` Do Not Stand at My Grave and Weep '' ( song by Tom Read ) : International singer - songwriter Tom Read adapted the words of this poem into a song on his 2012 album Compass . In popular culture ( edit ) The full poem is recited in the Movie `` Stasis '' at 1 : 00 : 00 by Anna Harr ( Ava / Seattle ) , when she decides to take action although she has no body anymore . A paraphrased version is recited by Karen McCluskey ( Kathryn Joosten ) for Ida Greenberg ( Pat Crawford Brown ) in Season 4 , Episode 10 of the TV series Desperate Housewives , when Ida dies during a tornado that hit Wisteria Lane and her ashes are scattered on a baseball field . In the second episode of `` The Shield '' entitled `` Our Gang '' the poem is quoted at the funeral of a police officer and attributed as `` an epitaph for an unknown soldier '' . A paraphrased version is read at the graveside memorial in `` Desert Cantos '' , Season 2 , Episode 15 of the TV series Terminator : The Sarah Connor Chronicles . A paraphrased version is read during a funeral in `` The Final Act '' , Season 7 , Part 1 of the UK TV series Prime Suspect . A paraphrased version is read during Andy 's Funeral in `` The Liar Games : The Final Game '' written and Produced by Harry Hale . The poem features in its entirety in the 2003 film adaption of Patrick Galvin 's Song for a Raggy Boy . The full poem is read in the British movie For Those in Peril ( 2013 ) by Jane at the funeral of her boyfriend . The poem is read in full by Lady Annabel Butler ( Siân Phillips ) at the funeral of her husband Sir Freddy Butler ( Joss Ackland ) in the Midsomer Murders episode `` Vixen 's Run '' ( season 9 , episode 3 ) . In the 133th episode of the Japanese anime television series Gintama called `` Gin And His Excellency 's Good - For - Nothings '' , the poem is spoken by the character Gintoki Sakata ( played by Tomokazu Sugita ) . The poem is read by Carla Barlow ( played by Alison King ) at the funeral of Hayley Cropper ( played by Julie Hesmondhalgh ) in an episode of Coronation Street that aired on 31 January 2014 . A modified version of the poem appears in the game World of Warcraft during a quest entitled `` Alicia 's Poem '' , which requires the player to deliver the poem to a young child 's friend . The quest was created as a tribute to player Dak Krause , who died of leukemia at the age of 28 on August 22 , 2007 . The poem is recited by John Deed ( played by actor Martin Shaw ) in `` Everyone 's Child '' , an episode in the second series of the TV programme Judge John Deed ( aired December 2002 ) . A similar poem is left by Chuckie 's dead mother in the Rugrats episode `` Mother 's Day '' . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Mary E. Frye '' . The Times . London , United Kingdom . 5 November 2004 . Retrieved May 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Obituary '' . London Magazine . December 2005 . Jump up ^ The Nation 's Favourite Poems . BBC Books . 1996 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 563 - 38782 - 4 . Jump up ^ Geoff Stephens . `` Who DID Write the Nation 's Favourite Poem ? '' October 2002 . Retrieved November 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Snow Queen - A magical adventure told through songs and poems . BBC1 Christmas day 9am '' . Thesnowqueenpkj.com . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Spirituals '' . Lizzie and Baba . Section `` Prayer : Lizzie West '' . Retrieved May 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Do not stand at my grave and weep : SATB choir by Joseph Twist : Work '' . Australian Music Centre . 2013 - 05 - 04 . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Free by Ben Crawley '' . Boy Choir and Soloist Directory . Retrieved May 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Rudi Tas : Homepage '' . Ruditas.be . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Rudi Tas : Do not stand at my grave and weep '' . YouTube . 2012 - 04 - 01 . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 04 . External links ( edit ) `` Do Not Stand at My Grave and Weep '' . The HyperTexts . `` In Every Lovely Thing '' Alan Chapman . `` do not stand at my grave and weep '' . Businessballs . Retrieved May 8 , 2011 . `` Frequently asked for poems '' . Saison Poetry Library . London , England . Retrieved May 8 , 2011 . Danish version of the poem Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Do_Not_Stand_at_My_Grave_and_Weep&oldid=831033820 '' Categories : 1932 poems Poems about death Hidden categories : Articles containing Japanese - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Română Tagalog 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 March 2018 , at 10 : 04 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who wrote do not stand by my grave and weep | [
"\"Do Not Stand at My Grave and Weep\" is a poem written in 1932 by Mary Elizabeth Frye. Although the origin of the poem was disputed until later in her life, Mary Frye's authorship was confirmed in 1998 after research by Abigail Van Buren, a newspaper columnist.[1]"
] | [
"Mary Elizabeth Frye"
] |
-4791566828348958476 | Wilson Bethel | Wilson Bethel - wikipedia Wilson Bethel Jump to : navigation , search Wilson Bethel Stephen Wilson Bethel ( 1984 - 02 - 24 ) February 24 , 1984 ( age 33 ) Hillsborough , New Hampshire , United States Occupation Actor , writer , producer , model Years active 2004 -- 2005 2008 -- present Stephen Wilson Bethel ( born February 24 , 1984 ) , professionally known as Wilson Bethel , is an American actor . He is known for his roles as Wade Kinsella on Hart of Dixie and as Ryder Callahan on the CBS daytime soap opera The Young and the Restless . He is also the star and creator of the web series Stupid Hype on the CW 's new online platform CWD ( CW Digital Studio ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Life and career 2 Filmography 3 References 4 External links Life and career ( edit ) Bethel was born in Hillsborough , New Hampshire , the son of Stephen Bethel and author Joyce Maynard . Before becoming a regular on The Young and the Restless , Bethel had been seen on television in various one - time roles on shows such as JAG , Cold Case , and NCIS . Those small parts were followed up by a role in the 2008 Vietnam War film , 1968 Tunnel Rats where he played the Army Special Ops soldier , Corporal Green . This was followed by his role as Corporal Evan `` Q - Tip '' Stafford in the 2008 HBO mini-series Generation Kill ; Bethel appeared in all 7 episodes as well as the HBO documentary short Making Generation Kill . In Hart of Dixie , Bethel played Wade Kinsella , `` bad - boy '' neighbor to the series ' central character , Zoe Hart . Production for the show began in early 2011 and it premiered on September 26 , 2011 . BuddyTV ranked him # 14 on its list of `` TV 's Sexiest Men of 2011 ; '' in 2012 he was ranked # 2 on the same list . Filmography ( edit ) List of acting performances in film and television Year Film Role Notes The O.C. Brad Episode `` The Telenovela '' 2005 JAG Seaman Apprentice Charles Bander Episode `` Dream Team '' NCIS P.O. John Kirby Episode `` Switch '' 2008 1968 Tunnel Rats Cpl. Dan Green Generation Kill Cpl . Evan ' Q - Tip ' Stafford 7 episodes Cold Case James ' Jimmy ' Tully Episode `` Shore Leave '' 2009 - 2011 The Young and the Restless Ryder Callahan 78 episodes 2011 The Perfect Student Trent TV movie Stealing Summers Trevor 2011 -- 2015 Hart of Dixie Wade Kinsella 76 Episodes 2012 Wyatt Earp 's Revenge Doc Holliday Video 2013 Whose Line Is It Anyway ? Himself 1 episode Not Today Bill Stupid Hype Hype Web Series 2014 L.A. Rangers Parker Web Series 2014 Inherent Vice LAPD Officer # 1 2014 Prototype Short Films : Memory 2.0 Henry Web short film ; co-writer 2015 Bates Motel Taylor 1 Episode 2015 The Astronaut Wives Club Scott Carpenter Season 1 Episode 1 - 10 Television Series 2015 Blood & Oil Finn Season 1 , Episode 3 2016 Criminal Minds Randy Jacobs Episode , The Bond 2016 How to Get Away with Murder Charles Mahoney Episode , It 's a Trap 2016 Harley and the Davidsons Ray Weishaar Miniseries References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Wilson Bethel at soaps.com Jump up ^ Hart of Dixie at TVGuide.com Jump up ^ Wilson Bethel biography at Soap Opera Digest Jump up ^ Wilson Bethel credits at TV.com Jump up ^ 1968 Tunnel Rats at Rotten Tomatoes.com Jump up ^ Hart of Dixie - Wilson Bethel interview at tv.net Jump up ^ `` TV 's 100 Sexiest Men of 2011 '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved January 13 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Wilson Bethel on IMDb Wilson Bethel on Twitter Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wilson_Bethel&oldid=757696843 '' Categories : 1984 births 21st - century American male actors Male actors from New Hampshire American male film actors American people of Russian - Jewish descent American male soap opera actors American male television actors Living people People from Hillsborough , New Hampshire Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Mirandés Polski Português Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 1 January 2017 , at 05 : 27 . About Wikipedia | who plays wade kinsella on hart of dixie | [
"Stephen Wilson Bethel (born February 24, 1984), professionally known as Wilson Bethel, is an American actor. He is known for his roles as Wade Kinsella on Hart of Dixie and as Ryder Callahan on the CBS daytime soap opera The Young and the Restless.[1][2] He is also the star and creator of the web series Stupid Hype on the CW's new online platform CWD (CW Digital Studio).",
"Stephen Wilson Bethel (born February 24, 1984), professionally known as Wilson Bethel, is an American actor. He is known for his roles as Wade Kinsella on Hart of Dixie and as Ryder Callahan on the CBS daytime soap opera The Young and the Restless.[1][2] He is also the star and creator of the web series Stupid Hype on the CW's new online platform CWD (CW Digital Studio)."
] | [
"Stephen Wilson Bethel",
"professionally known as Wilson Bethel"
] |
-3165851820600516206 | Marquis St. Evrémonde | Marquis St. Evrémonde - wikipedia Marquis St. Evrémonde Marquis St. Evrémonde A Tale of Two Cities character The Evrémonde brothers ( left ) by Fred Barnard , 1870s Created by Charles Dickens Portrayed by Basil Rathbone Information Nickname ( s ) Monsieur the Marquis Gender Male Title Marquis Nationality French The Marquis St. Evrémonde is a fictional character in Charles Dickens ' A Tale of Two Cities . Contents 1 Overview 1.1 Marquis in Paris 1.2 Marquis at his estate 1.3 Death of the Marquis and aftermath 1.4 Names 2 Cinematic and Theatrical Portrayals 3 References Overview ( edit ) The Marquis or Monseigneur St. Evrémonde appears ( in life ) for only three chapters in Book the Second , symbolizing the pitiless , arrogant , French aristocracy . About 60 years old , with a face like a mask , he is Charles Darnay 's uncle and twin brother of Charles Darnay 's father ( now deceased ) . Marquis in Paris ( edit ) While still handsome , fashionable , and exquisitely poised , the Marquis St. Evrémonde is out of favor at the royal court for reasons that are not specified . In `` Monseigneur in Town '' , the Marquis is greeted without warmth by `` Monseigneur '' ( a great lord and senior courtier ) at the latter 's Parisian reception . Snubbed , he waits until all Monseigneur 's sycophants and hangers - on file out , then murmurs a curse sending Monseigneur to the Devil . ( Note that the curse is uttered in a mirrored salon , possibly suggesting that it rebounds on the speaker . ) The Marquis St. Evrémonde 's carriage heads for his country chateau through the streets of Paris , at the break - neck pace favored by the nobility . Although most pedestrians scatter in terror , his carriage runs over a little child ; being one of Gaspard 's . The Marquis shows no remorse at the sight of the crushed body -- inquiring whether his horses are alright -- and , `` with the air of a gentleman who had accidentally broke some common thing , and had paid for it '' , throws a gold coin to the distraught father . The Defarges appear -- Ernest Defarge to comfort the grieving Gaspard ; Madame Defarge to stand erect , stare at the Marquis boldly in the face and knit his Fate . The remainder of the crowd watches in cowed silence but an unknown hand throws the coin back into the carriage . Before driving on , the Marquis responds with cold contempt that he would willingly ride over any of `` you dogs '' and exterminate them . This scene foreshadows the oncoming revolution in France . Marquis at his estate ( edit ) The Marquis St. Evrémonde appears in the two following chapters `` Monseigneur in the Country '' ( when he is told by a road worker that a dust - covered figure was hanging on to the bottom of his carriage ) and `` the `` Gorgon 's Head '' ( dining with his nephew , Charles Darnay ) . Dickens uses his account of the journey of the indifferent Marquis through the countryside surrounding his chateau to graphically describe the poverty and desperation of the peasantry . During the dinner between uncle and nephew , Charles Darnay apologizes for being detained in London . He alludes to his danger there ( his recent treason trial ) wondering aloud if his uncle did not in fact orchestrate the accusations brought against him . Charles further believes that if the Marquis were still in the French Court 's good graces , he would obtain a lettre de cachet and have his nephew imprisoned in France . His uncle confesses that for the honor of the family , he ' `` would do exactly that ' '' . The dinner conversation between uncle and nephew reveals their diametrically opposed view of the rural peasantry . St. Evrémonde the elder considers it a divine duty to subjugate `` the Vulgar '' , ( `` Repression is the only lasting philosophy ... '' ) . He regrets that recent reforms have placed some restraints on the formerly absolute powers of his class to abuse their inferiors ; recalling that at an earlier date he had one peasant poniarded in his very bedroom for `` professing some insolent delicacy respecting his daughter '' . Charles Darnay , by contrast , hopes to honor his mother 's dying wish by ameliorating the wrongs the family has caused . When his uncle laughs at this , Charles renounces his rights to the Evrémonde title and lands , in favor of a new life in London . His uncle , slyly , already knows that this `` new life '' includes an emigree doctor and his daughter . They retire for the night . Death of the Marquis and aftermath ( edit ) At the conclusion of Chapter 9 , the Marquis is found stabbed to death in his bed . `` The Gorgon had surveyed the building again in the night , and had added the one stone face waiting for two hundred years . '' ( Chapter 9 ) . All of his property is inherited by Darnay , who remains in London but instructs an agent to redress grievances as far as possible in the growing confusion of the pending revolution . A year later Gaspard , assassin of the Marquis and father of the child ridden down by his carriage , is captured and executed , his body left hanging above the village water fountain . Subsequently the Evrémonde chateau is burned to the ground at night by `` Jacques '' revolutionaries while the abused villagers watch in grim silence and the officers of a neighboring royal garrison stand helpless because they know that their troops will probably no longer obey their orders . Only later in the novel , during the trial of Charles Darnay , is the secret of the Marquis and his brother exposed : Alexandre Manette 's diary from the Bastille details how in 1767 the Evrémonde brothers ( the younger initially helped by the elder ) had abducted and abused a pregnant peasant wife causing her death , fatally wounded her brother who tried to protect her and had brought about the deaths of both the girl 's husband and father as well . Manette tries to alert the authorities to the Evrémonde crimes but his letter is passed on to the aristocratic brothers . This was the reason he was imprisoned in the Bastille ; likewise this was the inspiration of a lifelong hatred of the Evrémondes by the last member of the wronged girl 's family - her sister Madame Defarge who married Manette 's servant Ernest Defarge . Names ( edit ) The Marquis St. Evrémonde is referred to as `` Monseigneur '' and `` Monsieur . '' These three different titles all refer to the same person : people who are below the Marquis in rank refer to him as `` Monseigneur '' or `` Monsieur , '' while people of equal rank refer to him as the `` Marquis . '' Note also that the patronym `` Evrémonde '' , suggests an Anglo - French conglomerate , ( `` every '' plus `` tout le monde '' ) . Phonetically , it sounds like `` Everyman . '' And , when the phrases `` evre '' and `` monde '' are separately translated from French into English , they mean fever and world , making the name `` Feverworld '' . The note on the knife in the Marquis chest is signed `` Jacques '' ; a common nickname used by the aristocracy for the peasant was `` Jacques Goodman '' . Cinematic and theatrical portrayals ( edit ) In the 2008 Broadway musical adaptation of ' A Tale of Two Cities , ' the Marquis St. Evrémonde is played by Les Minski , while on film he has been played by such actors as Basil Rathbone , Christopher Lee , and Max Adrian . In 2003 , the Rathbone portrayal of St. Evrémonde was nominated for AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Heroes and Villains as one of the Top 50 Villains . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Dickens 2003 , ( Book 2 , Chapter 7 ) . Jump up ^ AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Heroes and Villains Nominees Charles Dickens ' A Tale of Two Cities Characters Sydney Carton Lucie Manette Charles Darnay Alexandre Manette Monsieur Ernest Defarge Madame Thérèse Defarge Jarvis Lorry Miss Pross Marquis St. Evrémonde John Barsad Jerry Cruncher Stryver The Seamstress Film A Tale of Two Cities ( 1911 ) A Tale of Two Cities ( 1917 ) A Tale of Two Cities ( 1922 ) The Only Way ( 1927 ) A Tale of Two Cities ( 1935 ) A Tale of Two Cities ( 1958 ) A Tale of Two Cities ( 1980 ) Musicals Two Cities ( 2006 ) A Tale of Two Cities ( 2007 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marquis_St. _Evrémonde&oldid = 844759965 '' Categories : Fictional characters introduced in 1859 A Tale of Two Cities characters Fictional marquesses and marchionesses Fictional French people in literature Fictional murderers Fictional rapists Literary villains Male characters in film Male characters in literature Talk Contents About Wikipedia اردو Edit links This page was last edited on 7 June 2018 , at 00 : 07 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | who killed marquis in tale of two cities | [
"A year later Gaspard, assassin of the Marquis and father of the child ridden down by his carriage, is captured and executed, his body left hanging above the village water fountain. Subsequently the Evrémonde chateau is burned to the ground at night by \"Jacques\" revolutionaries while the abused villagers watch in grim silence and the officers of a neighboring royal garrison stand helpless because they know that their troops will probably no longer obey their orders.\n"
] | [
"Gaspard"
] |
-2842947016285482661 | Honey, I'm Good. | Honey , I 'm Good . - Wikipedia Honey , I 'm Good . Jump to : navigation , search `` Honey , I 'm Good '' Single by Andy Grammer from the album Magazines or Novels Released November 11 , 2014 Format CD single digital download Recorded December 2012 Genre Pop rock pop country pop Length 3 : 19 Label S - Curve Atlantic Songwriter ( s ) Andy Grammer Nolan Sipe Producer ( s ) Sipe Brian West Steve Greenberg Andy Grammer singles chronology `` Back Home '' ( 2014 ) `` Honey , I 'm Good '' ( 2014 ) `` Good to Be Alive ( Hallelujah ) '' ( 2015 ) `` Back Home '' ( 2014 ) `` Honey , I 'm Good . '' ( 2014 ) `` Good to Be Alive ( Hallelujah ) '' ( 2015 ) `` Honey , I 'm Good . '' is the second single from American musician Andy Grammer 's second studio album , Magazines or Novels ( 2014 ) . It was first released in the US in November 2014 and impacted radio in February 2015 . The song peaked at number 9 on the Billboard Hot 100 , making it Grammer 's highest charting single to date . It has been certified triple - platinum by the RIAA and was ranked one of the 10 best - selling songs of 2015 by Soundscan . The single was written by Grammer and Nolan Sipe , and was produced by Steve Greenberg , Brian West and Sipe . The song was released to country radio on July 27 , 2015 as a duet with the Eli Young Band . Contents ( hide ) 1 Lyrical meaning and composition 2 Release 3 Reception 4 Music video 5 Covers 6 Charts and certifications 6.1 Weekly charts 6.2 Year - end charts 6.3 Certifications 7 Release history 8 See also 9 References Lyrical meaning and composition ( edit ) The song 's lyrics revolve around the concept of monogamy and staying faithful in a relationship . Upon being asked about the inspiration behind the song , Grammer stated , `` The song 's about staying honest and being like , ' Yes , you are smoking hot , but I got a lady at home who is incredible . It 's worth staying truthful . ' '' `` Honey , I 'm Good . '' is written in the key of A major with a tempo of 122 beats per minute . The song is performed in cut ( 2 2 ) time , and Grammer 's vocals span from A to C ♯ . Release ( edit ) `` Honey , I 'm Good . '' is Grammer 's second single from his second studio album Magazines or Novels and was released as a single in the United States on 21 November 2014 with a video following on 12 December 2014 . It was scheduled to impact hot adult contemporary radio on January 19 , 2015 , but the single 's add date was later pushed back to February 2 , 2015 to coincide with its contemporary hit radio release . The song was made available to stream on Spotify in the UK on May 31 , 2015 , and was released to digital retailers there on July 13 , 2015 . `` Honey , I 'm Good . '' was re-recorded with guest vocals by American country group Eli Young Band and digitally released on July 14 , 2015 . This version impacted country radio on July 27 , 2015 . Reception ( edit ) In an article in the New York Post , Chelsea Samelson writes : `` It 's got that down - to - earth realism , and he 's not boasting or taking some holier - than - thou stance . In fact , he sings that ' better men than me have failed , drinking from that unholy grail . ' '' Music video ( edit ) In November 2014 , a lyric video was released that incorporated vintage comics ( two out - of - print titles : Space Detective and Out of This World ) for a comedic video directed by Jason Merrin . In December 2014 , the official music video was released , featuring a montage of 100 real - life couples ( who 've been together from a few months to 70 years ) , including Grammer and his wife Aijia Grammer . Covers ( edit ) The song was covered by Irish country artist Ritchie Remo in August 2015 . The hit also appears on his album Hit The Diff . Remo also released a music video directed by Eddie Creaney , Shane Doyle and Philip Magowan . It was also covered by American a cappella country group Home Free on their 2015 album Country Evolution , with a music video of the song released in April of the same year . Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2014 -- 15 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 64 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) Canada AC ( Billboard ) Canada CHR / Top 40 ( Billboard ) 15 Canada Hot AC ( Billboard ) Czech Republic ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 37 France ( SNEP ) 175 Mexico Ingles Airplay ( Billboard ) 8 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 100 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) 35 Slovakia ( Rádio Top 100 ) 69 Slovakia ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 45 South Africa ( EMA ) 9 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 72 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 65 US Billboard Hot 100 9 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Country Airplay ( Billboard ) Duet with Eli Young Band 41 US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) Duet with Eli Young Band 37 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 8 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2015 ) Rank Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 14 US Billboard Hot 100 25 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 10 US Adult Pop Songs ( Billboard ) 6 US Country Airplay ( Billboard ) Duet with Eli Young Band 63 US Hot Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) US Pop Songs ( Billboard ) 38 Chart ( 2016 ) Position US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 40 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) Gold 35,000 United States ( RIAA ) 3 × Platinum 1,500,000 Release history ( edit ) Country Date Format Version Label Ref . United States November 21 , 2014 Solo version S - Curve Records February 2 , 2015 Adult contemporary Contemporary hit radio Hot adult contemporary United Kingdom July 13 , 2015 Digital download Arista Records North America July 14 , 2015 Eli Young Band duet S - Curve Records United States July 27 , 2015 Country radio See also ( edit ) List of number - one dance singles of 2015 ( U.S. ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.songfacts.com/detail.php?id=35410 ^ Jump up to : `` Single Releases '' . MusicRow . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2014 . Retrieved July 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Andy Grammer : Honey , he 's good '' . Miami Herald . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Honey , I 'm Good '' . www.musicnotes.com . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Top 40 / M Future Releases '' . All Access Media Group . Archived from the original on 17 January 2015 . Retrieved 5 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` R&R : : Going For Adds : : Hot AC '' ( Week of : February 2 , 2015 ) . Radio & Records . Retrieved 5 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` R&R : : Going For Adds : : AC '' ( Week of : February 2 , 2015 ) . Radio & Records . Retrieved 5 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` R&R : : Going For Adds : : CHR / Top 40 '' ( Week of : February 2 , 2015 ) . Radio & Records . Retrieved 5 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Honey , I 'm Good : Andy Grammer : Amazon.co.uk : MP3 Downloads '' . Amazon.co.uk. 13 July 2015 . Retrieved 5 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ode to the faithful : Andy Grammer 's new anti-cheating anthem '' . New York Post . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Andy Grammer Borrows Vintage Comics for ' Honey I 'm Good ' Video ( Exclusive ) - Speakeasy - WSJ '' . Blogs.wsj.com. 2014 - 11 - 11 . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Andy Grammer - `` Honey , I 'm Good . '' ( Official Lyric Video ) `` . YouTube.com. 2014 - 11 - 12 . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Andy Grammer 's ' Honey , I 'm Good ' Video Reminds Us How Awesome Love Can Be '' . Huffingtonpost.com . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Andy Grammer - Honey , I 'm Good . ( Official Music Video ) '' . YouTube.com. 2014 - 12 - 12 . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 18 . Jump up ^ ritchieremo.com RitchieRemo : Hit The Diff ( CD ) Jump up ^ Ritchie Remo You Tube page : `` Honey I 'm Good '' Official Music Video Jump up ^ Honey , I 'm Good . - Andy Grammer ( Home Free Cover ) Jump up ^ Ryan , Gavin ( May 30 , 2015 ) . `` ARIA Singles : Taylor Swift Bad Blood Is No 1 '' . Noise11 . Retrieved May 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Andy Grammer -- Chart history '' Canadian Hot 100 for Andy Grammer . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Andy Grammer -- Chart history '' Billboard Canada AC for Andy Grammer . Retrieved September 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Andy Grammer -- Chart history '' Billboard Canada CHR / Top 40 for Andy Grammer . Retrieved September 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Andy Grammer -- Chart history '' Billboard Canada Hot AC for Andy Grammer . Retrieved September 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Digital Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201531 into search . Retrieved August 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Andy Grammer -- Honey , I 'm Good '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved September 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mexico Ingles Airplay '' . Billboard . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Andy Grammer -- Honey , I 'm Good '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved August 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved July 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201532 into search . Retrieved August 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Singles Digital Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201518 into search . Retrieved August 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` EMA Top 10 Airplay : Week Ending 2015 - 08 - 11 '' . Entertainment Monitoring Africa . Retrieved September 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Andy Grammer -- Honey , I 'm Good '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved September 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved July 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Andy Grammer -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot 100 for Andy Grammer . Retrieved June 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Andy Grammer -- Chart history '' Billboard Adult Contemporary for Andy Grammer . Retrieved September 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Andy Grammer -- Chart history '' Billboard Adult Pop Songs for Andy Grammer . Retrieved June 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Andy Grammer -- Chart history '' . Billboard Country Airplay for Andy Grammer . Retrieved 29 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Andy Grammer -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot Dance Club Songs for Andy Grammer . Retrieved July 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Andy Grammer -- Chart history '' . Billboard Hot Country Songs for Andy Grammer . Retrieved 29 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Andy Grammer -- Chart history '' Billboard Pop Songs for Andy Grammer . Retrieved July 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian Hot 100 : Year End 2015 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved September 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Hot 100 : Year End 2015 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved September 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Adult Contemporary Songs : Year End 2015 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved September 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Adult Pop Songs : Year End 2015 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved September 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Country Update for December 14 , 2015 '' ( PDF ) . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . December 14 , 2015 . p. 7 . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Dance Club Songs : Year End 2015 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 9 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Pop Songs : Year End 2015 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved September 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Adult Contemporary Songs : Year End 2016 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2016 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Andy Grammer -- Honey , I 'm Good '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ Official Billboard Hot 100 Top 10 July 4 , 2015 Countdown . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . June 24 , 2015 . Event occurs at 0 : 26 . Retrieved June 24 , 2015 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ North American releases for digital single of `` Honey , I 'm Good . '' duet with Eli Young Band : For Canada : `` Honey , I 'm Good . - Single by Andy Grammer & Eli Young Band '' . iTunes Store ( Canada ) . Apple Inc . Retrieved 6 August 2015 . For the US : `` Honey , I 'm Good . - Single by Andy Grammer & Eli Young Band '' . iTunes Store ( US ) . Apple Inc . Retrieved 6 August 2015 . Andy Grammer Studio albums Andy Grammer ( 2011 ) Magazines or Novels ( 2014 ) Notable singles `` Keep Your Head Up '' `` Fine by Me '' `` Honey , I 'm Good . '' `` Good to Be Alive ( Hallelujah ) '' `` Fresh Eyes '' Related articles S - Curve Records Eli Young Band Studio albums Jet Black & Jealous ( 2008 ) Life at Best ( 2011 ) 10,000 Towns ( 2014 ) Fingerprints ( 2017 ) EPs Turn It On ( 2015 ) Singles `` When It Rains '' `` Always the Love Songs '' `` Radio Waves '' `` Crazy Girl '' `` Even If It Breaks Your Heart '' `` Say Goodnight '' `` Drunk Last Night '' `` Dust '' Featured singles `` The South '' ( Mike Eli only ) `` Honey , I 'm Good . '' Related articles Discography Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Honey,_I%27m_Good.&oldid=800149803 '' Categories : 2014 singles 2014 songs Andy Grammer songs Eli Young Band songs Arista Records singles Vocal duets Billboard Adult Top 40 number - one singles Billboard Dance Club Songs number - one singles Songs written by Nolan Sipe Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from April 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Pages containing links to subscription - only content Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2015 Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadianhot100 Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadaac Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadachrtop40 Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadahotac Singlechart usages for Czechdigital Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Slovakia Singlechart usages for Slovakdigital Singlechart usages for South Africa Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceclubplay Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 11 September 2017 , at 19 : 47 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who wrote the song honey i'm good | [
"\"Honey, I'm Good.\" is the second single from American musician Andy Grammer's second studio album, Magazines or Novels (2014). It was first released in the US in November 2014 and impacted radio in February 2015. The song peaked at number 9 on the Billboard Hot 100, making it Grammer's highest charting single to date. It has been certified triple-platinum by the RIAA and was ranked one of the 10 best-selling songs of 2015 by Soundscan. The single was written by Grammer and Nolan Sipe, and was produced by Steve Greenberg, Brian West and Sipe.",
"\"Honey, I'm Good.\" is the second single from American musician Andy Grammer's second studio album, Magazines or Novels (2014). It was first released in the US in November 2014 and impacted radio in February 2015. The song peaked at number 9 on the Billboard Hot 100, making it Grammer's highest charting single to date. It has been certified triple-platinum by the RIAA and was ranked one of the 10 best-selling songs of 2015 by Soundscan. The single was written by Grammer and Nolan Sipe, and was produced by Steve Greenberg, Brian West and Sipe."
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"Andy Grammer",
"Nolan Sipe"
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-1423953568355102844 | The Power and the Glory | The Power and the Glory - wikipedia The Power and the Glory Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see The Power and the Glory ( disambiguation ) . The Power and the Glory First edition Author Graham Greene Country United Kingdom Language English Publication date 1940 Media type Print ( hardback & paperback ) Pages 216 The Power and the Glory ( 1940 ) is a novel by British author Graham Greene . The title is an allusion to the doxology often recited at the end of the Lord 's Prayer : `` For thine is the kingdom , the power , and the glory , forever and ever , amen . '' It was initially published in the United States under the title The Labyrinthine Ways . Greene 's novel tells the story of a renegade Roman Catholic ' whisky priest ' ( a term coined by Greene ) living in the Mexican state of Tabasco in the 1930s , a time when the Mexican government was attempting to suppress the Catholic Church . That suppression resulted in the Cristero War , so named for its Catholic combatants ' slogan Viva Cristo Rey ( long live Christ the King ) . In 1941 , the novel received the British literary award , the Hawthornden Prize . In 2005 , it was chosen by TIME magazine as one of the hundred best English - language novels since 1923 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Composition 3 Characters 4 Adaptations 5 Criticism 6 Contemporary 7 See Also 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Plot ( edit ) The main character is an unnamed ' whisky priest ' , who combines a great power for self - destruction with pitiful cravenness , an almost painful penitence , and a desperate quest for dignity . By the end , though , the priest `` acquires a real holiness . '' The other principal character is a police lieutenant tasked with hunting down this priest . This Lieutenant -- also unnamed but thought to be based upon Tomás Garrido Canabal -- is a committed socialist who despises the Church . The story starts with the arrival of the priest in a country town in an area where Catholicism is outlawed , and then follows him on his trip through Mexico , where he tries to minister to the people as best as he can . He is also haunted by his personal demons , especially by the fact that he fathered a child in his parish some years before . He meets the child , but is unable to feel repentant about what happened . Rather , he feels a deep love for the evil - looking and awkward little girl and decides to do everything in his power to save her from damnation . The priest 's opposite player among the clericals is Padre José , a priest who has been forced by the government to renounce his faith and marry a woman and lives as a state pensioner . During his journey the priest also encounters a mestizo who later reveals himself to be a Judas figure . The lieutenant , on the other hand , is morally irreproachable , yet cold and inhumane . While he is supposedly `` living for the people '' , he puts into practice a diabolic plan of taking hostages from villages and shooting them , if it proves that the priest has sojourned in a village but is not denounced . The lieutenant has also had bad experiences with the church in his youth , and as a result there is a personal element in his search for the whisky priest . The lieutenant thinks that all members of the clergy are fundamentally evil , and believes that the church is corrupt , and does nothing but provide delusion to the people . In his flight from the lieutenant and his posse , the priest escapes into a neighbouring province , only to re-connect with the mestizo , who persuades the priest to return to hear the confession of a dying man . Though the priest suspects that it is a trap , he feels compelled to fulfil his priestly duty . Although he finds the dying man , it is a trap and the lieutenant captures the priest . The lieutenant admits he has nothing against the priest as a man , but he must be shot `` as a danger '' . On the eve of the execution , the lieutenant shows mercy and attempts to enlist Padre José to hear the condemned man 's confession , but the effort is thwarted by Padre José 's wife . The lieutenant is convinced that he has `` cleared the province of priests '' . In the final scene , however , another priest arrives in the town -- which , among other possible readings , suggests that the Catholic Church can not be destroyed . Composition ( edit ) Greene visited Mexico from January to May 1938 to research and write a nonfiction account of the persecution of the Catholic Church in Mexico , that he had been planning since 1936 . The persecution of the Catholic Church was especially severe in the province of Tabasco , under anti-clerical governor Tomás Garrido Canabal . His campaign succeeded in closing all the churches in the state . It forced the priests to marry and give up their traditional garb . Greene called it the `` fiercest persecution of religion anywhere since the reign of Elizabeth . '' He chronicled his travels in Tabasco in The Lawless Roads , published in 1939 . In that generally hostile account of his visit he wrote `` That , I think , was the day I began to hate the Mexicans '' and at another point described his `` growing depression , almost pathological hatred ... for Mexico . '' Pico Iyer has marveled at how Greene 's responses to what he saw could be `` so dyspeptic , so loveless , so savagely self - enclosed and blind '' in his nonfiction treatment of his journey , though , as another critic has noted , `` nowhere in The Power and the Glory is there any indication of the testiness and revulsion '' in Greene 's nonfiction report . Many details reported in Greene 's nonfiction treatment of his Tabasco trip appeared in the novel , from the sound of a revolver in the police chief 's holster to the vultures in the sky . The principal characters of The Power and the Glory all have antecedents in The Lawless Roads , mostly as people Greene encountered directly or , in the most important instance , a legendary character that people told him about , a certain `` whisky priest '' , a fugitive who , as Greene writes in The Lawless Roads , `` existed for ten years in the forest and swamps , venturing out only at night '' . Another of Greene 's inspirations for his main character was the Jesuit priest Miguel Pro , who performed his priestly functions as an underground priest in Tabasco and was executed without trial in 1927 on false charges . In 1983 , Greene said that he first started to become a Christian in Tabasco , where the fidelity of the peasants `` assumed such proportions that I could n't help being profoundly moved . '' Despite having visited Mexico and published an account of his travels , in the novel Greene was not meticulous about Tabasco 's geography . In The Power and the Glory , he identified the region 's northern border as the U.S. and its southern border as the sea , when Tabasco 's northern border is actually the Bay of Campeche and its southern border is Chiapas to the south . Characters ( edit ) The Priest : The unnamed main character in the novel , the priest is on the run from the authorities , who will kill him if they catch him . A `` whisky priest , '' and not the finest example of his profession , he is an alcoholic who has also fathered a child . In his younger days he was smug and self - satisfied . Now as a fugitive , he feels guilt for his mistakes and sins . Nevertheless , he continues to perform his priestly functions ( often in great difficulty and sometimes reluctance ) and it is his determination to attend to the spiritual needs of a dying man that leads to his eventual capture and death . The Lieutenant : The lieutenant is the chief adversary of the priest . He hates the church because he thinks it is corrupt , and he pursues the priest ruthlessly . He takes hostages from the villages and kills them when he feels it is necessary . However , the lieutenant is also idealistic , and believes in radical social reform that would end poverty and provide education for everyone . He is capable of acts of personal kindness , as when he gives the priest ( whom he believes to be a destitute drunkard ) money on leaving the jail . The Mestizo : The mestizo is the half - Indian peasant who insists on guiding the priest to Carmen . The priest knows that the mestizo will at some point hand him over to the authorities . The mestizo encounters the priest again in the prison , but prefers to wait for the right moment to betray him , which he does when leading him to the dying American . Maria : Maria is the mother of Brigitta , the priest 's daughter . She keeps brandy for the priest and helps him evade the police when they come to her village looking for him . Although she shows support when the `` whisky priest '' reappears , the narrative leaves the character of Maria incomplete ... with implications of resentment . Brigitta : The young daughter of Maria and the priest . Padre José : A priest who obeyed the government 's instructions and took a wife . He is dominated by her and has lost both the respect of the town and his self - respect . He refuses to do any priestly duties , even when people beg him to , because he fears the authorities . Mr. Tench : Mr. Tench is a dissatisfied English dentist who longs to return from Mexico to England . He befriends the priest , whom he meets at the quayside , and later witnesses his death . Coral Fellows : The thirteen - year - old daughter of Captain and Mrs. Fellows . She befriends the priest and offers refuge to him for the future . Her fate at the end of the novel is not revealed . Her parents have promised each other not to talk about her again . Captain Fellows : A happy Englishman who works on a banana plantation who is displeased to find that the priest has taken refuge in his barn . Mrs. Fellows : The wife of Captain Fellows . She is neurotic and fearful and hates life in Mexico . The Woman : The unnamed woman reads to her children the story of Juan and his martyrdom . The Catholic faith is important to her and she wants her children to take an interest in it . Luis : This young boy shows little interest in the story his mother reads to him , but his interest is awakened by the news of the priest 's death . The Gringo : An American fugitive called James Calver , he is wanted for murder and bank robbery . The Chief of Police : Mostly concerned with playing billiards and assuaging his own toothache , he does n't share the Lieutenant 's idealism and wilfully breaks the law . The Lehrs : Mr. Lehr , a widower , and his sister , Miss Lehr , are an elderly couple who allow the priest to stay with them after he crosses the state border . They are Lutherans , and have little sympathy for Catholicism , although they treat the priest with kindness . Juan : Juan is a character within a story that the unnamed woman reads to her family . Juan is a young Mexican man who enters the priesthood , lives a pious life and faces his death by firing squad with great courage . Adaptations ( edit ) In 1947 , the novel was freely adapted into a film , The Fugitive , directed by John Ford and starring Henry Fonda as the priest . It was faithfully dramatized by Denis Cannan for performance at the Phoenix Theatre in London in 1956 , the whisky priest acted by Paul Scofield , and in 1958 at the Phoenix Theatre in New York City . The dramatization was Play of the Week on US television in 1959 , with James Donald as the priest . A highly acclaimed 1961 US television version , released theatrically overseas , featured Laurence Olivier in the role . Criticism ( edit ) The Power and the Glory was somewhat controversial and , in 1953 , Cardinal Bernard Griffin of Westminster summoned Greene and read him a pastoral letter condemning the novel . According to Greene : The Archbishop of Westminster read me a letter from the Holy Office condemning my novel because it was `` paradoxical '' and `` dealt with extraordinary circumstances . '' The price of liberty , even within a Church , is eternal vigilance , but I wonder whether any of the totalitarian states ... would have treated me as gently when I refused to revise the book on the casuistical ground that the copyright was in the hands of my publishers . There was no public condemnation , and the affair was allowed to drop into that peaceful oblivion which the Church wisely reserves for unimportant issues . Evelyn Waugh in Greene 's defence wrote , `` It was as fatuous as unjust -- a vile misreading of a noble book . '' In 1965 , Greene met Pope Paul VI , who assured him , `` Mr. Greene , some aspects of your books are certain to offend some Catholics , but you should pay no attention to that . '' Many novelists consider the novel to be Greene 's masterpiece , as John Updike claimed in his introduction to the 1990 reprint of the novel . On its publication , William Golding claimed Greene had `` captured the conscience of the twentieth century man like no other . '' Contemporary ( edit ) The Power and the Glory plays a key role in the 2017 short film 2048 : Nowhere to Run , directed by Luke Scott . In this second of three prequels to Blade Runner 2049 , the character Sapper Morton ( inferred to as a replicant later in the film ) presents the novel as a gift to Ella , a young friend , exclaiming : `` It 's very exciting . It 's about an outlaw priest who 's just trying to understand the meaning of being human ... It 's one of my favorites , you 'll love it '' . See Also ( edit ) Red Shirts ( Mexico ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ It is sometimes claimed that Greene fled England in 1938 to escape a lawsuit that 20th Century Fox brought against him for a review he wrote of the Shirley Temple movie Wee Willie Winkie in Night and Day magazine . Greene 's friend , the Brazilian - born film director Alberto Cavalcanti , wrote : `` Graham was warned that the Americans producing the film had introduced a writ of libel against him , meaning that not only would the backers of Night and Day pay a large fine , but he , Graham himself , faced a prison sentence . The only solution was to find a country without extradition . They chose Mexico and our poor Graham went away very quickly indeed . Very likely Shirley Temple never learned that it was partly thanks to her that , during his exile , Graham Greene wrote one of his best books . '' Others have noted that the trip had been planned long before the review appeared , Greene paid UK £ 600 to settle the suit , and was never threatened with imprisonment . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` All Time 100 Novels '' . Time . 2005 . Jump up ^ H.J. Donaghy , Graham Greene , p. 40 Jump up ^ The Power and the Glory New York : Viking , 1990 . Introduction by John Updike . Jump up ^ name = brennan > Brennan , Michael . Graham Greene : Fictions , Faith and Authorship ( London : Continuum , 2010 ) , pp. 47 , 56 -- 59 . Jump up ^ Editors ( 18 November 2007 ) `` Shirley Temple scandal was real reason Graham Greene fled to Mexico . '' The Independent . Jump up ^ Brennan , Michael . Graham Greene : Fictions , Faith and Authorship ( London : Continuum , 2010 ) , pp. 47 , 56 -- 59 . Jump up ^ Tuck , Jim ( December 1 , 2000 ) . `` Plutarco Elias Calles : Crusader in reverse '' . Mexconnect . Retrieved January 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Needler , Martin C. Mexican Politics : The Containment of Conflict : Politics in Latin America ( NY : Praeger , 1982 ) , p. ? ? Jump up ^ `` Mexico : Palm Down '' . Time . 10 December 1934 . Retrieved 25 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Graham Greene , The Lawless Roads , page ? ? Jump up ^ Riding , Alan ( December 2 , 2001 ) . `` Greeneland Revisited '' . New York Times . Retrieved January 5 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Schweizer , Bernard ( 2001 ) . Radicals on the Road : The Politics of English Travel Writing in the 1930s . University Press of Virginia . pp. 77 , 123 -- 4 . Jump up ^ Heyman , Stephen ( December 4 , 2011 ) . `` Bookshelf '' . New York Times . Retrieved January 5 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Veitch , Douglas W. ( 1978 ) . Lawrence , Greene and Lowry : The Fictional Landscape of Mexico . Ontario , Canada : Wilfrid Laurier University Press . pp. 4 , 67 . Jump up ^ `` The Uneasy Catholicism of Graham Greene '' . New York Times . April 3 , 1983 . Retrieved January 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Details given in the Who 's Who 2007 article about Denis Cannan Jump up ^ IMDB entry for Play of the Week episode `` The Power and the Glory '' Jump up ^ Sochurek , Howard ( Sept 1961 ) , `` Power and Glory of Sir Laurence '' , Life , issue 29 Jump up ^ The Power and the Glory 1961 television movie at IMDB Jump up ^ Graham Greene . Paul VI , in 1953 , a decade before becoming pope , had defended The Power and the Glory against other churchmen who wanted to censor it . Peter Godman . `` Graham Greene 's Vatican Dossier '' , The Atlantic , July / August 2001 . External links ( edit ) The Power and the Glory Map ( hide ) Works by Graham Greene Novels The Man Within ( 1929 ) The Name of Action ( 1930 ) Rumour at Nightfall ( 1932 ) Stamboul Train ( 1932 ) It 's a Battlefield ( 1934 ) England Made Me ( 1935 ) The Bear Fell Free ( 1935 ) A Gun for Sale ( 1936 ) Brighton Rock ( 1938 ) The Confidential Agent ( 1939 ) The Power and the Glory ( 1940 ) The Ministry of Fear ( 1943 ) The Heart of the Matter ( 1948 ) The Third Man ( novella ; 1949 ) The End of the Affair ( 1951 ) The Quiet American ( 1955 ) Loser Takes All ( 1955 ) Our Man in Havana ( 1958 ) A Burnt - Out Case ( 1960 ) The Comedians ( 1966 ) Travels with My Aunt ( 1969 ) The Honorary Consul ( 1973 ) The Human Factor ( 1978 ) Doctor Fischer of Geneva ( 1980 ) Monsignor Quixote ( 1982 ) The Tenth Man ( 1985 ) The Captain and the Enemy ( 1988 ) No Man 's Land ( 2005 ) Travel books Journey Without Maps ( 1936 ) The Lawless Roads ( 1939 ) In Search of a Character : Two African Journals ( 1961 ) Autobiography A Sort of Life ( 1971 ) Ways of Escape ( 1980 ) Getting to Know the General : The Story of an Involvement ( 1984 ) A World of My Own : A Dream Diary ( 1992 ) Plays The Living Room ( 1953 ) The Potting Shed ( 1957 ) The Complaisant Lover ( 1959 ) Carving a Statue ( 1964 ) The Return of A.J. Raffles ( 1975 ) The Great Jowett ( 1981 ) Yes and No ( 1983 ) For Whom the Bell Chimes ( 1983 ) Films The Future 's in the Air ( 1937 ) The New Britain ( 1940 ) 21 Days ( 1940 ) Brighton Rock ( 1947 ) The Fallen Idol ( 1948 ) The Third Man ( 1949 ) The Heart of the Matter ( 1953 ) Loser Takes All ( 1956 ) Saint Joan ( 1957 ) The Quiet American ( 1958 ) Our Man in Havana ( 1959 ) The Comedians ( 1967 ) 2048 : Nowhere to Run ( 2017 ) Story collections Twenty - One Stories ( 1954 ) A Sense of Reality ( 1963 ) May We Borrow Your Husband ? ( 1967 ) The Last Word and Other Stories ( 1990 ) Short stories `` The End of the Party '' ( 1929 ) `` Proof Positive '' ( 1930 ) `` The Basement Room '' ( 1936 ) `` Across the Bridge '' ( 1938 ) `` Alas , Poor Maling '' ( 1940 ) `` The Blue Film '' ( 1954 ) `` The Destructors '' ( 1954 ) `` A Shocking Accident '' `` The Invisible Japanese Gentlemen '' `` The Last Word '' VIAF : 176867064 LCCN : no2006027281 GND : 4394186 - 2 BNF : cb11941910q ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Power_and_the_Glory&oldid=803305697 '' Categories : 1940 British novels British novels adapted into films Novels by Graham Greene Novels set in Mexico Roman Catholic novels Literature about alcohol abuse Memoirs about alcoholism Hidden categories : EngvarB from September 2013 Use dmy dates from September 2013 Pages to import images to Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2009 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2013 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français Italiano Latviešu Nederlands 日本 語 Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 1 October 2017 , at 18 : 25 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where does the power and the glory take place | [
"Greene's novel tells the story of a renegade Roman Catholic 'whisky priest' (a term coined by Greene) living in the Mexican state of Tabasco in the 1930s, a time when the Mexican government was attempting to suppress the Catholic Church. That suppression resulted in the Cristero War, so named for its Catholic combatants' slogan Viva Cristo Rey (long live Christ the King)."
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"in the Mexican state of Tabasco"
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4903476280985759875 | Paleolithic | Paleolithic - wikipedia Paleolithic Jump to : navigation , search Paleo - Indians hunting a Glyptodon . Glyptodons were hunted to extinction within two millennia after humans ' arrival in South America . Cave of Altamira and Paleolithic Cave Art of Northern Spain The Paleolithic This box : view talk edit ↑ Pliocene ( before Homo ) Lower Paleolithic ( c . 3.3 Ma -- 300 ka ) Oldowan ( 2.6 -- 1.7 Ma ) Riwat ( 1.9 -- 0.045 Ma ) Madrasian Culture ( 1.5 Ma ) Soanian ( 0.5 -- 0.13 Ma ) Acheulean ( 1.8 -- 0.1 Ma ) Clactonian ( 0.3 -- 0.2 Ma ) Middle Paleolithic ( 300 -- 45 ka ) Mousterian ( 150 -- 40 ka ) Micoquien ( 130 -- 70 ka ) Aterian ( 82 ka ) Upper Paleolithic ( 50 -- 10 ka ) Lincombian - Ranisian - Jerzmanowician ( 43 ka ) Châtelperronian ( 45 -- 40 ka ) Aurignacian ( 43 -- 26 ka ) Baradostian ( 36 - 18 ka ) Gravettian ( 33 -- 24 ka ) Solutrean ( 22 -- 17 ka ) Epigravettian ( 20 - 10 ka ) Magdalenian ( 17 -- 12 ka ) Hamburg ( 14 -- 11 ka ) Federmesser ( 14 -- 13 ka ) Ahrensburg ( 13 -- 12 ka ) Swiderian ( 11 -- 8 ka ) ↓ Mesolithic ↓ Stone Age The Paleolithic ( or `` Palaeolithic '' ) / ˌpæliːəˈlɪθɪk / age is a prehistoric period of human history distinguished by the development of the most primitive stone tools and covers roughly 95 % of human technological prehistory . It extends from the earliest known use of stone tools , probably by Homo habilis initially , 2.6 million years ago , to the end of the Pleistocene around 10,000 BP . The Paleolithic era is followed by the Mesolithic . The date of the Paleolithic -- Mesolithic boundary may vary by locality as much as several thousand years . During the Paleolithic period , humans grouped together in small societies such as bands , and subsisted by gathering plants and fishing , hunting or scavenging wild animals . The Paleolithic is characterized by the use of knapped stone tools , although at the time humans also used wood and bone tools . Other organic commodities were adapted for use as tools , including leather and vegetable fibers ; however , due to their nature , these have not been preserved to any great degree . About 50,000 years ago , there was a marked increase in the diversity of artifacts . For the first time in Africa , bone artifacts and the first art appear in the archaeological record . The first evidence of human fishing is also noted , from artifacts in places such as Blombos cave in South Africa . Firstly among the artifacts of Africa , archaeologists found they could differentiate and classify those of less than 50,000 years into many different categories , such as projectile points , engraving tools , knife blades , and drilling and piercing tools . The new technology generated a population explosion of modern humans which is believed to have led to the extinction of the Neanderthals . Humankind gradually evolved from early members of the genus Homo -- such as Homo habilis , who used simple stone tools -- into fully behaviorally and anatomically modern humans ( Homo sapiens sapiens ) during the Paleolithic era . During the end of the Paleolithic , specifically the Middle and or Upper Paleolithic , humans began to produce the earliest works of art and engage in religious and spiritual behavior such as burial and ritual . The climate during the Paleolithic consisted of a set of glacial and interglacial periods in which the climate periodically fluctuated between warm and cool temperatures . Archaeological and genetic data suggest that the source populations of Paleolithic humans survived in sparsely wooded areas and dispersed through areas of high primary productivity while avoiding dense forest cover . By c. 50,000 -- c . 40,000 BP , the first humans set foot in Australia . By c . 45,000 BP , humans lived at 61 ° N latitude in Europe . By c . 30,000 BP , Japan was reached , and by c . 27,000 BP humans were present in Siberia , above the Arctic Circle . At the end of the Upper Paleolithic , a group of humans crossed Beringia and quickly expanded throughout the Americas . The term `` Palaeolithic '' was coined by archaeologist John Lubbock in 1865 . It derives from Greek : παλαιός , palaios , `` old '' ; and λίθος , lithos , `` stone '' , meaning `` old age of the stone '' or `` Old Stone Age '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Human evolution 2 Paleogeography and climate 3 Human way of life 3.1 Distribution 3.2 Technology 3.2. 1 Tools 3.2. 2 Fire use 3.2. 3 Rafts 3.2. 4 Advanced tools 3.2. 5 Other inventions 3.3 Social organization 3.4 Sculpture and painting 3.5 Music 3.6 Religion and beliefs 3.7 Diet and nutrition 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Human evolution ( edit ) Main article : Human evolution Human evolution is the part of biological evolution concerning the emergence of anatomically modern humans as a distinct species . Paleogeography and climate ( edit ) Human timeline view discuss edit - 10 -- -- - 9 -- -- - 8 -- -- - 7 -- -- - 6 -- -- - 5 -- -- - 4 -- -- - 3 -- -- - 2 -- -- - 1 -- -- 0 -- Human - like apes Nakalipithecus Ouranopithecus Sahelanthropus Orrorin Ardipithecus Australopithecus Homo habilis Homo erectus Neanderthal Homo sapiens ← Earlier apes ← Separation from gorillas ← Possibly bipedal ← Separation from chimpanzees ← Earliest bipedal ← Earliest stone tools ← Earliest exit from Africa ← Earliest fire use ← Earliest in Europe ← Earliest cooking ← Earliest clothes ← Modern speech ← Modern humans l i s o n l i o n i o n o m i n i d s Axis scale : millions of years . Also see : Life timeline and Nature timeline Main articles : Pleistocene § Paleogeography and climate , Pliocene climate , and Pliocene § Paleogeography This skull , of Homo heidelbergensis , a Lower Paleolithic predecessor to Homo neanderthalensis and possibly Homo sapiens , dates to sometime between 500,000 and 400,000 BP . The Paleolithic Period coincides almost exactly with the Pleistocene epoch of geologic time , which lasted from 2.6 million years ago to about 12,000 years ago . This epoch experienced important geographic and climatic changes that affected human societies . During the preceding Pliocene , continents had continued to drift from possibly as far as 250 km ( 160 mi ) from their present locations to positions only 70 km ( 43 mi ) from their current location . South America became linked to North America through the Isthmus of Panama , bringing a nearly complete end to South America 's distinctive marsupial fauna . The formation of the isthmus had major consequences on global temperatures , because warm equatorial ocean currents were cut off , and the cold Arctic and Antarctic waters lowered temperatures in the now - isolated Atlantic Ocean . Most of Central America formed during the Pliocene to connect the continents of North and South America , allowing fauna from these continents to leave their native habitats and colonize new areas . Africa 's collision with Asia created the Mediterranean , cutting off the remnants of the Tethys Ocean . During the Pleistocene , the modern continents were essentially at their present positions ; the tectonic plates on which they sit have probably moved at most 100 km ( 62 mi ) from each other since the beginning of the period . Climates during the Pliocene became cooler and drier , and seasonal , similar to modern climates . Ice sheets grew on Antarctica . The formation of an Arctic ice cap around 3 million years ago is signaled by an abrupt shift in oxygen isotope ratios and ice - rafted cobbles in the North Atlantic and North Pacific ocean beds . Mid-latitude glaciation probably began before the end of the epoch . The global cooling that occurred during the Pliocene may have spurred on the disappearance of forests and the spread of grasslands and savannas . The Pleistocene climate was characterized by repeated glacial cycles during which continental glaciers pushed to the 40th parallel in some places . Four major glacial events have been identified , as well as many minor intervening events . A major event is a general glacial excursion , termed a `` glacial '' . Glacials are separated by `` interglacials '' . During a glacial , the glacier experiences minor advances and retreats . The minor excursion is a `` stadial '' ; times between stadials are `` interstadials '' . Each glacial advance tied up huge volumes of water in continental ice sheets 1,500 -- 3,000 m ( 4,900 -- 9,800 ft ) deep , resulting in temporary sea level drops of 100 m ( 330 ft ) or more over the entire surface of the Earth . During interglacial times , such as at present , drowned coastlines were common , mitigated by isostatic or other emergent motion of some regions . Many great mammals such as woolly mammoths , woolly rhinoceroses , and cave lions inhabited the mammoth steppe during the Pleistocene . The effects of glaciation were global . Antarctica was ice - bound throughout the Pleistocene and the preceding Pliocene . The Andes were covered in the south by the Patagonian ice cap . There were glaciers in New Zealand and Tasmania . The now decaying glaciers of Mount Kenya , Mount Kilimanjaro , and the Ruwenzori Range in east and central Africa were larger . Glaciers existed in the mountains of Ethiopia and to the west in the Atlas mountains . In the northern hemisphere , many glaciers fused into one . The Cordilleran ice sheet covered the North American northwest ; the Laurentide covered the east . The Fenno - Scandian ice sheet covered northern Europe , including Great Britain ; the Alpine ice sheet covered the Alps . Scattered domes stretched across Siberia and the Arctic shelf . The northern seas were frozen . During the late Upper Paleolithic ( Latest Pleistocene ) c . 18,000 BP , the Beringia land bridge between Asia and North America was blocked by ice , which may have prevented early Paleo - Indians such as the Clovis culture from directly crossing Beringia to reach the Americas . According to Mark Lynas ( through collected data ) , the Pleistocene 's overall climate could be characterized as a continuous El Niño with trade winds in the south Pacific weakening or heading east , warm air rising near Peru , warm water spreading from the west Pacific and the Indian Ocean to the east Pacific , and other El Niño markers . The Paleolithic is often held to finish at the end of the ice age ( the end of the Pleistocene epoch ) , and Earth 's climate became warmer . This may have caused or contributed to the extinction of the Pleistocene megafauna , although it is also possible that the late Pleistocene extinctions were ( at least in part ) caused by other factors such as disease and overhunting by humans . New research suggests that the extinction of the woolly mammoth may have been caused by the combined effect of climatic change and human hunting . Scientists suggest that climate change during the end of the Pleistocene caused the mammoths ' habitat to shrink in size , resulting in a drop in population . The small populations were then hunted out by Paleolithic humans . The global warming that occurred during the end of the Pleistocene and the beginning of the Holocene may have made it easier for humans to reach mammoth habitats that were previously frozen and inaccessible . Small populations of wooly mammoths survived on isolated Arctic islands , Saint Paul Island and Wrangel Island , until c. 3700 BCE and c. 1700 BCE respectively . The Wrangel Island population became extinct around the same time the island was settled by prehistoric humans . There is no evidence of prehistoric human presence on Saint Paul island ( though early human settlements dating as far back as 6500 BCE were found on the nearby Aleutian Islands ) . Currently agreed upon classifications as Paleolithic geoclimatic episodes Age ( before ) America Atlantic Europe Maghreb Mediterranean Europe Central Europe 10,000 years Flandrian interglacial Flandriense Mellahiense Versiliense Flandrian interglacial 80,000 years Wisconsin Devensiense Regresión Regresión Wisconsin Stage 140,000 years Sangamoniense Ipswichiense Ouljiense Tirreniense II y III Eemian Stage 200,000 years Illinois Wolstoniense Regresión Regresión Wolstonian Stage 450,000 years Yarmouthiense Hoxniense Anfatiense Tirreniense I Hoxnian Stage 580,000 years Kansas Angliense Regresión Regresión Kansan Stage 750,000 years Aftoniense Cromeriense Maarifiense Siciliense Cromerian Complex 1,100,000 years Nebraska Beestoniense Regresión Regresión Beestonian stage 1,400,000 years interglaciar Ludhamiense Messaudiense Calabriense Donau - Günz Human way of life ( edit ) An artist 's rendering of a temporary wood house , based on evidence found at Terra Amata ( in Nice , France ) and dated to the Lower Paleolithic ( c . 400,000 BP ) Nearly all of our knowledge of Paleolithic human culture and way of life comes from archaeology and ethnographic comparisons to modern hunter - gatherer cultures such as the ! Kung San who live similarly to their Paleolithic predecessors . The economy of a typical Paleolithic society was a hunter - gatherer economy . Humans hunted wild animals for meat and gathered food , firewood , and materials for their tools , clothes , or shelters . Human population density was very low , around only one person per square mile . This was most likely due to low body fat , infanticide , women regularly engaging in intense endurance exercise , late weaning of infants , and a nomadic lifestyle . Like contemporary hunter - gatherers , Paleolithic humans enjoyed an abundance of leisure time unparalleled in both Neolithic farming societies and modern industrial societies . At the end of the Paleolithic , specifically the Middle and or Upper Paleolithic , humans began to produce works of art such as cave paintings , rock art and jewellery and began to engage in religious behavior such as burial and ritual . Distribution ( edit ) At the beginning of the Paleolithic , hominins were found primarily in eastern Africa , east of the Great Rift Valley . Most known hominin fossils dating earlier than one million years before present are found in this area , particularly in Kenya , Tanzania , and Ethiopia . By c. 2,000,000 -- c . 1,500,000 BP , groups of hominins began leaving Africa and settling southern Europe and Asia . Southern Caucasus was occupied by c . 1,700,000 BP , and northern China was reached by c . 1,660,000 BP . By the end of the Lower Paleolithic , members of the hominin family were living in what is now China , western Indonesia , and , in Europe , around the Mediterranean and as far north as England , southern Germany , and Bulgaria . Their further northward expansion may have been limited by the lack of control of fire : studies of cave settlements in Europe indicate no regular use of fire prior to c. 400,000 -- c . 300,000 BP . East Asian fossils from this period are typically placed in the genus Homo erectus . Very little fossil evidence is available at known Lower Paleolithic sites in Europe , but it is believed that hominins who inhabited these sites were likewise Homo erectus . There is no evidence of hominins in America , Australia , or almost anywhere in Oceania during this time period . Fates of these early colonists , and their relationships to modern humans , are still subject to debate . According to current archaeological and genetic models , there were at least two notable expansion events subsequent to peopling of Eurasia c. 2,000,000 -- c . 1,500,000 BP . Around 500,000 BP a group of early humans , frequently called Homo heidelbergensis , came to Europe from Africa and eventually evolved into Homo neanderthalensis ( Neanderthals ) . In the Middle Paleolithic , Neanderthals were present in the region now occupied by Poland . Both Homo erectus and Homo neanderthalensis became extinct by the end of the Paleolithic , having been replaced by a new wave of humans , the anatomically modern Homo sapiens sapiens , which emerged in eastern Africa c . 200,000 BP , left Africa around 50,000 BP , and expanded throughout the planet . It is likely that multiple groups coexisted for some time in certain locations . Neanderthals were still found in parts of Eurasia c . 30,000 BP years , and engaged in a limited degree of interbreeding with modern humans . Hominin fossils not belonging either to Homo neanderthalensis or to Homo sapiens species , found in the Altai Mountains and Indonesia , were radiocarbon dated to c. 30,000 -- c . 40,000 BP and c . 17,000 BP respectively . For the duration of the Paleolithic , human populations remained low , especially outside the equatorial region . The entire population of Europe between 16,000 and 11,000 BP likely averaged some 30,000 individuals , and between 40,000 and 16,000 BP , it was even lower at 4,000 -- 6,000 individuals . Technology ( edit ) Lower Paleolithic biface viewed from both its superior and inferior surface Stone ball from a set of Paleolithic bolas Tools ( edit ) Paleolithic humans made tools of stone , bone , and wood . The early paleolithic hominins , Australopithecus , were the first users of stone tools . Excavations in Gona , Ethiopia have produced thousands of artifacts , and through radioisotopic dating and magnetostratigraphy , the sites can be firmly dated to 2.6 million years ago . Evidence shows these early hominins intentionally selected raw materials with good flaking qualities and chose appropriate sized stones for their needs to produce sharp - edged tools for cutting . The earliest Paleolithic stone tool industry , the Oldowan , began around 2.6 million years ago . It contained tools such as choppers , burins , and stitching awls . It was completely replaced around 250,000 years ago by the more complex Acheulean industry , which was first conceived by Homo ergaster around 1.8 -- 1.65 million years ago . The Acheulean implements completely vanish from the archaeological record around 100,000 years ago and were replaced by more complex Middle Paleolithic tool kits such as the Mousterian and the Aterian industries . Lower Paleolithic humans used a variety of stone tools , including hand axes and choppers . Although they appear to have used hand axes often , there is disagreement about their use . Interpretations range from cutting and chopping tools , to digging implements , to flaking cores , to the use in traps , and as a purely ritual significance , perhaps in courting behavior . William H. Calvin has suggested that some hand axes could have served as `` killer Frisbees '' meant to be thrown at a herd of animals at a waterhole so as to stun one of them . There are no indications of hafting , and some artifacts are far too large for that . Thus , a thrown hand axe would not usually have penetrated deeply enough to cause very serious injuries . Nevertheless , it could have been an effective weapon for defense against predators . Choppers and scrapers were likely used for skinning and butchering scavenged animals and sharp - ended sticks were often obtained for digging up edible roots . Presumably , early humans used wooden spears as early as 5 million years ago to hunt small animals , much as their relatives , chimpanzees , have been observed to do in Senegal , Africa . Lower Paleolithic humans constructed shelters , such as the possible wood hut at Terra Amata . Fire use ( edit ) Fire was used by the Lower Paleolithic hominins Homo erectus and Homo ergaster as early as 300,000 to 1.5 million years ago and possibly even earlier by the early Lower Paleolithic ( Oldowan ) hominin Homo habilis and / or by robust Australopithecines such as Paranthropus . However , the use of fire only became common in the societies of the following Middle Stone Age and Middle Paleolithic . Use of fire reduced mortality rates and provided protection against predators . Early hominins may have begun to cook their food as early as the Lower Paleolithic ( c. 1.9 million years ago ) or at the latest in the early Middle Paleolithic ( c. 250,000 years ago ) . Some scientists have hypothesized that hominins began cooking food to defrost frozen meat , which would help ensure their survival in cold regions . Rafts ( edit ) The Lower Paleolithic Homo erectus possibly invented rafts ( c. 840,000 -- c . 800,000 BP ) to travel over large bodies of water , which may have allowed a group of Homo erectus to reach the island of Flores and evolve into the small hominin Homo floresiensis . However , this hypothesis is disputed within the anthropological community . The possible use of rafts during the Lower Paleolithic may indicate that Lower Paleolithic hominins such as Homo erectus were more advanced than previously believed , and may have even spoken an early form of modern language . Supplementary evidence from Neanderthal and modern human sites located around the Mediterranean Sea , such as Coa de sa Multa ( c . 300,000 BP ) , has also indicated that both Middle and Upper Paleolithic humans used rafts to travel over large bodies of water ( i.e. the Mediterranean Sea ) for the purpose of colonizing other bodies of land . Advanced tools ( edit ) By around 200,000 BP , Middle Paleolithic stone tool manufacturing spawned a tool making technique known as the prepared - core technique , that was more elaborate than previous Acheulean techniques . This technique increased efficiency by allowing the creation of more controlled and consistent flakes . It allowed Middle Paleolithic humans to create stone tipped spears , which were the earliest composite tools , by hafting sharp , pointy stone flakes onto wooden shafts . In addition to improving tool making methods , the Middle Paleolithic also saw an improvement of the tools themselves that allowed access to a wider variety and amount of food sources . For example , microliths or small stone tools or points were invented around 70,000 -- 65,000 BP and were essential to the invention of bows and spear throwers in the following Upper Paleolithic period . Harpoons were invented and used for the first time during the late Middle Paleolithic ( c . 90,000 BP ) ; the invention of these devices brought fish into the human diets , which provided a hedge against starvation and a more abundant food supply . Thanks to their technology and their advanced social structures , Paleolithic groups such as the Neanderthals -- who had a Middle Paleolithic level of technology -- appear to have hunted large game just as well as Upper Paleolithic modern humans . and the Neanderthals in particular may have likewise hunted with projectile weapons . Nonetheless , Neanderthal use of projectile weapons in hunting occurred very rarely ( or perhaps never ) and the Neanderthals hunted large game animals mostly by ambushing them and attacking them with mêlée weapons such as thrusting spears rather than attacking them from a distance with projectile weapons . Other inventions ( edit ) During the Upper Paleolithic , further inventions were made , such as the net c. 22,000 or c . 29,000 BP ) bolas , the spear thrower ( c . 30,000 BP ) , the bow and arrow ( c. 25,000 or c . 30,000 BP ) and the oldest example of ceramic art , the Venus of Dolní Věstonice ( c. 29,000 -- c . 25,000 BCE ) . Early dogs were domesticated , sometime between 30,000 and 14,000 BP , presumably to aid in hunting . However , the earliest instances of successful domestication of dogs may be much more ancient than this . Evidence from canine DNA collected by Robert K. Wayne suggests that dogs may have been first domesticated in the late Middle Paleolithic around 100,000 BP or perhaps even earlier . Archaeological evidence from the Dordogne region of France demonstrates that members of the European early Upper Paleolithic culture known as the Aurignacian used calendars ( c . 30,000 BP ) . This was a lunar calendar that was used to document the phases of the moon . Genuine solar calendars did not appear until the following Neolithic period . Upper Paleolithic cultures were probably able to time the migration of game animals such as wild horses and deer . This ability allowed humans to become efficient hunters and to exploit a wide variety of game animals . Recent research indicates that the Neanderthals timed their hunts and the migrations of game animals long before the beginning of the Upper Paleolithic . Social organization ( edit ) Some of this article 's listed sources may not be reliable . Please help this article by looking for better , more reliable sources . Unreliable citations may be challenged or deleted . ( February 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Humans may have taken part in long - distance trade between bands for rare commodities and raw materials ( such as stone needed for making tools ) as early as 120,000 years ago in Middle Paleolithic . The social organization of the earliest Paleolithic ( Lower Paleolithic ) societies remains largely unknown to scientists , though Lower Paleolithic hominins such as Homo habilis and Homo erectus are likely to have had more complex social structures than chimpanzee societies . Late Oldowan / Early Acheulean humans such as Homo ergaster / Homo erectus may have been the first people to invent central campsites or home bases and incorporate them into their foraging and hunting strategies like contemporary hunter - gatherers , possibly as early as 1.7 million years ago ; however , the earliest solid evidence for the existence of home bases or central campsites ( hearths and shelters ) among humans only dates back to 500,000 years ago . Similarly , scientists disagree whether Lower Paleolithic humans were largely monogamous or polygynous . In particular , the Provisional model suggests that bipedalism arose in pre-Paleolithic australopithecine societies as an adaptation to monogamous lifestyles ; however , other researchers note that sexual dimorphism is more pronounced in Lower Paleolithic humans such as Homo erectus than in modern humans , who are less polygynous than other primates , which suggests that Lower Paleolithic humans had a largely polygynous lifestyle , because species that have the most pronounced sexual dimorphism tend more likely to be polygynous . Human societies from the Paleolithic to the early Neolithic farming tribes lived without states and organized governments . For most of the Lower Paleolithic , human societies were possibly more hierarchical than their Middle and Upper Paleolithic descendants , and probably were not grouped into bands , though during the end of the Lower Paleolithic , the latest populations of the hominin Homo erectus may have begun living in small - scale ( possibly egalitarian ) bands similar to both Middle and Upper Paleolithic societies and modern hunter - gatherers . Middle Paleolithic societies , unlike Lower Paleolithic and early Neolithic ones , consisted of bands that ranged from 20 -- 30 or 25 -- 100 members and were usually nomadic . These bands were formed by several families . Bands sometimes joined together into larger `` macrobands '' for activities such as acquiring mates and celebrations or where resources were abundant . By the end of the Paleolithic era ( c . 10,000 BP ) , people began to settle down into permanent locations , and began to rely on agriculture for sustenance in many locations . Much evidence exists that humans took part in long - distance trade between bands for rare commodities ( such as ochre , which was often used for religious purposes such as ritual ) and raw materials , as early as 120,000 years ago in Middle Paleolithic . Inter-band trade may have appeared during the Middle Paleolithic because trade between bands would have helped ensure their survival by allowing them to exchange resources and commodities such as raw materials during times of relative scarcity ( i.e. famine , drought ) . Like in modern hunter - gatherer societies , individuals in Paleolithic societies may have been subordinate to the band as a whole . Both Neanderthals and modern humans took care of the elderly members of their societies during the Middle and Upper Paleolithic . Some sources claim that most Middle and Upper Paleolithic societies were possibly fundamentally egalitarian and may have rarely or never engaged in organized violence between groups ( i.e. war ) . Some Upper Paleolithic societies in resource - rich environments ( such as societies in Sungir , in what is now Russia ) may have had more complex and hierarchical organization ( such as tribes with a pronounced hierarchy and a somewhat formal division of labor ) and may have engaged in endemic warfare . Some argue that there was no formal leadership during the Middle and Upper Paleolithic . Like contemporary egalitarian hunter - gatherers such as the Mbuti pygmies , societies may have made decisions by communal consensus decision making rather than by appointing permanent rulers such as chiefs and monarchs . Nor was there a formal division of labor during the Paleolithic . Each member of the group was skilled at all tasks essential to survival , regardless of individual abilities . Theories to explain the apparent egalitarianism have arisen , notably the Marxist concept of primitive communism . Christopher Boehm ( 1999 ) has hypothesized that egalitarianism may have evolved in Paleolithic societies because of a need to distribute resources such as food and meat equally to avoid famine and ensure a stable food supply . Raymond C. Kelly speculates that the relative peacefulness of Middle and Upper Paleolithic societies resulted from a low population density , cooperative relationships between groups such as reciprocal exchange of commodities and collaboration on hunting expeditions , and because the invention of projectile weapons such as throwing spears provided less incentive for war , because they increased the damage done to the attacker and decreased the relative amount of territory attackers could gain . However , other sources claim that most Paleolithic groups may have been larger , more complex , sedentary and warlike than most contemporary hunter - gatherer societies , due to occupying more resource - abundant areas than most modern hunter - gatherers who have been pushed into more marginal habitats by agricultural societies . Anthropologists have typically assumed that in Paleolithic societies , women were responsible for gathering wild plants and firewood , and men were responsible for hunting and scavenging dead animals . However , analogies to existent hunter - gatherer societies such as the Hadza people and the Aboriginal Austrialians suggest that the sexual division of labor in the Paleolithic was relatively flexible . Men may have participated in gathering plants , firewood and insects , and women may have procured small game animals for consumption and assisted men in driving herds of large game animals ( such as woolly mammoths and deer ) off cliffs . Additionally , recent research by anthropologist and archaeologist Steven Kuhn from the University of Arizona is argued to support that this division of labor did not exist prior to the Upper Paleolithic and was invented relatively recently in human pre-history . Sexual division of labor may have been developed to allow humans to acquire food and other resources more efficiently . Possibly there was approximate parity between men and women during the Middle and Upper Paleolithic , and that period may have been the most gender - equal time in human history . Archaeological evidence from art and funerary rituals indicates that a number of individual women enjoyed seemingly high status in their communities , and it is likely that both sexes participated in decision making . The earliest known Paleolithic shaman ( c . 30,000 BP ) was female . Jared Diamond suggests that the status of women declined with the adoption of agriculture because women in farming societies typically have more pregnancies and are expected to do more demanding work than women in hunter - gatherer societies . Like most contemporary hunter - gatherer societies , Paleolithic and the Mesolithic groups probably followed mostly matrilineal and ambilineal descent patterns ; patrilineal descent patterns were probably rarer than in the following Neolithic period . Sculpture and painting ( edit ) The Venus of Willendorf is one of the most famous Venus figurines . Early examples of artistic expression , such as the Venus of Tan - Tan and the patterns found on elephant bones from Bilzingsleben in Thuringia , may have been produced by Acheulean tool users such as Homo erectus prior to the start of the Middle Paleolithic period . However , the earliest undisputed evidence of art during the Paleolithic period comes from Middle Paleolithic / Middle Stone Age sites such as Blombos Cave -- South Africa -- in the form of bracelets , beads , rock art , and ochre used as body paint and perhaps in ritual . Undisputed evidence of art only becomes common in the following Upper Paleolithic period . Lower Paleolithic Acheulean tool users , according to Robert G. Bednarik , began to engage in symbolic behavior such as art around 850,000 BP . They decorated themselves with beads and collected exotic stones for aesthetic , rather than utilitarian qualities . According to him , traces of the pigment ochre from late Lower Paleolithic Acheulean archaeological sites suggests that Acheulean societies , like later Upper Paleolithic societies , collected and used ochre to create rock art . Nevertheless , it is also possible that the ochre traces found at Lower Paleolithic sites is naturally occurring . Vincent W. Fallio interprets Lower and Middle Paleolithic marking on rocks at sites such as Bilzingsleben ( such as zigzagging lines ) as accounts or representations of altered states of consciousness though some other scholars interpret them as either simple doodling or as the result of natural processes . Upper Paleolithic humans produced works of art such as cave paintings , Venus figurines , animal carvings , and rock paintings . Upper Paleolithic art can be divided into two broad categories : figurative art such as cave paintings that clearly depicts animals ( or more rarely humans ) ; and nonfigurative , which consists of shapes and symbols . Cave paintings have been interpreted in a number of ways by modern archaeologists . The earliest explanation , by the prehistorian Abbe Breuil , interpreted the paintings as a form of magic designed to ensure a successful hunt . However , this hypothesis fails to explain the existence of animals such as saber - toothed cats and lions , which were not hunted for food , and the existence of half - human , half - animal beings in cave paintings . The anthropologist David Lewis - Williams has suggested that Paleolithic cave paintings were indications of shamanistic practices , because the paintings of half - human , half - animal paintings and the remoteness of the caves are reminiscent of modern hunter - gatherer shamanistic practices . Symbol - like images are more common in Paleolithic cave paintings than are depictions of animals or humans , and unique symbolic patterns might have been trademarks that represent different Upper Paleolithic ethnic groups . Venus figurines have evoked similar controversy . Archaeologists and anthropologists have described the figurines as representations of goddesses , pornographic imagery , apotropaic amulets used for sympathetic magic , and even as self - portraits of women themselves . R. Dale Guthrie has studied not only the most artistic and publicized paintings , but also a variety of lower - quality art and figurines , and he identifies a wide range of skill and ages among the artists . He also points out that the main themes in the paintings and other artifacts ( powerful beasts , risky hunting scenes and the over-sexual representation of women ) are to be expected in the fantasies of adolescent males during the Upper Paleolithic . Bradshaw rock paintings found in the north - west Kimberley region of Western Australia . The `` Venus '' figurines have been theorized , not universally , as representing a mother goddess ; the abundance of such female imagery has inspired the theory that Paleolithic ( and later Neolithic ) societies centered their religion and societies around women . Adherents of the theory include archaeologist Marija Gimbutas and feminist scholar Merlin Stone , the author of the 1976 book When God Was a Woman . Other explanations for the purpose of the figurines have been proposed , such as Catherine McCoid and LeRoy McDermott 's hypothesis that they were self - portraits of woman artists and R. Dale Gutrie 's hypothesis that served as `` stone age pornography '' . Music ( edit ) The origins of music during the Paleolithic are unknown . The earliest forms of music probably did not use musical instruments other than the human voice and / or natural objects such as rocks . This early music would not have left an archaeological footprint . Music may have developed from rhythmic sounds produced by daily chores , for example , cracking open nuts with stones . Maintaining a rhythm while working may have helped people to become more efficient at daily activities . An alternative theory originally proposed by Charles Darwin explains that music may have begun as a hominin mating strategy . Bird and other animal species produce music such as calls to attract mates . This hypothesis is generally less accepted than the previous hypothesis , but nonetheless provides a possible alternative . Another explanation is that humans began to make music simply because it pleased them . Upper Paleolithic ( and possibly Middle Paleolithic ) humans used flute - like bone pipes as musical instruments , and music may have played a large role in the religious lives of Upper Paleolithic hunter - gatherers . As with modern hunter - gatherer societies , music may have been used in ritual or to help induce trances . In particular , it appears that animal skin drums may have been used in religious events by Upper Paleolithic shamans , as shown by the remains of drum - like instruments from some Upper Paleolithic graves of shamans and the ethnographic record of contemporary hunter - gatherer shamanic and ritual practices . Religion and beliefs ( edit ) Main article : Paleolithic religion Picture of a half - human , half - animal being in a Paleolithic cave painting in Dordogne . France . Archaeologists believe that cave paintings of half - human , half - animal beings may be evidence for early shamanic practices during the Paleolithic . According to James B. Harrod humankind first developed religious and spiritual beliefs during the Middle Paleolithic or Upper Paleolithic . Controversial scholars of prehistoric religion and anthropology , James Harrod and Vincent W. Fallio , have recently proposed that religion and spirituality ( and art ) may have first arisen in Pre-Paleolithic chimpanzees or Early Lower Paleolithic ( Oldowan ) societies . According to Fallio , the common ancestor of chimpanzees and humans experienced altered states of consciousness and partook in ritual , and ritual was used in their societies to strengthen social bonding and group cohesion . Middle Paleolithic humans ' use of burials at sites such as Krapina , Croatia ( c . 130,000 BP ) and Qafzeh , Israel ( c . 100,000 BP ) have led some anthropologists and archaeologists , such as Philip Lieberman , to believe that Middle Paleolithic humans may have possessed a belief in an afterlife and a `` concern for the dead that transcends daily life '' . Cut marks on Neanderthal bones from various sites , such as Combe - Grenal and Abri Moula in France , suggest that the Neanderthals -- like some contemporary human cultures -- may have practiced ritual defleshing for ( presumably ) religious reasons . According to recent archaeological findings from Homo heidelbergensis sites in Atapuerca , humans may have begun burying their dead much earlier , during the late Lower Paleolithic ; but this theory is widely questioned in the scientific community . Likewise , some scientists have proposed that Middle Paleolithic societies such as Neanderthal societies may also have practiced the earliest form of totemism or animal worship , in addition to their ( presumably religious ) burial of the dead . In particular , Emil Bächler suggested ( based on archaeological evidence from Middle Paleolithic caves ) that a bear cult was widespread among Middle Paleolithic Neanderthals . A claim that evidence was found for Middle Paleolithic animal worship c . 70,000 BCE originates from the Tsodilo Hills in the African Kalahari desert has been denied by the original investigators of the site . Animal cults in the following Upper Paleolithic period , such as the bear cult , may have had their origins in these hypothetical Middle Paleolithic animal cults . Animal worship during the Upper Paleolithic was intertwined with hunting rites . For instance , archaeological evidence from art and bear remains reveals that the bear cult apparently involved a type of sacrificial bear ceremonialism , in which a bear was sliced with arrows , finished off by a blast in the lungs , and ritualistically worshipped near a clay bear statue covered by a bear fur with the skull and the body of the bear buried separately . Barbara Ehrenreich controversially theorizes that the sacrificial hunting rites of the Upper Paleolithic ( and by extension Paleolithic cooperative big - game hunting ) gave rise to war or warlike raiding during the following Epipaleolithic and Mesolithic or late Upper Paleolithic period . The existence of anthropomorphic images and half - human , half - animal images in the Upper Paleolithic period may further indicate that Upper Paleolithic humans were the first people to believe in a pantheon of gods or supernatural beings , though such images may instead indicate shamanistic practices similar to those of contemporary tribal societies . The earliest known undisputed burial of a shaman ( and by extension the earliest undisputed evidence of shamans and shamanic practices ) dates back to the early Upper Paleolithic era ( c . 30,000 BP ) in what is now the Czech Republic . However , during the early Upper Paleolithic it was probably more common for all members of the band to participate equally and fully in religious ceremonies , in contrast to the religious traditions of later periods when religious authorities and part - time ritual specialists such as shamans , priests and medicine men were relatively common and integral to religious life . Additionally , it is also possible that Upper Paleolithic religions , like contemporary and historical animistic and polytheistic religions , believed in the existence of a single creator deity in addition to other supernatural beings such as animistic spirits . Vincent W. Fallio writes that ancestor cults first emerged in complex Upper Paleolithic societies . He argues that the elites of these societies ( like the elites of many more contemporary complex hunter - gatherers such as the Tlingit ) may have used special rituals and ancestor worship to solidify control over their societies , by convincing their subjects that they possess a link to the spirit world that also gives them control over the earthly realm . Secret societies may have served a similar function in these complex quasi-theocratic societies , by dividing the religious practices of these cultures into the separate spheres of folk religion and elite religion . Religion was possibly apotropaic ; specifically , it may have involved sympathetic magic . The Venus figurines , which are abundant in the Upper Paleolithic archaeological record , provide an example of possible Paleolithic sympathetic magic , as they may have been used for ensuring success in hunting and to bring about fertility of the land and women . The Upper Paleolithic Venus figurines have sometimes been explained as depictions of an earth goddess similar to Gaia , or as representations of a goddess who is the ruler or mother of the animals . James Harrod has described them as representative of female ( and male ) shamanistic spiritual transformation processes . Diet and Nutrition. ( edit ) People may have first fermented grapes in animal skin pouches to create wine during the Paleolithic . Paleolithic hunting and gathering people ate varying proportions of vegetables ( including tubers and roots ) , fruit , seeds ( including nuts and wild grass seeds ) and insects , meat , fish , and shellfish . However , there is little direct evidence of the relative proportions of plant and animal foods . Although the term `` paleolithic diet '' , without references to a specific timeframe or locale , is sometimes used with an implication that most humans shared a certain diet during the entire era , that is not entirely accurate . The Paleolithic was an extended period of time , during which multiple technological advances were made , many of which had impact on human dietary structure . For example , humans probably did not possess the control of fire until the Middle Paleolithic , or tools necessary to engage in extensive fishing . On the other hand , both these technologies are generally agreed to have been widely available to humans by the end of the Paleolithic ( consequently , allowing humans in some regions of the planet to rely heavily on fishing and hunting ) . In addition , the Paleolithic involved a substantial geographical expansion of human populations . During the Lower Paleolithic , ancestors of modern humans are thought to have been constrained to Africa east of the Great Rift Valley . During the Middle and Upper Paleolithic , humans greatly expanded their area of settlement , reaching ecosystems as diverse as New Guinea and Alaska , and adapting their diets to whatever local resources were available . Another view is that until the Upper Paleolithic , humans were frugivores ( fruit eaters ) who supplemented their meals with carrion , eggs , and small prey such as baby birds and mussels , and only on rare occasions managed to kill and consume big game such as antelopes . This view is supported by studies of higher apes , particularly chimpanzees . Chimpanzees are the closest to humans genetically , sharing more than 96 % of their DNA code with humans , and their digestive tract is functionally very similar to that of humans . Chimpanzees are primarily frugivores , but they could and would consume and digest animal flesh , given the opportunity . In general , their actual diet in the wild is about 95 % plant - based , with the remaining 5 % filled with insects , eggs , and baby animals . In some ecosystems , however , chimpanzees are predatory , forming parties to hunt monkeys . Some comparative studies of human and higher primate digestive tracts do suggest that humans have evolved to obtain greater amounts of calories from sources such as animal foods , allowing them to shrink the size of the gastrointestinal tract relative to body mass and to increase the brain mass instead . Anthropologists have diverse opinions about the proportions of plant and animal foods consumed . Just as with still existing hunters and gatherers , there were many varied `` diets '' -- in different groups -- and also varying through this vast amount of time . Some paleolithic hunter - gatherers consumed a significant amount of meat and possibly obtained most of their food from hunting , while others are shown as a primarily plant - based diet , Most , if not all , are believed to have been opportunistic omnivores . One hypothesis is that carbohydrate tubers ( plant underground storage organs ) may have been eaten in high amounts by pre-agricultural humans . It is thought that the Paleolithic diet included as much as 1.65 -- 1.9 kg ( 3.6 -- 4.2 lb ) per day of fruit and vegetables . The relative proportions of plant and animal foods in the diets of Paleolithic people often varied between regions , with more meat being necessary in colder regions ( which were n't populated by anatomically modern humans until c. 30,000 -- c . 50,000 BP ) . It is generally agreed that many modern hunting and fishing tools , such as fish hooks , nets , bows , and poisons , were n't introduced until the Upper Paleolithic and possibly even Neolithic . The only hunting tools widely available to humans during any significant part of the Paleolithic period were hand - held spears and harpoons . There 's evidence of Paleolithic people killing and eating seals and elands as far as c . 100,000 BP . On the other hand , buffalo bones found in African caves from the same period are typically of very young or very old individuals , and there 's no evidence that pigs , elephants , or rhinos were hunted by humans at the time . Paleolithic peoples suffered less famine and malnutrition than the Neolithic farming tribes that followed them . This was partly because Paleolithic hunter - gatherers accessed a wider variety natural foods , which allowed them a more nutritious diet and a decreased risk of famine . Many of the famines experienced by Neolithic ( and some modern ) farmers were caused or amplified by their dependence on a small number of crops . It is thought that wild foods can have a significantly different nutritional profile than cultivated foods . The greater amount of meat obtained by hunting big game animals in Paleolithic diets than Neolithic diets may have also allowed Paleolithic hunter - gatherers to enjoy a more nutritious diet than Neolithic agriculturalists . It has been argued that the shift from hunting and gathering to agriculture resulted in an increasing focus on a limited variety of foods , with meat likely taking a back seat to plants . It is also unlikely that Paleolithic hunter - gatherers were affected by modern diseases of affluence such as type 2 diabetes , coronary heart disease , and cerebrovascular disease , because they ate mostly lean meats and plants and frequently engaged in intense physical activity , and because the average lifespan was shorter than the age of common onset of these conditions . Large - seeded legumes were part of the human diet long before the Neolithic Revolution , as evident from archaeobotanical finds from the Mousterian layers of Kebara Cave , in Israel . There is evidence suggesting that Paleolithic societies were gathering wild cereals for food use at least as early as 30,000 years ago . However , seeds -- such as grains and beans -- were rarely eaten and never in large quantities on a daily basis . Recent archaeological evidence also indicates that winemaking may have originated in the Paleolithic , when early humans drank the juice of naturally fermented wild grapes from animal - skin pouches . Paleolithic humans consumed animal organ meats , including the livers , kidneys , and brains . Upper Paleolithic cultures appear to have had significant knowledge about plants and herbs and may have , albeit very rarely , practiced rudimentary forms of horticulture . In particular , bananas and tubers may have been cultivated as early as 25,000 BP in southeast Asia . Late Upper Paleolithic societies also appear to have occasionally practiced pastoralism and animal husbandry , presumably for dietary reasons . For instance , some European late Upper Paleolithic cultures domesticated and raised reindeer , presumably for their meat or milk , as early as 14,000 BP . Humans also probably consumed hallucinogenic plants during the Paleolithic period . The Aboriginal Australians have been consuming a variety of native animal and plant foods , called bushfood , for an estimated 60,000 years , since the Middle Paleolithic . Large game animals such as deer were an important source of protein in Middle and Upper Paleolithic diets . People during the Middle Paleolithic , such as the Neanderthals and Middle Paleolithic Homo sapiens in Africa , began to catch shellfish for food as revealed by shellfish cooking in Neanderthal sites in Italy about 110,000 years ago and in Middle Paleolithic Homo sapiens sites at Pinnacle Point , Africa around 164,000 BP . Although fishing only became common during the Upper Paleolithic , fish have been part of human diets long before the dawn of the Upper Paleolithic and have certainly been consumed by humans since at least the Middle Paleolithic . For example , the Middle Paleolithic Homo sapiens in the region now occupied by the Democratic Republic of the Congo hunted large 6 ft ( 1.8 m ) - long catfish with specialized barbed fishing points as early as 90,000 years ago . The invention of fishing allowed some Upper Paleolithic and later hunter - gatherer societies to become sedentary or semi-nomadic , which altered their social structures . Example societies are the Lepenski Vir as well as some contemporary hunter - gatherers , such as the Tlingit . In some instances ( at least the Tlingit ) , they developed social stratification , slavery , and complex social structures such as chiefdoms . Anthropologists such as Tim White suggest that cannibalism was common in human societies prior to the beginning of the Upper Paleolithic , based on the large amount of `` butchered human '' bones found in Neanderthal and other Lower / Middle Paleolithic sites . Cannibalism in the Lower and Middle Paleolithic may have occurred because of food shortages . However , it may have been for religious reasons , and would coincide with the development of religious practices thought to have occurred during the Upper Paleolithic . Nonetheless , it remains possible that Paleolithic societies never practiced cannibalism , and that the damage to recovered human bones was either the result of excarnation or predation by carnivores such as saber - toothed cats , lions , and hyenas . A modern - day diet known as the Paleolithic diet exists , based on restricting consumption to the foods presumed to be available to anatomically modern humans prior to the advent of settled agriculture . See also ( edit ) Abbassia Pluvial Caveman Japanese Paleolithic Lascaux Late Glacial Maximum List of archaeological sites by continent and age # Palaeolithic Luzia Woman Mousterian Pluvial Origins of society Palaeoarchaeology Paleolithic lifestyle Settlement of the Americas Turkana Boy References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Christian , David ( 2014 ) . Big History : Between Nothing and Everything . New York : McGraw Hill Education . p. 93 . ^ Jump up to : Toth , Nicholas ; Schick , Kathy ( 2007 ) . `` Handbook of Paleoanthropology '' . 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Jump up ^ Thorburn AW , Brand JC , Truswell AS ( 1 January 1987 ) . `` Slowly digested and absorbed carbohydrate in traditional bushfoods : a protective factor against diabetes ? '' . Am J Clin Nutr. 45 ( 1 ) : 98 -- 106 . PMID 3541565 . Jump up ^ Hillard Kaplan ; Kim Hill ; Jane Lancaster & A. Magdalena Hurtado ( 2000 ) . `` A Theory of Human Life History Evolution : Diet , Intelligence and Longevity '' ( PDF ) . Evolutionary Anthropology. 9 ( 4 ) : 156 -- 185 . doi : 10.1002 / 1520 - 6505 ( 2000 ) 9 : 4 < 156 : : AID - EVAN5 > 3.0.CO ; 2 - 7 . Retrieved 12 September 2010 Jump up ^ Caspari , Rachel & Lee , Sang - Hee ( July 27 , 2004 ) . `` Older age becomes common late in human evolution '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 101 ( 20 ) : 10895 -- 10900 . PMC 503716 . PMID 15252198 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 0402857101 . Retrieved 12 September 2010 Jump up ^ Efraim Lev ; Mordechai E. Kislev ; Ofer Bar - Yosef ( March 2005 ) . `` Mousterian vegetal food in Kebara Cave , Mt . Carmel '' . Journal of Archaeological Science . 32 ( 3 ) : 475 -- 484 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jas. 2004.11. 006 . Jump up ^ Revedin , Anna ; Aranguren , B ; Becattini , R ; Longo , L ; Marconi , E ; Lippi , MM ; Skakun , N ; Sinitsyn , A ; et al. ( 2010 ) . `` Thirty thousand - year - old evidence of plant food processing '' . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA . 107 ( 44 ) : 18815 -- 9 . PMC 2973873 . PMID 20956317 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 1006993107 . Jump up ^ Lindeberg , Staffan ( June 2005 ) . `` Palaeolithic diet ( '' stone age '' diet ) `` . Scandinavian Journal of Food & Nutrition. 49 ( 2 ) : 75 -- 77 . doi : 10.1080 / 11026480510032043 . Jump up ^ Academic American Encyclopedia By Grolier Incorporated ( 1994 ) . Academic American Encyclopedia By Grolier Incorporated . University of Michigan : Grolier Academic Reference . ; p 61 Jump up ^ John Noble Wilford ( 2007 - 10 - 18 ) . `` Key Human Traits Tied to Shellfish Remains '' . New York times . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ African Bone Tools Dispute Key Idea About Human Evolution National Geographic News article . Jump up ^ Tim D. White ( 2006 - 09 - 15 ) . Once were Cannibals . Evolution : A Scientific American Reader . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 74269 - 4 . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 14 . Jump up ^ James Owen . `` Neandertals Turned to Cannibalism , Bone Cave Suggests '' . National Geographic News . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 03 . Jump up ^ Pathou - Mathis M ( 2000 ) . `` Neanderthal subsistence behaviours in Europe '' . International Journal of Osteoarchaeology. 10 ( 5 ) : 379 -- 395 . doi : 10.1002 / 1099 - 1212 ( 200009 / 10 ) 10 : 5 < 379 : : AID - OA558 > 3.0.CO ; 2 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Prehistoric Dining : The Real Paleo Diet '' . National Geographic . External links ( edit ) Human Timeline ( Interactive ) -- Smithsonian , National Museum of Natural History ( August 2016 ) . 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Vlams Winaray 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 22 September 2017 , at 19 : 56 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | the paleolithic age man used a hard stone | [
"Paleolithic humans made tools of stone, bone, and wood.[23] The early paleolithic hominins, Australopithecus, were the first users of stone tools. Excavations in Gona, Ethiopia have produced thousands of artifacts, and through radioisotopic dating and magnetostratigraphy, the sites can be firmly dated to 2.6 million years ago. Evidence shows these early hominins intentionally selected raw materials with good flaking qualities and chose appropriate sized stones for their needs to produce sharp-edged tools for cutting.[29]"
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"2.6 million years ago"
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-7898551419769872026 | Money in the Bank ladder match | Money in the Bank ladder match - wikipedia Money in the Bank ladder match Jump to : navigation , search For the pay - per - view event named after this match , see WWE Money in the Bank . The 2009 Money in the Bank ladder match was fought at WrestleMania XXV The 2011 Raw Money in the Bank ladder match The Money in the Bank ladder match is a multi-person ladder match held by the professional wrestling promotion WWE . First contested at WWE 's annual WrestleMania event beginning in 2005 , a separate Money in the Bank pay - per - view was established in 2010 . The prize in the match is a briefcase containing a contract for a championship match , which can be `` cashed in '' by the holder of the briefcase at any point in the year following their victory . If the contract is not used within the year of winning it , it will be invalid , but this has yet to happen . From its inception until 2017 , only ladder matches featuring male wrestlers occurred , with the contract being for a world championship match . Beginning with the 2017 event , women also have the opportunity to compete in the match , with their prize being for a women 's championship match . The first match was contested in 2005 at WrestleMania 21 , after being invented ( in kayfabe ) by Chris Jericho . At the time , it was exclusive to wrestlers of the Raw brand , and Edge won the inaugural match . From then until 2010 , the Money in the Bank ladder match , now open to all WWE brands , became a WrestleMania mainstay . 2010 saw a second and third Money in the Bank ladder match when the Money in the Bank pay - per - view debuted in July . Unlike the matches at WrestleMania , this new event featured two such ladder matches -- one each for a contract for the WWE Championship and World Heavyweight Championship , respectively . Before the establishment of the annual Money in the Bank pay - per - view , wrestlers were allowed to use the contract to claim a match for any world championship in WWE . After the establishment of the pay - per - view , the Money in the Bank contracts were specifically aimed at one or the other championship . With the unification of the WWE and World Heavyweight titles into the WWE World Heavyweight Championship in December 2013 , there was only a single briefcase / contract in play . This went into effect beginning at the 2014 Money in the Bank pay - per - view event . The brand extension returned after the 2016 event along with a second world championship again , but the 2017 Money in the Bank pay - per - view was made a SmackDown - exclusive event where the winner of the namesake match earned a contract for its world championship , the WWE Championship ( formerly WWE World Heavyweight Championship ) . The 2017 event also featured the first - ever Women 's Money in the Bank ladder match where the winner received a contract for a SmackDown Women 's Championship match . Due to the controversy surrounding the win of that match , the first non-pay - per - view Money in the Bank ladder match occurred on the June 27 episode of SmackDown Live . Contents ( hide ) 1 Concept 2 History 2.1 2005 2.2 2006 2.3 2007 2.4 2008 2.5 2009 2.6 2010 2.6. 1 February -- April 2.6. 2 June -- November 2.7 2011 2.8 2012 2.9 2013 2.10 2014 2.11 2015 2.12 2016 2.13 2017 3 Matches 3.1 Record 3.2 Cash - in matches 3.2. 1 Males 3.3 Participant list 3.3. 1 Males 3.3. 2 Females 4 References Concept ( edit ) The Money in the Bank ladder match can feature anywhere from 5 -- 10 participants , with the objective being to retrieve a briefcase that is suspended 20 feet above the ring . The match was originally only for male wrestlers until 2017 when women began to have their own ladder match . The briefcase contains a contract that guarantees a match for a world championship , and beginning in 2017 , a women 's championship . Originally , wrestlers had the option between the WWE Championship and the World Heavyweight Championship , regardless of the brand the wrestler belonged to . In 2006 , ECW 's world title , the ECW Championship , became a third option until 2010 as in February that year , the ECW brand along with the title was deactivated . Beginning with the inaugural Money in the Bank pay - per - view in 2010 , the event featured two ladder matches , one for the Raw brand and one for SmackDown ; Raw 's ladder match featured a contract for a WWE Championship match while SmackDown 's contract was for a World Heavyweight Championship match . Although the brand extension ended after the 2011 event , a ladder match dedicated to each championship continued through the 2013 event . In December 2013 , the titles were unified into the WWE World Heavyweight Championship . The next three years ' events featured a sole ladder match with a contract guaranteeing a match for the unified title . The brand extension returned after the 2016 event . The WWE World Heavyweight Championship was reverted to WWE Championship and made exclusive to SmackDown while Raw established the WWE Universal Championship as their top title . Despite this , the 2017 event was made a SmackDown exclusive pay - per - view and the contract was for its world title . Also at the 2017 event , the first - ever Women 's Money in the Bank ladder match occurred with its contract for a SmackDown Women 's Championship match . The primary gimmick of the Money in the Bank briefcase is that it can be cashed in at the holder 's sole discretion , at literally any time on any WWE programming , unless the contract is brand specific . This enables the holder to take advantage of a moment 's weakness in the champion , even if the champion had just finished a title defense for the night . This strategic use of the briefcase was popularized by Edge , the first Money in the Bank holder , who cashed it in at New Years Revolution in January 2006 , immediately after defending champion John Cena had finished a grueling Elimination Chamber match against five other wrestlers . Because Cena was exhausted and barely able to defend himself , Edge made quick work of the champion , thus setting a powerful precedent for all Money in the Bank holders to come . The contract is valid for one year and the briefcase holder -- dubbed `` Mr. Money in the Bank '' ( or in the case of women , `` Ms. Money in the Bank '' ) -- can cash in the contract at the date , place , and time of their choosing . The briefcase may also be defended in matches , similar to how championships are defended . All of the briefcase holders have successfully defended and cashed in the contract except Mr. Kennedy . John Cena , Damien Sandow , and Baron Corbin are the only Money in the Bank contract holders to cash in and fail to gain a championship . To date , Cena has had the contract cashed in against him the most ( three times ) as Edge , Rob Van Dam , and Damien Sandow have all cashed in against him . Cena was also involved in all instances where the championship failed to change hands after cashing in the contract , once as the challenger ( which he won by DQ against CM Punk ) and the second time as champion ( defeating Sandow clean ) , and lastly as a distraction causing Corbin to lose to champion Jinder Mahal . Edge , Daniel Bryan , and Seth Rollins are the only Money in the Bank contract holders to be given a title shot for a championship without having cashed in the contract for the title shot ( Edge won a championship tournament in 2005 on Raw to earn him a title match against Batista , Bryan faced then - World Heavyweight Champion Mark Henry in a steel cage match on a live Christmas episode of SmackDown in 2011 , and Rollins received a title shot in a triple threat match , also involving Cena and champion Brock Lesnar , at the 2015 Royal Rumble ) . History ( edit ) 2005 ( edit ) Edge was the first `` Mr. Money in the Bank '' In WWE storyline , the concept for the Money in the Bank match was introduced in March 2005 by Chris Jericho . Jericho then pitched the idea to Raw general manager Eric Bischoff , who liked it and promptly began to book the match for WrestleMania 21 . Edge won the inaugural match and held the contract until New Year 's Revolution in January 2006 . There , he cashed in his Money in the Bank contract against WWE Champion John Cena , who had just successfully defended the title in an Elimination Chamber match . Edge defeated Cena to become WWE Champion . 2006 ( edit ) The Money in the Bank idea was revived by Carlito on a February 2006 episode of Raw . Mr. McMahon approved the suggestion and set up qualifying matches for the match that would take place at WrestleMania 22 . It was later announced that the match was to be interpromotional , and SmackDown general manager Theodore Long also set up qualifying matches to select three members of his roster to compete . In the Raw brand qualifying matches , Rob Van Dam defeated Trevor Murdoch , Shelton Benjamin defeated Chavo Guerrero , and Ric Flair defeated Carlito . On SmackDown ! , Finlay defeated Bobby Lashley , Matt Hardy defeated Road Warrior Animal , and Bobby Lashley won a `` last chance battle royal '' . Rob Van Dam won the WrestleMania 22 Money in the Bank ladder match after pushing Shelton Benjamin and Matt Hardy off of a ladder , while he was on another ladder , and retrieving the briefcase . That April , he defended the contract and won the WWE Intercontinental Championship in a contract vs. title / winner take all match against Benjamin at Backlash. Van Dam announced in May 2006 that he would cash in his contract at One Night Stand against Cena in an Extreme Rules match . The match ended with Cena losing after Van Dam performed a Five Star Frog Splash. Van Dam is the first person to give prior notice to an opponent before cashing in his contract , presumably to ensure Cena appeared at the event . He is also the first person to win the title in a match where the contract was cashed in with prior notice . 2007 ( edit ) The third Money in the Bank ladder match was held at WrestleMania 23 , and was the first to feature eight participants from Raw , SmackDown ! , and ECW . Qualifying matches began on the February 19 episode of Raw . On the February 19 episode of Raw , two former Money in the Bank winners ( Edge and Rob Van Dam ) faced off , with Edge earning a pinfall win to earn the first spot in the match . Mr. Kennedy became `` Mr. Money in the Bank '' at WrestleMania 23 , but was unable to cash in the contract The next night on ECW , another cross-brand match took place , with CM Punk defeating Johnny Nitro to qualify . On that week 's SmackDown ! , King Booker defeated Kane in a Falls Count Anywhere match following interference from The Great Khali to become the third man to qualify . On the following episode of Raw , Jeff Hardy defeated Shelton Benjamin to become the fourth man to qualify . The next night on ECW , Mr. Kennedy defeated Sabu in an Extreme Rules match to earn the fifth spot . Two qualifying matches took place on the next SmackDown ! 's episode , with Matt Hardy defeating Joey Mercury , while Finlay won a triple threat match against Chris Benoit and Montel Vontavious Porter to qualify . What was to be the final qualifying match on Raw between Carlito and Ric Flair , it was deemed to be a no contest when The Great Khali interfered and attacked both men . The match was rescheduled for the next week on Raw , with Randy Orton bribing his way into the match , which was to be a triple threat elimination match that Orton won by pinning both Carlito and Flair after performing an RKO on each of them . Edge and Orton had recently stopped teaming together , and there was a lot of tension between them as they both attempted to get the other taken out of the Money in the Bank ladder match ; both failed , as Edge ultimately won a `` last chance battle royal '' after feigning injury to retain his slot . Orton was forced to fight Bobby Lashley on ECW to retain his spot , which he did . Kennedy ultimately won at WrestleMania 23 , after ramming Punk off the ladder using another ladder ( Edge had been taken out earlier by Jeff Hardy ) . During the next few weeks , Kennedy kept declaring that he would cash in the briefcase at WrestleMania XXIV , but he suffered a legit injury , and on the May 7 , 2007 episode of Raw , he lost the Money in the Bank briefcase to Edge . Kennedy is currently the only wrestler to lose the briefcase without cashing it in . The following night at the taping for the May 11 , 2007 SmackDown ! , episode World Heavyweight Champion The Undertaker and Batista fought to a draw in a steel cage match , after which a returning Mark Henry assaulted Undertaker and left him injured in the ring . As Henry was leaving , Edge came to the ring with his briefcase , handed it to referee Jim Korderas , and defeated the Undertaker after one spear to win the World Heavyweight Championship for the first time . 2008 ( edit ) CM Punk -- the only two - time Money in the Bank ladder match winner The fourth Money in the Bank ladder match took place at WrestleMania XXIV and was intended to be another eight - man match - up , consisting of wrestlers from Raw , SmackDown , and ECW . Qualifying matches began on the February 18 episode of Raw , as both Jeff Hardy and Mr. Kennedy qualified by defeating Snitsky and Val Venis , respectively , in singles matches . On the February 22 episode of SmackDown , Shelton Benjamin qualified by defeating Jimmy Wang Yang in another singles match . Back on Raw , general manager William Regal placed Chris Jericho in a match against Jeff Hardy with the stipulation that if Jericho won , he would be in the ladder match . Jericho defeated Hardy in that match on February 25 . The following week on Raw , the two faced off once again , this time for Hardy 's WWE Intercontinental Championship . Jericho won the match and title , and it was revealed that Hardy was suspended from WWE for 60 days for violating the wellness policy . Hardy was subsequently removed from the Money in the Bank ladder match and WrestleMania altogether , making this ladder match a seven - man contest . Also on this episode of Raw , Carlito defeated Cody Rhodes to qualify . On a SmackDown / ECW live event on March 9 , United States Champion Montel Vontavious Porter defeated Jamie Noble to qualify . On the March 11 episode of ECW , CM Punk defeated Big Daddy V to qualify . On the March 14 episode of SmackDown , John Morrison defeated his tag team partner The Miz to be the last man to qualify . Punk won the WrestleMania XXIV match after trapping Jericho 's leg in a ladder and then climbing the ladder . Punk cashed in his title shot on the June 30 episode of Raw . A farewell speech by Jim Ross was interrupted by then - World Heavyweight Champion Edge who had him removed from the ring and then began to insult the crowd , saying that they would never get to see a world championship being defended on Raw ( as at the time both Edge and WWE Champion Triple H were members of the SmackDown brand ) . When he was about to leave the arena , Batista came out and assaulted Edge in retaliation for Edge cheating to win their title match the previous night at Night of Champions . Punk then immediately ran to the ring with a referee to cash in his contract , then performed a Go to Sleep on Edge to win the World Heavyweight Championship , making it Raw - exclusive in the process . 2009 ( edit ) The fifth annual Money in the Bank ladder match was announced for WrestleMania XXV . Qualifying matches began on the February 23 episode of Raw , in which CM Punk qualified by defeating John Morrison and The Miz in a triple threat match . On the March 2 episode of Raw , Kane defeated Mike Knox and Rey Mysterio in another triple threat match . On the March 3 episode of ECW on Sci Fi , Mark Henry qualified for the match by defeating Santino Marella . Both Montel Vontavious Porter and Shelton Benjamin qualified for the match on the March 6 episode of SmackDown , defeating Matt and Jeff Hardy in respective single matches . On the March 9 episode of Raw , Kofi Kingston qualified by defeating Chris Jericho , after Jericho was distracted by Ric Flair . Christian qualified the following night on ECW on Sci Fi by winning a tri-brand battle royal . Finlay was the final person to qualify for the match when he defeated The Brian Kendrick on the March 13 episode of SmackDown . At WrestleMania XXV , Punk won the match and became the first wrestler to win two Money in the Bank ladder matches , and the only one to win the match for two consecutive years . On the May 1 episode of SmackDown , Punk challenged the World Heavyweight Champion Edge for a non-title match with the intent that if he defeated Edge , he would cash in his title shot right after the match . Later that night , Punk defeated Edge and attempted to cash in . However , before the ringside bell could ring to start the title match , Punk and Edge were both attacked by Umaga and Jeff Hardy respectively . As a consequence , the match never started and Punk retained his contract . Punk again tried to cash in for a World Heavyweight Championship match against Edge on the May 15 episode of SmackDown , but was again stopped by Umaga . After Jeff Hardy defeated Edge in a ladder match to win the World Heavyweight Championship at Extreme Rules , Punk cashed in to win the World Heavyweight Championship for the second time . As a result of the fans booing him for cashing on Hardy , who was very popular with the fans , Punk began a gradual change of character into a villain . February -- April ( edit ) Jack Swagger won the sixth Money in the Bank ladder match On the February 22 episode of Raw , it was announced that the sixth annual Money in the Bank ladder match would take place at WrestleMania XXVI . The first qualifying match was held later that night , where Christian defeated Carlito to qualify . Three more qualifying matches were held on the February 26 episode of SmackDown , with Dolph Ziggler defeating John Morrison and R - Truth in a Triple Threat match , Kane defeating Drew McIntyre , and Shelton Benjamin defeating CM Punk to qualify . The March 1 episode of Raw saw both Jack Swagger and Montel Vontavious Porter qualify by defeating Santino Marella and Zack Ryder respectively . Matt Hardy was the next to qualify for the match when he defeated Drew McIntyre on the March 5 episode of SmackDown . In what was initially declared as the final qualifying match , Evan Bourne defeated William Regal on the March 8 episode of Raw to become the eighth competitor . Due to his favorable association with WWE Chairman Mr. McMahon , McIntyre was given a third chance on the March 12 episode of SmackDown to qualify for the match . In what would also be made a WWE Intercontinental Championship defense by SmackDown general manager Theodore Long , McIntyre defeated local competitor Aaron Bolo to qualify . On the March 22 episode of Raw , the number of participants was once again increased to a record ten , when Kofi Kingston defeated Vladimir Kozlov to qualify . At WrestleMania XXVI , Jack Swagger won the match after knocking Christian off a ladder with the briefcase itself . The following night on Raw , Swagger attempted to cash in his shot against the WWE Champion John Cena after ambushing Cena . However , as Cena recovered too quickly from the ambush , Swagger cancelled his match and retained his contract . The next night , at the taping for the April 2 , 2010 episode of SmackDown , after Edge attacked then World Heavyweight Champion Chris Jericho , Swagger cashed in his contract and successfully claimed the World Heavyweight Championship . June -- November ( edit ) The Miz won Raw 's Money in the Bank ladder match in July 2010 In February 2010 , WWE announced that `` Money in the Bank '' would be the title to their July 18 pay - per - view event at the Sprint Center in Kansas City , Missouri . The event included two Money in the Bank ladder matches featuring the Raw and SmackDown brands respectively . Unlike previous iterations of the match , the winners could only challenge for their own brand 's World Championship . All eight competitors for the Raw brand 's match were announced on the June 28 episode of Raw by guest host Rob Zombie . The eight competitors were Randy Orton , The Miz , R - Truth , Chris Jericho , Evan Bourne , Ted DiBiase , John Morrison and Edge . On the July 5th episode of Raw , R - Truth was involved in an injury storyline with The Miz and was subsequently removed from the match and replaced by Mark Henry . Two days later , WWE announced six of the competitors for the SmackDown brand 's match through its official website : Matt Hardy , Kane , Cody Rhodes , Christian , Kofi Kingston and Big Show . On the July 9 episode of SmackDown , Drew McIntyre and Dolph Ziggler both competed in qualifying matches and were added to the match . At the PPV , Kane won the SmackDown Money in the Bank match . Kane later cashed it in the same night by defeating Rey Mysterio to win the World Heavyweight Championship . He also became the quickest man to cash in the briefcase ( soon equaled by Dean Ambrose ) . For Raw , The Miz won that brand 's Money in the Bank contract . After a couple of aborted attempts ( which due to the bell not sounding to start the matches , which allowed Miz to keep the briefcase on said occasions ) , Miz finally cashed in his title opportunity on the November 22 , 2010 episode of Raw , immediately after Randy Orton successfully retained the WWE Championship against Wade Barrett in which The Nexus attacked Orton before the match and injured his right leg . Miz defeated Orton to win his first WWE Championship . 2011 ( edit ) The second Money in the Bank pay - per - view took place on July 17 , 2011 at the Allstate Arena in Rosemont , Illinois . Raw 's Alberto Del Rio and SmackDown 's Daniel Bryan won their respective brands ' 2011 Money in the Bank Ladder Match . At the end of the night , after CM Punk won the WWE Championship from John Cena , Mr. McMahon ordered Del Rio to come in and attempt to cash in his briefcase against Punk . ( Punk had threatened to leave the company after the pay - per - view , as his contract was expiring . ) Del Rio came out to do so , but Punk attacked him and fled through the crowd . A similar cash - in attempt was performed on then - champion Rey Mysterio on the July 25 , 2011 episode of Raw , but Del Rio was again unable to cash in the briefcase . However , Del Rio was able to cash in his briefcase and defeated CM Punk for the WWE Championship at SummerSlam on August 14 , 2011 . On the July 22 , 2011 episode of SmackDown , Daniel Bryan announced that he was going to cash his contract in at WrestleMania XXVIII . On the November 25 , 2011 episode of SmackDown , Daniel Bryan cashed in on World Heavyweight Champion Mark Henry , who had been knocked out by The Big Show . Bryan got the pinfall victory and was awarded the championship , however SmackDown General Manager Theodore Long overruled the match due to Henry not being medically cleared to compete , the first time a Money in the Bank cash - in match was reversed . Since the match never officially took place , Bryan was given the briefcase back and again reiterated that he planned on cashing in at WrestleMania XXVIII , although he was given a shot at the World Heavyweight Championship against Henry in a Steel Cage match on a live holiday - themed episode of SmackDown the following Tuesday , which Bryan lost . On December 18 , 2011 at TLC : Tables , Ladders & Chairs , after Big Show defeated Henry to win the World Heavyweight Championship , Henry attacked Big Show with a steel chair , allowing Bryan to cash in his briefcase on Big Show to win his first World Heavyweight Championship . 2012 ( edit ) Dolph Ziggler with AJ Lee , who is holding his Money in the Bank briefcase for the World Heavyweight Championship The third Money in the Bank pay - per - view took place on July 15 , 2012 at the US Airways Center in Phoenix , Arizona . There were the usual two Money in the Bank ladder matches ; however , the matches were no longer separated by brands ( as both Raw and SmackDown by this time had become full roster `` Supershows '' ) . Instead , they were separated by Championship ( WWE and World Heavyweight ) . In the first match of the night Dolph Ziggler defeated seven other competitors to win the World Heavyweight Championship contract Money in the Bank ladder match . He attempted to cash it in on that same night for a title shot against Sheamus but was attacked before the referee could call for the bell so he retained his contract . On the August 20 episode of Raw , Ziggler successfully defended his briefcase against Chris Jericho in career vs. contract match . As a result , Jericho was forced to leave WWE . In the last match of the evening , John Cena defeated Kane , The Big Show , The Miz , and Chris Jericho to win the WWE Championship Money in the Bank briefcase in his first Money in the Bank ladder match . A special stipulation had been added before hand that only former WWE Champions could participate in the WWE Championship Money in the Bank ladder match for 2012 . Cena won when the briefcase 's handle snapped off while using it against Big Show , having previously blocked Show 's KO Punch with it . On the July 16 , 2012 episode of Raw , Cena announced that he would cash his contract in the following week at Raw 1000 . He became only the second wrestler after Rob Van Dam to give prior notice to the opponent . At Raw 1000 , Cena failed to win the WWE Title when Big Show interfered in the match , causing champion CM Punk to be disqualified and retain the title ( as championships do n't change hands on disqualifications . ) . This made Cena the first Money in the Bank winner to fail to win a title . During the December 3 , 2012 episode of Raw , managing supervisor Vickie Guerrero was forced by Mr. McMahon to make Cena and Ziggler 's match at TLC : Tables , Ladders and Chairs a ladder match for Ziggler 's World Heavyweight Championship Money in the Bank contract . On December 16 , at the event , he successfully defended the briefcase with help from AJ Lee . On the April 8 , 2013 episode of Raw , Ziggler cashed in his contract on World Champion Alberto Del Rio , following Del Rio 's handicap match win over Jack Swagger and Zeb Colter . Ziggler defeated Del Rio to win his second World Heavyweight Championship following nearly nine months of holding the briefcase . 2013 ( edit ) A fourth Money in the Bank pay - per - view took place on July 14 , 2013 at the Wells Fargo Center in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . There were the traditional two Money in the Bank ladder matches -- one for a WWE Championship contract , and the other for a World Heavyweight Championship contract . On the June 24 , 2013 episode of Raw , CM Punk , Daniel Bryan , Randy Orton , Sheamus , Christian , Kane , and Rob Van Dam were announced by WWE Chief Brand Officer Stephanie McMahon as the participants in the WWE Championship contract match . Kane was later removed after being injured due to an attack by The Wyatt Family on the July 8th episode of Raw . Orton went on to win the contract at the PPV . At the tapings for SmackDown on June 25 ( aired June 28 ) , SmackDown Senior Advisor Theodore Long announced that the participants in the World Heavyweight Championship contract match would be WWE United States Champion Dean Ambrose , Fandango , Antonio Cesaro , Jack Swagger , Wade Barrett , Cody Rhodes and Damien Sandow . Sandow won the contract at the PPV . At SummerSlam , Orton cashed in his contract on WWE Champion Daniel Bryan , who had defeated John Cena to win the championship . Orton defeated Bryan to win his seventh WWE Championship , after WWE COO Triple H , who was the special guest referee between Bryan and Cena , attacked Bryan with a pedigree , following five weeks of holding the briefcase . On the October 28 , 2013 episode of Raw , Sandow cashed in his contract on World Heavyweight Champion John Cena . Cena defeated Sandow , making Sandow the second wrestler to unsuccessfully cash in the contract and the first to lose a cash - in match via pinfall . On December 15 , 2013 at TLC : Tables , Ladders & Chairs , the WWE and World Heavyweight Championships were unified into the WWE World Heavyweight Championship . 2014 ( edit ) A fifth Money in the Bank pay - per - view took place on Sunday , June 29 , 2014 , at the TD Garden in Boston , Massachusetts . The original plan for the event was that the winner of the ladder match would receive a contract for a match for the now unified title as normal . However , on June 9 , defending WWE World Heavyweight Champion Daniel Bryan was forced to vacate the title due to a neck injury , and so the already announced ladder match ( consisting of John Cena , Randy Orton , Alberto Del Rio , Bray Wyatt , Cesaro , Sheamus , Kane and Roman Reigns ) became for the vacant championship instead . Seth Rollins cashing in his Money in the Bank contract at WrestleMania 31 On the June 17 episode of Main Event , Seth Rollins announced that in addition to the ladder match for the title , there would be a traditional Money in the Bank ladder match for a WWE World Heavyweight Championship contract at the PPV , and that Rollins would be the first entrant . Further entrants were Bad News Barrett , Dolph Ziggler , Rob Van Dam , Jack Swagger , Kofi Kingston and Dean Ambrose . The latter , who had threatened to disrupt the match , was added to the match on Rollins ' request . Bad News Barrett was later removed from the match due to an injury . Seth Rollins won the match and the contract after Kane interfered on behalf of The Authority and knocked Dean Ambrose off the ladder . He attempted to cash in the following night on new champion John Cena , but was stopped from doing so by Ambrose . Rollins once again failed to cash in his Money in the Bank briefcase , this time against WWE World Heavyweight Champion Brock Lesnar at Night of Champions after attacking him with a curb stomp . This failed attempt to cash in came after John Cena attacked Rollins , before the bell could be rung , due to Rollins costing Cena the championship minutes earlier . At WrestleMania 31 , Seth Rollins cashed in his briefcase during the main event championship match between defending champion Brock Lesnar and challenger Roman Reigns . By doing so , he turned the singles match between Lesnar and Reigns into a Triple Threat match . Rollins then proceeded to pin Reigns following a curb stomp and successfully captured the WWE World Heavyweight Championship . As a result , Rollins set various records : first , Rollins became the first person to cash in a contract while a championship match was in progress . He also became the first person to successfully cash in to win the then unified WWE World Heavyweight Championship . He became the first person to cash in his briefcase at WrestleMania . He also became the first to win the championship after cashing in without pinning the champion . 2015 ( edit ) On June 14 , 2015 , the sixth annual Money in the Bank pay - per - view took place in Columbus , Ohio . Dolph Ziggler , Sheamus , Kofi Kingston , Neville , Roman Reigns , Randy Orton and Kane participated in the traditional Money in the Bank ladder match . Sheamus won the match and received a WWE World Heavyweight Championship contract . At Survivor Series , Sheamus cashed in his contract by defeating Roman Reigns , who had just won the vacant championship after defeating Dean Ambrose in the tournament finals . 2016 ( edit ) On June 19 , the seventh annual Money in the Bank pay - per - view took place in Las Vegas . For the traditional Money in the Bank ladder match , Sami Zayn , Kevin Owens , Cesaro , Chris Jericho , Alberto Del Rio , and Dean Ambrose all won their qualifying matches on the May 23 episode of Raw to become entrants into the match . Originally slated to be a 7 - man ladder match , the seventh slot was later removed . Ambrose won the match and received a WWE World Heavyweight Championship contract . After the conclusion of the main event , he cashed in the contract to challenge Seth Rollins , who had just won the title against Roman Reigns , and become WWE World Heavyweight Champion , thus making him the second wrestler after Kane to successfully cash in the contract on the same night as winning it . 2017 ( edit ) The 2017 Money in the Bank pay - per - view took place on June 18 , 2017 at the Scottrade Center in St. Louis , Missouri as a SmackDown brand exclusive event . For the traditional ladder match , which had a contract for a match for SmackDown 's WWE Championship , SmackDown Commissioner Shane McMahon announced AJ Styles , Shinsuke Nakamura , Dolph Ziggler , Sami Zayn , and Baron Corbin as the original five participants . United States Champion Kevin Owens was added after he convinced Shane to make him the sixth participant . Mojo Rawley had the opportunity to make it a seven - man match if he could defeat WWE Champion Jinder Mahal , but failed to do so . At the event , Baron Corbin won the match and received a WWE Championship match contract . On the August 15 , 2017 episode of SmackDown Live , John Cena had a non-title match against WWE Champion Jinder Mahal . As Cena was pinning Mahal , Corbin attacked him , causing a disqualification . Corbin then cashed in his Money in the Bank contract on Mahal , but as soon as the bell rung , he attacked Cena , who was on the apron , allowing Mahal to quickly roll - up Corbin for the win . This made Corbin the third wrestler to unsuccessfully cash in the contract and the second to lose a cash - in match via pinfall . On the May 30 episode of SmackDown Live , another Money in the Bank ladder match was added to the event , and for the first time , involving women . Charlotte Flair , Becky Lynch , Natalya , Carmella , and Tamina were originally scheduled to compete in a fatal five - way elimination match on that night to determine the number one contender for the SmackDown Women 's Championship at Money in the Bank . Before their match could begin , a brawl broke out between the five and the match never occurred . McMahon then scheduled the five to compete in the first - ever women 's Money in the Bank ladder match at the event where the winner would receive a contract for a SmackDown Women 's Championship match . Carmella won the match after James Ellsworth retrieved the briefcase , and threw it to her . On the following episode of SmackDown Live , however , SmackDown General Manager Daniel Bryan forced Carmella to relinquish the briefcase since Ellsworth retrieved it for her . On that same episode , Bryan also scheduled a Money in the Bank ladder match rematch for the June 27 episode with Ellsworth banned from ringside ( later from the arena ) . That episode , Carmella , with some aid from the banned Ellsworth , retrieved the briefcase herself and reclaimed the SmackDown Women 's Championship match contract . Matches ( edit ) Raw Brand SmackDown Brand Year Event Prize Winner Other competitors Time 2005 WM 21 World Heavyweight Championship match Edge Chris Benoit , Chris Jericho , Shelton Benjamin , Kane , and Christian 15 : 17 In the 2005 WWE draft , World Heavyweight Champion Batista was drafted to SmackDown and WWE Champion John Cena was drafted to Raw , thus enabling Edge to challenge for the WWE Championship instead . Successfully defended his contract in a Ladder match against Matt Hardy at WWE Homecoming on the October 3 , 2005 episode of Raw . Edge held the contract for 280 days , which is still the longest amount of time any wrestler has held the contract . 2006 WM 22 Winner 's brand 's world championship match Rob Van Dam Matt Hardy , Shelton Benjamin , Ric Flair , Finlay , and Bobby Lashley 12 : 14 Successfully defended his contract against Shelton Benjamin at Backlash in a contract vs championship winner take all match on April 30 , 2006 , winning Benjamin 's Intercontinental Championship in the process . Van Dam is the first person to choose the event where he cashed in the contract and the first person to win a title in a match where opponent was given prior notice to the cashing in of the contract . Van Dam held the contract for 70 days . 2007 WM 23 Any world championship match Mr. Kennedy Edge , Jeff Hardy , CM Punk , King Booker , Finlay , Matt Hardy , and Randy Orton 19 : 10 Lost his contract in a match against Edge on the May 7 , 2007 episode of Raw . Mr. Kennedy held the contract for 36 days . As a result of the switch , Edge became a member of the SmackDown brand , marking the first time this occurred . Edge held the contract for 1 day . ( 4 days according to WWE , due to the episode of WWE SmackDown airing on tape delay . ) 2008 WM XXIV Any world championship match CM Punk Mr. Kennedy , Chris Jericho , Shelton Benjamin , Carlito , John Morrison , and Montel Vontavious Porter 15 : 12 As a result of the cash - in , the World Heavyweight Championship transferred back to Raw , marking the first ( and only ) time this occurred . CM Punk held the contract for 92 days . 2009 WM XXV Any world championship match CM Punk Christian , Shelton Benjamin , Kane , Finlay , Montel Vontavious Porter , Kofi Kingston , and Mark Henry 14 : 32 CM Punk held the contract for 63 days . CM Punk was the first back - to - back Money in the Bank contract winner . WM XXVI Any world championship match Jack Swagger Shelton Benjamin , Christian , Kane , Matt Hardy , Drew McIntyre , Kofi Kingston , Evan Bourne , Montel Vontavious Porter , and Dolph Ziggler 13 : 44 Swagger becomes second MITB winner to switch brands after cashing in his contract . Swagger held the contract for 2 days . ( 5 days according to WWE , due to the episode of WWE SmackDown airing on tape delay . ) Money in the Bank World Heavyweight Championship match Kane Christian , Matt Hardy , Big Show , Dolph Ziggler , Kofi Kingston , Drew McIntyre , and Cody Rhodes 26 : 18 Kane held the contract for 49 minutes . He was the first wrestler to cash in the contract on the same night as winning it . Kane is the fastest wrestler to cash the money in the bank contract . Money in the Bank WWE Championship match The Miz Randy Orton , Chris Jericho , Edge , John Morrison , Evan Bourne , Ted DiBiase , and Mark Henry 20 : 26 The Miz held the contract for 127 days . 2011 Money in the Bank World Heavyweight Championship match Daniel Bryan Wade Barrett , Kane , Cody Rhodes , Sheamus , Sin Cara , Justin Gabriel , and Heath Slater 24 : 27 His first cash - in and win against Mark Henry was nullified . This marks the first time that a successful cash - in was reverted . Bryan held the contract for 154 days . Money in the Bank WWE Championship match Alberto Del Rio The Miz , Rey Mysterio , Jack Swagger , R - Truth , Kofi Kingston , Evan Bourne , and Alex Riley 15 : 54 Del Rio held the contract for 28 days . 2012 Money in the Bank World Heavyweight Championship match Dolph Ziggler Cody Rhodes , Damien Sandow , Christian , Tyson Kidd , Sin Cara , Tensai , and Santino Marella 18 : 23 Successfully defended his contract against Chris Jericho on the August 20 , 2012 episode of Raw in a career vs contract match . Successfully defended his contract in a Ladder match against John Cena at TLC : Tables , Ladders & Chairs . Ziggler held the contract for 267 days . Money in the Bank WWE Championship match John Cena Chris Jericho , The Miz , Kane , and Big Show 20 : 15 Cena is the first wrestler to not win a world championship in a cash - in match . He is also the second wrestler to announce when he was going to cash it in . Cena held the contract for 8 days . 2013 Money in the Bank World Heavyweight Championship match Damien Sandow Cody Rhodes , Wade Barrett , Dean Ambrose , Jack Swagger , Fandango , and Antonio Cesaro 16 : 24 Second Money in the Bank winner to fail to win a world championship in a cash - in match . First wrestler to cleanly lose a cash - in match Sandow held the contract for 106 days Money in the Bank WWE Championship match Randy Orton CM Punk , Daniel Bryan , Christian , Sheamus , and Rob Van Dam 28 : 38 Orton held the contract for 35 days . 2014 Money in the Bank WWE World Heavyweight Championship match Seth Rollins Kofi Kingston , Dolph Ziggler , Jack Swagger , Rob Van Dam , and Dean Ambrose 23 : 10 Rollins held the contract for 273 days . Rollins is the first to cash in at WrestleMania , the first to win the championship after cashing in without pinning the champion and the first to cash in while a championship match was in progress . 2015 Money in the Bank WWE World Heavyweight Championship match Sheamus Dolph Ziggler , Kane , Kofi Kingston , Neville , Randy Orton , and Roman Reigns 20 : 50 Sheamus held the contract for 161 days . 2016 Money in the Bank WWE World Heavyweight Championship match Dean Ambrose Sami Zayn , Cesaro , Chris Jericho , Kevin Owens , and Alberto Del Rio 21 : 38 Ambrose held the contract for 57 minutes . Ambrose was the second wrestler to cash in the contract on the same night as winning it . 2017 Money in the Bank WWE SmackDown Women 's Championship match Carmella Becky Lynch , Charlotte Flair , Natalya , and Tamina 13 : 20 This was the first Women 's Money in the Bank ladder match . Carmella held the contract for 2 days . SmackDown General Manager Daniel Bryan stripped Carmella of the briefcase two days after the event because of interference by Carmella 's manager James Ellsworth , who retrieved the briefcase for Carmella and dropped it to her . A rematch was scheduled for the June 27 episode of SmackDown Live . Money in the Bank WWE Championship match Baron Corbin AJ Styles , Dolph Ziggler , Kevin Owens , Sami Zayn , and Shinsuke Nakamura 29 : 45 Third Money in the Bank winner to fail to win a world championship in a cash - in match and the second to cleanly lose a cash - in match . Corbin held the contract for 58 days . SmackDown Live WWE SmackDown Women 's Championship match Carmella Becky Lynch , Charlotte Flair , Natalya , and Tamina 24 : 00 This was a rematch ordered by SmackDown General Manager Daniel Bryan after he stripped Carmella of the briefcase following the controversial finish at the Money in the Bank PPV . As a result of his actions during the original match , James Ellsworth was banned from the arena , though Ellsworth still interfered in the match on Carmella 's behalf . This was the first Money in the Bank ladder match to not air on pay - per - view , as well as the first to take place on SmackDown Live . Carmella has held the contract for 151 + days . Record ( edit ) Championship Successful cash - ins Attempts % WWE ( World Heavyweight ) Championship 8 10 . 800 World Heavyweight Championship 7 8 . 875 WWE SmackDown Women 's Championship 0 0 -- Total 15 18 . 833 Cash - in matches ( edit ) Won match and title Won match but not title Lost match Males ( edit ) No . Case Holder Championship Date Location Event Results 01 ! 1 Edge WWE Championship January 8 , 2006 Albany , NY New Year 's Revolution Edge defeated John Cena after two Spears to win the championship following Cena 's victory in an Elimination Chamber match 02 ! 2 Rob Van Dam WWE Championship June 11 , 2006 New York , NY ECW One Night Stand Van Dam defeated John Cena in an Extreme Rules match after an attack by Edge and a Five - Star Frog Splash to win the championship 03 ! 3 Edge World Heavyweight Championship May 8 , 2007 ( aired May 11 , 2007 ) Pittsburgh , PA SmackDown ! Edge defeated The Undertaker after a Spear to win the championship after Undertaker went to a draw in a steel cage match with Batista and was attacked by Mark Henry 04 ! 4 CM Punk World Heavyweight Championship June 30 , 2008 Oklahoma City , OK Raw CM Punk defeated Edge after GTS to win the championship after Edge was attacked by Batista 05 ! 5 CM Punk World Heavyweight Championship June 7 , 2009 New Orleans , LA Extreme Rules CM Punk defeated Jeff Hardy after two GTSs to win the championship following Hardy defeating Edge in a ladder match to win the championship 06 ! 6 Jack Swagger World Heavyweight Championship March 30 , 2010 ( aired April 2 , 2010 ) Las Vegas , NV SmackDown Swagger defeated Chris Jericho after a gutwrench powerbomb to win the championship after Edge attacked an already injured Jericho 07 ! 7 Kane World Heavyweight Championship July 18 , 2010 Kansas City , MO Money in the Bank Kane defeated Rey Mysterio after a Tombstone Piledriver to win the championship after Mysterio successfully defended the championship against Jack Swagger 08 ! 8 The Miz WWE Championship November 22 , 2010 Orlando , FL Raw Miz defeated Randy Orton after a Skull Crushing Finale to win the championship after Orton was attacked by The Nexus following a successful defense of the championship against Nexus leader Wade Barrett 09 ! 9 Alberto Del Rio WWE Championship August 14 , 2011 Los Angeles , CA SummerSlam Del Rio defeated CM Punk after a step - up enzuigiri to win the championship after Punk defeated John Cena to become undisputed champion and was then attacked by Kevin Nash 10 ! 10 Daniel Bryan World Heavyweight Championship December 18 , 2011 Baltimore , MD TLC : Tables , Ladders & Chairs Bryan defeated Big Show after an attack by Mark Henry to win the championship after Show defeated Henry in a chairs match to win the title 11 ! 11 John Cena WWE Championship July 23 , 2012 Phoenix , AZ Raw 1000 Cena won his cash - in match against CM Punk via disqualification after Big Show interfered , but failed to win the title because championships can not change hands via count - outs or disqualifications ( unless the match stipulation says otherwise ) 12 ! 12 Dolph Ziggler World Heavyweight Championship April 8 , 2013 East Rutherford , NJ Raw Ziggler defeated Alberto Del Rio after a Zig Zag to win the championship after Del Rio was attacked by Jack Swagger , who he had defeated along with Zeb Colter in a 2 - on - 1 handicap match 13 ! 13 Randy Orton WWE Championship August 18 , 2013 Los Angeles , CA SummerSlam Orton defeated Daniel Bryan after a Pedigree from Triple H ( who was special guest referee ) to win the championship after Bryan had defeated John Cena to win the title . This was the first cash - in to feature a special guest referee 14 ! 14 Damien Sandow World Heavyweight Championship October 28 , 2013 Orlando , FL Raw Sandow attacked champion John Cena and immediately cashed in the contract , but became the first man to lose a cash - in match when Cena won the match after an Attitude Adjustment 15 ! 15 Seth Rollins WWE World Heavyweight Championship March 29 , 2015 Santa Clara , CA WrestleMania 31 During the main event between Roman Reigns and defending champion Brock Lesnar , Rollins cashed in his briefcase . The referee accepted the cash - in while the match was in progress and converted the singles match into a triple - threat match . Rollins then pinned Reigns after a Curb Stomp to win the title . This was the first cash - in where the contract holder did not pin the champion 16 ! 16 Sheamus WWE World Heavyweight Championship November 22 , 2015 Atlanta , GA Survivor Series Sheamus defeated Roman Reigns after a Brogue Kick to win the championship after Reigns defeated Dean Ambrose to win the vacant title 17 ! 17 Dean Ambrose WWE World Heavyweight Championship June 19 , 2016 Las Vegas , NV Money in the Bank Ambrose defeated Seth Rollins after a Dirty Deeds to win the championship after Rollins defeated Roman Reigns to win the title 18 ! 18 Baron Corbin WWE Championship August 15 , 2017 Providence , RI SmackDown Live Corbin interfered in a match between John Cena and WWE Champion Jinder Mahal and attacked Cena , who won by disqualification . He then cashed in the contract after almost departing , but after the match started , he attacked Cena who was on the apron and was then rolled - up by Mahal , making him the second man to have lost a cash - in match Participant list ( edit ) Males ( edit ) Wrestler Victories Appearances CM Punk John Cena Seth Rollins Baron Corbin Mr. Kennedy Damien Sandow Daniel Bryan Alberto Del Rio Edge The Miz Rob Van Dam Sheamus Dean Ambrose Jack Swagger Randy Orton Dolph Ziggler 6 Kane 7 Chris Benoit 0 Ric Flair 0 Bobby Lashley 0 Jeff Hardy 0 King Booker 0 Carlito 0 Ted DiBiase 0 Heath Slater 0 Justin Gabriel 0 Rey Mysterio 0 Alex Riley 0 R - Truth 0 Santino Marella 0 Tensai 0 Tyson Kidd 0 Fandango 0 Neville 0 Roman Reigns 0 AJ Styles 0 Shinsuke Nakamura 0 Drew McIntyre 0 John Morrison 0 Mark Henry 0 Sin Cara 0 Big Show 0 Wade Barrett 0 ( Antonio ) Cesaro 0 Sami Zayn 0 Kevin Owens 0 Finlay 0 Montel Vontavious Porter 0 Evan Bourne 0 Matt Hardy 0 Cody Rhodes 0 Shelton Benjamin 0 5 Chris Jericho 0 5 Christian 0 6 Kofi Kingston 0 6 Females ( edit ) Wrestler Victories Appearances Carmella Becky Lynch 0 Charlotte Flair 0 Natalya 0 Tamina 0 References ( edit ) Professional wrestling portal ^ Jump up to : Shields , Brian ; Sullivan , Kevin ( 2009 ) . 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Eric Bischoff capitalized on it . When Chris Jericho had a plan for WrestleMania , which included six Superstars , a chance of a lifetime and a ladder ; a light in Bischoff 's head went off . The RAW General Manager immediately picked five other Superstars to participate in the match -- Shelton Benjamin , Edge , Chris Benoit , Christian and Kane -- and assigned the prize , a future opportunity at the World Heavyweight Championship . Who will walk away from the Money - In - The - Bank Ladder Match with the opportunity of a lifetime ? Watch WrestleMania to find out '' . Jump up ^ Dale Plummer and Nick Tylwalk ( 2006 - 04 - 03 ) . `` WrestleMania delivers big time on PPV '' . SLAM ! Sports . Canadian Online Explorer . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Rob Van Dam def . Shelton Benjamin to become Intercontinental Championship '' . WWE. 2006 - 04 - 30 . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ Dale Plummer and Nick Tylwalk ( 2007 - 04 - 01 ) . `` Undertaker the champ , McMahon bald '' . SLAM ! Sports . Canadian Online Explorer . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 08 . Jump up ^ Dale Plummer ( 2008 - 03 - 30 ) . `` Mayweather , Orton survive Mania ; Edge , Flair do n't '' . SLAM ! Sports . Canadian Online Explorer . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 08 . Jump up ^ Styles , Irfan Nasir ( 2012 - 12 - 16 ) . `` WWE.com : Dolph Ziggler def . John Cena ( Ladder Match for the World Heavyweight Championship Money in the Bank contract ) '' . WWE . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 16 . Dolph Ziggler def . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who won the first money in the bank | [
"In WWE storyline, the concept for the Money in the Bank match was introduced in March 2005 by Chris Jericho. Jericho then pitched the idea to Raw general manager Eric Bischoff, who liked it and promptly began to book the match for WrestleMania 21. Edge won the inaugural match and held the contract until New Year's Revolution in January 2006. There, he cashed in his Money in the Bank contract against WWE Champion John Cena, who had just successfully defended the title in an Elimination Chamber match. Edge defeated Cena to become WWE Champion."
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"Edge"
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